Data of Geochemistry

Chapter K. Volcanic Emanations

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-K
Data of Geochemistry

* *

MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor

Chapter K. Volcanic Emanations

By DONALD E. WHITE and G. A. WARING

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-K

Tabulation and discussion of about 1OO chemical j *s

analyses of volcanic gases, volcanic sublimates^ 

incrustations, and reaction products, and gases 

driven from igneous rocks by heating

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

REPRINTED 

1964

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 30 cents
DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION

Michael Fleischer, Technical Editor

The first edition of the Data of Geochemistry, by F. W. Clarke, was published in 1908 as U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 330. Later editions, also by Clarke, were published in 1911, 1916, 1920, and 1924 as Bulletins 

491, 616, 695, and 770. This, the sixth edition, has been written by several scientists in the Geological Survey 

and in other institutions in the United States and abroad, each preparing a chapter on his special field. The 

current edition is being published in individual chapters, titles of which are listed below. Chapters already 

published are indicated by boldface.

CHAPTER A. The chemical elements

B. Cosmochemistry

C. Internal structure and composition of the Earth

D. Composition of the earth's crust

E. Chemistry of the atmosphere

F. Chemical composition of subsurface waters, by Donald E. White, John D. Hem, and G. A. 

Waring

G. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes, by Daniel A. Livingstone

H. Chemistry of the oceans

I. Geochemistry of the biosphere

J. Chemistry of rock-forming minerals

K. Volcanic emanations, by Donald E. White and G. A. Waring

T,. Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water

M. Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides with water and(or) carbon 

dioxide

N. Chemistry of igneous rocks

O. Chemistry of rock weathering and soils

P. Chemistry of bauxites and laterites

Q. Chemistry of nickel silicate deposits

R. Chemistry of manganese oxides

S. Chemical composition of sandstones excluding carbonate and volcanic sands, by F. J. Pettijohn

T. Nondetrital siliceous sediments, by Earle R. Cressman

U. Chemical composition of shales and related rocks

V. Chemistry of carbonate rocks

W. Chemistry of iron-rich rocks

X. Chemistry of phosphorites

Y. Marine evaporites, by Frederick H. Stewart

Z. Continental evaporites 

AA. Chemistry of coal

BB. Chemistry of petroleum, natural gas, and miscellaneous carbonaceous substances 

CC. Chemistry of metamorphic rocks

DD. Abundance and distribution of the chemical elements and their isotopes 

EE. Geochemistry of ore deposits 

FF. Physical chemistry of sulfide systems 

GG. The natural radioactive elements 

HH. Geochronology

II. Temperatures of geologic processes 

JJ. Composition of fluid inclusions

nx

CONTENTS

Page Page 

Abstract_______________________________________ Kl Gases in rocks____________________________ K10

Introduction_____________________________________ 1 References cited______________________________ 11

Volcanic gases and condensates_____________________ 2 Index_________________________________ _ 29

Sublimates, incrustations, and reaction products.______ 9

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

FIQUKE 1. Content of C02 in "active" gases, relative to temperature_________ ____ K3

2. Content of H2 in "active" gases, relative to temperature_________________ ___ 4

3. Content of HCl in "active" gases, relative to temperature___________________________-___ 5

4. Content of H2S in "active" gases, relative to temperature_______________________________ 6

5. Content of total S02 in "active" gases, relative to temperature___________________ ___,_ _____ 7

6. Proportion of H2S to total sulfur gases reported, relative to temperature________________ _ 8

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Chemical analyses of volcanic fumaroles, in volume percent. A, Japan; B, USSR; C, North, Central, and South 

America; D, Molten lavas of Hawaii; E, Other islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Africa; F, Islands of 

the Atlantic Ocean and Carribean Sea; (?, Europe and the Mediterranean. _ _ K14

2. Chemical analyses of fumarole condensates, expressed as compounds in milligrams per liter of water.__ _______ 22

3. Chemical analyses of fumarole condensates, expressed in parts per million by weight _____ _____ __________ 23

4. Chemical analyses of fumarolic gases of Showa-shinzan, Japan, including all detected components of high and low

volatility, expressed in parts per million________________________ ____ __ 24

5. Chemical analyses of sublimates of volcanic fumaroles and eruption clouds, in weight percent- 25

6. Gases in rocks, in volume percent--___-__--_____-_-___-_----__----__-_-_____ -- __________ ________ 26

7. Selected analyses of gases in rocks, recalculated excluding H20__-_-_-_--_---_--_- __ _ 27

DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

VOLCANIC EMANATIONS

By DONALD E. WHITE and G. A. WAKING

ABSTRACT

About 250 chemical analyses of representative volcanic gases 

are tabulated, with emphasis given to analyses with measured 

temperatures and minor-element data. The most sustained 

attention has been given to volcanic gases by Russian and, more 

recently, Japanese geochemists.

Compositions of gases are clearly related in part to temperature 

at the point of collection. In spite of long-standing interest in 

the changes in composition of exhalations with time and 

distance as distinct from temperature and other factors little 

critical information has been obtained.

The study of compositions of fumarolic sublimates and incrustations is largely qualitative, or consists largely of identification 

of minerals. Problems in determining which components were 

precipitated from vapor and which were derived by acid attack 

on surrounding rocks have seldom been resolved with confidence.

Little interest has been shown in the compositions of gases in 

rocks since E. S. Shepherd's classic work. Selected analyses by 

Shepherd are reconsidered. Much can be learned from gases in 

rocks, as a valuable supplement to studies of natural fumaroles 

and theoretical approaches.

INTRODUCTION

Relatively little attention has been given to the 

volatile components of volcanic rocks as compared to 

the solid phases; doubtless this is due more to difficulties 

involved with collecting and analyzing reliable samples 

than to lack of interest. Careful systematic work has 

in general been attempted for only short periods of time, 

as at Hawaii (Shepherd, 1921), the Katmai region 

(Alien and Zies, 1923), Showa-shinzan (Nemoto, 

Hayakawa, Takahashi, and Oana, 1957), and Vulcano 

(Sicardi, 1956). In contrast, Kliuchevskii and Sheveluch in Kamchatka have been studied systematically 

for more than 20 years. (See reviews by Basharina, 

1958a, and Naboko, 1959b.)

Much effort was made in this compilation to find all 

analyses of volcanic gases that have been published; a 

few may have been overlooked. Particularly close 

attention was given to literature published since Alien's 

review of volcanic-gas analyses in 1922 (Alien, 1922). 

Special interest was given to analyses that were accompanied by temperature measurements and that 

included minor components.

The great variety of forms that have been used in 

reporting gas analyses has presented special problems.

Most analyses are stated in volume percent, but a few 

are in weight percent; where neither is clearly stated, 

volume percent is assumed.

The analysts' methods of stating or computing data 

for contents of water and air have differed greatly with 

time and place. Steam, when determined, is sometimes 

included in the summation of 100 percent; where 

excluded from the principal summation, it has been 

stated in either weight or volume percent of total gases, 

or in milligrams per liter of other gases. Air has likewise been stated in a variety of forms; N2 and O2 have 

been included in the principal summation, O2 and 

equivalent N2 for ah* have been excluded from the 

principal summation, or all N2 and O2 have been 

excluded on the assumption that essentially all N2 was 

from air but some O2 was consumed in oxidizing 

reactions. Gas analyses have been published in at 

least a dozen different forms, no one of which is directly 

comparable to the others. Much thought has been 

given to the problem of deciding the most useful form 

for reporting this compilation; all the determined gases 

other than H2O, O2, N2 , and Ar are for convenience 

included in a group called the "active" gases, and are 

here recomputed to 100 percent (Naboko, 1959a). We 

believe that this method permits the most useful comparisons; O2 , Na , Ar, and H2O where given in original 

published analyses are also included in separate 

columns. The reader should note that air, O2, and 

H2O not included in the author's principal summation 

of 100 percent are shown in parentheses.

This system of presenting the data has required a 

minimum of recomputation, and has the major advantage that the "active" components, which are commonly of greatest interest, can be directly compared. 

The major problems of atmospheric and (or) volcanic 

origin of H2O, N2 , and even O2 are also thereby isolated 

to a considerable extent.

In many gas analyses, the published record indicates 

that effort was made to determine only one, two, or 

three of the "active" gases. A relatively thorough 

search for many gases has been made in some of the 

samples from the Hawaiian, Alaskan, and, in recent 

years, the Kamchatkan volcanoes. An outstanding

Kl
K2 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

example of completeness of search is that made by 

Oana at Showa-shinzan (Nemoto, Hayakawa, Takahashi, and Oana, 1957, p. 122-123; written communication, 1961; and this report tables 1,4. and 4). Many 

components of special interest are present in the original 

gases in such vanishingly small quantities that precise 

analysis is most difficult. A large number of these 

components of special interest are soluble in or are 

precipitated with condensates of steam, and can then 

be determined with considerable precision (tables 2, 

3,4).

VOLCANIC GASES AND CONDENSATES

The chemical composition of a fumarolic gas is 

presumably dependent upon the following: (a) Original 

abundance of each volatile component in the magma, 

(b) Temperature of evolution of the gaseous mixture 

from the magma, and temperature at the point of collection, (c) Time since evolution started; if differences 

in solubility exist, the more insoluble gases should be 

enriched in early emanations, (d) Place of evolution: 

crater fumeroles above a vertical vent should contain 

gases evolved from different depths but gases from lava 

vents and flows may be evolved from negligible depth, 

(e) Degree of mixing and reaction with air and meteoric 

water, (f) Reaction with rocks between places of 

evolution and collection. In addition to the above, 

some reaction may occur in unstable mixtures between 

times of collection and analysis, and amounts reported 

by the analyst depend on the quality of his work and 

the specific components for which he searched. Analyses of volcanic gases clearly represent at least to some 

extent unstable or changing conditions intercepted at 

some chance moment.

The data in tabular and graphical form (tables 1-5 

and figs. 1-6) demonstrate the great ranges of concentration that have been reported for all components. An 

effort will first be made to generalize on quantities of 

components that may be present and possible direct 

relations to temperature at time of collection.

1. Steam, where determined, is with few exceptions the 

greatly dominant gas, generally in excess of 90 

percent of total gases.

2. Total air, when reported, commonly exceeds the 

"active" gases and may be greatly dominant over 

these gases even when much effort was made to 

exclude it. Air is a particularly abundant contaminant of gases escaping through porous lava 

and is generally less important in gases escaping 

directly from molten lava or from water of hot 

springs; it is also notably minor at Showa-shinzan 

(table 1A).

3. CO2 is generally the dominant "active" gas, particularly at low temperatures. The proportion of CO2

in the "active" gases commonly decreases with increasing temperature (fig. 1), probably because of 

an increase in other gases rather than an absolute 

decrease in CO2 per unit of source lava. An increase in "active" gases with increasing temperature, relative to H2O, is particularly well shown in 

the 1954 series of analyses from Showa-shinzan, 

Japan (tables IA and 4), and from some other 

localities.

4. CO has been reported in excess of CO2 in many 

Kamchatkan analyses (table 1.B), particularly 

from the fumaroles above 150°C from basaltic 

Kliuchevskii volcano. In other areas, CO has 

been reported in excess of CO2 in only a single 

sample from Hekla in Iceland (table IF); only 

minor CO was found in the careful study of 

fumaroles of the hypersthene dacite dome of 

Showa-shinzan (tables IA and 4), and from 

Hawaii. This anomaly demands careful study; it 

suggests that the environment of some basaltic 

volcanoes is an unusually reducing one.

5. CH4 is commonly not reported; where found, quantities seldom exceed 1 percent. Novarupta, 

Alaska (4 to 14 percent, table 1(7), and "The 

Geysers", California (15 percent, table 1(7), are 

notable for relatively high contents of CH4 ; even 

larger amounts are reported in single analyses 

from Mount Pelee (table IF) and from a submarine eruption in the Azores (table IF). CH4 

is most erratic in occurrence, and a volcanic 

origin for it is doubtful (Basharina, 1960, p. 21), 

although thermodynamic considerations (Krauskopf, 1957, p. 797) indicate that CH4 is to be 

expected under rather strongly reducing conditions.

6. A search for NH3 has been made in only a few volcanic gases. When looked for, it is generally 

minor or absent. Ammonia is suspected to be 

nonmagmatic by some (Shepherd, 1938, p. 322; 

Rubey, 1955, p. 642-645; White 1957, p. 1672), 

but is believed to be magmatic by others (Rayleigh, 1939; Urey, 1952; Ellis, 1957, p. 423; 

Krauskopf, 1957, p. 797; Stevenson, 1960). 

Recently Wlotzka (1961) has found that nearly 

all igneous rocks contain from 5 to 50 ppm of 

NH3-N, with an average close to 20 ppm; this 

evidence is strong support for a magmatic origin 

for some ammonia. It may also result from 

high-temperature reactions between volcanic H3 

and atmospheric N2 (Nemoto, and others, 1957, 

abs. p. 20), and much is clearly of organic origin.

7. The abundance of H2 is highly erratic; H2 is commonly absent, but exceeds 40 percent of the 

"active" gases in many samples from the basaltic
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K3

Sheveluch, 

Kamchatka 8

Showa-shinzan, Japan 1954

Showa-shmzan, Japan 1959

-White Island, New Zealand

Showa-shinzan, Japan 1957

Sheveluch, 

Kamchatka

"Biliukai,

Kliuchevskii,

Kamchatka

o Analyses accompanied by measured temperatures

Closely related samples with well-

' determined temperatures; arrow, if

present.indicates progression of time Suelich, Kamchatka 

 _X(>360'C)

X Analyses with approximate 

temperatures

(CO 2 not represented in many Russian analyses) 

la_______I - I______J

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE 

FIGUBK 1. Content of COj In "active" gases, relative to temperature.

900 1000 1100

volcano Kliuchevskii (fig. 2), also notable for its 

high proportion of CO to CO2. Lava of this 

volcano seems to be unusually deficient in oxygen. 

H2 in general decreases with falling temperature 

at Showa-shinzan, Japan (fig. 2), and also at times 

in the Kamchatkan volcanoes Kliuchevskii and 

Sheveluch; one series of samples from Zavaritskii 

crater of Kliuchevskii, however, clearly show a 

decrease in H2 with increasing temperature (fig. 2). 

8. The HCI content shows little tendency to increase 

with increasing temperature (fig. 3); many hightemperature fumaroles contain little or no detected 

HCI, and other low-temperature fumaroles are 

notable for its abundance. It was the greatly 

dominant acid gas of the Katmai region (table 

1C; Zies, 1929, 1938).

9. HF has been determined in relatively few fumarolic 

gases; it is generally less than 10 percent of the reported HCI, but it is relatively very abundant at 

Katmai (table IA) and at Showa-shinzan (table 

1A and 4). Analyses of fumarolic condensates 

(tables 2 and 3) indicate that the ratio F/C1 is 

commonly 1:1,000 to 1:10. The relative abundance of F in fumaroles of the dacite dome of 

Showa-shinzan and the rhyolite ash deposits of 

Katmai suggest that F/C1 may increase with 

increasing silica content of lavas. The analyses 

by Oana of the remarkable collection from Showashinzan in 1959 (table IA) indicate that the 

HF/HC1 ratio is relatively constant in fumaroles 

above 300 °C, but that HF decreases notably 

below that temperature. This relationship sug745-881 O - 64 - 2
K4 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

100

90

80

70

> 60 

fc

50

o 

cc UJ 40

30

20

10

Zavaritskii. Kliuchevskii, 

' Kamchatka

(500*C)

o Analyses accompanied by measured

temperatures

9 Closely related samples with wellI determined temperatures; arrow, if 

° present,indicates progression of time

x Analyses with approximate temperatures

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 

TEMPERATURE. IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE

800 900 1000 1100

FIGURE 2. Content of Hz in "active" gases, relative to temperature.

gests that fluometasomatism, mentioned in a 

later section, takes place largely at temperatures 

between 100° and 300 °C and results from fixation of F from the superheated fumarolic gases. 

10. H2S seldom exceeds 20 percent of the "active" 

gases (fig. 4), but is astonishingly high in the 

fumaroles of Nasu volcano, Japan (table L4), 

where large quantities of native sulfur are deposited (Hayase and Ahimazu, 1957). The 

proportion of H2S in the "active" gases not 

uncommonly increases with increasing temperature (fig. 4), at least up to an intermediate range. 

At Showa-shinzan, however, H2S decreases above 

200 °C.

11. SO2, nearly always the dominant oxidized sulfur gas 

(tables 1 and 2; fig. 5), exceeds 20 percent of total 

"active" gases in nearly one-third of the samples 

in which it was determined. Its content may be 

relatively high in many low-temperature fumaroles.

12. The data also give some support to the concept that 

SO2 is the dominant sulfur gas at high temperatures (table 1; fig. 6), but its dominance is not as 

universal as is generally assumed. SO2 can also 

be the dominant sulfur gas at low temperatures, 

particularly where extensive reaction with atmospheric oxygen has occurred.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K5

100

90

80

70

60

50

O 40

30

20

10

Zavaritskii, Kliuchevskii, 

Kamchatka

Zavaritskii, Kliuchevskii, 

Kamchatka

Analyses accompanied by measured £ 

temperatures if

Closely related samples with well-j>. 

determined temperatures; arrow, if c 

present,indicates progression of time c

to

X Analyses with approximate 

temperatures

12 point

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

'TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE

900 1000 1100

FIGUBE 3. Content of HC1 In "active" gases, relative to temperature.

13. SO3 has seldom been determined in addition to SO2 ; 

it may be relatively minor, but it may also be the 

dominant sulfur gas (table 1, D and F). The SO3 

dissolved in fumarolic condensates (as sulfuric 

acid, tables 2 and 3) commonly exceeds HC1; this 

suggests that SO3 is more abundant than is 

generally suspected.

14. Boron has not been determined directly in volcanic 

gases, but fumarolic condensates indicate that the 

ratio H3BO3/HC1 generally ranges from 1:1,000 

to 1:20 (tables 2, 3, and 4).

15. Bromine has been determined in only a few fumarolic condensates (tables 2, 3, and 4). Except for 

one analysis from Suelich Dome of Sheveluch 

volcano, the Br/Cl ratios range from about that 

of sea water (0.0034) to less than one-tenth that 

of sea water. Volcanic hot-spring waters also

tend to be slightly lower in Br/Cl than sea water 

(White, 1960).

16. Iodine has been determined in only a very few 

fumarolic condensates (tables 2, 3, and 4). More 

data are needed because of the suggestion that 

I/C1 ratios are critical in distinguishing saline 

components of different origin (White 1960).

17. Components of low volatility such as SiO2, Na, Ca, 

and Mg have been found in condensates from 

low-temperature fumaroles in much larger quantities than can be accounted for by their volatilities (table 3). Transport in droplets of water in 

wet steam (aerosols) is suspected (Naboko and 

Ryabichkina, 1957; Naboko, 1959a, p. 127).

18. The same low-volatile components, as well as 

significant quantities of minor metals, have also 

been detected in high-temperature fumarolic
K6 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

100

90

80

70

CO 

UJ 

CO

60

2 50

2 40

UJ

O

oc

UJ 

Q.

30

20

10

Nasu, JapanMount Hood, g 

^ Oregon, o

^Pozzuoli, Italy

Analyses accompanied by measured 

0 temperatures 

o Closely related samples with well1 determined temperatures; arrow, ifo present,indicates progression of time

x Analyses with approximate temperatures

Vulcano, Italy :aly/ 

/ / Suelich, Kamchatka, Japan

/Showa-shinzan, Japan 1954 

/Showa-shinzan, Japan 1959

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE 

Floras 4. Content'of HjS in "active" gases, relative to temperature.

800 900 1000

vapors. Many of these components are probably 

soluble in dense steam under high pressure but 

are probably present as aerosols in low-pressure 

steam. The quantities of Zn, As, Sn, and Ag 

reported hi Showa-shinzan fumaroles (table 4) are 

especially notable; these metals and other components of low volatility are hi general more 

abundant at higher temperature.

Sainte-Claire Deville (1857) was the first to suggest 

that the composition of volcanic gases was a function

of tune since evolution of gases started, and of distance 

from the volcanic throat. These ideas have been supported at least to some extent by many geologists and 

geochemists, but clear-cut quantitative evidence on the 

importance of either time or distance, as distinct from 

temperature and other possible factors is still surprisingly scanty (see review by Lovering, 1961, p. 84-87). 

At Biliukai, a lava vent of Kliuchevskii volcano, 

fumaroles between 100 ° and 200 °C were relatively high 

hi halogen acid gases and H2 in 1946; fumaroles of the 

same temperature range were higher in sulfur gases by
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K7

100

90

80

70

60

50

30

20

10

o Analyses accompanied by measured

temperatures

Closely related samples with welldetermined temperatures; arrow, if 

present,indicates progression of time

x Analyses with approximate temperatures

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE

900 1000 1100

FIOUEE 6. Content of total SOj In "active" gases, relative to.temperature.

1947 and were finally highest in CO2 by 1948 (Naboko, 

1959a, p. 88-90). Naboko (1959a, p. 91) also found 

that the fumaroles of explosive craters were higher in 

sulfur gases than were fumaroles of similar temperature 

on effusive vents, which were enriched in HC1 and HF.

The fumaroles of Showa-shinzan showed surprisingly 

little change in temperatures between 1954 and 1959. 

During this time interval, the proportion of "active" 

gases to steam seems to have decreased (table 1A) and, 

for similar temperatures, the content of sulfur gases 

decreased slightly (fig. 4 and 5) but the ratio of H2S 

to SO2 increased (fig. 6). Because of the method of 

reporting, the halogen acids are not directly comparable. 

The possible influences on composition of time and 

position are still in need of much critical attention.

It is appropriate to end this section with a brief 

mention of theoretical discussions of magmatic gases

as mixtures of components in chemical equilibrium. 

Shepherd (1938) took the pessimistic view that such 

treatments were not warranted by the data. Ellis 

(1957) more hopefully has calculated the equilibrium 

proportion of the major constituents of magmatic gases 

at various temperatures and pressures, for selected 

starting compositions. The computed trends of variation of gas compositions with temperature are in generally good agreement with trends observed for the 

fumarolic gases of Showa-shinzan but not always with 

gases from other localities.

Krauskopf (1957) has calculated equilibrium compositions of a magmatic gas phase at 600 °C and has 

considered the heavy-metal content of the vapors, and 

the influence of different oxygen pressures on the major 

and minor constituents. His calculations indicate for 

this temperature that SO2 should exceed H2S only
K8 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

100

90

80

70

o

O

60

50

40

30

20

10

Bezymyannyi 

Kamchatka

Vulcano, Italy

Showa-shinzan, Japan 1959 

Showa-shinzan, Japan 1957

o Analyses accompanied by measured

temperatures

Closely related samples with welldetermined temperatures; arrow, if 

present,indicates progression of time

x Analyses with approximate temperatures

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE 

FIGURE 6. Proportion of HjS to total sulfur gases reported, relative to temperature.

800 900 1000

under very oxidizing conditions; CO and CH4 are to 

be expected where conditions are strongly reducing; 

CO should not exceed CO2 unless oxygen pressure is 

even lower than those considered; H2 and H2S are 

important components from moderately oxidizing to 

strongly reducing conditions.

Matsuo (1960) has considered theoretically the differences in composition of gases that should exist in 

equilibrium with basaltic, dacitic, and granitic magma 

at different temperatures and pressures. If other conditions are equal, the H2 content is highest in basaltic

magma; the total sulfur and especially the SO2 content 

is highest in silicic magma; SO2 is very sensitive to 

temperature and pressure, increasing with increasing 

temperature and decreasing pressure, and it may be 

useful in forecasting eruptions.

Computations by Ellis, Krauskopf, and Matsuo 

may serve as tentative bases for judging the extent of 

deviation from equilibrium compositions, and of differences in oxygen pressure, including effects of intermixture with ah*.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K9

SUBLIMATES, INCRUSTATIONS, AND REACTION 

PRODUCTS

Much qualitative work has been done on incrustations surrounding volcanic fumaroles. A major problem that has seldom been resolved with confidence is to 

determine which components were precipitated from 

vapor and which were derived by acid attack on surrounding rocks. Substances such as NH4C1, whose 

constituent elements are very rare hi adjacent rocks, 

all were with little doubt transported in the fumarolic 

gases. Other incrustations, especially sulfates, are 

likely to be products of reaction of fumarolic gases, 

air, and adjacent rocks. The strong physical and 

chemical gradients surrounding volcanic fumaroles 

may result in high local concentrations of elements 

from surrounding rocks even though original concentrations are very low. Acid leaching of the surrounding 

rocks and local concentration of some metals is particularly obvious hi low-temperature fumaroles characterized by abundant H2S04 . In high-temperature fumaroles, HC1 and other acids may condense in cooler 

surroundings, with acid solutions attacking the rocks 

and then migrating toward and evaporating in the 

superheated gases. Some metals derived from the 

rocks could be selectively concentrated greatly by these 

processes.

Table 5 includes a few chemical analyses of substances that are likely to be largely sublimates from 

fumarolic gases. Products of Kamchatka fumaroles 

have been studied extensively, especially by Naboko 

(1945, 1953, 1959a, p. 93-169, and 1959b) and by 

Borovik and Vlodavets (1938), Popkov (1946), and 

I. Z. Ivanov (1937, 1938, 1940). Volatile transport 

appears to be confirmed for Na and K in approximately 

the same proportions as in the magma, and for Fe and 

Cu. Other metals that have been found hi higher concentrations hi encrustations than in surrounding lavas 

are Li, Be, Pb, Sn, Ag, Zn, Co, Ni, Zr, Mo, Bi, Ga, Te, 

Cr, V, Ba, Sr, As, Ag, and Cd. Direct sublimation of 

Ca and Mg has also been confirmed. Fluometasomatism and other rock alterations have been studied 

by Naboko (1957, 1958).

Zies (1924, 1929) found relatively high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo hi fumarolic magnetite 

hi the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (table 5); 

other elements more enriched in magnetite or in other 

incrustations than in surrounding rhyolitic ash were 

Pb, As, Sb, Sn, Ag, Ni, Co, Ti, Bi, Se, and Te. Lovering (1957) has described fluometasomatism that 

surrounded one of the fumaroles; as suggested earlier, 

the data from Showa-shinzan (table 1A) indicate that 

fixation of F occurs largely between 300° and 100°C.

A high concentration of Ni (1.64 percent) was found 

in an incrustation consisting dominantly of potassium

aluminum sulfate at Shirane volcano, Japan (Shima, 

1956, 1957). The data do not prove vapor transport 

to the exclusion of concentration from surrounding 

rocks. Other data on Japanese sublimates and incrustations are given by Minami and Ossaka (1957), 

and Foster and Mason (1955).

Incrustations from White Island, an andesitic volcano of New Zealand, contained the following maximum concentrations hi percent (Wilson, 1959, p. 48); 

Pb, 1; V, 0.03; B, 5; Cu, 0.4; As, 0.3; Zn, 0.3; and Sn, 

0.5.

Many sublimates contain abundant NaCl, KC1, and 

NH4C1 (LaCroix, 1906, 1936; p. 117-118; Ferret, 1950, 

p. 102; Foshag, 1945, p. 95-100). Fluorine is abundant 

hi some Vesuvian incrustations (Tonani, 1955, p. 280).

Relatively high concentrations of minor elements 

can be leached by distilled water from freshly fallen 

volcanic ash. Much leachable material was with little 

doubt hi hot gas clouds, and condensed on associated 

ash as temperature and pressure decreased. The 

water extracts undoubtedly also include some matter 

dissolved from volcanic glass and silicate minerals. An 

analysis of leachate from ash of Bezymyanny is included in table 5. Leachates from ash of the same 

volcano were also studied by Tovarova (1958). Melted 

snow containing fresh ash from an eruption of Krenitzyn 

volcano, Onekatan Island of the Kuriles, contained 100 

ppm SO4 and nearly 500 ppm Cl (Gorshkov, 1958, p. 

75). Surface water runoff from Hekla during and 

after its 1947 eruption contained as much as 9.5 ppm 

F (Stefansson and Sigurjonsson, 1957). Fluoride that 

was leachable from fresh ash ranged from 60 ppm of 

coarse ash to 350 ppm from the finest fraction; grinding 

did not notably increase leachable F, indicating 

adsorption of soluble fluorides on surfaces of particles.

Many minerals have been identified as sublimates or 

reaction products of fumaroles. Kamchatkan fumarolic products have been thoroughly studied by 

Naboko (1959a, p. 93-169; 1959b, p. 128-129), and at 

least 75 different minerals have been identified. At 

least 15 additional minerals have been found elsewhere 

hi fumaroles (quoted by Palache, Berman, and Frondel, 

1944, 1951). About half of the total consist of various 

combinations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Al with sulfate, 

and with different degrees of hydration. Many of the 

other minerals are combinations of Cl and F with K, 

Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, and Al.

Minerals containing minor elements include salammoniac NH4C1, kremersite ((NH4),K) 2 FeCl5-H20, 

chlormanganokalite K^MnCle, atacamite Cu(OH)3Cl, 

hydromelanothallite Cu2 (OH) 2Cl2-H20 (?), scacchite 

MnCl2, cotunnite CuCl2-2H2O, psuedocotunnite 

eriochalcite CuCl2 -2H20, cryptohalite
K10 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

and bararite, (NH4)2SiF6, ferruccite NaBF4, and 

avogadrite (K,Cs)BF4. Other fumarolic minerals containing high concentrations of minor elements include 

larderellite and ammonioborite (NH4) 2B10Oi6-5H20 (?), 

sassolite B(OH)3, tenorite CuO, realgar AsS, orpiment 

As2S3 , and selenian sulfur (S, Se).

Because of great uncertainties regarding derivation 

of minor elements by vapor transport or by reactions 

with surrounding rocks, much more effort should be 

made to determine minor quantities of elements in 

fumarolic gases and condensates, as done in Japan 

(table 4) and Kamchatka (tables 2 and 3).

GASES IN ROCKS

Travers (1899), Gautier (1906), Chamberlin (1908), 

and Stutzer (1910) were among the first geologists 

interested in gases contained in rocks, in the hope that 

much could thereby be learned about the gases these 

same rocks gave off while cooling, or might have given" 

off in a different environment. A few analyses selected 

from the literature are included in table 6. Obvious 

difficulties concern lack of equilibrium, oxidizing reactions, contamination with air, and absorption of 

ground water, but the study of fumarolic gases also 

involves these same considerations.

The influence of ground water on the water contents 

of volcanic glasses, and the manner in which water is 

driven off upon heating, have been studied by Shepherd 

(1931, 1938, p. 313-315), Keller and Pickett (1954), 

Koss and Smith (1955), and Friedman and Smith 

(1960). Fresh natural glasses are very low in water 

content (generally less than 0.1 percent), but absorb 

water with time. Friedman and Smith have shown 

that the rate of absorption is relatively constant, and 

is even of value in geochronometry; they have also shown 

that absorbed water is similar in deuterium content to 

associated meteoric waters and is clearly of local origin.

Special studies of individual gases in rocks include 

that of C02 in granites (Khitarov and Rengarten, 1956), 

and N2 and the inert gases (Rayleigh, 1939). Mayne 

(1957) has found that N2 ranges from 0.002 to 0.05 

cm3 per gm; N15 is high in rocks low in nitrogen and low 

where N2 is high relative to the atmosphere. Wlotzka 

(1961) has shown that nearly all igneous rocks contain 

ammonia, with an average NH3-N content of about 20 

ppm. Large enrichments of Ar*°/Ar36 relative to the 

atmosphere have been found in gases from Larderello, 

Italy, and other thermal areas (Boato and others, 

1951, 1952). Chemical compositions of fluid inclusions 

in rocks are summarized in another chapter of this 

report.

E. S. Shepherd's careful work on gases in rocks was 

summarized in 1938 (p. 326-337). Analyses of rocks 

that from his descriptions appear to be fresh and that

include all or most major gaseous components (F not 

determined in four) are recalculated in table 7 to exclude water. Shepherd was impressed with the wide 

and apparently random proportions of gaseous components, and he made few broad generalizations in his 

final summary. It is true that random variations 

occur with no obvious explanation, perhaps in part 

because of inconsistent reactions between gases and 

oxidizable elements during the extraction processes. 

Examples are the CO and H2 in paired analyses 1 and 

2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 13 and 14 of table 7. Other 

paired analyses, 11 and 12, and 16 and 17, are more 

nearly alike.

Shepherd may have been unduly cautious in drawing 

conclusions from his work. Shepherd's generalizations 

and others that can be made, if these relatively few 

analyses are typical, are:

1. Total gases from unaltered rocks range from about 

1 to perhaps 200 cc per gram of rock.

2. Total gases other than H20 are more consistent in 

quantity, ranging from 0.14 to 6 cc per gram of 

rock.

3. Obsidians exhibit the maximum range in total gas 

content, with the higher amounts clearly caused 

by absorption of meteoric water with little gain or 

loss of other gases. The H20 content of total 

gases range from about 90 percent in low-gas 

obsidians to nearly 99 percent in the high-gas 

rocks.

4. Fresh andesites and basalts tend to have about 6 cc 

of 'gases per gm, with H20 constituting approximately 80 to 90 percent of the total in andesites 

and 75 percent in fresh basalt.

5. Fresh plutonic rocks have about 30 cc of gases per 

gm, with water constituting about 80 to 90 percent 

of the total. Presumably because of cooling and 

crystallization under high pressure, much more 

of the original gases of plutonic rocks were retained than in near-surface volcanic environments.

6. Rhyolitic pumice contains more gas exclusive of 

H2O than obsidian (Nos. 1 and 2, 3 and 4); 

basaltic pahoehoe (No. 13) and pumice (No. 16) 

contain more gas than associated aa lavas (No. 

14, and also No. 17, which is aa according to 

K. J. Murata (oral communication, 1961).

7. CO2 is generally the most abundant gas next to 

H2O; it is relatively more abundant in gases from 

andesites, basalts, and granites than from obsidians, in which other gases may be more abundant.

8. CO is commonly somewhat more abundant in gases 

from andesites and basalts than from obsidians 

or granite, and it does not exceed CO2 in any of 

Shepherd's analyses.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS Kll

9. The abundance of H2 is very erratic and shows little 

relation to any known characteristic, except that 

it is particularly abundant in the two granitic 

rocks.

10. N2 shows considerable variation in abundance; 

similar although not identical concentrations in 

related pairs of samples indicate that most N2 

is from the rocks rather than from atmospheric 

contamination.

11. S2 is relatively more abundant in andesites and 

basalts than in obsidians and fresh granite.

12. C12 is about equally abundant in obsidians and 

andesites and is lower in relative abundance in 

basalts and particularly in fresh granites. The 

indicated great difference in C12 content of 

Kilauea and Mauna Loa gases needs further 

study.

13. F2 is relatively abundant in obsidians and is somewhat less abundant in many other rocks. The 

indicated great difference in abundance of F 

between Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes is 

surprising.

The data suggest that renewed interest should be 

shown in the gases contained in rocks. Extensive 

geochronologic studies that are now being made on 

argon and helium contents of rocks and minerals 

could be broadened with relatively little effort to include 

quantitative study of other gases driven off in the 

extraction process.

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K12 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

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VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K13

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waters: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68, p. 1,659-1,682.

 1960, A summary of chemical characteristics of some 

waters of deep origin, in Short papers in the geological 

sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B452- 

B454.

Wilson, S. H., 1959, Physical and chemical investigations 1939- 

55, in Hamilton, W. H., and Baumgart, I. L., White Island: 

New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indus. Research Bull. 127, p. 32-50.

Wlotzka, F., 1961, Untersuchungen zur Geochemie des Stickstoffs: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, vol. 24, p. 106-154.

Zavaritskii, A. N., and Betekhtin, A. G., 1937, The Nizhny Tagil 

dunite massif, in Zavaritskii, A. N., The Uralian excursion, 

the northern part: Internat. Geol. Cong. 17th, Moscow 

1937, Guidebook, p. 66-77.

Zies, E. G., 1924, The fumarolic incrustations in the Valley 

of Ten Thousand Smokes: Natl. Geog. Soc. Washington, 

Contr. Tech. Papers, Katmai ser., v. 1, no. 3, p. 157-179.

 1929, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: Natl. Geog. 

Soc. Washington, Contr. Tech. Papers, v. 1, no. 4, 79 p.

 1938, The concentration of the less familiar elements 

through igneous and related activity: Am. Jour. Sci, 5th 

ser., v. 35-A, p. 385-404.
TABLE 1. Chemical analyses of volcanic fumaroles, in volume percent

A. JAPAN

[For many important new analyses of volcanic gases of Japan see: Iwasaki, I, Ozawa, T., Yoshida, M., Katsura, T., Iwasaki, B., Kamada, M., and Hirayama, M., 1962, Volca

nology Bull. 47, 54 p. (in English)]

No. Location Date 

collected

Temp. 

°C

"Active" gases (recalculated to 100 percent)

CO2 CO CHi NH3 H2 HC1 HF HzS S SO2 S03

Oases reported in origina

Total 

"active" 

gases, 

recalculated

0, N2 

Hokkaido

1

?,

3

4

5

6

7

g

10

11

1?,

13

14

Showa-ahinzan,1 U»w Volcano 

Fumarole A-l (9081) 

A-3(9051)___ ------

0-3(9063) ----

A 1 /QAQ1\

A-6a ...........

C o

B-4a .-- -

A do

C-4.. ...... ..... 

B-4b -

A-6b .. .- 

C-3(9063) -------

Sept. 1954 

 do 

July 7, 1959 

July 9, 1959.. _

July 1, 1959 

July 4, 1959 

JulyS, 1959 

July 4, 1959 

July 6, 1959...

July 4, 1959 

July 10, 1959__

July 1, 1959 

760

525

220

655

7KA

700

(UK

464

dfin

A"V\

328

300

203

104

64.4

74.2

84.8

56.2

65.0

61.1

64.3

91.1

66.1

57.0

89.5

91.7

80.3

76.4

0.18

.15

.12

0.090

.15

.17

.08

.14

.14

.14

.06

.11

.15

.15

.00

.16

(*)

( 2 )

rifi

007

.01

.10

.02

007

003

.01

.01

33.0

23.9

2.8

27.2

25.0

24.5

5.12

15.1

24.7

6.96

4.45

.00

13.6

8

5

1

10

11

1

1

15

4

2)

j\

7

39

61

61

51

,6

,8

48

.76

.4

66

(»)

m

3.5

2.76

3.54

3.51

88

5.96

4.06

.65

.53

1.71

.43

0.022

.16

9.1

.39

.10

.62

.53

1.07

.28

.79

1.05

1.02

1.07

4.27

0.011

.007

2.3

1.41

3.2

3.7

1.66

1.50

1.60

.12

1.86

1.57

.14

.42

1.44

.50

0.026

.019

.009

1.879

1.442

.632

.516

.723

.592

.569

810

.537

.567

018

.853

.486

o CQ

0.0032

.0027

.0013

.0000

.0001

.0000

.0000

.0000

.0050

.0000

.0008

.0017

.067

.0000

0.057

.054

.089

.014

.026

.019

.021

.042

.209

.023

.065

.274

.026

0.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

n

n

.0

.0

Honshu

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

99

Nasu Volcano? Chauauyama

 do - 

 _.do _ _ 

.....do... ...................

Asamayama Volcano *

Sept. 1956..-

Sept. 1956. 

Sept. 1956....

Aug. 9, 1934..

400

385

198

138

210

136

120

3.2

4.7

10.8

12.1

10.7

19.0

16.0

4.3

84.8 1.25 »13.95 0.0

0.1

.75

1.11

.73

.76

.72

.34

66.6

62.2

72.1

59.6

63.3

58.3

69.2

0

28.5

25.8

13.9

27.3

16.2

24.5

25.1

.08

.49

.78

1.7

.70

.51

1.1

61.13

85.76

90.82

83.96

71.04

88.29

70.52

92.68

2.79

3.06

1.11

3.10

3.23

2.56

5.50

.95

36.0

11.2

8.0

13.0

24.8

9.3

24.0

6.26

Izu Islands

w

?4

?,5

0-shima Volcano,* Miharayama

Lava lake sample 

B .. _ -. 

E_. _ __ 

E' . ._. . 

April 1951 .

 dO ...

 dO .

1000±

1000±

1000±

26.2

.3

3.0

73.8

99.7

97.0

16.4

57.3

26.7

17.0

0.0

0.0

65.4

41.9

72.5

1.2

.8

.8

Kyusyu

26

27

Aso Caldera, Naka-dake Cone 7 

July 1958 .

76.32

79.0

5.61

4.5

0.43 10.03

7.2

7.29

8.7

i Hypersthene dacite dome extruded 1944-45; Iburi Prefecture, 

a See table 10 for complete analyses.

' Two-pyroxene andesite flows and pyroclastics; fumaroles of sulfur 

mine area; Tochigi Prefecture.

* Andesite-dacite volcano, Nagano and Gamma Prefecture.

 Includes 10.8 CH4 and 3.15 "higher hydrocarbons." 

« Basalt lava lake active March April 1951.

' Basaltic andesite volcano

1958.
REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOB SAMPLES 1 TO 27

1-3. Nemoto, Hayakawa, Takabasbl, and Oana, 1957, p. 121-123; see also table 4 for complete analyses 

of all gases and condensates of these samples.

4. Mizutani and Matsuo, 1959, p. 121; repeat sample August 1958 essentially the same; see table 3 for

condensate. 

5-14. 8. Oana, written communication, 1960; also contain in mg per 1,0001. gas:

5. B, 14.6; N (nitrate), 0.000; P, 0.0080; As, 0.550.

6. B, 15.1; N (nitrate), 0.000; P, 0.0096; As, 0.520.

7. B, 14.4; N (nitrate), 0.112; P, 0.0061; As, 0.650.

8. B, 8.8; N (nitrate), 0.490; P, 0.0096; As, 0.180.

9. B, 20.2; N (nitrate), 0.000; P, 0.011; As, 0.420.

10. B, 20.3; N (nitrate), 0.650; P, 0.027; As, 0.610.

11. B, 8.8; N (nitrate), 0.088; P, 0.015; As, 0.210.

12. B, 9.0; N (nitrate), 0.610; P, 0.0058; As, 0.230.

13. B, 21.1; N (nitrate), 0.510; P, 0.0042; As, 0.265.

14. B, 6.1; N (nitrate), 0.055; P, 0.017; As, 0.510. 

15-21. Hayase and Ahimazu, 1957; also contains 

15. 70 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 1.0.

16. 1,670 mg free 8 per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 1.2.

17. 5,140 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 0.6.

18. 5,650 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 1.0.

19. 2,530 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 0.6.

20. 4,150 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 1.2.

21. 2,860 mg free S per cu.m. gas; pH of condensate, 1.0.

22. Noguchi, 1935, p. 1508; 1 of 4 analyses; temperature, written 

includes 2.72 percent "higher hydrocarbons."

23-25. Iwasaki, 1951; see also table 3 for analysis of condensate. S

ferent date.

26-27. Matsumoto and Tanaka, 1959, p. 155.

B. USSR

No. Location Date collected Temp. 

°C

"Active" gases 

(recalculated to 100 percent)

C0> CO CH« NHs H> HC1 HF HjS SOi

O

Tot

"activ

gase

recal

late

Kamchatka

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

n

13

14

15

Ifi

17

18

19

20

21m,

?3

24

25

flfl

27

28

Sheveluch Volcano * 

Summit Crater:

do

... .do............ ._.-.... ..-_..--...

Suelich Dome: «

Karan Dome: 

Kliuchevskii Volcano «

Biliukai Crater: ' 

Fumarole B-l _____________

....do........ ..... .......... ....

... .do..... ..._- . ...... ._. ... .

....do... .......... .............. .......

....do.. . .- 

... .do..... ................... .......

 .do... . . 

.... do..... ... .._.... . 

.... do...... ...... ......................

Crater fumarole... . ........

Sept. 27, 1946.

Aug. 3, 1946..

Feb. 16, 1947-.

Aug. 21, 1949.

Sept. 2, 1953..

Dec. 13, 1953..

Sept. 11, 1946.

__ do ........

.... .do........

 ..do.... .

Sept. 2, 1953..

Sept 4, 1953. .

Sept. 29, 1957.

Sept. 28, 1946.

Sept. 16, 1947.

May 7, 1948..

May 8, 1949..

Sept. 28, 1946.

Sept. 16, 1947.

May 7, 1948..

May8, 1949..

Sept. 28, 1946.

Sept. 16, 1947.

May 7, 1948..

Sept. 16. 1957.

85

122

inn

93

280

110

70

122

149

214

266

295

180

92

70

on

170

150

154

86

148

142

81

80

70

75

56

71

97.0

77.6

94.3

97.0

59.3

55.2

100.0

95.0

96.0

86.0

25.0

18.0

31.0

97.0

99.0

96.5

83

86

23

76

24

0

0.2

.3

.2

3.0

3.8

2.0

2.0

3.0

22.0

19.0

.3

.3

1.0

42

5

2

28

34

7

24

40

100

.1

1.8

0

2.8

8.3

.1

5.3

5.6

6.0

16.0

.6

4

26

16

45

38

0

1.1

2.5

15.0

35.0

41.0

33

20

3

0

46

10

si

22

3.0

2.1

.9

15.0

2.6

.7

.1

Trace

13.8

2.4

.9

31.5

32.9

3.0

1.2

5.0

45.0

9.0

9.0

0

25

75

8

14

Af\

70

24

76

0

7.

7.

21.

67.

13

11

2.

2.

2.

.

.

2.

1

85

71

71

.

.

1

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

See footnotes at end of table.
B. USSR continued 

No. Location Date 

collected

Temp. 

°C

"Active" gases 

(recalculated to 100 percent)

CO2 CO CH< NH, Ha HC1 HF H2S SO2

To

"act

ga

reca

lat

Kamchatka Continued

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

4?

43

44

45

4fi

47

48

49

50

61

52

53

54

65

66

57

58

59

60

Kliuchevskii Volcano Continued 

Obrucheva Crater: 

Zavaritskii Crater':

Crater B-l. ............... ... 

 do 

... .do.... ...... . ...........

- do.... . ...... ......

 do 

Crater(?). 

do

 .do.. . 

Apahonchich Crater: i«

.... do 2 .... .. ....

.... do .. .... 3 ... ... ... ... .....

 do.... .... .2. .... ..... ..... ....

. do....... .....................

....do... .............................

Levinson-Lessig Crater: »

Bylinkinoi Crater 1*

....do......... ........................

 .do.-.., ..__ _ ......

Bezymyannyi Volcano 1*

Agglomerate flow.... ......................

Agglomerate flow, sulfate area _______

July 19, 1945,.

Sept. 17, 1945.

Sept. 12, 1947.

May 5, 1948..

May6, 1949..

Aug. 4, 1949. .

Mar. 8, 1958..

Dec. 26, 1946..

Sept. 12, 1947.

May 5, 1948..

May 5, 1949..

Aug. 4, 1949..

Dec. 25, 1946-

.... .do.- 

Sept. 13, 1947-

May 6, 1949...

Aug. 5,1949...

Aug. 6, 1949- .

Sept. 13, 1957.

May 1955....

Sept. 1955.-.

May 8, 1958 

Mar. 30, 1956.

Sept. 9, 1956. _

..... do. 

 do. ...

Aug. 1957 _ .

July 29, 1958..

790

780

OQO

ISfi

240

358

500

107

160

160

145

162

170

>500

495

147

460

280

270

296

70

490

73

220±

312

240

Cold?

200

105

100

95

i/id

15.1

19

95.5

54.6

0

88

97.4

97.30

81.18

96.36

48.0

65

67

21

24

33

24

25

0

28

23

32

5

19

14

16

17

3.8

8

38

0

.50

.74

.84

.00

63

43.2

0

0

.88

4.45

.0

.00

.3

22

52

.5

4.1

42

48

40

31

37

65

67

88

AQ

54

50

46

64

65

50

37.9

39

38

78

.0

.38

.56

1.40

13.3

31

33

25

19

39

27

31

35

33

50

48

12

7

14

7

35

22

16

21

5

3.8

35.8

21

5

18.4

1

1

3

6

.3

.003

.013

4

Trace

4

1.2

.25

12.86

1.40

20.3

12

9

28

8

12

0

0

0

38

7

47

0

.009

5.5

.7

8

1.4

.69

.20

TVaf»A

2

1

1

1

0

1

16

39

26

17

9 

Paramushir Island, Kuriles

61

62

63

64

65

66

Ebeko Volcano «

Upper Crater:

Fumarole I-l._ _____________

....do .S-3...___.._. ._. ...

Central Crater:

Fumarole S-1-. _____________

 do S-8- .. . . ......

Lower Crater:

 .do -S-6- -._.-.. _ ........

Aug. 30.1956.

1957? 

1957? 

1957? __ -

1957? 

1957?- _

100

114

96

102

110

94

91.3

99.0

99.4

95.0

99.2

98.8

1.0

.0

.1

.0

.0

.0

0.0

.3

.0

.0

.0

0.3

.4

.0

.0

.0

.0

0.07

.1

3.0

.08

.9

0

.4

.02

.3

.5

.25

5.5

.09

.05

1.5

.2

.04

97

96

89

95

97

99

1 Values given in parentheses are not included in original author's 

total.

»Andesite volcano. 

8 Percent of total weight.

* Andesite dome extruded 1945-50.

* Old andesite extrusion.

6 Basalt volcano, frequently active.

' Accessory crater erupted 1938-39.

 Erupted?!l945.

»Erupted 1946.

10 Erupted October 1946.

» Erupted 1946.

i* Erupted 1951.

»» Reported in percent. In

" Violently active 1955-56; t

u Two-pyroxene andesite, 
BEFERENCES AND COMMENTS POK SAMPLES 1 TO 66

1-15. Basharlna, 1953a, p. 33-34; 1953b, p. 58; 1956, p. 22-26; a few of many analyses; see table 2 for analyses

of condensed steam.

16. Borisov, 1960, p. 15; one of six analyses. 

17-27. Basharina, 1953a, p. 37; 1953b, p. 57; Naboka, 1959a, p. 64.

28. Borisov, 1960, p. 13; one of four analyses, 1957-58. 

29-30. Piip, 1956, p. 273; 0.918 percent "heavy" rare gases Included with Nj. 

31-35. Basharina, 1953a, p. 38-39; 1953b, p. 52, 57.

36. Borisov, 1960, p. 13. 

37-48. Basharina, 1953a, p. 37-39; 1953b, p. 52, 57.

49. Borisov, 1960, p. 13; one of three analyses, 1957-58.

50. Basharlna, 1953b, p. 58; most complete of 15 analyses, 1946-49.

51. Borisov, 1960, p. 13; one of three analyses, 1957-58.

52. Oorshkdv, 1957, p. 11; recalculated from condensate; also contains 0.0016 percent HBr and 0.00022 

percent HI.

C. NOBTH, CENTRAL,

53. Idem; recalculated from condensate; also contains .0065 pe

54. Borisov, 1960, p. 13; one of six analyses.

55. Basharina, 1958b, p. 38-41; one of three samples; see table 

56. Surnina, 1959, p. 469-470, fumarole no. 2; reported sum 101

57. Basharina, 1960, p. 19-20; highest SOa of 15 from sulfate are

58. Idem; highest H23 of 12 from native-sulfur areas.

59. Idem; one of two analyses of vent fumaroles; see table 3 fo

60. Borisov, 1960, p. 8; highest temperature of two analyses; 1

1957-68.

61. Ivanov, 1957, p. 68; air deducted, gases escaping through w

62-66. Surnina, 1959, p. 470; reported sum of no. 65 is 98.98 percen

AND SOUTH AMERICA

1

?,

3

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1?,

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

?0

21

m

?,3

24

91

H»

9,7

28

Alaska

Umnak Island, Okmok Caldera 

Cone A:3 

A-l.. ..........

A-2. -

Katmai Volcano and nearby area: * 

Ten Thousand Smokes: 

S-3..... ................

S-5 

S-20 . .- 

S-21 

8-10 

S-16 .. .. 

8-15 ----- 

8-8.... 

8-1- .. . 

Lower Valley: 

29-G... 

26 

101...... 

88 

Novarupta: 

108--2 

107 

110-1 

110-2 

Upper Valley: 

133. . 

113-1.... .

Broken Mountain Valley: 

132-G.. 

134 

Knife Creek Valley: 

144 

Oregon 

Mount Hood Volcanos: '

 ..do 

California

"The Geysers":' 

Well 1.. 

Well 6.. . 

Sept. 26, 1946

__ do-... _

1917 

1917 

1917 

1917- 

1917 

1917 

1917.. 

1917 

1917 

1919 ..

1919 ..

1919 

1919 

1919 

1919 

1919 

1919. .

1919.........

1919 

1919 

1919 ..

1919 

1936 

1951 

1925 

1925 

96.5

98.0

400

400

350

300

300

250

250

100

100

255

244

177

98

414

403

290

238

253

96

122

98(?)

440

89

89

154

181

47

62.6

59.6

63.6

12.6

16.5

37.5

54.1

79.4

81.6

23.1

17.0

34.6

10.7

37.2

96

80

65.9

64.8

0.3

.2

.2

.4

.7

.9

.2

.7

.2

.7

1.0

.2

.9

0.2

.3

0

.2

4.4

10.1

12.5

14.0

.7

1.3

0

.6

2.1

.1

(U

15.9

15.3

1.3

1.8

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

.3

.3

14.5

0

0

87

22

68

78

46

74

57

54

dn

0

0

11

17

23

13

42

13

32

21

20

3

61

13

13

11

25

d(\

40.0

35.9

87.2

82.8

57.5

35.0

7 Q

3.7

76.0

81.0

64.4

88.6

59.7

3.

11.

1.7

3.6

53

37.4

15

24.8

.03

.04

.13

.31

.13

.76

.10

.02

.02

61.9

64.0

54.1

52.1

82.1

70.5

90.8

86.3

89.3

87.4

10.4

95.7

90.2

1.17

1.61

1.886

1.020

See footnotes at end of table.
C. NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA Continued

No.

Location Date 

collected

Temp. 

°C

"Active" gases (recalculated to 100 percent)

C0> CO OHi NH, Hj' HC1 HF HjSt SO]

Oases report

Total 

"active" 

gases 

recalculated

O

Mexico

29

30

Paricutin »

Apr. 19, 1944..

(?) 62

5.4

12 26

84.0 10.5

0.05

8.81

2

1

> Hj probably present but included with HjS in samples 12 to 24. 

* Parentheses indicate percent of total gases; not included in author's 

total.

»Active 1945-46, erupting basaltic lava flows.

* Great eruption of rhyolite ash and probably welded tuff, June 1912.

 Andesite volcano, no recent activity.

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1 TO 30.

* Superheated steam at depth

' Basaltic andesite volcano, a

> Milligrams per liter.

1-2. Byers and Brannock, 1949, p. 723.

3-11. Alien and Zies, 1923, p. 142,148; GO:, CO, CH4 , and Hj not determined, are included with H2O and

not with "active" gases. 

12-24. Alien and Zies, 1923, p. 122.

D. MOLTEN LAVAS OF HAWAII

25-26. Phillips, 1936; Ayres and Creswell, 1951, p. 40; two of seven 

27-28. Alien and Day, 1927, p. 60, 76; boric acid present.

29-30. Foshag, 1945, with chlorine reported as Ck; also gives 15 qu

[Values in parentheses are not included in original author's total]

No.

1

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19

20

Location

Kilauea 

Halemaumau: 

S-3 .... _ _ . __ _ 

8-7 . .. .. . 

8-8 ...... ........... ..... 

Sulphur Bank fumarole: 

Well sample ____ ... __ - _________ ...

la. ______ . _______ . .......

2. ______________ .. .........

Mauna Loa 

ML-1.... ________ . ___________ ... ......... 

ML-2...................................................

Date 

collected

1917- 

1917. 

1917 ___ . ...

Mar. 2, 1918 

Mar. 25, 1918 

 ..do 

Mar. 13,1919 

Mar. 15,1919 

Mar. 16, 1919 

Mar. 17, 1919 

 -do .

 ..doNov. 17,1939 

Mar. 14, 1940 

July 1952. __

June 1953 

 do 

Oct. 19,1919- 

..... do 

Temp. 

°C

HOOdb 

llOOdb 

HOOdb 

1100± 

1100± 

llOOdb 

1100± 

1100± 

1100± 

llOOdb 

1100± 

llOOdb

97db 

97± 

97±

97± 

97± 

97±

HOOdb 

HOOdb

"Active" gases (recalculated to 100 percent)

COj

49.1 

58.1 

64.0 

53.6 

77.8 

48.6 

61.5 

58.4 

58.4 

59.1 

60.1 

52.4

81.8 

98.4 

97.4 

96.2 

77.4 

78.0

54.0 

38.5

CO

2.1 

2.1 

1.9 

1.1 

2.4 

.3 

1.7 

2.0 

.7 

1.9 

1.9 

2.2

1.0 

1.7 

22.7 

22.1

.4 

1.1

H,

2.3 

2.6 

2.9 

1.3 

.8 

.3 

.9 

3.3 

.6 

2.2 

3.0 

2.5

.4 

.4 

.0 

.0

.0 

.06

Clj

0.3 

.8 

.0 

4.9 

.07 

.09 

.0 

.35 

.6 

.3 

.3 

.4

.0

.0

Sj

2.6 

3.6 

2.1 

1.2 

.07 

.15 

.7 

.3 

.2 

.5 

1.2 

.7

.0 

.0

SO]

43.7 

32.8 

29.2 

10.9 

18.2 

40.1 

33.5 

27.2 

31.1 

27.9 

33.6 

32.3

18.2 

1.6

1.5

1.6

.0

.0

17. 

11.7

SOs

27.4 

.7 

10.5 

1.6 

8.5 

8.6 

8.3 

.0 

9.6

29. 

48.6

Oases repor

Total 

"active" 

gases 

recalculated

68.25 

29.70 

23.89 

12.68 

61.27 

33.86 

34.06 

29.06 

19.73 

30.55 

19.33 

33.50

97.8 

100 

100 

100 

14.1 

13.1

7.17 

16.69

O

o

ana

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1 TO 20

1-12. Shepherd, 1938, p. 320-324; Jaggar, 1940, p. 313-330; of 24 analyses, these 12 include all that contain 

less than 15.1 percent original Oj, and less than 15.1 percent residual Nj after air has been subtracted. 

13-14. Ballard and Payne, 1940, p. 3; two of 45 analyses; analysis of Mar. 14,1940, includes some HSS with 

SO,.

15-16. Naughton and Terada, 1954; two of three samples while Kil

17-18. Naughton and Terada, 1954; two of three samples while Kil

19-20. Shepherd, 1938, p. 320-324; Jaggar, 1940, p. 313-330.
E. OTHEB ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS, AND AFRICA

No. Location Date 

collected

Temp. °O

"Active" gases 

(recalculated to 100 percent)

OOj CO CH4 NH| H, HC1 H»S SO> COS

T

"a

ga

c

l

Reunion

1 

2

3

Piton de la Fournaise:

__ do ___ ....... __

... .do ....... . . 

1936(7) 

1936(7). 

1936(7) 

"High".....

"Intermed."

Present

Present

Present 

Indonesia

4

5 

6

7

Papandajan, Java ........................

Merapi, Java: '

1908 ..........

Feb. 25, 1931. 

Feb. 26, 1931. 

Mar. 27, 1931.

192 

Oft

Oft

108 

44

62.0 

66.6 

76.4

.01

.01

.01

Trace 

Trace 

Trace

Trace 

Trace 

Trace

56

.02 

.016 

.2

38.0(7) 

33.4(7) 

23.4(7)

New Zealand 

8 

0 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15

White Island: >

__ do. ___ .. .......................

Fumarole near Lot's Wife.. ....... 

....do........ ..................

Schubert's Erl King _______ .... 

Seven Dwarfs: 

West ............... ...........

1927 .....

1028 

1027 

1928. .........

1939. __ .....

1930... 

1030 

January 1055.

500± ....

500 

129-. 

340± ...

175± 

175± -

(?) .....

84.0 

57.0

73 

73.1 

99.4

98.0 

99.7

05.2

0.5

.2

Present

41.5

11.5

25 

22.0

1.9

.6

1.1

.3

4.5

2 

4.0

2.7

7

1

9

9

9

9

New Hebrides

16 1958(7) 87.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 3

Congo

17 

18 

10 

20 

21

Nyiragongo lava lake:

3 

4 ________________

5 ... ...... __ .... 

12 ___ _____________

1050 __ -

1059 

1059 

1050 

1060 ...

1,020 _ . ....

990 . ..

990. .........

1,020... 

1,020 

89.15 

86.30 

87.75 

84.30 

84.35

5.45 

5.15 

5.45 

4.05 

5.05

1.05

2.00 

2.30 

1.50

1.55

3.40 

6.55 

4.45 

9.20 

9.05

0

8

8

4

i1930(7) eruption of pyroxene andesite.

1 Hypersthene andesite volcano with vigorous fumarolic activity and with minor eruptions 1028,1933- 

40 (Luke, 1050, p. 20-22). 

> Air, not included in original author's totaL

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1 TO 22

4 Percent of total gases, water not included in original author's t

8 "Residual gas", stated to be "mostly air"; summation of origi

"air" may be 80.2 percent.

1-3. Lacroix, 1936, p. 117-118; No. 1 has alkaline salt, No. 2 is add, and No. 3 has H2S.

4. Quoted by Alien, 1022, p. 80.

6-7. Hartmann, 1033, p. 125; reported COS by "Zies's method" but E. G. Zies (oral communication) 

questions the results.

8-11. Grange, 1959, p. 27; see table 2 for 1030 condensate from Big 

12-16. Wilson, 1950, p. 42-43; see table 2 for condensates.

16. Chaigneau, Taziefl, and Fabre, 1960a, p. 1762. 

17-21. Chaigneau, Tazieff, and Fabre, 1960b, four of 13 analyses. 
F. ISLANDS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA

No. Location

Date 

collected

Temp. 

°0

"Active" gases 

(recalculated to 100 percent)

COj CO CH4 NHs Hj HC1 HF HZ S SOs SOs

Gases 

Total 

"active" 

gases, 

recalculated

Iceland

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9

Mount Hekla: »

....do...................................

 do 

. do...................................

.... do.-. . .......

.... do ._ . 

... .do -_ . . 

1846 ..........

1846... _ . ...

Apr. 27, 1951..

..... do...... ..

Sept. 23, 1951.

 do . -

Nov. 3,1951..

 do .... .

600+ 

600+ 

620 

620 

620 

600 

600

61 

100 

80 

100 

1.4 

0 

23 

33 

50

0 

0

0 

17 

3

0 

0

0 

0 

0

0

20 

0 

8.6 

33 

16 

67 

50

0 

0

11.4 

33

52

Trace

Trace

0 

0

0 

0 

0

39 

0

0 

0 

0

78.6 

17 

6

3.98 

1.01 

.5 

.2 

7.0 

.6 

3.1 

.3 

.6

Martinique

10

11

12 

13

Mount Pel6e: »

1902. 

1904 ....

1904 

1958(7). ......

370± 

96 

Low(?) 

75±

50.2 

95.1 

94.0 

100

5.2 

0 

0 

0

17.9 

0 

0 

0

26.6

0 

0

Trace 

Trace 

0 

0

0 

4.8

6.1

0 0

30.56 

55.5 

74.0 

.49

2

Guadeloupe

14 

15

Qrande Souffiere: 

rEchelle ... ..... ... .... ......... ... 1958(?) .

1958(?) - - -

100 

100

69.0 

67.0

1.3

.6

0 

Trace

6.1 

4.3

23.8 

28.0

90.4 

94.10

Canary Islands

16

Tenerife(?): 

Pico de Teyde, south fumarole .......... 1907 __ ... _ 83 100 71.1 

Azores

17 1867 ....... Warm(?) 11.7 86.7 1.7 19.34 

i Basalt volcano erupted 1845 and 1947. > Andesitic volcano erupted 1902 and 1929. 

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1 TO 17

> Percent of total gases; water 

1-2. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 77.

3-9. Analyses by B. Lindal (written communication, 1958); also contain traces of SiOj, HtBOs; see also

analysis of condensate, table 2. Temperatures by T. Sigurgeirsson. 

10. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 76; no CjH», trace Sj; four other partial analyses.

11-12. Lacroix, 1904, p. 187.

13-15. Fabre and Chaigneau, 1958, p. 19.

16. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 80; one of six analyses.

17. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 80.
G». EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

No. Location Date 

collected

Temp. 

°C

"Active" gases (recalculated to 100 percent)

COj CO CH< NH» H, HC1 HF HjS SOj

O

Total 

"active

gases 

recalcu

lated

Italy

1

2 

3 

4 

5

6 

7 

8 

9

10

11

12

13 

14 

15

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27

Vesuvius ;i

 do 

Phlegrean Fields: »

 .do... .

 do. 

Larderello: 4

Ischia Island: *

2

Etna, Sicily:'

Vulcano, Llpari Islands '

....do....... 

.... do..L 

 do. 

do - - ........

... .do...... 

.... do 

 _do___ . 

 -do... .. - ..... . ...

 do...... -

.... do...... 

1906 

1906. . 

1QH7

1907. 

1917± 

1869 

1907 

1933± _ ..

1938±- _ -

1960± - 

? ._ 

? ... 

1863..........

April 1947 

Sept 1947 

1865 

1865 

1865 

1865 

1923 -..

1923 

1923 - 

1937 

1937 

1937 

1951 

1951 .

300+ 

300+ 

280-300 

280-300 

220-286

115 

152 

147 

149

200± 

(?). ..

(?) .

150-180 

305 

40

360± 

250 

150 

100 

480 

237 

104 

170 

138 

99.5 

210 

187

84.5 

100 

54 

94

92.7 

73.3 

99.4 

98.9

92.67 

98.60

93.56 

80.9

24.1 

25.0 

68.7 

79.3 

56.3 

61.3 

63.9 

87.8 

94.5 

98.0 

90.8 

93.0

0 

0 

10 

3

Trace

0 

0 

0

(?)

.01 

.04

.92

.99

1.72

0 

0

9.5 

Trace 

36 

3

.07 

.10

1.76 

.50

4.45

6.0 

Trace 

0 

0 

20.6

Trace

Trace 

Trace (?)

8 75. 9

875.0 

831.3

88.4 

1.7

1.5

.2

.2 

0 

.6 

.5

0.08

0 

0 

0 

0

7.3

-26.7

.5 

.9

2.45

.89

1.00

19.1

0 

0

12.3 

20.4 

17.8 

17.4 

5.6 

2.2 

.4 

4.0 

2.9

0 

0 

0 

0 

79.4

Trace

0 

0

21.6 

19.4 

18.6 

6.4 

3.1 

1.6 

4.6 

3.6

13.0

6.6

1.4

.70 

12.9

95.8 

93.8 

8.9

99.74

99.4

99.50

99.94

62.4

97.2

88.0 

86.8

86.8 

98.1 

97.3 

97.6 

98.0 

97.7 

98.2 

97.9 

98.2

Greece

28

29

Santorln, Cyclades Islands:'

1866 

1870 

160

115

89.0

68.6

2.5

19.4

8.4

12.0

19.4

99.9

> Tephritic leucitite volcano, major eruptions 1906 and 1944.

2 Dominantly alkali trachyte cones.

3 Percent of total gases; water not Included In original author's 

total.

4 No nearby recent volcanoes, but steam with temperatures of 

200°C and more encountered at depth.

* Dominantly trachyte volcanic rocks but no eruption since 1301.

* Basalt volcano, frequently active.

' Trachyte volcano, freque

then.

8 Includes SOj. 

1 Andesite or rhyodacite vol

REFERENCES AND 

1-4. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 71.

5. Perret, 1950, p. 102.

6. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 72.

7. Perret, 1950, p. 103.

8. Rittman, 1934; also contains some As.

9. Sborgi, 1939, p. 124; analysis stated in liters gas per kg of vapor, here recalculated.

10. Mazzoni, 1951, p. 34-35; HjBOa Is 0.47 percent of the "active" gases.

11. Penta, 1951, p. 12; 2.4 liters of gas per kg vapor; also contains 0.0013 percent He, Ne.

COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1-29

12. Idem; 2.2 liters of gas per kg vapor; also contains 0.011 perc

13. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 73; one of three analyses. 

14-15. Silvestri and Ponte, 1948; other fumaroles have NHtCl. 

16-19. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 74. 

20-24. Slcardi, 1956, p. 164.

25. Sicardi, 1940, p. 137. 

26-27. Sicardi, 1956, p. 164. 

28-29. Quoted by Alien, 1922, p. 75; two of 24 old analyses.
TABLE 2. Chemical analyses of fumarole condensates, expressed as compounds in milligrams per liter of water

No. Location

Date 

collected

Temp. °C HiS H»SO< HOI HF HBr HI C0» 

USSR

1?, 3

4

5

6

7

Kamchatka; Sheveluch volcano: 1

1 ______ . ..............

2.. ____ ... __ ...........

2. ___ ............. ___ ............

Sept. 2,1953.

Dec. 13,1963.

Sept. 2,1963.

Sept. 4,1963.

. do. .......

280

210

70

295

180

92

70

35

26

7,050

2,666

70.0

18.6

0

10,244

2,055

2,720

365

21.0

34.0

84.0

140

2.71

6.01

2.65

4.46 i 01

410

409.4

460.0

Guatemala

8 1932 300± 330 8,800 20.4 1.8 2.2 

Iceland

g

Hekla volcano: 4

Aug. 10,1952. 630 10,200 3,300 13 

New Zealand

10

111?

13

14

IS

in

White Island: «

Schubert's Erl King _________________

A/5 . __ ... __ ..,. ...._... ..

A/6..................................

B/20...... _ _ 

B/22 ___________ ______ 

1939 .. 

1939..... -

1Q3Q

1939. _ ......

1939 .......

1939 

1938 .......

305

340±

175±

175±

175±

175±

175±

800

40

Trace

Trace

420

610

9,000

4,900

1,100

2,000

0

2,000

7,400

4,900

3,000

34,300

16,000

16,000

26,000

7,900

290

44

10

15

38

66

i Andesite volcano, periodically active. See table IB.

* Andesite volcano that extruded Santiago dome, beginning 1922 and continuing at least to 1939.

> Looked for but not found.

« Basalt volcano, major eruption 1947. See table IF.

 Hypersthene andesite volcano with vigorous fumarollc activity, eruptions 1933-40. See table IE.

EEFEEENCBS AND COMMENTS FOB SAM

1-7. Basharina, 1966, p. 22,26,27.

8. E. G. Zies, written communication, 1967.

9. B. Lindal, written communication, 1968; temperatures b

620 °G on September 23,1951, to 386 °G on September 9,19

10-16. Wilson, 1959, p. 45.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS 

TABLE 3. Chemical analyses offumarole condensates, expressed in parts per millon by weight

K23

SIOi . ............

Al... .--_- . 

Fe« .. __. . .

Ti... . ....... . .

As................ .... .

Ca. ...................

Mg ....................

Nft

K ___ .... __ .... __ ...

Li .....................

NH4-.- ................

H...... ........... _ ....

HOC... .. .. .....

HSOi .

S04 ....................

OL. ..........

F ________ ... .......

Br. _____ . ___ ......

I.. _ ... __ ............

NOi ___ .... . _ ....

NOi ... ... ... ... ... ....

B . _ .. .

OOi .- - -

8. ........................

So

HiS ______ ... _ ....

Total, as reported..

pH (or acidity)

Temp °O

Mendeleev 

Slunashir Is., 

Kuriles

USSR

1

16 

} 26

0

1.

17

64

.2

2.8

(I>11 

77 

Trace

Trace

8

19

398

2.56 

98

Mendeleev 

Kunashir Is., 

Kuriles

TISSE

2

9.8

1

8 w«

16

2.0 

.3 B .t

81 

6.6

G) 

G) 

G)

G)

159

3.46 

98

Golovnina 

Slunashir Is., 

Kuriles

USSR

3

1.7 

(')

SL

11

1.5 

.4 

0) 1.9 

75 

13

8G)

G)

176

3.40 

97

Ebeco 

Paramushir, 

Kuriles

USSR

4

231 

f 80 

I 0 

45 

0

104 

50

} 1,396

.6 

.8

82 

1,296 

1,892 

2.4 

Trace 

0 

1.8

0

5,180

3.0

115(7)

ZavaritsMl 

Kamchatka

USSR

5

4.2 

1.6 

.2 

67

7.9 

.7 

f 59 

I 48

1.0

6.1

279 

35

3,150

3,660

5.48 

87

Bezymyannyi 

Kamchatka

USSR

6

9.2 

6.0 

2.5 

.6

35 

5.6 

15 

3.0

.8

12 

176 

24

195

7.5

492

3.1 

100±

Bezymyannyi 

Kamchatka

USSR

7

22 

10 

6.8

120 

11 

36 

11

.2

121

266 

96

700

4.1 

95

Miharayama 

O-shima 

Volcano Izu

Japan

8

Some (?) 

} 58,000 

0

}

0 

56,000

130

114,000

(1.4-ZV) 

1000±(?)

Showashinzan 

Hokkaido

Japan

9

f 4.6 

I 1-1

<7

<30 

772 

195

0

21

994+

1.9 

653±2

KilaueaUd 

Hawaii

USA

10

0.0

.0

4.9 

LI 

.0 

0 

1,910

430 

68,600 

20 

246 

4.5

3.2

400+ 

12+

71,600+

(Very low) 

328

> Looked for but not found.

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOE SAMPLES 1-10

1-2. On border of dacite dome (Naboko and Ryabichikina, 1957, p. 109-11, anal. 13 

and 16). No. 2 also contains (in ppm) by semiquantitative spectrographic 

analysis, approximately: Zn, 10; Sb, 1; Fb, Sr, Ba, 0.1; Sn, Co, Ag, 0.01. Collected August, 1955.

3. Andesite-dacite dome of Oolovnina Caldera (Naboko and Ryabichikina, 1957, 

p. 110-111, anal. 22). Also contains (in ppm) by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, approximately Sb, Zn, 1; Fb, Sr, 0.1; Sn, Cu, Ba, 0.01; Ag, 

0.001. Collected August, 1955.

4. Augite andesite crater, last erupted 1934-35 (Oorshkov, 1958, p. 94); see table IB.

5. Basalt cone of Kliucbevskii volcano, erupted 1945; condensate from cupola 

(Tovarova, 1960, p. 53). Collected 1957; see table IB.

6-7. Andesite agglomerate flow erupted 1956 (Basharina, I960, p. 23-24). No. 6, 

collected September 9,1956, is the most acid of 11 condensates from the Sow; 

No. 7 is from the vent area of the eruption, collected August 25,1957; see table IB.

8. Basaltic lava lake (Iwasaki, 1951, p. 141); Fe from iron collecting pipe (?); recomputed from g/1, assuming density of 1.20; see table L4.

9. Hypersthene dacite dome extruded 1944-45 (Mizutani and Matsuo, 1959, p. 

125-126); average of 16 "normal "samples collected August 17,1958; see table 1A.

10. Collected from basaltic pumice cone, temperature from depth of 1H feet, November 23,1959 (K. J. Murata, written communication, 1960); analysis by S. M. 

Rogers, U.S. Geological Survey; not all of S and Se recovered; density 1.031 

g/1.
K24 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 4. Chemical analyses offumarolic gases of Showa-shinzan, 

Japan, including all detected components of high and low volatility, 

expressed in parts per million

[Samples collected September 1954 and analyzed by S. Oana (Nemoto, Hayakawa, 

Takahashi, and Oana, 1957, p. 122-123). Volatile components in volume percent 

in original analyses and components of low volatility in mg per 1000 1. gas; all recomputed here to ppm by weight]

Temperature _______________ °C_.

Si02 . .. __ _. -

Al.. . . _ 

Fe._ 

Ca... 

Mg. ...

Na.. ... 

K.._. __ ... _ ... __ . _ ............. _ ..

C02 . _. . 

CO.. 

S02 _.. 

SOs ...... . . .... .. ... -. ... 

H^... ....................................... 8

Cl ___ 

F_... 

Br. . 

B_ ___ ___ 

POu- .......................................

N02 ............ ...........................

02.. ....... ................................

Hs..................... ............... ........

NH3 - ................ ...................

Nz

Ar*» _ ...... ............ _ ............. _ ..

CH4 .

Ni».-- ........ ........ -...... -.. . -.

Cut........ ._.__.___.._.__________...._.._.

Zni. _ .... __ . __ ... _________ .... _

Ge» . .

AsJ 

Moi ... 

Ag» ............................... ....

Sn» ...... .......

Sbi ... . ....

Pb»_... _ ... _ ....... _ . _ . _ . .........

BH .. .. .... . .

Rn __________________ curies 10-' 

A-l(9081)

760

253

15

1.3

4.6

32

22

15

29,200

50

1,490

21

8.0

3.7

728

238

1.1

39

2.8

.01

51

685

1.3

567

.6

1.5

<.01

.03

.5

<.01

.7

Trace

.003

.03

<.l

.03

<.05

(1.3)

33,432

A-3(9051)

525

289

14

1.2

4.3

14

22

11

25,800

14

716

11

42

1.8

420

169

.9

21

3.0

.001

47

381

.8

676

18

.0007

.03

.4

.003

.3

Trace

.0007

.006

<.01

.03

<.005

(2 1)

28,698

C-3(9063)

220

48

1.3

5.9

21

7.9

13

1.7

13,000

716

2.7

1,080

433

35

1.2

5.6

.8

.008

23

20

17

1,250

1.5

.0007

.004

.02

.0007

.007

Trace

<.0001

.001

<.005

.005

<.002

(12.6)

16,685

» Semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of solids in condensate, here computed 

to parts per million of total, assuming intermediate value of range.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS 

TABLE 5. Chemical analyses of sublimates of volcanic fumaroles and eruption clouds, in weight percent

K25

Temperature _ °C._ 

Date collected .......

LL_-. .. _ _.

Na.. .............

K...................

Cu..................

Ag..................

Mg.. ...............

Ca _______ .....

Sr...... .............

Zn..................

Pb..................

Mn.................

Fe.. ................

Al...................

Ge..-......__...____

Ti_..___.._.____.__._

Sn.. ................

P...................

As..................

Sb.-..........._..__

Tl...... .............

S ... .... .

SO4.--_ .... ....

F......... ..........

CL.. .............

NH<

COi.................

HfO......... . ...-

Paricutin 

Mexico

1

294 

1943(?)

0.44 

.26

.57 

63.22 

30.65

2

120 

1943(7)

0.39 

.20

.S3 

64.95 

30.17

Valley of 10,000 Smokes 

Alaska

3

239 

1919

0.02

.23

.47 

.005 

> 11

Dominant

*.005

.004+

(») 

Present

.27

.03

.53

4

350± 

1919

4.1 

.6

2.7 

3.5

.01± 

.01±

»1.0 

23.5

*.5

0) 19 1

14.9 

1.9 

<-l

26.5

Vesuvius 

Italy

5

700 

1944

&

25.16 

.1 

.0005 

.01 

.07 

1 

0) 

.01 

.001

.03

(')

0)

53.43

.60 

.26

6

250 

1944

Trace 

>10 

>10

!0014 

.1 

1

P 

.01 

.01 .1

.1

.001

52.82

.01

Papandajan

Indonesia

7

?

?

10.0035 

>.0085 

.0039 

.0003

i.OOOl 

.0030

.0005

.0001 

.0038 

*.0012

i.OOOl

.0000 

nnfi9

.0009

.0080 

99.93 

.0059

(')

.015

Merapi 

Indonesia

8

140± 

2/26/31

16.66 

5.64

2.75 

Trace

.73

.18 

1.65

Trace

Trace 

26.0

23.96 

.05 

.03 

2.42 

20.45

9

100 

2/23/31

17.21 

3.57

3.25 

Trace

1.43 

.27 

1.93

Trace

Trace 

47.17

4.35 

.40 

.92 

1.72 

17.4

Hokkaido, Showa-shinzan Usu Volcano

Japan

10

720

9/54

^0.33 

*.16 

.005 

.0002 

».21 

*.50

.001

> 18. 30 

*3.41 

.0015

.04

.01

.00 

.0082

76.48 

.00

11

730 

9/54

»5.76 

»5.49 

.012 

.005 

»1.10 

*1.24

.25

.20

*6.57 

*24.09 

.005

.18

.50 

.025

.00 

.018

46.50 

2.11

Bezymyannyl Kamchatka 

USSR

12

10/55

0.032 

.012

.017 

.19

.01 

.021

.018 

.44 

.0067 

.167

.1 

.015

i Looked for but not found. * Calculated as oxides. 

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1-12

» With S0<.

1- 2. Solid condensates in glass tubes (Foshag and Eenderson, 1946, p. 686); No. 1 

gives alkaline reaction, excess NHj is 1.19 percent; No. 2 gives acid reaction, 

excess HC1, 2.44 percent.

3. Zies, 1929, p. 6; analysis 148 of magnetite; Sb, "present"; Hg, Or, V, Bl, 

"none"; Mo, 0.04 percent; Co, 0.02 percent; Ni, 0.01 percent.

4. Ibid, p. 23; analysis 131 of "incrustation"; also contains 0.2 percent Ba.

5. Cipriani, 1953, p. 39, 40, 45; Cu, Sr, Zn, Pb, Ti, Mn, from seraiquantitative 

spectrographic analysis; Rb, Ni, not found; V, trace.

6. Ibid, p. 39, 40, 45; Na, K, Cu, Mg, Ca, Sr, Pb, Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, V, TI, SiO» 

from semiquantitative spectrographic analysis: Rb, Ni, not found; V. 

0.0001.

7. Neumann van Padang, 1951, p. 84; yellow native sulfur, also containing

0.0076 percent Se. 

8- 9. Hartmann, 1933, p. 123; No. 8 te of yellow NaCl and alum; No. 9 is of white

alum, contains 0.00 Br.

10-11. Nemoto and others, 1957, p. 122; No. 10 (9151) is of black highest temperature 

part of sublimate, with trace of Mo; No. 11 (9102) of reddish-gray lowtemperature part of a different fumarole, with 0.002 percent of BL 

12. Basharina, 1958b; analysis 749a of aqueous extract of sublimate on fresh ash, 

stated in percent of air-dried ash; pH, 4.0; some of cations presumably 

leached from ash. Also contain 0.0006 percent B, 0.0016 percent Br, and 

trace of I.
K26 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 6. Gases in rocks, in volume percent

No. Location or source HiO COj CO Sj SOj H> Oj Nj Ar Ch Fi HjBOj CH4

Volume

of gas

per gram

of rock

(cc/g>

Obsidians

1 

2

88. 386 

89. 246

1.402 

.179

0.705 

.073

0.367 

.000

0.101

.501

2.897 

3.897

0.000 

.002

2.965 

1.820

3.163 

7.795

1.19 

1.45

Rhyolite

3 63.0 OK Q (») 0) 11.1 (») .36

Andesites and dacites

4

5

fi

7

8

9

82. 525

W SllO

QO flCQ

97.20

91 A

11.8

10. 109

7.441

2.070

1.64

i*i a

70.6

2.007

1.256

.623

.10

(»)

(J)

0.422

2

QQO

.882

10.2

g

.252

.435

.412

.38

3.1

2.6

0.854

2.371

.577

.05

17.2

14.1

0.008

.007

.003

0.387

10.495

.297

0

3.317

4.289

1.524

0 0 0.03

4.8

5.9

9.5

.241

.506

Basalts

1011

12 

13 

14

Niuafoua lava, 1929. ____________

80. 834 

74. 953 

73. 199 

71. 322 

22.7

11.757 

6.262 

15. 304 

10. 358 

58.0

0.148 

.038 

1.426 

8.276 

(')

1.662 

.988 

.236 

1.278

Trace

0.376

.435

4.410

1.108

2.3

0.280 

2.047 

5.193 

7.207 

17.0

Trace 

0.003 

.015 

.018 

Trace

1.334 

1.152 

.213 

.430

3.609 

14. 115

.000 

.000

6.9 

5.0 

6.2 

3.9 

.242

Granites

15 

16 

17

North Jay, Vt..............................

90.512 

79. 599 

95.54

1.965 

4.236 

1.70

0.081 

.536 

.26

0.268 

.159

4.823

11.603

2.25

0. 334 

1.228 

.15

0.007 

.024

0.007 

.051 

0

1.970 

2.563 

0 0 .10

34.2 

29.4

Other rocks

18

19

20

21

22

?3

?4

Gabbros and diorites. ____________

Dunite, N. Urals, USSR.. .................

69. 439

90.059

93.23

96.05

98.61

9 463

3.37

.28IQ

75.6

0.814

noi

.84

.07

.07

8.8

4 O4O

1 Q41

13. 455

4.813

2.31

3.29

1.08

312.5

66.5 3.8

0.566

1.911

.11

.16

.05

3.1

20.5

0.002

.22

0.300

.189

0

0

0

1.914

.275

0

0

0

0

0

0

.14

.15

.06

.0

9.5

31.2

30.0

.016

' Looked for but not found. 

* Nj includes CO.

* Hi misprinted as 2.5 percent, but calculation of original data indicates 12.5 

percent.

REFERENCES AND COMMENTS FOR SAMPLES 1-24

1-2. Shepherd, 1938, No. 1 and 3, p. 326; analysis from Coso has total of 103.51

percent.

3. Iwasaki, and others, 1955, p. 780. 

4-6. Shepherd, 1938, No. 8,10, and 12, p. 326.

7. Nikogosyan, 1940. 

8-9. Iwasaki, and others, 1955, p. 780. 

10-13. Shepherd, 1938, No. 16,18, 23, 25, p. 326. 

14. Iwasaki, and others, 1955, p. 780.

15-16. Shepherd, 1938, No. 26-27, p. 326.

17. Nikogosyan (1940). 

18-19. Shepherd, 1938, No. 29, 30, p. 326. 

20-22. Nikogosyan, 1940.

23. Nash and Baxter, 1947; HCN, 0.0.

24. Gas escaping from borehole (Zavaritskii and Betekhtin, 1937, p. 72); He, 

absent.
VOLCANIC EMANATIONS K27

TABLE 7. Selected analyses of gases in rocks 

[Recalculated excluding HjO. After Shepherd, 1938, p. 326-337]

No.

Oases, including 

HjO, volume 

per gram of 

rock (cc/g)

HjO (percent 

of total gases)

Oases, excluding HiO

Percent 

of total gases

Volume per 

gram of rock 

(cc/g)

Oases (HjO excluded) recalculated to 100 percent

C0» CO Hi N, Ar Sj Clj Fj

Obsidians

1

2

3

4

5

6

1.19

27.10

1.45

4.89

55.3

214.8

88.386

96.299

89.246

94.434

92.761

98.551

11.60

4.253

14.267

7.230

7.236

1.447

0.138

1.15

.207

.354

4.01

3.11

12.09

37.50

1.25

1.04

9.29

5.32

6.08

.82

.51

.11

.10

2.21

0.87

4.09

3.51

31.16

5.21

5.53

24.97

33.39

27.31

15.95

1.91

3.66

0.00

.00

.01

.00

.00

Undet.

3.16

.33

.00

.54

.00

.00

25.56

11.73

12.76

20.72

23.67

4.77

27.27

12.13

54.64

30.50

59.83

78.51

Andesitic lavas

7

8

9

10

4.8

5.9

26.5

9.5

82.525

70.812

96.227

93.658

17.356

29.186

3.760

6.388

0.835

1.72

.998

.606

58.24

25.50

21.91

32.40

11.56

4.30

5.69

9.75

1.45

1.49

11.36

6.45

4.92

8.12

5.66

9.03

0.05

.02

Trace

.05

2.43

9.91

1.41

13.81

2.23

35.96

26.36

4.65

19.11

14.70

27.61

23.86

Basaltic lavas

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

6.9

7.3

5.0

4.2

6.6

6.2

2.9

3.9

80.834

78.100

74.953

74.402

75. 914

73.199

79.892

71.322

19.166

21.893

25.040

25.590

24.084

26.797

20.155

28.675

1.32

1.60

1.25

1.07

1.59

1.66

.585

1.12

61.34

51.03

25.01

30.84

9.71

57.11

64.41

36.12

0.77

.21

.15

7.33

.29

5.32

4.89

28.86

1.96

2.12

1.74

2.03

13.00

16.46

19.21

3.86

1.46

5.96

8.18

10.02

10.45

19.38

8.68

25.13

0.00

Trace

.01

.02

.01

.06

.18

.06

8.67

7.65

3.95

1.77

8.13

.88

2.36

4.46

6.96

4.70

4.60

2.13

3.07

.79

.27

1.50

18.83

28.33

56.37

45.85

55.35

.00

.00

.00

Granites

19

20

34.2

19.4

90.512

79.599

9.455

20.400

3.23

6.00

20.78

20.76

0.86

2.62

51.01

56.88

3.53

6.02

0.07

.12

2.83

.78

0.07

.25

20.84

12.56

EXPLANATION OF SAMPLES 1-20

1. Dense black obsidian, Big Olass Mountain, Calif.; Shepherd No. 1.

2. Pumiceous phase of No. 1. Shepherd 2; poor summation, 100.552 percent.

3. Dense black obsidian, Coso Mountains, Calif. Shepherd 3; very poor summation, 103.513 percent.

4. Coarsely vesiculated part of No. 3. Shepherd 4; poor summation, 101.664 percent.

5. Dense black obsidian, Cerro Noagua, N. Mex. Shepherd 5.

6. Pitchstone, Cerro Noagua, N. Mex. Shepherd 6.

7. Spine, 1902-03, Mount Pelee, some glass; Shepherd 8.

8. Pumice, nufie ardente, July 1902, Mount Pelee; Shepherd 10.

9. Olassy shell, bomb from Mount Pelee; Shepherd 11.

10. Surface of 1915 breadcrust bomb, Lassen Peak; Shepherd 12.

11. Kilauea lava dipped from lava lake; Shepherd 16.

12. Kilauea lava, same time and conditions as No. 11; Shepherd 17.

13. Kilauea, pahoehoe, 1923 Makaopuhi flow; Shepherd 18.

14. Kilauea, aa, same flow as No. 13; Shepherd 19.

15. Kilauea, lava brought up on sounding rod; Shepherd 22.

16. Manna Loa, pumice, 1926 summit eruption; Shepherd 23.

17. Mauna Loa, 1926 aa flow (Murata, oral communication, 1961) from 1,400-foot 

altitude; Shepherd 24.

18. Niuafoua Island, 1929 eruption; Shepherd 25.

19. Stone Mountain granite; Shepherd 26.

20. North Jay granite; Shepherd 27.

INDEX

Page 

Active gases, proportion to steam ......_____.________ K7; table 1A

term explained .. __ _. ____________________ 1

Aerosols. __ __.________.___________________ 5,6

Africa, analyses of fumaroles________________________ 19, table 1

Air, total, in fumarolic gas.. . __.._______________ 2; table 1A

Alaska, analyses of fumaroles________________________ 17, table 1

analyses of sublimates. ________________________ 25, table 5

Ammonia, in fumarolic gas____________________________ 2

Ammonia content, igneous rocks.-. .. __________________ 2,10

Analyses, fumarole condensates...____________________ tables 2,3

fumarole gases, Africa _________________________ table IE

America .....__________ table IC,D

Greece ______________ table 1O 

islands of Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea___________ table IF 

islands of Pacific and Indian Oceans________________ table IE 

Italy__....................__.....___._......__..._.... 1G

Japan __....__.._______________ tables IA, 4

USSR............................................................. table IB

gases in rocks __.._________________________ tables 6, 7

sublimates, incrustations, and reaction products________ 9-10; tables 1, 5

Arsenic, In fumarolic gases _...___________. 6; table 4

Azores, analyses of fumaroles. . _....______________ 20, table 1

Boron, in fumarolic gases . __.__________ 5; tables 2,3,4 

Bromine, in fumarolic condensates .....__._________ 5; tables 2,3, 4

Calcium, in fumarolic condensates.. .. _______________ 5-6; table 3 

California, analyses of fumaroles.--____________________ 17, table 1 

Canary Islands, analyses of fumaroles__________________ 20, table 1 

Carbon oxides, in fumarolic gas.. . __.__....____ 2,3; tables IA, 4 

Congo, analyses of fumaroles.._ _.._______________ 19, table 1

Fluometasomatism . .._______________... 4,9 

Fumarolic gases, relation to time of development and distance from volcanic

throat...__ ___.__.___________________ 6

In rocks _ _ __.......___......... 10-11; tables 6, 7

Greece, analyses of fumaroles_.___._________ . ..____ 21, table 1 

Guadeloupe, analyses of fumaroles____________________ 20, table 1 

Guatemala, analyses of fumarole condensates.__....__________ 22, table 2

Halogen acid gases, in fumarolic vapors_____________________ 5,6,7 

Hawaii, analyses of fumaroles, gases, lavas.. .-_._..........___ 18, table 1

Hokkaido, analyses of fumaroles. _...._.....--.____.__.. 14, table 1

analyses of sublimates..___...___.______.______.. 25, table 5 

Honshu, analyses of fumaroles______________________ 14, table 1 

Hydrogen, in fumarolic gas . .......... __ .. 2-3,4

Hydrogen compounds in fumarolic gases....___.___ 3-4, 5,6,8; table 1A,C

Hydrogen sulfide, proportion to sulfur dioxide_________________ 7-8

Iceland, analyses of fumarole condensates________________ 22, table 2 

analyses of fumaroles...________________________ 20, table 1

Indonesia, analyses of fumaroles __...__...__ _..__ 19, table 1 

analyses of sublimates .. . . __...............__ 25, table 5

o

Page 

Iodine, In fumarolic gases._______....__ __..___ 5; tables 2,3,4

Italy, analyses of fumaroles . 21, table 1 

analyses of sublimates...... . 25, table 5

Izo Islands, analyses of fumaroles. . .. 14, table 1

Japan, analyses of fumaroles and f umarole condensates and sublimates 14,

23-25, tables 1,3-5 

analyses of gases in rocks__._______ ..._....._. 26, 27, tables 6,7

Kilauea, analyses of fumaroles, gases, lavas___..___ 18, 26,27, tables 1, 6, 7 

Kyusyu, analyses of fumaroles 14, table 1

Magnesium, in fumarolic condensates______ __...__ .. 5-6; table 3 

Martinique, analyses of fumaroles 20, table 1

analyses of gases in rocks_ 26, 27, tables 6, 7 

Mauna Loa, analyses of fumaroles, gases, lavas.. .. 18,26, 27, tables 1, 6, 7 

Methane, in fumarolic gas 2; table 1C,F 

Mexico, analyses of fumaroles . 18, table 1

analyses of sublimates...... . . 25, table 5

New Hebrides, analyses of fumaroles 19, table 1

New Zealand, analyses of f umarole condensates 22, table 2

analyses of fumaroles........ 19, table 1

Nitrogen as ammonia, in fumarolic gas_ . . 2

Oregon, analyses of fumaroles_ 17, table 1 

Reunion, analyses of fumaroles.... . 19, table 1

Showa-shinzan, analyses of fumarolic gases...,. 24, table 4 

Silica, in fumarolic condensates 5-6; table 3 

Silver, in fumarolic gases . 6; table 4 

Sodium, in fumarolic condensates 5-6; table 3 

Steam, in fumarolic gas.. .. 2 

Sublimates, analyses table 5 

minerals of. 9-10 

Sulfur dioxide, proportion to hydrogen sulfide. 7-8 

Sulfur oxides, in fumarolic gases and condensates. 4^5, 7,8; tables 1-3

Tin, in fumarolic gases_ 6; table 4

USA, analyses of f umarole condensates 23, table 3

analyses of fumaroles..___ 17, table 1

analyses of gases in rocks__ . 26, 27, tables 6, 7

USSR, Kamchatka, analyses of fumaroles and fumarole condensates 15-

16,22,23, tables 1,2,3

Kamchatka, analyses of sublimates 25, table 5 

Kurile Islands, analyses of fumaroles and fumarole condensates 16-

17,23, tables 1,3 

N. Urals, analyses of gases in rocks . . ... 26, table 6

Volcanic gases and condensates, analyses tables 1-5 

summary of composition.... 2-8

Zinc, in fumarolic gases 6; table 4

K29

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1964 OF 745-881