NUREG/CR-0833

SAN D79-0966

RP

Fire Protection Research Program

Corner Effects Tests

Leo J. Klamerus

Prepared for

U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
-b

NOTICE

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NUREG/CR-0833

SAND79-0966

RP

FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH PROGRAM

CORNER EFFECTS TESTS

Leo J. Klamerus

Date Published: December 1979

Sandia Laboratories

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

operated by

Sandia Corporation

for the

U. S. Department of Energy

Prepared for

Division of Reactor Safety Research

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Washington, DC 20555

Under Memorandum of Understanding DOE 40-550-75

NRC FIN No. A1010

3-4
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tql
ABSTRACT

Under the direction of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

Sandia Laboratories has been conducting confirmatory research

in fire protection for nuclear power plants. During all previous

full scale fire tests at Sandia Laboratories involving fires,

both electrically and exposure initiated, an open area in

a nuclear power plant was simulated. The question was often

asked, "How much contribution to fire severity does a reradiating

ceiling and wall make?" This report presents the results of

several tests which address this question. By quantifying

the effects of corner reradiation (i.e., a ceiling joining a

wall) at different distances from a horizontal array of cable

trays ignited by an exposure fire, it was found for the cables

tested that fire damage, as measured by the extent of cable

insulation degradation, varied approximately as the inverse

of the square of the distance separating the cables from the

corner. As experienced in previous Sandia fire tests, the

difference in fire resistance between IEEE-383 qualified cable

and unqualified cable was apparent in these corner-configuration

tests.

5-6
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(
Contents

Page

Executive Summary 9

I. Introduction 11

II. Background 13

II.1 Electrically Initiated Fire Tests 15

11.2 Exposure Fire Test (July 6, 1977) 18

11.3 Fire Retardant Coatings And Fire

Shield Tests 20

11.4. Small Scale Testing of Coatings 21

1.1.5 Single-Tray Full Scale Tests 22

11.6 Two-Tray Full Scale Tests 24

11.7 Diesel-Fueled Exposure Fires 25

11.8 Characterization of Cable Tray Fires 25

I II. Corner Effects Testing 26

IV. Test Results 30

V. References 43

Appendix A 45

Appendix B 49

7
Illustrations

Figure Page

1 View of Corner Effects Test Setup 27

2 Cable Tray and Burner Arrangement 29

.3 Thermocouple and Calorimeter Placement 31

4 IEEE-383 Qualified Cable in Upper Tray after

Corner Effects Test with Smallest Distance

to Corner 32

5. IEEE-383 Qualified Cable in Upper Tray after

Corner Effects Test with Largest Distance

to Corner 33

6 Corner Effects on Heat Flux 35

7 Corner Effects on Weight Loss 36

Tables

Number Page

I 1 383 - Qualified Cable Bottom Tray 38

II 383 - Qualified Cable Top Tray 39

III Non-383 - Qualified Cable Bottom Tray 4o

IV Non-383 - Qualified Cable Top Tray 41

V Temperature Measurements at Three Feet

Horizontally from Top Tray 42

8
Executive Summary

Previous electrically initiated fire tests of IEEE-383 qualified cable loaded into trays revealed a margin of safety in the

spatial distances of Regulatory Guide 1.75 for such fires. An

exposure fire on July 6, 1977, at Sandia Laboratories indicated

that the Regulatory Guide 1.75 separation guidelines and IEEE-383

fire-retardant standards for safety cables are not sufficient

in themselves to protect against such an exposure fire. Thus

additional measures have been required by the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC) to protect essential safety systems against

the effects of fires. Two of these measures are fire barriers

and fire retardant coatings applied on the cabling. Previous

small-scale and full-scale tests were performed to assess the

adequacy of coatings, while only full scale tests were performed to

judge the adequacy of barriers. The tests showed that all coatings and barriers offer some measure of additional protection;

however, there was a wide range of relative effectiveness of

the different coatings.

This report describes full-scale fire tests on horizontally

oriented cable trays to determine the effects of a ceiling and

wall corner configuration for various distances from cable trays.

The same experimental procedures used in the previous exposure

fire initiation tests were used in the tests described here.

IEEE-383 ribbon burners were used for the fire source. The

effect of reradiation from corners was quantified for both

IEEE 383 qualified and unqualified cable in terms of equations

relating insulation weight loss and heat flux to the separation

9
I

distance between a cable tray and corner. As expected and confirmed by testing, the inverse of the square of the separation

distance between the corner and tray dominates the severity of

cable damage. Beyond a diagonal distance of 6 feet (1.8m) the

corner effects are negligible.

I0
FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH PROGRAM

CORNER EFFECTS TESTS

I. Introduction

The Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research of the United

States Nuclear Regulatory Commission is conducting confirmatory

research in areas considered important to protecting the health

and safety of the public. Fire protection, established by

NUREG-0050, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," is

one area of such research. 1

The objectives of the Fire Protection Research Project- at

Sandia Laboratories are to

(1) provide data either to confirm the suitability of

current design standards and regulatory guides for

fire protection and control in light water reactor

power plants, or to indicate areas where they should

be updated;

(2) obtain data to facilitate either modification or

generation of standards and guides (changes are to

be made where appropriate to decrease the vulnerability of the plant to fire, provide for better

control of fires, mitigate the effects of fires on

plant safety systems, and remove unnecessary design

restrictions);

(3) obtain fire effects data and assess improved equipment,

design concepts, and fire prevention methods that can

be used to reduce vulnerability to fire.

I1-12

II. Background

When the project was initiated in July 1974, the only

task was to provide the experimental and analytical information

to evaluate the adequacy of cable tray spacing designated in

Regulatory Guide 1.75, Section 5.14, which covers separation

of protective systems in areas of the plant where power cables

are included and the only source of fuel is that provided by

the cable materials. 2 All evaluations were to involve the testing

of equipment and configurations representative of those in new

nuclear power plant designs.

It was decided that a survey of industry, should be made

to determine current design practices. The cooperation by members

of the nuclear power industry was outstanding. Personal visits

and correspondence elicited responses from 13 architect-engineering

firms, 13 utility companies, and 13 cable manufacturers. Three

nuclear power plants were visited, although design practices of

existing nuclear power plants were not evaluated. Information

obtained during this survey has proven valuable in determining

cable and cable tray configurations, cable loading, and types of

cable assignments in cable trays,. The survey also solicited

information about previous incidents and experiences, including

the cable tray fire at San Onofre 1 in 1968 and the subsequent

investigation to determine the cause. 3

Since initiating a fire in power cable electrically may,

be difficult, it was decided early in the project to conduct

the test with 12 AWG, the smallest power cable normally used

in nuclear power plants, to minimize the amperage demands in

13
the test setup. A preliminary heat transfer analysis was also

performed at that time. Only a rough analysis was considered

necessary to determine the approximate current required to

raise the cable insulation to a combustion temperature and

to determine if the conductor temperature is at its melting

point (1083 0 C) when the outside of the cable insulation is

at its combustion temperature. The analysis showed that currents

in the range of 100 to 120 amperes would raise the cable insulation to its combustion temperature. "This agreed with subsequent

testing.

With the results of the survey and the preliminary analysis

as guidelines, a test facility was developed to perform full scale

testing of electrically initiated fires. Although it was originally

intended to test all known types of cable currently specified and

accepted, the largeInumber of cable typesi coupled with budget

limitations, precluded such broad testing. Screening Indicated

that tests of two cable types most likely to propagate a fire

would comprise a cOnservative approach.

The relative ranking of cable types was based'no three different evaluations and were chosen to complemeht, not duplicate, other evaluations. The evaluations used were: a small

scale electrically initiated cable insulation fire test, Under-

'4 water Laboratories (UL) FR-l flame test, and a pyrolyzet and

thermal chromatograph test (measure of insulation outgassing as

a function of temperature).

Although the small scale 'electridally initiated cable

insulation fire test and the UL FR-l test indicated that none of

the cables under evalua~tion would be capable of propagating a fire

14
(in support of IEEE-383 qualification), 5 two cable types were

designated for use in the full scale tests by a relative figure

of merit. Work performed in Europe in 1975 on radiation and

fire resistance of insulating materials was brought to our attention and is in good agreement with our ratings. 6 These designated

cable types were (1) a three-conductor No. 12 AWG, 30 mil (0.76

mm) crosslinked polyethylene (PE), silicon glass tape, 65 mil

(1.65 mm) crosslinked PE jacket, 600 V,. and (2) a single-conductor

No. 12 AWG, 30 mil (0.76 mm) crosslinked PE, no jacket, 600 V.

These were used on all subsequent electrically initiated and exposure fire tests whenever IEEE-383 qualified cable, was to be used.

II.1 Electrically Initiated Fire Tests

Three phases of full scale electrically initiated fire tests

in horizontal cable trays were performed. The first phase was

intended to evaluate the adequacy of cable tray spacing as designated in Regulatory Guide 1.75, Section 5.14. Vertical separation

of independent divisions is designated as 5 feet (1.52 m) and

the horizontal separation as 3 feet (0.91 m).

The second phase was concerned with varying the separation

distance between cable trays. Phase three required a stacking or

matrix of 14 cable trays as one division with cable trays representing the second division separated by distances as specified in

Regulatory Guide 1.75. The vertical and horizontal separations

in the first division were 10.5 and 8 inches (0.27 m and 0.20 m),

respectively, while. the separation between divisions was again 5

and 3 feet. All testing involved equipment and cables representative of those in new nuclear power plant designs.

Is
Coupons of aluminum, galvanized iron, and mild steel were

hung in the building and periodically removed for corrosion

analysis. A profilometer used for this purpose did not show

significant corrosion during the electrically initiated tests.

An oxygen analyzer and gas sample manifold were installed

and gas samples were taken before and during the fires. No

depletion of oxygen was found in the fire area. Flame retardant

antimony bromide, an organophosphate, and a high molecular wax

material were found in the gas samples.

Remote controlled cameras were installed for closed circuit

television, color movies, photographic thermometry, and infrared

thermometry. Television was used to monitor the testing and for

determining when to attempt gas ignition (explosive bridgewires

and electric matches were spaced over the ignition point and

simulated arcing), when to take gas samples, and when to start

movie cameras. The movies not only provided a record of the.

event but gave information on the ignition mechanism and flame

velocity. Despite lack of success in igniting the gases with

simulated arcing, the movies show that in real situations combustible gases can and do ignite as the flame producing mechanism.

Flame velocity was measured so that the convective heat transfer

coefficient could be calculated. The photographic thermometry

and infrared thermography were to supplement the discrete spatial

measurements taken with thermocouples and slug calorimeters. On

each test a minimum of 31 thermocouples and slug calorimeters

were placed in these test setups and connected to recorders.

16
Air velocity was varied somewhat during the tests because

of conflicting opinions on worst-case conditions. Opinions

varied from zero flow, which might be encountered in a cable

spreading room, to high air velocity providing abundant oxygen,

which might be encountered near an exhaust fan in the open plant

area. As a compromise, air velocities for the different tests

ranged between 2 and 30 ft/min (.0.01 and 0.15 m/s) These measurements were made with a hot wire anemometer before each

test; only fan exhaust velocities were monitored during the

test.

Seven full scale tests were run in the three phases

previously described. ,Spacing was reduced in phase two 'to 10.5

inches (0.27 m) vertically and 8 inches (0.20 m) horizontally.

In all seven tests all circuits other than the ignition tray

circuits remained functional. This was determined by operation

of these circuits for some.period of time after the test.

In addition, samples of the cable insulation-at the bottom of

the tray over the fire zone were measured for any mechanical

change. They showed less than 10% increase in elongation due

to the fire. Quite often this small increase is attributed

to a small change in crosslinking due to heat.

Results of these electrically initiated fire tests were

reported in seven "quick look" reports to the'NRC7 - 1 3 and -a

summary paper.14

17
11.2 Exposure Fire Test (July 6, 1977)

A full-scale fire exposure test was performed at Sandia

Laboratories on-July 6, 1977.15 The test was conducted with

a single safety division being represented by 14 filled cable

trays. Again the 14 trays were spaced 10.5 inches vertically

and 8 inches horizontally. Three additional filled trays representing the second or redundant safety division were placed

vertically and horizontally adjacent to the top of that 7 x 2

matrix of trays. The separation distances between redundant

divisions were those minimum distances allowed by Regulatory

Guide 1.75.

A 5-minute exposure to standardized (IEEE-383 ribbon type)

propane burners produced a fully developed fire within a single

cable tray. :Optimized parameters for this type of fire were

obtained in a series of 12 single-tray tests performed earlier.

A barrier was placed over the donor tray until after the propane

burners were turned off and was then :removed to allow the singletray fire, with only the cable as fuel, to act as a propagation

source. The fire not only propagated through the closely stacked

trays of one division but also ignited. the cables in the redundant

safety division.

The results of this test show that-fire propagation with

flame retardant (IEEE-383 qualified) cable in an open-space horizontal configuration between redundant safety divisions, separated by the minimum distances specified by Regulatory Guide 1.75,

is possible if a fully developed cable fire is assumed. Comparison

of data from this test with the previous electrically initiated fire

18
tests show that size (area of fire) and time (length of time

flames reached a given area in upper trays) were the principal

parameters which allowed propagation of this fire. The typical

electrically initiated fire had an axisymmetric luminous zone

about 6 inches (15.2 cm) in diameter while the luminous zone in

the exposure fire test was approximately 2 feet (61 cm) long and

1.5 feet (45.7 cm) wide. This increase in characteristic dimensions increased the emissivity and view factor whfch in turn

increased the radiation heat transfer to the higher trays. The

longest period of time an electrically initiated 'fire remained

,on the thermocouple or calorimeter area was 240 seconds while

this same area was in the flames for 400 seconds in this exposure

fire test.

Comparison of thermocouple records for previous tests and

the test described here shows a 1400°F (760 0 C) temperature above

the cables at 3/8 inch (0.95 cm) in the electrically initiated

fires and at 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) in this fire. A temperature

of 1000 0 F (583 0 C) was seen at 3 inches (7.62 cm) above the cables

in the electrical fires but 8 inches (20.32 cm) above the cables

in this fire. These temperatures suggest that the fire resulting

from the exposure fire was slightly more severe, but this could

have been merely because of a larger fire zone which caused the

thermocouples to-.read closer to true local gas temperature.

Heat flux is comparable in both types of tests, varying

within 20% at corresponding heights on all tests. This fact,

plus the lack of large changes in other measurable characteristics,

might suggest that the electrically initiated fires were marginally

19
below the. capability of propagation across the minimum

(10.5 in. or 27.7 cm) vertical distance between trays used to

represent one of the redundant divisions. By the same token, this

exposure fire test was marginally above ignition as seen from

the fact that the donor fire tray stopped flaming within

one minute after the tray vertically above this one ignited.

Schedule 40, 3-inch (76.2 mm),pipe was used as conduit,

containing additional cable and was included in this test.

Continuity and insulation resistance measurements of the cables

in the conduit were taken before and after the test. Although

continuity measurements were normal, insulation resistance showed

short circuits to the conduit on all conduits above the third

tray. The insulation appeared to have turned to ash without

flaming, leaving the conductors touching each other and the

pipe.,

11.3 Fire Retardant Coatings and Fire Shield Tests

The test of July 6, 1977, showed that additional measures

were required to protect essential safety systems against the

effects of fire and confirmed the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's

position in requiring that protection. Two of these additional

measures may be fire retardant coatings applied on the cable

trays and fire shields between cable trays. Small-scale and

full-scale testing was performed on the fire retardant coatings.

Full-scale testing of the coatings consisted of both propaneand diesel-fueled exposure fires. Propane-fueled exposure

fires were used to test the ability of various fire shields to

20,
prevent fire propagation between horizontal cable trays. These

tests are reported in References 16 and 17.

11.4 Small Scale Testing of Coatings

For small scale testing, coatings were applied to both types

of electrical cable used in the electrically initiated and exposure

fire tests at Sandia. The cables were cut into 6-inch (15.2-cm)

pieces and placed in wood forms lined with plastic, a 6 x 6-

inch sample size. The coatings were then troweled to the

manufacturer's specified wet thickness and allowed to cure at

least 30 days. Each sample was mounted in the holding fixture

fronted by 1-inch (2.54-cm) wire mesh and backed by one layer

of aluminum foil and cement board.

The Ohio State University release rate apparatus tested

two types of cables and six types of fire-retardant coatings to

varying levels of radiant heat flux to determine the ignition

time and smoke and heat release rates. The apparatus used a

flow system in which a known, constant flow rate of air enters

an environment chamber. Rate of heat release is monitored by

changes in temperature of air leaving the chamber and rate of

smoke release by optical density of gas leaving the chamber. The

sample is put into the environmental chamber and a small pilot

flame is placed to impinge on the center of the lower edge of the

vertical sample. A radiant panel provides exposure in terms of

heat flux to the sample. The test conditions provide air flow of

84 ft3/min (0.04 m3/s) with tests at room temperature and at

radiant heat flux levels of 1, 2, 3 and 4 W/cm2

21
11.5 Single-Tray Full Scale Tests

For the full-scale tests performed at Sandia Laboratories,

coatings were applied to the same cables previously described.

The cables were loaded into galvanized steel, open-ladder trays

18 inches (45.7 cm) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) long. Although the

trays were filled to approximately the tops of the 4-inch siderails of the cable trays, the loading technique allowed maximum

air passage through the cables. The loading pattern is a figure

8 in the tray, with the crossing point advancing progressively

up and down the tray. For the three-conductor cables this

resulted in a 25% fill by sectional area and for the singleconductor, a 15% fill (90 three-conductor cables per tray and

450 single-conductor cables per tray). Non-IEEE-383 qualified

cable was loaded into additional cable trays to be included in

the testing. This cable was three conductor, 20/10 Poly-PvC

polyethylene insulation. 45 mil (1.14 mm) PVC jacket. The number

of cables per tray and percent filled by cross section were the

same as the qualified three-conductor cables previously described.

Coatings were sprayed onto the loaded cable trays by their

respective manufacturers. The nominal wet thickness applied to

the tops and bottoms of the loaded cable trays was the same as

that used in the small-scale tests and was applied according to

the manufacturer's specifications.

The test described here was designed to reproduce the ignition tray conditions of the full scale stacked-tray test of July 6,

1977.15 An important difference of course, is that only the

ignition tray itself was used in this first phase of the

22
fire-retardant coatings tests. For each type of coating, three

tests were run: one each with the single-conductor cable, the

three-conductor qualified cable, and the unqualified cable.

The test procedure and setup were essentially identical

to the July fire test. An insulated barrier was placed 9.5

inches (24.1 cm) over the ignition tray. The twin burner

assembly was so placed beneath the tray that rungs of the

cable tray were not directly over either burner. The distance

between the top of each burner and the bottom of the cable was

4.75 inches (12.1 cm). Cable thermocouples were in place before

spraying of coatings began.

Propane and air were turned on for 5-minute periods for

each burn cycle. Previous tests had shown 5-minute periods as

optimum for creating the largest donor fire in a cable tray loaded

with IEEE-383 qualified cable, provided an open or random cable

fill pattern was maintained. If a fully developed cable tray fire

was not achieved after applying this ignition source for 5

minutes, additional 5-minute ignition cycles (up to a total of

six) were repeated after 5-minute delays.

Fifteen tests were conducted on coatings, as follows:

2 uncoated cable trays with IEEE-383-qualified cable (one with

single-conductor, one with three-conductor); 1 uncoated cable

tray with non-383-qualified PE/PVC cable, three-conductor; 12

coated cable trays witn IEEE-383 qualified cable (six different

coatings each with two cable constructions).

23
Eight single-tray tests were conducted with various fire

shields to determine combustibility requirements before twotray testing for fire propagation.

Electrical resistance measurements of the cable and cableto-ground were made before and after each single-tray test.

Current measurements were made before and after each test and

recorded throughout each test.

11.6 Two-Tray Full Scale Tests

.Another series of two-tray tests was conducted to test for

fire propagation between trays. In these tests, the physical

arrangement of the lowest two trays in the July 6, 1977 fire test

was used. The trays were placed horizontally, with one tray 10.5

inches (26.7 cm) above the other. When IEEE-383-qualified cable

was used, the bottom tray was loaded with three-conductor and the

top with single-conductor cable. An insulated barrier was placed

9.5 inches (24.1 cm) over each tray. The barrier over the bottom

tray was movable and could be swiftly removed from between the

cable trays when a fire developed in the bottom tray. As in the

single-tray tests, thermocouples and calorimeters were placed in

each tray.

The same 5-minute burn cycles used in the single-tray tests

were repeated in these two-tray tests up to a maximum of six

ignition cycles. Electrical resistance and current measurements

of the cable were made as in the single-tray tests. Twenty-four

two-tray tests were conducted.

24
Temperature and voltage of each tray were obtained during

the double-tray tests. Data extracted for each test provided

for comparisons with the previous single-tray tests and other

two-tray tests.

11.7 Diesel-Fueled Exposure Fires

Another series of tests used the two-tray configuration

previously described. However, the ignition source was a dieselfueled fire which burned for about 13 minutes before selfextinguishing. Another important difference is that no barrier

was placed between the trays so that both trays might be exposed

to the diesel fire.

11.8 Characterization of Cable Tray Fires

As described in the referenced reports, characterization of

these fires revealed a margin of safety in the separation criteria

of the regulatory guide for electrically initiated fires in IEEE383-qualified cable. However, exposure fire tests have shown it

is possible for a fire to propagate across the vertical separation

distance between safety divisions if a fully developed cable

fire is the initiating event.

Results show that all coatings and barriers offer a measure

of additional protection. No.propagation to the second tray was

observed in any of the two-tray tests where IEEE-383-qualified

cable was used. In the three tests where propagation to the

second tray was observed, nonqualified cable had been used. Two

of these tests were with the same fire-retardant coating and were

25
initiated by two different exposure fires (propane-fueied IEEE383 r~ibbon burners, and diesel fuel in a pan). The other test

was with a different fire retardant coating and was initiated

by a diesel-fueled fire. It must be pointed out that, in the

diesel fuel fires, no barriers were used between the cable

trays so that the fuel from the cable in the bottom tray was

not the only heat source to the upper tray.

III. Corner Effects Testing

Throughout the previous testing, cable tray arrays were

arranged to simulate the open plant area with no ceiling or wall

in proximity. The question of what effect is contributed

by such proximity was not forgotten. This report describes

a modest series of full scale tests to determine a quantitative

measure of this effect. The same cable types, ladder trays,

fire facility and fire testing procedures were used in these

tests as in the previous tests.

Originally, it was planned to have concrete walls and ceilings

provide a corner to simulate the usual conditions found in

a nuclear power plant. A review of fire literature and a brief

investigation led to the conclusion that a corner made of ceramic

fiber boards would be little different from a concrete corner

for the duration of the test fire. 1 8 ' 1 9 ' 2 0 This construction

was used for ease of assembly and economy. Six 4 x 8 foot

(1.2 x 2.4 m) ceramic fiber boards 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick were

arranged as shown in Figure 1 to form a corner above and beside

two horizontally oriented cable trays.

26
1

Figure 1

View of Corner Effects Test Setup

-4
The cables were loaded into galvanized steel, open-ladder

trays, 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) long. Although

the trays were filled to approximately the tops of the 4-inch

siderails of the cable trays, the loading technique allowed

maximum air passage through the cables. The cables formed a

figure 8 with the crossing point advancing progressively up and

down the tray. This resulted in a 25% fill by cross-sectional

area for three conductor cables (90 cables per tray).

Two types of cable were used in these tests. One type was

IEEE-383-qualified three conductor No. 12 AWG, 30 mil (0.76 mm)

crosslinked PE, silicon glass tape, 65 mil (1.65 mm) crosslinked

PE jacket, 600 V. The other type was non-IEEE-383-qualified

cable, three-conductor, 20/10 Poly-PVC, polyethylene insulation,

45 mil (1.14 mm) PVC jacket.

This test was designed to reproduce the ignition tray

conditions of the full scale exposure fire cable tray tests

previously performed at Sandia.15,16,17 The trays were placed

horizontally with one tray 10.5 inches (26.7 cm) above the other

(Figure 2). An insulated barrier was placed 9.5 inches (24.1

cm) over the bottom tray. The barrier was movable and could

be quickly removed from between the. cable trays when it was

determined that a fire had developed in the bottom tray. In

these tests one 5-minute burn cycle from the two 10-inch

(25.4 cm) ribbon burners was used to provide ignition. As used

in other full-scale testing, input to the burners was 140,000

Btu/hour (41 kW) for the 5-minute exposure fire. Thermocouples

and calorimeters were placed as shown in Figure 3. Electrical

28
Figure 2

Cable Tray and Burner Arrangement
measurements for short circuits and open circuits were made

before, during, and after each test. A more complete description

of the instrumentation for these tests is contained in Appendix

A.

Six tests were run in this series, three each with the IEEE383 qualified and unqualified cable. The three distances from

the ceiling to the top tray were 10.5, 18, and 120 inches (0.27,

0.46, and 3.05 m). The wall distances to the edge of the tray

were 5, 10.5, and 60 inches (0.13, 0.27, and 1.52 m).

IV. Test Results

The results of all, six tests are given in Tables 1 through 5.

The corner effects are observable in the top tray data as these

are from the tray actually in the corner. Effective measures of

corner effects are weight loss and maximum heat flux (Table 2)

for IEEE 383 qualified cable, Although these same parameters

are consistent for nonqualified cable (Table 4), the differences

are less because this cable burns well without corner effects.

Note the time of burn for qualified and unqualified cable (Tables

2 and 4). The average length of burn time for qualified cable

was 23 minutes and for unqualified cable it was 48 minutes. Table

5 summarizes the temperatures measured at a point 3 feet (0.91

m) horizontally from the top tray in each test. This is the

dimension given in Regulatory Guide 1.75 as the minimum horizontal

separation distance between redundant safety divisions in the open

plant area.

Figures 4 and 5 show IEEE-383-,qualified cable in the upper

traYs after the minimum and maximum corner effects tests (minimum

30
* #10

CORNER EFFECTS TESTS 0- CALOR I ME TE RS

#23 /

#5

East 0 #22

#2e #3 * S#4 1

#0 *

Burner

0#1

Burner

*•#12,13

-#10,11

'#7,8 9

e#5,6

Burner

I -#23

CALORIME TERS

I -#22

Figure 3. Thermocouple and Calorimeter Placement

(Data channel numbers shown, see

Appendix B)
L.~D

I~-D

Figure 4. IEEE-383 Qualified Cable in Upper Tray After Corner Effects Test with Smallest

Distance to Corner
Figure 5. IEEE-383 Qualified Cable in Upper Tray

After Corner Effects Test with Largest

Distance to Corner
and maximum distances to the corner, diagonal distance of 11.6

and 134.2 inches, 29.5 and 341 cm).

Figures 6 and 7 are plots of approximating functions for

weight loss and heat flux in terms of the diagonal distance from

the top of the top tray to a corner. It was expected that an

inverse square relationship would be in evidence and indeed

that is the dominant term in the approximating functions for

ll<x<140 in inches (28<x<356 cm).

For unqualified cable:

W = 27 + 511X-I - 2876X-2

H = 1.09 x 104 + 2.1 x 10 5 X- 1 - 8.47 x 10 5X-2

For IEEE-383-qualified cable:

W = -3 + 892X-1 - 4645x -2

H = 152 + 3.06 x 105X-I - 1.09 x 10 6 X-2

where

W = weight loss in pounds

H = heat flux in Btu/ft 2 hour

X = diagonal distance from top tray to the corner in inches.

Some comments on these approximating functions are as

follows:

1) Although the relationship between corner proximity and

certain fire severity parameters is demonstrated, these

functions are derived for two types of cable. It is

expected that all cables would demonstrate similar effects

but differ in magnitude of fire severity.

34
1 1 1 1(I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

z

0~

48

40

32

24

16

8

0

W=27+511X -2876X 2

•_ UNQUALIFIED CABLE

-1 W =-3 +892 X-4

11< X< 140

645 X2

UALIFIED CABLE

I I, . I , , I ,. I I I i i I i - . I . I . I

: i I I I I I I I I I

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

INCHES, X

Figure 6. Corner Effects Tests Weight Loss, Top Tray

IW.
I I I I I I I J I I J I I I I** I I

24000-

20000 1< X< 140

S16000- H =1.09 X 104 + 2.1 X 105 X 1- 8.47 X 105 2

12000

80001 H = 152 + 3.06 X 105 X-1_ 1.09 X 10 6 X-2

IEEE-383 QUALIFIED CABLE

4000"

I I I I I I I I

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

INCHES, X

Figure 7. Corner Effects Tests Heat Flux, Top Tray
2) The functional relationship should be asymptotic to some value

of fire severity. We have seen evidence that at large distances from a ceiling, small changes in spacing make no

difference in fire severity. In the limit the approximating

function does approach a fixed value.

3) The minimum corner distance used in these tests is a reasonable

minimum in order to allow access to the trays in a real power

plant situation. This distance~should also be a lower bound

for using these approximating functions as it is unreasonable

to expect a very large rise in fire severity as the distance

is decreased toward zero. The proximity of ceiling and wall

would probably introduce a secondary effect of oxygen depletion

in this unrealistic situation, but was not a factor in the

tests described in this report.

4) The weight loss term as a measure of corner effects is

intentionally not normalized by burn time. A severe fire

can result from a slow long-burn or a fast short-burn. We

have combined these effects here.

5) Beyond a diagonal distance of 6 feet (l.8m) the corner

effects are negligible.

37
Table I

383-Qualified Cable, Bottom Tray

Distance From

Corner Fixture

.Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Max Cable Max Heat Flux

Temp (

0

C) (Btu/ft' hr)

Max Barrier

Temp (°C)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Cable (Min)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Tray (Min)

920

790

208

8,640

6,300

1,610

750

880

550

10

12

4

4

5 *

Time to 500 0 C***

in Cables (Min)

Time to

Ignition (Min)

Length of

Burn (Min)

Length Affected

Area (In)

Weight

Loss (Lbs)

Rate of Burn

(Lbs/Min)

1 5

11 15

35

22

7

54

54

22

17.5

17.25

1.75

.50

.78

5 .25

*Cable to cable short did not occur. **Temperature did not reach 500 0 C.

***Autoignition temperature of some cables.
Table II

383-Qualified Cable, Top Tray

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Max Cable Max Heaý Flux

Temp (OC) (Btu/ft hr)

Max Barrier

Temp ( 0C)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Cable (Min)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Tray (Min)

980

840

790

18,430

12,330

2,370

900

830

160

14

18

17

9

17

10

Time to 5000C

In Cables (Min)

Time to

Ignition (Min)

Length of

Burn (Min)

Length Affected

Area (In)

Weight Rate of Burn

Loss (Lbs) (Lbs/Min)

10

18

21

10

19

7.5

20

24

25

120

72

16

39.75

29.5

3.75

1.99

1.23

.15

w
Table III

Non-383 - Qualified Cable, Bottom Tray

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top 18 in.

Side 60 in.

Top =.120 in.

Distance From

Corher. Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top =10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top =18 in.

Side = 60in.

Top 120 in.

Max Cable Max Heaý Flux

Temp (OC) (Btu/ft hr)

Max Barrier

Tenp (°C)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Cable (Min)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Tray (Min)

810

770

830

20,900

12,140

11,700

880

850

870

2

2

2

1

Tb-ne to 500 0C

In Cables (Min)

Time to

Ignition (Min)

Length of.

Burn (Min)

Length Affected

Area (In)

Weight

Loss (Lbs)

Rate of Burn

(Lbs/Min)

4

5

5

5

5

45

45

50

144

132

102

33.25 .74

32 .71

5 29 .58
Table IV

Non-383 - Qualified Cable, Top Tray

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top = 120 in.

Max Cable Max Heat Flux

Temp (°C) (Btu/ft 2 hr)

Max Barrier

Temp (°C)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Cable (Min)

Time to Elect. Short

Cable to Tray (Min)

880

720

820

22,800

19,080

12,420

860

880

790

6

7

7

6

6

6

Time to 500°C

In Cables (Min)

Time to

Ignition (Min)

Length of

Burn (Min)

Length Affected

Area (In)

Weight

Loss (Lbs)

Rate of Burn

(Lbs/Min)

6

11

10

8

6

6

54

50

39

144

144

96

49.5

44.75

30.5

.92

.89

.78
Table V

Temperature Measurements at Three Feet

Horizontally from Top Tray I

Distance From

Corner Fixture

Side = 5 in.

Top = 10.5 in.

Side = 10.5 in.

Top = 18 in.

Side = 60 in.

Top -- 120 in.

383-Qualified Cable

Max Temp (°C)

Non-383 Qualified Cable

Max Temp (°C)

268

136

345

315

13 83

42
V. References

1. "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," NUREG-0050,

February 1976, NRC Staff.

2. U.S. Atomic Commission Regulatory Guide 1.75, Physical

Independence of Electric Systems, February 1974.

3. Report on Cable Failures-1968 at San Onofre Nuclear Generating

Station, Unit I, Southern California Edison Company.

4. James Gaffney, "The Significance of the New FR-i Flame

Test," Wire Journal, October 1973, pp 82-84.

5. IEEE Standard for Type Test of Class IE Electrical Cables,

Field Splices, and Connections for Nuclear Power Generating

Stations Std. 383-1974.

6. H. Schonbacher and M. H. Van deVoorde, "Radiation and Fire

Resistance of Cable-Insulating Materials Used in Accelerator

Engineering," CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research,

April 15, 1975.

7. L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, July 1976.

8. L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, August 1976.

9. L. J' Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, October 1976.

10. L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, November 1976.

11. L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, December 1976.

12. L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, February 1977.

13.' L. J. Klamerus, "Quick Look Report on Fire Protection Research,"

Sandia Laboratories, March 1977.

14. L. J. Klamerus and R. H. Nilson, "Cable Tray Fire Tests,"

SAND77-1125C, Sandia Laboratories, July 1977.

15. L. J. Klamerus, "A Preliminary Report on Fire Protection

Research Program (July 6, 1977 Test)," SAND77-1424, Sandia

Laboratories, October 1977.

/

43
References (Continued)

16. L. J. Klamerus, "A Preliminary Report on Fire Protection

Research Program Fire Retardant Coatings Tests (December 7,

1977 - January 31, 1978)," SAND78-0518, Sandia Laboratories,

March 1978.

17. L. J. Klamerus, "A Preliminary Report on Fire Protection

Research Program Fire Barriers and Fire Retardant Coatings

Tests," SAND78-1456, NUREG/CR-0381, Sandia Laboratories,

September 1978.

18. T. E. Waterman, "Scaling of Fire Conditions Supporting Room

Flashover," DASA 2031, December 1967.

19. W. J. Christian and T. E. Waterman, "Ability of Small-Scale

Tests to Predict Full-Scale Smoke. Production," Fire Technology,

Vol. 7, No. 4, 1971.

20. G. Cruz and R. Corlett, "Enclosed Fire Smoke and Toxic Gas

Studies," University of Washington, August 7, 1974.

44
APPENDIX A

Cable Tray Instrumentation for

Corner Effects Tests

P. D. Walkington

45:
Cable Tray Instrumentation for Corner Effects Tests

To evaluate the corner effects upon a cable tray fire, the

test setup was instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensors.

The temperature sensors were positioned to measure the cable temperature at three different locations in each tray and the air temperature above, below, and adjacent to the receptor tray as shown in

Figure 3. For these measurements, a chromel/alumel ("K") thermocouple

with an ungrounded junction encased in a stainless steel sheath

was used throughout the test series.

To characterize the fire in the donor and receptor trays, two

water cooled calorimeters were used to measure the total radiant

and convective heat transfer taking place at the instrumented locations. The calorimeters were mounted in the sidewall with their

sensing surface facing towards the center area above each tray as

shown in Figure 3. The temperature and heat flux data from an

IEEE-383 qualified cable test with a ceiling separation of 10.5

inches and a sidewall separation of 5 inches is shown in Appendix

B.

Along with the thermal instrumentation, several cable parameters were recorded throughout the test series--resistance, weight,

and affected area of cable. Before and after each test, the cable

resistance and cable to tray resistance was measured. During the

test, each cable was monitored for shorts or opens in the cable

bundle and for shorting to the tray (ground). This information

is shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each cable tray was also weighed

before and after testing to determine weight loss, which is also

shown, as are the fire duration and affected area (length of burned

46
area) for each tray. The receptor cable tray fire start time

and flameout time were recorded on a video recorder using a

TV camera placed in the test chambe'r.

All the instrumentation from the test setup was hard-wired

into the control building and recorded by a data logger on magnetic tape. A TV camera and video recorder were used to monitor

each test while still photographs were used for documentation.

Prior to the test series, the instrumentation system was

calibrated. The data logger, interface wiring, and thermocouples

were checked with a fluidized bath at 650 and 260 0 C. These

thermocouples were compared against a certified chromel/alumel

thermocouple and against two different glass stem thermometers

having ranges of 500 to 80 0 C and 1950 to 305 0 C obtained from

the Sandia Standards Laboratory. The calorimeters were calibrated

by the manufacturer but, since the calorimeter output signal

was in millivolts, the voltage range on the data logger was

checked against another calibrated voltage source. Then, after

each test, the millivolt output signal was converted to Btu/ft 2 -hr.

by-using the calorimeter's calibration curves, an example of

which is included in this appendix.

47
IL ..- ~.. -.. -. 4-..--.. . -

-L.-.-4 .4-- I

] I J I 1 • ; , L t

-- I

~1-~.-- 

T

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t , . l I

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a.

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intl

ia

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48
APPENDIX B

Temperature, Heat Flux, and Voltage vs Time Plots

for a Corner Effects Test Using IEEE-383

Qualified Cable at Minimum Distance

Between The Top Tray and Corner

Comments:

is evident

the bottom

effects of

setup.

Although the symmetry of the experiment

in all top tray and barrier measurements

tray and burner measurements show the

an open door to the west of the test

49
i ................... i.............. i............. !............... ............... t......... ............... ... ...: ...... ............ i....... i .......... t ................... t..............

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LII

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0. , C." 0 .4-,0 0 T ,,.0

HOURS

Figure B-1. Burn Test Number 48B, Channel 0, East Burner

so
1, West Burner

1000

e0c

ILU

LU

C,,

LU. EO

UJ

LU

Cm

Ur

400j

.............. ............... .............. ...............

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II

.4 C- 1.

H OUR S

Figure B-2. Burn Test Number 48B, Channel 1, West Burner

51
10 0l I0

uLJ

:3

LIV),

uLJ

U-i

MC

(.r

wL

in

ce

4CC'

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HOURS

Figure B-3. Burn Test Number 48B,

ChanneL 2, East Lower Tray

N

- Clv

3

52
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.. .... .. .. . .. ........... .. ...... ....... ......

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2 00 - - 0 C- I So

HOUR S

F i~gu re 8-4. B urýn Test Nlumber 488,

Channel 3, Center Lower Tray 4+

53
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HOURS

Figure B-5. Bur~n Test Number 48B,

Cha nnel 4, West Lower Tray

S4
1 4 0 0 .......... .............. .. .... 

..-.............. 

..... ..

-................ .. ..... .

•............... 

.

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•

..

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Figure B-6. Burn Test Number 48B,

ChanneL 5, East Lower Barrier

$5
1200,

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Figure B-7. Burn Test Number 48B, Channel 6, West Lower Barrier

56
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Figure B-8. Burn Test Number 48B,

Channel 7, East Upper Tray

57
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Figure B-9. Burn Test Number 48B,

Channel 8, Center Upper Tray

58
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10 Figure B-10. Burn Test Number 48B,

Channel 9, West Upper Tray

59
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Figure B-11. Burn Test Number 48B, s

Channel 10, East Ceiling

60
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Figure 8-12. Burn Test Number 488, 12

Channel 11., West CeiLing

61
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Figure B-13. Burn Test Number 488, 13

Channel 12, North Tri-y East

62
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FigureB-14. Burn Test Number 48B, 14

Channel 13, North Tray West

63
........... ......................

...................... ...... .. .. .............................

5,760

4,320

.................... ............................. ................. ... i......... ................ i -.......... ?..... ............... ............... .. ............... ................ ........ ........ ..................

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...... . ... .........- l............ ............... ........ ..............

I

r4 I

,0 .•00.400 .t0 oo0

HOURS

Figure B-15. iBurn Test Number 48B, . 20

ChanneL 22, Lower Heat Flux

64
1 9 , 0 8 0 ...................................... .................................................................................... ................. ...... ................ ................ ................... ................... ....................

............... i........i..........

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......... ................... ....... ......... ............... . . . . .~~

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Figure 6-16. Burn Test Number 488, ..

Channel 23, Upper Heat Flux

65
........ ......... ............... ............. ................................................................................... ............... i................ ............... ............... i................ .......... .................... .................

'" ° 0 ............... ............... ............... .................. ........... ............... .............. ................ ... ............ ................. .. . ........ .............. .. . ............... .. ... , ............. ................ .

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. ... . .. .... .. .. ..... .... ... .. ..... ...... ... ...... ...... .1⁄2 .: .. ....... . ....... .. ... .

ChanneL 24+, Upper Tray Current

66
6

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......... .. 1

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HOURS

Figure 8-18,. " Burn Test Number 488, 23.,

Channel. 25, Upper Tray to Ground

67
................. ............................................. ................ ......................... .................

.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... ... .. ..... .... ..... .. ..... .. ....... .... ... .. .. .. ........ ..... .. .. .. .

.. .. .. ... .. ....... ..... ........... ... .. .... ....... ... ..... ... .... ...... .. .... .. ... .... ... ... ... ..

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S............... ................ i ...

S............... i.....................

/- I W

• ................................. ... ................................................... .. ... ................ ................................... ........................ .

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HOURS

Figure B-19. Burn Test Number 48B,

Channel 26, Lower Tray Current

68
-............... ............... .. . .

oi 4...• ij ti'

............... ............... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ...... . .. ... ...... ........ " ....." ....... .. ...' " ¢• n " ......... ..... •.... ........... . ... .. .... . .

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. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. ...... ....... ................ .. . .. . ................. ..... .. ............... ......... .... .......... ............ .......... ..... ...... .. .. .. ............... ............... ...............

....... - ................ 

............... .. ............ .: .. ....... .... . ................ :............... ;. ......... ... ............... ............ .... ........... ............... .. .... ......... ... .............. . ............. .... ........... ...... .......... ......... . . . . .

.. .... ... ," .. .. ... .

- I*FCFHOURS C'F.0

Figure 8-20. Burn Test Number 488, 2

Channel 27, Lower Tray to Ground

69
Acknowledgements

The tests described in this report

were ably performed by L. D. Lambert

and P. D. Walkington. In addition,

Appendix A on instrumentation was

written by P. D. Walkington.

70
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4442 L. L. Bonzon

4442 L. J. Klamerus (30)

4442 F. R. Krause

4442 L. D. Lambert

4541 J. A. Milloy

5512 H. C. Hardee

Attn: R. H. Nilson

5813 K. T. Gillen

5813 E. A. Salazar

8266 E. A. Aas

3141 T. L. Werner (5)

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71
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