FOR PUBLICATION



### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

M ORGAN S ANDERS
, Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

v.

C ITY OF P ITTSBURG ; T HOMAS
B RYAN , Pittsburg Police Officer;

H ULLEMEN , Antioch Police Officer #5322; H OPWOOD , Antioch Police Officer #5235, Defendants

- Appellees. No. 19

- 16920

D.C. No.
3:18

- cv

- 04326

- SK

OPINION

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California Sallie Kim, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted September 15, 2020 Submission Vacated March 26, 2021

Resubmitted September 16, 2021 San Francisco, California

Filed September 23, 2021

Before: J. Clifford Wallace, Bridget S. Bade, and
Patrick J. Bumata y, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge Bumatay2 S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG

SUMMARY *

Civil Rights

The panel affirmed the district court’s dismissal of a complaint, on the basis of Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 (1994), brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging police officers used excessive force when they deployed a police dog against plaintiff.

After being spotted in a stolen car, plaintiff, Morgan Sanders, fled from the police. He led them on a car chase, a foot chase and then struggled after being tackled. During the scuffle, a police officer commanded a police dog to bite Sanders’s leg and Sanders was finally subdued and charged with, among other counts, resisting arrest under California Penal Code § 148(a)(1), which prohibits resisting, delaying or obstructing a police officer during the discharge of his duties. Sanders pleaded no contest to all the charges against him and stipulated that the factual basis for his plea was based on the preliminary hearing transcript.

Under Heck , a § 1983 claim must be dismissed if a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply
the invalid ity of his conviction or sentence, unless the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. The panel first stated that a defendant can’t be convicted under § 148(a)(1) if an officer used excessive force at the time of the acts resulting in the con viction. Consequently, an
excessive force claim can’t survive the Heck bar if it’s

* This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG 3

predicated on allegedly unlawful actions by the officer at the same time as the plaintiff’s conduct that resulted in his § 148(a)(1) conviction. Moreover, Heck bars any § 1983 claim alleging excessive force based on an act or acts constituting any part of the factual basis of a § 148(a)(1)
conviction.

The panel noted that the factual basis for Sanders’s plea was based on multiple acts of resisting arrest, including his struggle with officers when the police dog bit him. The panel held that Sanders could not stipulate to the lawfulness of the dog bite as part of his § 148(a)(1) guilty plea and then use the very same act to allege an excessive force claim under § 1983. Success on such a claim would “necessarily imply” that his conviction was invalid. Sanders’s claim was, therefore, barred under Heck.

COUNSEL

Stanley C. Goff (argued), San Francisco, California, for
Plaintiff

- Appellant.

Noah G. Blechman (argued), McNamara Ney Beatty Slattery Borges & Ambacher LLP, Pleasant Hill, California,
for Defendants

- Appellees City of Pittsburg and Thomas Bryan

.

Kevin P. Allen (argued) and Dale L. Allen Jr.

, Allen
Glaessner Hazelwood & Werth LLP, San Francisco, California, for Defendants

- Appellees Hulleman and Hopwood.4 S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG

OPINION

BUMATAY, Circuit Judge:

After being spotted in a stolen car, Morgan Sanders fled from the police. He led them on a car chase. And then on a
foot chase. An officer eventually caught up to Sanders. But he wasn’t arrested quietly. He continued to struggle. A police officer then commanded a police dog to bite Sanders’s leg. Sanders was finally subdued and charged with resisting
arrest. As his cas e was working its way through the criminal justice system, Sanders filed a civil rights action alleging the use of the police dog was excessive force. The district court found his claims barred by Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 (1994)

. We agree.

I.

In 20 17, Sanders stole a car and fled from the police. The result was quite a chase: he sped 25 miles over the limit, ran several stoplights, and drove on the wrong side of the freeway. When police blocked the car, Sanders fled on foot. One of the officers, Officer Thomas Bryan, was working
with a K

- 9 and warned Sanders that if he kept fleeing, he would “send the dog.” Eventually, Sanders was tackled by several officers in a gully. In the ensuing scuffle, while Sanders continued to struggle, Officer Bryan o rdered the dog to bite Sanders’s right calf. After the bite, the officers successfully handcuffed and arrested Sanders.

Sanders was charged with, among other counts, misdemeanor resisting arrest under California Penal Code § 148(a)(1). At the preliminary hearing, Officer Bryan testified that Sanders hindered efforts to arrest him by “first fleeing in the vehicle, then fleeing on foot, and then resisting officers attempting to arrest him.” The officer furtherS ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG 5

testified that when he approached Sanders in t he gully, “[he] could see that his legs were free, being that both Antioch cops were trying to apprehend one arm each, at which point in time [he] applied what is commonly referred to as a contact bite to the defendant’s right calf.” Several months later, Sanders pleaded no contest to all the charges against him, including the violation of § 148(a)(1). At the plea hearing, Sanders stipulated that the factual basis for his plea “is based on the preliminary hearing transcript.”

While Sanders’s criminal case was pending, he filed an action alleging a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, he alleged Officer Bryan’s use of the police dog was excessive. Sanders also sued the other officers at the scene and the City of P ittsburg. The City and officers jointly moved to dismiss Sanders’s complaint. The district court granted the motion, holding
that Heck barred his claim against Officer Bryan and the claims against the other officers and the City failed as a
result.

Sande rs appealed to this court. We review Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissals de novo. Daniels

Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n , 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010).

II.

To avoid what’s called the Heck bar on an excessive

force claim, a plaintiff must not imply an officer acted unlawfully during the events that form the basis of a resisting

- arrest conviction under California Penal Code § 148(a). Smith v. City of Hemet , 394 F.3d 689, 695 (9th Cir. 2005) (analyzing the Heck bar for a § 148(a) conviction).
Under Heck , a § 1983 claim must be dismissed if “a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,” unless the6 S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG

conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. Heck

, 512 U.S. at 487. Thus, Heck bars a plaintiff’s action if it would negate an element of the offense, Smith , 394 F.3d

at 695, or allege facts inconsistent with the plaintiff’s conviction, Beets v. Cnty. of Los Angeles , 669 F.3d 1038, 1046 (9th Cir. 2012). By preventing collateral attacks on convictions by way of civil actions, the Heck bar furthers the principles of finality and consistency. Heck

, 512 U.S.

at 484

– 85.

Here, Sanders was charged with resisting arrest under § 148(a)(1), which prohibits “resist[ing], delay[ing], or obstruct[ing]” a police officer during the discharge of his duties. Under California law, a conviction under this statute requires that the defendant’s obstructive acts occu r while the officer is engaging in “the lawful exercise of his duties.”
Smith , 394 F.3d at 695. The use of excessive force by an officer is not within the performance of the officer’s duty.
Id. Thus, the “lawfulness of the officer’s conduct” is

necessa rily established as a result of a conviction under § 148(a)(1). Hooper v. Cnty. of San Diego , 629 F.3d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir. 2011). In other words, a defendant can’t be
convicted under § 148(a)(1) if an officer used excessive
force at the time of the acts resulting in the conviction.

Consequently, an excessive force claim can’t survive the
Heck bar if it’s predicated on allegedly unlawful actions by
the officer at the same time as the plaintiff’s conduct that
resulted in his § 148(a)(1) conviction. See Sm ith , 394 F.3d at 695. Such an allegation would undermine the validity of
the § 148(a)(1) conviction. On the other hand, if the alleged
excessive force occurred before or after the acts that form
the basis of the § 148(a) violation, even if part of one

co ntinuous transaction, the § 1983 claim doesn’tS ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG 7

“necessarily imply the invalidity of [a] criminal conviction
under § 148(a)(1).” Id. at 696; Hooper , 629 F.3d at 1134.

Sanders contends that his claim is not Heck

- barred because his conviction could have been based on his fleeing officers prior to his arrest in the gully. Under that theory,
success on his § 1983 claim would leave the conviction
undisturbed since his act of resistance occurred before the dog bite a nd arrest. Sanders relies primarily on Hooper

, which held that resisting arrest “does not lose its character as
a violation of § 148(a)(1) if, at some other time during that
same ‘continuous transaction

, ’ the officer uses excessive
force or otherwise acts unlawfully.” 629 F.3d at 1132 (quoting Yount v. City of Sacramento , 43 Cal. 4th 885, 901 (2008)).

But Hooper ’s holding does not help Sanders. In that case, Hooper engaged in multiple obstructive acts in one continuous transaction, but there was a clear d elineation
between lawful and unlawful police action. Hooper had first jerked her hand away from an officer trying to place her
under arrest. Id. at 1129. She and the officer then struggled on the ground as the officer tried to get Hooper’s hands
behind her back. Id. What followed was disputed, but Hooper claimed that, after she stopped resisting, the officer
directed his K

- 9 to bite her on the head. Id. Hooper pleaded guilty to resisting arrest under § 148(a)(1) and later filed a § 1983 excessive f orce claim based on the dog bite. Id.

Importantly, the record was silent on which act or acts formed the basis of her conviction. Thus, for purposes of summary judgment, we accepted Hooper’s contention that she had stopped resisting by the time of the do g bite. As a result, we could divide Hooper’s arrest into separate “factual contexts”: the lawful police action during the initial arrest attempt and struggle on the ground, and the unlawful police8 S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG

action when the officer ordered the dog bite. Id. at 113 2

– 33. We allowed Hooper’s excessive force claim to proceed
because Heck is no impediment “when the conviction and
the § 1983 claim are based on different actions during ‘one
continuous transaction.’” Id. at 1134. Hooper’s § 1983 action could separately target one action

— the allegedly unlawful dog bite

— without disturbing the § 148(a)(1) conviction. Accordingly, Hooper merely holds that Heck presents no bar to an excessive force claim when an officer’s allegedly unlawful action can be separated from the l awful
actions that formed the basis of the § 148(a)(1) conviction, even if they occurred during one continuous transaction.

Here, we cannot separate out which of Sanders’s
obstructive acts led to his conviction since all of them did. As part of his guilty plea, Sanders stipulated that the factual basis for his conviction encompassed the three instances of resistance identified in the preliminary hearing transcript. Specifically, Officer Bryan testified that he ordered his dog to bite Sanders’s right calf as he observed other officers struggling to apprehend Sanders’s arms in the gully. So
unlike Hooper , the dog bite in this case is unquestionably part of the actions that formed the basis of Sanders’s
conviction. Under these facts, there is no way to carv e out the dog bite from the § 148(a)(1) conviction without “necessarily imply[ing]” that the conviction was invalid.
Heck

, 512 U.S. at 487

. Because the dog bite was part of the §148(a)(1) conviction’s factual basis, it was necessarily lawful for purposes of the Heck analysis.

And while Hooper held that a continuous transaction can be broken into “different actions” for purposes of a § 1983

act ion, it did not suggest we may slice up the factual basis
of a § 148(a)(1) conviction to avoid the Heck bar. On the
contrary, Yount

— the case relied on by Hooper

— specificallyS ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG 9

rejected this argument. In Yount , a § 1983 plaintiff attempted to avoid Heck by arguing that his § 148(a)(1) conviction could stand on any of his multiple acts of resistance, and “so long as one act of resistance remains undisturbed to support the criminal conviction, it is immaterial that success on the section 1983 claim might be
in consistent with other facts that supported the criminal
conviction.” Yount , 43 Cal. 4th at 896. But the court soundly rejected that contention: “Yount’s conviction established his culpability during the entire episode with the four officers, and any civi l rights claim that is inconsistent with even a portion of that conviction is barred because it would necessarily imply the invalidity of that part of the
conviction.” Id. (emphasis added). 1 Accordingly, Yount
found that the factual basis of a § 148(a)( 1) conviction encompassing multiple acts is indivisible for purposes of avoiding a Heck bar. Id. at 895

– 96.

We follow the California Supreme Court’s interpretation
of § 148(a)(1), see Hooper , 629 F.3d at 1132, and adopt its approach. Indeed, we have previously held that a jury
conviction for § 148(a)(1) based on multiple acts of resistance necessarily means that “officers’ actions throughout the whole course of the defendant’s conduct”

was n ecessarily found lawful and any action alleging
excessive force based on those actions would be Heck

barred. Smith , 394 F.3d at 699 n.5. Similarly, Heck bars any § 1983 claim alleging excessive force based on an act or acts

1 The Yount trial court established the factual basis for Yount’s conviction by hearing testimony from eyewitnesses and t aking judicial notice of documents from the criminal proceeding. Yount , 43 Cal. 4th

at 892.10 S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG

constituting any part of the f actual basis of a § 148(a)(1)
conviction.

In sum, we hold that Sanders cannot stipulate to the lawfulness of the dog bite as part of his § 148(a)(1) guilty plea and then use the “very same act” to allege an excessive
force claim under § 1983. Id. Success on such a claim would “necessarily imply” that his conviction was invalid.
Heck , 512 U.S. at 487. Sanders’s claim against Officer Bryan is, therefore, barred under Heck

. 2

III.

The factual basis for Sanders’s plea was based on multiple acts of resisting arrest, including his struggle with
officers when the K

- 9 bit him. Because a favorable judgment on his § 1983 claim would necessarily call into

2 At oral argument, Sanders argued for the first time that Officer Bryan ordered a further dog bite after he was handcuffed by the other officers. Sanders’s complaint fails to allege any dog bite or continued dog bite after he was handcuffed. Because this specific contention was not raised in briefing or his complaint and the City and officers had no meaningful opp ortunity to respond to the new allegation

, we treat this
argument as waived. Wood v. Hall , 130 F.3d 373, 377 (9th Cir. 1997) (“ Arguments raised for the first time at oral argument are generally
waived .”)

. We also affirm the dismissal of Sanders’s remaini ng claims for integral participation, failure to intervene, and Monell liability

. Although the district court dismissed the claims because they were predicated on the Heck

- barred claim , Sanders neglected to raise those
claims on appeal. See United States v. Kama , 394 F.3d 1236, 1238 (9th Cir. 2005) (“ Generally, an issue is waived when the appellant does not specifically and distinctly argue the issue in his or her opening brief. ”).S ANDERS V

. C ITY OF P ITTSBURG 11

question the validity of his conviction, we affirm the
dismissal of his claims.

AFFIRMED

.