IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0054

Filed March 22, 2017

IN THE INTEREST OF N.M.,

Minor child,

M.K., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph W. Seidlin, 

District Associate Judge.

The mother appeals from the juvenile court order terminating her parental 

rights to her minor child. AFFIRMED.

Jeffrey A. Wright of Carr & Wright, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant 

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Gretchen Witte Kraemer, 

Assistant Attorney General, for appellee State.

John P. Jellinek of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Des Moines, 

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge.

The mother appeals from the juvenile court order terminating her parental 

right to her child, N.M., born in April 2014.1 The mother maintains the statutory 

grounds for termination have not been met because N.M. could be returned to 

her care at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (2016). Additionally, she maintains termination is not in 

N.M.’s best interests and a permissive factor weighs against terminating her 

rights. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2), (3).

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved with the 

family in November 2015 due to allegations the mother was using 

methamphetamine while caring for N.M. When confronted, the mother admitted 

to the drug use; N.M. was removed and placed in the maternal grandmother’s 

care on November 10, 2015.

Even before the official removal, N.M. had been staying with his maternal 

grandmother during the week and spending time with the mother and her 

paramour on weekends. The informal arrangement began due to issues the 

mother was having with her mental health. The mother reported to DHS that she 

had been previously diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, bipolar 

disorder, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, she was suffering from 

 

1 At the time of the termination hearing, the biological father of N.M. had yet to be 

confirmed. Some possible fathers, according to statements made by the mother, had 

been ruled out by DNA testing, and another named man had not completed paternity 

testing and his whereabouts were unknown. The juvenile court terminated the parental 

rights of the man who had failed to complete testing “and any unknown and putative 

fathers” pursuant to section 232.116(1)(b). No father has appealed. 
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postpartum depression and was struggling to bond with N.M. She was already 

seeing a therapist weekly, and she had been prescribed medication by a 

psychiatrist. The mother had been hospitalized due to mental-health issues as 

recently as May 2015; she has a long history of struggling with mental illness and 

was first hospitalized for mental-health issues when she was in third grade. 

Throughout the duration of the proceedings, the mother remained 

motivated to have N.M. returned to her care. She attended most of her therapy 

sessions and, according to her therapist, had made positive strides. The 

therapist recommended she continue to attend therapy sessions regularly for the 

foreseeable future.

However, the mother was less successful in other areas. She admitted 

that she had relapsed on methamphetamine in October 2015—the act that began

DHS involvement—and again in August 2016. Additionally, the mother had a 

number of drug patches that were positive for drug use and others that had been 

tampered with.2 After her August 2016 relapse, the mother completed a new 

substance-abuse evaluation and was diagnosed with “severe amphetamine-type 

substance stimulant use disorder.” It was recommended that she begin an 

extended outpatient drug treatment program. Although the mother began the 

program, she attended only one individual session and one group session before 

being unsuccessfully discharged for lack of attendance on October 25, 2016. 

In October 2016, the mother allowed her boyfriend, a registered sex 

offender, to move into her apartment. She did this in spite of DHS’s warnings 

 

2 We note the mother denied any other drug use except the two admitted relapses and 

she denied intentionally tampering with the patches. 
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that N.M. could not be returned to her if she allowed a sex offender to live with 

her. The mother moved the boyfriend in but denied that she was living with 

anyone when she was asked. DHS only learned the boyfriend was living with the 

mother—approximately one month later—when the boyfriend updated his 

residence on the sex offender registry to that of the mother’s apartment. Once 

she was confronted, the mother reported that the boyfriend would be moving 

back into the hotel where he previously lived. 

Supervised visits took place at the mother’s apartment before the 

boyfriend moved in. The mother was generally good at having food and toys for 

N.M. However, the mother struggled to ensure the apartment was clean and 

safe for N.M.; at several visits, the family safety, risk, and permanency (FSRP) 

worker indicated that N.M. was seen holding or putting in his mouth coins, 

cigarette butts, medications, or food that been spilled on the floor. The FSRP 

worker reminded the mother repeatedly that she needed to buy outlet covers and 

other child safety devices to make the apartment safe for N.M., but the mother 

was more focused on getting a bed and dresser and things N.M. would need if he 

was returned to her care. 

The mother also struggled with budgeting. She received $733 each 

month in Social Security Disability as well as housing assistance, food 

assistance, and Title XIX insurance. At times, the mother reported to the FSRP 

worker that she did not have food in the home for herself but later stated that she 

ordered cable and internet for $90 per month so N.M. would have a selection of 

“kids channels” during visits at the apartment. A number of visits took place at a 
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local McDonald’s, and the mother often had to call someone to come buy N.M.’s 

meal for her. 

The mother has a history of criminally violent behavior, including two 

criminal prosecutions for simple assault, one for assault causing bodily injury, 

one for domestic abuse assault causing injury, and another for assault on a 

peace officer. The mother was charged with felony assault with intent to inflict 

serious injury on January 31, 2016. At the time of the termination hearing, she 

was on probation after pleading guilty to the charge. Additionally, at the 

termination hearing, it became clear the mother was “likely going to jail” following 

the hearing. The State found the mother had outstanding warrants for her arrest 

in Johnson and Linn Counties for domestic abuse assault and assault causing 

bodily injury. According to the State, the mother’s probation officer “decided that 

she would not arrest mom immediately but would give her the opportunity to 

attend her termination of parental rights hearing.” If there was a likely disposition 

of the outstanding warrants, it is not in the record before us. 

Following the termination hearing, on December 27, 2016, the juvenile 

court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 

232.116(1)(h). 

The mother appeals. 

II. Standard of Review.

We review termination proceedings de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 

219 (Iowa 2016). While we are not bound by the findings of the juvenile court, 

we give them weight, especially in assessing the credibility of witnesses. Id. 
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III. Discussion.

We first consider whether the statutory grounds for termination have been 

met. See id. (“The first step is to determine whether any ground for termination 

under section 232.116(1) has been established.”). Here, the mother challenges 

only the juvenile court’s finding that N.M. could not be returned to her care. See 

Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4). 

While the mother had made strides in recognizing and learning to cope 

with her mental health issues, it was not clear the mother could keep N.M. safe. 

She had relapsed on methamphetamine less than three months before the 

termination hearing. The mother maintained it was a one-time occurrence and 

that she was back on track to remain sober, but we note that she had since been

diagnosed with a severe substance-abuse disorder and had failed to complete

the recommended treatment. According to the mother’s testimony, she has been 

learning a number of coping strategies that she uses instead of relying on illegal 

drugs. While we support her progress, we question whether these coping skills, 

which appear to involve isolating herself from others,3are compatible with being 

a full-time single parent of a two-year-old. 

While the mother was appropriate and loving towards N.M. during visits, 

she repeatedly had to be reminded that he could and would pick things up from 

the floor and put them in his mouth. The mother’s decision to allow her 

boyfriend, who is a registered sex offender, to move in despite knowing the risk it 

posed leads us to question her protective abilities. We agree with the district 

 

3 The mother testified she watches movies to cope. Additionally, she talked about 

“needing breaks” and explained that she would shut herself in the bathroom “with the 

door cracked open” if she needed a break while N.M. was in her care. 
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court that there is clear and convincing evidence N.M. could not be returned to 

the mother’s care. 

Next, we consider whether termination of the mother’s rights was in N.M.’s 

best interests. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2). The mother maintains it is not 

because of the strong bond she and N.M. share. At the time of the termination 

hearing in November 2016, N.M. was two-and-one-half years old. He had been 

formally removed from his mother’s care for one year, but N.M.’s maternal 

grandmother had been his primary caregiver even before DHS’s intervention. 

When asked, the mother agreed the maternal grandmother had cared for N.M. 

for large parts of his life, the grandmother “was probably his primary attachment,” 

and he had spent “larger parts of time” with the grandmother than he had with the 

mother. And while the mother has made progress since she began voluntarily 

leaving N.M. with the grandmother, the mother’s therapist indicated the mother 

“has a long way to go before she is completely stable due to her ongoing mental 

health issues.” The mother and N.M. share a bond, but we cannot say it is so 

strong that termination is not in N.M.’s best interests.

Finally, the mother maintains the juvenile court should not have terminated 

her parental rights because her mother had legal custody of N.M. See Iowa 

Code § 232.116(3)(a). She claims the court “should have declined to terminate 

as the matter could have been resolved in a less severe fashion with a 

guardianship order.” First, we note that guardianships are not legally preferred to 

the termination of the parent's rights. See In re L.M.F., 490 N.W.2d 66, 67–68 

(Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (stating that placement of children pursuant to permanency 

orders is not a legally preferential alternative to terminating parental rights when 
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there is sufficient evidence to terminate). In fact, “[a]n appropriate determination 

to terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability 

and willingness of a family relative to take the child.” In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 

174 (Iowa 1997). Additionally, there is nothing in the record that suggests the 

maternal grandmother was willing to enter into a guardianship of N.M. Here, the 

permissive factor does not weigh against terminating the mother’s parental rights. 

See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014) (stating the factors in section 

232.116(3) “are permissive, not mandatory,” and the court may use them at its 

discretion “based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best interest 

of the child”). 

We affirm the juvenile court order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.