Cenozoic Echinoids of 

Eastern United States 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 
I 

Cenozoic Echinoids of 

Eastern United States 

By C. WYTHE COOKE 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 

Descriptions and illustrations of 

fossil and Recent sea urchins 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

FRED A. SEATON, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director 

The U. S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: 

Cooke, Charles Wythe, 1887-

Cenozoic echinoids of Eastern United States. Washington, 

U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. 

iii, 106 p. 43 plates. 30 em. (U. S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 321. 

Bibliography : p. 93-98. 

1. Sea-urchins, Fossil. 2. Paleontology-Cenozoic. 3. Paleontology-D. S. I. Title. (Series) 

QE75.P9 no. 321 

-----Copy 2. 

563.95 

QE783.E2C6 

t 

G S 59.-183 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washi~gton 25, D. C. 
I' 

CONTENTS 

Abstract __________________________________________ _ 

Introduction ______________________________________ _ 

Distribution _______ -- ______ -- _____ ---- ___ --- _______ _ 

Paleocene fauna _____ . ___________ ...: __________________ _ 

Eocene faunas _______________ - __ -- __ - ___ ---- _______ _ 

Oligocene faunas ___________________________________ _ 

Miocene faunas ____________________________________ _ 

Pliocene fauna _____________________________________ _ 

Quaternary fauna __________________________________ _ 

Systematic descriptions _____________ · ___ . _____________ _ 

Family Cidaridae ______________________________ _ 

Family Saleniidae ________ ~ _____________________ _ 

Family Orthopsidae ___________ ____ _____________ _ 

Family Toxopneustidae _________________________ _ 

Family Echinidae ______ ~ ______________ -· ________ _ 

·Family Temnopleuridae ________________________ _ 

Family Arbaciidae ________ "' ____________________ _ 

Family Phymosomatidae _______________________ _ 

Family Stomopneustidae _________ ~ ______________ _ 

Family Strongylocentrotidae ____________________ _ 

Family Echinometridae _________________________ _ 

Family Echinoneidae _____________ ---- _ ----------

Subfamily Echinoneinae ______ ---------------

Subfamily Oligopyginae ________________ -----

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Systematic descriptions-Continued 

Family Fibulariidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Family Clypeasteridae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 

Family Protoscutellidae_________________________ 38 

Family Echinarachniidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

Family Abertellidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

Family Mellitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 

Family Laganidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 50 

Family Neolaganidae_____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 51 

Family Echinolampadidae ___________________ ,_ __ _ 55 

Family Cassidulidae______ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 56 

Family Holasteridae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65 

Family Hemiasteridae__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 67 

Family Schizasteridae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 69 

Family Loveniidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 77 

Family U nifasciidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 79 

Family Spatangidae__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 80 

Family Brissidae_____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ 81 

Glossary___________________________________________ 92 

Bibliography _______________________________________ . 93 

Index_____________________________________________ 9~ 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

[All plates follow p. 106] 

PLATE 1. Oidaris, Tylocidaris, and PhyUacanthus. PLATE22. Eurhodia and Echinolampas. 

2. Salenia, Echinopsis, Lyteohinus, and Tripneustes. 23. Eu1·hodia and Oassidulus. 

3. Psammechinus, Ooelopleurus, Gagaria, and Arbia. 24,25. Oassidulus. 

4. Arbacia and· Brochopleurus. 213. Santeelampas, Echanthus, and Ettrhodia. 

5. Gauthieria and Dia:ieua. 27. H olaster and Echinocorys. 

6. Echinometra, Strongylocentrotus, and Phymotaa:is. 28. Oyclaster and Hemiaster. 

7. Rhopostoma, Porpitella, and Amblypygus. 29. Linthia an~ Schizaster. 

8. OZigopygtts. 30. Moira, Paraster, and Ditremaster. 

9. Eohinocyamus and Fibularia. 31. Agassizia. 10, 11. Clypeaster. 32. Agassizia and Lovenia. 12. Olypeaster and Periarchua. 

13. Periarchus and Echinarachnitts. 33. Echinocardium and Lovenia. 

14. Periarcl~rus. 34. Maretia and Unifascia. 

15. Protosoutella. 35. Spatangus. 

16. Abertella. 36. Brissus and Rhynobrissus. 

17, 18. Encope. 37. Macropneustes. 

19. Leodia and M ellita. 38. Brissapsis. 

20. Weisbordella and La.ganum. 39,40. Plagiobrissus. 

21. N eolaganum and Wythella. 41-43. Eupatagus. 

Til 
/ 
CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS OF EASTERN UNITED STATES 

By C. WYTHE CooKE 

ABSTRACT 

This work describes 144 species or subspecies of echinoids 

from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States 

and from · the adjacent waters. Eighteen species are restricted 

to the Vincentown sand of New Jersey, the Salt Mountain limestone of Alabama, or the Midway group of Alabama, all of 

Paleocene age. The Bashi formation of Alabama, of early 

Eocene age, includes one species. The middle and late Eocene 

formations of the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas 

have 27 species. The late Eocene, with 43 species, has the most 

varied echinoid fauna; most of the species occur in the Ocala 

limestone or in the Inglis limestone, the Floridian equivalent 

of the Moodys Branch marl of Mississippi. The Oligocene 

faunas include only 13 species, 1 in the early Oligocene, 3 in 

the middle, and 11 in the late Oligocene; the middle and late 

have 2 species in common. Of 18 Miocene species, 3 were obtained from the early Miocene, 15 from the late Miocene. One 

specimen is doubtfully referred to the Pliocene. Of 21 species 

of Recent echinoids, several have been found fossil in Pleistocene beds, and 1 possibly extends back to the late Miocene. 

Echinoids are exceptionally good horizon markers because of 

their short geologic ranges. 

The species fall into 60 genera and 4 subgenera, of which the 

following 3 genera are new : Rhopostoma, type species Ananchrytes crucijerus Morton; Santeelampas, type species Oatopygus 

oviformis Conrad; Unifascia, type species Macropneustes carolinensis Clark. The new family Unifasciidae is proposed to receive Unitascia. The type species of all the genera are designated and briefly described. New species are: Tyloci daris'l 

salina, Tylocidaris macneili, Fibularia alabamensis, N eo lag anum 

durhami, H emiaster moscovensis, Lovenia alabamensis, Spat angus glenni, Brissus glenni. 

Transfers of species to different genera or subgenera include: 

Oidaris walcotti Clark to Tylocidaris; Oidaris diatretum Morton 

to Echinopsis; Psammechinus ftoralanus Cooke to Lytechinus; 

Thylechinus (Gagaria) salis Cooke to Gagaria; Thylechinus 

(Gag aria) mossomi Cooke to Gaga ri a; Thylechinus (Gag aria) 

chickasawhay Cooke to Gagaria ~· . Orthechinus pretiosus Clark 

to Brochopleurus; Oyphosoma speciosum Clark to Gauthieria ~· 

Ananchytes cruciferus Morton to Rhoposoma, new genus ; Laganum dalli Twitchell to Neolaganum; Peronella cubae Weisbord 

to Weisbordella; Laga'YI/Um johnsoni Twitchell to Weisbordella; 

Oatopygus conradi Conrad to Oassidulus (Plagiopygus) ; Oassi- , 

dulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis Twitchell to Oassidy,lus 

(Plagiopygus) ; Nucleolites lyelli Conrad to Oassidulus (Plagiopygu s) ; Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) georgiensis Twitchell to 

Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) ; Oassidulus (Paralampas) globosus 

Fischer to Oassidulus (Plagiopygus); Oatopygus ovitormis Conrad to Santeelampas, new genus; Oassidulus ( Rhynchopygus?) 

holmesi Twitchell to Eurhodia ( Gisopygus) ; Eupa.tagus? ( Bris- . 

sopatagus?) primus Cooke to Linthia'l; Schizaster armiger 

Clark to Paraster; Schizaster americana Clark to Paraster; · 

Schizaster (Linthia) ocalanus Cooke to Schizaster (Braclllybrissus) ; Schizaster beckeri Cooke to Ditremaster; Macropneustes 

carolinensis Clark to Unifascia, new genus; H emipatagus argutus Clark to Maretia; Hemipatagus subrostratus Clark to 

Maretia~· Spatangus ventricosus Lamarck to Macropneustes; 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) dia:ie Cooke to Plagiobrissusf ~· PlaUionotus holmesii McCrady to Plagiobrissus'!; Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) curvus Cooke to Plagiobrissus; Euspatangus anti llarttm 

Cotteau to Eupatauus (Gymnopatagus); Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) gardnerae Cooke to Eupatagus ( Gymnopatagus) ; EupataU1ts carolinensis Clark to Eupatagus ( Gymnopatagus) ; 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) ocalanus Cooke to Eupatauus 

( Gymnopatagus). 

INTRODUCTION 

This report deals with the :fossils echinoids o:f the 

Atlantic and Gul:f Coastal Plain o:f the United States 

and some o:f the Recent species o:f the adjacent waters. 

It excludes the :faunas o:f the Pacific States which were 

described by Grant and Hertlein (1938) in "The West 

American Cenozoic Echinoidea," a carefully written 

and still very use:ful work. The Cenozoic era is interpreted in its broadest sense; it includes the Paleocene 

era at its beginning and the Recent at its end. 

This book is a revision and expansion o:f two papers 

published in the Journal o:f Paleontology (Cooke, 1941, 

1942) in which the "regular" and the "irregular" Cenozoic echinoids o:f the eastern part o:f the United States 

were listed and described in part. The same field is 

covered by Clark and Twitchell's "The Mesozoic and 

Cenozoic Echinodermata o:f the United States", U. S. 

Geological Survey Monograph 54 (1915), but there 

have been many changes both in stratigraphy and taxonomy since the writing o:f that report, which was delayed in publication. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the debt owed to the 

late Theodor Mortensen, whose monumental "Monograph o:f the Echinoidea" (1928-1951) has been invaluable. These volumes eased greatly the recognition o:f 

described genera, although their author did not :follow 

consistently the international rules o:f zoological nomenclature and his designations o:f some type species are 

consequently not legal. 

Dr. Horace G. Richards o:f the Academy o:f Natural 

Sciences o:f Philadelphia kindly arranged the loan o:f 

specimens and delivered them personally at considerable inconvenience. 

The photographs were made by Nelson W. Shupe 

assisted by Robert H. McKinney. 

The symbol USNM :followed by a serial number 

re:fers to the catalogues o:f the United States National 

Museum at Washington. The symbol USGS indicates 

entries in the registers o:f Cenozoic or, in a :few instances, Mesozoic localities o:f the United States Geo" 

logical Survey, kept at the National Museum. 

DISTRIBUTION 

Echinoids are widely distributed throughout the marine :formations o:f the Coastal Plain :from New Jersey 

to Texas. They are most abundant in the limestones, 

1 
2 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

particularly the Ocala limestone, which is rich both in 

number of species and in individuals. Several sandy, 

shallow-water formations contain a few species in great 

abundance. Other formations contain few or none, perhaps because living conditions were unsuitable. Table 1. 

includes most of the echinoid-bearing formations. 

. Where they occur, echinoids provide the stratigrapher 

with a valuable tool. Most of the species occupy a very 

narrow stratigraphic zone, and some of them are of 

great geographic range. In most in~tances, even the 

identification of the genus permits the determination 

of the approximate geologic age of the bed in which it 

was found. For instance, the genus Protoscutella seems 

to be restricted to beds of middle Eocene age, Periarchus 

to the late and possibly middle Eocene, Olypeaster to 

post-Eocene beds, and A rbacia to the Miocene or later. 

Comparison of the lists shows that few-species of echinoids occupy more than one time unit. 

TABLE 1. Distribution of Cenozoic echinoids 

Recent Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico. 

Ple~stocene · Horry clay (South Carolina), Anastasia formation (Florida). 

Pliocene Caloosahatchee formation (Florida). 

Late Duplin marl (North and South Carolina), Tamiami forma-

.1 -Middl~---- -c~~;;E~~~~::~~~~~~---<M;;i~d>~--ch~;~;--!~;;r:~;i'o-n- ~ (Florida). 

Early Tampa limestone (Florida). 

Early Red Bluff clay (Alabama). 

Late t Ocala limestone (Georgia, Florida, Alabama), Yazoo clay (Mississippi, Alabama). Inglis limestone (Florida), Moodys Branch formation 

(Mississippi, Alabama). 

Late and Castle Hayne limestone (North and South Carolina). 

~ ---~!~-~: ... ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 

~ Middle 

Early 

Paleocene I 

Gosport sand (Alabama), Santee limestone (South and 

North Carolina), Avon Park limestone (Florida), Win- ona sand (Miss.), Weches greensand member of Mount 

Selman formation (Texas), Warley Hill marl (South 

Carolina), Congare.e formation (South Carolina). 

Bashi formation (Alabama). 

Vincentown sand (New Jersey), Clayton formation 

(Georgia, Alabama), Porters Creek clay (Alabama), Salt Mountain limestone (Alabama). 

;LA report by Purl (195:7) received after this paper had. gone to the 

printer promotes the Ocala limestone of older authors into Ocala group. 

He includes in the group three limestones: The Inglis formation (herein 

called the Inglis limestone), the Williston formation, and the Crystal 

River formation, which is the Ocala limestone of this report. 

PALEOCENE FAUNA 

The Eocene series in the Southern States was formerly divided into four groups of which the oldest was 

the Midway grQup. ~ore recently the name Paleocene 

series, proposed in 187 4 for plant-bearing beds in Europe, has been adopted by the U. S. Geqlogical Survey 

for this and other "basal" and early Eocene beds in the 

United States (Spieker, 1946, p. 135). The Clayton 

formation and the Porters Creek clay of the Midway 

group contain a few echinoids. 

The Vincentown sand of New Jersey, a highly calcareous greensand marl, was originally classified as 

Cretaceous, and its fairly large fauna of echinoids was 

therefore described in the Cretaceous part of Monograph 54 (Clark and Twitchell, 1915, pt. 1). Later, 

the Vincentown was transferred to ·the Eocene (Cooke 

and Stephenson, 1928), and its echinoids were listed as 

early Eocene in my two Cenozoic papers (Cooke, 1941, 

1942). Study of the planktonic Foraminifera led 

Loeblich and Tappan ( 1957, p. 1129) to classify the 

Vincentown as Paleocene. 

The Salt Mountain limestone of Alabama, containing 

three known species of echinoids, is likewise transferred 

from the early Eocene to the Paleocene on the authority 

of Loeblich and Tappan (1957, p.1126). 

The fauna of the Paleocene includes 18 species, most 

of which occur in the Vincentown sand, as follows: 

Paleocene echinoid8 

Oidaris splendens (Morton) 

sp. aff. 0. splendens (Morton) 

Tylocidaris walcotti (Clark) -

macneili Cooke, n. sp. 

salina Cooke, n. sp. 

Salenia tumidula Clark 

Echinopsis diatreta (Morton) 

Gag aria sa lis (Cooke) 

Gauthieria speciosa (Clark) 

Rhopostoma cruci{erum (Morton) 

Echanthus georgiensis (Twi~chell) 

Holaster ainctus (Morton) 

Echinocorys ovaZis (Clark) 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton) 

stella (Morton) 

moscovensis Cooke, n. sp. 

L .inthia alabamensis Clark 

prima (Cooke) 

. I 

All of these species are restricted to the Paleocene. 

The fauna .includes several genera reminiscent of the 

Cretaceous, notably Hemiaster, Holaster, and Echinocorys, but Echantlvus and Linthia suggest the Eocene. 

The new genus Rhopostoma was formerly included in 

the Cretaceous genus Tr-ematopygus. 

EOCENE FAUNAS 

Since the transfer of the Midway group to the Paleocene, the Eocene series has comprised only three divisions, the Wilcox group of early Eocene age, the 

Claiborne group of middle Eocene 'age, and the Jackson group of late Eocene age. Each of these has its 

distinctive echinoid fauna. , 

Early Eocene species.-Only one species, Ewrhodia? 

elbana Cooke, is now referred to the early Eocene. It 
EOCENE fAUNAS 3 

is known only from the Bashi formation of Alabama. 

Other species heretofore supposed to be early Eocene 

have been transferred to the Paleocene. 

Middle Eocene speaies.-The middle Eocene appears 

to include at least three faunal zones. The old- / 

est, represented by the Congaree formation of South 

Carolina, has yielded only Psamnnechinus santee. The 

next younger, including the Winona sand of Missis-

, sippi, the Weches greensand member of the Mount Selman formation of Texas, and the Warley Hill marl of 

South Carolina, carries Fibularia tewana, Protoscutella 

mississippiensis, P. tuomeyi, P. pentagoniwm, and M aretia arguta. The third zone includes the Avon' Park 

limestone of Florida with N eolagan'I.J/J11J. dalli and the 

Santee limestone o:f North and South Carolina. 

The Santee fauna is quite distinctive, though there 

is some question as to whether some of the species attributed to it may not have come from the next younger 

Castle Hayne limestone. Early collectors failed to distinguish between these two limestones, which are now 

supposed to be separated by a stratigraphic break. The 

following species presumably came from the Santee: 

Oidaris pratti, Ooelopleurus irnfulatus, Protoscutella 

aonradi, P. plana, Santeelampas oviformis, Eurlwdia 

rugosa. I 

Middle or late Eocene species.-The Castle Hayne 

limestone of North and South Carolina and the Gosport 

sand of Alabama may be partly of middle and partly 

of late Eocene age. The best-known locality of the 

Gosport is at Claiborne, but as the section there extends from well down in the underlying Lisbon formation of middle Eocene age into the late Eocene Jackson 

group, with Oligocene limestones exposed not far away, 

many fossils bearing the label Claiborne did not come 

from the Gosport sand, though that is the most prolific 

formation. Eahinocyamus huwleyanus, and E. meridionalis, are reported from Claiborne and may have 

come from the Gosport sand. P eriarchus lyelli occurs 

also in the· basal beds of the Jackson group at Claiborne. 

Echinoids attributed to the Castle Hayne limestone, 

some of which may have been derived from the Santee, 

are: Oidaris pratti, Phyllaamnthus mortoni, Echinoayamus parvus, E ohinolampas appe'IUliaulata, Ewrlwdia 

hol!mesi, Linthia hanoverensis, Unifasaia aarolinensis, 

and Eupatagus carolinensis. 

One other species in the following list is of uncertain derivation. Porpitella micra was found in a well 

and may be older than middle Eocene. 

Middle or late Eocene echinoids 

Oidaris pratti Clark 

Phyllacanthus mortoni (Conrad) 

Ooelopleurus infulatus (Morton) 

Psammechinus santee Cooke 

tPorpitella micra H. L. Clark 

Oligopygus ro~undus Cooke 

Fibularia teaJana (Twitchell) 

Echinooyamus p·arvus Emmons 

huaJleyanus Meyer 

meridionalis Meyer 

Periarchus lyeZli (Conrad) 

Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) 

tuomeyi (Twitchell) 

pentagonium Cooke 

conradi (Cotteau) 

plana (Conrad) 

Neolaganum daZli (Twitchell) 

Echinolampas appendioulata Emmo:y.s 

Oassidulus conradi carolinensis Twitchell 

Banteelampas oviformis (Conrad) 

Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) 

(GiBopy.gus) holmesi (Twitchell) 

. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 

Linthia hanoverensis Kellum 

Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 

Maretia arguta (Clark) 

Eupatagus ( Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark 

Late Eocene species.-The late Eocene, with 43 species or subspecies of echinoids, was the most prolific 

age represented in the Coastal Plain. Two zones are 

recognized. The older occupies the Moodys Branch 

formation of Mississippi and equivalent beds in Alabama, and the Inglis limestone of Florida (Fischer, 

1951). The Inglis, which is hereby given formational 

stature as the Inglis limestone, was first' described by 

Vernon (1951) as the Inglis member of the Moodys 

Branch formation. Rocks now assigned to the Inglis 

limestone, though equivalent to the Moodys Branch, 

were formerly included in , the Ocala limestone. The 

younger faunal zone occupies the Yazoo clay of Mississippi and western Alabama and the Ocala limestone 

o:f eastern Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The Sandersville limestone member o:f the Barnwell formation 

in Georgia; containing Periarclvus quirnquefarius, is o:f 

late Ocala age or younger. 

Species or varieties that seem to be confined to the 

Inglis limestone are Periarchus ly~lli floridanus, Oassidulus eriasoni, and 0. georgiensis globosus. Eupatagus 

clevei and E. antillarum have not been found elsewhere 

in the United States but occur also in the West Indies 

or Panama. 

Most of the species in the following list occur in the 

Ocala limestone (the Crystal River formation of Puri, 

1957). 

Late Eocene echinoids 

Oidaris pratti Clark 

Phyllacanthus mortoni (Conrad) 

Lytec'M'fi!U8 floralanus (Cooke) 

Brochopleurus pretiosus (Clark) 

Amblypygus americanus Desor 

Oligopyg'l!-8 wetherbyi de Loriol 

haZdemani (Conrad) 

?rotundus (Cooke) 
4 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) 

alabamensis Cooke, n. sp. 

Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 

pileus-sinensis (Ravenel) 

floridanus Fischer 

protuberans Twitchell 

quinquetarius (Say) 

quinquetarius kewi Cooke 

Laganum floridanum Twitchell 

ocalanum Cooke 

N eo lag anum durhami Cooke, n, sp. 

Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) 

Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) 

johnsoni (Twitchell) 

Oassidulus conradi lyelli (Conrad) 

ericsoni Fischer 

trojanus Cooke 

(Plagiopygus) conradi (Conrad) 

georgiensis Twitchell 

globosus Fischer 

Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) 

Paraster armiger (Clark) 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) ocalanus Cooke 

Agassizia floridana de Lorio! 

Ditremaster beckeri (Cooke) 

Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) 

Br,issopsis steinhatchee Cooke 

biarritzensis Cotteau 

Plagiobrissus curvus (Cooke) 

'ldimi-e Cooke 

Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) 

(Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke 

( Gymnopatagus) antillarttm ( Cotteau) 

gardnerae Cooke 

ocalanus Cooke 

OLIGOCENE FAUNAS 

The list of echinoids referred to the Oligocene Includes only 13 species, as follows : 

Gagaria.mossomi (Cooke) 

chickasawhay (Cooke) 

Arbia aldrichi (Clark) 

Phymotamis mansfieldi Cooke 

Olypea.ster cotteaui Egozcue 

omybaphon Jackson 

rogersi (Morton) 

Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell 

Oassidulus gouldii (Bouve) 

Oyclaster drewryensis Cooke 

Paraster americanus (Clark) 

Agassizia (Ani8aster) rrwssomi Cooke 

?Lovenia alabamensis Cooke, n. sp. 

These 13 species are divisible into 3 faunas, of which 

the oldest includes only 1, the middle one includes 3, and 

the youngest one 11. The middle and youngest zones 

have 2 species in common. 

Early Oligocene species.-The only echinoid known 

from the Red Bluff clay of Alabama is Oyclaster drewryensis. This species has not been found elsewhere. 

Middle 0 Ugocene species.-The Vicksburg group of 

Mississippi and Alabama contains Olypeaster rogersi, 

Oassidulus gouldii?, and Paraster americanu8. The 

first two occur also in the late Oligocene. 

Late Oligocene species.-The Suwannee lime-stone of 

Florida carries Gagaria mossomi, Phynwtaxis mansfieldi. Olypeaster oxybaphon, 0. cotteaui, 0. rogersi, 

OassidulU8 gouldii, and Agassizia mossomi. Two of 

the Clypeasters were first described from late Oligocene formations of the West Indies, the other from the 

Vicksburg group. The remaining species are unknown 

elsewhere except Oassidulus gouldii, whose type came 

from the Flint River formation of Georgia, a littoral 

extension of the Suwannee. The Flint River contains 

also Olypeaster rogersi. 

The Chickasawhay formation of Mississippi and Alabama has yielded Gagaria chickasawhay, Arbia aldrichi, E chinolampas aldri.chi, and probably Lovenia 

alabamensis, whose age is open to question. 

MIOCENE FAUNAS 

All but 3 of the 18 species in the following list were 

derived from beds referred to the late Miocene. The 

exceptions are Lovenia clarki, from the Tampa limestone of Florida; E chinocyamus chipolanus, from the 

next younger formation, the Chipola formation of Florida; and E chinocardi111m orthono.tJwrn, from the Chipola 

and the presumably nearly contemporaneous Choptank 

formation of Maryland. 

Many of the remaining 15 species were dredged from 

the Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County, 

South Carolina. They were imbedded in hard sandy 

limestone presumably contemporaneous with the Duplin 

marl, though possibly including younger beds. Several 

of the Waterway species occur typically at The-Grove 

in Berkeley County, South Carolina, in beds doubtfully 

referred by Cooke ( 1936, p. 129-130) to the Waccamaw 

formation of Pliocene age but probably contemporaneous with the Tamiami formation of Florida, now classified as late Miocene. Fourteen of these species seem 

to be restricted to this zone, but E ncope emarginata, a 

Recent species (if it has been correctly identified) may 

have come from the Pleistocene. 

Miocene echinoids 

Arbacia waccamaw Cooke 

rivuli Cooke 

improcera (Conrad) 

sloani (Clark) 

Echinocyamus chipolanus Cooke 

Olypeaster concavus Cotteau 

Encope emarginata (Leske) 

macrophora (Ravenel) 

tamiamiensis Mansfield 

Leodia caroliniana (Ravenel) 

Oassidulus sabistonensis Kellum 
QUATERNARY FAUNA 5 

Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) 

Lovenia clarki (Lambert) 

Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) 

gothicum (Ravenel) 

Spatangus glenni Cooke, n. sp. 

Brissus glenni Cooke, n. sp. 

Plagiobrissus? holmesii (McCrady) 

PLIOCENE FAUNA 

One specimen of Encope macrophora, elsewhere occ~rring in the late Miocene of South Carolina, is labeled 

Alligator Creek, Florida, where it presumably was 

taken from the Caloosahatchee formation though the 

Tamiami formation of late Miocene age crops out not 

far away. 

The type of Diplothecanthus dalli Twitchell ( = Olypeasterrosaceus (Linnaeus)) was supposed to have been 

taken from the Caloosahatchee, but it almost certainly 

is Pleistocene, for Pleistocene fossils occur at the type 

locality, and the species has not since been found there 

in the Caloosahatchee. 

QUATERNARY FAUNA 

Twenty-one species of Recent echinoids are described 

herein-most of them live near the shore and are frequently cast up on the beaches. Some of them have 

been found fossil in Pleistocene deposits, and one, Encope emarginata, is associated with late Miocene species 

on the Intracoastal "';y aterway canal in South Carolina. 

Possibly these specimens have been misidentified, or 

they may have been taken from Pleistocene beds, which 

occur in the same area. No attempt has been made to 

include all the Recent species-but most of the common 

species are described, and some of the rarer ones. 

Qu,aternary echinoids 

Oidaris abyssicola (A. Agassiz) 

a/finis Philippi 

tribuloides (Lamarck) 

Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck) 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) 

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis (Miiller) 

Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) 

Olypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) 

subdepressus (Gray) 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck) 

Encope emarginata (Leske) 

mi chelini Agassiz 

M ellita quinquiespertorata tenuis H. L. Clark 

Leodia sexiespertorata (Leske) 

Moira atropos (Lamarck) 

Echinocanlium cordatum (Pennant) 

Brissus unicolor (Leske) 

Macropneustes ventricosus (Lamarck) 

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen 

Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin) 

Rhynobrissus cuneus Cooke 

468544-59--2 

KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMERICAN CENOZOIC 

ECHINOIDS 

1 Periproct within the apical system ; ambulacra not petaloid ; 

test usually circular. 

2 Ambulacra of nearly uniform width, narrow, without 

primary tubercles. 

3 Apical plates caducous; ambulacral plates simple; 

periproct centraL ____________________ Cidaddae 

4 Primary tubercles perforated; spines tapering. 

5 Apical system larger than peristome ; zygopores 

narrow, oblique; pores not conjugate; 

spines slender----------------- Oidaris 

5 Apical system smaller than peristome ; zygopores wide, transverse pores 1

COnjugate; 

spines thick____________ Phyllacanthus 

4 Primary tuber c 1 e s imperforate; spines club 

shaped_______________________ Tylocidaris 

/ 3 Apical plates persistent; ambulacral plates bigeminate; periproct eccentric; tubercles imperforate_________________ Saleniidae Salenia 

2 Ambulacra increasing in width to the ambitus; having 

primary tubercles. 

3 Tubercles perforated ______ Orthopsidae Echinopsis 

3 Tubercles imperforate. 

4 Ambulacra trigeminate throughout. 

5 Zygopores in inclined groups of three throughout ; tubercles smooth. 

6 Notches deep ; tubercles few 

Toxopneustidae Lytechrinus 

6 Notches shallow; tubercles many \ 

Echinidae Psammechinus 

5 Zygopores not in inclined groups of three 

throughout. 

6 Poriferous zones straight throughout; surface not beaded____________ Gagaria 

6 Poriferous zones straight above, in inclined 

groups of three below ; surface 

beaded _______________ Brochopleurus 

4 Ambulacra not trigeminate throughout. 

5 Ambulacral plates simple near apex; trigeminate below ; without sphaeridial pits; 

upper median part o~ interambulacra 

bare ____________________________ Arbia 

5 Ambulacral plates polyporous. 

6 Sphaeridial pits present; upper part of 

poriferous zones straight. 

7 One sphaeridial pit ; upper median part 

of interambulacra bare or not 

Arbacia 

7 Several sphaeridial pits; upper median 

part of interambulacra bare; ambulacra bordered by a raised 

thread_____________ Ooeloplewrus 

6 Without sphaeridial pits; poriferous zones 

not straight. 

7 Tubercles crenulate; poriferous zones 

uniserial, nearly straight Gauthieria 

7 Tubercles smooth ; zygopores in arcs or 

multiple rows. 

8 Zygopores in vertical rows. 

9 Two vertical rows of zygopores in 

each ambulacral p~ate above 

the ambitus, one below ; two 

rows of primary tubercles 

in each area______ Dixieus 
I 

6 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDSJ EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Key to the gener:a of American Oenozoic echinoids-Oontinued 

9 Three vertical rows of zygopores 

throughout; many rows of 

small tubercules 

Tripneustes 

8 Zygopores in arcs, one arc in each 

ambulacral plate. 

9 Zygopores in connected arcs of six 

or seven; more than two 

rows of primary tubercles 

in each area ___ Phymota0iB 

9 Zygopores in disconnected arcs. 

10 Horizontal outline circular; 

tubercles small 

Strongylocentrotus 

10 Outlin·e usually not circular; 

two rows of large primary tubercles in each area ______ Echinometra 

1 Periproct outside the apical system. 

2 Anterior ambulacrum like the others; apical system 

monobasal ( madreporite central) . 

3 Ambulacra narrow, straight, not plainly petaloid. 

4 Ambulacra not petaloid, poriferous zones continuous ; outline oval. 

5 Periproct supramarginal, large ; peristome oblique----~----------- llhoposto~,n.gen. 

5 Periproct inframarginal, large, elongated 

Echinonoua 

4 Ambulacra subpetaloid. 

5 Periproct large, elongated ; outline circular or 

subcircular; peristome oblique 

Amblypygus 

5 Periproct small, circular; peristome not oblique. 

6 Test moderately large; peristome transverse, 

deeply sunken ___________ Oligopygus 

6 Tes~ very small ; peristome circular 

Fibulariidae 

7 Periproct supramarginaL____ PorpiteZZa 

7 Periproct inframarginal. 

8 Test inflated; without internal partitions_______________ Fibularia 

8- Test fiat; with internal partitions 

' Echinocyamus 

3 Ambulacra plainly petaloid. 

4 Test shield shaped, base flat or concave, no :floscelle. 

5 Ambulacral food grooves conspicuous ; petals 

open distally, closed apically. 

6 Without buccal tubes ; grooves usually 

straight; five genital pores 

Clypeasteridae Olypeastre 

6 With buccal tubes ; grooves usually forked. 

7 Without lunules or ambulacral notches ; 

with or without a posterior notch. 

8 Five genital pores ___ Protoscutellidae • 

9 Outline circular or faintly fluted; 

periproct not near the margin; grooves branching 

Periarchus 

9 Outline not circular ; periproct 

near the margin ; grooves 

simple-------: Protoscutella 

) Key to the genera of American Oenozoic echinoids--'Continued 

8 Four genital pores. 

9 Outline circular; periproct marginal or supramarginal 

Echinarachnius 

9 Having posterior lobes; periproct 

inframarginaL--.--Abertella 

7 With lunules or ambulacral notches 

Mellitidae 

8 Five genital pores; outline sagittate or not ________________ _mncope 

8 Four genital pores; outline circular, 

not sagittate. 

9 Without lunule in anterior ambulacrum _____________ M ell ita 

9 With lunule in anterior ,ambula- crum _______________ Leodia 

5 Ambulacral food grooves n:ot conspicuous ; 

. petals closed distally, open apically. 

6 Five genital pores (petals of the type species 

of Laganum are open) ____ "Laganum" 

6 Four genital pores ___________ Neolaganidae 

7 Hydropores in a groove; base fiat. 

8 Outline broadly ovaL ____ N eolaganum 

8 Outline elongated decagonaL Wythella 

7 Hydropores not in a groove; base concave--------------- Weisbordella 

4 Test not shield shaped ; upper surface swollen ; 

peristome surrounded by a floscelle. 

.... 1 5 Periproct inframarginaL ________ Echinolampas 

5 Periproct supramarginal. 

6 Periproct wider than high. 

7 Periproct flush, not sunken ; peristome 

wider than long. 

8 Periproct not terminal 

Oassidulus (Oa8sidulus) 

8 Periproct terminal 

Oassidulus (Plagiopygus) 

7 Periproct sunken, not terminal; peristoma longer then wide ___ Eurhodia 

6 Periproct higher than wide, terminal. 

7 Outline oval; upper surface inflated 

Santeelampas n. gen. 

7 Outline subpentagonal ; upper surface low 

Echanthus 

2 Apical system not monobasal. 

3 Apical system elongated ; without fascioles. 

4 Anterior ambulacrum like the others ; no anterior 

sulcus ________________________ Echinocorys 

4 Anterior ambulacrum unlike the others; with an- terior sulcus ______________________ H olaster 

3 Apical system not elongated; with fascioles. 

4 Posterior ocular plates in contact (apical system 

ethmorphractic) ----------- Hemiasteridae 

5 Four genital pores; peripetalous fasciole only 

H emiaster_ 

5 Three genital pores ; subanal and incomplete 

peripetalous fascioles---------Oyclaster 

4 Posterior ocular plates separated by the madreporite (apical system ethmolytic). 

5 Anterior ambulacrum subpetaloid ; peripetalous 

and lateral fascioles ______ Schizasteridae 
CIDARIDAE 7 

Key to the genera of fimerican Cenozoic echinoids----4Jontinued 

6 Anterior ambulacrum deeply depressed. 

7 Four genital pores. 

8 Anterior paired petals widely spreading; apical system nearly central ; posterior petals long 

Linthia 

8 Anterior petals less widely spreading ; 

apical system posterior ; posterior petals short_ ____ Paraster 

7 Two genital pores. 

8 Ambulacral depressions open 

Schizaster 

8 Ambulacral depressions partly roofed over _________ ___________ Jfoira 

6 Anterior ambulacrum not deeply depressed. 

7 Four genital pores; anterior poriferous 

zone of anterior paired petals 

greatly reduced in width or obsolescent _________________ Agassizia 

7 Two genital pores ; poriferous zones 

equal; lateral fascioles obscure 

Ditremaster 

, 5 Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid. 

6 With apical ("internal") fasciole-Loveniidae 

7 Test high; without large tubercles 

Echinocaraiwn 

7 Test low; with large tubercles ___ Loven:ia 

6 Without apical fasciole. 

7 Marginal fasciole only ; petals long, 

widely spreading; genital pores far 

apart 

Unifasciidae Unifascia, n. gen. 

7 Without marginal fasciole; genital pores 

close together. 

8 Sub anal fasciole only ____ Spatangidae 

9 Primary tubercles on all interambulacra ; labrum short ; 

lower part of posterior ambulacra narrow __ Spatangus 

9 Posterior interambulacra without 

primary tubercles ; labrum 

long ; lower part of posterior 

ambulacra wide:... ___ Jf aretia 

8 Subanal and peripetalous fascioles 

Brissidae 

9 No anal fasciole or branches ; peripetalous fasciole indented. 

10 Posterior petals widely diverging; with primary 

tubercles 

M acropneustes 

10 Posterior petals not widely 

diverging; without 

primary tubercles 

11 Anterior a~bulacrum 

flush ; anterior petals parallel ; posterior petals straight, 

not adjacent 

Brissus 

Key to the genera of American Oenozoia echinoias----4Jontinued 

11 Anterior ambulacrum depressed ; anterior 

petals widely diverging b u t not 

parallel ; posterior 

petals curved outward distally, adjacent apically 

Brissopsis 

9 Peripetalous fasciole not indented 

10 Sides of plastron parallel ; 

lower part of posterior 

ambulacra narrow. 

11 Large tubercles within the 

peripetalous fasciole ___ Plagiobrissus 

11 Without large tubercles 

Rhynobrissus 

10 Sides of plastron not parallel ; 

lower part of posterior 

ambulacra wider; anal 

branches of fasciole usually absenL_lfJupatagus 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Family CIDARIDAE 

Mortensen (1928, p. 61) divides the Cidaridae into 

three subfamilies, Streptocidarinae, Stereocidarinae, 

and Diplocidarinae. _The first and third have long 

heen extinct, but the/ second ranges from the ·Jurassic 

to the Recent and includes the genus Oidaris. Hearranges the Stereocidarinae into seven groups based 

mainly on the structure of their pedicellariae. His key 

to these groups (Mortensen, 1928, p. 68) is unworkable 

for denuded tests because its main divisions are characteristics of the pedicellariae, which are easily detached. 

The following key, in which the pedicellariae are subordinated, can be carried farther because it is based 

primarily on features of the corona. 

Key to Mortensen's classification 

l Coronal plates imbricating and bevelled ___ Streptocidarinae 

1 Coronal plates with rigid sutures. 

2 Zygopores (pore pairs) arranged in double 

series___________________________ Diplocidarinae 

2 Zygopores arranged in single series ____ Stereocidarinae 

3 Internal ridges on and near the 

peristome _______________ Group Histocidarina 

3 No internal ridge. 

4 Horizontal sutures pitted ___ Group Goniocidarina 

4 Horizontal sutures not pitted. 

5 Upper p:rtmary spines and tubercules 

rudimentary----- Group Stereocidarina 

6 Pores strongly conjugate, far apart, 

zygopores transverse _________ Group 

Rhabdocidarina 

6 Pores close together, zygopores usually 

oblique. 
8 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Key to Mortensen's classification-Continued 

7 Valves of large .globiferous pedicellariae 

with a distinct end tooth ___ Group 

Cidarina 

7 Valves of large globiferous pedicellariae 

without a distinct end tooth. 

8 Small globiferous pedicellariae with 

a distinct end tooth ____ Group 

Stylocidarina 

8 Small globiferous pedicellariae without a distinct end tooth __ Group 

Ctenocidarina 

The Cidarina, Stylocidarina, and Ctenocidarina are 

divided by Mortensen into 18 so-called genera based 

mainly on the character of the spines. Most of these 

"genera" would be lumped by paleontologists into the 

single genus Oidaris, the divisions havin·g no higher 

rank than sections or at most subgenera. 

Among the Cenozoic cidarids here studied, only three 

genera are recognized: Oidaris, with narrow, oblique 

zygopores, perforated tubercles, and slender spines; 

Phyllaoanthus, with wide, transverse zygopores, conjugate pores, perforated tubercles, and thick spines; 

and Tylooidaris, with imperforate tubercles and clubshaped spines. 

Genus CIDARIS Leske 

Oidaris Leske, 1117, Klein's Naturalis dispositio enchinodermatum, p.125. 

Dorocidaris A. Agassiz, 1869, HaJivard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., v. 1, p. 253. Type species, D. abyssicola 

A. Agassiz. 

Stylocidaris Mortensen, 1909, Enchinoiden deutschen Siidpolar 

Expedition, p. 52, 54. Type species, Oidaris affinis Philippi. 

Oidaris Leske. Mortensen, 1928, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 1, p. 286. Includes additional synonymy. 

Eucidaris Pomel. Mortensen, 1928, Idem, v. 1, p. 384. 

Stylocidaris Mortensen .. Mortensen, 1928, Idem, v. 1, p. 334. 

Oidaris Leske. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. (Los 

Angeles) Pub. Math. Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 4. 

Oidaris Leske. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, 

p. 5. 

Oidaris Leske. Cooke, 1946, Idem, v. 20, no. 3, p. 199. 

Oidaris Leske. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254, p. 4. 

Type species, Oidaris papillata Leske, 1778 = E ohinus 

oidaris Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonomy. Linnaeus' original concept of Eohinus oidaris, before the 

publication of the tenth edition of his Systema N aturae, seems to have been based on a large, denuded 

Phyllaoanthus, which was figured by Loven (1887, pl. · 

5) under the name E chin us oidaris L. In the tenth 

edition, Linnaeus altered the description of Eohinus 

oidaris so that it does not fit that specimen but does 

apply to the species living in the "Oceano Norvegico," 

which has since been identified as Oidaris papillata 

Leske (Loven, 1887,p.149). 

H. L. Clark (1909, p. 88) cites Oidarites metu.laria 

Lamarck as the type species of Euoidaris Pomel ( 1883, 

p. 109) . This designation is not valid, for that species 

is not 1 of the 6 (all Jurassic) named by Pomel. These 

Jurassic species are 0. morieri, 0. honorinae, 0. propinqua, 0. monilifera, and 0. multipunotata. I here 

desigfiate Oidarites monilifera Goldfuss (1826; Cotteau, 1875-1880, p. 163, pls. 185, 186) as the type of 

Euoidaris. Whether the genuine Euoidaris should be 

considered a valid subgenus of Oidaris, as Pomel proposed it, or a genus, as Mortensen (1928, p. 384) treats 

it, I am not prepared to recommend. 

According to Mortensen, Oidaris oidaris ranges in 

shape from nearly spherical to flattened ; in size from 

less than 18 mm in horizontal diameter to more than 

59 mm. Small specimens have 5 or 6 tiers of interambulacral plates,- large ones have 8 or 9. The ambulacra are distinctly sinuous; they are one-fifth as 

wide as the interambulacra, and the interporiferous 

zones are about twice as wide as the poriferous zones. 

Mortensen's ( 1928, pl. 31, figs. 1-7) figures show that 

the apical system is subpentagonal, some:what more 

than half as wide as the horizontal diameter; it is 

slightly larger than the peristo~e, which is plainly 

pentagonal. Each interambulacral plate has one large 

perforated primary tubercle in a rather depressed 

areole, which is bordered by a ring of imperforate 

:tniliary tubercles somewhat larger than those that 

cover the rest of the plate. The primary spines are 

long, slender to robust, gently tapering to fusiform. 

The shaft is provided with fine spicules arranged in 

12 to 16longitudinal ridges. 

Cidaris abyssicola (A. Agassiz) 

Dorocidaris abyssicola A. Agassiz, 1869, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull. v.l, p. 253. 

Oidaris ( Dorocidaris) papillata (Leske) (part). A. Agassiz, 

1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, 

p. 254, pl. 1, figs. 1-4. 

Dorocidaris abyssicola A. Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1907, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 51, no. 7, p. 208. 

Oidaris abyssicola (A. Agassiz). Mortensen, 1928, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 301, pl. 31, :figs. 11-14; pl. 33, 

:fig. 4. Includes additional synonymy. 

Dorocidaris abys.sicola A. Agassiz. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 6. 

Occurrence.-Off the eastern coast Of North America south 

of Marthas Vineyard at depths usually greater than 200 meters. 

It has not been reported fossil. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Type.-Probably in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

Cambridge, Mass. · 

Remarks.-A. Agassiz ( 1872) united this species with the 

very variable Oidaris papillata (=0. cidaris), from which it is 

distinguishable by its smooth primary spines (H. L. Clark, 

1907, p. 208). 

I 
CIDARIDAE 9 

Cidaris A:ffinis Philippi 

Oidaris af/inis Philippi, 1845, Archiv fi.ir Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. 

11, v. 1, p. 351. 

Tretocidaris af/inis (Philippi). H. L. Clark, 1907, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 51, p. 203. 

Stylocidaris af/inis (Philippi). Mortensen, 1928, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 336, pl. 36, ~gs. 1-7; pl. 72, fig. 15. 

Includes additional synonymy. 

According to Mortensen ( 1928) the apical system 

is about half the horizontal diameter, and the peristome 

is somewhat smaller. The horizontal diameter of 15 

specimens ranges from 4 mm to 43 mm, and the number of tiers of interambulacral plates ranges from 4 

to 7. The ambulacra are scarcely distinguishable from 

those of 0. cidaris. The long, slender spines are provided with about 18 longitudinal serrate ridges. 

Occurrence.-Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and off 

Florida, in water 30 meters to 1000 meters deep. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Type.-Unknown. 

Remarks.-This species was identified as Dorocidaris papillata ( =Oidaris cidar·is) by A. Agassiz (1872) but later was 

made the type of a new genus, Stylocidaris Mortensen (1909). 

Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) 

Pia te 1, figures 1, 2 

Oidarites tribuloides Lamarck, 1816, His to ire na turelle des 

anima ux sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 56 ; 2d ed. ( 1840), v. 3, 

p. 380. 

Oidaris trib~tloides (Lamarck). A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pt. 2, p. 99, 253, 

pl. 1d; pl. 2, figs. 1-3; pl. 2c, fig. 13. 

Oidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). H. L. Clark, 1907, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 51, no. 7, p. 185. 

Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1928, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 400, pl. 41, figs. 9-16; pl. 48, 

fig. 1 ; pl. 73, fig. 1 ; pl. 86, fig. 16. Includes additional 

synonymy. 

Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). H. L. Clark, 1933, New York 

Acad. Sci., Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin 

Islands, v. 16, pt. 1, p. 76. 

Oidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 5. 

Apical system subcircular or subpentagonal, easily 

detached, less than half the horizontal diameter. Periproct pentagonal, covered with polygonal plates. 

Peristome circular, nearly half the horizontal diameter, 

covered with imbricating plates. Ambulacra nearly 

straight; poriferous zones narrower than the interpuriferous zones; zygopores slightly oblique, pores separated by a projecting wall; interporiferous zones bordered on each side by ·a row of imperforate miliary 

tubercles interspersed with small granules. Interambulacra composed of 5 to 12 tiers of plates in individuals ranging from 10 mm to 53 mm in horizontal 

diameter (Mortensen, 1928, p. 402). Each plate supports on . its outer edge one large raised perforated 

tubercle surrounded by a ring of imperforate miliary 

tubercles; median part covered by transverse rows of 

smaller imperforate miliary tubercles. Primary tubercles supporting long, rather thick, cylindrical spines 

decorated with longitudinal rows of circular nodes; 

miliary circles bearing short, flat, ribbed spines; other 

miliary tubercles bearing shorter, narrower, flat spines. 

Horizontal diameter of an individual having 8 tiers 

of coronal plates, 34.5 mm; height 24 mm; diameter 

of apical system, 14.3 mm; diameter of peristome, 

15.6mm. 

This description is based mainly on specimens from 

Jamaica (USNM 27843). 

Occurrence.-Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina to Bermuda and Brazil. It is mainly a littoral form but has been· 

dredged from water as deep as 450 meters. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Type.-Jardin des Plantes, Paris (fide A. Agassiz). Figured 

specimen USNM 562261, from the north shore of Cuba, R. E. 

Dickerson. 

Remarks.-This common West Indian species has not been 

found fossil in the United States. Jackson (1922) figures it 

from questionable Miocene deposits near Santiago, Cuba. It is 

easily distinguishable from Oidaris abyssicola by the greater 

number of its coronal plates and by its conspicuously raised, 

not sunken, primary tubercles. 

Oidaris tribuloides has been referred to Eucidaris Pomel 

(1883, p. 109) on the supposition that Oidarites metularia 

Lamarck is the type of Eucidaris. 

Cidaris splendens (Morton) 

Plate 1, ·figure 10 

Oidarites splendeus Morton, 1841, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., v. 1, p. 132. Typographical error for splendens. 

Oidarites armiger· Morton, 1842, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser.1, v. 8, p. 215, pl. 2, fig.1. 

Oidaris splendens (Morton). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 97, p. 33, pl. '6, figs. 3a-g. 

Oidaris splendens (Morton). Clark in Weller, 1907, New Jersey Geol. Survey Paleontology ser., v .. 4, p. 279, pl. 7, figs. 

1-9. 

Oidaris splendens (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, p. 46, pl. 9, figs. 4a-b, 5a-f, 6. 

Oidaris splendens (Morton). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 15, no. 1. Not pl. 1, fig. 12 ( =Oidaris sp. aff. a. spiendens). Not pl. 1, figs. 13-15 (=Tylocidarisf sp.). 

Apical system occupying more than half the horizontal diameter, circular, larger than the peristome. Ambulacra sinuous; poriferous zones narrow, zygopores 

oblique, pores separated by a high wall; interpo:r:iferous zones more than twice as wide as the poriferous 

zones, bordered on each side by a row of beadlike im-. 

perforate tubercles, median part covered by S'everal 

rows of smaller beads. Interambulacra composed of 

about six tiers of coronal plates, each with a large perforate tubercle, which occupies only about half of the 
10 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

plate; remainder of pl:M;e covered with coarse beads. 

Peristome about half the horizontal diameter, pentagonal. Spines long, cylindrical. 

Horizontal diameter of specimen figured by Clark 

(USNM 559497) 39.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek (Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia 1454, S. G. Morton, type). Vincentown (USNM 

559497, F. B. Meek). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1454. 

Remarks.-Oidaris splendens has proportionately fewer and 

larger coronal plates than 0. pratti and 0. tribuloides or 

Phyllacanthus mortoni, and consequently its plates ~re narrower and more nearly equilateral. 

Cidaris sp. a:tl'. C. splendens (Morton) 

Plate 1, :figure 11 

O·idaris splendens (Morton) part. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 5, pl. 1, :fig.12. 

Fragments of a Oidaris having coarsely beaded plates 

resembling those of Oidaris splendens are rare in the 

Salt Mountain limestone. Inasmuch as the fragments 

represent a test much smaller than those of Oidaris 

splendens, the species is probably different. Spindleshaped spines in the Salt Mountain are tentatively referred to Tylocidaris. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Salt Mountain, 6 miles south of 

Jackson, Clarke County (USGS 13395, C. W. Cooke; USGS 

3646, T. W. Vaughan). Richmond Branch, 0.5 mile north of 

Salt Mountain (L. D. Toulmin). 1 Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Salt Mountain limestone. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 498S79a. 

Cidaris pratti Clark 

Plate 1, :figures 6, 18, 19 

Oidaris pratti Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 114, 

pl. 55, :fig~ 3. 

Oidaris ·smithi Clark, 1915, idem, p. 157, pl. 73, figs. 2a-c, 3. 

Not Oidaris smithii Wright, 1855. 

Oidaris (Dorocidaris) sm.ithi Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 560. 

Oidaris pratti Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, idem. p. 559. 

Oidaris pratti Clark. Kellum, 1!)26, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 143, p. 14. 

Oidaris smithi Clark. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no.1, p. 5. 

Test small to medium sized. Apical system circular, 

small. Peristome unknown. Ambulacra straight, 

fairly wide for the 'genus; zygopores slightly oblique, 

separated by a strong thread, which gives the pores a 

conjugate appearance though they are separated by a 

raised wall; interporiferous zones about as wide as 

the poriferous zones, bordered by a row of large nodules, one to each zygopore, rows separated by a variable 

number of smaller granules. Interambulacra composed of many coronal plates, at least nine tiers in the 

type of 0. smithij tubercles well elevated, perforated, . 

those on the upper half smooth, others crenulated; remainder of plate covered with large granules. Detached spines cylindrical, set with longitudinal serrate 

ridges separated by finely lined spaces. 

I-Iorizontal diameter of type of 0. smithi (slightly 

crushed), about 35 mm. Diameter of apical system 

11.6 mm. Fragments _from North and South Carolina· 

are smaller. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: Wilmington (USGS 782, type; 

783, T. W. Stanton; USGS 5611, USNM 166500b, 166504, L. W. 

Stephenson; USGS 7302, B. L. Miller). Castle Hayne (USGS 

4286, L. W. Stephenson). 

South Carolina : Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal near Eadytown; Berkeley County (USGS 18353, C. W. Cooke and F. S. 

MacNeil). 

Alabama : The Rocks, sec. 35, T 9 N, R 1 E, Clark County 

(USNM 498880, type of 0. smithi Clark, T. H. Aldrich). 

Geologic unit.-Middle and late Eocene; Castle Hayne or 

Santee Umestone in North Carolina, Santee limestone in South 

Carolina, probably Ocala limestone in Alabjtma. 

Types.-USNM 164663, a fragment. Type of 0. smithi Clark, 

USNM 498880, the :figured specimen. 

Oomparisons.-Oidaris pratti differs from Phyllacan.thus mortoni in its relatively more numerous coronal plates, the narrowness and greater inclination. of its zygopores, and the more 

perfect roundness of its horizontal outline. It probably did 

not grow so large. It has more coronal plates than 0. splendens, and its ambulacra are straighter. The th;reads separating 

its zygopores are much higher and more conspicuous than those 

of 0. tribuZoides. Its perforated tubercles and cylindrical 

spines distinguish it from Tylocidaris walcotti. · 

Genus Phyllacanthus :Brandt 

Oidarites (PhyZlacanthus) Brandt, 1835, Prodomus descriptionis animalium, p. 67. 

?Rabdocidaris Desor, 1855, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, fasc. 

1, p. 2, 39. 

Leiocidaris Desor, 1856, idem, fasc. 3, p. 48. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Cotteau, 1861, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain cretace, ser.1, v. 7, p. 335. 

Oidaris (Phyllacanthus) Brandt. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pt. 1, p. 149; 1873, 

pt. 3, p. 387. 

?Rabdocidaris Desor. De Loriol, 1873, Echinologie helvetique, 

pt. 2, p. 57. 

Leiocidaris Desor. De Loriol, 1873, idem, p. 63. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Cotteau, 1875, Paleontologie fran9aise, 

Terrain jurassique, ser.1, v. 10, p. 247. 

?Rhabdocidaris (PJL.ylla.canthus) Brandt. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 111. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Doderlein, 1887, Die japanischen 

Seeigel, pt. 1, p. 42. 

Leiocidaris Desor. Doderlein, 1887, idem, p: 43. 

Oidari8 (Rhabdocidaris) Desor. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. 

London Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p. 31. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Cotteau, 1892, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v. 2, p. 451. 

Phyllacanthus Brandt. DOderlein, 1906, Wissenschaftliche 

Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem 

Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898-1899, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 103. 
CIDARIDAE 11 

PhylZacanthus Brandt. H. L. Clark, 1907, Harvard Gollege Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 51, no. 7, p. 186. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 2, p. 136. 

Leiocidaris Desor. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, idem, p. 153. 

?Rhabdocidaris Desor. Mortensen, 1928, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 490. 

PhyZlacanthus Brandt. Mortensen, 1928, idem, p. 500. 

PhyZZacanthus Brandt. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no.l, p. 3. 

Type species, Oidarite8 (Phyllacanthu8) dUbiU8 

Brandt, designation validated by Opinion 208 of the 

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 

This Recent species, known only from the Bonin Islands (Mortensen, 1928, p. 512), has sometimes been 

confused with PhyllacanthU8 imperf.:ali8 (Lamarck), 

the type species of Leiocidaris Desor, designated by de 

Loriol ( 1873, p. 63) . 

The type species of Rabdocidari8 Desor is Oidari8 

orbigny ana Agassiz ( Cotteau, 1878, p. 299, pl. 223-226) 

a Jurassic species, designated by Savin ( 1903, p. 23). 

It is large, has wide poriferous zones, conjugate pores, 

transverse zygopores, and strongly crenulated tubercles. Besides the greater size of this species, which is 

not a distinctive generic feature, the most conspicuous 

difference between it and Phyllacanthu8 dubiU8 appears 

to be the crenulation of its tubercles-a feature of little 

taxonomic importance. 

Phyllacanthu8 dubiU8 differs from Oidari8 cidari8 

in. the proportionately larger size of its apics.l system, 

the more conspicuous conjugation of its pores, its transverse, not inclined zygopores, and its proportionately 

fewer coronal plates. 

Phyllacanthus morton! (Conrad) 

Plate 1, figures 15-17 

?Oidaris alabamensis Morton, 1846, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 3, p. 51. 

Oidarites mortoni Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser. 2, v. 2, p. 40, pl.1, fig. 13. 

Oidaris mitchellii Emmons, 1858, North. Carolina Geological 

Survey, Agriculture of the eastern counties, p. 305, fig. 237, 

Oidaris carolinensis Emmons, 1858, idem, p. 305, fig. 238. 

?Oidaris blandus de Gregorio, 1890, Monographie de lap faune 

eocenique de 1' Alabama, p. 253, pi: 44, fig. 5. Typographical 

error for blandis. 

?Oidaris moerens de Gregorio, 1890, idem, p. 252, . pl. 43, figs. 

22, 23. 

?Oidaris modestus de Gregorio, 1890, idem, p. 253, pl. 43, fig. 26 . . 

?Oidaris ordinatus de Gregorio, 1890, idem, p. 252, pl. 44, fig. 1. 

?Oidwris perdubius de Gregorio, 1890, idem, p. 253, pl. 44, fig. 2. 

?Oidaris moeroos de Gregorio. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Mon:. 54, p. 115. Typographical error for 

moerens. 

?Oidaris modestus de Gregorio. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

idem, p. 115. 

?Oidaris ordinatus de Gregorio, Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

idem, p. 115. 

?Oidaris perdubius de Gregorio. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

idem, p. 116. 

?Oidaris blandis de Gregorio. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, idem, 

p.116. 

Oidaris mortoni (Conrad). Clark · and Twitchell, idem, p. 157, 

pl. 73, fig. 1. 

?Oidaris alabamensis Morton. Clark and Twitchell, idem, p. 

116. ' 

Oidaris georgiana Clark in Clark an:d Twitchell, idem, p. 158, 

pl. 73, fig. 4. 

Oidaris (Dorocidaris) georgiana Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 560. 

Leiocidaris caroZinensis (Emmons). Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, idem, p. 560. 

Leiocidaris mitchelli (Emmons). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

idem, p. 560. 

P~yllacanthus mortoni (Conrad). Cooke,· 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, n:o.1, p. 3, pl. 1, figs.16-18. 

Oidaris (Phyllacanthus) mortoni (Conrad). Fischer, 1951, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 55. 

Test large, maximum known horizontal diameter 

about 75· mm. Apical system subcircular, larger than 

peristome. Ambulacra nearly uniform in width, ribbonlike; poriferous 'zones about twice as wide as the 

interporiferous zones; pores round or oval, conjugate; 

zygopores transverse, separated by a ridge; interporiferous zones granular. Interambulacra composed of 

about 8-10 tiers of plates, the median area somewhat 

sunken; plates wider than high; tubercles smooth, perforated, high; granules arranged in transverse rows . 

separated by a groove. Peristome pentagonal, the 

angles truncated at the ambulacra. 

Disconnected spines from near Albany, Georgia 

(USGS ' 7121), where Phyllacanthu8 rnortoni is the 

only cidarid known, are decorated with longitudinal 

rows of spinelets. On some the spinelets are uniform . 

in size; others have longer thornlike spinelets at regular intervals. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Washington County (type of Oidaris 

alabamensis, fide Morton). Clarke County 5 miles southeast 

of Whatley (USGS 7159, C. W. Cooke). Claiborne, Monroe 

County (types of Oidaris blandis, 0. modestus, 0. moerens, 0. 

ordinatus, 0. perdubius). South of the center of sec. 22, T 

1 N, R 18 E, 0.75 mile west of Adams Crossroads, Covington 

County (USGS 16923, F. S. MacNeil). 

Georgia : Near Palmyra, Lee County (type of 0. mortoni). 

Flint River at bridge of Seaboard Railway west of Coney, 

Crisp County (USGS 4034, S. W. McCallie). North of Albany 

(USGS_ 3617, type of Oidaris georgiana, T. W. Vaughan) 

USGS 7121, C. W. Cooke; USGS 12021, C. W. Cooke and W. H. 

Monroe). Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals (USGS 7126, C. W. 

Cooke). Flint River at Normans Ferry (USGS 7127, C. W. 

Cooke and J. E. Brantly). ' Newton road 7%, miles from Bainbridge (USGS 3770, S. W. McCallie). Bainbridge (USGS 6171, 

L. W. Stephenson; USGS 7097, C. W. Cooke; USGS 13611, 

A. F. Foerste). 

Florida: Kendrick, Marion ·county (USGS 14125, W. C. 

Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Pit on Steinhatchee River in 

Dixie County north of US 19 (USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke; R. B. 
12 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Becker). Perry road 5.2 miles west of Mayo, Lafayette County 

(USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke). 

North Carolina: Craven County (types of aiaaris carolin~nsis and a. mitchellii). 

Geologic 1tnit.-Middle and late Eocene: Gosport sand (Claiborne, Ala.) ; Ocala limestone (Alabama, Georgia, and Florida) ; Castle Hayne limestone or Santee limestone (North 

Carolina). 

Types.-The types of aidaris alabamensis and aidarites 

mortoni appear to be lost; they are not in the Academy of 

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The types of aidaris carolinensis and a. mitchellii are in the United States National 

Museum, USNM 498882 and 498883, respectively, deposited by 

Williams College. The types of Oidaris blandis, 0. modesttts, 

a. moerens, 0. ordinatus, and a. perdubius presumably are in 

the De Gregorio collection at Palermo, Italy. They are unidentifiable fragments of spines resembling spines from USGS 

7159. The type of a i daris georgi ana is USNM 166485. 

Oomparisons.-Phyllacanthus mortoni is larger, when mature, 

than any other cidarid from the Eastern States. Its ambulacra 

are straighter, its zygopores are wider and more nearly transverse, and its pores are more conspicuously conjugate. Its 

ambulacra are more constricted along the median suture-a 

feature that becomes more conspicuous with increasing size. 

There is considerable variation in the coarseness of its granulation. The granules on the type of a. carolinensis are coarser 

than those of 0. mitchellii, which are more like the average 

specimen from Georgia. 

Genus Tylocidaris Pomel 

Tyloci daris Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des 

echinides, p. 109. 

'l'yloci daris Pomel. Doderlain, 1887, Die japanischen Seeigel, 

Theil 1, p. 41. 

'l'ylocidaris Pomel. H. L. Clark, 1909, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 51, p. 183. 

Tylocidaris Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 2, p. 156. 

Tylocidaris Pomel. Mortensen, 1928, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 1, p. 485. 

Tylocidaris Pomel. Mortensen, 1934, Geol. Mag., v. 71, no; 843, 

p. 398. 

Tylocidaris Pomel. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, 

p. 6. 

Type species, Oidaris gibberula Agassiz, from the 

Cenomanian of France, designated by Savin (1905, 

p. 282). This species was described from an isolated 

spine. As figured by Cotteau (1862, p. 234, ·pl. 1051, 

figs; 15-18; pl. 1054, figs. 1-7), Tylocidaris gibberula 

differs from Oidaris cidaris chiefly in its in1perforate 

tubercles and spindle-shaped spines. Tylocidaris 

clavigera (Konig), from the White Chalk of England, 

has bludgeon-shaped spines, and some of its tubercles 

' show a rudimentary perforation. Mortensen ( 1928, 

p. 486) considers it as the type species. 

Tylocidaris walcotti (Clark) 

Plate 1, figures 7-9 

aidaris wal~otti Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Unit. Circ., v. 10, 

no. 87, p. 75. 

Oidaris walcotti Clark. Clark, 1893, idem, v. 12, no. 103, p. 51. 

Oidaris walcotti Clark. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

97,p.37,pl.6,:figs.4a-d. 

Oidaris walcotti Clark. Clark in Weller, 1907, New Jersey 

Geol. Survey, Paleontology ser., v. 4, p. 281, pl. 7, :figs. 10-13. 

aiaaris walcotti Clark. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 45, pl. 9, :figs. 3a-d. 

aidaris walcotti Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, Nomenclature raisonee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 559. 

Tylocidaris walcotti (Clark). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 15, no. 1, p. 6. 

Test small. Ambulacra narrow; zygopores short, 

pores round, close together, separated by a wall; interporiferous zones having two rows of small imperforate 

tubercles. Primary tubercles imperforate, sunken, 

widely separated; miliary-spaces coarsely granulated. 

Height of type, a :fragment, 12.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek (type). Vincentown. Blackwoodstown (USNM 18828, F. B. Meek). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1451. Figured specimen 

(pl..1, :figs. 7, 8). USNM 18828 . . 

Tylocidaris 1 salina Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 1, :figures 12-14 

Oidaris splendens (Morton) part. Cooke, 1915, Jour. Paleontology,v.15,no.1,p.5,pl.1,:figs.13-15. 

Spines stout, fusiform, with nodose longitudinal. ribs. 

Length of longest co type 22 mm; maximum diameter 

4.1mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Salt Mountain, Clarke County, about 

5 miles south of Jackson (USGS 3646, USNM 166498, T. W. 

Vaughan; USGS 13395, USNM 498879b, type, C. W. Cooke). 

Richmond Branch, lh mile north of Salt Mountain (L. D. Toulmin). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Salt Mountain limestone. 

Types.-USNM 498879b, from USGS 13395. 

Remm·ks.-This species, known only from · detached spines, 

differs from Oidaris' splendens (Morton) in the shape of its 

spines, which are shorter and fusiform as contrasted with long 

and straight sided. They are much longer and more slender 

than those of Tylocidaris macneili Cooke. They are fairly common in the Salt Mountain limestone. 

Tylocidaris macneili Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 1, :figures 3-5 

Test small, globular. Ambulacra straight, narrow; 

pores small, close together; zygopores slightly oblique. 

Interambulacra wide, coarsely granulated; tubercles 

proportionately large, smooth, protruding, imperforate. 

Disconnected spines longitudinally ribbed, nodose, terminating in a rosette; short and strongly clubshaped 

or weakly fusiform; very large in-proportion to the size 

of the test. 

Height of test 7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Road cut in the SW 1,4 sec. 36, T. 9 

N, R 28 E, in Henry County (USGS 18053, 15178, IJ'. S. MacNeil). 
SALENIIDAE 13 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Clayton formation. 

Types.-Holotype, a fragment of the test, USNM 562262a; 

paratypes, disconnected spines, USNM 562262'b, c. 

Remarks.-This species, though much smaller, is similar to 

T_ylocidaris clavigera (Konig) from the Senonian of Europe. 

There is no assurance that the spines figured represent the same 

species, though similar spines are attached to a test of Tylocidaris baltica figured by Mortensen (1928, p. 485, fig. 152). 

Other longer, more slender spines from the same locality may 

represent a species of Oidaris. 

Family SALENIIDAE 

Genus Salenia Gray 

Salenia Gray, 1835, Zool. Soc. London Proc., v. 3, p. 58. 

Salenia Gray. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 2, p. 367. Includes additional synonymy. 

Salenia Gray. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 7. 

Salenia Gray. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 

202. 

Salenia Gray. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 254, 

p. 5. 

Type species Oidarites scutiger Munster (in Goldfuss, 1826, pt. 1, p. 121, pl. 49, figs. 4a-b), by monotypy, 

from the Cenomanian of Germany. This species has 

been figured also by Cotteau (1861, p. 154, pls. 1036, 

1037) and by ~1:ortensen (1935, p. 369, fig. 195a-c), 

who copies some of Cotteau's figures. The specific 

name, meaning "shield bearer" or "shield bearing," was 

suggested by the thick, rigid shieldlike apical system, 

which includes 5 exsert ocular plates, 5 perforated 

genital plates, and a central suranal plate. The periproct occupies an eccentric location behind and to the 

right of the suranal plate. The peristome is circular 

and plainly notched. The ambulacra are narrow and 

r,ibbonlike, as in Oidaris, and. are decorated with 2 rows 

of small, even, imperforate tubercles, 1 to every other 

zygopore, and small granules. The number of interambulacral plates varies with the age (four and seven 

tiers are shown by Cotteau), and each plate carries 

granules and small tubercles, which do not form a 

continuous ring around the primary tubercle. 

Salenia first appeared in the Early Cretaceous; three 

species are recognized in the Comanche series of Texas, 

and one in the Anacacho limestone of Late Cretaceous 

age (Cooke, 1953, p. 6) . Only one species is known in 

the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age of New Jersey, 

and one in the Salt Mountain limestone of Paleocene 

age of Alabama. Mortensen describes five species 

living in the oceans at depths ranging from 90 to 540 

meters. 

Specific distinctions in Salenia are based primarily 

on the shape and ornamentation of the apical plates, 

both of which features are subject to considerable individual variation. Young individuals commonly appear 

to be more depressed than mature ones because their 

apical system is proportionately larger. As the coronal 

plates increase in size and number, the shape of the test 

becomes more nearly globular. 

Salenia tumidula Clark 

Plate 2, figures 1-7 

Salenia tumidula Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., v. 10, 

no. 87, p. 75. 

Salenia bellula Clark, 1891, idem, v. 10, no. 87, p. 75. 

Salenia tumid-tkla Clark. Clark, 1893, idem, v. 12, no. 103, p. 51. 

Saleni-a bell1tla Clark. Clark, 1893, idem, v. 12, no. 103, p. 51. 

Salenia tumidula Clark. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

97, p. 41, pl. 11, figs. 1a-j. 

Salenia bellula Clark. Clark, 1893, idem, p. 43, pl. 11, fig . 2a-g. 

Salenia tumidula Clark. Clark in Weller, 1907, New Jersey 

Geol. Survey, Paleontology ser., v. 4, p. 282, pl. 8, figs. 1-10. 

Salenia bellula Clark. Clark in Weller, 1907, idem, p. 283, pl. 

8, figs.ll-17. 

Salenia tumidula Clark. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 50, pl. 13, figs. 1a- j. 

Salenia bellula Clark. Clark, 1915, idem, p. 51, pl. 13, figs. 2a-g. 

Salenia tumidula Clark. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

15, no. 1, p. 7. 

Salenia bellula Clark. Cooke, 1941, idem, p. 7. 

Test small, subglobular. Apical systen1 pentagonal, 

all the plates shaped like cogwheels and decorated with 

nodular threads radiating frmn the center; ocular 

plates a segment of about 150° with the apex outward, 

all exsert. Periproct subtriangular, at the junction of 

the suranal plate and two genital plates, encroaching 

on all three, bo~dered by a thickened rim. Ambulacra 

narrow, of nearly uniform width throughout, slightly 

sinuous, containing two rows of imperforate tubercles, 

one on each plate, separated by granules; poriferous 

zones uniserial, zygopores oblique, two to each plate. 

Interambulacra containing about five tiers of plates, 

each having one primary, erenulated, raised, imperforate tubercle, those near the ambitus much the largest; small tubercles and granules numerous. Peristome 

circular, about 0.4 times the horizontal diameter, 

weakly notched. 

Diameter of type 13.3 mm; height 9.9 mm. Diameter of type of S. bellUila 12.6 n1m; height 9.0 mm. 

Diameter of USNM 29471a 12.3 mm; height 8.1 mm. 

The largest specimen at hand n1easures 15.2 mm in 

diameter. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek near Vincentown 

(types). Rancocas Creek near Vincentown (USNM 29471, 

Charles Schuchert). E. Roberts' farm 2¥2 miles west of Vincentown on road to Cross Roads, Burlington County (USGS 16924, 

F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Types.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1448 (type of S. tumidula and 1446 (type of S. bellula). Figured specimen USNM 

29471a. 
14 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Family ORTHOPSIDAE 

Genus ECHINOPSIS Agassiz 

Echinopsis Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum 

echinodermatum, p. 9, 18. 

Echinopsis Agassiz. .Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes (reprint), p. 50. 

Echinopsis .Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 98. · 

Hebertia Michelin, 1859, Soc. geol. France Bull., ser. 2, v. 17, 

p.147. 

Echinopsis Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 99. 

H ebertia Michelin. Po mel, 1883, idem, p. l03. 

Echinopsis Agassiz. Cotteau, 1893, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v. 2, p. 577. 

Hebertia Michelin. Cotteau, 1893, idem, p. 588. 

Echinopsis .Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echindes, fasc. 3, p. 185. 

Echinopsis Agas·siz. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of' the Echinoidea,v.3,pt.2,p.35. 

Type species, E chino psis elegans Agassiz, from the 

Eocene of France, designated by Lambert and Thiery 

(1910, p. 185). This species, though generally credited 

tQ Des Moulins ( 1836) was first described in Agassiz and 

Desor ( 1846). Agassiz's original description of the 

genus listed no described species, only four nomina 

nuda, among them E. elegans as first named. 

Cotteau's (1893, pis. 338, 339) figures of E. elegans 

show a more or less inflated test having a pentagonal 

apical system with small ocular plates, two of which 

reach the large, central periproct, and very wide genital 

plates. The ambulacra have narrow, trigeminate, uniserial poriferous zones bordered by a row of smooth, 

perforated primary tubercles; the median area contains 

several small tubercles. Though the zygopores maintain a fairly straight line from apex to peristome, the 

line curves a little around each tubercle; they appear 

not to be doubled or distorted near the peristome. The 

interambulacra are about twice as wide as the ambulacra; their plates are transversely elongated, and each 

plate bears one smooth, central, perforated primary 

tubercle and many small tubercles or granules. The 

peristome is about one-third of the total diameter; it is 

conspicuously notched. 

Mortensen (1943, p. 38) excludes E chinopsis from the 

Orthopsidae because its primary tubercles Jtre supposedly crenulate, yet Co~teau's figures of the type species 

show smooth tubercles. Crenulation appears to be of 

little significance, for some species of echinoids -contain -

smooth and crenulated tubercles on the same individual. 

Echinopsis diatreta (Morton) 

Plate 2, figures 8-11 

Oidaris diatretum Morton, 1833, .A.m. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, v. 23, 

p. 294. 

Oidarites diatretum (Morton). Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the 

organic remains of the Cretaceous, p. 75, pl. 10, fig. 10. 

I 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis 

des echinides fossiles, p. 73. 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Cotteau, 1864, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 7, p. 519. 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 97, p. 46, pl. 13, figs.1a-f. 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Clark in Weller, 1907, 

New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology Series, v. 4, p. 285, 

pl. 9, figs. 1-6. . 

Polydiadema diatretum (Morton). Lambert and Thiery, 1910, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 3, p. 190. 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 56, pl. 19, figs. 1a-f. 

Pseudodiadema diatretum (Morton). Cooke, 1941, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.15, no.1, p. 8. 

As figured by Clark, the type of this species is a 

tumid disc 35 mm in diameter and 13 mm high. The 

ambulacra are two-thirds as wide as the interambulacra. The poriferous zones are narrow, nearly straight, 

with three or four zygopores to each compound plate. 

Each area has two rows of large, perforated, crenulated 

primary tubercles. The peristome is circular, weakly 

notched, and occupies one-third of the total diameter. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Gloucester (type), Timber Creek, 

and Vincentown (fide Clark). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocen·e, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-.A.cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1471, apparently lost or 

mislaid. 

Remarks.-This species seems to fit Echinopsis better than 

Pseudodiadema because its zygopores are not multiplied around 

the peristome, which is much smaller and less lobate than that 

of P. pseudodiadema, and its byssal notches are shallower. 

Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE 

Genus LYTECHINUS A. Agassiz 

Lytechinus .A. . .Agassiz, 1863, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., v.1, p. 24. 

Lyteohinus A. Agassiz. Verrill, 1867; Connecticut .A.cad. Arts 

and Sci. Trans., v.1, p. 302. 

Schizechinus Pomel, 1869, Revue des echinodermes, p. 42. 

Oligophyma Pomel, 1869, Revue des echinodermes, p. 43. 

A.napesus Holmes. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 80. 

Oligophyma Pomel, 1883, idem, p. 81. 

Lytechinus .A.. Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1912, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 24, pt. 2, p. 244. 

Lytechinus A. Agassiz. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no.1, p.16. 

Lytechinus A. .Agassiz. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 434. Includes additional synonymy. 

Oligophyma Pomel. Mortensen, 1943, idem, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 462. 

Sohizechinus Pomel. Mortensen, 1943, idem, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 463. 

Type species, E chin us V(Jfl'iegatus Lamarck 1816 = 

Oidaris variegata (part) Leske 1778, designated by V errill (1867). This species should not be confused with 

Tripne'UJ8tes gratilla (Linnaeus), which Leske included 

in 0. variegata and which Alexander Agassiz figured 
TOXOPNEUSTIDAE 15 

onder the name H ipponoe variegata. (See H. L. Clark, 

1912, footnote.) 

Lytechinus variegatus (Leske) 

Plate 2, figures 12, 13 

Oidaris variegata (part) Leske, 1778, Klein's NaturaUs dispositio Echinodermatum, p. 149, pl. 10, figs. B, C. I 

Echinus variegatus Lamarck. Holmes, 1860, Post-Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1. · 

ToxopneU8tes variegatus (Lamarck). Clark and Twitchell, 

1915, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 222. 

Lytechinus variegatus (Leske). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology,v.15,no.1,p.17. I 

Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1* 3, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 437. Includes additional synonymy. I 

Test hemispherical, large. Apical system lwith serrate outline; the two posterior ocular . platfs insert. 

Periproct large, oval, eccentric. Ambula9ra . wide, 

trigeminate, the upper two zygor>ores of each ~late near 

the outer edge, the lower one near the tuber1le; zygopores forming a continuous row along the penistome in 

each ambulacrum. Plates much wider than high near 

the ambitus. Tubercles smooth, imperforate;[ two continuous rows in each area, passing through 1Jhe center 

of each plate; additional rows in the intera bulacra 

not reaching the apex, leaving bare medi n areas. 

Peristome subpentagonal; about one-third he total 

diameter; gill slits deep. Spines rather short, tapering, 

longitudinally ribbed. 

Horizontal diameter of figured specimen, from a 

beach in Florida, 51 mm; height 26 mm; diameter of 

peristome 18 mm. · I 

Occurrence.-Recent: North Carolina to Santos, Brazil. 

South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal hear Little 

River (USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn) 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene and Recent. 

Figured specimen.-U SNM 562263. 

Lytechinus :floralanus (Cooke) 

Plate 2, figures 17-21 

Psammechinus ftoralanus Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleonto ogy, v. 15, 

no. 1, p. 15, pl. 3 figs. 10, 11. ~ 

Psammechinus'l ocalanus Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleont ogy, v. 15, 

no. 1, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 9-11. 

Test small, circular, depressed. Apical s 1stem unknown. Ambulacra nearly three-quarters as wide as 

the interambulacra; zygopores in arcs of thr~e to each 

compound plate, alined in oblique groups of tbJree; compound plates about twice as wide as hjgh. ~ubercles 

imperforate, smooth; primary tubercles in t~e center 

of each plate, two vertical rows in each area; tecondary 

tubercles nearly as large, in vertical rows. Granules 

encircling the primary tubercles and filling he intermediate spaces, leaving no bare areas. Peristome 

large ; notches as deep as wide. 

Horizontal diameter 22.5 mm; height 11 mm; diameter of peristome about 11 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Quarry of Florida Lime Products 

Company lA, mile northwest of Adams Crossroads on lower 

Hacoda-Florala road, Covington County (type, USGS 14604, F. 

S. MacNeil). 

Georgia: Bainbridge (USGS 13611, August Foerste, type 

of P. ocalanus). 

Geologi c unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 498891, from USGS 14604. Type of Psammechinus? ocalanus, USNM 498889. 

Remarks.-This species is represented by only the two imperfect types. Their gill slits, which are not well preserved, 

are much deeper and sharper than those of Psammechinus but 

seem to be shallower and proportionately wider than those of 

Lytechinus variegatus. Their coronal plates are less elongfl.ted 

than those of L. variegatus-probably because of their smaller 

size-and the entire surface is covered with tubercles or granules. The arrangement of the pores is similar to that of 

Oligophyma cellense Pomel (Mortensen, 1943, p. 463, fig. 290), 

but the secondary tubercles seem to be larger and more numerous than in that species. 

The type of P. ocalamts is smaller and not as well preserved 

as that of L. floralanus, but there seem to be no recognizable' 

specific differences. They probably occupied the same stratigraphic zone, though the type of L. ftoralanus was originally 

reported as late Oligocene. Mr. MacNeil has since recognized 

its horizon as Ocala limestone. 

Genus TRIPNEUSTES Agassiz 

Tripneustes Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, Introduction, p. 7. 

Tri pneustes Agassiz. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 

1, p.17. 

Tripneustes Agassiz. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 427. Includes additional 

synonymy. 

Type species, Eohinus ventrioosus Lamarck (1816), 

by original designation, a common West Indian species 

usually called Tripneustes esoulenta (Leske). 

Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck) 

Plate 2, figures 14-16 ' 

Echinus ventricosus Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des 

animaux sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 44. 

Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Agassiz and Desor, 1847, 

Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes (reprint), p. 59. ' 

Hipponoe esculenta (Leske) .. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard' College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, no. 4, p. 301, pl. 6fl.. 

figs. 1-3; pl. 8 fig. 29. 

Tripneustes esculent a (Leske). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.15, no. 1, p. 18. 

Tripneustes vent rico sus (Lamarck) . Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 490, pl. 33, fig. 4; 

pl. 36, figs. 1-4; pl. 37, figs. 3, 11, 12; pl. 38, figs. 5-8; pl. 

56, figs. 3, 6, 7, 9, 15-17. Includes additional synonymy. 

Test large; horizontal outline circular to subpentagonal; upper surface strongly inflated; lower surf,aee 

flatter; ambitus broadly rounded. Apical system 
16 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

rather large, outline serrate; two or more ocular plates 

broadly insert; covered with tubercles. Ambulacra 

evenly expanding to the ambitus; poriferous zones 

triserial, the outer rows of zygopores evenly ·aligned, 

the inner row irregular; zygopores crowded around 

the peristom:e. Peristome circular, deeply notched, of 

variable size, usually small. Periproct central, subcircular, covered with movable plates. Tubercles 

small, imperforate, in many vertical rows. 

Diameter of figured specimen, a comparatively small 

individual with unusually large peristome, 67 mm; 

height 38 mm; diameter of peristome 21 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida to Ferando Noronha, Brazil; west coast 

of Africa. 

Geologic unit.-Recent, littoral to about 15 fathoms. 

Figured specimen.-USNM E3042a, Barbados. 

Remarks.-Mortensen (1943, p. 497) has discussed the nomencia ture of this species. Oidaris esculent a Leske ( 1778, p. 7 4), 

with which it has been confused, is a synonym of Echinus 

esculentus Linnaeus. 

Family ECHINIDAE 

Genus PSAMMECHINUS Agassiz 

Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad) 

Plate 3, figures 1, 2 

Echinus philanthropus Conrad, 1843, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 1, p. 310. 

Echinus ruffini Forbes, 1845, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., 

v.1,p.426,figs.1a-d. 

Echinus ruffini Forbes. Forbes, 1845, Geol. Soc. London Proc., 

v. 4, p. 560, text figs. 

Echinus philanthropus Conrad. Conrad, 1846, Am. Jour. Sci., 

ser.2,v.1,no.2,p.220. 

Psammechinus emoletus Mc;Crady in Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, 

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 6. 

Psammechinus ruffini (Forbes). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 121. 

Echinus ruffini Forbes. Emmons, 1858, North Carolina Geol. 

Survey Report, Agriculture of the eastern counties, p. 306, 

figs. 239a-d. 

Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad). Meek, 1864, Check 

list of the invertebrate fossils of North America; Miocen·e, 

p.2. 

Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad). Stefanini, 1912, Soc. 

geol. italiana Bol., v. 30, p. 705. 

Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad). Clark and Twitchell, 

1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 181, pl. 84, figs. 6a-c. 

Psammechinus emoletus McCrady. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

idem, p. 182. , 

Eohinus (Psammechinus) Agassiz in Agassiz and Desor, 1846, Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad). Cooke, 1941, Jour. 

Annales Sci. Nat. (Zool.), ser~ 3, v. 6, p. 368 (1847, reprint, Paleontology, v.15, n:o.1, p.16. 

p. 64). Psammechinus exoletus McCrady. Cooke, 1941, idem, p. 16. 

Psammechinus Agassiz. Savin, 1903, Soc. histoire nat. 'de · · 1 1 f 1 Test small, hemiSpheriCa , ower sur ace gent y Savoie Bull., ser. 2, v. 8, p. 156. A • l d" 1· · h 1' 

Psammechinus Agassiz. Cooke, 1915, Jour. Paleontology, v. rounded. .ftpiCa system Icyc IC, Wit serrate out Ine; 

15, no. 1, p. 15. ocular and genital pores near the outer edges of the 

Psammechinus Agassiz. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the plates; a row of three tubercles bordering the periproct 

Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 123. Includes add it i 0 n a 1 on each genital plate and one central tubercle on each 

synonymy. ocular plate. Ambulacral zygopores arranged in 

· Type species E ohinus miliaris Muller, 1771, desig- oblique groups of three throughout. Ambulacra wider 

nated by Savin (1903, p. 156). This is the common than the interambulacra at the peristome. Periproct 

species living along the eastern coasts of the Atlantic large, obliquely oval. Peristome decagonal, very 

from Iceland to the Cape Verde Islands. It has been weakly notched. Tubercles large, smooth, imperfodescribed and figured by Mortensen ( 1943, p. 127, pl. rate; arranged in vertical rows, about four rows in 

10, figs. 3-5; pl. 18, figs. 1-7, 20-21'; pl. 58, figs. 19, each ambulacrum, eight in each interambulacrum at 

23-25) . Only one other Recent species is recognized the ambitus. Tubercles enci:t;cled by coarse granules. 

by Mortensen. Psammeohinus miliaris is rather small, - Horizontal diameter of figured specimen 22.8 mm; 

hen1ispherical, with a dicyclic apical system decorated height 14.4 mm; diameter of peristome 10.5 mm. 

with small tubercles. The ambU:lacra are rather nar- Occurrence.-Virginia: James River near Smithfield (type). 

row, regularly expanding to the ambitus, with triso- James River at J. A. Mogart's 5 miles north of Smithfield 

(USNM 166501, W. M. Twitchell). Rock Wharf road on Day's ciate plates; pores arranged in groups of three zygo- farm 1% miles northeast of Smithfield (W. M. Twitchell). 

pores, which become more oblique as the peristome is Day Point, James River (USGS 14065, w. C. Mansfield and 

approached. The peristome ranges in size from about C. W. l\fumm). Yorktown (USNM 373038, Julia Gardner). 

half the horizontal diameter in very small tests to about 2% miles northwest of Suffolk (USGS 10198, W. C. Mansfield). 

Burwell's Mill near Williamsburg (Charles Lyell, type of one-third in tests measuring 47 mm in horizontal diam- Echinus ruffini, fide Lyell. 

eter. The tubercles are small, imperforate, arranged North Carolina: Locality unknown (fide Emmons). 

in vertical rows, about six on the ambulacra and about South Carolina: Smith's, Goose Creek (type of Psammechi10 on the interambulacra . . The spines are short, rap- nus exoletus (fide Tuomey and Holmes). 

· · • Geologic unit.-Late Miocene: Yorktown formation in ·vir- idly tapering, longitudinally ribbed; transverse sec- ,ginia, Duplin marl in the Carolinas. 

tions resemble a wheel with spokes. Figured specimen.-USNM 562264. 
ECHINIDAE 17 

Oomparison.-Psammeckinus philanthropus is so closely related to the living P. miliaris (MUller) that they can scarcely 

be distinguished. The granulation in the Miocene species seems 

to be somewhat coarser, and the notches on the peristome 

weaker. 

Psammechinus santee Cooke 

Plate 3, figures 3, 4 

Psammechinus santee Cooke, 1941, .Jour, Paleontology, v. 15, no. 

1, p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8. 

Test small, subhemispherical; upper surface slightly 

depressed, lower surface rounded. Genital pores large, 

each with a small tubercle between the pore and the 

periproct; madreporite inflated. Ocular plates apparently not reaching the periproct. Periproct elliptical. 

Ambulacra about half as wide as the interambulacra; 

zygopores in oblique groups of three. Peristome large; 

gill slits wide and shallow. Tubercles imperforate, 

uniform in size; two rows on each ambula9rum, four 

on each interambulacrum. Spines long, slender, with 

fine serrate ribs. 

Diameter of most complete cotype 15.6 mm. ; height 

11mm. 

Occurrence.-South Car:olina: Orangeburg County not far 

from the Santee River (USGS 4255, Earl Sloan; probably 0.8 

mile east of the Keitt place, which is about 4lh miles northwest of Creston, now in Calhoun County). 

Geologic unit.-Early part of the middle Eocene, Congaree 

formation. 

Ootypes.-USNM 498890. 

Remarks.-This species is represented by impressions of several individuals, some with attached spines, in two lumps of 

porous sandstone. The exact locality is unknown, but Sloan 

(1908, p. 329) records "numerous casts of an echinoderm 0.8 

mile east of the Keitt place" in Orangeburg (Calhoun) County. 

Genus GAGARIA Duncan 

M icropsis (Gag aria) Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London .Jour., 

Zoology, v. 23, p. 91. 

Gagaria Duncan. Cotteau, 1892, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, v.1, p. 523. 

Thylechinus Pomel (part). Lambert, 1897, Soc. geol. France 

Bull., ser. 3, v. 25, p. 496. 

Thylechinus Pomel (part). Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomencia ture raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 3, p. 214. 

Gagaria Duncan. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 472. 

Thy lechinus (Gag aria) Duncan. Cooke, 1941, .Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 13. 

Gagaria Duncan. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 371. 

Type species, M ioropsis venustula Duncan and 

Sladen (1884, p. 119, pl. 22, figs. 1-7), from the Eocene 

( Khirtar) of Sind, by monotypy. This species, as 

figured by Duncan, has one (the right posterolateral) 

ocular plate broadly insert, the others all plainly exsert. 

Its poriferous zones are straight, and there are three 

zygopores to each compound plate. Its ambulacra are 

of the "echinoid" type (Mortensen, 1943, p. 2). Each 

area has two rows of crenulated, imperforate, primary. 

tubercles. 

Gagaria differs from Thyleohinus in the arrangement of its apical plates (Cooke, 1941, p. 13) which are 

not completely dicyclic as in Thyleohinus said, and in 

the "echinoid" cha.racter of its ambulacra as contrasted · 

with the "diadematoid" ambulacra of Thyleohinus 

(Mortensen, 1943, p. 371). 

Gagaria salis (Cooke) 

Plate 3, figures 7-9 

Thylechinus (Gagaria) salis Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.15,no.1,p.13.pl.2,figs.12-14. 

Test small, subhemispherical, slightly concave below. 

Madreporite tumid; ocular! (right posterior, wanting 

in type) apparently was broadly insert, but oculars II 

(right anterior) and III (anterior) are exsert; ocular 

IV and V are wanting in the type. Ambulacra less 

than half as wide as interambulacra; poriferous zones 

straight, uniserial, pores small, round, zygopores 

slightly inclined, three to each compound plate. Tubercles small, apparently imperforate and not crenulate, two rows of primaries in each area and several 

rows of very small tubercles. Peristome round, 

strongly notched, less than half the horizontal diameter. 

Diameter 20 mm; height 12.3 mm; diameter of peristomeSmm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County (USGS 3643, near base of section at southern end, T. '\V. Vaughan). 

Geologic unit.-Presumably Paleocene, Salt Mountain limestone, though formations of middle and late Oligocene age are 

exposed in that vicinity. 

Type.-USNM 166497. 

Oomparison.-This species is represented by one badly corroded individual. Its peristome appears to be proportionately 

somewhat larger than that of Gagaria mossomi. The tubercles 

are much smaller, but they may have been reduced in size by 

corrosion. 

Gagaria mossomi (Cooke) 

Plate 3, figures 10-14 

Thylechinus (Gagaria) mossomi Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 16; pl. 3, figs. 6--9 ; pl. 4, 

figs. 3-5. 

Test subhemispherical; horizontal outline circular or 

subpentagonal. Apical system pentagonal; madreporite swollen; ocular I barely reaching the periproct, 

other oculars exsert. Periproct large, nearly circular, 

central. Ambulacra about half as wide as interam-, 

bulacra; poriferous zones uniserial, straight, trigeminate; plates composed of a narrow upper member with 

one zygopore and a wide compound member with two 
18 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

zygopores. Two vertical rows of large crenate imperforate primary tubercles in each area. Smaller' 

tubercles and granules abundant on and below the 

ambitus. Peristome medium sized; moderately 

notched. 

Height of larger cotype, a fragment, 20 mm; horizontal diameter of smaller cotype 15 mm; height 14.5 

mm; diameter of peristome 6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Spoil bank at Blackwater Creek at 

crossing of Seaboard Airline Railway and highway, Hillsborough County (USGS 11116, types, C. W. Cooke and Stuart 

Mossom_; H. I. Tucker Rowland, para types). Quarry of 

Florida Rock Products Company %. mile southwest of Brooksville (USGS 11113, C. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom; USGS 

12322, W. 0. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil; Florida Geol. Survey 

I-1605, G. M. Ponton). Old quarry 5 miles west of Brooksville (USGS 12318, W. 0. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton). 

Geologic unit.-Late Oligocene, Suwannee limestone. 

Types.-USNM 372885. 

Remarks.-This species seems to be common at the type locality but is not usually well preserved. Only one individual 

retains the apical system. The madreporite is inflated and 

ocular I penetrates to the periproct. Some individuals have a 

subpentagonal outline, in this respect resembling Gagaria venustula (Duncan and Sladen) , the type species. 

Gagaria chickasawhay (Cooke) 

Plate 3, figure 18 

TnyleohinU8 ( Gagaria) chickasawhay Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 17a-d. 

Test of medium size. Oculogenital ring and peristome unknown. Ambulacra with two rows of large 

crenulate, imperforate tubercles, each tubercle surrounded by a squared ring of small tubercles; pore 

pairs uniserial, nearly straight, three pairs in each 

compound plate; pores of each pair separated by a 

granule. Interambulacra wider, with two contiguous 

median rows of crenulate, imperforate large tubercles 

and one row of smaller tubercles on each margin, each 

large tubercle enclosed in a ring of little tubercles. Detached spines long, slender, cylindrical, slightly swollen 

m~ar the tip, smooth when perfect but longitudin~lly 

corrugated when slightly corroded. Larger spines 

flattened, spoonsha ped. 

Occurrence.-Mis~issippi: Chickasawhay River above the 

highway bridge 2% miles south of Waynesboro (USGS 13388, 

C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late Oligocene, Chickasawhay limestone. 

Ootypes.-USNM 498885. 

Remarks.-Thls species is known only from fragments of the 

test and from detached spines. The name is an Indian: word 

pronounced Chick-a-saw-hay. 

Family TEMNOPLEURIDAE 

Genus BROCHOPLEURUS Fourtau 

1 Brochopleurus Fourtau, 1920, Egypt Geol. Survey, Palaeont. 

Ser. no. 4, p. 25. 

BrochopZeurus Fourtau. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 354. 

Type species, Temnechinus stellulatus Duncan and 

Sladen (1882, p. 304, pl. 47, figs. 8, 9), from the Gaj 

series of MioC'ene age of India, by original designation. 

Mortensen (1943, p. 354, fig. 216 a, b) copies Duncan 

and Sladen's figures. These figures show it to be small, 

subhemispherical, with nearly straight, uniserial poriferous zones, three zygopores to each ambulacral plate. 

The primary tubercles are small, imperforate, arranged 

in vertical rows, two rows to ·each area. The surface is 

decorated with raised threads or confluent granules, 

many of which radiate from the tubercles. 

Brochopleurus pretiosus (Clark) 

Plate 4, figures 4-6 

Orthechinus pretiosus Clark, 1915, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 

118, pl. 56, figs. 2a-b. 

Gagaria americana Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 

159,pl.73,figs.8a-b. 

ThylechinU8 americanus (Clark). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echindes, fasc. 8, p. 567. 

Progoneckinus pretiosus (Clark). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v.15, no.1, p.15, pl. 2, figs. 4-6. 

Pseudodiademaf americanum (Clark), Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 8. 

Horizontal outline circular; upper surface inflated, 

ambitus rounded, lower surface slightly concave around 

the peristome. · Apical system dicyclic, with serrate 

outline, large; genital plates large, perforated near the 

outer -ends of the prongs, bearing several small imperforate tubercles from which radiate vermiculate 

threads. Periproct nearly circular. Ambulacra regularly expanding to the ambitus; poriferou,s zones 

trigeminate, nea'rly straight above, in slightly inclined 

groups of three below, not at all expanded at the peristome. Interambulacra about twice as wide as ambulacra; plates not much wider than high. Tubercles 

small, imperforate, arranged in vertical rows, one on 

each plate, with additional secondaries chiefly on the 

lower surface·; two rows on ambulacra adjacent to the 

poriferous zones and two on interambulacra passing 

through the center of the plates. Surface covered with 

elongated, confluent granules and threads, many of 

which radiate from the tubercles. Peristome rather 

small, circular, weakly notched. 

Diameter of holotype 20 mm; height (crushed) 18.2 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Near Dead Level, Choctaw County 

(USGS 2893, type, Charles Schuchert). The Rocks, Clarke 

County ( USNM 559478, type of Gagaria americana, T. H. Aldrich). Sec. 14, T 9 N, R 2 E (USNM 559885, C. E. Branson). 

NE~NW~ Sec. 21, T 9 N, R 2 E (USNM 559886, C. E. 

Branson). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone and Yazoo clay. 
ARBACIIDAE ~ 19 

Type.-USNM 146455. Type of Gagariai americana .USNM 

559478 (JHU T 102), deposilted by Johns Hopkins University. 

Remarks.-Mortensen's (1943, p. 35, pl. 21, figs. 1-3) photographs of Progonechinus eocenicus (Duncan and Sladen) show 

a quite different type of decoration from that of this species, 

which seems very similar to Brochopleurus stelZulatus (Duncan and Sladen). 

Family ARBACIIDAE 

Genus ARBACIA Gray 

Arbacia Gray, 1835, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 3, p. 58. 

Arbacia Gray. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 2, p. 562. Includes additional synonymy. 

Arbacia Gray. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. (Los 

Angeles), Math and Phys. Sci. Pub., v. 2, p. 18. 

Arbacia Gray. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no.1, p. 9. 

Arbacia Gray. Bernasconi, 1953, Montevideo Mus. Historia Nat. 

Anales, ser. 2, v. 6, no. 2, p.12. · 

Type species, E chinus pustuflosus Lamarck 1816 = Oidaris pustulosa Leske 1178=Echinus limula Linnaeus 

1758, designated by Agassiz and Clark (1908, p. 67). 

Linnaeus gives as habitat the Indian Ocean, but A. 

· Agassiz ( 1872, p. 233) cites it from the west coast of 

France. According to Mortensen ( 1935, p. 572) it is 

an exclusively littoral form, very common in the Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coasts of Africa and 

Brazil. 

As figured by Loven (1887, p. 112, pl. 3; pl. 7, figs. 

1, 2) th~ types of Arbaoia lia:Yula have a dicyclic apical 

system, the ocular plates are all exsert, and the ocular 

pores are apparently double. The ambulacra are narrow though evenly expanding from the apex to the 

ambitus; the zygopores form a nearly straight line on 

the upper surface but turn obliquely in groups of three 

near the peristome, into which the poriferous zones 

protrude like lips. There are two continuous rows of 

small imperforate tubercles in the ambulacra and about 

14 rows of similar tubercles in the interambulacra at 

the ambitus. The outer rows are C<<mtinuous to the 

apex, but the inner rows drop out gradually until there 

are only a few scattered tubercles near the apex. The · 

peristome is suhpentagonal and very large. The periproct is obliquely elongated. ·There appears to be one 

sphaeridial pit in the middle of each ambulacrum near 

the peristome. 

The spines of Arbacia lixula are rather short, slender, 

gently tapering, circular or flattened in cross section, 

and longitudinally striated. The flattened spines, 

. which are confined to the bottom, have a .polished 

fluted tip. 

The dicyclic apical system, the poriferous zones expanding near the peristome, ·and the single sphaeridial 

pit appear to be generic features. Other species referred to Arbacia have less elongated interambulacral 

plates and •a different arrangement of the tubercles; 

many have a conspicuously bare space in the middle of 

the upper part of each interambulacrum. 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) 

Plate 4, figures 7-9 

Echinus punctulatus Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des 

animaux sans vert~bres, v. 3, p. 47; 2d ed., 1840, v. 3, p. 363. 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck). Gray, 1835, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., p. 58. 

Anapesus carolinus Troschel. Holmes, 1860, Post-Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 2. 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1935, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 573, pl. 87, figs. 7-10. Includes 

additional synonymy. 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v.15, no.1, p.10. 

Apical system pentagonal, dicyclic; ocular plates 

plainly exsert, decorated with a group of granules; 

pores double, at outer edge of plate. Ambulacra nar:.. 

row, regularly expanding to the ambitus, thence maintaining their maximum width to the peristome; poriferous zones straight on upper surface, breaking into 

oblique groups of three zygopores, which become nearly 

transverse at the peristome. Peristome large, pentagonal. Periproct obliquely oval. Tubercles rather 

large; two rows on ambulacra, becoming obsolete toward the apex; four or six rows on interambulacra, 

the outer rows continuous, the inner rows absent above 

the ambitus, leaving medial spaces bare. Spines tapering, faintly grooved, nearly as long as the diameter of 

the test. One sphaeridial pit in middle of ambulacrum 

at peristome. 

Horizontal diameter 36 mm; height 19 mm. 

Occurrence.-Living along the eastern coast from Cape Cod 

to Florida, northern coast of Cuba, Yucatan, Cura~ao, Trinidad, 

and Tobago (Mortensen, 1935, p. 575). 

South Carolina: Charleston, Simmons Bluff, and Wando 

(Holmes, 1860). 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene and Recent. 

Type.-Probably at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. Figured 

specimen 3 miles north of Crescent Beach, St. Johns County, 

Florida. 

Oomparisons.-Arbacia punctulata differs. from A. liamla in 

the presence of conspicuous bare spaces in the interambulacra; 

it has fewer rows of tubercles, and the tubercles are larger. 

Its upper surface is smoother than that of Arbacia waccamaw, 

it is higher, and it lacks tubercles on its ocular plates. Its bare 

places and its much smoother surface distinguish it from 

4l.rbacia rivuli, which also' has tubercles on its ocular plates . 

Arbacia waccamaw Cooke 

Plate 4, figures 15-17 

Echino-cidaris sp. indet. Tuomey and Holmes, 1855, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, fasc. 1, pl. 2, figs. 5, 5a. 

Arbacia waccamaw Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 

1, p. ·10, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. 
20 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Test medium-sized, circular; upper surface depressed, subconical; lower surface evenly rounded. 

Periproct large, central, obliquely elongated. Oculogenital ring dicyclic; genital plates large, corrugated 

to granular, pores large; ocular plates smaller, each 

with a large central tubercle. Ambulacra with two 

rows of imperforate tubercles, which are large on the 

lower surface but are reduced to granules at the apical 

ends; pore pairs three in each plate, uniserial and 

straight on the upper surface, curved around the tubercles at the ambitus, and very oblique at the peristome; one sphaeridial pit in each area near the peristome. Interambulacra twice as wide as the ambulacra 

on the upper surface, about equally wide on the lower 

surface because of the expansion of the poriferous 

zones; four rows of large imperforate tubercles on the 

base and ambitus, only the outer rows extending to the 

apex; bare spaces covered by a shagreenlike corrugation; plates wider than · high. Peristome large, subpentagonal; gill slits broad and very shallow. 

Diameter 34 mm; height 17.4 mm; diameter of peristome 17 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal 

about 4.5 to 5 miles southwest of Little River (USGS 13377, 

type, C. W. Cooke ; USNM Accession 179251, L. C. Glenn. 

Florida: U. S. Engineers well HE 23 in southeastern Hendry County, altitude -7 feet (USGS 18125). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene ( ?) 

Type.-USNM 498888. 

Oomparisons.-Arbacia waccamaw differs from A. punctulata 

in the occurrence of tubercles on the ocular plates and in the 

shagreened surface of the bare interambulacra. Arbacia rivuli 

has no large bare areas, and its surface is coarsely granular. 

The upper interambulacral plates of A. improcera and A. 

sloani are much wider and lower. 

Arbacia rivuli Cooke 

Plate 4, figures 10, .11 

Arbacia rivuli Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 

10, pl. 1, figs. 4-6. 

Test medium sized; outline circular, tumid above, 

evenly rounded below the ambitus. Periproct suboval, 

oblique. Oculogenital ring dicyclic or with one or 

more ocular plates insert; each ocular plate has a large 

central tubercle. Ambulacra about half as wide as interambulacra 'at ambitus; evenly expanding to ambitus; of nearly equal width below; poriferous zones 

straight to ambitus, in oblique or curved groups of three 

zygopores below, groups nearly horizontal at peristome; interporiferous zones decorated with two continuous rows of imperforate tubercles, O:Q.e tubercle 

on each plate; miliary areas granular. Interambulacra 

decorated with four rows of imperforate tubercles, of 

which the marginal rows extend to the apex, the inner 

rows not quite so far; interspaces coarsely granular. 

Tubercles largest on under surface. Peristome wide, 

subpentagonal, weakly notched. One sphaeridial pit in 

middle of each ambulacrum near the peristome .. 

Horizontal diameter of type 36 mm; height 19 mm; 

width of peristome about 17 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal 

about 5 miles southwest of Little River, Horry County (USGS 

13377, type, C. W. Cooke; USNM Access. 179251, L. C. Glenn; 

S. F. Blake). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene ( ?) 

Type.-USNM 498887. Figured specimen, USNM 562292. 

Oomparison.-Arbacia rivuli differs from A. waccamaw in its 

coarsely granular, not rugose surface, in the lack of conspicuous bare spaces on the interambulacra, and in that some of its 

ocular plates may reach the periproct. It has fewer and l~rger 

tubercles than A. lixula, its poriferous zones are less expanding 

at the peristome, and it has large tubercles on its ocular plates. 

Arbacia improcera (Conrad) 

Plate 4, figures 1-3 

Echinus impro'cerus Conrad, 1843, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., ser.1, v.1, p. 310. 

Psammechinus improcerus (Conrad). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. 

geol. italiana Bol., v. 30, p. 705. 

Ooelopleurus improcerus (Conrad). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 180, pl. 84, figs. 4a-c. 

Arbacia improcera (Conrad). Cooke, 1941, Jour Paleontology, 

v. 15,no.1,p.11,pl.1,figs.7-9. 

Horizontal outline circular; upper surface much depressed; lower surface evenly rounded. Apical systmn 

dicyclic; plates covered with elongated granules; ocular plates having one high imperforate tubercle; 

genital plates of juvenile specimen having a similar 

central tubercle. Ambulacra narrow, regularly expanding to the ambitus, maintaining nearly the maximum width to the peristome; poriferous zones straight 

on upper surface, expanding near the peristome because of the increasing inclination of the groups of 

three .zygopores; one sphaeridial pit in the middle of 

each area near the peristome. Interambulacral plates 

nearly three times as wide as high, tubercle-free areas 

covered by coarse elongate granules. Periproct rather 

large, oblique. Tubercles high, imperforate; largest on 

margin and lower surface; two rows in each ambulacrum, becoming obsolete toward the apex; four rows 

on and below the ·ambitus in each interambulacrum, 

only the outer rows, much reduced in size, continuing 

to the apex. Peristome large, subpentagonal. 

Horizontal diameter 36.5 mm; height 15 mm; diameter of peristone 17 mm. 

Occurrence.-Virginia: James River near Smithfield (type). 

J. T. Williams' marl pit, Smith County, 0.5 mile below the dam 

at Suffolk waterworks (USNM 166487, L. W. Stephenson). 

Bank facing tidal flats of Nansemond River at Suffolk (USGS 

10201, W. C. Mansfield). 
ARBACIIDAE 21 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene, upper part of the Yorktown 

formation, of Duplin age. 

Type.-Vnknown. Figured specimen, USNM 166487. 

Oomparison.-Arba-cia improcera is closest related to A. 

sloani (Clark), which was contemporaneous with it and may 

prove to be a synonym. It is much flatter than the type of that 

species, whose granules seem not to be elongated. Its bare 

interambulacral spaces suggest Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) 

but its interambulacral plates are much wider and its surface 

decoration of elongated granules is quite different. 

Arbacia .sloani (Clark) 

Plate 4, figures 12-14 

Ooeloplewrus sloani Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p. 181,pl. 84,figs. 5a-b. 

Arbaoia sloanf (Clark). Cooke, 1941, .Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no.1, p. 11. 

Test rather small, high-arched ahove, evenly rounded 

below. Apical system large; left posterior ocular insert, others exsert. Ambulacra narrow, evenly expanding to the ambitus, of equal width below; poriferous 

zones straight, zygopores below ambitus in oblique 

groups of three, nearly horizontal near peristome; having one sphaeridial pit near the peristome. Plates of 

interambulacrum low and very wide. Tubercles larger 

on bottom than on top; imperforate; two rows on ambulacra, four on interambulacra at ambitus, outer rows 

continuous to apex though diminishing in size; intermediate areas above ambitus bare. Surface granular. 

Peristome large, subpentagonal. Periproct large obliquely oval. ' 

Horizontal diameter 26.5 mm; height 14.4 mm.; diameter of peristome 13 mm. 

Ocourrence.-South Carolina : Bostick's Landing, Great Pee 

Dee River, Florence County (L. W. Stephenson). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene, Duplin marl. 

Type.-VSNM 166488. 

Oomparis·ons.-The great width of its interambulacral plates 

distinguishes Arbacia sloani from all other American species 

except A. improcera, which is flatter and ha·s more rugose sculpture. The upper surface of A. sloani is badly corroded, but its 

sculpture appears to have been granular. Its ocular plate probably had tubercles, but they are obliterated. 

Genus ARBIA Cooke 

Arbia Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 606. 

Arbia Cooke. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 

5, pt. 2, p. 558. 

Type species, Ooelopleurus aZdrichi Clark, by original designation. 

Apical system probably dicyclic, pentagonal, encircling the periproct. Ambulacra narrower than the 

interambulacra throughout; poriferous zones uniserial, 

the zygopores forming a straight line above the ambitus, arranged in slightly oblique groups of three at 

and below it, not at all expanded at the peristome; 

zygopores one to each plate near the apex, three to 

each compound plate below; without sphaeridial pits. 

Tubercles imperforate, more abundant below the ambitus. Peristome small, circular, moderately notched. 

A.rbia bears a superficial resemblance to (}oelopleurus 

and A.rbacia, from both of which it differs in the presence of simple plates in the upper part of the ambulacra, in the total lack of sphaeridial pits (A.rbacia has 

one, 0 oelopleurus several) , and in the smaller peristome. From A.rbacia it differs :further in the narrowness of its poriferous zones at the peristome. The bare 

medial interamhulacral areas of A.rbia aldrichi, which 

are flush with the lateral parts, contrast with the 

sunken areas of Ooelopleurus. The pattern of decoration is more suggest1ve of A.rbacia. 

Arbia aldrichi (Clark) 

Plate 3, figures 15-17 

Ooelopleurus aldrichi bark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

' p. 158, pl. 73, figs.'6a-b, 7a-c. 

A.rbacia aldrichi (Clark). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

15, no. 1, p. 11. 

Arbia aldrichi (Clark). Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, v. 22, 

no. 5, p. 606. 

Arbia aldrichi (Clark). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 558, fig. 280a-c (after Clark). 

Horizontal outline subpentagonal, upper surface 

moderately inflated, lower surface gently rounded. 

Apical system pentagonal, rather large, with at least 

three ocular p~ates exsert (other oculars not preserved) ; ocular plates carrying two or three small tubercles; genital plates bearing a line of small tubercles 

beside the periproct. Ambulacra narrow, regularly 

expanding to the f1mbitus; apical part composed of 

simple pl~tes, each carrying one zygopore, remainder 

composed of compound plates, each with three zygopores; pori:ferous zones uniserial, nearly straight, the 

groups of three zygopores only slightly oblique on and 

below the ambitus, not at all expanded at the peristome. 

Interambulacra about twice as wide as ambulacra; 

plates about twice as wide as high. Primary tubercles 

rather small, evenly graded in size, two continuous 

rows on ambulacra, :four rows on base of !nterambulacra, only the outer rows extending to the apex. Secondary tubercles numerous except on bare parts of 

interambulacra. Peristome small, about one-third the 

horizontal diameter, circular, conspicuously notched. 

Horizontal diameter 36.6 mm; height 19 n~m; diameter of peristome 12,.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Perdue Hill, Monroe County (USNM 

559494, type, T. H. Aldrich). 

Mississippi: Waterfall on Patt0n Creek 14 mile above 

highway 45, 1.5 miles east of Waynesboro, Wayne County 

(USGS 14287, W. C. M~nsfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

I 
22 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Geologic unit.-Late Oligocene, Chickasawhay limestone in 

Alabama. Paynes Hammock sand of early Miocene age, in 

Mississippi. MacNeil referred the bed at Patton Creek to the 

upper Chickasawhay, which he now calls the Paynes Hammock 

sand. 

Types.-Two cotypes, USNM 559494, deposited by Johns Hopkins University (T 104). · 

Oomparisons.-Arbia aldrichi differs from the American 

species of Arbacia in the presence of simple ambulacral plates 

in the apical region, in the lack of spaeridial pits, and in the 

narrowness of the poriferous zones near the peristome. Its 

peristome is much smaller than that of Ooelopleurus infulatus, 

its bare interambulacral areas are not at all sunken, and 

Ooelopleurus has several sphaeridial pits~ 

Genus COELOPLEURUS Agassiz 

Ooelopleurus Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum 

Echinodermatum fossilium Musei Neocomensis, pp. 12, 19. 

· Ooelopleurus Agassiz. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 605. Includes additional synonymy. 

Ooelopleurus Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California 

Univ. (Los Angeles) Math. and Phys. Sci. Pub., v. 2, p. 21. 

Ooelopleurus Agassiz. Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

· no.1, p. 8. 

Type species, Echinus equis Valenciennes=Oidaris 

coronalis Leske, by monotypy; the only other species 

listed is a nomen nudum. 0 oelopleurus coronalis has 

been described and figured by Cotteau (1893, p. 560, 

pl. 335) and (under the name 0 oelopleurus equis) by 

Desor (1858, p. 97, pl. 16, figs. 4-6) and by Duncan and 

Sladen (1884, p. 251, pl. 39, figs. 3-8). Cotteau records 

it from the upper Eocene of Biarritz, France, and from 

several places in Spain. This species has swollen ambulacra with two complete rows of large imperforate 

tubercles and trigeminate poriferous zones. Its interambulacra have four rows of similar tubercles on the 

base and ambitus; the outer rows, reduced in size, ~xtend to the apical system, but the ~edian areas on the 

upper surface are bare and· sunken. Specimens in the 

National Museum that probably represent this species 

have a vertical row of about eight pits in the median 

line of the ambulacra near the peristome. The peristome is nearly hal£ as wide as the horizontal diameter. 

Ooelopleurus resembles Arbacia in many features but 

differs from it in the narrowness of its poriferous zones 

near the peristome (the zones of Arbacia are notably . 

wid~ned there) and in the presence of seven or eight 

sphaeridial pits. along the median suture of each am- . 

bulacrum instead of only one, as in Arbacia. The type 

species of the two genera differ also in the shape of the 

interambulacral plates·, those of 0 oelopleurus coronalis 

being much less elongated than those of Arbacia limula, 

though they differ little from those of other species 

referred to Arbacia. Moreover, Ooelopleurus coronalis 

has only two primary tubercles on each interambulacral plate below the ambitus, and only one, the outer, 

much reduced in size, above it, whereas Arbacia lim'l!-la, 

when full grown, has a row of five or more equal primary tubercles below the ambitus and no bare area 

above it. However, other species referred to Arbacia 

closely resemble Ooelopleurus in tuberculation. The , 

bare areas in 0 oelopleurus are . more or less abruptly 

sunken, whereas those in Arbacia are flush. 

Coelopleurus infulatus (:Morton) 

Plate 3, :figures 5, 6 

Echinus infulatus Morton, 1833, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, v. 24, p. 

131, pl. 10, :fig. 7. 

Echinus infulatus Morton. Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 75, pl. 10, fig. 7. 

Ooelopleurus infulatus (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 98. 

Ooelopleurus injulatus (Morton). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 117, pl. 56, figs. 1a-i. 

Ooelopleurus infulatus (Morton). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v.15, no.11 p. 9. 

Ooelopleurus carolinensis Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no. 1, p. 9, pl. 2, :figs.l-3. 

Horizontal outline circular or subhexagonal; upper 

surface moderately inflated; ambitus broadly rounded; 

lower surface somewhat flattened. Apical system dicyclic; genital pores n1oderately large, distal from the 

center of the plates. Periproct large, central, subpentagonal, bordered by a row of granules. Ambulacra 

rather wide, regularly expanding to the ambitus, very 

slightly narrowing to the peristome; poriferous zones 

uniserial, trisociate, nearly straigh~ near the apex, 

slightly curved around the tubercles; two rows of primary imperforate tubercles extending the entire length 

in mature individuals, rudimentary near the apex in 

juveniles; five sphaeridial pits form a median line near 

the peristome in each amb~lacrum. Interambulacra 

bearing four rows of primary tubercles on the lower 

side; the two middle rows extend above the ambitus; 

the remainder of the upper surface is smooth except 

for a raised thread or row of granules, which extends 

to the apex in the line of the outer row of basal tubercles. Peristome; large, covering about hal£ the, diameter, moderately notched, calluses extending well into 

the test. 

Diameter of type of OoelopleuPus carolinensis, a juvenile, 14.2 mm; height 7.2 mm; ·diameter of peristome 

·6.4 mm. Diameter of presumed' type 19.5 mm; height 

10 mm (Clark and Twitchell). 

Occurrence.-South Carolina : Locality of type not specified 

(Morton). Pooshee Plantation, Berkeley County (Tuomey). 

Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal near Eadytown, Berkeley 

County (USGS 18353, C. W. Cooke and ~ S. MacNeil). 

North Carolina: Wilmington (type of 0. carolinensis, 

USNM 166500, L. W. Stephenson). 

Geologic unit.-Late middle Eocene, Santee limestone. -
PHYMOSOMATIDAE 23 

Type.-Probably Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1076, figured 

by Clark and Twitchell. Type of Ooelopleurus caroUnensis, 

USNM 166500. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based on Clark and 

Twitchell's figure of a specimen in the Academy of Natural 

Sciences of Philadelphia, presumably Morton's type; a fragment from the Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal ; and the type of 

Ooelopleurus carolinensis Cooke. This last is smaller than the 

others, and the interambulacral tubercles n·ear the apex are 

rudimentary. Presumably it is juvenile. 

Family PHYMOSOMATIDAE 

Genus GA UTHIERIA Lambert 

Pkymosoma ( Oosmocypkus) (part) Po mel, 1883, Classification 

methodique et genera des echinides, p. 91. 

Gautkieria Lambert, 1888, Soc. hist. et nat. de l'Yonne Bull., 

v. 42, pt. 2, p. 7. 

Gautkieria Lambert. Duncan, 1891, Linn. _Soc. London Jour., 

Zoology, v. 23, p. 88. 

Gautkieria Lambert. Cotteau, 1892, Soc. zool. France Mem., 

v. 5, p. 732. 

' Gautkieria Lambert. Lambert, 1897, Soc. geol. France Bull., 

ser.3,v.25,p.498. 

Gautkieria Lambert. Lambert and Thiery, 1910, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 3, p. 222. 

Gautkieria Lambert. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 478. 

Type species, Oyphosoma radiatum Sorignet, from 

the Late Cretac~ous (Senonian and Turonian) of 

Europe, by monotypy. This species has been figured by 

Wright ( 1864, p. 142, pl. 29, figs. 2, 3), by Cotteau 

(1865, p. 609, pl. 1147, figs.1-14; pl. 1148), and by Mortensen ( 1935, p. 4'78, fig. 278), who copies some of Cotteau's figures. Its apical system, usually caducous, is 

large, pentagonal, and the posterior prong is longer 

than the others. As figured by Lambert ( 1888, p. 5) it 

includes five perforated genital plates, five oculars, all 

insert, and at least six additional hexagonal periproctal 

plates in front of the periproctal opening. The zygopores curve in sirnple arcs about the primary tubercles 

and are not multiplied near the peristome. According 

to Mortensen (19:35, p. 478) the ambulacra consist of 

polyporous plates throughout. Each area has two rows 

of primary crenulated tubercles, each capped by a 

rather small, imperforate mamelon. The tubercles o.n 

the upper surface are somewhat smaller than those on 

the base. 

Oyphosoma railiatum was the first-named of three 

species included by Pomel ( 1883) in his section or subgenus Oosmocyphus under Phymosoma. This earlier 

assignment seems to have been overlooked by Lambert 

(1888) when he proposed Gauthieria for 0. radiatum. 

Nine years later, however, Lambert (1897) proposed 

to restrict Oosmocyphus to Pomel's third species, 

Phymosoma (Oos mocyphus) saemanni (Coquand) because of the bigeminate character of its poriferous 

zones, so that species becomes the type of Oosmocyphus. 

Gauthieria speciosa (Clark) 

;plate 5, figures 1-7 

Oypkosoma speciosum l Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., 

v.10, no. 87, p. 76. 1 

Ooptosoma speciosum (Clark). Clark, 1893, Johns Hopkins 

Univ. Circ., v.12, p. 51. 

Ooptosoma speciosum (Clark). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 97, p. 52, pl. 18, figs. la-h. 

Pseudodiadema speciosum (Clark). Clark in 1Veller, 1907, New 

Jersey Geol. Surv~y Paleontology Ser., v. 4, p. 286, pl. 9, 

figs. 7-14. 

Ooptosoma speciosum (<Clark). Clark, 1915, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, p. 61, pl. 19, figs. 3a-h. 

Gautkieria'! speciosa (Clark). Mortensen, 1935, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, p. 474. 

Microsoma speciosum (Clark). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 15, no. 1, p. 12, pl. 3, :figs. 1-4. 

Horizontal outline circular; upper surface evenly 

rounded; lower surface flattened; ambitus broadly 

rounded. Apical scar large, irregularly pentagonal, one 

prong longer than the others. Ambulacra half as wide 

as the interambulacra; zyg<;>pores in groups of 3 near 

the apex, 4 distally, usually straight but showing a tendency to form arcs. Tubercles imperforate, crenulated; 

primary tubercles arranged in two vertical rows on the 

ambulacra, 4 on the interambulacra. Peristome small, 

circular, occupying about one-third of the diameter, 

weakly notched. · 

Diameter of type 18 mm; height 9.7 mm; diameter 

of peristome 6.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek (type). Rancocas 

Creek, Vincentown (USNM 29468, F. B. Meek). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1468. Figured specimen 

USNM 29468. 

Remarks.-Though this species is similar in general appearance to typical Gautki'era, it does not quite fit the diagnosis of 

that genus because its ambulacra are not polyporous throughout. 

Genus DIXIEUS Cooke 

Di::cieus Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 607. 

Di::cieus Cooke. Mortensen, 1951; Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 5, pt. 2, p. 558. 

Type species, Phymosoma diXJie Cooke {1941, p. 17, 

pl. 2, fig. 15 ; pl. 4, I figs. 1, 2, 9), from the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age of Florida, by original designation. The only ~ther species included was Phymosoma peloria Arnold and Clark (1927, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 

1-3), from the late Eocene(~) of Jamaica. 

Diwieus diXJie differs from Phymosoma koenigi (Mantell), the type species of Phymosoma, in the greater 

number of zygopores (there are twice as many) in the 

biserial part of its poriferous zones, in the smaller size 

and more nearly equilateral shape of its apical system, 

in its more tumid, less discoid shape, in its larger, more 

deeply notched peristome, and in· its smaller, more 

evenly graded tubercles. 
24 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Dixieus dixie (Cooke) 

Plate 5, figures 8-10 

Phymosoma _ dimie Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, 

p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 15; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 9. 

Dimieus dimie (Cooke). 1948, Jour. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 5, 

p. 607. 

Dimieus dimie (Cooke). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea v. 5, pt. 2, p. 558, fig. 281 (after Cooke). 

Test moderately large, circular; upper surface gently 

arched; lower surface evenly rounded, depressed at the 

peristome; ambitus evenly rounded. Apical system almost monocyclic, the anterior and right anterolateral 

ocular plates barely or not quite reaching the periproct, 

the other ocular plates widely insert; right anterior 

genital plate larger than the others, the madreporite 

tumid and encroaching on the large periproct. Ambulacra nearly half as wide as the interambulacra; poriferous zones biserial above the ambitus, each compound 

plate bearing two rows of five or six zygopores each, 

becoming disarranged · on the ambitus, changing to a 

' single line of connected . open arcs of five . or six zygopores below the ambitus, and breaking into disconnected diagonal lines of three zygopores near the peristome. Coronal plates having one rather small, imperforate, crenulated primary tubercle near the center and 

several small secondary tubercles chiefly near the corners, the primaries forming two straight radial rows in 

each area. Tubercles evenly graduated in size, those on 

the ambitus not much larger than the others. Peristome 

large, circular, deeply notched, bilobate in the ambulacra. 

Diameter of type 43 mm; height 18.5 mm ; diameter 

of peristome 18 mm; width of ambulacra at ambitus 

about 12.2 mm; width of interambulacra about 14.2 mm. 

Oomparisons.-Dimieus dime closely resembles in decoration 

Dimieus pelorius (Arnold and Clark) from Jamaica, but the 

peristome of D. pelorius appears to be proportionately smaller. 

The two individuals of D. dimie are only half as large as the 

figured type of P. pelorius and the single paratype in the U. S. 

National Museum, though they fall within the range in size of · 

P. pelorius as recorded by Arnold and Clark. Both of them retain the apical plates, which appear to be rarely if ever preserved in D. pelorius. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Quarry east of Steinhatchee River 

north of U. S. Highway 19 near Clara, in Dixie County (USGS 

12747, 15150, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 372867. 

Family STQMOPNEUSTIDAE 

Genus PHYMOTAXIS Lambert and Thiery 

Oircopeltis (Micropeltis) Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique 

et genera des echinides, p. 89. Not Micropeltis Redtenbacher 1867. 

Micropeltis Pomel. Cotteau, 1892, Paleontologie fran~aise, ser. 

1, v. 2, Terrain tertiaire, p. 517. 

Phymotamis Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature raisonnee 

des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 253. 

Phymotamis Lambert and Thiery. Mortensen, 1935, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 2, p. 514. 

Phymotamis Lambert and Thiery. Cook~, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no.1, p. 18. 

Type species, Leiosoma tournoueri Cotteau ( 1866, 

p. 768, pl. 1187), from the Upper Cretaceous ( Senonian) of France, by original· designation. Cotteau's 

figures show a subhemispherical form with rounded 

base; rather wide ambu1acra with uniserial, somewhat 

undulating poriferous zones above, biserial zones below-;' 

widening near the peristome. Each area has two continuous rows of large, imperforate tubercles, and there 

are two additional rows in the interambulacra below 

the ambitus. 

Phymotaxis mansfieldi Cooke 

Plate 6, figures 4-8 

Phymotamis mansfieldi Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, 

no. 1,p.18,pl.4,figs.6-8. . 

Test large, subhemispheric;al, with evenly rounded 

margin, slightly concave near the peristome. Apical 

system unknown. Ambulacra about half as wide as 

the interambulacra; poriferous Ziones forming single 

arcs of 'about eight zygopores above the 1ambitus, zygopores irregularly distributed in a broader zone below 

the ·ambitus. Tubercles large, imperforate, two Tows 

on each ambulacrum, four rows on each interambulacrum .rut rthe :ambitus, the lateral rows not extending to 

the apex; each primary tubercle surrounded hy 'a Tow 

of little tubercles that genevally follow the edges of the 

plate, one little tubercle at each angle of the plate being somewhat larger than •the others. Peristome rather 

sm:all, subdecagonal; gill slitts moderately deep, callous. 

Horizonta1 diameter of largest ootype 56 mm.; 

height 27 mm. ; di1ameter of peristome 20 mm. 

Occurrenae.-Florida: Old quarry of Florida Rock Products 

Company % mile southwest of Brooksville (USGS 12755, W. C. 

Mansfield and G. M. Ponton). Consolidated Rock Products 

Company 3 miles northeast of Brooksville (USGS 12321, W. C . 

. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Late Oligocene, . Suwannee limestone. 

Types.-USNM 372868, two nearly complete individuals and 

one smaller fragment. 

Oomparison.-No other American species of Phymotamis are 

known. Phymotamis mansfieldi differs from P. tournouri of 

Cretaceous age as figured by Cotteau in the less plainly biserial arrangement of the zygopores on the under surface and 

in the more conspicuous arcuate arrangement on the upper 

surface. In these respects it is more nearly similar to P. biarritz,ensis of Eocene age ( Cotteau, 1892, pl. 322, figs. 5-7) and P. 

vidali (Cotteau, 1892, pl. 322, fig. 8; pl. 323), but its gill slits 

, are deeper and sharper. 
ECHINOMETRIDAE I 25 

Family STRONGYLOCENTROTIDAE 

Genus STRONGYLOCENTROTUS Brandt 

Echinus (Strongylocentrotus) Brandt, 1835, A cad. imp. Sci. St. 

Petersbourg, Recueil des Actes p. 263. Reprint (Prodromus) p. 63. 

Strongylocentrotus Brandt. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College, 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pp. 161, 276. 

Strongylocentrotus Brandt. H. L. Clark, 1912, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 34, p. 352. 

Strongylocentrotus Brandt. Cooke, 1941, Jour Paleontology, 

v. 15, no. 1, p. 19. 

Strongylocentrotus Brandt. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 193. Includes additional 

·synonymy. 

Type species, E chin us chlorocentrotus Brandt 1835 = 

Echinus drooachiensis Muller 1776, validated by Opinion 208 o:f the International Commission on Zoological 

Nomenclature. B~andt described Strongylocentrotus 

as .a subgenus under Echinus and doubtfully included 

under it one other species, E chin us tuberculatus Lamarck, which 'is now referred •to H eliocidaris. 

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis (M:iiller) 

Plate 6, figure 3 

Echinus drobachiensis Muller, 1776, Zoologiae danicae prodromus, p. 235. 

Echinus (Strongylocentrotus) chlorocentrotus Brandt, 1835, 

Acad. imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, Recueil des Actes, p. 264. 

Reprint (Prodromus), p. 64. 

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis (Muller). ~ •. Agassiz, 1872, 

Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pp. 277, 

441, pl. 4a, figs. 2, 3, 6 ; pls. 9, 10. 

Strongylocentrotus dr.obachiensis (Miiller). Cooke, 1941, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 15, p. 19. 

Strongylocentrotus dr¢bachiensis ( 0. Fr. Muller). Mortensen, 

1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 3, p.l98, pl. 23, 

figs. 1-11; pl. 59, figs. 1-5, 10. Includes .additional 

synonymy. 

Horizontal outline sub circular; upper surface 

strongly inflated; lower surrU~ce depressed around the 

peristome; ·ambi1tus broadly rounded. .A:pical system 

large; two ocular pla:tes broadly insert; madreporite 

very large. Periproot circular, eccentric; oovered with 

movable plates. Ambulacra evenly expanding rto the 

ambitus, equalling in width the interambulrucra U~t the 

peristome; zygopores arranged in oblique groups o:f 

five. Peristom~ subdecagonal, notches shallow. Tubercles small, smooth, imperforate; :two rows o:f primaries on ambulacra, :four or more on inrterambul3!Cra; 

many secondary tubercles rand granules. 

Diameter o:f figured specimen 62 mn1; height 36.5 

mm; diameter o:f periswme 21 nnn. 

Occurrence.-Circumpolar; north Atlantic coast as far south 

as Chesapeake Bay (Mortensen, 1943, p. 213). 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Figured specimen.-'uSNM E 3032, from Dumpling Island, 

North Haven, Maine. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based upon the figured specimen. The species is said to be very variable. Clark 

and Twitchell (1915, p. 216, pl. 99, figs. la-c) refer two individuals from the Caloosahatchee formation of Pliocene age of 

Florida to this common northern species. This identification 

should be accepted with reservation, for the specimens are very 

poorly preserved. 

Family ECHINOMETRIDAE 

Genus ECHINOMETRA Gray 

Echinometra Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, 

p. 426. 

Echinometra (Breynius) Gray. Mortensen, 1943, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 352. Includes additional 

synonymy. 

Type species, E chin us lucunter Linnams, living in 

the Atlantic Ocean, by original implicit designation. 

Gray included in the genus also Echinometra atratus 

and E. mammillatus, both attributed to Klein. He 

stated, however, that these last two species will most 

probably :form a new genus. 

Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) 

Plate 6, figures 1, 2 

Echinus lucunter Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth editioL, 

p. 665. 

Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus). Cooke, 1941, Jour. Paleon· 

tology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 18. 

Echinometra lucunter· (Linnaeus). Mortensen, 1943, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 357. Includes additional synonymy. 

Horizontal outline obliquely elliptical or subpentagonal; variably inflated; ambitus broadly rounded. 

Apical system rather large; one or more ocular plates 

insert or not; madreporite swollen. Periproct oval, 

slightly eccentric. Ambulacra regularly expanding to 

the ambitus, about equal in width to the interambulacra 

at the peristome; zygopores arranged in disconnected 

arcs o:f six, more or less, except near the pe-ristome, 

where they lie in straight, oblique lines. Peristome 

nearly circular, weakly notched. Primary tubercles 

large, smooth, imperforate; in two rows on each area, 

largest on the interambulacra. ' 

Horizontal diameter o:f figured specimen 55 by 43 

mm; height 30 min; diameter o:f peristome 23 mm. 

The largest specimen recorded by Mortensen ( 1943, p. 

360) is 94 by 78 mm in horizontal diameter. 

Occurrence.-Florida to Brazil and the Bermudas and western coast of Africa. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Figured specimen.-VSNl\11 562292, from Cayo la Vela, Cuba, 

R. E. Dickerson. 
26 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Family ECHINONEIDAE 

Subfamily ECHINONEINAE 

Genus RHOPOSTOKA Cooke, new genus 

Horizontal outline oval, upper surface inflated, margin rounded, concave around the peristome. Apical 

system having only four genital plates, all perforated; 

posterior ocular plates not in contact; madreporite central, extending between the posterior genital plates. 

Ambulacra narrow, not petaloid, nearly uniform in 

width; plates simple; pores circular; pore pairs transverse apically, becoming narrower and oblique distally. 

Peristome large, oblique, longer dimension extending 

from left anterior to right posterior. Periproct large, 

pyriform, supramarginal, opening into a wide, shallow 

sulcus. 

Type species, Ananchytes cruciferus Morton. This 

species was identified by d'Orbigny (1853-1860, p. 387) 

with his new genus Trematopygus, which has petaloid 

or subpetaloid ambulacra and is said to have a fifth, un- · 

perforated genital plate. Rhopostoma differs from 

Trematopygus also in the shap~ of its peristome, which 

is subtrigonal rather than pentagonal, and in the 

greater size and lower location of its periproct. Trematpygus seems to have a much more conspicuous 

posterior sulcus. 

Rhopostoma bears some resemblance to Galeraster 

Cotteau (Mortensen, 1948, p. 83) but differs from it in 

the shape and greater inclination of its peristome and 

in the shape and direction of elongation of its periproct. 

The simple ambulacra, twisted peristome, and pyriform periproct ally Rhopostoma with the Echinoneidre. 

The name Rhopostoma is derived from the Greek 

words rhope (inclination) and stoma (mouth.) It Is of 

neuter gender. 

Rhopostoma cruciferum (Morton) 

Plate 7, figures 1-4 

Ananchytes cruciferus Morton, 1830, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, v. 

18, p. 245, pl. 3, fig. 8. . 

Ananchytes cruciferus Morton. Morton, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., ser.1, v. 6, p. 201,202. 

Nucleolites crucifer (Morton). Morton, 1833, Am. Jour. Sci., 

ser.1,v.23,p.294. 

Nucleolites crucifer (Morton). Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the 

organic remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 75, pl. 3, fig. 15. 

Nucleolites crucifer (Morton). Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum Echinodermatum, p. 4. 

Nuculites cruciferus (Morton). Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes, p. 97. 

Nucleolites cruciferus (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1850, Prodrome de 

paleontologie stratigraphique, p. 271. 

Pygorhynchus crucifer (Morton). Ravenel, 1850, Am. Assoc. 

Adv. Sci. Proc., p. 160. 

Echinobrissus crucifer (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1854, Rev. et 

mag. zoologie, ser. 2, v. 6, p. 25. 

Trematopygus crucifer (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1858, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, t. 6, p. 387, pl. 953, 

figs.10, 11 (after Morton) ; pl. 963, figs. 1-5. 

N,ucleolites (Tr.em)atopygus) crucifer (Morton). Desor, 1858, 

Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 262. 

Trematopygus crucifer (Morton). Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins 

Univ. Circ., v. 10, no. 87, p. 76. 

Trematopygus crucifer (Morton). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 97, p. 63, pl. 27, figs.1a-i. 

Trematopygus cr·ucifer (Morton). Clark in Weller, 1907, New 

Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology ser., v. 4, pt. 2, p. 289, 

pl. 11, figs. 1-9. 

Trematopygus cruciferus (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 71, pl. 28, figs. 3a-c; pl. 29, figs. 1a-f. 

Trematopygus crucifer (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,v.16,no.1,p.10. 

Horizontal outline oval; upper surface unevenly inflated, sloping more steeply forward than backward; 

lower surface rounded, concave around the peristome; 

margin broadly rounded. Apical system anterior; four 

genital plates, all perforated; madreporite central, not 

extending behind the posterior ocular plates; ocular 

plates fairly large, posterior pair separated by small 

interambulacral plates. Ambulacra narrow, not expanding toward the margin, not petaliferous; plates 

apparently simple throughout though becoming higher 

toward the peristome; pore pairs transverse and fairly 

wide near the apex, becoming oblique and narrower 

distally. Interambulacral plates about three times as 

high as ambulacral. Peristome subtriangular, oblique, 

longest dimension extending from left anterior to right 

po,sterior as viewed from below. Periproct large, pyriform, supramarginal, opening into a broad, shallow sulcus, which indents the margin. Tubercles fairly large, 

sunken. 

Length o f type 26.5 mm; width 23 mm; height 

15mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek, Gloucester County 

(type, S. G. Morton). Rancocas Creek, Vincentown (USNM 

29470, F. B. Meek). E. Roberts' farm 2.5 miles west of Vincentown on road to Cross Roads, Burlington County (USGS 16924, 

F. S. MacNeil). 

Georgia : Internal mold, possibly this species, 9 miles southeast of Lumpkin (USGS 5498, Otto Veatch). 

Alabama: 4.5 miles south of Highland Home, SE%SE:I4, 

sec. 25, T. 11 N., R. 17 E., on Ala. 9, Crenshaw County (USGS 

17530, W. H. Monroe and Winnie McGlamery) . 

Arkanoos: Internal mold, possibly this species, upstream 

from crossing of Route 35 (Edison Avenue) and small branch 

near lumber yard, Benton, Saline County (USGS 16917, Julie 

Gardner and Ruth Smidt). 

Geologic unit.-P.aleocene; Vincentown sanq in New Jersey. 

Type.-Acad. Nll!t. Science Philadelphia 1464. 

Genus AM»LYPYGUS Agassiz 

Amblypygus Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum 

Echinqdermrutum, p. 5, 17. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. ·Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue 

raisonne des echinides, p. 108. 
ECHINONEIDAE 27 

Amblypygus Agassiz. d'Orbigny, 1955, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain cretace, ser.1, v. 6, p. 373. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 255. 

Not Amblypygus Agassiz. Wright, 1864, Geol. Soc. London 

· Quart. Jour., v. 20, p. 482. Probably Echinoneus. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Cotteau, 1863, Echinides fossiles des 

Pyrenees (Congres sci. France Mem, session 28 Bordeaux,) 

v. 30, p. 109. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. De Loriol, 1875, Schweizer. 'paleont. 

Gesell. Verh., Band 2, p. 43. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique 

et genera des echinides, p. 59. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Duncan and . Sladen, 1883, Palreontologia 

Indica; ser. 14, vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 12. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Cotteau, 1887, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Ter.rian tertiaire, ser.1, v. 1, p. 487. 

Amblypygus · Agassiz. Duncan, 1889, Linneaii Soc. London 

Jour. Zoology, v. 23, p. 170. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Hawkins, 1912, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 453,491. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 341. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, Univ. California Los Aiigel~s, Pub. Math. Phys. Scienees, v. 2, p. 106. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 

1, p. 9. 

Amblypygus Agassiz. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 148. 

Type species, A.mblypygus dilatatus Agassiz and 

Desor (1847, p. 109; ·Cotteau, 1887, p. 488, pls. 130, 131) 

from the Eocene of Europe, designated by Duncan and 

Sladen ( 1883, p. 15) . This species, named by Agassiz 

(1840, p. 5) without description, was attributed to the 

Cretaceous of the Crimea, but Cotteau cites only localities in France, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain. Characters of A.. dilatatus as figured by Cotteau are long, 

straight, open petals extending to the Jmargin, with 

circular inner pores and elongated outer pores; oblique 

distorted central peristome; large, flush, hilunate periproct between the margin and the peristome. 

The circular shape and large, flush periproct of 

A.mblypygus resemble H olectypu~, but the circular, 

notched peristome of H oleetypus is quite different. 

A.mblypygus appears to be more closely related to 

Eehinoneus, which has similar peristome and periproct 

but differs in that its ambulacra are less distinctly petaloi¢1 and that the outer pores on its upper surface are 

not elongated. 

Amblypygus americanus Desor 

Plate 7, figures 8, 9 

Amblypygus americanus Michelin MS Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 256. 

Amblypygus americanus Michelin. Duncan and Sladen, 1883, 

Palreolitologia Indica, ser. 14, v. 1, pt. 4, p. 13. 

Mnblypygus -merrilli Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 165, pl. 76, figs. la-d; pl. 57, figs. la-b; pl. 78, I figs. la-b. 

Amblypygus americanus Michelin. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 341. 

Amblypygus merrilli Twitchell. Lambert and Thiery, · 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 341. 

Amblypygus amer·icanus Desor. ·Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, p. 55. 

Amblypygus americanus Desor. Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard College, Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 50, no. 1, p. 25, 

pl. 3, figs. +-3. 

Amblypygus americanus Desor. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontol-

. ogy, v. 16, no. 1, p. 10. 

Test large; horizontal outline circular; upper surface more or less inflruted ; lower sur:f.ace gently 

rounded, concave 'around the peristome rand less so 

around the periproct; margin broadly rounded. Apical system centDal, with four genirbal pores; a large central madreporite fills in the spaces beside the much 

smaller genital plrutes; ocular plates small. Ambul,acra narro'w, continuous, expanded on upper side into 

petals with round inner pores and elongated outer 

pores; petals extending tto ·the m:argin, inner pores 

forming 'a straight line, outer sides of petals slightly 

arohed. Peristome subtriangular, oblique, wider Jbhan ' 

long, without flosoelle. Periproct on the lower surface, 

large, longer than wide, nearer the peristome than the 

margin. Tubercles small, sunken ; intermediate spaces 

and madreporite g~anulruted. 

Length of type of A.. merrilli 113 .mm; width 110 

mm; height 58 mm. 

Occurrence.-J amaica (type). 

Florida: Kendrick, Marion County (USGS 4246, G. P. Merrill, type of Amblypygus me.rriUi). NE14SW%, sec. 1, T 17S, 

R 22 E, Marion County (USGS 19843, G. H. Espenshade). 

Clarke, Alachua County (USGS 2825, L. M. Everet). Pit 1:5 

miles south of Newberry, Alachua County (USGS 6812, C. W. 

Cooke) 

Georgia: East bank Chattahoochee River above US 84 

near Saffold, Early County (USGS 12100, Q. W. Cooke and 

W. H. Monroe). 

Geologic unit.---'Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-Y 5, a plaster cast of which is in .the Louis Agassiz 

collection, Mus. Oomp. Zoology 724 (fide J:ackson). Type of A. 

merrilU, USNM 164934, from USGS 4246. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based on Twitchell's 

type of Amblypygus merrilli. There seems little doubt that this 

species is the same as that occurring in Jamaica, although direct 

comparison has not .been made. Amblypygus douvillei Lam-

·bert (Sanche21 Roig, 1949, p. 126, pl. 36, fig. 4) may be a 

synonym. 

The specimen from Georgia is smaller (length 85 mm) but 

has a wider periproct. Considerable variation in the proportions of the periproct and in the degree . of inflation of the 

upper surface is to be expected. 

Subfamily OLIGOPYGINAE Duncan 

Genus OLIGOPYGUS de Loriol 

Oligopygus de Loriol, 1887, Recueil zool. suisse, v. 4, no. 3, p. 394. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London 

Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p. 174. 
28 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Cotteau, 1891, Soc~ zool. France Mem., 

v. 4, p. 632. Discussion of 0. costulatus (Desor). 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S . . Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 166. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

. raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 387. 

Not Oligopygus de Loriol. Brighton, 1926, Geol. Mag., v. 63, 

p. 360 ( =H aimea). 

Not Oligopygus de Loriol. Hawkins, 1926, Geol. Mag., v. 63, 

p. 371 (=Haim;ea). 

Not Oligopygus de Loriol. Sanchez Roig, 1926, Equinodermos 

f6siles de Cuba, p. 80 ( = Haimea) . 

Oligopygus de ,Loriol. Jeannet, 1928, :Soc. paleont. suisse, v. 48, 

p. 5. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Lambert, 1931, Soc. geol. France Bull., 

ser. 5, v.1, p. 290. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Davies, 1935, Tertiary faunas, p. 82. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

pt.1, p. 7. 

Oligopygus de Loriol. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 256. 

Type species, Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol, from 

the late Eocene of Florida, by monotypy. Charaoteristic features of this species are irts monobasal 'apical 

system, open petals, oval peri.stome deeply sunken 

in a tr,ansverse depression, and sm·all round basal periproct. Features not apparent from the outside are :a 

thickening of the interambulacra, which produces a 

conspicuous fluting on the inside of .the oral surfa-ee; 

double-pronged 'auricles; and strong jaws. 

The three references to Brighton, awkins, and Sanchez Roig purporting to deal with Oligopygus are 

based on Echinolampas ovum-serpentis Guppy, which 

is :a Haimea. Haimea differs from Oligopygus in its 

pentagonal peristome with inflated bourrelets. It 

lacks tbhe deep transverse peristomial depression. 

Mortonia Gray (1851), which Mortensen (1948, v. 4, 

pt. 2, p. 174) rtreruts 1as 'a subgenus under Echinocyamus, 

bears considerable resemblance to Oligopygus. 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Lori.ol 

Plate 8, figures 9-12 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de L~::;i,ol, 1887, Recueil zool. suisse, ser. 

1,v.4,no.3,p.396,pl.17,figs.7-7d. 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 166, pl. 78, figs. 2a-d, 3a-b. 

Oligopygus ftoridanus Twitchell, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 

169, pl. 79, figs. 1a-f. 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Cooke and Mossom, 1929, 

Florida Geol. Survey .Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, figs. 2a-b (after 

Clark and Twitchell). 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Lambert, 1931, Soc. geol. 

France Bull., ser. 5, v. 1, p. 290. 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 8. 

Oligopygus ftoridanus Twitchell. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 8. 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Cooke, 1945, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 29, fig. 5; no. 2 (after Clark and Twitchell). 

Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 247, -fig. 247 (after de 

Loriol). 

Horizontal outline ovate to sub pentagonal; upper 

surface moderately inflated, sloping ~venly in all directions from the central apex; margin broadly rounded; 

lower surface somewhat flat, with a short, wide, deep 

depression around the peristome. Apical system central, buttonlike, monobasal, with four genital .pores. 

Petals straight, extending two-thirds the way to the 

margin, wide open distally; pores circular, conjugate; 

composed of narrow plates; slightly co~stricted at the 

distal end. Extrapetalous part of ambulacra widening 

to the margin; plates twice as wide as those in the 

petals. Interambulacral plates four to seven times as 

wide as the adjoining ambulacral plates. Peristome 

transversely oyal, at the bottom of a deep depression; 

having jaws and double-pronged auricles. Periproct 

small, round~ midway between the peristome and the 

margin. Tubercles deeply sunken,· covering entire surface except the poriferous zones; intermediate spaces 

granulated. 

Length of largest figured specimen 54 mm; width 

45.5 mm; height 25.5 mm. · 

Occun·ence.-Florida: .Alachua County 6 miles ·southwest of 

Gainesville (USNM 164622, .A. G. Wetherby). Nigger Sink, 2 

miles south of Gainesville ( USNM 164660). 5.5 miles southwest 

of Gainesville (USGS 14135, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Pit one-e.ighth mile southeast of Martin Station, 9 miles north 

of Ocala (USGS 6808, C. W. Cooke). Plant no. 3, Florida Lime 

Company, Zuber, Marion County, 6.5 miles north of Ocalla 

(USGS 6807, C. W. Cooke). Ocala (USNM 165685, G. P. Merrill). Cummer Lumber Company quarry at Kendrick, 4.8 miles 

nor:th_orf Ocala (USGS 14125, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm; 

USGS 12754a, C. W. Cooke). Taylor County rock pit in Lafayette County 4.8 miles northwest of Mayo (USGS 14537a, C. W. 

Cooke and F. S. MacNeil; USGS 16913, G. M. Ponton). R()lad 

from Perry to Mayo in Lafayette County 8.6 miles east of Taylor. 

County line (USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens). 

Suwannee River 2% miles above Branford in Lafayette County 

(USGS 7345, C. W. Cooke). Suwannee River at Dowling Park 

(USGS 14003, F. S. MacNeil; USGS 14538, C. W. Cooke). Su-

"vannee River at Luraville (USGS 15051, C. W. Cooke and F. 

S. MacNeil). Johnsons limesink in Levy County (USNM 137881, 

L. c. Johnson). Santa Fe River, Alachua County (USNM 

164689, L. C . .Tohnson). Quarry east of Steinhatchee River opposite Ol!ara in Dixie County (USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke and 

W.' D. a:avens). Crystal River Rock Company quarry 6 miles 

southeast of Crystal River, Citrus County (USGS 14141, W. C. 

Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-Unknown; probably at the University of Geneva, 

Switzerland ( Stefanini, 1911, p. 678). Figured specimens 

U SNM 562271 and 562272. 
ECHINONEIDAE 29 

Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) 

Plate 8, figures· 6-8 

Discoidea haldemani Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser. 2, v. 2, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 12. 

Oligopygus haldermani (Conrad). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 167, pl. 78, figs. 4a-d, 5a-d. 

OUgopygus haldermani (Conrad). Cooke and Mossom, 1929, 

Florida Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, figs. 3a-b (after 

Clark and Twitchell). 

Oligopygus colsoni Lambert, 1931, Soc. geol. France Bull., ser. 

5, v.1, p. 290, pl.17, figs.1-4. 

Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 1~, no. 1, p. 8. 

OUgopygus haldemani (Conrad). Cooke, 1945, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 29, fig. 5, no. 3 (after Clarke and Twitchell). 

Oligopygus haZdemani (Conrad). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 56. 

Horizontal outline broadly ovate, nearly circular 

when young; upper surface moderately tumid; lower 

surface nearly flat in front, slightly turned down behind and sloping toward the peristome; margin broadly 

rounded. Apical system central, tumid, monobasal, 

with four genital pores. Petals short, extending little 

more than halfway to the margin, the anterior the longest, expanding distally and open at the tips; poriferous 

zones narrower than the iriterporiferous; pores circular, conjugate; p I ate s narrow. Extrapetaliferous 

parts of ambulacra expanding to the margin; plates 

wider. Interambulacra thickened around the peristome 

internally. Peristome central, oval, deeply sunken in a 

transversely elongated pit whose anterior side stands 

nearly vertical and whose posterior side slopes less 

steeply and extends about halfway to the margin. 

Auricles erect; prongs erect, separate, far apart. Jaws 

present. Periproct small, circular, submarginal. Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of figured specimen 35.8 mm; width 32 mm; 

height 16.4 mm. · 

Occurrence.-Georgia : Bainbridge (type from 70-foot well, 

J. H. Cooper, fide Conrad). Flint River, from Red Bluff, 6 

miles above Bainbridge, to Blue Spring, 4 miles below Bainbridge (USGS 3380, 3387, 3390, T. W. Vaughan; A. H. Brooks; 

USGS 6171, L. W. Stephenson; USGS 3370, S. W. McCallie; 

USGS 7097, C. W. Cooke). Chattahoochee River near A. C. L. 

Ry. bridge at Saffold, Early County (USGS 8249, H. K. 

Shearer; USGS 12100, C. W. Cooke and W. H. Monroe). 

Dry Bread Shoals, Flint River, 8lh miles below Newton (USGS 

7126,7127, C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly). 

Florida: Chipola River at Marianna (C. W. Cooke and 

T. M. Kirby). North of Marianna (type of 0. colsoni, fide 

Lambert). Quarry 1.5 miles west of Springfield Church, about 

12 miles north of Marianna (USGS 14152, 14182, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Florida Basic Rock Co. quarry 12 · 

miles. north of Marianna and %, mile east of Florida Road No. 

6 {USGS 12058, G. M. Ponton and W. C. Mansfield). Franklyn Phosphate Company 1.5 miles northwest of Newberry 

(USGS 6814, C. W. Cooke). 1 mile east of Newberry (USGS 

4:68il'544-59--3 

.14180, W. C. Mansfield and 0. W. Mumm). About 3 miles north 

of Newberry (USGS 13843, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

3 miles northeast of Newberry (USGS 14177, W. C. Mansfield 

and C. W. Mumm). 3.5 miles northeast of Newberry (USGS 

14178, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Johnson's lime sink, 

Levy County (USNM 137881a, L. C. J.ohnson). Old French 

Phosphate mines east of Anthony (USGS 7366, C. W. Cooke). 

Ocala ( USNM 112506, 164661, Clark and Twitchell's figured 

specimens, Joseph Willcox; USGS 6804, C. W. Cooke). ·2 miles 

southeast of Ocala (USGS 6805, C. W. Cooke). 2.5 miles southeast of Ocala (USGS 14137, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

5 miles south of Ocala (USGS 14181, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. 

Mumm). Kendrick, 4 miles north of Ocala (USGS 12754a, 

C. W. Cooke and T. E. Kirby) USGS 14125, W. C. Mansfield 

and C. W. Mumm). Zuber, 6.5 miles north of Ocala (USGS 

6807, C. W. Cooke). 2 miles northeast of Sumterville, Sumter 

County (USGS 12751, W. C. Mansfield and 0. W. Mumm). 

East of US 41, 1.5 miles north of Williston (USGS 15046, C. W.· 

Cooke and T. E. Kirby). Fort White, Columbia County (USGS 

6817, C. W. Cooke). Clark, 5 miles south of High Springs 

(USGS 6815, C. W. Cooke). 1 mile north of Istachatta, Hernando County (USGS 11112, C. W. Cooke and D. S. Mossom). 

Willow Sink, Levy County (USGS 7367, C. W. Cooke). Bushnell Road 3.5 miles southeast of Floral City, Citrus County 

(USGS 14133, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Types.-Unknown. Clark and Twitchell's figured specimens 

USNM 112506, 164661. Specimen figured here USNM 562270, 

from USGS 7097, Flint River at old factory at Bainbridge, .Ga. 

Oomparisons.-OUgopygus haldemani is commonly smaller 

than 0. wetherbyi, it is less elongated, and its periproct is 

much nearer the margin. 0. coZsooi Lambert is evidently a 

juvenile specimen of 0. haldemani. Oligopygus rotundus has 

longer petals and the posterior slope of its oral depression is 

much steeper. 

Oligopygus rotundus Cooke 

Plate 8, figures 1-5 

Oligopygus rotundus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 

1, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 1-3. 

Horizontal outline nearly circular; upper surface inflated; lower surface flatter; margin broadly rounded. 

Apical system central, tumid, with four genital pores, 

monobasal. Petals tumid; paired petals extending more than halfway to the margin, odd petal 

somewhat longer; poriferous zones narrow, regularly 

expanding, open distally; poi-~ circular, conjugate. 

Peristome central, oval, at the bottom of a deep, 

straight-walled transverse depression occupying less 

than one-third the total diameter of the test. Periproct 

small, round, flush, near the posterior third of the lower 

side. Tubercles rather large, sunken; intermediate 

spaces granulated. 

Length of type 22 mm; width 20.7 mm; height 13.2 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Koons Mill on Cripple Creek, Geneva 

County (Ala. Geol. Survey, T. H. Aldrich). Bluff on east bank 

of Pea River 150 yards above the site of the abandoned CountY 

Line Bridge, Coffee County (USGS . 16925, F. S. MacNeil). 
30 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Double Bridges Creek, Geneva County ( Geol. Survey Alabama, 

Fred Devin). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Moodys Branch formation; or 

middle Eocene, Claiborne group. 

Type.-USNM 49899i, deposited by Geological Survey of Alabama. Figured specimen USNM 562269 from USGS 16925., 

Oomparison.-Oligopygus rotundus is .very similar to 0. coZZignoni Lambert (1931, p. 291, pl. 17, figs . . 5-'i) from Cuba and 

may prove to be identical with it. The peristomial depression 

is' similar in shape but is smaller. A larger suite of both species 

is needed to determine whether this difference is an individual 

variation. The location of the periproct-farther from the marl gin than in 0. haldemani and closer to it than in 0. wetherbyi--

and the steeper slopes of the walls of the peristomial depression 

distinguish OZigopygus rotundus from other North American 

species. 

Family FIBULARUDAE Gray 

Genus FIBULARIA Lamarck 

Fibularia (part) Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 16. . I • 

Fibularia Lamarck. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 220. ' 

Fibularia Lamarck. A. Agassiz, 1873, Harvard College Mus, 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 506. 

Echinocyamus Van Phelsom. Lambert and Thiery, 1914, No- · 

menclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 287. 

Fibularia Lamarck. _ Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,~. 16, no. 

1, p. 7. · 

Fibularia Lamarck Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 203. Includes additional synonymy. 

FibuZaria Lamarck. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. 

Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 132. 

Type species~ Fibularia ovulum Lamarck (validated 

in Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, v. 4, p. 519), figured by 

Mortensen (1948, p. 208, pl. 46, figs. 15-17, 21-24). H. 

L~ Clark identified this species with E chinocyamus 

craniolaris Leske, but Mortensen di~agrees. Mortensen's figures show Fibularia ovulum to be small, ovoid; 

with central apical system, open petals; circular, central, depressed peristome; small circular periproct. It 

lacks internal radiating supports. This lack of internal 

supports is regarded by Mortensen as the main feature 

separating Fibularia from Echinocyamus. 

Another distinguishing characteristic is the usually 

smooth surface of Fibularia as contrasted with the 

usually pitted surface of Echinocyamus. 

Fibularia te:xana (Twitchell). · 

Plate 9, figures 15-19 

Echinocya,mua tea:anus Twitchell, 1915, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54,p.120,pl.57,figs.2a-d. 

Echinocyamua tea:anua (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides fasc. 8, p. 576. 

Fibularia tea:ana (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no.1, p. 7. 

Horizontal outline oval; upper and lower surfaces 

inflated; margin broadly rounded. Apical system central, with four genital pores, close ~ogether. Petals 

long; poriferous zones straight, far apart, expanding, 

wide open distally. Peristome central, circular, rather 

· small. Periproct small, circular, nearer the peristome 

than the margin~ Tubercles sunken, close together. 

Length of type 5.1 mm; width 4.6 mm; height 4.1 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Texas: Lee County (type, T. H. Aldrich). San 

Augustine-Nacogdoches road 6.7 miles east of Attoyac Bayou, 

San Augustine County (USGS 15093, Julia Gardner and Alex 

Osanik). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Weches greensand member of 

the Mount Selman formation. 

Type.-USNM 559480, deposit,ed by Johns Hopkins University 

(.T 2002). Figured specimen from USGS 15093, USNM 562296. 

Oomparison.-Fibularia tea:ana is less elongated than F. 

vaughani, its genital plates are closer together, and its petals 

are longer. The latter two differences hold also for F. alabamensis, whose shape is similar. Most of the specimens from 

USGS 15093 are more highly inflated than the type, the only 

one in its lot. 

Fibularia vaughan! (Twitchell) 

Plate 9, figures 23-27 

Echinocyamus vaughO!Ylli Twitchell, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p. 160, pl. 74, figs. 1a-f. 

Echinocyamus vaughanri Twitchell. Lambert and 'Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raissonnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 576. 

Echinocyamus vaughani Twitchell. Cooke and :Mossom, 1929, 

Florida Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, figs. 4a-b (after 

Twitchell). 

Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 7. 

Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell). Cooke, 1945, Fla. Geol. Sur-

-yey Bull. 29, fig. 5, no. 4 (after Twitchell). 

Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. 

Survey Geol. Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 55, text fig. 1. 

Test elong3!ted, smaller in front than hehind, inflU~ted 

above -and below, depressed around the peristome. 

Apical system central, with four genital pores wide 

apaDt. Petals extending ahout halfway rto the m'argin; 

poriferous z'orres ~raight, slightly diverging, open ~t 

the outer ends; inrterporiferous zones slightly wider 

than the porif.erous. Peristome circular, largE}, slightly 

sunken, central. Penproot small, circular, nearer the 

perisoome t h 1a n the margin. Tubercles close-set, 

sunken. 

Length of type 7.3 mm; width 5.2 mm; height 4.2 

mm. 

Occurren.ce.-Georgia: Little Horseshoe Bend on Flint River 

4 miles below Bainbridge (type, USGS 3380, T. W. Vaughan). 

Florida : Well near Cedar Keys, depths 115-288 feet 

(USGS 13143). Well at Leesburg (USGS 2076, L. C. Johnson). 

1 mile northwest of Newberry (USGS 6810, C. W . . Qooke). 

Suwannee River at Dowling Springs (USGS 7338, C. W. Cooke). 

Oakhurst Lime Company 2.5 miles southeast of Ocala (USGS 

i1749, C. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). 2 miles northeast ' 

. of .sumterVille (USGS 12751, W. C. Mansfield and 0. W. 

mum~). Withlacoochee River, W% sec. 3, T. 17 S, R. 16 E, 
FIBULARllDAE 31 

Citrus and Levy Counties (USGS 18749, A. G. Fischer and J. E. 

Banks). 

Oomparis01Ut.-Fibularia vaughani is longer than F. tefCana, 

its genital pores are farther apart, and its peristome is larger. 

Its peristome is larger and it is commonly longer than F. alabamensis, though that species shows considerable variation in 

dimensions. 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone; Inglis limestone. 

Type.-USNM 166486. Figured specimen from USGS 18749, 

USNM 562295. 

Fibularia alabamensis Cooke, n. sp, 

Plate 9, figures 20-22 

Test ovoid. Apical system central, with four genital pores rather far apart, ·apparently having large 

ocular plates, :the posterior pair in contact. Petals 

extending more rthan_ halfway to the margin; plates 

simple, crooked, increasing in width distally; pore pairs 

oblique, pores conjugate. Peristome central, sm,all, circular, slightly depressed. Periproct smaller, circul,ar, 

nearer rthe peristome rthan the margin. Tubercles 

sunken, close together. 

Length of rtype . 7.4 mm; width 5.9 mm; height 5.4 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: ,stream on line between sec. 20 and 

29, T 4 N, R 15 E, 6 miles west of Andalusia, Covington County, 

bed above "Scutella" ledge (USGS 10014, 0. W. Cooke and 

Julia Gardner). "Scutella" ledge on West bank Ohoctawhatchee River at L. & N. Railway bridge at Geneva, Geneva 

County (USGS 6757, C. W. Cooke). Bluff on Oonecuh River, 

· SE:IA, sec. 29, T 4 N, R 15 E, Covington Oounty, basal conglomerate overlying beds containing Ostrea sellaetormis (USGS 

15561f, F. S. MacNeil). Bluff on Pea River at site of old 

County-Line Bridge, NW:IA, •Sec. 35, T 3 N, R 19 E, Coffee 

County; hard madstone ledge forming break in bluff (USGS 

15488, F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic ttnit.-Late Eocene, probably Moodys Branch formation. 

Type.-USNM 372887, from USGS 10014. 

Oomparisons.-The peristome of Fibularia aZabamensis is 

smaller than that of F. vaughani and the test is shorter. The 

petals are shorter and the genital pores are farther apart than 

in F. tea:ana. 

Genus ECHINOCYAMUS van Phelsum 

Echinooyamua van Phelsum, 1774, Brief aan Cornelius Nozeman, over de Gewelvslekken of Zee-egelen, p. 131. 

Echinocyamus (part) Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio 

.Echinoderma tum, p. 215. 

Fibul.aria (part) Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert~bres, v. 3, p. 16. 

Fibularia Lamarck. Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 289. 

Echinooyamua Leske. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p. 27. 

Echinooyamua (v. Phelsum) Leske. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 170. Includes complete synonymy. 

l1Jchinocyamua van Phelsum. Durham, 1955, California Univ. 

Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 133. 

Type species, Spatangus pusillus-Miiller, 1776. The 

genus was validated as of van Phelsum and the type · 

species was designated in Opinion 207 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 

Echinocyam_us pusillus, a species living in the eastern 

Atlantic, has been described by A. Agassiz ( 1873, p. 

505, pl. 11e, fig. 3; pl. 13, figs. 1-8) and by Mortensen 

(1948, p. 178, text figs. 96, 100, 101, 103-105), who cites 

many other references. It is small, oval, flattish, 

shaped much like a watermelon seed. Its apical system 

is central, with four widely spaced genital pores. Its 

petals extend about half-way .to the rounded margin; 

the poriferous zones are nearly straight, diverging, and 

wide open at both ends; the pores are circular and the 

pairs are oblique. The peristome , is small, circular. 

The periproct· is smaller, circular, and about midway 

between the peristome and the margin. Thin internal 

buttresses strengthen the . test. The auricles are fused 

into single blunt projections. The tubercles are rather 

large, slightly sunken, but not conspicuous. 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 

Plate 9, figures 9-11 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons, 1858, Agriculture of the eastern 

· counties, p. 307, fig-. 244. · 

Eohinocyawus parvus Emmons, Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Mon:. 54, p.119. 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons. Kellum, 1926, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 143, p.14. 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,v.16,n~1,p.28,pl.1,figs.6-8. 

Horizontal outline ovate, the anterior end the 

smaller; upper and lower surfaces flat; margin 

rounded. Apical system central, with four genital 

pores very far apart. Petals short,. extending less than 

halfway to the margin; poriferous zones nearly parallel, open at both ends, composed of four or five oblique 

. pairs· of pores about as far apart as the distance between the pores. Peristome large, central, circular .. 

Periproct small, circular, less than half as wide as the 

peristome, about midway between the peristome and 

the margin. Tubercles sunken. 

Length of figur~d ,specimen 5.8 mm; width 4 mm; 

height 1.8 mm. 

Occurrence._..:.North Carolina: Craven County (type) . . Farm 

of J. M. Thomas 10 miles north of Jacksonville, Onslow 

County (USGS 10636, L. B. Kellum). 

Alabama: Railroad bridge over Choctawhatchee River at 

Geneva (USGS 10036, C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner). · 

Geologic. unit.-Late middle Eocene, Castle Hayne. limestone 

in North Carolina. 

Type.-Lost. Not found at Williams College, where other of 

Emmons' types wer~ deposited. Figured specimen USNM 

499002, from USGS 10636. 

Remarks.-A specimen from USGS 10636 shows the internal. 

. buttresses. 

/ 
'I. 

32 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Echinocyamus huxleyanus Meyer 

Plate 9, figures 12-14 

Echinocyamus hua:leyanus Meyer, 1886, Alabama Geol. .Survey 

Bull. 1, p. 85, pl. 3, fig. 23. 

Echinocyamus hua:leyanus Meyer. De Gregorio, 1890, Faune 

eocenique de l' Alabama, p. 251, pl. 43, fig. 15 (after Meyer). 

Echinocyamus hua:leyanus Meyer. Clark and Twitchell, U. S. 

· Geol. ' Survey ·Mon. 54, p. 119, pl. 57, figs. la-d. 

Fibularia hua:leyi Meyer). Lambert .and Thiery, 1925, Nomendature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 577. Error for 

1 F. hua:leyanus. 

Echinocyamus hua:leyanus Meyer. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 29, pl. 1, figs. 1-5. 

Hori~ontal outline ovrute, the ral!'terior end the 

smaller; upper and lower surf,aces slightly rounded; 

margin rounded. Apical system slightly anrterior, with 

four large (female~) <;>r sm·all (male~) genital pores, 

rather far ra;part. Petals straight, open ·a;t horth ends, 

extending more than halfway oo the margin; poriferous 

zones including six or ~ight oblique paivs of small pores. 

Peristome 'rather }1a;rge, circular, sunken. Periproot 

smaller, circular, nearer the margin than the peristome. 

Tubercles sunken. 

Length of figured specimen (male~) 5.3 mm; width 

·4 mm; height 2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Claiborne. 

Geologic unit.-Late middle E·ocene, Gosport sand. 

Type.-USNM 559484, deposited by Johns Hopkins University 

(T 2005). -Figured specimen USNM 559481, one of a lot of four 

specimens, of which the smallest (a female?) was figured by 

Clark and Twitchell. 

Remarks.-The type is broken in halves, revealing the internal buttresses that are characteristic of Echinocyamus. The 

species is longer and higher than E:chinocyamus meridionalis. 

Its petals are longer and its genital pores closer together than 

those of Echinocyamus parvus. 

Echinocyamus meridionalis Meyer 

Plate 9, figures 4, 5 

JJJchinocyamus meridion'aZis Meyer, 1887, Senkenburg. naturf. 

Gesell. Ber. 1887, Vortrage, p. 12, pl. 2, figs~ 21, 21a. 

Echinocyamus meridionalis Meyer~ De Gregorio, 1890, Faune 

eocenique de !'Alabama, p. 251, pl. 43, figs. 13, 14 (after 

Meyer). 

Fibularia meridionalis (Meyer). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 121, pl. 57, figs. 3a-d. 

FibuZaria meridionalis (Meyer). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature rais·onnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 577. 

Echinocyamus meridiooaZis Meyer. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 29. 

Horizontal outline ova;l; flat on rtop :and underneath; 

margin rounded. Apioal system 1and petals obscure. 

Perisrtome large, central, circular. Periproot small, 

circular, submarginal. 

Length of figured specimen 2.5 mm; width 2.1 mm'; 

height 0.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Cla-iborne (type) 

Mississippi : Jackson (fide Meyer) . This specimen is said 

to be more elliptical. 

Geologic unit.-Probably late middle Eocene, Gosport sand ; 

possibly late Eocene, Moodys Branch formation. 

Type.-USNM 559486, deposited by Johns Hopkins University. Figured specimen USNM 559485, the smallest of 4 assigned that number, 1 of which was figured rby Clark and 

. Twitehell. 

Oomparisons.-Echinocyan~us meridiooalis is rounder and 

:flatter than any other Echinocyamus here described, and the 

periproct is nearer the margin. The specimen figured is 

smaller than the type. 

Echinocyamus chipolanus Cooke 

Plate 9, Figures 1-3 I 

Echinocyamus chipolanus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

16, no. 1, p. 29, pl.l, figs. 9-11. 

Horizontal outline. oval; upper surface somewhat inflated; lower surface flat; margin rounded. A pica;} 

system central, with four genital pores, far apart. 

Petals obscure, poriferous zones apparently widely diverging. Peristome large, about one-third the total 

width, circular. Periproct small,. circular, nearer the 

margin than the peristome. Having two thin internal 

marginal buttresses i:ri. each interambulacral area. Auricles fused, hoe shaped. 

Length 4 mm; width 3.3 mm; height 1.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida : Lower bed at Alum Bluff, Apalachicola River, Liberty County (USGS 2211, Frank Burns). 

Geologic unit.-Early Miocene, Chipola formation. 

Type.-USNM 499003. 

Oomparisons.-This species is more inflated than any other 

Echinocyamus described here, and its peristome is much larger. 

The genital pores are farther apart than those of E. hua:ley-

. anus, and its poriferous zones appear to be more widely diverging. The type is a unique specimen. It has been broken since 

. figuring, revealing the auricles and the buttresses. 

Echinocyamus macneili Coolte, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 6-8 

Horizontal outline ovate, the anterior end the narrower; upper surface rather high, rounded; lower surface gently rounded, concave around the peristome; 

margin broadly rounded. Apical system slightly anterior, with four very large genital pores (female~) 

far apart. Petals long, straight; 'poriferous zones parallel; anterior pair widely diverging, nearly forming a 

, straight line. Peristome large, central, circular, sunken. 

Periproct small, circular, more than halfway from the 

peristome to the margin. Tubercles large, sunken, 

crowded. 

Length 5.6 mm; width 4.0 mm; height 2.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Creek flowing into Conecuh River 

. in the NE'% sec. 32, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., Covington County, upper 

. Pecten bed (USGS 15562, F. S. MacNeil). 
CLYPEASTERIDAE 33 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, probably an equivalent C1f the 

Moodys Branch formation. 

Type.-USNM 562297. 

Oomparison.-The horizontal outline of Eckinocyamus macneili is similar to that of E. parvus, but the upper surface is 

higher and more rounded. The genital pores are not so far 

apart but are much larger in the type, probably a female, the 

only specimen known. 

Genus PORPITELLA Pomel 

Scutellina (Porpitella) Porriel, 1883, Classiftcation methodique 

et genera des echinides, p. 72. 

Porpitella Pomel. Lambert, 1905, Lyon Univ. Annales, n. s., 

fasc.17, p.138. 

Porpitella Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 294. 

PorpiteZla Pomel. H. L. Clark, 1937, Jour. Paleontology, v. 11, 

no. 3, p. 248. 

Porpitella Pomel. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 30. 

PorpiteZla PomeL Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echi~ 

noidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 231. 

Porpitella Pomel. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. 

Sci, v. 31, no. 4, p. 136. 

Type species, Scutellina hayesiana Agassiz .(Agassiz 

and Desor, 1847, p. 82) designated by Lambert (1905, . 

p. 138). This name is a synonym of Scutellina supera 

Agassiz (1841, p. 103, pl. 21, figs. 24-28), which was discarded by Agassiz and Desor, who identified it as Oassidulus hayesianus Desmoulins, a nude name. S cutellina supera was revived by Cotteau (1899-1894, p. 339, 

pl. 285, pl. 286, figs. 1-7). Mortensen (p. 231, figs. 140, 

141), copies some of Cotteau's figures. 

The figures indicate that Porpitella supera is nearly 

circular, slightly arched on top, concave underneath. 

It has four genital pores. Its petals are slightly open 

at the apical end, wider open distally. About half-petal 

distance from the apex the ambulacral plates widen and 

the interambulacral plates contract; the ambulacra are 

much wider than the interambulacra at the margin. 

The peristome is small, central, circular. The periproct 

is small, circular, supramarginal, nearer the margin 

than the apex. 

Although Pomel did not actually use the combination Scutellina (Porpitella) indicated in the synonymy, 

the capital and lower-case type in which Porpitella is 

set indicates that he regarded Porpitella as a subgenus 

or section of Scutellina, which is printed in capital and 

small capital letters. 

Porpitella micra ll. L. Clark 

Plate 7, figures 5-7 

Porpitella micra H. L. Clark, 1937, Jour. Paleontology, v. 11, 

no. 3, P• 248. 

Porpitella micra H. L. Clark. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 30. 

Horizontal outline ovate, smaller end in front ; upper 

surface gently rounded; lower surface concave; margin 

acutely rounded. Apical system slightly anterior, with 

four genital pores rather far apart. Petals extending 

little more than halfway to the margin, nearly as wide 

as long, wide open at both ends; inner rows of poriS 

straight, parallel; ·outer rows convex outwardly; pore 

pairs rather far apart, slightly oblique. Peristome central, circular, depressed. Periproct on the upper surface, not far from the margin, small, circular. Tubercles. depressed, covering entire surface. 

Length of figured paratype 8.7 mm; width 7.5 mm; 

height 3.1 mm. 

Ooourrence.-Alabama: Cuttings from a well (Oakley Estate 

well 2) sec. 9, T. 3 N., R. 29 E., Houston County, depth 38~ 

4000 feet, associated with Ostrea sellaeformis Conrad. 

Geologic unit~-Probably middle Eoce~e, Lisbon formation. 

Type.-Alabama Mus. Nat. History no. 85, Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

Paratypes in Alabama Mus. Nat. History, Mus. Oomp. Zoology, 

and USNM 562294 (figured). 

Remarks.-According to Clark this species has ten internal 

marginal buttresses bounding the ambulacra as in Echinocyamus. The open apical ends of the petals also suggest Bchiln~ 

cyamus, from which Porpitella is readily distinguished by the 

supramarginal location of its periproct. 

Family CLYPEASTERIDAE L. Agassiz 

Genus CLYPEASTER Lamarck 

Olypeaster Lamarck, 1801, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, 

p. 349. 

Olypeaster Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 12. 

Ephinanthus Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, p. 

427. 

Stolonoclypus A. Agassiz, 1863, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., v. 1, p. 25. Type species, Olypeaster prostratus Ravenel=Echinanthus subdepressa Gray, designated by 

H. L. Clark (1911, p. 595). 

Olypeaster (Echinorodum) Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 68. Type species, Echinus 

rosaceus Linnaeus, designated by Cooke (1942, p. 11). 

Diplothecanthus Duncan, 1891, Linnean Soc. London Jour., 

Zoology, v. 23, p. 153. Type species, Echinus reticulatus 

Linnaeus Echinus rosaceus Linnaeus, by monotypy. 

Olypeaster Lamarck. H. L. Clark, 1911, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, ser. 8, v. 7, p. 604. 

Olypeaster Lamarck. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no. 

1, p. 11. 

Olypeaster Lamarck. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4,' pt. 2, p. 39. Includes additional synonymy. 

Olypeaster Lamarck. Durham, 1955, California Univ., Pub. 

Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 118. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, E chinus rosaccus Linnaeus, fixed by 

elimination by Lan1arck (1816, p. 13). See H. L. Clark 

( 1911, p. 594). 

Key to the species of Clypeaster 

Inner rows of pores of petals straight. 

Peristome not deeply sunken ___________ Olypeaster rogersi 

Peristome deeply sunken _____________ Olypeaster cotteaui 
34 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Inner rows of pores of petals curved. 

Lower side nearly fiat ; submargin depressed. 

Tips of lateral petals strongly 

incurved-------------- Olypeaster subdepressus 

Tips of lateral petals not strongly 

lncurved ________________ Olypeaster oa;ybaphon 

Lower side deeply depressed ; submargin not depressed. 

Tips of lateral petals very strongly incurved __________________ Olypeasterrosaceus 

Tips of lateral petals less strongly 

incurved ----------------- Olypeaster concavus 

Clypeaster rosa~eus (Linnaeus) 

Plate 10, figures 1-3 

BcMnus rosaceua Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 

665. 

Olypeaater rosacoos (Linnaeus). Lamarck, 1801, Systeme des 

anima ux sans vertebras, p. 349. 

Diplothecanthus rosaceus (Lamarck). Clark and Twitchell, 

1915 U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 219, pl. 102, figs. la-b; 

pl. 103, figs. la-b. 

DipZothecantkus dalli Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon.-

54, p. 218, pl. 99, figs. 2a-b ; pl. 100, figs. la-b. 

OZypeaster rosaceus ( Linnaeus) • Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 300, p. 33. 

Olypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.l6, no.1, p.11. 

Olypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 40, pl. 1, figs. 2-4; pl. 64, 

figs. 1-5. Includes additional synonymy. 

Olypeaster rosaceus ( Linnaeus). Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equino- .... 

dermos f6siles de Cuba, p. 78. 

Olypeaster rosaceus ( Linnaeus) . Durham, 1955, California 

Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text figs. 15a, 25a. 

Olypeaster rosaceus (Linne). DuBar, 1958, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 40, p. 209, pl.l2, fig.l7. 

Test large; horizontal outline subpentagonal; upper 

surface strongly inflated, with swollen petals; lower 

surface flattish near the margin, with five conspicuous 

ambulacral grooves, deeply concave 3.iround the peri- · 

stome; margin broadly rounded. Apical system central, 

with a large central madreporite; genital pores five, 

usually outside the a pi cal system. Petals long, broad, 

swollen, completely closed at the apex, moderately open 

distally; poriferous zones proportionately nar,row, 

strongly curved inward near the tips; pores circular, _ 

conjugate. Peristome central, deeply sunken, pentagonal. Periproct small, ,circular, submarginal. Tubercles sunken in small scrobicules, perforated. 

Length of figured specimen, a small denuded specimen of Recent age, 93.0 mm; width 73.0 mm; height 

30.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Littoral from South Carolina to Barbados 

(fide Mortensen, 1948, p. 43) . 

Florida: Ragged Keys (Recent, USNM 19632, J. E. Benedict). Caloosahatchee River 2.5 miles below LaBelle (fossil, 

USGS 4955, F. G. Clapp). Four-mile Hammock, between Fort 

Thompson and Denaud (USGS 2094, W. H. Dall, type of 

Diplothecanthus dalli). About 1 mile below LaBelle (Florida 

Geol. Survey I-209). 

Dominican Republic': Gato (USNM 328234, Rodolfo Cambiarso). , 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene and Recent. The specimens from 

Florida originally credited to the Caloosahatchee formation of 

Pliocene age probably came from the Fort Thompson formation 

of Pleistocene age. 

Types.-The type of DipZothecanthus daZZi is USNM 164670, 

from the Pleistocene of Florida. Figured specimen, USNM 

19632, a small Recent specimen from Ragged Keys, Florida. 

Remarks.-This species, the type of Olypeaster Lamarck, is 

variable in height, degree of inflation of the petals, and in other 

features. Two of the three fossil specimens from the Caloosahatchee -River named Diplothecanthus dalU, by Twitchell have 

somewhat more inflated petals than the other, which Twitchell 

identified as D. rosaceus. There seems to be no doubt that all 

are Olypeaster rosaceus and that· they are Pleistocene rather 

than Pliocene, as had been supposed. 

Clypeaster concavus Cotteau 

Plate 10, figures 4-6; plate l1, figure 5 

Olypeaster ellipticus Michelin. Guppy, 1866, Geol. Soc. London 

Quart. Jour., v. 22, p. 299. 

OlypeaBter concavus Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-akad. 

Hand!., v. 13, no. 6, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 4-8. · 

?Olypeaster antillarum Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-akad. 

Handl., v. 13, no. 6, p.15, pl. 2, figs.1-3. 

Olypeaster convwvus Cotteau. Guppy, 1882, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad 

Proc., pt. 12, p. 195. 

Olypeaster lanceolatus [Azpeitia MS] Egozcue, 1897, Com. 

Mapa Geol. Espaiia Bol. v. 22, p. 39, pl. 9, figs.1-3. 

?Olypeaster antiZlarttm Cotteau. Egozcue, 1897, Com. Mapa 

Geol. Espaiia Bol., v. 22, p. 35, pl. 7, figs.1-3 (after Cotteau). 

Olypeaster concavus, Cotteau. Egozcue, 1897, Com. Mapa Geol. 

Espana Bol., v. 22, p. 36, pl. 7, figs. 4-8 (after Cotteau). 

Not Diplothecanthus concavus (Cotteau). Brown, 1933, Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 65, p. 600. 

Not Diplothecanthus antillarum (Ootteau). Brown, Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 65, p. 601. 

Olypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau [Egozcue]. Jackson, 1917, U. S. 

Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 55, no. 2218, p. 490, pl. 62, figs. 1, 2. 

Olypeaster gatuni Jackson, 1917, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 55, 

no. 2218, p. 491, pl. 63, fig. 1 ; pl. 64, fig. 1. 

Olypeaster gatuni Jackson. Jacks·on, 1918, U. S. Natl. Mus. 

Bull. 103, p. 105, pl. 47, fig. 1; pl. 48, fig. 1 (after Jackson, 

1917). 

Olypeaster Zanceolatus Cotteau [Egozcue]. Jackson, 1918, U. S. 

~atl. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 104, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2. 

Olypeaster concavus Cotteau. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, ·P· 34, pl. 2, figs. 10-12. 

OZypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau [Egozcue]. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 2. 

?Olypeaster antillarum Cotteau. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, p. 39, -pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. 

OZypeaster concavus Cotteau. Sanchez Roig, 1924, Soc. cubana 

historla ruJJt. Felipe Poey Mem., v. 5, no. 1, p. 24. 

Olypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau [Egozcue]. Sanchez Roig, 1924, 

Soc. cubana historia nat. Felipe Poey Mem., v. 5, no. 1, 

p. 25. 
CL YPEASTERIDAE 35 

?Olypeaster antillarum Cotteau. Sanchez Roig, 1924, Soc. 

cubana historia nat. Felipe Poey Mem., v. 5, no. 1, p. 26. 

Olypeaster gatuni· Jackson. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16,·no.1, p.13, pl.1, fig.15. , 

OZypeaster cancavus Ootteau. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinoder-

·inos f6siles de Cuba, ~ 68. 

OZypeaster lanceolatus Azpeitia [ Egozcue]. Sanchez Roig, 

1949, Equinodermos f6siles de Cuba, p. 70. 

Olypeaster concavus Cotteau. Caso, 1957, Inst de Biolog'ia Mexi-

. ·cana Anaies, v. 27, p. 497,524. 

Horizontal outline oval to subpentagonal ; upper surface moderately inflated, petals slightly swollen ; lower 

surface gently rounded near the margin, more or less 

deeply concave around the peristome, ambulacral 

grooves conspicuous; margin rounded. Apical system 

pentagonal, central; five genital pores at the corners of 

the central ma.dreporite. Petals broad, lanceolate, extending about two-thirds the way to the margin, 

strongly convex near the tips; poriferous zones rather 

broad, completely closed at the apex, nearly closed distally; inner pores small, circular; outer pores larger, 

oval; pores conjugate; interporiferous zones more 1j1an 

twice as wide as the poriferous at the widest part. Peristome central, small. Periproct circular or transversely 

oval; near the margin. Tubercles crowded, sunken, 

smaller on the upper surface than on the lower; one row 

between each two pairs of zygopores. 

Length of figured specimen 93.0 mm; width 78.5 

mm; height 24.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Anguilla, British West Indies; two cotypes and 

four other specimens (USNM 115373, 115375, 115376, 115377, 

115384, R. J. L. Guppy). Crocus Bay (USGS 6893, 6967, T. W. 

Vaughan ; USNM 5617 46, R. A. Christman). 

Tintamarre (Flat Island), French West Indies: North Cove 

(USNM 561747, R. A. Christman). 

Puerto Rico : Moca quadrangle K 4.2 route l12, 2.2 k from 

south edge of quadrangle (USGS 19764, C. W. Cooke and A. D. 

Watt). Eastern edge of San Sebastian quadrangl~, 1.5 k south 

of north edge (USGS 19812, C. W. Cooke and A. D. Watt). · 

San Sebastian quadrangle, K 9.9 on road running south-southeast from Central Soller and about 0.4 k south of it (USGS 

19798, C. W. Cooke and 'A. D. Watt). 

Dominican Republic : Arroyo Blanco near Cevicos (USGS 

8598, USNM 328233, C. W. Cooke and C. P. Ross, four-rayed 

specimen figured by Jackson) . 

Cuba: Jique de la Argolla, Rio Seco de San Antonio, Guanbinamo (USNM 561748, C. T. Ramsden). 

(Janal Zone : From upper limestone bed near Tower N 

(USGS 5866, D. F. MacDonald). Gaillard Cut, east side, 100 

yards up Rio Masambi (USGS 16955, W. P. Woodring and T. G. 

. Moran). Gatun Lake area, stream 1,4 mile east of Rio Caraba, 

1% miles south-southeast of mouth of Rio Caraba (USGS 17685, 

W. P. ·woodring). Near Gatun Dam site (USGS 5662, D. F. 

~acDonald, type of Olypeaster gatuni Jackson). 

Panama : Rio Chagres, limestone at Marcelita, just below 

Bajilla rain gauge station, about 1 mile below mouth of Rio · 

Pequenf (USGS 8386, A. A. Olsson). Transisthmian Highway, 

0.8 mile north of Madden Highway, in underpass at Roque 

(USGS 16945, W. P. WoodringandJ. R. Schultz. 

Florida: One mile below Baileys Ferry, Chlpola River, 

Calhoun County (USGS 2213, USNM 164671, Frank Burns, 

figured by Cooke, 1942) . 

Geologic unit.-Early Miocene, Chipol~ formation in Floridfl., 

Anguilla formation in Anguilla, Gatun formation: and Empereador limestone in Canal Zone, Cevicos limestone in Dominican 

· Republic~ Cibao limestone in Puerto Rico. 

Types.-Ootypes of 0. concavus, USNM 115375, 115376, from 

Anguilla. Type of 0. gatuni, USNM 284453, from USGS 5662, 

Canal Zone. Possible type of 0. antillarum, USNM 115390, reported to be from Antigua but labelled Porto Rico. Type of 

a. Zanceolatus, from Matanzas, Cuba, Comision del Mapa Geo-· 

l6gico de Es*afia, Madrid. Specimen from Florida figured by 

Cooke (1942~ under the name a. gatuni, USNM 164671. Fourrayed specimen from the Dominican Republic figured b~ Jackson (1922, .Plj 2, fig. 12) USNM 328233. , Specime~ from Crocus 

Bay, An:gmlla, figured here, USNM 561746. 

Remarks.-1Like most Clypeasters, Olypeaster concavus sbows 

considerab.le JVariation in size, shape, the degree of flatness of 

. the under side, and the deepness of the concavity. The speci-

. men in the I Cleve collection labelled Olypeastm· antillar_ um 

(USNM 115390) has a thicker margin than customary for 0. 

concavus but ptherwise resembles it. ~ Sever~:J-1 Cl;y-peasters from Cuba described' as new species by 

Lambert or by Sanchez Roig may be Olypeaster concavus. Their 

names have been omitted from the synonymy because the 

figures are to obscure to permit their identification. 

Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson 

Plate 11, figure 1 

Olyp. easter omybaphon Jackso~, 1~22, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 306, p. 44, pl. 7, figs . .:>, 4, pl. 8, figs.1-3. 

Olypeaster p 1atygaster Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 45, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2. 

Olypeaster atygaster Jackson. Sanchez Roig, 1924, Soc. cubana his~oria nat. Felipe Poey Mem., v. 5, no. 1, pl. 28. 

Olypeaster O(J]ybaphon Jackson. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontol-· 

ogy, v. 16l no. 1, p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 7. · 

Olypeaster o/cybaphon Jackson. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos siles de Cuba, p. 81. 

?Olypeaster f olygonalis Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos 

fosiles de Cuba, p. 84, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. . 

?Olypeaster ~inarensis Lambert and Sanchez Roig in Sanchez 

Roig, 19119, Equinodermos fosiles de Cuba, p. 86, pl. 12, figs. 

1, 2. . . 

'!Olypeaster profundus Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos 

. fosiles dE4 Cuba, p. 91, pl. 6, figs. 1-3. . 

Olypeaster atygaster Jackson. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos ft siles de Cuba, p. 92. 

Olypeaster o1ybaphon Jackson. Caso, 1957, Inst. de Biologfa 

Mexicana Anales, v. 27, p. 505, figs. {}-8. 

Hori~ont l outline subpentagoilal; upper surface de- . 

pressed belbw the margin, more or less swollen in the 

apical ~egi n; ~ower surfa~ nearly flat, with a shallow 

'depressiOn t round the per1stome and narro":" ambulacral furrows; margin thick, rounded. Apical system 

central, def~ctive in all the specimens at hand. Petals 

flush or sli~htly swollen, extending about two-thirds , 

the way t9 the margin, lanceolate, rather wide, incurved near the tip; poriferous zones rather wide, 
·36 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 1 

pores conjugate; interporiferous zones about twice as 

wide as the poriferous. Peristome nearly central. 

Periproct near the margin. Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of holotype 115.0 mm; width 112.0 mm; 

height 18.3 min. 

Occurrence.-Antigua, British West Indies : Willoughby Bay 

(USGS 6881, 'type, T. W. Vaughan; USNM 328289, W. R. Forrest). 

Puerto Rico: Corozal quadrangle, 7.5 k southwest of Vega 

Alta (USGS 19240, C. W. Cooke and A. D. Watt). Camuy quadrangle, K 10.8 on route 129 at hairpin bend 2 k from the south 

edge of the quadrangle (USGS 19700, C. W. Cooke and A. D. 

Watt). Peftuelas quadrangle, road south of Pefiuelas at K 1.75 

(USGS 19672, C. W. Cooke and A. D. Watt). Guanica quadrangle, K 2.3 on road to Faro de Guanica (USGS 100s3, C. W. 

Cooke and A. D. Watt). Guanica harbor (Am. Mus. Nat. History, C. A. Reeds, fide Jac~son) : 

Cuba: Havana, not far from the university (Am. Mus. Nat. 

History 18569, Barnum Brown (fide Jackson, type of Olypeaster 

platyg_aster). 

Canal Zone: From creamy limestone a mile or less north of 

New Frijoles on tfue relocated line of the Panama Railroad 

(USGS 5908, D. F. Ma·cDonald). 

Florida: NW:J4 sec. 36 T.4N, R.13W., Washington County 

(USGS 15068a, F. S. MacNeil). 

Geo_logic unit.-Late Oligocene, Antigua formati'on in Antigua, 

Suwannee limestone in Florida. Juana Diaz formation and 

equivalents in Puerto Rico. 

Types.~Holotype of Olype.aster omybaphon, USNM 328241; 

of 0. platygaster, Am. Mus. Nat. History 18569; of 'O' •. polygonalis, 

Sanchez Roig collection 132, Havana; of 0. pinarensis, Sanchez 

Roig collecti-on 135; of 0. profundus, Sanchez Roig collection 

139. ·Specimen from Florida figured by COoke, USNM ;190006. 

Remarks.-The shape of the petals, the thickened margin, the 

broad posterior truncation, and the nearly flat lower surface appear to be constant features in this species. The submargins 

in all the specimens available are lower than the margins, but 

:!le degree of inflation .of the apical reglon is variable. 

The three species of Sanchez Roig, all from Cuba, tentatively 

placed in the synonymy are too poorly figured for certain recognition. 

Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) 

Plate 11, figures 2-4 

Echinanthus subdepress.a Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 

'2, v. 10, p. 427. 

Olypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and fossil, of South Carolina, p. 3. 

Olypeaster stt-bdepressus (Gray). A. Agassiz, 1874,.Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 306, ,pl. 11b; pl. 11e, 

figs.1, 2; pl. 12d, fig. 4; pl.13, figs. 10-18. 

Olypeaster subdepressus (Gray). H. L. Clark, 1914, Harvard 

College Mus. ' Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, p. 38, pl. 123, 

figs. 11, 12. 

Olypeaster subdepresstts (Gray). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 5. · Olypeaster ( Stolonoclypus) subdepressus (Gray). Mortensen, 

1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 112, pl. 

- 23, figs. 1-3; pl. 24, fig.3; pl. 25, fig. 6; pl. 26, figs. 1, 6; pl. 

27, fig. 4; pl. 45, figs. 4, 11, 14, 15. Includes additional 

synonymy. 

Olypeaster (Stolonoclypus) prostratus Ravenel. Mortensen, 

1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4-, pt. 2, p. 118, pl. 16, 

fig. 1 ; pl. 24, fig. 1 ; pl. 25, figs. 1, 2 ; pl. 26, fig. 5. 

Test large; horizontal outline subovate to subpen-

-tagonal, usually truncate or reentrant in the interambulacra; upper surface tumid in the petaloidal region, 

. flatter marginally; lower surface nearly flat, slightly 

concave at the peristome, having narrow ambulacral 

furrows, the paired furrows bent towards each other 

near the peristome; margin rather thin. Apical system 

pentagonal, with five genital pores at the-corners of the 

madreporite. Petals rather short, extending more than 

halfway to the margin, the anterior the longest; poriferous zones curved inward at the outer tips but more 

or less open, pores near the apex inconspicuous, hence 

seemingly wide open; interporiferous zones wide; pores 

conjugate. Peristome central, circular. Periproct near 

the posterior margin. Tubercles small. 

Length of Recent specimen from Longboat Key, 

Florida, 130.0 mm; width 110.0 Ihm; height 25.0 mm. 

Occurrynce.-(Recent) Florida to Brazil ({ide Mortensen). 

Gulf of Mexico off Longboat Key (USNM, J. Brookes Knight). 

South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal about 3 

miles southwest of Little River, . about 1.5 miles southwest 

· of the highway bridge near Nixons Crossroads, and about 15 

miles northeast of Myrtle Beach, Horry County (Charleston 

Museum, Robert Lunz; USGS 13377, C. W. Cooke; USGS 18759, 

L. C. Glenn). 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene to Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562274b, from USGS 18759. 

Remarks.-The fossil species from South Carolina appearq 

to have no constant differences from the Recent species, which 

is rather variable. The anterior petal tends to be somewhat 

wider open than those of the specimens figured by Mortensen 

under the name of 0. subdepressus, in this respect agreeing 

with the Recent specimens from South Carolina figured by 

. him as 0. prostratu.s. The collections, from the Intracoastal 

' Waterway· are from dredgings that appear to represent a 

mixture of deposits of late Miocene and Pleistocene age. This 

species presumably came from the Pleistocene. 

Clypeaster rogersi (][orton) 

Plate 12, figures 4-6 

Scutella rogersi Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic remains 

of the Cretaceous group, p. 77, pl. 13, fig. 3. 

Lagana rogersi (Morton). Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum Echlnodermatum, p. 6. 

Not Scutella rogersi Morton. Agassiz, 1841, Mon. echinod~rmes 

vi vans et fossiles, Mon. 2, p. 85, pl. 19a, figs. 1-4 (=Peri-

, arch us quinquefarius (Say) ) . 

. Scutella jonesi Forbes in Lyell, 1845, Geol. Soe. London Proc., 

v. 4, p. 574, text fig.; Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., v. 1, 

p. 440, text fig. 

Not Mortonia rogersi (Morton). Desor,' 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 231. ( =Periarchus quinqu_etarius 

~Say)). 

Olypeaster rogersi (:Morton). Conrad, 1866, Smithsonian Misc. 

Coli., v. 7 (200), p. 22. 
CL YPEASTERIDAE 37 

Mortonta turgida Conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

:rroc., v.17, p.184. 

Scutella (Mortonia) rogersi (Morton). De Gregorio, 1890, Mon. 

faune eocenique de l'Alabama, p. 250, pl. 43, fig. 16 (after 

Morton). Not description nor figs. 17-20 ( =Periarchus 

quinquejarius (Say) after Agassiz) . 

Olypeaster rogersi (Morton). De Loriol, 1891, Soc. physique et 

d'histoire nat. de Geneve Mem. v. sup. l890, l}O. 8, p. 99. 

Olypeaster douvillei Stefanini, 1911 Soc. geol. italiana Boll. 30, 

p. 682, p. 22, figs. la-c. 

Olypeaster rogersi (Morton). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 136, pl. 64, figs. 2a-d, 3a-d. 

Olypeaster rogersi (M<?rton). Cooke, 1926, Alabama Geol. Survey Special Rept. 14, pl. 97, fig. 7. 

Olypeaster rogersi (Morton). Cooke and Mossom 1929, Florida 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 7, fig. 7 (after Cooke). 

Olypeaster marinanus Jackson, 1937, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 

84, no. 3015, p. 231, pl. 12, fig. 2 ; pl. 13, :fig. 1. 

(Jlypeaster rogersi (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.l6, no.l, p.12. 

Olypeaster brodermani Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos 

fosiles de Cuba, p. 7 4, pl. 9, :figs. 1-3. 

Olyp!Jaster marinanus Jackson. Caso, 1957, Inst. de Biologia 

Mexicana Anales, p. 508. 

Length ranging from less than 40 mm to 90 mm or 

more. Outline oval to subpentagonal; upper surface 

low to tumid apically; lower surface flattish, slightly 

concave near the peristome; margin USlJ.ally thin. Apical ·system central, with five genital pores, tumid. 

Petals extending more than halfway to the margin, 

completely closed apically, wide open distally; poriferous zones somewhat narrower than the interporiferous, inner pores circular, outer pores slightly elongated, pores weakly conjugate; inner side of poriferous 

zones almost straight, outer side slightly convex. Peristome central, pentagonal, sides slightly swollen, like 

bourrelets. Ambulacral grooves straight, narrow, extending to the margin. Periproct circular, located 

about one-fifth the distance from the margin to the peristome. Tubercles on upper surface small, sunken; tubercles on lower surface larger, in much larger scrobicules; intermediate spaces pitted. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Monroe County (type). Whitsett's 

quarry in Washington County 3 miles south of Collumburg 

(USGS 7208, C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield) . Hillside lA, 

mile east of the A. T. & N. Railway 2.5 miles north of Millry, 

Washington County (USGS 6702, C. W. Cooke). Many other 

localities listed by Cooke ( 1942, p. 12). 

Mississippi: Chickasawhay River 1'% miles northwest of 

the mouth of Limestone Creek, 4 miles northwest of Waynesboro, and 1'% miles southwest of Boyce, Wayne County (USGS 

6647a, W. H. Monroe and F. S. MacNeil). Other localities 

listed by Cooke (1942, p. 12). 

Georgia: Old Jacksonboro, fork of Brier and Beaverdam 

Creeks, Screven County (type of Scutella jonesi Forbes). 

Other localities listed by Cooke (1942, p. 12). 

Florida: Marianna (USGS 6767, C. W. Cooke; 14330, W. 

0. Mansfield, F. S. MacNeil). Suwannee River near Ellaville, 

lowest bed (USGS 14070, W. 0. Mansfield 'and C. M. Mumm; 

USGS 12744, W. C. Mansfield). Suwannee River about 6 miles 

468544-59---4 

below Ellaville lowest bed (USGS 12740, W. C. Mansfield, Her- 1 

man Gunter, G. M. Ponton). Miley rock pit in sec. 36, T. 20, 

S. R. 18 E. in Citrus County (USGS 14554, C. W. Cooke and 

W. D. Havens). Taylor County, 6.5 miles south of Nutall's Rise 

on Aucilla River, and 16 miles south of Lamont (USGS 14924, 

C. W. Cooke). Falling Water 4 miles south of Chipley, Washington County (USGS 7188, C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield). 

Cuba: Colonia Cristales, :tinea Juan Criollo, Jatibonico, 

Camagliey ( 0. brodermani). 

Mexico: Cerro Chamal Soto la Marina ; south of Topila 

(type of Olypeaster marinanus Jackson). 

Geologic unit.-Middle and late Oligocene; Vicksburg group 

in Mississippi and Alabama, Flint River formation in Georgia, 

Suwannee ,Iirllestone in Florida, Meson formation in Mexico. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1070. Four cotypes. 

The one figured here is larger and better preserved than Morton's figured specimen. The oldest label reads "Scutella 

rogersi S. G. M., Alab." Another label specifies Claiborne, but 

the types evidently came from the Marianna limestone, which 

crops out a few miles east of Claiborne on the road to Monroeville. 

Remarks.-The shape and size of Olypeaster rogersi is quite 

variable, but the shape of the petals is relatively constant. The 

species appears to be included in the section Orthanthus Mortensen ( 1948, p. 45) . 

The specimens from the Suwannee limestone (USGS 14924), 

from the Flint River formation, and from the Meson formation 

tend to have slightly wider interporiferous zones than the typical form from the Marianna limestone, and tlieir margin is 

thinner. 

Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcu~ 

Plate 12, figures 1-3 

Olypeaster cotteaui Egozcue, 1897, Com. Mapa Geol. Espana 

Bol., v. 22, p. 40, pl. 10, figs. 1-4. 

Olypeaster cotteaui Egozcue. Lambert, 1915, Soc. Acad. Agric., 

Sci., Arts, et Belles Lettres de l'Aube (Troyes) Mem. v. 79, 

p.24. 

Olypeaster cotteaui Egozcue. Jackson, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 41, pl. 6, figs. 6-8. 

Olypeaster cotteaui Egozcue. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 13. 

Olypeaster cotteaui Eg-ozcue. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos 

fosiles de Cuba, p. 68. 

Horizontal outline ovate, narrower in front; upper 

surface slightly arched ; margin thick, broadly 

rounded; lower surface deeply concave. Apical system 

central. Petals extending three-fourths the way to the 

margin, slightly tumid; closed apically, wide open distally; inner rows of pores straight except near tho apex, 

outer rows curved, rows nearly meeting at the tip, 

where there is a group of four pores. Peristome small, 

deeply sunken. Periproct near the margin. Tubercles 

large, deeply sunken in large scrobicules. 

Length of figured specimen 64.4 mm; width 52.7 mm; 

height20.0 mm. ' 

Occurrence.-Cuba: Matanzas (type). Farm of Marco Sanchez at base of Monte Toro, northwest of Guantanamo 

(USNM 559297,_C. T. Ramsden) 

I , 
/ 

38 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Georgia: Worth County on road from Isabella to Albany 

6.4 miles west of Isabella and about 12 miles east of Albany 

(USGS 7995, C. W. Cooke). 

Geological unit.-Late Oligocene, Suwannee limest~ne in 

Georgia. 

Type.~Comision del Mapa Gool6gico de Espana. Figured 

specimen USNM 559297, from. Cuba. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based on the figured 

Cuban specimen which was identified and figured by Jackson. 

The only specimen from Georgia is rather defective, but the 

identification seems certain~ The petals of Olypeaster eotleaui are similar to those of 0. rogersi, but the margin is 

thicker, the lower concavity is much deeper, the. tubercles are 

a little larger, and the periproct is nearer the margin. 

Family PROTOSCUTE·LLIDAE Durham 

Genus PROTOSCUTELLA Stefanini 

ProtoscutelZa Stefanini, 1924, Ge9l. Soc. America Bull., v. 35, 

p.843. 

Proto.scutella Stefanini. Cooke, 1942, ·Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p.17. · 

ProtoscuteZZa Stefanini. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea,v.4,pt.2,p.250,390. 

ProtoscuteZZa Stefanini. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. 

Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 153. 

· Type species, Scutella mississippiensis Twitchell, by 

monotypy. 

I-Iorizontal outline subovate or faintly lobed; oral 

surface flat; upper surface slightly swollen medially; 

margin and submargin thin. Apical system central, 

with central madreporite and five genital pores. Amulacra petaloid, poriferous zones closed apically, 

slightly open. distally, inner pores circular, outer pores 

elongated, plates of petals simple. Interambulacra discontinuous at the basicoronal plate, as in Abertella. 

Peristome central, circular, surrounded by five buccal 

tubes. Ambulacral grooves straight, unbranched, generally extending to the margin. Periproct small, circular, marginal or inframarginal. 

Protosmttella resembles Abertella in the arrangement 

of its plates; it differs in having five, not four, genital 

pores and straight, not branching, ambulacral grooves. 

It differs frmn Scutella in having five genital pores and 

discontinuous interambuhicra. M onostychia has only 

four .genital pores, its ambulacral grooves extend over 

the upper surface, and there are fewer interambulacral 

plates on the oral surface. The known species of Protoscutella are confined to the middle Eocene of North 

America. 

Specific distinctions in Protoscutella are based mainly 

on the location of the periproct and on the rela~ive 

proportions of the test. In P. mississippiensis the peri-

-proct is always near the margin; typically it is below 

the margin, but in some specimens it is marginal, a.nd 

in a few from Alabama it is above the margin. This 

species is wider than long. In P. aonradi the periproct 

is nearly marginal, always on the oral side, but the 

species is longer than wide. P. tuomeyi also is longer 

than wide, but the periproct is somewhat farther from 

the margin.. The periproct is still farther from the 

margin in P. plana, which is somewhat elongated. I~ 

P. pentagonium the location of the periproct is nearly 

as in P. tuomeyi, but the horizontal dimensions are 

nearly equal and the shape is subpentagonal. 

Key to the species of Protoscutella 

Periproct'marginal or nearly marginal 

Test wider than long______ Protoscutella mississippiensis 

Test longer than wide; periproct inframarginal 

Protoscutella cOMadi 

Periproct not marginal 

Periproct not more than two-thirds the radius from the 

peristome------------------------- ProtoscuteZZa plana 

Periproct more than two-thirds the radius from the 

peristome 

Outline ovate, widest behind the midline 

ProtosouteZZa tuomeyi 

Outline pentagonal, widest in front of the midline 

Protoscutella pentagonium , 

Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twichell) 

Pia te 15, figures 12, 13 

Scutella mississippiensis Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 154, p. 124, pl. 59, figs. 1a-f. 

Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell). Stefanini, 1924, 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 35, p. 843. 

Monostychia mississippiensis (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 583. 

Protoscutella mississippiens·is (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.16, no.l, p.17. 

Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell). Mortensen, 1948, 

Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 390, text fig. 227 

(after Twitchell) . 

Protosoutella mississippiensis (Twitchell). Durham, 1955, 

California Univ., Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text fig. 32f. 

Horizontal outline subtrigonal, slightly wider than 

long, weakly notched behind; upper surface gently 

tumid; lower surface nearly ·flat, slightly depressed 

around the peristome; margin thin. Apical system 

central, with five genit~l pores and a large central madreporite. Ambulacra peta1oid; plates simple; petals 

extending halfway to the margin, lanceolate, closed at 

the apical end, nearly closed distally; poriferous zones 

about as wide as the interporiferous, constricted near 

the distal end; inner pores circular, outer pores elongated. Peristome central, small, circular, having ohe 

pair of pores at each ambulacrum. Peri proct very 

small, marginal or submarginal, circular. Tubercles 

small, depressed. 

Length of type 50.5 mm; width 53.0 mm; height 7.0 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Mississippi : Cemetery Creek west of Enterprise, 

Clarke County (USGS 115, 116, 129 type, L. C. Johnson:). 
PROTOSCUTELLIDAE 39 . 

Chickasawhay River at Enterprise (USGS 246, 2629, Frank 

Burns).' McCanns Creek bluff on Chickasawhay River 4 miles 

southwest of Enterprise (USGS 345, Frank Burns). About 

three-quarters of a mile south of Basic Clarke County (USGS 

15958, Julia Gardner). Highway 11, 11~ miles south of Lauderdale, Clarke County (USGS 15109, Julia Gardner). 

Alabama: Road cut 4 miles south of Gilbertown, Choctaw 

County (Julia Gardner, C. W. Cooke, Edgar Bowles). Cut on 

highway 28 just south of Souwilpa Creek, NE:JA, sec.19, T.10 N., 

R. 3 W., Choctaw County (USGS 17048, C. W. Cooke, F. S. 

MacNeil). 

Texas : Mt. Enterprise, southeast part of Rusk County 

(USGS 2056, L. C. Johnson). San Augustine (USGS 5121, T. 

W. Vaughan; 13144, 14239, Julia Gardner). Nacadoches road 

9.5 miles west of San Augustine (Julia Gardner). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Winona sand in Mississippi, 

Mount Selman formation in Texas; basal Lisbon formation and 

top of Tallahatta formation in Alabama. 

Type.-USNM 137655, from USGS 129. Figured . specimens 

137674, from USGS 116. 

Remarks.-The nearly or quite terminal location of the periproct is the most distinctive feature of Protoscutella mississippiensis. Ordinarily the periproct is on the under side, but on 

the specimens from Souwilpa Creek (USGS 17048) it is supramarginal. Possibly these represent a different species. They 

may occupy a slightly lower horizon. 

Protoscutella mississippiensis seems to be closely related to P. 

conradi (Cotteau), but its periproct is more nearly terminal, it 

attained a larger size, and it is usually proportionally wider. 

Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) 

Pia te 15, figures 9-11 

Scutella tuomeyi Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.125, pl. 60, figs.1a-d. 

Periarchus tuomeyi (Twitchell). Ste'fanini, 1924, Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 35, p. 843. 

Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 18. 

Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 390. 

Horizontal outline subovate, widest behind the midline, weakly lobate posteriorly, with a faint posterior 

notch; upper surface rising slightly in the central part; 

oral surface nearly flat, apparently somewhat concave 

near the peristome; margin thin. Apical system central; five genital pores. Petals of equal length, extending halfway to the margin, sides nearly straight, open 

at the outer ends, nearly closed at the apex; poriferous 

zones somewhat narrower than the interporiferous; 

inner pores circular, outer pores elongated. Peristome 

central, circular, rather small. Periproct small, elongated, three-fourths the way from the peristome to the 

margin. Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of type 40.0 mm; width 3?.5 mm; height 

5 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Cave Hall, Calhoun County, 

North Carolina: ·J. C. Teachey's farm, 3 miles northeast 

of Teachey depot, Duplin County (USGS 10620, L. B. Kellum). 

Duplin County 2.5 miles southwest of Charity (USGS 11816, 

W. C. Mansfield). These two lots are doubtfully identified; 

though they have somewhat similar proportions, they are much 

smaller than the type, and their periproct is nearer the margin. 

They may be P. pentagonium or an undescribed species. 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Warley Hill marl. 

Type.-USNM 137970. 

Oomparison.-ProtoscuteZla tuomeyi occupies nearly the same 

stratigraphic position as P. mississippiensis, but its proportions 

are different and its periproct is farther from the' margin. 

Protoscutella pentagonium Cooke 

Plate 15, figures 6-8 

Protoscutella pentagonium Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, 

no. 1, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 4-6. 

, Protoscutella pentagonum Cooke. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 390. · 

Horizontal outline subpentagonal, nearly equilateral; 

upper surface strongly tumid medially, much flatter-in 

the submargin; margin thin, turned down; oral surface 

nearly flat. Apical system central; five genital pores; 

large central madreporite. Petals equal in length, 

extending halfway to the margin; anterior petal s'Yollen near the apex, presumably from the pressure of a. 

jaw ; conspicuously open at each end ; poriferous zones 

equal in width to the interporiferous; inner pores circular, outer pores strongly elongated. Peristome small, 

central, circular; ambulacral grooves straight, extending nearly to the margin, occupied by long buccal tubes. 

Periproct small, circular, four-fifths the way from the 

peristome to the margin, connected with the margin by 

a shallow furrow. 

Length of type 30.0 mm; width 31.4 mm; height 

6.1 mm. 

Occurrenoe.-Florida: Well of the Chipley Oil Oompany at 

Falling Water, 4 miles south of Chipley, Washington County; · 

depth unknown, probably about 600 feet ; embedded in white 

sand (USGS 13l45, type, C. W. Cooke)'. 

Texas: Nacogdoches County (USGS 7951, --Bruyere). 

Nacogdoches road 12 to 13 miles west of San Augustine (USGS 

13269, Julia Gardner). Nacogdoches road 5 miles west of San 

Augustine (USNM 499111, Julia Gardner). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene; . probably of Lisbon age, 

M,ount Selman formation in Texas. 

Type.-USNM 498992. 

Remarks.-The specimens from Texas, which are rounder 

and smaller than the type, tend to have swollen interambula--

cral areas on the oral face. Their identity with Protoscutella 

pentfl,gonium is open to question. They resemble in size and 

general appearance some from USGS 10620 and 11816 in North 

Oarolina which are tentatively identified asP. tuomeyi. 

Protoscutella conrad! (Cotteau) 

Plate 15, figures 4, 5 

14 miles south of Fort Motte station (type, USGS' 2017, Frank · Sismondia marginalis Conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiladelBurns). phi~ Proc., p. 75. Not Des Mouline 1837. 
40 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Mortonia (Per~archu8) marginalis (Oonrad). Conrad, 1866. 

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. v. 7 (200), p. 21. 

Sismonaia conradi Cotteau, 1891, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain :tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 2, p. 300. 

M onostychia marginalis (Conrad) . Gregory, 1891, Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 3, p. 105. 

Periarchus(?) marginalis (Conrad). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. Geoi. 

italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 699. 

Scutella(?) conradi (Cotteau). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 126, pl. 64, figs. la-d. 

Protoscutella conradi ( dotteau). Cooke,, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no.1, p. 17. 

Protoscutella conradi (Ootteau). Mortensen, 1948, M9nograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 390. 

Horizontal outline suboval, slightly truncated :and 

weakly notched behind; upper surface tumid centrally, 

submargin flat; margin tending to turn down; oral 

sur:face flat medially, oonc;ave near the margin. Apical 

system central, wilth 1a large oentral m:adreporite and 

five genital pores. Petals lanceolate, extending halfway to the margin, nearly equally long, slightly open 

at the apical ends, somewhat wider open at the distal 

ends ; poriferous zones slightly narrower than the inJterporiferous, inner pores circular, outer pores elongated 

or oval. Peristome central, small, circula;r, surrounded 

by five radiating :buccal tubes. Periproot small, circular, located about four-fifths·. the w:ay from the 

peristome to the m'argin. , Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of :type 21.0 mm; widph 19.8 mm; height 4.0 

mm. , A specimen from USGS 18353 measures 29 mm 

in length. . 

Occurrence.~sou:th Carolina: Near Charleston (probably 

Santee Canal) (type). Santee-Cooper diversion canal near 

Eadytown, Berkeley County (USGS 18353, C. W. Cooke and 

F. S. MacNeil). 

North Carolina: J. A. Stokes' farm 2 miles north from 

creek near Maple Cypress, Craven County (USGS 8165, J. A. 

Cushman). ,F.arm of Douglas Green about 1 mile west of 

Maple Cypress (USGS 12007, W. C. Mansfield). Craven County 

3 miles east of Quinerly a.nd 2 miles north of Neuse River 

(USGS 10627, L. B. Kellum). Farm of A. R. Bland 1.5 miles 

northeast of Rose Hill, Duplin County (USGS 10621, L. B. 

Kellum). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, probably Santee limestone, 

possibly Oa:stle Hayne limestone. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. ·Sci. Philadelphia 1081. 

Oomparisons.~The periproct of this species is usually farther 

from the margin than that of Protoscutella mississippiensis, 

which attained a larger size. The proportions are different, 

P. conradi being longer than wide, whereas P. mississipiensis 

is shorter than wide. In P. plcma the periproct is still farther 

from the margin; rthe oral side is :flatter, the marg-in not being 

turned down ; and the posterior notch is absent or very inconspicuop.s. In ProtoscuteZlG pentagonium the periproct is farther from the margin, which is turned down ; the shape is equilateral, penta~onal ; ·and the interambulacra are swollen on the 

oral face. 

Protoscutella plana (Conrad) 

Plate 15, figures 1-3 

scutella crustuZoides Morton. Morton, 1833, Am. Jour. Sci., v. 

24, pl. 10, fig. 8. (Not description, p.131.) 

Scutella lyelli Conrad. M~rton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic 

remains of the Cretaceous group p. 77, pl. .10, fig. 8 (figure 

same as the preceding) . 

Sismondia plana Conrad, 1865, Acad. _ Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. p. 75. 

Mortonia (Periarchus) planus (Conrad). Conrad, 1866, Smithsonian Misc. Coli., v. 7 (200), p. 21. 

Sismondia plana Conrad. Cotteau, 1891, Paleontologie fran-

~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v. 2, p. 299. 

Mono~tychia plana (Conrad). Gregory, 1891, Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., v. 3, p. 105. 

Periarchus planus (Conrad). Stefanini, 1891, Soc. geol. itallana 

Boll., v. 30, p. 699. 

Sismondiat plana Conrad. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 121, pl. 57, figs. 4a-d. 

Protoscutella plana (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 18. 

Protoscutella plana (Conrad). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 390. 

Horizontal outline ovate, slightly wider behind than 

in front at the midline; upper surface slightly swollen 

medially, flatter near the margin; margin thin; lower 

surface nearly flat. Apical system obscure, probably 

having five genital pores and a large central madrepor-

. ite. Petals lanceolate, moderately broad, closed at the 

apical end, open distally, extending halfway to the 

margin; poriferous zones about equal in width to the 

interporiferous zones; inner pores circular, outer pores 

slightly elongated. ~eristome small, central. Periproct 

small, less than two-thirds the way from the peristome 

to the margin. Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of type (fide Clark and Twitchell) 17 mm; 

width 15 mm; height 2 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina : Eutaw Springs, 2 miles east 

of Eutawville, Orangeburg County (USGS 7968, 13391, C. W. 

Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Santee limeston~. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1080 (fide Clark and 

Twitchell). Figured specimen USNM 562275. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based chiefly on the 

photographs of the type published by Clark and Twitchell 

(1915, pl. 57, figs. 4a-d), from which the identification of the 

specimens in the National Museum was made. 

This species, as known only from small, presumably immature individuals, differs from typical Protoscutella in the 

total lack of a posterior emargination, in the much greater 

distance of the periproct from the margin, and in the greater 

elongation of the test. However, it seems to agree with 

Protoscutella in the discontinuity of the interambulacra and in 

the occurrence of radial and concentric internal partitions. 

The occurrence of five genital pores is inferred from the similarity of this species to young individuals ·of Protoscutella 

tuomeyi. 
PROTOSCUTELLIDAE 41 

Genus PERIARCRUS Conr~d 

Mortonia Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 231. 

Not Mortonia Gray, 1851. 

Mortonia (Periarckus) Conrad, 1866, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. v. 

7 (200), p. 21 . . 

Mortonella Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera 

des echinides, p. 70. For Moitonia Desor. 

Periarckus Conrad. Grabau and Shimer, 1910, North American 

index fossils, v. 2, p. 591. 

Mortonella Pomel. Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geo. italiana Boll., v. 

30, p. 684. 

Periarckus Conrad. Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. italiana Boll., v. 

30, p. 687. 

Mortonella Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature 

raisonn:ee des ehinides, fasc. 4, p. 316. 

Periarckus Conrad, Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature 

raisonee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 316. 

Mortonella Pomel. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 128. 

Periarchus Conrad. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 130. 

Periarckus Conrad. Davies, 1935, Tertiary faunas, v. 1, p. 87. 

Mortonella Pomel. Davies, 1935, Tertiary faunas, v. 1, p. 87. 

Periarckus Conrad. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, n:o. 

1, p.13. 

Mortonella Pomel. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the -Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 391. 

Mortonella (Periarckus) Conrad. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 392. 

Periarckus Conrad. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. 

Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 153. 

Mortonella Pomel. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. 

Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 155. 

Type species Sismondia alta Conrad 1865, first 

species, designated by Stefanini (1911, p. 687). The 

type of Sismondia alta is the specimen from Wadsworth's Eocene marl, Craven County, N. C. named Scutella sp. by Emmons (1858, p. 308, text figs. 247, 248), 

later well figured by Clark and Twitchell (1915, p. 130, 

pl. 58) as Periarchus altus Conrad, and now USNM · 

498960. It appears to be a variant of Periarchus lyelli 

(Conrad) , differing from the normal form of that 

species in that its highest point stands in front of the · 

apical system. Its horizontal outline is nearly circular, 

up_per surface tumid, margin thin, and lower surface 

flat. The apical system is slightly posterior, with a 

large central madreporite and five conspicuous genital 

pores. The lanceolate petals are nearly equal in length 

and extend about halfway to the margin. The poriferous zones are slightly open at the ends. The inner 

pqres are circular, the outer pores strongly elongated. 

The small, circular peristome lies directly under the 

apical system; the still smaller periproct is on the oral 

side less than halfway to the margin. The five ambulacral food ·grooves branch about halfway to the 

margin. They terminate at buccal tubes. 

The type species of M ortonella Pomel as validated 

by Opinion 358 of the International Commission on 

Zoological Nomenclature is Seutella guinguefaria Say, 

which was misidentified by Desor (following L. Agassiz) as Scutella rogersi Morton, a Olypeaster. The reason for putting M ortonella in the synonymy of Peri;. 

archus is discussed under Periarchus guinguefarius. 

Key to tke species of Periarchus 

Petals longer than half the radius ___ Periarckus quinquetarius 

Margin not bevelled, usually thick---------'--- Periarckus 

quinquetarius quinquetMius 

Margin bevelled, very thin_ Periarckus quinquefarius kewi 

Petals not longer than half the radius. 

Anterior interporiferous zone protruding ; petals short ; margin fluted; periproct near the peristome _____ Periarckus 

. prott~tberrans 

Anterior interporiferous zone not pr01truding; petals lo:p.ger; 

periproct farther from the peristome __ Periarckus lyelli 

Median area conicaL __ Periarckus lyelli pileus-sinensis 

Median area not conical 

Test medium sized ; petals half the radius 

Periarckus lyelli lyelU 

Test larger; petals less than half the radius·; very 

low ; margin very thin_____________ Periarckus 

lyelli jloridanus 

Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) 

Plate 13, figure 1; plate 14, figures 1-3 

Scutella lyelZi Conrad, 1834, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

ser. 1, v. 7, p. 152. 

Scutella sp. Emmons·, 1858, Agriculture of the eastern counties, 

p.308,figs.247,248. 

Sismondia lyelli (Conrad). Conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., ser. 2, v. 9, p. 74. 

Sismondia alta Oonrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Ptoc., 

ser. 2, v. 9, p. 74. 

Sismondia lyelli ( Oonrad). -conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., s·er. 2, v. 9, p. 74. 

M ortonia ( Periarchus) altus (Conrad) . Conrad, 1866, Smithsonian Misc. Ooll., v. 7 (200), p. 21. 

Scutella lyelU Conrad. De Gregorio, 1890, Monographie de la 

faune eocenique de l'Ala'bama, p. 250. Not pl. 43, fig. 21. 

Periarckus altus (Conrad). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. italiana 

Boll., v. 30, p. 687. 

Periarckus altus (Conrad). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Mon. 54, p. 130, pl. 58, figs. 1a-e. 

Periarckus lyelli (Conrad). Clark and TwitcheH, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 131, pl. 61, figs. 2a~f; pl. 62, figs. 

la--c, 2a-d. 

Periarckus lyelli (Conrad). Cooke 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 14. 

Periarckus lyelli ('Conrad). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 392, text figs. 299a-<b (after 

Clark and Twitchell) . 

Periarckus lyelli (Conrad). Durham, 1955, California Univ. 

Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text fig. 3e. 

Periarckus rutriformis Paulson, 1958, Jour. Paleontology, v. 32~ 

p. 362, text figs. 5, 6, 8. 

Horizontal outline subcircular; upper surface slightly tumid to conical centrally, nearly flat marginally; 

margin usually thin; oral side flat. ,Apical system central; madreporite large, central; five genital pores·. 

Petals lanceoplate, extending ·halfway to the margin, 
42 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

open at the outer ends; poriferous zones nearly equal in 

width to the interporiferous; inner pores circular, outer 

pores elongated; pores conjugate; plates simple. Interambulacra continuous. Peristome central, circular, 

small; ambulacral grooves shallow, straight to the midradius, divaricating beyond; buccal tubes slightly projecting into the opening; granular within. Periproct 

less than halfway to the margin, small. Tubercles 

small, sunken. · 

• Length .of figured specimens 68.2, 78.7 mm; , width 

67.2, 76.0 mm; height 6.5 mm~ 

Occurrence.-Ala'bama River a few miles south of Claiborn'e 

(type locality). Alabama River below Marshallville (USGS 295, 

L. C. Johnson, figured specimen). Gopher Hill, Tombigbee 

River, Washington Oounty (USGS 6087, George Little, figured 

specimen) . Other places listed . by C'ooke ( 1942, p. 15) . 

North Carolina: Wadsworth's marl bed, Cr~ven County 

{type of Sismondia alta) • Other places listed by Cooke { 1942, 

p.14). 

·South Carolina : About 6 miles south ·of Black Oak Lock of 

Santee Canal {type of Scutella pileus-sinensis). Santee Canal 

(USNM 5133, Col. Totten). Lime pit 3.5 miles South-southwest 

of Holly Hill and 0.5 mile west of Four Holes stati'On, Orangeburg County (USGS 10022, C. W. Cooke). 

Georgia: Many localities, listed by Cooke (1942, p. 14). 

Florida : Mouth of Withlacoochee River, ·Citrus and Levy 

counties (type of Periarchus lyelli jloridanus). 

Mississippi : Localities listed by Cooke ( 1942~ p. 15) . 

Louisiana: Below the ferry landing at Montgomery, Grant 

Parish (USGS 26'38, T. W. Vaughan, fragments presumably this 

species). 

Texas : Southeast corner of John Lang headright 5.5 miles 

northeast of Hemphill (USGS 11108, C. E. Cooke, identification 

doubtful). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Gosport sand and equivalents; 

late Eocene, Jackson group. May occur also in the Cook 

County Mountain formation of middle Eocene age and equivalents. 

Type.-Type of ScuteZla lyelli unknown ; type of Sismondia 

alta USNM 498960, deposited by Williams College, figured by 

Clark and Twitchell ( 1915, pl. 58) . 

Remarks.-Periarchus lye~Zi is v·ery abundant and variable. 

The typical variety occurring near Clai,borne, Alabama, is lowdomed but grades into tbe higher, conical variety pileus-sinensis. 

The large fiat subspecies jloridanU8 is more stable. 

Periarchus lyelli pileus-sinensis (Ravenel) 

Pia te 13, figures 2, 3 

.Scutella piZeus-sinensi:s Ravenel, 1844, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 2, p. 97 . 

.ScutelUi p.ileus-sinensis Ravenel. Ravenel, 1850, Am. Assoc. 

Adv. ·sci. Proc., v. 3, p. 160. 

Sismondia pileus-sinensis (Ravenel). Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., ser. 2, v. 9, p. 74. 

Mortonia (Periarchua) · pileus-sinensis (Ravenel). Conrad, 

1866, Smithsonian Misc. Coli., v. 7 ( 200), p. 21. 

Periarchus pileus-s:inensis (Ravenel). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. 

geol. italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 688, pl. 22, figs. 4a-c, 5a-b. 

Periarclws pi'leus-sinensis (Ravenel). Clark and Twitchell, 

· 1915, U .. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 135, pl. 63, figs. 1a-e, 

2a-d. 

Periarchus lyelli pileus-sinensis (Ravenel). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p.l5. 

Periarchus lyelli pileus-sinensis (Ravenel). Durham, 1955, 

California Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text figs. 14d, 

18d. 

This variety differs from what may be regarded as the 

typical form of Periarchus lyelli in the conical shape 

of its petaliferous area. All gradations may be found 

between a high form with concave slopes resembling a 

volcano and the low dome-shaped typical variety common at Claiborne, Alabama. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Estate of Dr. Philip G~ Prioleau 

in St. Johns Parish about 6 miles south of Black Oak Lock 

Santee Canal (type, fide Ravenel). 

Georgia : Abundant in Ocala limestone. 

Alabama: Abunaant in Ocala limestone. 

Mississippi : Shubuta Creek 2.5 miles north of Shubuta, 

Clarke County (USGS 331, Frank Burns). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone (east of Tom- · 

higbee River in Alabama) and Yazoo clay (west of Tombigbee 

River) ; probably also in Moodys Branch formation and equivalents. 

Type.-Unknown. 

Periarchus lyelli 1loridanus Fischer 

Plate 13, figure 4 

Periarchus lyelli {loridanus Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 60, pl. 1, figs. 1-4; text figs. 

4,5. 

Large, nearly flat, having a very thin margin; petals 

proportionally shorter and wider than customary in 

Periarchus lyelli. The large size and thinness may be 

the result of living in quiet offshore water with an oozy 

bottom. The typical variety of P. lyelli evidently inhabited shallow, near-shore water with a bottom of 

coarse sand. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Mouth of Withlacoochee River (USNM 

560418; 560419, 560422, A. G. Fissher and J. E. Banks). Pit 

between Inglis and Ya:Dkeetown, Levy County (USGS 14544, 

C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens). Drainage ditch in Citrus 

County 5.2 miles northwest of Crystal River on Florida 15 

(USGS 14545, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens). Dunnellon 

road in Levy County 2.8 miles south-southeast of Otter Creek 

(C. W. Cooke). Southern Phosphate Development Co. pit no. 

1, * miles southwest o~ Inverness, Citrus County (USGS 7378, 

C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Inglis limestone. 

Type.-USNM 560418; para types USNM 560419, 560422. 

Periarchus protuberans Twitchell 

Plate 12, figures 7-9 

P.eriarchus protuberans Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Surve3 

Mon. 54, p. 133, pl. 62, figs. 3a-f. 

Periwrchus protuberans Twitchell. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 15. 

Periarchus protuberans Twitchell. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 392. 
PROTOSCUTELLIDAE 43 

Horizontal outline n,early circular, fluted; upper surface conical in apical region, highest point in front of 

the anterior genital pore; submargin nearly flat; margin thin ; oral side nearly flat, depressed around the 

peristome. Apical system having a large central madreporite and five genital pores directly between the 

ocular pores. Petals short, extending less than halfway to the margin, the anterior petal somewhat longer · 

than the others; anterior petal strongly swollen and 

constricted near the apical end, forming an arch terminating at the anterior genital pore; poriferous zones 

slightly open distally with two pairs of pores forming 

a projecting tip; inner pores circular, outer pores 

elongated; pores faintly conjugate. Peristome small, 

subcircular with small phyllodel!ke swellings in the interambulacra; buccal tubes projecting into· the opening; ambulacral grooves straight to the midradius, 

where they bifurcate and extend to the margin. Periproct nearly as large as the peristome, triangular, less 

than · one-tl?-hd of the radius from the peristome. 

Tubercles small, sunken. 

Length of type 52.6 mm; width 52.4; height 9.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Mississippi: Shubuta Creek 2.5 miles north of 

Shubuta, Clarke County (USGS 331, Frank Burns). 

Alabama : Cut on US 84, 3.8 miles west of Gosport, Clarke 

County (USGS 18785, C. W. Cooke and F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene ; Yazoo clay in Mississippi, Ocala 

limestone transitional to Yazoo clay in Alabama. 

Type.-USNM 164685, from USGS 331. 

Oomparison.-Periarchus protuberans differs from P. lyelli, 

with which it is associated, in its shorter petals, the protruding 

anterior ambulacrum, and in the location of the periproct, which 

is nearer the peristome. In other respects it greatly resembles 

P. lyelli pileus-sinensis. 

Remarks.-The protruding ambulacrum might be a pathologic · 

feature, but it occurs with the other distinctive features in 

beds of the same age about 50 miles apart. 

Periarchua quinquefariua (Say) 

Plate 14, figures 6-8 

Scutella 5-faria Say, 1825, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

ser.1, v. 5, p. 228. 

Scutella rogersi (Morton). Agassiz, 1841, Monographies 

d'echinodermes, Mon. 2, p. 85, pl.19a, figs. 1-4. 

Mortonia rogersi (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides 

fossiles, p. 231. 

Mortonia quinquetaria (Say). Conrad, 1866, Smithsonian Misc. 

Coll., v. 7 (200), p. 32. 

Mortonia rogersi (Morton). Zittel, 1876, Handbuch der Palaeontologie, v.1, p. 522. 

M ortonella rogersi (Morton). Pomel, 1883; Classification 

m<ethodique et genera des echinides, p. 70. 

Scutella (Mortonia) rogersi (Morton). De Gregorio, 1890, 

Monographie de la faune eocenique de 1' Alabama, p. 250, 

pl. 43, figs. 17-20 (not fig.16). 

Mortonella rogersi (Agassiz not Morton). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. 

geol italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 685, pl. 22, figs. 2, 3. · 

M ortonella quinquetaria (Say). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 128, pl. 60, figs. 2a-f; pl. 61, 

figs.1a-b. 

Periarchus quinquetarius {Say). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 15. 

M ortonella quinquefaria (Say). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 391, text figs. 228a-c (after 

Agassiz, 1841) . 

MortoneZla quinque/aria (Say). Durham, 1955, California Univ. 

Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 155, text figs. 1L, 18c. 

Horizontal outline circular; upper surface slightly 

tumid centrally, submargin flat; margin generally 

rather thick or bevelled, oral side flat. Apical system 

central, having a large central madreporite and five 

genital pores. Petals wide, of nearly equal lengths, 

extending three-quarters of the way to the margin, 

outer edges convex; poriferous zones wider than the 

interporiferous zones, closed at the apical ends, open 

distally; inner pores circular, in nearly straight lines; 

outer pores elongated; pores ·conjugate. Peristome 

small, circular, central; food grooves extending halfway to the margin, where the grooves.bifurcate; each 

branch of the grooves has an outward branch extending nearly at right angles to it before curving to the 

margin; grooves punctate. Periproct smaller than the 

peristome, circular, nearly midway between the peristome and the margin. Sunken tubercles cover the entire surface, including the apical system. 

Length of figured specimens 52.0, 60.0 mm; width 

54.0, 62.0 mm; height 9.4, 11.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Near Milledgeville (fide Say). Spring 

and limesink 1 mile southwest of the courthouse at Sandersville, Washington County (USGS 3955, S. W. McCallie; USGS 

10489, C. W. Cooke and T. M. Prettyman; USGS 5250, T. W. 

Vaughan; 7705, C. W. Cooke). Quarry of Atlantic Lime Rock 

Company 1.5 miles south of Sandersville (USGS 12099, C. W. 

Cooke and W. H. Monroe). Limestone quarry about 1 mile 

southwest of Sandersville, under power line (USGS 15495, F. 

S. MacNeil and P. E. LaMoreaux). Cut on Central of Georgia 

Railway between mileposts 138 and 139, Washington County 

(USGS 3959, S. W. McCallie). Dublin road 4.6 miles southwest 

of ·Tennille, Washington County, at c1·ossing of Central of 

Georgia Railway (USGS 10500, C. W. Cooke and T. M. Pretty-

\ man). 1.5 miles northwest of Tennille (USGS 3761, S. W. McCallie). T. W. Smith's farm 2.2 miles south of Warthen, Washington County (USGS 3953, S. W. McCallie). 1 mile south of 

Waynesboro, Burke County (USGS 10504, C. W. Cooke and_ T. 

M. Prettyman,). Roadside at Hatcher's mill, 3lh miles north of 

Alexander, Burke County (USGS 14570, C. W. Cooke and A. C. 

Munyan). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Sandersville limestone member 

of the Barnwell formation. 

Type.-Unknown. Figured specimens USNM 262279, 562276. 

Oomparison.-Periarchus quinquetarius can readily be distinguished from Periarchus lyelli and varieties by its propor- . 

· tion~lly longer petals, ,by its usually thicker margin, and by its 

· deeper and more conspicuous ambulacral grooves. 

Remarks.-This species occupies a somewhat higher horizon 

than ferittrohtts ZyeZZi. It is known only from Georgia. Old 
44 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

labels referring it to Alabama are in error because of Louis 

Agassiz's confusion of this species with Olypeaster rogersi (Morton), whose type came from near Claiborne, Alabama. Say's 

statement that his species is abundant "near l{illedgeville' is 

true only in a very broad sense, for Milledgeville is built on 

unfossiliferous rocks.of the Piedmont. 

This species became the type of M ortonella Pomel ( 1883, p. 

70) but the differences between Mortonella and Periarchus seem 

too insignificant to justify the ·retention of Mortonella as a 

genus. The most conspicuous difference is in the thickness of 

the margin, but the thickness of the margin is variable in, both 

type species, and some individuals of P. quinquetarius are as 

thin as some of P. lyelli. If Mortonella is to be retained, it 

should not rank higher than subgenus. 

Periarchus quinquefarius kewi Cooke 

- Plate 14, figures 4, 5 

Periarchus kewi Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 16, pl.l, figs. 12-14. 

Horizontal outline circular; upper surface tumid 

medially, swollen beyond the petals, sloping steeply to 

the margin; margin thin; oral side flat. Other :features 

as in the typical variety. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Highway US 341, 4.2 miles southeast 

' of Clinchfield, Houston County (USGS 15097, W. S. W. Kew 

and C. W. Cooke). S. W. Smith's farm 2IA, miles south of 

Warthen, Washington County (USGS 3953, S. W. McCallie). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Sandersville limestone member 

of the Barnwell formation. 

Type.-USNM499000, froJ?l USGS 15097. 

Remarks.-Periarchus kewi is here considered a variety . of 

P. quinquetarius because it is associated with the typical form, 

whose margin not rarely shows a tendency to become bevelled. 

The distinguishing features of the variety are the strongly 

tumid central region, the swollen submargin, and the plainly 

bevelled edge. 

Family ECHINARACHNIIDAE 

Genus ECHINARACHNIUS Gray 

Echinarachnilus (part) Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, 

v. 10, p. 428. 

Echina;rachnius Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p.16. 

Echinarachnius Gray. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of th,e E'chinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 363. Includes synonymy. 

Echinarachnius Gray. Durham, 1955, California Univ. (Los 

·Angeles) Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p.l63. 

Type species, S cutella pa1'7J1)(], Lamar.ck, fixed by elimination by L. Agassiz, 1841. 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck) 

Plate 13, figures 5, 6 

Scutella parma Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux 

sans vert~bres, v. 3, p.,11. , 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, p. 428. 

Echinarachnius parma. (Lamarck). Agassiz, 1841 Monographies d'echinodermes, Mon. 2, p. 89, pl. · 20, figs. 9-18. 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleon- . 

tology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 16. , 

Echinorachnius parma (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 367, pl. 71, figs. 16, 

23-26. · Includes additional synonymy. 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). Durham, 1955, ·California 

Univ. (Los Angeles) Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 164, figs. 

li, 3b, 6e, 8a1 9a, lOa, 23, 24, 26L, 34a-c ; pl. 4, fig. 4. 

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). Durham, 1957, Jour. Paleontology, v. 31, no. 3, p. 629, pl. 72, fig. 5. 

Horizontal outline ·circular; upper sur:fa-ce gently 

convex; lower surface flat; margin thin. Apical system central; madreporite large, central; :four genital' 

pores. Five petals alike, extending hal:f the radius; 

pori:ferous zones closed apically, wide open dis_tally, in~ 

ner pores circular, -outer pores somewhat elongated. 

Peristome central, circular, small. Periproct small, 

marginal ; in a shallow posterior notch. 

Length o:f figured specimen 46 mm; width 46 mm; 

height 8.2 mm. 

'Occurrence.-Atlantic coast from Labrador to Maryland ; Pacific coast from Puget Sound to the Aleutian Islands and Japan. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM E 3303a·, from Five-fathom Light--

.ship, 14 miles off Wildwood, N.J., Horace G. Richards. 

Remarks.-This very variable species is the common sand dollar of the northern coasts. It has not been reported fossil. 

Family ABERTELLIDAE Durham 

Genus ABERTELLA Durham 

Abertella Durham, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 350. 

Abertella Durham. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pubs. in 

Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p.177 

Type species, S out ella aberti Conrad, by original 

designation. 

According to Durham "Abertella is easily separable 

from the European Soutella and Parascutella by 

its widely interrupted interambulacral areas on the 

, oral surface. None of the Pacific Coast species referred 

· to S cutella by Kew and others are at all closely related." , 

Abertella aberti (Conrad) 

Plate 16, figures 1-3 

Scutella aberti Conrad. 1842, Nartl. Inst. Promotion Sci. Proc., 

v. 2,p.194. 

· Scutella alberti Conrad. Broun, 1848, Index p~montologicus, 

v.1, p.1125, v. 2, p.196. Error fpr aberti. 

Scutella aberti Conrad. Clark, 1904, Maryland Geol. Survey, 

Miocene, p. 432, pl. 119, figs. 2, 2a ; pl. 120, figs, la-b, 2a-b. 

Scutella aberti Conrad. Clark, 1906, Maryland Geol. Survey 

Rept., v. 6, p. 258, pl. 22, fig.l7. 

Scutella aberti Conrad. Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. italiana 

Boll., v. 30, p. 705. 

Scut.ella aberti Conrad. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. ·s. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 187, pl. 86, figs. la-b; pl. 87, figs. la-d. 

Scutella aberti Conrad. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v~ 16, 

no.l, p.19. 
MELLITIDAE 45 

Scutella fl,oridana Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 19, pl. 4, figs. 9, 10. 

Abertella aberti (Conrad). Durham, 1953, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 27, no. 3, p. 350, text fig.1G. 

Abertella aberti (Conrad). Durham, 1955, California Univ., 

Pubs. in Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text fig. 32e. 

Test shield shaped; horizontal outline semicircular 

in front, fluted behind, with a deep posterior notch of 

variable width and shallower rounded indentations in 

the posterior ambulacra; upper surface slightly inflated 

in the apical region, nearly flat marginally; oral surface 

flat; margin thin. A pi cal system fused, star shaped, 

with the points protruding between the petals and four 

genital pores at the ends, usually somewhat raised. 

Petals lanceolate, extending about two-thirds of the 

radius; pores small, circular, deeply conjugate, inner 

row nearly straight, outer row broadly arched; poriferous zones wider than the interporiferous zones, moderately open at each end. · Ambulacra widely expanding 

beyond the petals. Interambulacra narrowing from the 

outer ends of the petals to the margin, slightly expanding within the margin on the oral face but interrupted 

by two long postbasicoronal ambulacral plates. Each 

submarginal plate of the oral side contains a maze of 

internal passageways. Peristome central, sinall, circular; surrounded by five radiating fo.od grooves, which 

bifurcate at the ends of the basicoronal plates and curve 

broadly almost to the margin, where they branch repeatedly. Periproct on the oral side about three-quarters of the radius from the margin, the distance from 

the margin varying with the depth of the posterior 

notch. 

Length of figured specimen 112 mm; width 119 mm; 

height 11 mm. 

Occurrence.-Maryland: Patuxent River, presumably Drum 

Cliff near Jones Wharf, St. Marys County (type, Philadelphia 

Acad., T. A. Conrad). Jones Wharf (USGS 2451, USNM 

146005, Frank Burns; USNM 559476, figured by Clark, 1904, 

and Clark and Twitchell, 1915). Governors Run, 5 miles southeast of Prince Frederick, Calvert County (USGS 17112, H. K. 

Brooks). Scientists CU:tfs, Calvert County (USGS 15617, 16919, 

W. E. Salter; W. F. Foshag). Dover Bridge, Dorchester County 

({ide Clark). 

North Carolina: 4 miles south of Clinton, Sampson County 

(USGS 11821, fragments, W. C. Mansfield). 

Florida: Wakulla County, Sopchoppy River 3 miles west 

of Sopchoppy (USGS 4977, F. G. Clapp; 7468, G. C. Matson-; 

USGS 10972, W. C. Mansfield). 

Geologic unit.-Miocene, Choptank formation in Maryland, 

Chipola formation in Florida. 

Type.-Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, not numbered. Type of Scutella ftoridana USNM 498980. 

FifJ'IJJI"'ed specimen.-USNM 562280, from USGS 17112. 

Oomparison.-The poriferous zones of Abertella aberti are 

narrower than those of A. cazonesensis (Kew) as figured by 

Kew (1917, p.132, pl. 19, fig. 1). Whether that difference is of 

specific importance must await the comparison of a larger suite 

of the Mexican species. 

The specimens from Florida, originally named Scutella fl,oridana Cooke, have a narrower posterior notch than many of 

those from Maryland, but the shape of the notch in both States 

is variable. The apical star of the specimens from Florida is 

more distinctly raised than in those from Maryland. This difference is attributed to the greater corrosion of the Maryland 

specimens. 

Family MELLITIDAE 

Genus MELLITA Agassiz 

Mellita Klein. Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, 

Mon.2,p.34. · 

Mellita Klein. Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue , raisonne 

des echinodermes, p. 80. 

Prostethes Gist!, 1848, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fiir 

hohere Schulen, p. x. New name for Mellita Agassiz, 1841. 

FideNeave. 

MeUita Agassiz. Gray, 1852, Zool. Soc. London. Proc. (for 

1851), v. 19, p. 36. 

M ellita Klein. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 

236. 

M ellita. Michelin, 1858, Revue et Mag. de Zool., no. 8, p. 2. 

Fide Mortensen. 

Mellita Klein. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 319. 

Mellita Klein. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera 

des echinides, p. 71. 

Melita Klein. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p. 161. 

MeZZita Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1911, Annals and Mag. Nat. History,ser.8,v.7,p.599,605. 

Mellita Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1914, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, p. 76. 

Mellita Klein. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 324. 

Mellita Agassiz. Tortonese, 1933, Instituto e Mus. di zoologia 

e di anatomia comp. di R. Univ. Torino Boll., ser. 3, v. 43, 

no. 34, p. 154. 

M ellita. Davies, 1935, Tertiary faunas, v. 1, p, 87. 

Mellita Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. 

(Los Angeles) Pub. Math. and Phys. Sci., p.l01. 

Mellita Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1940, U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 89 

(no. 3099), p. 437. 

Mellita Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 21. 

Mellita Klein. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 4, pt. 2, p. 420. 

MelUta Agassiz. Durham, 1955, California Univ., Pub. in GeolSci., v. 31, no. 4, p. 172. 

Type species, E chinodiscus q:winquiesperforat'US 

Leske, designated under the name M ellita testudinata 

Klein by Pomel (1883, p. 71), and also designated by 

H. L. Clark ( 1911, p. 599). Pomel credited the genus 

to Klein, a pre-Linnean writer, and Clark to Agassiz. 

Opinion 393 of the International Commission on 

Zoological Nomenclature validates M ellita Agassiz 1841 

and suppresses M ellita Fabricius 1823. 

Distinctive features of M ellita quinquiesperforata 

are five long, narrow lunules-four in the paired ·am-
46 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

bulacra beyond the petals and another in the posterior 

interambulacrum lying for th~ most part between the 

petals. Conspicuous perforated food grooves bifurcate 

near the peristome and nearly encircle the paired 

lunules. The ends of short buccal tubes project into 

the peristome. 

Mellita quinquiespe;rforata (Leske) 

Plate 19, figures 6, 7 

Echinodi8cus quinquies pertoratt~s Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio echinodermatum, p. 197, pl. 21, figs. c, d. 

OZypeaster pentaporus Lamarck, 1801, Systeme des animaux 

sans vertebres, p. 349. 

SouteZla quinquetora Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des 

animaux sans vertebres, p. 3, 9. -

M ellita quinquefora (Lamarck). Agassiz, 1841, Monographies 

d'echinodermes, Mon. ,2, p. 36, 145, pl. 3. 

Encope pentapora Agassiz. 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, 

Mon. 2, pl. 3 (title of plate). 

Mellita quinquetora ampla Holmes, 1860, Post-Pleiocene fossils 

' of South Carolina, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 6a-b. 

M elZita testudinata Klein. A. .Agassiz, 1872, 1873, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 141, 538, pl. 11, 

figs., 13-22; pl. 12a; pl. 12c, figs., 1, 2; pl. 37, figs._, 1, 2. 

MeZZita pentapora (Gmelin). Clark and Twitchell, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 225, pl. 106, fig. 1; pl. 107, figs. la-c. 

-~Iellita quinquiesperforata (Leske). W. Berry, 1941, U. S. 

Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 90, no. 3113, p. 443, pl. 65, :fig. 5. 

Mellita quinquiespertorata (Leske). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 12, 13. 

M ellita quinquiespertorata (Leske) . Caso, 1946, Mexico ·lnstituto de Biologia, v.17, p. 247, text figs.1, 2. 

Mellita quinquiespertorata (Leske). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 422, pl. 62, fig. 3; pl. 

72, fig.16. Includes complete synonymy. 

Horizontal outline subcircular, usually flattened behind and weakly notched in front; upper surface nearly 

flat, sloping evenly in all directions from the apical system to the very thin margin; lower surface flat. Test 

perforated by narrow radial slots near the outer ends 

of the paired ambulacra and by a longer slot in the 

median part of the posterior interambulacrum. Apical 

system having five small ocular pores; f<?ur geilital pores 

at the paired interambulacral tips of the large starshaped madreporite. Petals extending about halfway 

to the margin, anterior paired petals slightly shorter 

and rounder than the others ; poriferous zones about as 

wide as the interporiferous zones, open at the rounded 

tips. Peristome sma~l, central. Periproct elongated, 

midway between the peristome and the posterior slot. 

Food grooves narrow, shallow~ divaricating near the 

peristome, the branches nearly surrounding the ambulacra, starting from five nodes, each covering twin buccal tubes. Surface covered with short acicular spines, 

which are longest around the perforations and on the 

lower surface. 

Usual size 50 to 100 millimeters in diameter. PleiBtocene specimens are half again as large. 

Ocourrence.-Littoral zone of the Atlantic Oceans from Nantucket to Santos, Brazil. . 

South Carolina: Wando River (USGS 7320, Edmund Ravenel); Simmons Bluff, Yonges IslamJ, on Wadmalaw Sound 

(USGS 2023, Frank Burns); "Nordmalan" (probably misprint 

for Wadmalaw) type of M. ampla Michelin. 

Georgia: Brunswick Canal (USNM 146633, J. W. Couper). 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562281. Denuded specimen from · 

Amelia Island, Fla., C. W. Cooke, 1940. 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene to Recent. 

Mellita quinquiesperforata tenuis H. L. Clark 

Mellita quinquiespertorata tenuis H. L. Clark, 1940, U. S. Natl. 

Mus. Proc. v. 89, no. 3099, p. 442, pl. 60, fig. 2; pl. 61, fig. 2. 

M eZlita quinquiesperfwata tenuis H. L. Clat:k. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 22. 

M elUta quinttuiesperforata tenuis H. L. Clark. Mortensen, 1948, 

Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 426. 

H. L. Clark (1940, p. 436) characterizes this variety 

as having a "test more or less pentagonal, rather stout, 

the apex tending toward the_ anterior; periproct little 

or moderately elongated." The variety grades into the 

typical form by connecting links. It has been recognized only on the west coast of Florida. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Two miles off Sanibel Island (W. J. 

Clench) ; Tarpon Springs (E. J. Shadle) ; Charlotte Harbor 

(W. H. Dall). 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Type.-USNM E 5656, Sanibel Island. 

Genus LEODIA Gray 

Leodia Gray, 1852, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 1851, pt.-15, p. 36. 

Leodia Gray. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 324. 

Leodia Gray. H. L. Clark, 1940, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 89, 

no. 3099 p. 435. 

Leodia Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 22. 

Mellita (Leodia) Gray. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 421. 

Leodia Gray. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., 

v.31,no.4,p.172. 

Type species, Leodia riohardsonii Gray= E chinodisous sewies perforatus Leske, 1778, by monotypy. This 

species differs from M el~ita quinquiesperforata (Leske) . 

chiefly in having a sixth lunule In the anterior ambulacrum. According to A. Agassiz ( 1872, p. 321, pl. 11, 

figs. 1-12) the lunules of Mellita sewforis (=Leodia 

sexiesperforata) originate by resorption of the test 

rather than by the closing of marginal notches as in 

M ellita quinquiesperforata. 

Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) 

Plate 19, figures 4, 5 

Echinodiscus sea:ies pertoratus Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis 

dispositio echinodermatum, p. 199, pl. 50, figs. 3, 4. 

Echinus hea:aporus Gmelin, 1788, Linnaei systema naturae, ed. 

13, p. 3189. 
MELLITIDAE 47 

Scutella seaJjoris Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animanx sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 9. · 

M ellita heaJapora ( Gmelin). L. Agassiz, 1841, Monographies 

d'echinodermes, Mon. 2, p. 41, pl. 4, figs. 4-7; pl. 4e, figs. 11, 

12. 

MeZlita similis L. Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, 

Mon. 2, p. 43, pl. 4, figs.1-3. 

Leodi a richardsonii Gray, 1852, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 1851, 

pt. 19, p. 36. 

M elZita sex( oris (Lamarck). A Agassiz, 1872, 1873, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pp. 141, 536, pl. 11, 

figs. 1-12 ; pl. 11d, ftg. 3. 

Leodia sextiesperforata (sic) (Leske). Lambert and Thi·ery, 

1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 324. 

Leodia seaJiespertorata (Leske). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 22. 

M ellita ( Leodia) sexiesperjorata (Leske) . Mortensen, 1948, 

Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 429, pl. 58, fig. 

4; pl. 61, fig. 7; pl. 72, fig. 19. Includes complete synonymy. 

Horizontal outline subcircular, flattened behind; 

upper surface nearly flat, highest at the anterior petal; 

lower surface flat. Apical system central; madreporite 

starshaped, with 5 sharp points; 4 genital pores outside 

the madreporite and detached from it. Petals short, 

less than half the radius, nearly equal in length, lanceolate; poriferous zones as wide as the interporiferous, 

inner pores oval, outer pores elongated, pores conjugate. 

All five ambulacra penetrated by a long, narrow, 

straight lunule between the petals and the margin; posterior lunule slightly wider, occupying the middle third 

of the radius. Peristome small, circular, central, with 

'paired buccal tubes. Periproct small, pear-shaped, lying midway between the peristome and the lunule. Food 

grooves deep, narrow, perforated; divaricating at the 

peristome, each branch running parallel to that of the 

neighboring ambulacrum and branching several times 

near the margin. Spines short, straight. 

Length of figured specimen 66 mm; width 65 mm; 

height 7.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina to Uruguay. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. Probably also Pleistocene, but no 

specimens good enough for accurate identification are in the 

collection of the National Museum. 

Figured specimen.-USNM E 1183, from Morning Star Bay, 

St. 'rhomas, Danish West Indies, depth 1 'fathom (C. R. Shoe.-

maker). 

Leodia caroliniana (Ravenel) 

Plate 19, figures 1-3 

ScuteZla caroliniana Ravenel, 1841, Acad. Nat. ScL Philadelphia 

Jour., ser.1, v. 8, p. 333, text fig. 

M~llita caroliniana (Ravenel). Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and fossil, of South Carolina, p. 4. 

Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel). Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, 

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 4, 4a-b. 

MeZlita caroliniana (Ravenel). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 204, pl. 91, figs. la-b ; ·pl. 92, figs. 

la-b. 

Leodia caroliniana (Ravenel). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 23. 

The following description is based on Tuomey and 

Holmes' figures, which appear to be accurate: Horizontal outline subcircular or subtrigonal, slightly wider behind; upper surface nearly flat; lower surface flat. 

Apical system central with a large star-shaped madreporite and four ( ~) genital pores. Petals nearly equal 

in length, lanceolate, extending n1ore than halfway to 

the margin. One small lunule in each ambulacrum 

between the petals and the margin, a sixth much larger 

lunule in the posterior interambulacrum. Peristom:e · 

central, circular, small, Periproct small, pear shaped, 

midway between the peristome and the posterior lunule. 

Food grooves forking near the peristome and having 

several lateral branches. 

Length about 53 min; width about 55 mm; height 

about 5 mm. Tuomey and Holmes report fragments 

twice as large. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina : The Grove Plantation, Cooper 

River 5 miles northwest of Wando; Goose Creek; Wadmalaw 

River (fide Tuomey and Holmes). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene. 

Type.-Unknown, possibly Charle~ton (S.C.) Museum. 

Remarks.-This species has proportionately longer petals 

than Leodia sexiesperjorata, and its food grooves form a different pattern, diverging nearer the peristome. 

A Leodia measuring 113 mm in diameter probably represent:-

ing Leodia caroliniana was obtained by Dr. J. McGonigle from 

the Miami oolite of Pleistocene age at a golf course near Miami, 

Fla. (USGS 4867, T. W. Vaughan). Another larger specimen, 

127 mm in diameter, from the Yorktown formation of Miocene 

age at Days Point, James River, west of the mouth of Pagan 

Creek about 4 miles north of Smithfield, Va. (USGS 16920, G. C. 

Barclay) is too heavily coated with hard matrix to be identified 

wHh certainty. 

Genus ENCOPE L. Agassiz 

Encope Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum 

·echinodermatum, p. 6, 17. 

Encope Agassiz. Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, 

Mon. 2, p. 45. 

Encope Agassiz. Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisone 

des echinodermes, p. 79. 

Encope Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, 

p.237. 

Encope Agassiz. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 324. 

Encope Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, . no. 

l,p.19. 

Encope Agassiz. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 4, pt. 2, p. 433. 

Encope Agassiz. Durham, 1950, Geol. Soc. America Mem. '43, 

pt. 2, p. 42. 

Encope Agassiz, Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. 

Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p.174. · 

Type species, Encope grandis L. Agassiz (1840, p. 6; 

1842, p. 57, pl. 6) , by monotypy. This species is roughly 

elliptical, trun?ated behind, the periphery cut by five 

I. 
48 CENOZOIC EC,HINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

I 

deep, wide ambulacral notches and the posterior truncation slightly reentrant. The test is rather flat, thickest 

in the posterior interambulacrum, which is pierced by 

a very large ovate lunule. The apical system consists 

of a large five-pointed star with five genital pores at 

the points. The three anterio;r petals are broadly lanceolate, extending two-thirds of the radius; the posterior 

pair are longer and curve around the lunule. The inner 

pores are circular, the outer are smaller and tend to 

elongate; the pores are conjugate. The peristome is 

circular and has five pairs of buccal tubes. The periproct is rather far from the perist9me, near the lunule. 

The deeply sunken food grooves divaricate several times. 

Encope grandiB inhabits the littoral region of the Gulf 

of California. 

Key to the species of Encope 

Lunule oval or nearly circular 

Lunule very large, tesflonger than wide 

Encope macrophora Ravenel 

Lunule much smaller, test as wide as long 

Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield 

Lunule strongly elongated 

Test usually without anterior ambulacral notches ; if 

notches arepresent they show no tendency to/dose . 

Encope michelini Agassiz 

Test having five ambulacral notches, all of which may close 

at the outer ends, forming oval or circular 

Iunules ________________ Encope emarginata (Leske) 

Encope macrophora (Ravenel) 

Pia te 17, figures 1, 2 

Scutella macropkora Ravenel, 1842, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser.1, v. 8, pt. 2, p. 334, text fig. 

EncQPe macrophora (Ravenel). Ravenel, 1848, ·Echinidae, Recent and fossil, of South Carolina, p. 3. , 

Encope ·macrophora (Ravenel). Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, 

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. · 2, pl. 1, fig. 3. 

Ravenellia macrophora (Ravenel). Liitken, 1864, Dansk naturh. 

Foren. Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1863, p. 168. 1 · 

Macrophora macrophora (Ravenel). Conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 7 4. 

?Macrophora raveneli Conrad. 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 74. 

Encope macrophora (Ravenel). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. 

italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 708. 

Encope macrophora (Ravenel). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 206, pl. 93, figs. 2a-e; pl. 94, figs. 

1a-f,2. 

Encope macrophora (Ravenel). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 20. 

Horizontal outline elliptical, truncated behind; deep 

posterior ambulacral notches, shallower anterolateral 

ambulacral notches, and a very shallow anterior emargination; upper surface flattish in front, highest in the 

posterior interambulacrum, where the test is perforated 

by a very wide oval lunule; lower surface slightly concave or flat; margin thick. Apical system plainly anterior, with a large star-shaped madreporite and five 

genital pores. The three anterior petals lie nearly at 

·right angles to each other and extend about three~ 

fourths of the ':radius; the odd petal lanceolate, the anterior paired petals nearly straight; the posterior petals 

are much longer and curve around the lunule. Poriferous zones wider than the interporiferous zones, open, 

distally; inner pores circular, outer pores elongate; 

pores conjugate. Peristome below the apical system, 

small, pentagonal. Periproct small, adjacent to the 

lunule. Food grooves bifurcating near ~ the peristome 

and slightly diverging; several lateral branches. 

Length of type 71.5 mm; width 67 mm; height 11 mm. 

Length of largest specimen at hand 90 mm; width 76 

mm; height 19 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: The Grov:e Plantation, Cooper 

River, 5 miles northwest of Wando (USNM 145411, 145410, 

E. Ravenel; USNM 2512, W. Stimpson; USNM 9970). 

Florida: Alligator Creek (USNM 164658, J. Willcox). 

Geologic un4t.-Late Miocene(?) (South Carolina); Pliocene, Caloosahatchee formation (Florida). 

Oomparisons.-Encope macrophora is narrower than E. 

grandis, Agassiz, and its notches are shallower and show no 

tendency to close. Its anterior notch is, reduced to merely a 

slight indentation. From E. tamiarmiensis Mansfield it differs 

in these same features, and its lunule is much smaller and 

its margin thinner. 

Type.-VSNM 145410, Edmund Ravenel, collector, here ·designated. 

Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield 

Plate 17, figures 3, 4 

Flncope macrophora tamiamiensis Mansfield, 1932, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 170--D, p. 48, pl. 17, fig. 8. 

Encope miehelim Agassiz. Berry, 1941, U. S. Natl. Mus: Proc. 

v. 90, no. 3113, pl. 65, fig. 4. 

Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontol-

- ogy, v.16, no.1, p. 20. 

Horizontal outline subcircular, concavely truncated 

behind, with four large later_al ambulacral notches and 

a weaker anterior notch, and a rather small· posterior 

lunule; upper surface nearly flat, highest at the front 

end of the_ lunule; lower surface flat; margin rather 

thin. Apical system slightly anterior, with a large 

central star-shaped madreporite and five genital pores. 

The three anterior petals lanceolate, extending about 

two-thirds of the radius, equal; the posterior petals 

longer, curved around the lunule; poriferous zones open, 

inner pores circular, outer pQres elongated, pores conjugate. Peristome slightly anterior, subcircular. Periproct near the lunule, smaller than the peristome. Lunule oval. Food grooves bifurcating near the peristome, branches slightly diverging, nearly straight, obscure lateral branches near the outer ends. 

Lengths of type and two figured specimens 89, 69, 

54 mm; widths 87.5, 75, 55 mm; heights 13, 7, 7.8 mm. 
MELLITIDAE 49 

-Occurrence.-Florida : Tamiami Trail 5 miles east of Carnes· 

town and about 7 miles northeast of Evurglades, Collier County 

(type, USGS 11177, C. W. Cooke, W. C. Mansfield, Stuart Mos· 

som). Collier County 16 to 22 miles south of Immokalee (figured specimens, USGS 13409 G. M. Ponton). Tamiami Trail 

56 miles west of Miami (USGS 13410, G. M. Ponton). Tamiami 

Trail at Carnestown, 4 miles north of Everglades (USGS 11180, 

C. W. Cooke, W. C. Mansfield, Stuart Mossom). Pit east of 

road to Immokalee, 6 miles north of Tamiami Trail (USGS 

15050, C. W. Cooke and T. P. Kirby). East side of State road 

164, 9.5 miles north of intersection with US 94 (Tamiami Trail) 

(USGS 15223, C. W. Cooke and G. G. Parker). Five miles west 

of intersection of Tamiami Trail and west end of road to Pine· 

crest (USGS 14187, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene, Tamiami formati,on. 

Type.-USNM. 371328 from USGS 11177. Figured specimens 

USNM 562284, from USGS 13409. 

Oomparisons.-Encope tamiamiensis has variable proportions 

but it is usually shorter and wider than either E~ grandis or 

E. macrophora. It di1fers from both also in the much smaller 

lunule. Its anterior paired petals are more broadly lanceolate 

than those E. macrophora and do not extend in a straight line 

but form an angle of approximately 154 o. 

Encope michelini L. Agassiz 

Plates 18, figures 2, 3 

Encope michelini Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, 

Mon.2,p.58,pl.6a,figs.9,10. 

Encope michelini Agassiz. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College 

Mus Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 329, pl. 12b, fig. 4; pl. 12c, 

figs. 3, 4 ; pl. 12d, fig. 1. 

Encope michelini .Agassiz. Berry, 1941, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., 

v. 90, no. 3113, pl. 63, figs. 2, 5, 8. Not the description nor 

the other figures. 

Not Encope michelini Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 21, pl. 4; fig. 6 ( =Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield). 

Encope michelini Agassiz. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 441, pl. 70, fig. 23. Includes 

additional synonymy. 

Encope michelini .Agassiz. Leutze, 1956, Florida .Acad. Sci. 

Quart. Jour., v.19, no.1, p. 65. 

Test spade shaped, longer than wide, highest behind 

the apical center, lower surface flat. L. Agassiz's figures show five rather deep, wide ambulacraJ notches and 

a slot-shaped posterior lunule, but the more common 

variety has only two posterior ambulacral notches and 

a lunule, the three anterior ambulacra being only slightly indentt'-d. Apical system central, star shaped, with 

five genital pores. Petals broadly lanceolate, open; 

poriferous zones wide, pores conjugate; inner pores · 

circular, larger than the outer pores, which tend to 

enlarge along the conjugations. Peristome small, 

central, circular, with five pairs of buccal tubes. Pedproct oval, within the first postbasicoronal plates; covered with moveable plates. 

Ooourrence.-Gulf of Mexico. 

Florida : St. Lucie Canal 1 mile from Lake Okeechobee, 

Palm Beach County (USGS 10593, C. W. Cooke, Herman Gunter, 

Stuart Mossom), identification doubtful. High bank, Volusia 

County, NE~SW~ sec. 28 T. 16 S. R. 33 E. (Florida Geol. Survey 1-8227, {ide Leutze) 

Geologio unit-Pleistocene and Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562283, Gulf of Mexico, 2 miles 

off Longboat Key, Fla. (Brookes Knight). 

Encope emarginata (Leske) 

Plate 17, figure 5 ; pia te 18, figure 1 

Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio echinodermatum, p. 200, pl. 50, figs. 5, 6. 

Ecope emarginata (Leske). L . .Agassiz, 1841, Monographies 

d'echinodermes, Mon. 2, p. 47, pl. 10. 

Encope emarginata (Leske). A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 325, pl. 12, figs. 

14-24 ; pl. 12b, :figs. 1-3 ; pl. 12d, figs. 2, 3. 

Bncope emarginata (Leske). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16,no. 1,p.20,pl.3,figs.14, 15. 

Bncope emarginata (Leske). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 2, p. 438, pl. 62, fig. 2. Includes 

additional synonymy. 

Horizontal outline elliptical, truncated behind; upper 

surface gently tumid, usually higher in front than behind; lower surface flat; margin thin. Posterior lunule 

long and rather wide. Five deep ambulacral notches, 

which tend to become oval and to close at the outer end. 

Apical system anterior; madreporite star shaped: 5 

genital pores. Petals broadly: lanceolate, extending 

more than halfway to the margin; poriferous zones 

wide, curved together at the outer ends but J.?.Ot closed. 

Peristome below the apical system, circular, with five 

pairs of buccal tubes. Food grooves diverging near 

the peristome and curving together around the notches; 

several branches near the margin. Periproct near the 

lunule. 

Occu1'1rence.-Living along the east coast of the Americas 

from Uruguay to Yucatan, perhaps to South Carolina 

South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal near Little 

River in Horry County 1 to 1.5 miles southwest of the highway bridge on US 17 near Nixon's Crossroads, about 15 miles 

northeast of Myrtle Beach (USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn; USGS 

13377, C. W. Cooke; USGS 13427, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. 

MacNeil; S. F. Blake). Intracoastal Waterway canal 1 to 2 

miles northeast of the Atlantic Coast Line bridge near Myrtle 

Beach (USGS 18760, L. G. Glenn). 

North Carolina: Farm of James Dawson 3 miles north of 

Grifton, Pitt County (USNM 166525, Harvey Bassler). North 

shore of Lake Waccamaw, Oolumbia County, base of upper bed 

(USGS 13379, F. S. MacNeil). 

Florida : Tamiami Trail .in Collier Oounty 10.3 miles west 

of the Dade County line (USGS 15224, 0. W. Cooke and G. G. 

Parker). Dredged from Biscayne Bay at foot of N. E. 39th 

Street, Miami (USGS 13400, G. M. Ponton). Big Pine Key, Monroe County, on railroad to Key West (USGS 4954, Samuel Sanford). 

Geologic -unit.-Late Miocene ( ?) to Recent. 

Figured Bpecimen.-USNM 562282, from USGS 18760, Pleistocene. 
50 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Ref1!_arks.-Most of the Recent specimens from off South 

America are fiat on top or slightly higher in front, but many 

from the Miocene and Pleistocene of the United States, includ-

. ing the figured specimen, are higher behind. The open or closed 

notches distinguish this species from the common Encope michelini of the Gulf of Mexico, which usually has no notches. 

The notches of the specimens attributed to the late Miocene 

are closed, whereas those from the Pleistocene are usually open. 

Family LAQANIDAE Desor 

Key to the Laganidae and Neolaganidae 

Five genital pores; margin swollen, submargin depressed 

---·-------------------------------·------ Laganida~ 

Submarginal plates conspicuously swollen 

Laganmn ocalanum 

·Submarginal plates not conspicuously swollen 

Laganum ftoridanum 

Four genital pores----------------------------- Neolaganidae 

Oral side fiat; food grooves conspicuous. 

Outline nearly circular ______ Neolaganum archerensis 

Test longer than wide;_ margin thin, truncated 

Wythella eldridgei 

Oral side concave; food grooves not conspicuous; poriferous 

zones open apically-------------------Weisbordella 

Petals short, wide open apically ___ Weisbordella cubae 

Petals longer, less open apically. _ 

Poriferous zones wide _________ Weisbordella dalU 

Poriferous zones narrow ____ Weisbordella johnson,i 

' Genus LAGANUM Link 

Laganum Link, 1806, Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung 

der Universitiit zu Rostock, Abt. 1, p. 161. 

Lagana Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, p. 427. 

Laganum Klein, Agassiz (part),' 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, Mon. 2, p. 105. 

Laganum Klein. Agassiz and Desor (part), 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinides (reprint)' p. 73. 

Laganum 'Klein. Desor (part), 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 227. 1 

Laganum Klein. A. Agassiz, 1872, 1874, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 137, 516. 

Laganum Klein. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 69. 

Laganum. Bell, 1883, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 5, v.ll, 

p.130. 

Laganttm Klein. Duncan (part), 1889, Linnean Soc. London 

Jour. Zoology, v. 23, p.156. 

Laganum Klein. Cotteau, 1891, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain 

tertiaire, ser, 1, v. 2, p. 250,251. 

Laganum Gray. B. L. Clark, 1914, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 1, p. 44. 

Jacksonaster Lambert in Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 313. 

Laganum Klein. Lambert and Thiery, 1914, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 4, p. 313. 

Laganum Gray. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

306,p.46. 

Jacksonaster Lambert. Sanchez Roig, 1926, / (Cuba) Bol. de 

Mines no. 10, p. 58. 

Laganum Link. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p.23. 

Laganum Klein. Mortensen, 1948,. Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 4, pt. 2, p. 301. 

Lagwnum Link. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., 

v-. 31, no. 4, p. 139. 

Type species, Laganwm petalodes Link 1806,=Echinus laganurm Gmelin 1792=EchinOdiscus laganwm 

Leske (1778, p. 204, pl. 22, figs. a-c), by tautonomy. 

This is the species called Laganwm bonani by Agassiz 

(1841, p. 108, pl. 23, figs. 8-12; pl. 22, figs. 25-29) and 

A. Agassiz (1874, p. 517, pl. 13e, figs. 6, 7). It has been 

described under the name Lang anum lag anum (Leske) 

by Mortensen ( 1948, p. 308, pl. 52, figs. 1-11, 13, 15-17; 

pl. 70, fig8.1-7) and figured by Durham (1955, text figs. 

1c,2c,7b,7e,12b,15e,31f). 

Lag anum· lag anum has five genital pores; its hydro-

.pores are in grooves. Its petals are open at the apical 

end but nearly closed at the distal end. The petaliferous part is slightly tumid, the margin is thicker than 

the submargin, and the lower side is somewhat concave. 

According to Louis· Agassiz the ambulacral furrows are 

conspicuous, straight, and extend halfway · to the margin. They are finely punctate, especially near . the 

peristome. The periproct is about midway between 

the peristome and the margin. ' 

The 1nost conspicuous difference between Laganwm 

and Peronella or Rwmphia is the number of genital 

pores,_ Laganum having 5, Peronella and Rumphia 4 

each. This difference was noted by L. Agassiz, Desor, 

and several later writers, but was not considered a valid 

generic distinction. Alexander Agassiz, H. L. Clark, 

Mortenson, and others disagreed. 

The American species here referred to Laganum differ from the type in that the periproct is nearer the 

margin and the ambulacral grooves are very inconspicuous or wanting. 

Laganum floridanum Twitchell 

Plate 20, figures 8-10 

Laganum florida.num Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54,p.163,pl.75,figs.3a-d. · 

Echinodiscus floridanus (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, Nomenclature •raisonee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 581. 

Laganum floridanum Twitchell. Cooke, and Mossom, 1929, Fla. 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, figs. 5a-b (after Twitchell). 

Laganum florida.num (Twitchell) Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontol~ 

ogy,v.16,no.1,p.23. 

Laganum floridanum Twitchell. Cooke, 1945, Fla. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 29, fig. 5, no. 5 (after Twtichell) . 

Horizontal outline oval; upper surface tumid in the 

apical region, depressed in the submargin; margin thick, 

rounded; lower surface very slightly concave. Apical 

system · having five genital pores far apart. Petals 

lanceolate, broad ; poriferous zones curved inward ·at 

each end, wide open at the apical end, nearly closed 

distally. Peristome small, central. No ambulacral 

furrows. Periproct small, circular, about one-fourth 
NEOLAGANIDAE 51 

the way from the margin to the peristome. Tubercles 

sunken. 

Length 19.6 mm; width 17.7 mm; height 4.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Johnson's sink, Levy County (USGS 

365, type, L. C. Johnson). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 137884. 

Oomparisons.-The petals of Laganum floridanum resemble 

those of L. laganum but are proportionately shorter. The poriferous zones are closer together at the apical ends than those of 

L. ocalanum Cooke. The periproct is farther back than in L. 

laganum, and ambulacral furrows are wanting. The species is 

represented by the type and two other specimens from the same 

locality. 

Laganum ocalanum Cooke 

Plate 20, figures 11-15 

Laganum ocalanum Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16 no. 1, 

p. 23, pl. 2, figs. 7-10. 

Laganum ocalanum Cooke. Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Survey 

Geol. Bull. 32 pt. 2, p. 57. 

Horizontal outline suboval; upper surface tumid in 

the apical region, depressed in the submargin; margin 

thick, rounded; lower surface flat. Apical system having five genital pores rr~ther far apart between the inner 

ends of the poriferous zones; hydropores apparently in 

very fine, short, inconspicuous grooves. Petals short, 

extending halfway to the margin, spade-shaped; poriferous zones nearly closed at the distal end, wide open at 

the apical end. Plates of submargin conspicuously 

tumid. Peristome pentagonal, central. Periproct 

small, circular, one-third or less the way from the margin to the peristome. Ambulacra on lower surface 

punctate, without grooves. Tubercles small, depressed; thickly .scattered on upper surface, farther 

apart on lower. 

Length of holotype 22.3 mm; width 19.5 mm; height 

3.0.mm. Length of paratyp~USNM 498993 37.0 mm; 

width 30.5 mm; height 5.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Pit 2 miles northeast of Sumterville 

(USGS 12751, type, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton; USNM 

372881, Florida Geol. Survey 2317). Drainage ditch at Great 

Wall sink near Sumterville (Fla. Geol. Survey 2318, paratype). 

Old MacDonald quarry 1 mile north of Istachatta (USGS 11112, 

0. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). Ocala (USGS 6804, C. W. 

Cooke). 1.5 miles northwest of Newberry (USGS 6814, C. W. 

Cooke), 1.5 miles south of Newberry (Stuart Mossom). Old 

French phosphate mine east of A-nthony (USGS 7366, C. W. 

Cooke). Near Citra (USGS 7266, L. C. Johnson). Johnson's 

sink, Levy County (USGS 365, L. 0. Johnson). 1.5 miles 'West 

of Croom, Hernando County (USGS 7364, C. W. Cooke). Suwan- . 

nee River at Branford (USGS 7341, C. W. Cooke). Well at 

Leesburg (USGS 2076, L. C. Johnson). l mile south of Willist.on (Fla. Geol. Survey 2319'). 6 miles southeast of Crystal 

River (USGS 14141, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Pit 

between Inglis and Yankeetown, Levy County (USGS 14544, C. 

W. Cooke arid W. D. Havens) Newberry (Stuart Mossom). 

Northwest edge of Citra, Marion County (C. W. Cooke and Stuart 

Mossom). Quarry east of US Highway 41, 1.5 miles north of 

Williston (USGS f5046, C~ W. Cooke and Toll(l Kirby). 3 miles 

north of east of !ewberry, Alachua County (USGS 14177, W. 

C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). · Road to Bushnell 3.5 miles 

southeast of Flor 1 City, Citrus County (USGS 14133, W. C. 

Mansfield and C. }v. Mumm). Withlacoochee River, W ¥.a sec. 

3, T. 17 S., R. 16 f· Citrus and Levy Counties (USGS 18749, A. 

G. Fischer and J. fE· Banks). Withlacoochee River in sec. 5, T. 

17 S., R. 16 E. (USGS 18756, A. G. l!'isher and J. E. Banks). 

Borrow pit north pf highway in SW ~ sec. 33, T. 13 S., R. 15 E., · 

Levy County '(US/GS 18751, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). · 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone and Inglis limestone. 

Types.-Holoty~e, USNM 372873, from USGS 12751. Figured 

paratype, USNM 98993, from USGS 6804. Figured specimen 

USNM 562288, fr1m USGS 18756. 

Oompa~son.-'I]his species differs from Laganum floridanum 

Twitchell in the fumid plates of the submarginal area and in 

the greater dista1ce between the poriferous zones at the apical 

end of the petals. 

I Farily NEOLAGANIDAE Dut:ham 

G'enus NEOLAGANUM Durham 

Neolaganum Dur am, 1954, Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 

68o. 1 , 

Neolaganum Durham. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. 

Geol. Sci., v. , 1, no. 4, p.146. 1 

Type speciej., Laganwm aroherensis Twitchell, by 

monotypy and original design:;ttion. This species is a 

synonym of Laganwrn dalli Twitchell. Durham's study 

of the genus s based on a misidentified species, which 

is herein desc1bed as N eolaganu.m durhami. Fortunately, there seem to be no generic differences between 

Lag anum dalli and N eolaganwm durhami, so Durham's 

description of he genus still applies. I 

The flat lower surface and conspicuous food grooves 

distinguish N eplaqanwm from W eisbordella, · which is 

concave and laJcks food grooves. The type species of 

Wythella has oth these features, but it is much larger, 

more elongatei and has a thinner margin. Whether 

these are valid generic differences seems questionable. 

eolaganum dalli (Twitchell) 

k Plate 21, figures 1-4 

Laganum archer is Twitchell, 191~, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

· 54, p.161, pl. 1 , figs. la-d. 

Laganum dalli Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.164,pl.75, gs.4a-d. Echinodiscus archerensis (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, Nomen~lature raisonnee des echinide·s, fasc. 9, p . . 581. 

Echinodiscus da li (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclatur raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 581. 

Laga,num dalli Twitchell. Cole and Ponton, 1932, Am. Jour. 

Sci., ser. 5, + 24, p. 23, figs. la-12b. · 

Laganum arche11ensis Twitchell. Cooke and Mossom, 1929, 

Florida Geoll Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, figs. 6a-b (after 

Twitchell) . I 

Peronella dalli Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16. no. 1, pj 26. 
52 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Rumphia archerensis (Twitchell). Cooke, 1945, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 29, fig. 5, no. 6 (after Twitchell). 

Peronella dalli (Twitchell). Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 22, no. 1, p. 91, pl. 22, figs. 5, 6. 

Peronella dalli (Twitchell). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 57. 

Horizontal outline subpentagonal; upper surface 

nearly flat, slightly depressed in the submargin; margin 

thick, rounded; lower surface concave. Apical system 

central; four genital pores, far apart; hydropores, when 

visible, in a crooked groove. Petals extending twothirds the radius, broad, rounded at the tip; poriferous 

zones very wide, closed distally, open at the apex; inner 

. pores circular, outer pores elongate, pores conjugate. 

Peristome central, pentagonal; surrounded by five short 

ambulacral grooves ending in a pair of buccal pores. 

Periproct circular, less than half the radius from the 

margin, location variable. Tubercles rather large, 

sunken, scattered. 

Length of holotype 15.9 ; width 15.0; height 4.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Archer (type, USNM 164667b, W. H. 

Dall). International Mineral & Chemical Company well 1, 

N oralyn plant, depth 600 feet, sec. 25, T. 30 S. R. 24 E, Polk 

County. Well at Davenport. Well at Leesburg (USGS 2076, 

L. C. Johnson). Well at Bradenton, depth 985--1000 feet (Stuart 

Mossom). Well 50 miles west of Miami, depth 1250 feet 

(E. F. P. Brigham). Well at Kissimmee, depth 68-100 fe~t 

(USGS 5016, G. C. Matson). Well S-540 near Miami (USGS 

Water Resources Branch). 

Pan,ama: Madden Field (USGS 16889, W. P. Woodring 

and J. R. Schultz). -

Geologic '!knit.-Middle Eocene, A von Park limestone. 

Type.-USNM 164667b. Figured specimen, USNM 562285. 

Type of Laganum archerensis, USNM 164667a. 

Remarks.-The specific name dalli is preferred to archerensis, 

which has page precedence, because dalli has been correctly 

identified and is a well known species, whereas archerensis has 

been repeatedly confused with the species herein described as 

Neolaganum durhami. The latter species is twice as large and 

has much closer tubercles. 

The types of Laganwm dalli and L. archerensis originally 

received the same catalogue number. The locality is stated as 

Archer, Florida, but they probably came from a well, for no 

specimens have since been found at the surface. 

The closest relative of Neolaganum dalli seems to beN. antil-

·zarum (Cotteau) [Sismondia] 'from the St. Bartholomew limestone of Eocene age of the West Indies. That species, known 

only from the ty~, a small specimen, has narrower poriferous 

zones and closer tuber'cles; its closed petals remove 'it from 

Sismondia. As was pointed out by Cole and Ponton (1932), the 

·location of the periproct of N. dalli is variable. 

The speciE!"s is very abunda~t in wells in the Florida Peninsula 

in beds referred to the upper 50 feet of the A von Park limestone. 

Vernon (1951, p. 101) suggests "that the Peronella bed may 

represent a continuation of Avon Park deposition into Inglis 

time," because. in some wells the species is associated with Inglis 

Foraminifera ; but it seems more probable that this association 

was caused by reworking of the echinoid into the Inglis, which 

unconformably overlies the Avon Park. 

Neolaganum durhami Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 5-7 

Rumphia archerensis (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no.~. p. 27, pl. 2, figs.11-13. 

Peronella archerensis (Twitchell). Fischer, 1951, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 58, pl. 2, fig. 3; text figs. 

2,3. 

Neolaganum archerensis (Twitchell). Durham, 1954, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, text fig. 28. 

Neolaganum archerensis (Twitchell). Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text figs. 15f, 30b. 

Horizontal outline broadly oval to subdecagonal; 

upper side slightly tumid at the apex, depressed submarginally ; margin usually thick, rounded ; lower side 

flat. Apical system nearly central; four genital pores 

rather far apart; hydropores in crooked grooves. 

Petals long, extending nearly three-fourths the .radius, 

equal, spatulate; poriferous zones nearly as wide as the 

interporiferous zones, nearly closed distally, open at the 

apex; inner pores circular or oval, outer pores elongated; plates compound. Peristoine small central, 

pentagonal; teeth usually preserved ; five pairs of large 

buccal pores. Ambulacral grooves straight, extend-

. ing nearly halfway to the margin. Periproct small, 

circular, about three-fourths the radius from the peristome. Tubercles small, sunken, numerous. Internal 

concentric passageways near the margin. 

Length of type 29 mm; width 26.5 mm; height 4.9 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Quarry of the Williston Shell Rock 

Company 3 miles north of east of Newberry, Alachua County 

(USGS 14177, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 3.5 miles 

northeast of Newberry (USGS 14178, W .. C. Mansfield and C. W. 

Mumm). Pit 3 miles north of Newberry (USGS 13843, W. C. 

Mansfield 'and F. S. MacNeil). Nixons, Levy County (USGS 

355, L. C. Johnson). Pit between Inglis and Yankeetown, Levy 

County (USGS 14544, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens). Withlacoochee River in Wlh sec. 3 T. 17 S., R. 16 E (USGS 18749, 

type, A. G. Fischer). Withlacoochee River in Wlh sec. 4, T. 17 

S., n. 16 E. (USGS 18755, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). 

Borrow pit on north side of highway in SW* sec. 33, T. 13 S., 

R. 15 E. (A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). Polk County oil 

well, depth unknown (USNM 498994, Florida Geol. Survey) ~ 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Inglis limestone and Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 562290a; paratype, USNM 562290b. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562289. 

Remarks.-N eolaganum durhami is about twice as large as 

N. dalli, proportionately thinner, and its tubercles are much 

closer together. 

Genus WYTHELLA Durham 

Wythella Durham, 1954, Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 682. 

Wythella Durham. Durham, 1955, California Unlv. Pub. Geol. 

Sci., v. 31, no. 4, p.148. 

Type species, Lagarvum eldridgei Twitchell, by 

monotypy and original designation. 
NEOLAGANIDAE 53 

In general appearance W ythella closely resembles 

R&mphia Desor, with which the unique type species has 

been confused. It differs from Rumphia rostrata (L. 

Agassiz, 1841, p. 118, pl. 25) in the arrangement of the 

plates on the oral side, that species having more, narrower plates, so that the periproct of W. eldrridgei lies 

at the ends of the first postbasicronal plates, whereas 

that of R. rostrata, which occupies nearly the same location, lies about the ends of the fifth postbasicoronal 

plates. The food grooves of Rumphia are simple, hut 

those of W ythella are faintly bifurcating. The petals 

of Rumphia are open; those of W ythella eldridgei are 

closed. 

W ythella eldridgei is much larger, more elongated, 

and more angular in outline than N eolagarvwm dalli. 

It is much thinner and lacks the swollen rim of Neolaganum. 

Wythella eldridge! (Twitchell) 

Plate 21, figures 8-10 

Laganum eldridgei Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.160, pl. 74, figs. 2a-d. 

Rumpkia eldridgei (Twitchell). Stefanini, 1924, Geol. S'oc. 

America Bull., v. 35, p. 831, 843. 

Rumpkia eldridgei (Twitchell). Cooke and Mossom, 1929, 

Florida Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 20, pl. 3, fig. 7 (after 

Twitchell). 

Rumpkia eldridgei (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 27, pl. 2, fig.14. 

Rumpkia eldridgei (Twitchell). Cooke, 1945, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 29, fig. 5, no. 1 (after Twitchell). 

Wytkella eldridgei (Twitchell). Durham, 1954, Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 682, text fig. 3D. 

Wytkella eldridgei (Twitchell). Durham, 1955, California 

Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 31, no. 4, text fig. 27d. 

Horizontal outline suboval, usually truncated in front, 

behind, and in posterior ambulacra; upper surface 

low, slightly tumid centrally, some specimens having 

tumidities near the proximal ends of the ambulacra 

apparently caused by pressure of the jaws; lower surface flat, food grooves bifurcating; margin thin. Apical 

system so mew hat anterior ; four (sometimes three) genital pores; madreporic pores in crooked grooves. Petals 

lanceolate, the anterior the longest, the anterior pair 

the shortest and widest; plates compound; poriferous 

zones wide, inner pores oval, outer pores elongated, 

zones closed distally, slightly open apically, where the 

ocular plates protrude between the zones. Interambulacra terminating in a single large plate at the apex. 

Peristome suboval, wider than long. Periproct large, 

circular, one-third the way from the margin to the peristome. Tubercles sunken, smaller on upper side than 

on lower. 

LeD;gth of type 94.0 mm; width 7 4.1 mm; height 11.1 

mm. Length of figured specimen 70.0 mm; width 56.4 

mm; height 9.1 mm. 

OccuN"enC8.-Florida: Suwannee River below a sulphur 

spring 17 1 miles south of Ellaville (type, USGS 2612, G. H. 

Eldridge). Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

. County q;sGS 7338, c. w. Cooke; USGS 12311, 12312, w. c. 

Mansfield ! and G. M. Ponton; USGS 14538, C. W. Cooke). 

Suwannee River 4 to 4.5 miles below Ellaville (USGS 12743, 

W. C. M~sfield, Herman Gunter, and G. M. Ponton). 5 miles 

northwest of Mayo on road to Dowling Park (USGS 11114, 

C. W. Coo e and Stuart Mossom). Road to Perry 5.2 miles west 

of Mayo USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke and W. D: Havens). One 

mile nort~ of Mayo (1-2413 Fla. G. S., G. M. Ponton). Suwannee River I below Troy Springs, Lafayette County (USGS 7347, 

C. W. Co?ke). U. S. 19 east of Steinhatchee River opposite 

Clara, in lpixie County (USGS 12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. 

Ponton; U]SGS 14148, W. C. Mansfield and c;· W. Mumm; USGS 

14541, C. ~· Cooke and W. D. Havens; USGS 15150, G. M. 

Ponton). Miley rock pit in sec. 36, T. 20 S., R. 18 E., Citrus 

County ( SGS 14536, C. W. Cooke). 6 miles southeast of 

Crystal River (USGS 14141, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Geor~a: Left bank of Flint River at Mitchell-Dougherty 

County uJe (USGS 15142, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologi~ unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-fSNM 164683, from USGS 2612; figured specimen 

USNM 562287, from USGS 14541. 

J 

Genus WEISBORDELLA Durham 

W eisbord lla Durham, 1954, Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, 

p.682 

Weisbordella Durham. Durham, 1955, California Univ. Pub. 

Geol. Sci. v. 31, no. 4, p. 148. , 

' Type lspecies, Peronella caribbeana Weishord= 

Peronell cubae Weisbord, by original designation. 

This gr,nus differs from Peronella Gray 1855 in having long lbasicoronal and first post basi coronal inter ambulacral plates, and compound plates in the petals. Its 

genital p[ates lie within the apical system, but those of 

Peronel"ttf peronii lie outside of it, between the petals. 

Accordi g to Durham W eisbordella caribbeana resem--

bles Per4nella in not having its hydropores in grooves, 

but the species from Florida here identified without 

direct cofuparison as W eisbordella cubae and supposed 

to he syrlonymous with P. caribbeana has hydroporic 

grooves, hough they are usually very obscure. Like 

Peronella, W eisbordella has four genital pores. 

W eisbordella differs from N eolaganum in its concave 

oral side I (N eolaganum is flat) and in its lack of food 

grooves. It is usually much more tumid. 

Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) 

Plate 20, figures 1-4 

Peronella pubae Weisbord, 1934. Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 20, 

no. 70<D, p. 217 (53) , pl. 24 ( 5) , figs. 4-6. 

Peronella f uinquenodulata Weisbord, 1934, Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 700, p. 214 (50), pl. 24 (5), figs. 1-3. 

Peronella caribbeana Weisbord, 1934, Bull. Am. Paleontology, I v. 20, no. 70C, p. 216 (52), pl. 24 (5), figs. 7-9. 

Peronella Jcubae Weisbord. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, l o. 1, p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 15-21. 
54 CENOZOIC E~OIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Peronella cubae Weisbord, Cooke, 1945 Florida Geol. Survey 

Bull. 29, fig. 6, no. 6 (after Cooke, 1942) . 

Peronella cubae Weisbord, Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

22, no. 1, p. 91. 

PeronelZa caribbeana Weisbord. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos fosiles de Cuba, p. 96. 

Peronella cubae Weisbord. Sanchez Roig, 1949, Equinodermos 

fosiles de Cuba, p. 97. · 

Peronella quinquenoaulata Weisbord. Sanchez Roig, 1949, 

Equinodermos fosiles de Cuba, p. 99. 

Weisbordella caribbeana (Weisbord). Durham, 1954, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 682, text figs. 2A, SA. 

Weisbordella caribbeana (Weisbord). Durham, 1955, Californla Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., v. 81, no. 4, text figs. 27c, 80a. 

Test oval; upper surface more or less convex; lower 

surface slightly concave; margin rounded. Apical system central or anterior; four small genital pores, usu~ 

ally obscure, moderately far apart; hydropores confined 

to small crooked grooves. Petals wide, short, pointed, 

extending little more than half the radius, nearly closed 

at the tips; plates compound, structure complex; poriferous zones nar.row, slightly incurved·at the apical end 

but wide apart there and almost touching the adjacent 

petals; inner pores ptmctate, outer pores elongate. 

Peristome small, central, pentagonal, usually retaining 

the teeth. Periproct transversely oval, about onefourth the radius from the margin. Tubercles sunken, 

those on the upper surface rather widely spaced; small 

except a central cluster of l~rger ones between the genital pores; .a few large adventitious tubercles present 

or not on the interambulacra; tubercles on the oral 

surface larger than the ordinary ones on the upper 

surface. 

Length of holotype 13 mm; width 12 mm; height 2.5 

mm (fide Weisbord). Length of figured specimen 

USNM 499114, 19.6 mm; width 17.6 mm; height 5.3 

mm. Length of figured specimen USNM 562286 44.6 

mm; width 40 mm; height 10.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-Cuba: Lorna Calisto, CamagUey (type, N. E. 

Weisbord). 

Florida: Pit of the Crystal River Rock Company about 6 

miles southeast of Crystal River, Citrus County (USGS 14141, 

· W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm) . . Suwannee River at Dowling Springs- (USGS 7338, C. W. Cooke; USGS 14003, W. 0. 

Mansfi.eld and F. S. MacNeil). East of Steinhatchee River opposite Clara (USGS 12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton; 

USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens, USGS 15150, G. M. 

Ponton). Zuber, 6.5 miles north of Ocala (USGS 6807, C. W. 

Cooke). Alachua Sink, 8.5 miles east of Gainesville (USGS 

~799, T. W. Vaughan and C. W. Cooke). 2 miles southeast of 

the cemetery at Alachua (USGS 13656, Stuart Mossom). 2 

miles north of High Springs (USGS 6787, T. W. Vaughan and 

C. W. Cooke). Luraville, Suwannee River (USGS 2613, G. H. 

Eldridge; USGS 15051, C. W. Cooke and F. S. MacNeil). Old 

MacDonald quarry 1 mile north of Istachatta, Hernando County 

(USGS 11112, C. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). Johnson's 

sink, Levy County (USGS 365, L. C. Johnson). Old phosphate 

mine east of Anthony, Marion County (USGS 7366, C. W. 

Cooke). 5.5 miles southwest of Gainesville (USGS 14135, W. C. 

Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Kendrilc~, Marion County (USGS 

14125, W. C. Mansfield and 0. W. Mumm). Pit west of Fla.19;1 5 miles south of Salem, Taylor County (USGS 14539, C. W. 

Cooke and W. D. Havens). One mile north of Mayo (USNM 

372871, G. M. Ponton). Perry road 5.2 mi~es west of Mayo 

(USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens). Left bank 

Suwrumee River at Branford (USGS 7341, C. W. Cooke). Three 

miles north of Newberry, Alachua County (USGS 13843, W. C. 

M<ansfield and F. S. MacNeil). Withlacoochee River in sec. 5, 

T. 17 S., R. 16 E., Levy County (USGS 18750, A. G. Fischer and 

J. E. Banks). Withlacoochee River in sec. 3, T. 17 S., R. 16 E., 

Levy County (USGS 18749, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). 

Georgia: East bank Flint River at mouth of creek in northeast corner of Dougherty County (USGS 7235, C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone; Inglis limestone. ' 

Type.-Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, N. Y. 

' Figured specimens.-USNM 499114, from USGS 7341; USNM 

562286, from USGS 14537. ' 

. Remarks.-The number of . large adventitious tubercles on 

Weisbm·aella cubae is variable; some individuals hf!ve more 

than the figured specimens, many have none. 

Weisbordella johnson! (Twitchell) 

Plfi te 20, figures 5-7 

Laganumf crustuloides (Morton). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Mon. 54, p. 122, figs. 5a-d, 6a-d. 

Laganum lohnsoni Twitchell, 1915, U: S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.162,pl.75,figs.2a-d. 

Echinodiscus crustuloides (Morton). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 581. 

Echinodiscus johnsoni J Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 9, p. 581. 

L,aganum johnsoni Twitchell. Cooke, 1926, Ala. Geol. Survey 

Special Report 14, pl. 96, fig. 2. 

Peronella crustu oides (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 24. 

Peronella crustuloides (Morton). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. 

Survey Geol. Bull. 34; pt. 2, p. 57. 

Horizontal outline suboval; upper surface tumid; 

lower surface concave; margin swollen, round. Apical 

system slightly anterior; :four genital pores rather 

close together; hydro pores confined to crooked grooves. 

Petals lanceolate, long, narrow, extending more than 

two-thirds the radius; plates compound; poriferous 

zones moderately open at the apical end, nearly closed 

distally; inner pores punctate, outer pores elongate. 

Peristome slightly anterior, small, pentagonal, teeth 

usually preserved. Periproct small, circular, about onethird the radius from the margin. Tubercles small, 

sunken, closer on upper surface than on lower. 

Length of holotype 33.2 mm; width 30.0 mm; height 

9.5 min. A specimen from Florida (USGS 14182) 

measures 54.4 by 49.0 by 11.0 millimeters. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Turk's Cave in sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 18 

E., Conecuh County (USGS 305, L. C. Johnson, type). NW* sec. 30, T. 4 N., R. 13 E, south side of Red Branch near Turk's 

or Sanders' cave (USGS 10030, C. W. Cooke and Julia Gard-
EC~OL~ADIDAE 55 

ner). Conecuh River at sharp bend 1 mile east of Harts Bridge, 

Covington County SW* sec. 28, T. 3 N., R. 14 E. (USGS 10025, 

C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner; USGS 13398, C. w. Cooke). 

Louisville and Nashville Railway % mile north of Drewry, 

Monroe County (USGS 6720, C. W. Cooke). Old quarry % 

mile northwest of Monroeville (USGS 6722, C. W. Cooke). 

Rock House Bluff on Con:ecuh River near line between sees . . 28 

a.nd 29, T. 3 N., R. 14 E, Conecuh County (USGS 6750, C. W. 

Cooke). Lone Star Cement quarry, St. Stephens (USNM 559883, 

C. C. Branson). 

Georgia: Bainbridge (USGS 3387, 3390, T. W. Vaughan; 

3770, S. W. McCallie ; 13611, August Foerste). Flint River at 

Red Bluff, 6 miles above Bainbridge (USGS 709S, C. W. Cooke; 

USGS 6159, L. W. Stephenson). Flint River at spring 2 miles 

below Normans Ferry, Mitchell- County (USGS 7128, C. W. 

Cooke). Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals 9 miles below Newton (USGS 7126, C. W. Cooke). Power plant 2 miles north of 

courthouse at Albany (USGS 5054, T. W. Vaughan: USGS 

12040, C. W. Cooke and W. H. Monroe). Well at Cordele, 

depth 225-feet (USGS 3814, S. W. McCallie). 

Florida : Florida Basic Rock Company 12 miles north of 

Marianna (USGS 12058, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton; 

USGS 14152, 14182, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Geologic unit.-,.Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Types.-Holotype, USNM 137202, from USGS 305. Figured 

specimen USNM 372896, from USGS 10025. 

Remat·ks.-This species is the same as that identified as 

Scutella crustuloides Morton (1833) by Clark and Twitchell 

(1915) l;mt the type of that species is lost. Weisbordella johnsoni is evidently not the species first figured by Morton (1833, pl. 

10, fig. 8), which may be a Protoscutella. The petals of W. 

johnsoni are wider open at the apex than those of the later 

figure by Morton (1834, pl. 15, fig. 10). According to Morton 

(1834, -p. 77) Scutella crustuloides "is found in considerable 

numbers in the calcareous strata of South Carolina." Weisbordella johnsoni has not been found in South Carolina. 

Family ECHINOLAMPADID*E 

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS Gray 

Echinolampas Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, 

p.429. 

Echinolampas Gray (part). D'Archiac and Haime, 1853, Animanx fossiles du groupe nummulitique de l'Inde, p. 209. 

Echinolampas Gray. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 300. 

Echinolampas Gray. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 335. 

Echinolampas Gray. Pomel, 1881, Classi:~cation tnethodique et 

geneta des echinides, p. 62. 

Echinolampas (Miolampas) Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 62. 

Echinolampas Gray. Cotteau; 1889, Paieontologie fran<;aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 2, p. 5, 178. 

Echinolampas Gray. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology, Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p.111. 

Echinolampas Gray. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 377. 

Echinolampas Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 

1,p. 37. 

Echinolampas Gray. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 270. Includes complete synonymy. 

Type species, E chinus oviformis Gmelin, 1788=Echi-

' nanthus ovatus Leske (1778, p. 191, pl. 20, figs. c, d), 

living in the tropical zone of the Indian Ocean; designated by Po mel ( 1883, p. 62) . As illustrated by Mortensen (1948, p. 275, pl. 4, figs. 1-8) Echinolampas ovata 

i~ moderately large, with an ovate outline, inflated upper 

surface, rounded margin and slightly concave oral surface. Its apical system is monobasal, its poriferous 

zones are gently curved and of unequal lengths. Its 

peristome is nearly central, subtriangular, with rounded 

corners, weak bourrelets and inconspiculus phy llodeS. 

Its periproct is submarginal, transverse, almost hori-· 

zontal. 

Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell 

Pia te 22, figures 11-13 

Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell, 1915, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 173, pl. 81, :figs. la-d, 2. 

Echinolampas (Miolampas) aldrichi Twitchell. Lambert and 

Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fase. 

5, p.383. 

Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.1~, no.1, p. 38. 

Test rather large. Horizontal outline oval, nearly as 

wide as long ; upper surface tending to be subconical, 

the apex slightly forward, coinciding with the apical 

system; margin broadly rounded; lower surface gently 

concave to the peristome. Apical system nearly central, 

monobasal, four genital pores~ Petals long, extending 

nearly three-fourths the way to the margin, sides gently 

curved; poriferous zones much narrower than the interporiferous, wide open distally; inner zones of paired 

petals longer than the outer; pores conjugate, inner row 

oyal, outer row slightly elongate. Peristome nearly central, large, subtriangular, with rounded corners, wider 

than lo~g; bourrelets gently swollen; phy llodes long, 

narrow, straight sided. Periproct submarginal, trrunsverse, large, sloping upward and backward at a low 

angle, not indenting the margin. Tubercles small, depressed, little larger on the lower surface. No bare 

median band. 

Length of type 56 mm; width 53 mm; height 25.4 mm. 

Occurrenoe.-Alabama: Bluff east of Jackson-Rockville road 

200 yards north of , Salt Creek, Clarke County, NWlA, sec. 34, 

t 6 N, R 2 E (USGS 7165, C. W. Cooke). 1 mile north of Glendon, Clarke County NW1,4 sec. 31, T 7 N, R 3 E (USGS 7163, 

C. W. Cooke). One-half mile northwest of Glendon (USGS 

14514, F. S. MacNeil). Perdue Hill, Monroe County (U,SGS 

2398, Frank Burns). Road to Lambards Landing, 1.7 miles 

southeast of Gainestown, Clarke County (USGS 10050, C. W. 

Cooke and Julia Gardner). Gainestown Ferry, Clarke County 

(USGS 10052, C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner), Gainestown 

(type, T. H. Aldrich). Choctaw Bluff, Alabama River (Univ. 

Alabama). 1.3 miles nort.h of Millry, Washington County 

(USGS 14291, W. C. Mansfield). East bank Murder Creek 

1.5 miles above Kirkland, Escambia County (USGS 6736, C. W. 

Cooke). 
56 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Mississippi: 4 miles north of Waynesboro on road to Shubuta, near middle of sec. 24, T 9 N, R 7 W (USGS 10053, C. W. 

Cooke and Julia Gardner). Taylor Mill Creek 1.5 miles north 

of Waynesboro (USGS 14281a, w. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil; USGS 14347, Julia Gardner). Sandy Creek, Wayne 

County (USGS 14345, Julia Gardner). West bank Chickasawbay River downstream from the Waynesboro-Laurel road 

(USGS 14348, 14362, 14350, Julia Gardner; USGS 14517, W. C. 

Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). ' 

Puerto Rico: .Arecibo quadrangle at K 71·.8 on route 10, 

' about 9 kilometers south-southeast of .Arecibo (USGS 19821, 

C. W. Cooke and A. D. Watt). Manati q~adrangle, at K 1.5 on 

route 642, 4 kilometers south of Manatf (USGS i9840, C. W. 

Cooke and A. D. Watt). 

Geolo.gic unit.-Late Oligocene, Chickasawhay limestone in 

Alabama and Mississippi. 

Type.-USNM 559490 (T 1099a), deposited by Johns Hopkins 

University. 

Oomparisons.-No other species from the United States at 

all closely resembles Echinolampas aldrichi. The species is 

similar to H. ovata (Leske) but is more nearly circular. 

Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons 

Plate 22, :figures 5, 6 

Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons, 1858, Agriculture of the 

eastern counties, p. 307, :figs. 240, 241. 

Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons. Clark and Twitchell, 

· 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 149, pl. 68, :figs. 2a-h. 

Echinolampas (lsolampas) appendiculatus Emmons. Lambert 

and Thiery, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, 

p. 380. 

Eohinolampas (Miolampas) appendiculatus Emmons. Lambert 

and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, 

fasc. 5, p. 382. 

Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons. Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 38. 

Test rather small. Horizontal outline ovate, somewhat protracted behind; upper surface moderately inflated, rostrate above the periproct; margin broadly 

rounded; lower surface concave around the peristome. 

Apical system slightly anterior, monobasal, four · 

'genital pores. Petals extending 'about two-thirds the 

way to the margin, nearly straight, open distally; 

poriferous zones somewhat narrower than the interporiferous, inner zones of paired petals somewhat 

longer than the outer; pores conjugate, inner pores circular, outer pores slightly elongated. Peristome 

slightly anterior, large, subtriangular, with rounded 

corners, wider than long. Periproct, large, transverse, 

flush, inframarginal, inclined upward and backward 

at an angle approximating 45°, not visible from above. 

Tubercles small, sunken, not much larger on the oral 

surface; intermediate spaces pitted. 

Length of figured specimen 32.8 mm; width 28.1 

mm; height 17.8 mm. This specimen is the same as 

the one figured by Clark and Twitchell. 

Occu-nrence.-North Carolina: City Rock Quarry, Wilmington (USNM 166521, L. W. Stephenson; USGS 7302, B. L. Miller; 

USGS 10340, C. W. Cooke; USGS 3602, Frank Burns). Roeky 

Point (USGS 779, T. W. Stanton). Lanes Ferry, 3 miles east 

of Rocky Point (USNM 166519, L. W. Stephenson). Castle 

Bayne (USNM 166522, L. W. Stephenson). Marl pit 2.5 

miles southwest of Charity, Duplin County (USGS 11816; W. C. 

Mansfield). Farm of R. G. Ross 1 mile northwest of Lanes 

Ferry, North East Cape Fear River, Pender County (USNM 

166520, L. W. Stephenson). Cedar Fork swamp 5 miles southeast of Beulahville, Duplin County (USGS 19020, c .. w. 0ooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late mid~le Eocene, Castle Hayne limestone. 

Type.-USNM 499113, deposited by Williams College, received without label. Figured specimen USNM 138017, from 

USGS 779, Rocky Point, N. C. 

OoJnparison.-Tbis species is easily distinguished from E. 

aldr.ichi by its compressed, proboscislike posterior end and 

smaller size. It should be compared with several middle and 

late Eocene speci'es described by Cotteau in series 1, volume 2 

of the Paleontologic fran~aise, specimens of which are not available for direct comparison. 

Family CASSIDULIDAE 

Key to the Oassidulidae 

1 Periproct vertically elongated. 

2 Periproct marginal; margin acutely rounded 

Echanthus georgiensis 

2 Periproct supramarginal ; margin broadly rounded 

Santeelampas oviformis 

1 Periproct transverse. 

2 Peristome longer than wide ___________________ Hurhodia 

3 Periproct not terminaL _______ Eurhodia (Eurhodia) 

4 Broadly truncated behind ________ Jj}urhodia rugosa 

4 N'ot broadly truncated behind. 

5 Test long and narrow ___ Eurhodia patelliformis 

5 Test short and wide ________ Eurhodiaf elbana 

3 Periproct terminaL ___ Eurhodia ( Gisopygus) holmesi 

2 Peristome not longer than wide ; periproct supramarginal. 

3 Periproct not terminaL _____ aassidulus ( Oassidulus) 

4 Margin rounded~---------Oassidulus sabistonensis 

_ 4 Margin acute. 

5 Petals wide ; test large. 

6 Periproct not far from the margin 

Oassidulus gouldii 

6. Periproct far from the margin 

Oassidulus ericsoni 

5 Petals narrow; test small __ Oassidulus trojanus 

3 Periproct terminaL ________ aassidulus (Plagiopygus) 

4 Test much longer than wide 

Oassidulus (Plagiopygus) conradi 

5. Pointed bebind ____ Oassidulus conradi conradi 

5. Not pointed behind. 

6. Petals long_Oassidulus conradi carolinensi8 

6. Petals not as 1ong_Oassidulus conradi lyelli 

4. Test not much longer than wide. 

5. Upper'surface moderately inflated 

Oassiaulus georgiensis 

5. Upper surface strongly inflat~ 

Oassidulus georgiensis globosus 

Gen 11s CASSIDUL US Lamarck 

Oassidulus Lamarck, 1801, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, 

p. 348. 

Rhyncholampas A. Agassiz, 1869, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology, Bull., v. 1, p. 270. 
CASSIDULIDAE 57 

Oassidulus Lamarck. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.l,p. 30. 

Oassidulus Lamarck. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 198. Includes complete synonymy. 

Type species, Oassidulus cariboea>rum Lamarck (1801, p. 349), 

living in the Caribbean Sea, by monotypy, the other species 

mentioned being nomina nuda. This specific name was first 

spelled with the diphthong oe, not ae as used by Liitken and 

Mortensen. Mortensen's figures (1948, p. 205, pl. 2, figs. 5, 

14-18) of Oassidulus cariboearum are rather small; the horizontal outline is ovate, broadest behind; fairly low, with acutely 

rounded margin, and somewhat concave under surface. The 

species apparently has a monobasal apical system with four 

genital pores. The petals are open distally and are described 

as having small round pores of nearly equal size, not conjugate, 

the poriferous zones usually of unequal length, the outer series 

the longer. The naked median part of the posterior interambulacrum is described as covered by deep irregular pits. The 

peristome is subpentagonal, with low bourrelets and rather inconspicuous, narrow pbyllodes. The periproct is supramarginal, flush, transverse, and opens into a shallow, sloping sulcus, 

which scarcely indents the margin. 

Cassidulus .sabistonensis Kellum 

Plate 23, figures 6-14 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) berryi Kellum, 1926, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 143, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 4-7. Not Oassidulus berryi Twitchell, 1915. 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynohus) sabistonensis Kellum, 1931, Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 21, no. 4, p. 51. New name for 

0. berryi Kellum. 

0 assidulus ( Rhynchopygus 1) evergladensis Mansfield, 1932, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 170, p. 48, pl. 18, figs. 1-10. 

Oassidulus ( Oassi dultts) evergladensis Mansfield. Cooke, 1942, 

J'our. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. ·5, 6. 

Oassidulus ( Oassid,ulus) sabistonensis Kellum. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 31. 

Test large ; horizontal outline ovate to oval; upper 

surface inflated, rostrate above the preiproct; lower surface slightly concave; margin broadly rounded. Apical 

system slightly anterior, with four genital pores and 

central madreporite. Petals long, lanceolate; poriferous zones narrow, open distally, inner pores circular, 

outer pores elongated, inner zones of paired petals 

longer than the outer; interporiferous zones wide. Peristome below the apical system, pentagonal, wider than 

long; bourrelets strongly inflated; phyllodes longer than 

wide. Periproct nearly terminal, well above the margin, flush, opening onto a very shallow sulcus. Tubercles small and crowded on the upper surface, larger 

and deeply sunken on the oral surface. Median area 

on the oral surface pitted. · 

Original length of type about 62 mm; width 58.3 mm; 

height 28 mm. Lengths of figured specimens from 

South Carolina 60 and 69.5 mm; widths 53 and 58 mm; 

heights 38.3 and 35 mm. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: Farm of E. W. Sabiston, 2 miles 

north of Jacksonville, Onslow County (USGS 10637, L. B. Kellum). 

South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal about 5 miles 

southwest of Little River and about 15 miles northeast of Myrtle 

Beach (USGS 13377, C. W. Cooke; USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn). 

Florida : Tamiami Trail 5 miles east of Carnestown and 

about 7 miles northeast of. Everglades, Collier County (USGS 

11177, C. W. Cooke, W. C. Mansfield, and Stuart Mossom). Tamiami Trail 9 miles west of Pinecrest in sec. 13, T. 54 S, R. 

32 E.(USGS 11179, C. W. Cooke, W. C. Mansfield, and Stuart 

Mossom). Collier County 18 miles south of Immokalee (Jhorida Geol. Survey I-3148, Clarence Simpson; this place was re- ' 

ported as "near Moorehaven" by Mansfield, who was misinformed 

as to its location). 

Geologi c unit.-Late Miocene. Tamiami formation in Florida. 

Types.-USNM 35233, from USGS 10637. Cotypes of 0. evergladensis USNM 37329, from USGS 11177; paratype USNM 

371330, from USGS 11179. Figured specimens from South Carolina USNM 562301, from USGS 18759. 

Remarks.-The preceding description is based on the two figured specimens from South Carolina, which ilustrate the considerable variation in size and shape that is common to many 

species of Oassidulus. 

Kellum attributed this species to the Castle Hayne limestone, 

but the only other species reported from the type locality is 

Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel), characteristic of the Santee limestone, which had not then been recognized in North Carolina. 

The matrix ,of the type is bard calcareous sandstone. It seems 

probable, as suggested by Cooke (1942, p. 31),that the Oassidulus 

is indigenous to the Trent and that the Eurhodia was reworked 

from the Santee or that it was collected from a different formation. 

Cassidulus gouldii (Bouve) 

Plate 24, figures 5-12 

Pygorhynokus gouldii Bouve, 1846, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 2, p.192. 

Pygorhynchus gouldii Bouve. Bouve, 1847, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, 

v.3,p.437. 

Pygorhynchus gouldii Bouve. Bouve, 1847, Annals and Mag. 

Nat. History, ser.l, v. 20, p.142. 

Nucleolites mortoni Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser. 2, v. 2, p. 40, pl.l, fig.11. 

Pygorhynchus gouldii Bouve. Bouve, 1851, Boston Soc. Nat. 

History Proc., v. 4, p. 2, 2 text figs. 

Pygorhynvh1ts gouldii Bouve. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 299. 

Ravenelia gouldii (Bouve). McCrady, 1859, Elliott Soc. Nat. 

History Charleston, S. C., Proc., v. 1, p. 282. 

Pygorhynvhus gouldii Bouve. Cotteau, 1888, Paleontologie fran-

~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser.l, v.l, p. 550. 

Nucleolites mortoni Conrad. Boyle, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 102, p. 200. 

Pygorhynchus gouldii Bouve. Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. italiana 

Boll., v. 30, p. 696. 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) gouldii (Bouv~). Clark and 

Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 171, pl. 79, 

figs. 3a-d; pl. 80, figs. la-f, 2a-d. 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) alabamensis Twitchell, 1915, U . . S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 172, pl. 80, figs. 3a-d. 

Procassidulus (Hardouinia) alabamensis (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 362. 

Procassidulus ( H ardouinia) gouldii ( Bouve). Lambert and 

Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 

5, p. 363. 
I 

58 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

aassidulus (Oassid·ulus) alabamensis Twitchell. Cooke 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 31. 

aassidulus (aassidulus) gouldii (Bouve). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 31. 

Horizontal outline subovate, weakly truncated in 

front and behind, wider behind. Upper surface inflated, highest point near. the front, tending to be subconical; rostrate above the periproct. Lower surface 

nearly flat. Margin subacute. Apical system somewhat 

anterior; madreporite central, large; four genital pores. 

Petals rather long, extending more than halfway to the 

margin, lanceolate, open distally, somewhat swollen; 

inner poriferous zones of paired petals longer than the 

outer; pores oval, conjugate or not. Peristome farther 

forward than the apical system, pentagonal, wider than 

long ; phy Hodes longer than wide, bourrelets swollen. 

Periproct supramarginal, at the posterior fifth, transverse, opening into a well defined sulcus, which indents 

the margin. Tubercles depressed, small on upper sur-

, face, much larger and deeply depressed on lower surface. 

Median area on lower s~rface bare. . 

Length of figured specimen 45 nun; width 40.6 mm; 

height 22 mm. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Baker County (type). 2.5 miles north 

of Cuthbert (USGS 4058, S. W. McCallie). A. E. Belcher's 

well in lot 180, 16th District, Decatur County (USGS 3755, 

S. ~ McCallie). Leesburg (USGS 7421, W. D. Pierce). Flint 

River 0.5 mile below Newton (USGS 6106, L. W. Stephenson). 

Georgia Southern and Florida Railway 32 miles south of ·Macon-

(USGS 3783, S. W. McCallie). 2 miles south of Perry (USGS 

3966, S. W. McCalli.e). Hawkinsville (USGS 2311, Frank 

Burns). Abbeville road 3.5 miles south of Hawkinsville (USG~ 

6194, L. W. Stephenson). 9 miles southwest ()f Abbeville and 

0.5 mile northeast of Center School, Wilcox County (USGS 10324, 

<). W. Cooke and T. M. Prettyman). Albany Road 9 miles north 

of Camilla (USGS 14921, C. W. Cooke). 

_Florida: Many place~ in Alachua, Columbia, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Hillsborough, Jefferson, Pasco, and Suwannee 

Counties. Aucilla River, Taylor County, 6.5 miles south of 

Nuttalls Rise and 16 miles south of Lamont (USGS 14924, C. W. 

Cooke). Natural Bridge Walton County, SEtA, sec. 26, T 6 N, 

R. 20 W. (USNM 559443, Type of a. alabamensis). 

Mississippi: Heidelberg (USNM 156464, L. 0. Johnson). 

Bed of creek in sec. 22( ?), T 4 N; R 1 E, about 3.5 miles east 

of Byram (USGS 14071a, 14605, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. 

MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Oligocene: Mint Spring(?) marl member of 

the Marianna limestone of middle Oligocene age, in Mississippi ; 

Byram limestone of middle Oligocene age and Suwannee limestone of late Oligocene age, in Florida; Flint River formation 

of late Oligocene age in Georgia. 

Type.-Boston Soc. Nat. History 1756A (lectotype, a cast of 

the interior), deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology at 

Cambridge, Mass. Figured specimen, USNM 562302, froni USGS 

14924, Aucilla River, Florida. Type of aassiaulus . alabamensis 

Twitchell, USNM 559443, deposited by Johns Hopkins University. 

Remarks.-aassiduZus gouZdii is very abundant and variable. 

The type, a silicious mold of the interior from the Flint River 

formation in Baker County, Georgia, is somewhat larger (61.5 

by 48 by 24.5 mm) than the average. It was well figured by 

Clark and Twitchell (1915, pl. 79, :figs. 3a--d). Its longitudinal 

profile is tumid in front but slopes evenly from the apex to the 

pedproct. Other specimens from Georgia are more tumid posteriorly. The two other sp-ecimens shown by Clark and Twitchell (1915, pl. 80, :figs. 1a-f, 2a--d) are from a deep well at 

Padlock, 7 miles south of Live Oak, Suwannee County, Fla. 

Both are subconical, higher than -the specimen from Taylor 

County figured here. The type of aassidulu8 alabamensis is 

unusually large (68.5 by 63 by 28.5 mm), low, and somewhat 

crushed, it came from the Byram limestone at Natural Bridge, 

Walton County, Fla. 

Most specimens of Oassidulus gooldii are smaller than a. 

sabistonensis Kellum and have more acute margins. . 

' Cassidulus ericsoni Fischer 

Plate 24, figures 13-16 

Oassidulus ericsoni Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Survey Geol. 

Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 65, text :figs. 6-10; pl. 2, :figs. 1, 2; pl. 3, 

figs.1-?. 

Horizontal outline subovate, wider behind. Upper 

surface strongly inflated, highest in front of the apical 

system, rostrate above the periproct. Lower surface 

flat. Margin acute. Apical system monobasal, with 

four genital pores. Petals lanceolate, extending about ~ 

halfway to the margin, open distally; inner poriferous 

zones of paired petals longer than the outer. Peristome 

directly below the apical system, small, pentagonal, 

wider than long; phyllodes nearly as wide as long; 

bourrelets globular. Periproct small, transverse, supramarginal, near the posterior fourth, opening into a 

long, wide, shallow sulcus, which indents the margin. · 

Tubercles sunken, small on upper surface, much larger 

on ~ower surface. Median band in front of and behind 

the peristome without tubercles. 

Length of para_type USNM 5·60420, 45.5 mm; width 

41.2 mm; height 29.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Dredged from Withlacoochee River in 

Citrus County near Faris Landing at Crackertown (type, ,R. 0. 

Vernon). Withlacoochee River 4 J:lliles below Stokes Ferry 

(paratypes, USNM 560420, 560421, A. G. Fischer and J. E. 

Banks). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Inglis limestone. 

Type.-Florida Geol. Survey I-5358-1; paratypes FGS 

I-5358--2, 3, USNM 560420.-560421. 

Oomparisons.-aassiduZus ericB-ooi is larger, proportionally 

shorter, wider, and higher than a. trojanus Cooke and has proportionately smaller peristomel and periproct. It is similar to 

a. gouZdii (Bouve) in general appearance, but its periproct is 

niuch farther forward. 

Cassidulus trojanus Cooke 

Plate 24, :figures 1--4 

Oassidulus (Oassidulus) trojanus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16 no. 1, p. 32, pl. 2, figs. 22-25. 

Outline subquadrate, wider behind than in front. 

Upper surface moderately inflated except behind the 
CASSIDULIDAE 59 

periproct, where there is a broad, shallow sulcus; rostrate above the periproct. Lower surface fiat. Margin 

acute. Apical system slightly eccentric anteriorly; four 

genital pores; madreporite central. Petals lanceolate, 

of nearly equal length, extending somewhat more than 

halfway to the mh.rgin, open at the distal ends ; pores 

round or oval ; interporiferous zones wider than poriferous zones; outer poriferous zones of paired petals 

longer than the inner. Peristome farther forward than 

the apical system, pentagonal, slightly wider than long. 

Oral lobes swollen. Phyllodes about as long as the diameter of the peristomial opening. Periproct supramarginal, transversely elliptical, flush, about one-third 

the way from the margin to the apex. Upper surface 

finely granulated between small tubercles; tubercles on 

lower surface much larger than on the upper, deeply 

sunken except· on the margin, where they are much 

smaller. Longitidunal median band on base moderately wide, deeply pitted, ' 

Length 25.4 mm; width 22 mm.; height 11.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Suwannee River below Troy Springs, 

Lafayette County (USGS 7347, type, C. W. Cooke). Suwannee 

River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee County (USGS 7338, C. W. 

Cooke). Road to Dowling Park 5 miles northwest of Mayo 

(USGS 11114, C. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). Perry road 

5.2 miles west of Mayo (USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke). East side 

of Steinhatchee River in Dixie County opposite Clara (USGS 

12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton) ; USGS 14158, W. C. 

Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 12 miles north of Marianna 

(USGS 14182, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Taylor 

County rock pit near Mayo, Suwannee County (USGS 16913, G. 

M. Ponton). Suwannee River opposite Dowling Park (USGS 

14003, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

Georgia : Miller County about 1 mile southeast of Joe 

Shingler and about 5 miles west of Colquitt (USGS 8287, C. w. 

Cooke). Spring Creek at Colquitt (USGS 10168, C. W. Cooke 

and T. M. Prettyman.) 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 498996, from USGS 7347. 

Oomparisons.-Oassidulus trojanus is proportionately longer 

and narrower than 0. gouldii , the peristome is smaller, and the 

petals are narrower. The petals are narrower than those of 0. 

sabistonensis, the size is much smaller, and the periproct is 

farther forward. 

Subgenus PLAGIOPYGU$ Lambert 

Pygorhynchus Agassis. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 297. 

Plagiopygus Lambert, 1898, Soc. beige geologie Bull. (Mem., 

1897), p. 162 (footnote). Not Plagiopyga Boheman, 1848. 

PZeuropygus Lambert and Thiery in Lambert, 1913, Schweizer. 

palaeont. Gesell, Abh., v. 39, p. 126. For Plagiopygus 

Lambert. · 

Rkyncholampas A. Agassiz (part). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides fasc. 5, p. 369. 

AnisopetaZus Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology,,Mem., v. 50, no. 1, p. 44. 

Oa88iduZU8 (ParaZampas) Duncan and Sladen. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 32. 

Oassidulus Lamarck (part). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 4, p. 1, p.198. 

Anisopetalus Arnold and Clark. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 314. 

Type species, Nucleolites grignonensis Defrance, -from 

the middle Eocene of France. This species has been 

figured by Desor ( 1858, p. 298, pl. 31, figs. 1-3), by 

Cotteau (1888, p. 526, pis. 143-145) and by Mortensen 

(1948, p. 202, fig. 175ar-c after Desor). It differs from 

OaBsidulus eariboearwm in that its periproct is terminal, 

though well above the margin, which is more broadly 

rounded. These seem to be the most important differences between OassidUlus s. s. and Plagiopygus. 

Cooke ( 1942, p. 32) doubtfully identified this subgenus with Paralampas Duncan and Sladen ( 1882), 

suspecting that the apparent absence of the median 

actinal band characteristic of Oassidulus is due to the 

state of preservation of the Indian specimens. How- . 

ever, as Duncan and Sladen state several times that the 

band is absent, and as the type species, Paralwmpas 

pileus, differs notably in shape from Oassidulus (Plagiopygus) grignonensis, the assumption seems justified 

that Plagiopygus is not a a synonym of Paralampas. 

. An inequality in the length of the poriferous zones 

was the ,main reason assigned by Arnold and Clark for 

separating Anisopetal1.ts from Oassid~tl~ts. But the 

SI?ecies here referred to 0 assidulus s. s. also have unequal 

poriferous zones. Cotteau ( 1888) does not mention any 

inequality in the poriferous zones of "Pygorhynchus" 

grignonensis, yet his figures seem to indicate that there 

may be some difference in length. The relative lengths 

of the poriferous zones seems to be a variable feature 

within the Cassidulidae. 

Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) conradi (Conrad) 

Plate 25, figures 3-6 

Oatopygus conradi Couper MS Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Jour., ser. 2, v. 2, p. 39, pl. 1, fig. 9. 

Oatopygus conradi Conrad. A. Agassiz, 1883, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 10, no. 1, p. 90. 

Oassiaulus conradi Couper in Conrad. Stefanini, 1911, Soc. 

geol. italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 700. 

OassiduZus (Pygorhynchus) conradi (Conrad). Clark and 

Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 145, pl. 67, 

figs. 1a-f. 

Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 370. 

Oassi(lulus (Paralampas) conradi (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 33. 

Horizontal outline oval, usually somewhat compressed posterolaterally; upper surface evenly tumid, 

rostrate above the periproct; lower surface usually 

slightly concave around the peristome; margin broadly 

rounded~ Apical system anteriorly eccentric, monobasal, with four ge~ital pores. · Petals long and rather 
/ 

60 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

straight, open distally ; inner poriferous zones of paired 

petals longer than the outer; inner pores circular, outer 

pores oval. Peristome large, pentagonal, wider than 

long, nearer the center than the apical system; phyllodes 

nearly as wide as long; bourrelets elongated, swollen, 

granulated. Periproct terminal, at the top of a narrow 

vertical truncation, wider than high. Tubercles depressed, small on upper surface, larger on lower; covering entire test except a narrow pitted band behind the 

peristome. 

Length of type 40.8 mm; width 34 mm; height 22.7 

mm. Length of figured specimen 41.4; width 35.2; 

height 20 n1m. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Palmyra, Lee County (type, J. H. 

Couper, the original label specifies only Georgia). Kinchafoonee Creek 2 or 3 miles north of Albany (USGS 5054, T. W. 

Vaughan; USGS 7121, C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly; USGS 

10507, C. W. Cooke and T. M. Prettyman). About 5 mUes west 

of Colquitt (USGS 8247, C. W. Cooke, internal mold). Ichawaynochaway Creek about 4 miles west of Newton, Baker 

County (USGS 10919, Stuart Mossom, internal mold). 

Florida: Steinhatchee River opposite Clara, north of US 

Highway 19 (USG 15150, G. M. Ponton). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1078. Figured specimen 

USNM 562304, from USGS 15150. 

Cassidulus conradi carolinensis Twitchell 

Plate 25, figures 7-10 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 146, pl. 67, figs. 2a-g. 

Rhyncholampas conradi Couper. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 370. 

Oassidtf,lu8 (Paralampas) carolinensis Twitchell. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, p. 34. 

Oassidulus carolinensis is usually somewhat smalle~ 

and proportionately shorter than typical 0. conradi; it 

is less compressed behind, and has wider poriferous 

zones, narrower interporiferous zones. Lambert and 

Thiery thought it is probably a synonym of 0. conradi, 

but Cooke regarded it as distinct. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: Smith Creek, near Wilmington 

(type). Rocky Point, Pender County (USGS 779, T. W. Stanton). City rock quarry, near Wilmington (USGS 3602, Frank 

Burns; USGS 4285, L. W. Stephenson). Castle Hayne (USNM 

166490, L. W. Stephenson). 1 mile northwest of Lanes Ferry, 

Northeast Cape Fear River (USNM 166523, L. W. Stephenson). 

Cedar Fork i!Wamp 5 miles southeast of ·Beulaville, Duplin 

County (USGS 19020, C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late middle Eocene, Castle Hayne limestone. 

Type.-USNM 559488, deposited by Johns Hopkins Univ., T 

2004. 

Cassidulus conradi lyelli (Conrad) 

Plate 25, figures 1, 2 

Nucloolites lyelli Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser. 2, v. 2, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 14. 

Oassidulus lyelli (Conrad). Conrad, 1865, Acad. Nat. Sci. · 

Philadelphia Proc., p. 75. 

Pygorhynchus lyelli (Conrad). Cotteau 1888, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 550. 

Oassidulus (Rhynchopygus) lyelti (Conrad). Clark and 

Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 141, pl 65, 

:figs.4a-d. 

Rhyncholampas lyelli (Conrad). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 370. 

Oassidulus (Paralampas) lyelli (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 33. 

This variety is more nearly oval than typical Oassidulus conradi, lacking the posterolateral constriction 

that gives 0. conradi a pointed appearance. It is proportionately somewhat longer and narrower than 0. 

carolinensis. 

Occurrence.-Georgia : Baker County (type, J. A. Couper) 

Flint River near Bainbridge (USGS 13611, A. F. Foerste). 

Alabama : Conecuh River 1 mile east of Harts Bridge, Covington County, SW:JA sec. 28, T 3 N, R 14 E (USGS 10025, C. W. 

Cooke and Julia Gardner) . 

Florida : Basic Rock Company's quarry 12 miles north of 

Marianna (USGS 12058, G. M. Ponton and W. C. Mansfield; 

USGS 14152,14182, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Suwannee River at Dowling Park (USGS 14003, W. C. Mansfield and 

F. S. MacNeil). Taylor County rock pit near Mayo, Suwannee 

County (USGS 16913, G. M. Ponton) . Steinhatchee River near 

US Highway 19 opposite .Clara (USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke; USGS 

15150, G. M. Ponton). 

Geologic unit.,Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-Probably the specimen :figured by Clark and Twitchell, 

now presumably deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Figured specimen USNM 562305, from USGS 13611, Bainbridge, Ga. 

Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) georgiensis Twitchell 

Plate 25, :figures 14-17 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) georgiensis Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 170, pl. 79, fi1gs. 2a-d. 

Rhyncholampas georgiensis (Twitchell) . . Lambert and Thiery, 

1921, Nomenclature raisonee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 370. 

Oassidulus (Paralampas) lyelli (Conrad) (part). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour: Paleontology, v.16, p. 33. 

Oassidulus (ParalampasQ lyelli (Conrad). Fischer, 1951, 

Florida Geol. Survey Geol. Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 69, texit :figs. 8-10. 

Horizontal outline subquadrate, widest near the posterior end, . not much longer than wide; upper surface 

variably inflated, highest point ranging from behind 

the apical system (type) to in front of it, slightly rostrate above the periproct; oral surface nearly flat; margin subacutely to broadly rounded; widest part usually 

above the margin. ·Apical system anteriorly eccentric, 

mono basal, with four genital pores; petals lanceolate 

extending about halfway to the margin, not very wide; 

pores circular or oval; poriferous zones unequally long, 

the inner zones of the paired petals longer than the outer. 

Peristome directly beneath the apical system, rather 

large, pentagonal, wider than long; phyllodes almost 

/ 

/ 
CASSIDULIDAE 61 ' 

straight sided, nearly as wide as long; bourrelets elongated, wall-like. Periproct wider than long, terminal, 

well above the margin. Tubercles depressed, much 

smaller on top than underneath; covering entire test 

except a wide pitted longitudinal band on lower surface. 

Occurrence.-Georgia : Bainbridge (type, USGS 3293, A. H : 

Bro<_?ks; USGS 6171, L. W. Stephenson; USGS 7197, C. W. 

Cooke and W. C. Mansfield; USGS 13611, A. F. Foerste. Red 

Bluff, Flint River, 6 miles above Bainbridge (USGS 6159, L. W. 

Stephenson). Chattahoochee River at A. C. L. Ry. bridge near 

Saffold, Early County (USGS 8249, H. K. Shearer; USGS 12100, 

C. W. Cookeand W. H. Monroe). 

Florida: Chattahoochee River about 5 miles below Neals 

Landing and about 4 miles above Bartons Landing, Jackson 

County (USGS 6763, C. W. Cooke). Chattahoochee River about 

* mile below Bartons Landing (USGS 6765, C. W. Cooke). 

Quarry 1.5 miles west of Springfield Church about 12 miles north 

of Marianna, Jackson County (USGS 14152, W. 0. Mansfield and 

C. W. Mumm). Suwannee River opposite Dowling Park in Lafayette County (USGS 12313, G. M. Ponton). Holder pho·sphate 

mines 5 miles southwest of Inverness, Citrus Country (USGS 

7382, C. W. Coo~e). Pit between Inglis and Yankeetown; Levy 

County, north of State Highway 15-A (USGS 14544, C. W. 

Cooke). Pit 3 miles north of Newberry, Alachua County (USGS 

13843, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). Borrow pit north 

of highway in SW:* sec. 33, T 13 S, R 15 E, Levy County ( USOS 

18751, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 164747, from USGS 3293. 

Oomparisons._.:._Oassidulus georgiensis is closely related to 0. 

lyelli. As now identified, 0. lyelli is proportionately longer and 

narrower, oval rather than subquadrate, and its petals are proportionately narrower. 

Cassidulus georgiensis globosus Fischer 

Plate 25, figures 11-13 

Oassidulus (Paralampas) globosus Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. 

Survey Geol. Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 71, pl. 4, figs. 1-5 ; text figs. 

8-10. 

Much more highly inflated than the type oi 0. georgiensis but little more so than many specimens from 

Bainbridge, Ga., the type locality of the species. 

Usually higher in front than behind. 

Occurrenee.-Borrow pit on west side of US Highway 19, 

2 miles southwest of Gulf Hammock, SID:I4SW* sec. 34, T 14 

S, R 16 E, Levy County (type, Florida Geol. Survey I-5346; 

USNM 562308, F. S. MacNeil, figured specimen). Borrow pit 

west of US Highway 19 between Gulf Hammock and Lebanon 

Station Levy County (Florida Geol. Survey I-5345). Dolomite on north bank of Waccasassa River just west of US Highway 19, Levy County). Massive dolomite bed 4 feet above 

laminated dolomite of the A von Park limestone below Florida 

Power Company dam on Withlacoochee River, Levy County 

{Florida Geol. Survey I-5347). Dredged from Withlacoochee 

River near Faris Landing at Crackertown (Florida Geol. Survey I-5350). New Lebanon quarry, Levy County (Florida 

Geol. Survey I-5382). Withlacoochee River 1.5 miles below 

Isaac Walton Lodge at Yankeetown, Levy County (Florida 

Geol. Survey I-5355). Borrow pit in sec. 14, T 15 S, R 16 E·, about 

1.5 miles north of Lebanon Station (USGS 18753, A. G. Fischer). 

46:S544-59--5 .

Waccasassa River below highway 15, 1.6 miles northwest of 

Gulf Hammock, Levy County (USGS 18754, A. G. Fischer). 

Wekiva Springs, ElhSE1,4 sec. 12, T 14 S, R 16 E, Levy County 

(USGS 18752, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). Withlacoochee 

River, Wlh sec. 23, T 17 S, R 16 E, Citrus and Levy Counties 

(USGS 18749, A. G. Fischer and J. E. Banks). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Inglis limestone. 

Type.-Florida Geological Survey I-5346--1. Paratypes 

Florida Geol. Surv. I-5344, 5346--9, 5346--5. Figured specimens 

USNM 562307, from USGS 18753, USNM 562308. 

Genus SANTEELAMPAS Cooke, new genus 

Type species Oatopygus oviformis Conrad. 

Upper surface inflated, margin rounded, concave 

around the peristome. ~1\..pical system monobasal, with 

four genital pores. Petals straight, open distally ; pores 

circular, conjugate. Peristome pentagonal, wider than 

long, depressed; phyllodes short, wide; bourrelets inconspicuous. Periproct terminal, flush~ longer than 

wide, at the top of a shallow depression. Tubercles 

small, depressed, somewhat larger on the upper surface, 

covering all but a very narrow pitted median area on 

the lower surface. 

S anteelampas can be distinguished from most other 

cassiduloids by its vertically elongated periproct. In 

general appearance it resembles Oligopodia Duncan, 

whose peristome, however, is wider than long and 

whose periproct is described as deeply sunken (Mortensen, 1948, p. 226). The shape of the peristome and the 

weak bourrelets distinguish S anteelmmpas from 0 atopy gus. 

Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) 

Plate 26, figures 1-8 

Oatopygus oviformis Conrad, 1850, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour.ser.2,v.2,p.39,pl.1,fig.15. 

N ucleolites oviformis (Conrad) . Conrad in Cook, 1868, Geology 

of New Jersey, p. 722. 

Oatopygus O'Viformis Conrad. Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. 

Circ., v. 10, no. 87, p. 76. 

Oatopygus oviformis (Conrad). Clark, 1893, Johns Hopkins 

Univ. Circ., v. 12, no. 103, p. 52. 

Oatopygus O'Viformis Conrad. 1Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 97, p. 64, pl. 27, figs. 2a-f. 

Oatopygus ovifornus Conrad. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, p. 72, pl. 29, figs. 2a-f. 

Breynella gregoryi Twitchell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.148, pl. 68, figs.1a-f. 

Phyllobrissus oviformis (Conrad). Lambert, 1916, Revue 

critique de paloozoologie Annee 20, no. 4, p. 169. 

PhyZlobrissus oviformis (Conrad). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 351. 

Echinanthus gregoryi (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 367. 

Oassidulus (Paralam,pas?) gregoryi (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 34. 

Oassidulus? oviformis (Conrad). - Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 34. 
62 CENOZOIC ECHI~OIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Horizontal outline oval, widest behind the midline, 

narrowly truncated behind; upper surface evenly inflated; lower surface slightly concave; margin broadly 

rounded. Apical system monobasal, with four genital 

pores; eccentric anteriorly, somewhat farther forward 

than the peristome. Petals.fairly long, the anterior pair 

shorter than the others, open distally; poriferous zones 

of equal length, slightly narrower than the interporiferous; pores circular, obliquely conjugate. Peristome 

somewhat anterior, broader_ than long; phyllodes short 

and stubby, nearly as wide as long; bourrelets very 

slightly swollen, granulated. Periproct terminal, about 

midheight, flush, vertical, at the top of a shallow vertical 

sulcus, higher than wide. Tubercles small, depressed, 

crowded, not much larger on the lower surface, covering 

the entire test except a short, narrow median band behind the peristome. 

Length 30 mm; width 25 mm; height 17.8 mm. 

Length of type 19.8 mm; width 16.7 mm; height 12 mm. ' ( 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Santee Canal (type of BreyneZla gregCYryi). Santee River at Santee-Cooper dam (USNM 

562298, L. C. Glenn). Santee River about one-quarter mile 

below the dam, Berkeley County (USGS 19018 F. S. MacNeil 

and Hal Molde). Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal (USGS 18353, 

F. S. MacNeil). The original label accompanying the type of 

Oatopygus oviformis gives the locality as New Jersey, and Conrad's description specifies Timber Cr~ek, New Jersey. This is 

probably a mistake, for the matrix and the state of preservation 

(coated with calcite) resemble those of specimens from the 

Santee limestone of South Carolina. 

GeoZogic unit.-Middle Eocene, Warley Hill marl and probably Santee limestone. Conrad ascribes the type to "Cretaceous 

limestone," i. e., the Vincentown sand, now classified as Paleocene. 

Types.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia ,1477. Type of Breynella gregoryi, Am. Mus. Nat. History. Figured specimens, 

USNM 562298. 

Genus ECHANTliUS Cooke 

Echinanthus Breynius. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 291. . 

Echinanthus Breynius. Duncan and Sladen, 1882, Palaeontologia I~dica, ser. 14, v. 1, pt. 3, p. 12. 

Echinanthus Breynius. 'ppmel, 1883, Classification methodique 

et genera des· echinides, . p. 61. 

Echinanthus 'Breynius. Cotteau, 1888, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v.1, p. 553. 

Echinanthus Breynius. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London 

Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p.149, 183. 

Echinanthus Breynius. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 366. 

Echanthus Cooke., 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 37. 

Echinanthus Breynius. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 240. 

Not Echinanthus Leske, 1778, Klein's Natur~.lis dispositio 

- echinodermatum, p. 185=0lypeaster. 

Not, Echinanthus Gray, .1825, Annals of Philosophy, v. 26, p. 

· 34=0lypeaster. 

Not Ecly~nanthus Gray, _1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 34= 

Olypeaster. 

Not Echinanthus Leske. D'Archaic and Haime, 1853, Animaux 

fossiles due groupe ntimmulitique de l'Inde, p. 207=;= 

Olypeaster. 

Not Echinanthus Breynius. D'Orbigny, :1,856, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser.1, v. 6, p. 291=Echino·lampas. 

Not Echilnanthus Breyhius. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 106, 110=0lypeaster. 

Type species, Flchinanthus georgiensis Twitchell, by monotypy 

an,d original designation. 

Flchanthus seems to be the genus called Echinanthus by Desor 

and several others, who attribute the name to Breynius, a preLinnean writer. It is quite different from Eohinanthus , Leske, 

the first post-Linnean writer to use the name, and from 

. d'Orbigny's interpretation of Echin1anthus Breynius, which 

seems to be Echinolampas. Gregory (1892, p. 600) proposed 

Breynella for species usually called EchinanthuB, but his type 

species, Pygorhynchus vassali Wright, has ali inclined periproct 

like that of Echinolampas. 

Echanthus georgiensis differs from Echinolampas . ovata 

(Leske), the type of Echinolampas Gray, in its petals, which 

have equal poriferous zones in contrast to the markedly unequal 

zones of E. ova.ta; and in the location, direction of elongation, 

·and position of' its periproct, which is terminal, lpngitudinal, 

and erect as opposed to submarginal, transverse, and inclined. 

The subangular, pentagonal horizontal outline, contrasting with 

the smoo,ther, ovate shape of Echilnolampa8, may be a generic 

feature. The posterior vertical sulcus is lacking in Echinolampas. · 

Echanthus georgiensis (Twitchell) 

Plate 26, figures 13-16 

Echinanthus georgiensis Twitchell, 1915, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54,p.139,pl.65,figs.1a-d. 

Echanthus georgiensis (Twitchell). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.l, p. 37, pL 8, figs.l-3. 

fOassidulus (Galerolarmpas) tontis Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleon- r 

tology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 35, pl. 2, figs. 26-29. 

Horizontal outline subpentagonal, slighpy emarginate in front, sulcate behind, widest behind the mid-

,line; upper surface moderately inflated,. highest point 

behind the apical system but in front of the center, 

·slightly rostrat~ above the periproct; lower surface 

concave around the peristome; margin rounded. Apical system monobasal, four genital pores. Petals spatulate, open distally, extending more than hal£way to the 

margin; poriferous zones of equal length, pores circular, obliquely conjugate;. interporiferous zones wider 

than the poriferous. Peristome anterior, beneath the 

apex, pentagonal, wider than long; phyllodes longer 

than wide; bourrelets inflated, granulated. Periproct 

terminal, vertical, higher than ~ide, in a -vertical sulcus, above the margin. Upper surface and margin covered with small, crowded sunken tubercles~ tubercles 

on lower surface larger; narrow sternal area without 

. tubercles. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Dr. A. J. Parker's farm, Ellaville--

Americus road 5 miles south of Ellaville (USGS 4033, S. W. 

McOallie, type) . 
CASSIDULIDAE 63-

Alabama : Luverne road 4.6 miles south of Highland Home, 

Crenshaw County (USGS 10497, L. W. Stephenson). 5 miles 

south of Highland Home on ·Alabama 9 in SE:tA, sec. '25, T 11 

N, R 17 E (USGS 14920~ C. W. Cooke and A. C. Munyan). Sec. 

21, T 10 N, R 28 E, Barbour County, 2* miles east of Cott n 

Hill (USGS 10910, C. W. Cooke). South slope to Beaver Branch 

in SW corner sec. 4, T 8 N, R 18 E, 2 miles south of Luverne, 

Crenshaw County (USGS 16916, F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Clayton formation. 

Type.-USNM 165683b, from USGS 4033. 

Remark~t.-The type is a silicious pseudomorph damaged on 

the left side but otherwise well preserved. All the other specimens .are molds of the interior. The unique type of Oassidulus 

( Galerolampas) fontis has a transverse peripr,oct, which has 

been distorted by crushing and which probably was vertical 

originally. It was found at a depth less than 1600 feet in a 

well drilled near Falling Water, 4 miles south of Chipley, Fla. 

The petals resemble those of Eckantku8' georgiensis. 

Genus EURHODIA d' A;rchiac and Haime 

Eurkodia d'Archiac and Haime, 1853, Animaux fossiles du 

groupe nummulitique de l'Inde, p. 213. 

Eurkodia d'Archiac and Haime. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 300. . 

Ravenelia McCrady, 1959, Elliott Soc. Nat. History Charleston, 

S. C., Proc., v. 1, p. 2~3. 

Eurkodia d'Archiac and Haime. Duncan and Sladen, 1882, 

. Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 14, v. 1, pt. 3, p. 69. 

Eurkodia d'Archiac and Haime. Pomel, 1883, Classification 

methodique et genera des echinides, p. 64. 

Eurko.dia d' Archiac aiid Haime. Duncan, 1889, Linnean S(lc. 

London Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p.184. 

Eurhodia d' Archiac and Haime. Lambert and Thiery, 1921, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 364. 

Eurhodia d'Archiac and Haime . . Davies, t935, Tertiary faunas, 

p.95. 

Eurhodia d'Archiac and Haime. Cooke, . 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.l6, no.l, p. 35. 

Eurhodia d' Archiac and Haime. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 252. 

Type species, Pygorhynchus morrisi d'Archiac, from 

the late Eocene (Ranikot) of Sind, by monotypy. This 

species has been figured by Duncan and Sladen . ( 1882; 

p. 70, pl. 18, figs~ 1-7). Their deScription and figures 

show it to be large, elongated, oval, with moderately 

arched upper surface and nearly flat bottom. Its apical 

systein has a central niadreporite and four genital pores. 

Its p'etals are open at the distal ends, the anterior, petal · 

widely ·open, and the posterior porife'rous zones of the 

' posterior petals are, nar.rower than the others. The 

inner pores are circular, the outer slightly elongated. 

The peristome is pentagonal, longer than wide. The 

floscelle has round, swollen, g~anulated bourrelets; the 

phyllodes are nearly as wide as long and have central 

rows of sphaeridial pits. The periproct is supramarginal, opens into a shallow sulcus, which apparently continues forward into the test as a shelf under the periproct. The . tubercles on the upper surface are small ; 

those on the lower surface are larger and sunken. There 

seems to be a pitted surface behind the peristome. 

The American species here referred to Eurhodia differ 

from the type in that all the poriferous zones of the 

petals are of approximately the same size. If direct 

comparison with the Indian type should show unsuspected generic differences, the genus Ravenelia 

McCrady, of which Rhynehopyg'U78 mgosus Ravenel is 

the type species, may be.revived. 

Eurhodia differs from Oassidulius in the elongation 

of the peristome; in the presence of an inner shelf beneath the periproct; and in the greater elongation. 

Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) 

Plate22, figures 1-4 

Pygorhynchus rugosus Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and 

fossil, of South Carolina, p. 4, figs. 7, 8. . 

Pygorhynchus crucifer (Morton). Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, 

Recent and fossil, of South Carolina, p. 4, figs. 9, 10. 

Raveneaa crucifer (Morton). McCrady, 1859, Elliot Soc. Nat. 

History Charleston, South Carolina, Proc., v. 1, p. 283. 

Raveneli!Jt rugosa (Ravenel). McCrady, 1859, Elliot Soc. Nat. 

History Charleston, South Carolina, Proc;, p. 283. 

Oassidulus (Rlwnchopygus) raven(3li Twitchell, 1915, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 54, p. 142, pl. 65, figs. 5a-d; pl. 66, figs. la-c, 

2a-b. 

Pygorhynchus rugosus Ravene~; Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 147. 

Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomencia ture raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 365. 

. EurhoiJ;ia raveneli ·Twitchell. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

' v.16, no.l, p. 35. 

Test large; horizontal outline elliptical, nearly 1.5 

times . as· long as wide; upper surface evenly arched, 

1 somewhat rostrate above the periproct; oval surface 

; slightly concave, margin acutely rounded. Apical sys-

. tem.in front of the center, directly above the peristome; 

. mono basal, with four genital perforations. Ambulacra 

j petaloid; petals lanceolate, closed at the apex, open 

~ distally; pores oval, the outer ones somewhat longer 

~ than the inner; all poriferous and interporiferous.· zones 

1 about · equal in width. Peristome pentagonal, longer 

; than wide; floscelle star shaped; phyllodes having a 

pair of conspicuous pits or pores at the inner end and 

several irregularly distributed pores or pits . dist~lly; 

: bourrelets. tumid, granulated. Periproct supramar-

~ ginal, well back from the margin, transversely elon-

. gated, openinginto a shallow depression, which extends 

. backward to the margin arid forward about-2 mm into 

; the periproct, forming a shelf beneath it. Entire upper . 

i surface and rriargin closely covered with small depressed 

' tubercles; oral side decorated with large, deeply de-

: pressed tubercles in the lateral interambulacra, and deep 

: pits. in the · posterior · inte~ambulacruin and anterior 

ambulacfurri, the intermediate spaces in these areas covi ered with very small tubercles. · 
64 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Length of figured specimen 35 mm; width 25 mm; 

height 13.6 mm. A larger specimen measures 51 by 

36by18mm. 

Ocourrence.-South Carolina: Santee River (Ravenel). Santee Cooper Diversion Canal near Eadytown, Berkeley County 

(USGS 18353, C. W. Cooke, and F. S. MacNeil). Eutaw Springs 

(F. S. MacNeil). 

North Carolina: County rock quarry near Wilmington 

(USNM 166494, 164656 Frank Burns; USGS 10340, C. W. Cooke; 

USGS 10613, E. W. Berry). E. W. Sabiston's farm in Onslow 

County 2 miles north of Jacksonville (USGS 10637, L. B. Kellum). Lanes FeJ;ry, Northeast Cape Fear River (USNM 166493, 

L.W.Stephenson). ' 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Santee limestone. 

Type.-The location of the' type is unknown, possibly it is in 

the Charleston Museum. The :figured specimen is from USGS 

18353. 

Remarks.-Ravenel's :figure of Pygorhynchus rugosus is only 

about half as large as the one he misidentified as "Nucleolites 

crucifer", and the anterior paired ambulacra diverge at a smaller 

angle. This latter difference is doubtless an inaccuracy of the 

'drawing. A similar large specimen in the American Museum of 

Natural History became the typ~ of Oassidulus (Rhynchopygus) 

raveneli Twitchell. A suite of 21 specimens dredged from the 

Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal shows many intermediate sizes. 

Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) 

Plate 22, figures 7-10 

Oatopygus patelliformis Bouve, 1851, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 4, p. 2, 2 text :figs. 

Oassidulus p·atelliformis (Bouve). · Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 290. 

"Oassidulus" patellifo'l'mis (Bouve). Cotteau, 1888, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 521. 

Oassidulus patelliformis (Bouve) . . Stefan!ni, 1911, Soc. geol. 

italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 700. ' 

Oassidulus (Rhynchopygus?) patelliformis (Bouve). Clark and 

Twitehell, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 143, pl. 66, 

figs. 3a-d. 

Oassidulus (Jlhynchopygus) depressus Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 144, pl. 66, :figs. 4a-e, 5a-b. 

Procass.idulus. patelliformis (Bouve). Lambert and Thiery, 

1921, Nomencl~ture raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 362. 

Procassidulus depr,e_ssus (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 

1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des enchinides, fasc. 5, p. 362. 

Eurhodia patelliformis ( Bouve). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 35, pl. 5, figs. 1-4. 

Oassidulus (Rhynchopygus) depressus Twitchell. Sanchez Roig, 

1949, Equinoderm?s fosiles de Cuba, p. 141. 

Test elongated; horizontal outline semicircular in 

front, narrowly truncated behind, broadly truncated on 

posterolateral margins; upper surface evenly arched ; 

lower surface flat; margin subacute. Apical system 

slightly anterior, directly above the periproct, monobasal, four genital pores. Petals laneeolate, closed at 

the apex, open distally, the anterior pair somewhat 

shorter than the others; poriferous zones of nearly equal 

length, somewhat narrower than the interporiferous; 

inner pores circular, outer pores oval or elongate. Peristome pentagonal, slightly longer than wide; bourrelets strong, bulbous ; details of phy Hodes obscure. 

Periproct supramarginal, nearly circular, opening into 

a shallo'Y sulcus, · which indents the margin and con~ 

tinues forward into the periproct, forming an internal · 

shelf or tube. U pp~r surface and margin covered with 

small sunken tupercles ; tubercles on lower surface much 

larger, sunken in deep pits; posterior interambulacrum 

on lower surface without tubercles but deeply pitted; 

similar pits surround the anterior phyllode. 

Length of USNM 498988,25.3 mm; width 17.8 mm; 

height 10 mm. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Baker County (type? and type of Oassidulus depr.essus). Power plant 2 miles north of Albany 

(USGS 5054, USNM 498988, T. W. Vaughan) ; USGS 7121, C. W. 

Cooke and J. E. Brantly). Power plant at mouth of Kinchafoon~e Creek, 3.3. miles_ north of Albany (USGS 10507, C. W. 

Cooke and T. M. Prettyman). Huguenen Ferry, Flint River, 

mouth of Gum Creek, Crisp County (USGS 7109, C. W. Cooke). 

Alabama: Conecuh River 1 mile east of Harts Bridge 

(USGS 10025, C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-Boston Soc. Nat. History, 1558. Type of Oassidulus 

depressus, Boston Soc. Nat. History 1557. Both deposited in 

Mus. Comp. Zoology at Harvard University. Figured speci· 

mens, USNM 498988. 

Oomparison.-Eurhodia patellij01rmis is smaller than E. rugosa, and its periproct is more nearly circular. The posterior 

truncation is narrower, and the posterolateral sides are 

straighter. 

Eurhodia f elbana Cooke 

Plate 26, :figures 9-12 

Eurhodia? elbana Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 36, pl. 5, figs. 5-8. 

Test small, subquadrate; upper surface moderately 

tumid ; lower surface slightly concave; margin rounded. 

Tubercl~s larger on lower than on upper surface. 

Apical system excentric anteriorly. Paired petals open 

at the distal ends; anterior pair widely divergent; pore 

pairs oblique; pores conjugate. Peristome pentagonal, 

nearly equilateral, anteriorly excentric; oral lobes 

rounded. Periproct small, transversely oval, nearly 

round, supramarginal, within a short tube that merges 

into a posterior sulcus. 

Len~th 20 mm; width 16.7 mm; height .9.7 ·mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Pea River at power plant 4 miles 

below Elba (USGS 10013, C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner). · 

Geologic unit.-Early Eocene, Wilcox group, Bashi formation. 

Type.-USNM 498981. ' 

Remarks.-This species is represented by only a single individual, from which the apex and part of the petals are missing. 

It does not closely resemble any other American species. Its 

periproct suggests that of Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve), but 

its test is broader, its peristome i.s not much elongated, and its 

margin is not so sharp. Its equilateral peristome distinguishes 

it from other species of Eurhodia. In general appearance it 

resembles Oassidulus conradi carolinensis Twitchell, but its 
HOLASTERIDAE 65 

periproct is fartl:\er forward and more deeply sunken, ~nd its 

margin is less broadly rounded. 

Subgenus GISOPYGUS Gauthier 

Gisopygus Gauthier, 1899, in Fourtau, Inst. Egyptien Mem., 

v.3,fasc.8,p.648. . 

Gisopygus Gauthier. Fourtau, 1908, Inst. Egyptien Bull., ser 5, 

v. 2, p.133. 

Gisopygus Gauthier. Fourtau, 1913, Catalogue des invertebres 

fossiles de l'Egypte, Terrain tertiaire, pt. 1, Echinides 

eocenes, p. 23. 

Eurhodia Haime (part). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea,v.4,pt.1,p.254. 

Eurhodia Haime (part). Lambert and Thiery, 1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 365. 

Type species, Rhynolwpyg1JJ8 navillei de Lorio!, from 

the Eocene of Egypt, designated by Lambert and 

Thiery ( 1921, p. 365). De Loriol's figures of this species are copied by Mortensen ( 1948, fig. 242a-c). The 

species appears to differ from typical Eurhodia chiefly 

in shape, being much shorter, more nearly equilateral, 

than Eurhodia morrisi. Its periproct, not clearly 

shown, appears to be rounder. 

Lambert and Thiery placed Gisopygus without hesitation in the synonymy of Eurhodia, but Mortensen 

was doubtful, suspecting that there may be more differences than are apparent. Gisop1..;g'W8 is here tre~ted 

as a subgenus because the difference in shape appears 

to be constant, with no gradations between the elongated form characteristic of typical Eurhodia and the 

more robust, equilateral shape of Gisopygus. 

Eurhodia (Gisopygus) holmesi (Twitchell) 

Plate 23, figures 1-5 

Oassidulus (Rkynchopygusf) holmesi Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 140, pl. 65, figs. 3a-d. 

Rhynoholampas holmesi (Twitchell). Lambert and Thiery, 

1921, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 5, p. 370. 

Oassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis var. cr(Jil)enensis Kellum, 1926, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 143, p. 15, pl. 1, 

figs. 1-3. 

Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell). Cooke 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 36. 

Horizontal outline suboval, narrowly truncated behind, slightly compressed posterolaterally; upper surface evenly arched; lower surface somewhat concave; 

margin broadly rounded. Apical system nearly central, above the peristome; mono basal, four genital pores 

and a central madreporite. Petals lanceolate, closed at 

the apex, nearly closed distally, of nearly equal length; 

poriferous zones equal, narrower than the interporiferous; inner pores circular, outer pores oval. Peristome 

pentagonal, longer than wide; phyllodes rather short 

and wide, with central pits; bourrelets broadly swollen, 

granulated. Periproct oval, wider than high; nearly 

terminal, supramarginal, opening into a shallow sulcus, 

which indents the margin and extends into the test as a 

shelflike floor to the periproct. Tubercles small on 

upper surface, larger and more deeply sunken underneath. Areas between the posterior end and the 

periproct and adjacent to the anterior phyllode with 

cribriform pitting but without tubercles. 

Length 24.6 mm.; width 21.7 mm; height 13.6 mm. A 

larger specimen measures 29 by 25.4 by 15 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Santee River? (type). Cave 

Hall, 4.5 miles north-northeast of Elloree (USGS 4586, Earle 

Sloan and T. W. Vaughan). 

North Carolina: Farm of T. J. Falkner 3 miles east of 

Quinerly and 2 miles north of Neuse River in Pitt County 

(USGS 10627, L. B. Kellum) . . Farm of J. A. Stokes 2 miles 

north of creek near Maple Cypress, Graven County (USGS 8165, 

J. A. Cushman). Farm of Douglas Green about 1 mile west of 

Maple Cypress (USGS 12007, W. C. Mansfield). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Santee limestone. 

Type.-American Mus. Nat. History ({ide Twitchell). The 

type of Oassidulus cravenensis is USNM 353256, from USGS 

10627. 

Remarks.-The prece_ding description is based on Kellum's 

type of 0. cravenensis. The specimens from Cave Hall, S.C., are 

slightly more elongated and their margin is somewhat more acute 

than those from other places. 

Family HOLASTERIDAE 

Genus HOLASTE.R Agassiz 

Holaster Agassiz, 1836, Soc. sci. nat. Neuchfttel Mem., v. 1, p. 183. 

· Holaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour, Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 52. 

Holaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 3, 

p.233. 

H olaster Agassiz. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 47. Includes full synonymy. 

H olaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254-A, p. 26. 

Holas~er Agassiz. Cooke, 1955, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

264-E, p. 107. 

Type species, Spatangus nodulosus Goldfuss (1829, 

1862, pt. 1, p. 139, pl. 45, figs. 6a-c), from the Cenomanian of Europe, designated by Savin (1905, p. 173). A 

generalized description of H olaster nodulosus was given 

by Cooke (1955, p. 107). 

Holaster cinctus (Morton) 

Plate 27, figures 1-5 

Ananchytes cinotus Morton, 1830, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., ser.1, v. 6, p. 200. 

Ananchytes fimbriatus Morton, 1830, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., ser.1, v. 6, p. 200. 

Ananchytes cinotus Morton. Morton, 1830, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, 

v. 18, p. 246, pl. 3, fig. 7. 

Ananchytes {imbriatus Morton. Morton, 1830, Am. Jour. Sci., 

ser. 1, v. 18, p. 245, pl. 3, fig. 9. 

Ananchytes cinctus Morton. Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 78, pl. 3, fig. 19. 

Ananchytes {imbria'tus Morton. Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the 

organic remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 20. 
66 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

H olaster cinctus (Morton), Agassiz, 184'0, Catalogus ectyporum Echinodermatum fossilium Musei Neocomensis, p. 1. 

Holaster fimbriatus (Morton). Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes, p. 141. 

Cardiaster cinctus (Morton). Bronn, 1853-1856, Lethaea geognostica,' v. 2, pt. 5, p. 205. 

Ottrdiaster cinctus (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 147, pl. 905, fig. 4 

(after Morton) . 

Oardiaster fimbriatus (Morton). d'Oribgny, 1885, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. ~. p. 146, pl. 905, fig. 3 

· (after Morgan) . 

Cardiaster cinctus (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 346. 

Holaster oinctus (Morton). Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. 

Circ., v. 10, no. 87, p. 77. -

, Cardiaster cinctus (Morton). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 97, p. 75, pl. 37, figs. 1a-h. 

Cardiaster cinctus (Morton). Weller, 1907, New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Paleontology Series, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 296, pl. 16, figs. 

1-8 (after Clark). 

Cardiaster oinctus (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1~85 (types of A.nanchytes 

cinotus and A.. fimbriatus). 

R~arks.-The preceding description is based on the type 

except as to the decoration, which is better preserved on three 

specimens numbered USNM 29467. This species is proportionately shorter than Holaster nodulatu8 (Goldfuss) and has a 

deeper anterior sulcus. Desor (185.8) thought that it was a 

·oardiaster because of the length of the sulcus, but lack of a 

fasciole removes it from that genus. 

Genus ECHINOCORYS Leske 

Echinocorys Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio echinoderniatum, p.175. 

A.nanchytes Lamarck, ·1801, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, p. 347. 

Echinocorys Leske. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p.38. 

Eohinocorys Breynius. Mortensen, 1950, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 64. 

Echinocorys Leske. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 254, 

p. 24. Includes additional synonymy. 

Mon. 54, p. 83, pl. 36, figs 2a-h. Includes several additional Type species, E chinocorys soutatus Leske, by monqreferences. typy. 

Holaster oinctus (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v . . 

16, no. 1, p. 52. 

Test cordate, nearly as broad as long; upper surface 1 

strongly arched, nearly hemispherical, with a deep, , 

rounded anterior sulcus and a slight posterior keel; · 

posterior end truncated, slightly overhanging; lower . 

surface nearly flat. Apical system nearly central; 

elongated, all paired plates adjacent to their opposites 

and all four genital plates perforated. Anterior ambulacrum deeply depressed from apical system to peristome; pores small, pore pairs oblique, divided by a · 

small bead. Paired ambulacra flush, all alike, subpetaliferous; pores oval to elongated; anterior poriferous 

zones of each ambulacrum slightly narrower than the 

posterior; anterior pair widely diverging, slightly 

curved forward; posterior pair nearly straight, divergil}g at an angle approximating 85°. Pedstome transversely oval, weakly lipped behind. Periproct elliptical, higher than wide, at the top of a small posterior 

truncation, under a weak keel. Surface closely granulated, with rather large perforated, crenulated sunken 

tubercles surrounding the apical system, extending on 

the .anterior interambulacra along both sides-of the 

sulcus, on the under side o_f the margin, and along the 

sternal area ; smaller tubercles are evenly scattered over 

the intervening areas. . . 

Length of type 47.4 mm; width 45.9 mm; height 30.? 

mm. 

Occurrence.-N ew Jersey : Timber Creek (type) ; Rancocas 

Creek, Vincentown (USNM 29467, F. B. Meek). E. Roberts' 

farm 2.5 miles west of Vincentown on road to Cross Roads 

(USGS 16924, F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Echinocory~ ovalis (Clark) 

Plate 27, figures 6-9 

A.nanchytes ovalis Clark, 1893, Johns Hopkins Univ .. Circ., v. 

12, no. 103, p. 52. 

A.nanchytes ovalis Clark. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

97, p. 74, pl. 36, figs.la-h. 

A.nanchytes ovalis Clark. Weller, 1907, New Jersey Geol. Survey Paleontology _ Ser., v. 4, pt. 2, p. 295, -pl. .13, 1 figs. 1-8 

(after Clark). 

A.nanchytes ovaUs Clark. Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 81, pl. 35, figs. la-h (after Clark, 1893) : 

Echinocorys ovalis (Clark). Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 418. 

Echinocorys ova lis (Clark). Cooke, 1942, Jour; Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 39. 

Horizontal outline ovate, produced behind; upper 

surface strongly inflated ; lower surface flattish, swollen 

near the periproct; margin acutely rounded. Apical 

system nearly central; elongated, each paired plate adjacent to its mate. Ambulacra subpetaliferous, narrow, 

gradually expanding to· the margin; pore pairs transverse near the apex, becoming oblique distally, visible 

pores extending to the margin. Peristome near the 

anterior third, oval, transverse. Periproct submarginal, 

inclined, not visible from above, at the end of a short 

proboscislike extension. Tubercles perforated, sparsely scattered, not at all sunken. 

Length 43.2 mm; width 38.8 mill; height 28 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Vincentown. 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-USNM 559479, deposited by Johns ~opkins Univ. 

(T. 3011). 

Oomparison.-Echinocorys ovaUs resembles a specimen 

(USNM 73500) from the Blege limestone (Danian) at Monsted, 
HEMIASTERIDAE 67 

Denmark, labelled E. sulcatus (Goldfuss) but proportionally 

shorter and with less inflated plates than Goldfuss' figure 

(d'Orbigny, 1853-1860, p. 70, pl. 809), which represents the 

type, from the Senonian at Maestricht. E. O'VaUs differs from 

the Danian specimen chiefly in that its peristome is somewhat 

farther back. The swollen, proboscislike protuberance of both 

of these species is more conspicuous than that of any European 

Echinocorys figured . in the Paleontologie fran~aise. Echinocorys_ te:r:anus (Cragin) (Cooke, 1953, p. 25, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2; 

pl. 11, fig. 17), of middle Senonian age, also lacks the proboscis. 

Family HEMIASTERIDAE 

Genus HEMIASTElt Desor 

Hemiaster Desor in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Annales sci. nat. 

(zoologie), v. 8, p. 16; Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes 

(reprint) , p. 122. · 

Hemiaster Desor. Cooke, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 

3, p. 222. 

H emiaster Desor. Mortensen, 19~0, Mono~raph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 378. Includes full synonymy. 

Hemiaster Desor. Cooke, 1953, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254, p. 30. 

Hemiaster Desor, Cooke, 1955, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

264, p.109. 

Type species, Spatangus bufo Brongniart, from the 

Cenomanian of France, designated by Savin in 1903. 

Its most significant characteristics are described by 

Cooke ( 1953) . The geologic range of · H emiaster is 

reported by Mortensen ( 1950, p. 380) as Cretaceous 

. (Aptian) to Recent. It was most prolific in the Upper 

Cretaceous. 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton) 

Plate 28, figures 15-20 

Spatangus parastatus Morton, 1833, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, v. 23, 

p.294. 

Spatangus parastatus Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 21. 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton). Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes, p.141. 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1853-1856, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 265, pl. 

894, figs. 3, 4. 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des 

echinides fossiles, p. 373. 

Holaster para-status (Morton). Gabb, 1859, Catalogue of the 

invertebrate fossils of the CretaceoU$ formation, p. 19. 

Hemiaster parast(l)tus (Morton). Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 97, p. 83, pl. 45, figs. la-m. 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton). Weller 1907, New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Paleontology ser., v. 4, pt. 2, p. 298, pl. 15 (after 

Clark). 

Hemiaster parastatus (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 92, pl. 48, figs. la-n. Includes additional 

references. 

Hemiaster (Leymeriaster) parastatus (Morton). Lambert and 

Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, 

p.501. 

Hemiaster parastatu~ (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 43. 

Horizontal outline ovate, widest in front of the midline, rounded and slightly emarginate in front, tapering 

behind ; highest near the posterior end, sloping gently 

forward nearly to the anterior end, vertically truncated 

behind. Apical system near the posterior third; four 

genital pores wider apart across than longitudinally. 

Paired petals forming a rectangular cross ; moderately 

sunken; anterior pair twice as long 'as posterior pair; 

poriferous zones about as wide as interpori:ferous zones; 

pores elongated. Anterior ambulacrum sunken, indenting the margin; poriferous zones straight, far apart; 

pores round, each pair divided by a conspicuous bead. 

Peripetalous fasciole continuous, very slightly indented. 

Peristome transversely oval, strongly lipped posteriorly; at the anterior quarter. Periproct oval, higher 

than wide, high on the posterior truncation. 

Length 42.6 mm; width 41.3 mm; height 31 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek (type, S. G. Morton). Rancocas Creek, Vincentown (USNM 29472, F. B. Meek). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand; 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1487. Figured specimen 

USNM29472. 

Remarks.-The type of this species is worn nearly smooth but 

otherwise is well preserved. It shows no trace of fascioles. The 

description is based on USNM 29472, on which a peripetalous 

fasciole is quite plain. There is no trace of lateral fascioles, and 

the part that would carry the subanal fasciole if it had one is 

broken . 

Oomparisons.-Jn general appearance Hemiaster parastatus 

closely resembles H. minimus (Agassiz) as figured by Cotteau 

(d'Orbigny, 1854-i860, pl. 872), but its peristome is farther forward and . its anterior paired petals are not quite as widely 

diverging. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton) 

Plate 28, figures 10-14 

Spatanuus st'ella Morton, 1830, Am. Jour. Sci., ser.1, v. 18, p. 245, 

pl. 3, fig. 11. 

Spatanuus stella Morton. Morton, 1830, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., ser.1, v. 6, p. 200. 

Spatangu_s stella Mo;rton. Morton, 1834, Synopsis of the organic 

remains of the Cretaceous group, p. 78, pl. 3, fig. 18. 

Hemliaster stella (Morton). Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue 

raisonne des echinodermes, p. 141. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). d'Orbigny, 1855, Paleontologic fran-

~aise, Terrain cretace, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 245. Not pl. 882. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides 

fossiles, p. 373. 

Hemiaster incrassatus Clark,-1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., 

v. 10; no. 87, p. 77. 

Hemliaster stella (Morton). Clark, 1893, Johns Hopkins Univ. 

Circ., v.12, no.103, p. 52. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). Clark, 1893, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

84, pl. 44, figs. la-d. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). Weller, 1907, New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Paleontology ser., v. 4, pt. 2, p. 300, pl. 16, figs. 1-4 

(after Clark). 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon.54,p.93,pl.48,figs.2a-d. 
68 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Hemiaster (lntegraster) stella (Morton). Lambert and Thiery, 

1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p. 504. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no. 1, p. 44. 

Horizontal outline ovate, semicircular in front, 

slightly protracted behind; highest point near the pos~ 

terior end, thence sloping gradually forward ; anterior 

margin evenly rounded, without trace of sulcus ; posterior end vertically truncated. Apical system somewhat 

posterior; the four genital pores nearly equally distant, 

forming a square; the posterior genital plates in contact. 

Petals slightly depressed, short; anterior pair forming 

an obtuse angle, posterior pair forming an acute angle, 

the opposite anterior and posterior petals nearly in a 

straight line; posterior pair much shorter than the 

anterior pair; pores of paired petals slightly elongated; 

pores of anterior petal circular, pore of each pair separated by a bead, pairs rather far apart. Peristome at 

the anterior third, transversely elongated, with a strong 

posterior lip. Periproct rather small, high up on the 

posterior truncation. Tubercles in sunken areoles. 

Peripetalous fasciole without conspicuous indentations. 

Length of figured specimen 28 mm; width 24 mm; 

height 19 mm. 

Occurrence.-New Jersey: Timber Creek (type, S. G. Morton). 

Timber Creek nea'r Blackwoods, Camden County (F. B. Meek). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Vincentown sand. 

Type.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphi~ 1491 (original number 

256). Figured specimen USNM 2208. 

Remarks.-In 1834 Morton regarded this species as the young 

of Hemiaster parastatus, which has a continuous anterior sulcus 

and longer petals. He stated that it occurs abunS}antly at Prairie Bluff, Ala., presumably mistaking it for the Cretaceous species H emiaster wether.byi de Lorio!, which Clark ( 1915) put in 

the synonymy, but which has a shallow anterior sulcus and 

longer and wider petals. 

Hemiaster moscovensis Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 5-9 

Horizontal outline subovate, slightly emarginate 

in front, truncated behind ; upper surface highest behind, gently sloping forward to the apical system, more 

steeply in front; lower surface gently convex; margin 

broadly rounded. Apical system ethmophractic, madreporite central; four genital pores rather far apart .. 

Anterior ambulacrum slightly depressed, deepest in the 

petaliferous part; zygopores oblique, pores separated 

by a bead. Paired petals nearly equal in length, 

straight\ depressed, anterior pair diverging at .an angle 

of 117°, posterior about 50° ; pores elongated. Peristome near the anterior third, subpentagonal, moderately lipped. Pe;iproct rather small, longitudinally 

elogated, well up on the posterior truncation, barely 

visible from above. Peripetalous fasciole complete, 

rather, wide, deeply in de~ ted between the lateral petals. 

Length 29 mm; width 26 mm; height 17 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Moscow Bluff, Tombigbee River, 

Sumter County, horizon No. 3 (USGS 5658, T. W. Vaughan). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Porters Creek clay. 

Type.-USNM 562457. 

Remarks.-The type, collected in 1908, is the only specimen 

k~own. Its shallow anterior depression suggests H emiaster 

cranium Cooke from the Weno limestone of the Comanche series 

(Cretaceous) of Texas, but its posterior petals are much longer · 

and its sides are straighter. 

Genus C'YCLASTEB. Cotteau 

Oyclaster Cotteau, 1856, Soc. geol. France Bull., ser. 2, v. 13, 

p. 345. . 

Oyolaster Cotteau. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 34. 

Oyclaster Cotteau. Cotteau, 1886, 1887, Paleontologie franca:ise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v.l, p.133, 442. 

OycZaster Cotteau. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p. 485. 

Oyclaster Cotteau. Sanchez Roig, 1926, Cuba, Bol. de Minas, 

no. 10, p. 113. 

Oyolaster Cotteau and Leymerie, Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,v.16,no.l,p.50. 

Oyclaster Cotteau. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echi- . 

noidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 441. Includes additional sysnonymy. 

Type species, Oycla8ter declivis [ declivus by error] 

Cotteau, from the late Eocene or Oligocene of France, 

by monotypy. As figured by Cottea~ (1887, p. 444, 

pl. 121, fig. 4; pl. 122), this species is higher behind 

than in front; its apical system is plainly ethmophractic, with three genital pores. Its petals are short, 

widely spreading and depressed. It has an incQmplete 

peripetalous fasciole and an annular subanal fasciole. 

Oyclaster is usually classified with the Brissidae, 

from which its ethmophractic apical system seems to 

remove it. It is here tentatively placed with the Hemiasteridae for convenience although its subanal fasciole 

and it,s three genital pores show that it does not properly belong there. 

Cyclaster drewryensis Cooke 

Plate 28, figures 1-4 

Oyclaster dreU>rYensis Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 

1, p. 50, pl. 3, figs. 9-11. 

Horizontal outline obovate, weakly emarginate in 

front, truncated behind. Upper surface subconiQal, 

steeply sloping in front, gently sloping and rostrate behind. Margin rounded. Apical system slightly anterior; ethmophractic, the madreporite confined to the 

anterior right quadrant; three genital pores, the right 

anterior plat~ not perforated. Anterior ambulacrum 

slightly depressed, especially at each end ; pore pairs 

oblique, pores separated by a bead. Paired petals deeply depressed, straight, extending about halfway to the 

margin; anterior pair diverging at an angle of approxi-
SCHIZASTERIDAE 69 

mately 130°, posterior near 55 o ; inner pores oval, outer 

pores-elongated, conjugate; poriferous zones open distally, equalling the interporiferous zones. Peristome 

at the anterior fifth, semilunate, ends rounded, strongly 

lipped. Periproct terminal, vertical, higher than wide, 

high up on the posterior truncation~ Peripetalous fasciole broad, reentrant between the lateral petals, diffuse and incomplete in front. Subanal fasciole broad, 

wider than long, suboval, somewhat indented in front. 

Tubercles perforated, scrobiculated, smaller on upper 

surface than on lower; interspaces granulated. 

Length of figured specimen from St. Stephens 

(USNM 559882) 35 mm; width 33 mm; height 23 mm. 

Ooourrenoe.-Alabama: Lowest bed at Drewry, Monroe 

County, in sec. 15, T 6 N, R 8 E (holotype, USGS 10026, C. W. 

Cooke). Clarke County 2 or 3 miles southeast of Whatley 

(paratype, USGS 2957, Frank Burns). St. Stephens Bluff, 

Washington County (USGS 6712, C. W. Cooke; USNM 559882, 

C. C. Branson). 

Geologia unU.-Early Oligocene, limestone facies of the Red 

Bluff clay. 

T1JPes.-Holotype, USNM 372880 from USGS 10026; paratype, 

USNM 154148, from USGS 2957; figured specimen, USNM 

559882, from St. Stephens Bluff. 

Oomparison.-This species is higher in front than behind, contrasting w.ith Cyolaster dealivis Cotteau; which is higher behind. 

Family SCHIZASTERIDAE 

Genus LINTHIA Des or 

Linthia Desor, 1853, Soc. helvetique sci. nat. Actes (Porrentruy) 

( Schweiz.er, naturf. Gesell. Verh.), p. 278. 

Linthia Merian. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, 

p. 395. 

Linthia Merian. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 604. 

Linthia Merian. Duncan and Sladen, 1882, Palaeontologia Indica,ser.14,v.1,pt.3,p.17. 

Linthia Merian. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 36. 

Linthia Merian. Cotteau, 1886, Paleontologie fran~aise, T'errain tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 206. 

Linthia Desor. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fas. 8, p. 518. 

Linthia Desor. Gardner, 1935, Texas Univ. Bull. 3301, p. 109. 

Linthia Desor. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. 

(Los Angeles) Pub. Math. and Phys. ScL, v. 2, p. 124. 

Sahizaster (Linthia) Desor. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 41. 

Linthia Desor. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 5, pt. 2, p. 233. Includes additional synonymy. , 

Linthia Desor. Cooke, 1955, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

254-A, p. 35. 

Type species, E saheria insignis Merian, designated by 

Desor (1855, 1858, p. 395), from the Eocene at Blangg, 

near Yberg, Switzerland. 

As figured by Desor ( 1858, pl. 43, fig. 9; Mortensen, 

1951, p. 235, fig. 116) and Cotteau (1886, p. 232, pl. 70) 

Linthia insignis is large, with central apical system, 

4·68544-59-6 

widely spreading, straight, paired petals, a moderately 

deep, steep-walled frontal furrow, and a peripetalous 

and lateral fascioles. Closely related species have four 

genital pores in an ethmolytic apical system. 

Linthia differs from Sahiza..Yter in having four instead 

of two genital pores and more widely spreading anterior 

paired petals; its apical system is farther forward, and 

there are other minor differences. 

Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark 

Plate 29, figures 1-4 

Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54,p.152,pl.70,figs.3a-c. 

Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p; 519. 

Sohizaster ( Linthia) wilmingtonensis (Clark). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1; p. 41. 

Horizontal outline cordate; upper surface inflated, 

higher behind than in front; lower surface slightly 

tumid; margin broadly rounded. Apical system central; four genital pores, the lateral pores close together; 

madreporite extending behind the posterior ocular 

plates. Frontal depression deep, U-shaped, extending 

from the apical system to the peristome; pore pairs 

slightly oblique, pores separated by a bead; pairs rather 

close together. Paired petals deeply sunken; anterior 

pair the longer, extending about three-fourths of the 

radius, diverging at an angle of about 135°, straight; 

posterior pair extending about half the radius, diverg~ · 

ing at an angle of about 50°, curved slightly backward; 

pores slightly elongated; poriferous zones wider than 

the interporiferous. Peristome near the anterior quarter, reniform, with a strong posterior lip, rather large. 

Peripetalous fasciole strongly indented in all interambulacra; lateral fascioles present. Tubercles large, 

perforated; interspaces granular. 

Length of type about 55 mm; width 55.5 mm; height 

about 33 mm. Length of figured specimen from Rocky 

Point 32.3 mm; width 31.0 mm; height 21.6 mm. 

Ooourrenoe.-North Carolina: Wilmington (USNM 166482, 

type). Rocky Point, Pender County (USGS 779, T. W. Stanton). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Santee limestone (or Castle 

Hayne limestone) . 

Type.-USNM 166482. Figured specimen USNM 164673, from 

USGS 779. 

Linthia alabamensis Clark 

Plate 29, figures 5-7 

Linthia alabamensis Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.153,pl.71,figs.1a-d,2a-d. 

Lintkia maveriokensis Gardner, 1935, Texas Univ. Bull. 3301, 

p.l10, pl. 4, figs. 13, 14. 

Sahizaster (Lintnia) alabamensis (Clark). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, no.1, p. 42. 

I 
' 

70 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Horizontal outline subcircular, emarginate in front, 

truncated behind; upper surface moderately swollen, 

highest behind the apical system, sloping steeply backward, more gently forward; margin rounded. Apical 

system central, four genital pores, the lateral pairs the 

closer, ethmolytic, the madreporite extending backward. Frontal depression rounded, extending to the 

peristome ; pore pairs oblique, pores separated by a 

bead. Petals str~ight; the anterior pair the longer, 

extending three-fourths of the radius, diverging at an 

angle of approximately 128°; posterior pair extending 

less than half the radius, divergipg at an angle of 

approximately 57° ; pores elongated; interporiferous 

areas equal to the poriferous. Peristome reniform, 

lipped, at the anterior quarter. Periproct on the sloping posterior truncation, visible from above, longer 

than wide. Peripetalous fasciole strongly reentrant between the lateral petals; lateral fascioles normal. 

Tubercles perforated. 1 

Length of holotype 33.5 mm; width 35.0 mm; height 

19.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Prairie Creek, Wilcox County (type, 

USGS 264, L. C. Johnson) . . Brundidge, Pike County (Johns 

Hopkins Univ., T. H. Aldrich). 

Arkansas: Railroad cut 1h mile southeast of Grand Glaise, 

Jackson County (USNM 166483, L. W. Stephenson). 

Texas : Indio Ranch, 6 miles below the McFarland sheep 

pens on the Windmill (Jacal) ranch road (USGS 11754, Julia 

Gardner, type of Linthia maverickensis). 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene; Clayton formation in Alabama, 

Mid:way 'formation in Arkansas, Wills Point(?) formation in 

Texas. 

Remarks.-This species is represented in the collections of 

the U. S. National Museum only by the type and paratype and 

by the type of Lintkia maverickensis, a small internal mold that 

cannot certainly be identified. 

Linthia hanoverensis Xellum 

Plate 29, figures 8--12 

Lintkia kanoverensis Kellum, 1926, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 143, p.15, pl.1, figs. 8, 9. 

Sckizaster (Lintkia) kanoverensis (Kellum). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 42. 

Horizontal outline ovate; upper surface strongly inflated, highest behind the apical system, sloping steeply forward and less steeply to the nearly vertical posterior truncation; lower, surface swollen; margin 

rounded. Apical system slightly anterior; four genital pores close together, ethmolytic, the madreporite extending between but not behind the posterior ocular 

plates. Anterior depression weak, barely indenting the 

margin, not reaching the peristome; pore pairs obscured. 

Paired petals slightly sunken, long, posterior pair 

nearly as long as the anterior; pores slightly elongated; 

anterior pair diverging at an angle of 125 o, posterio~ 

45 °. · Peristome apparently reniform, lip not preserved; 

at the anterior quarter. Periproct longer than wide, 

rather large, well up on the posterior truncation. Peripetalous fasciole reentrant between the lateral petals, 

evenly curved in. front; lateral fascioles normal. Tubercules perforated. ' 

Length of holotype 28.0 mm; width 27.1 mm; height 

about20mm. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: Wilmington (type, USGS 782, 

T. W. Stanton). City rock quarry, east side of Wilmington 

(USGS 10613, L. B. Kellum). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene ; Castle Hayne limestone (or 

Santee limestone). 

Type.-USNM 164664, from USGS 782. Figured specimen 

USNM 562458 from USGS 10613. 

Remarks.-Lintkia kanoverensis superfically resembles Unifascia carolinensis (Clark), which occurs also at Wilmin'gton, 

but that species lacks peripetalous and lateral fascioles and its 

genital pores are smaller and farther apart. 

Linthia ¥ prima (Cooke) 

Plate 43, figures 1-4 

Eupatagusf (Brissopatagusf) primus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 59, pl. 4, figs. 1-4. 

Test cordate; upper surface high, highest point in 

front of the apical system; anterior margin deeply cut 

by a rounded sulcus, which slopes steeply from a point 

in front of the apical system to the peristome. Apical 

system nearly central, with four genital pores. Petals 

in broad depressions ; anterior pair longer than the 

posterior, extending nearly to the margin, straight, 

widely diverging, nearly closed; pores round, conjugate; 

zones equally wide distally, but interporiferous zones 

and front poriferous zones narrowing more rapidly 

than the back poriferous zone near the apical system. 

Posterior petals straight, extending about two-thirds 

the way to the margin; outer poriferous zones longer 

than the inner. Pore pairs of the anterior ambulacral 

area oblique, narrow, crossing the tumid part of the 

test and becoming much wider apart and replaced by 

single pores alternating in position in the sulcus. Posterior interambulacral area arched, apparently covered ' 

with tubercles and granules. Peristome :far :forward. 

Length (broken) 34.5 mm; width 35 mm; height 

about24mm. - Occurrence.-Georgia: Dr. A. J. Parke's farm on the Americus road 5 miles south of Ellaville, Schley County (USGS 4033, 

S. W. McCallie). 1 

Geologic unit.-Paleocene, Clayton formation. 

Type.-USNM 498978. 

Remarks.-This species is represented by only one mold of 

the interior, to which a few fragments of the silicified test are 

clinging; It was associated with Eckantkus - georgiensis 

(Twitchell). The proper generic affiliation cannot be determined until better specimens are obtained. The long, straight 

petals suggest Lintkia. 
SCHIZASTERIDAE 71 

Genus PARASTER Pomel 

Paraster Pomel, 1869, Revue des echinodermes, p. 14. 

Paraster Pomel. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p, 36, I 

Schizaster Agassiz (part). Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London J'our., Zoology, v. 23, p. 234. 

Schizaster (Schizaster) Agassiz (part). Lambert and Thiery, 

1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 524. 

Paraster Pomel. J'ackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 307, p. 7 4. 

Schizaster Agassiz (part). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

16, no. 1, p. 39. 

Paraster Porp.el. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 5, pt. 2, p. 215. Includes additional references. 

Type species, Schizaster gibbemlus, a Red Sea species 

of Recent age, by original designation. As figured by 

Mortensen (1951, p. 218, pl. 22, fig. 7) this species has 

an ethmolytic apical system with four close-set genital 

pores, moderately sunken, straight petals, the anterior 

pair diverging at an angle of approximately 95°, the 

posterior about 80°, a peripetalous fasciole indented between the paired petals, and lateral fascioles. 

In 19-;1:2 I regarded Paraster as a synonym of Schizaster, being misled by a statement of Cotteau (1B86, p. 

347) that the apical system of Schizaster studeri (the 

type species of Sch.izaster) apparently has four genital 

pores. There now seems to be general agreement that 

it has only two. Besides the difference in the number 

of genital pores, Paraster has straighter, less flexuous 

petals, it is less pointed behind, · and its anterior furrow 

is shallower and less constricted. 

Paraster armiger (Clark) 

Plate 30, figures 13-15 

A sea urchin Harris, 1894, Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 

for 1892, v. 2, p. 172, pl. 6, fig. 11. 

Schizaster armiger Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p. 152,pl.70,figs.la-d. 

Schizaster jloridanus Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p. 175, pl. 82, figs. la-c. 

Schizaster armiger Clark. · Lambert and Thiery, 1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 524. 

Sohizaster · armiger Clark. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 39. 

Schizaster armiger Clark. Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.22,no.l,p.92,pl.22,figs.l-4. 

Horizontal outline subrhombic, longer than wide, indented in front; highest behind, curving gradually 

downward to the margin, truncated behind. Apical 

system slightly posterior; four genital pores, the posterior pair far apart, the anterior pair somewhat smaller 

and closer together, very near the posterior pair; madreporite extendi:p.g between and beyond the posterior 

ocular plates. Petals deeply depressed; paired petals 

extending about three-fourths of the radius; anterior 

pair the longer, straight or slightly flexuous, diverging 

at an angle of nearly 90°; posterior pair curved together 

to an angle of 35°; pores large, oval, strongly conjugate; interporiferous zones about as wide as poriferous. Pores of anterior petal small, circular, pairs 

slightly inclined; interporiferous zones wide. Peristome at the anterior quarter, lunate, covered by a 

projecting rimmed lip. Periproct terminal, high on 

the posterior truncation, longer than wide. Peripetalous fasciole deeply indented; lateral fascioles gently 

curved to their junction well below the periproct. Anterior ambulacral furrow extending to the peristome. 

Posterior ridge terminating at the periproct. 

Length of figured specimen 58 mm ; width 52.5 mm ; 

height 36.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Old Cocoa Post Office, SW:J4 sec. 13 

T.ll N., R. 5 W., Choctaw County (USGS 2637, type 2892, Charles 

Schuchert; USGS 7219, C. W. Cooke and W. 0. Mansfield). Near 

Fail, Choctaw County (USGS 2869, Charles Schuchert). Near 

Melvin, Choctaw County, NW corner NW:J4SE14 sec. 24;, T. 11 N., 

R. 5 W. (USGS 12560, R. Kellog and N.H. Boss). Zitterow's field 

south of sec. 24, T. 11 N., R. 5 W., Choctaw County (USGS 12561, 

R. Kellogg and N.H. Boss). Near middle of sec. 24, T. 11 N., 

R. 5 W., Sanford Mitchell's field 1% miles southeast of Melvin 

(USGS 12562, R. Kellog and N. H. Boss). 2.4 miles south of 

Melvin by road (USGS 12720, R. Kellogg and N.H. Boss). 2 to 

3 miles southeast of Whatley, Clarke County (USGS 295'7, Frank 

Burns). E·lh sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 3 E., 5 miles southeast of Whatley (USGS 7159, C. W. Cooke). Sec. 35, T. 8 N., R. 3 E., 500 feet 

east of Jories' Field Branch, 5.miles southeast of Whatley (USGS 

7161, C. W. Cooke). Cut on US 84 west of Gosport (USGS 18785, 

C. W. ,Cooke and F~ S. MacNeil). SK~NW1A,SE:14 sec. 34, T. 

10 N., R. 3 E., Clarke County (USNM 559889, C. C. Branson). 

Road leading down to Claiborne Ferry, Monroe County (USGS 

10023, 0. W. Cooke; USGS 5567, T. W. Vaughan; . USGS 12166, 

0. W. Cooke and R. B. Stewart). Claiborne road west of Double 

Branches, 2% miles southwest of Monroeville (USGS 6730, C. 

W. Cooke). llh miles southwest of Perdue Hill (USGS lpo43, 

C. W. Cooke and Julia Gardner; USGS 15064, F. S. MacNeil). 

Tombigbee River %, mile above St. Stephens Bluff (USGS 7392, 

C. W. Cooke). 

Mississippi : PachUta Prairie, Clarke County (USGS 3095, 

Frank Burns). Chickasawhay River near Shubuta (USGS 332, 

Frank Burns). Railroad cut southwest of pumping station, Jackson (USGS 12172,0. W. Cooke, R. B. Stewart, W. H. Monroe). 

Arkansas: East bank Sa,bine River at 'cornish Ferry (Caveness Landing) about 5 miles east-northwest of Warren, Bradley 

County (USGS 2412, G. D. Harris. 

Georgia : • Bank of Muckafoonee Greek near its confluence 

with Flint River, about 1% miles above Albany (USGS 7906, 

R. M. Harper). Power plant on Kinchafoonee Creek 2 miles 

north of Albany (USGS 7121, C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly). 

Flint River at the northeast corner of Dougherty County (USGS 

723?, C. W. Cooke). 

Florida: Johnson's sink, Levy County (USGS 365, type of 

Schizaster jloridanus, L. C. Johnson). Suwannee River 17 miles 

south of Ellaville (USGS 2612, G. H. Eldridge). Suwannee River 

100 yards below Troy Sp·rings, 6 miles no·rthwest of Branford 

(USGS 7347, C. W. Cooke). Troy Springs (USGS 14007, C. W. 

Oooke). Lowest bed at mouth at Withlacoochee River at Ellaville (USGS 11111, 0. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). Road. to 

Dowling Park 5 miles northwest of Mayo (USGS 11114. 0. W. 
/ 

72 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN- UNITED STATES 

Cooke and Stuart Mossom). Steinhatchee River in Dixie County 

opposite Clara (USGS 12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton; 

USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens, Jr.; USGS 14158, 

W. C. Mansfield; USGS 15150, G. M. Ponton). Quarry on highway 5-A in Suwannee County 9.3 miles from the Lafayette 

County line and 5.2 miles from the courthouse at Mayo (USGS 

14981, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). Taylor County rock 

pit near Mayo, (USGS 16913, G. M. Ponton; USGS 14537a, C. W. 

Cooke and F. S. MacN en). 

Panama: Madden Air Field (USGS 16889, W. P. Woodring 

and J. R. Schultz). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, of Jackson age: Yazoo clay in 

Choctaw County, Ala., Ocala limestone east of Tombigbee River 

in Alabama and in Florida. 

Type.-USNM 141104, from USGS 2637. Figured specimen 

US::Nl\1 562460, from USGS 7906, Georgia. Type of Sckizaster 

fioriaanus USNM 164655, an internal cast from USGS 365, 

Florida. 

Remarks.-The type and other specimens from western Alabama have wider petals than those from Florida. There is some 

variation in the t elative length of the posterior petals. 

Paraster americanus (Clark) 

Plate 30, figures 5-8 

Schizaster americana Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.176,pl.82,figs.2a-d. 

Schizaster · americanus Clark. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 526. 

Sdhizaster americanus Clark. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 40. 

Horizontal outline subcircular, indented in front, 

highest behind, sloping to the rounded margin; truncated behind. Apical system slightly posterior; four 

genital pores, the two posterior pores far apart, the 

anterior pair near the posterior; madreporite extending 

between and beyond the genital pores. Petarls deeply 

, sunken; the anterior pair nearly twice as long as the 

posterior pair, straight, diverging at an angle of' nearly 

90° ; the posterior twisted to an angle approximating 

37°; pores of paired petals far apart, interporiferous 

zo~es about the same width. Anterior sulcus extending 

to the peristome. Peristome at the anteriol! third, reniform, covered by a protruding rimmed lip. Periproct 

high on the posterior truncation. Peri petalous fasciole 

deeply indented; .lateral fascioles straight, meeting befow the periproct. 

Lepgth of type 39 mm; width 38.5 mm; height 

25.5mm. 

Occurr.ence.-Mississippi: Yost's lime kiln near Brandon 

(USGS 3951, A. F. Crider). Vicksburg (USNM 1832, A. H. 

Worthen; USGS 6450, from ledges forming waterfall at Mint 

Spring Bayou, C. W. C()oke and E. N. Lowe). Sylvarena road 

about 41h miles west of Bay Springs (USGS 7374, G. W. Cooke 

and E. N. Lbwe) .. Panther Creek, 7 miles north of Youngton, 

Warren County, in sec. 22 (USGS 7447, 0. B. Hopkins). A 

creek probably in sec. 22, T. 4 N., R. 1 E, about 3% miles east 

of Byram, Rankin County, 12 to 15 feet above the Mint Spring 

DJ.arl member of the Mariana limestone (USGS 14606, F. S. 

MacNeil and W. C. Mansfield). 

Alabama: Old Weaver Chute 2 or 3 miles below McGowan's 

Bridge, Escambia County (USGS 6753, C. W. Cooke). 

Gliorgia: Ocmulgee River at mill %, mile below Hawkinsville (USGS 10482, H. S. Cave). 

Geologic unit.-Oligocene, Vicksburg group in Mississippi and 

Alabama. 

Type.-USNM 165695, from USGS 3951, near Brandon, Miss. 

Oomparison.-Paraster america-nus is proportionately shorter 

than Paraster armiger, and its posterior petals are somewhat 

shorter. 

Genus SCHIZASTER Agassiz 

ScMzaster L. 4-gassiz (part), 1836, Soc. sci. nat. Neuchatel, Mem., 

v.1,p.185. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus 

ectyporum echinodermatum, p. 2, 15. 

Schyzaster Agassiz. Sismonda, 1843, Memoria geo-zoologica 

sulgi echinidi fossili del contado di Nizza, p. 30. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Agassiz and J?esor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes (reprint), p.126 .. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Desor., 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 389. 

S.chizaster Agassiz. Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-akad. 

Handl., v. 13, no. 6, p. 28. 

:SchiZaster Agassiz. Cotteau, 1886, Paleontologie fran~ise, 

Terrain tertiaire, v. 1, p. 270. 

Soh.izaster Agassiz. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London Jour., 

v. 23, p. 234. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Lambert, 1906, Soc. geol. France Mem., 

Paleontologie, no. 24, p. 110. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Fourteau, 1908, ·Inst. egyptien Bull., ser. 

5,v.l,p.193 . . 

Sckizaster Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 522. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1,p. 39. 

Schizaster Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 2-95. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Schizaster studeri Agassiz, credited by 

Agassiz to the ~ertiary of Italy, designation validated 

by Opinion 209 of the International Commission on 

Zoological Nomenclature. The plaster cast of the type 

as figured by Cotteau (1886, p. 344, pl. 104, figs. 4, 5) 

has its apical system at the posterior third, apparently 

with only ·two, widely separated genital pores. The 

petals are deeply depressed, the anterior pair flexuous, 

diverging at an angle of approximately 87°, , twice as 

long as the posterior pair, which diverge at an angle of 

about 73°. The anterior sulcus strongly indents th~ 

margin. 

According to Mortensen ( 1951, p. 206) "the number 

of genital pores is of very great ·classificatory importance and a very practical means of distinguishing the 

genera" of the Schizasteridae, Schizaster having only 

2, Paraster 4. 

All species referred to Schizaster have a deeply indented peripetalous fasciole and lateral fascioles that 

join beneath the periproct. The lateral :fascioles may 

be very obscure. 
SCHIZASTERIDAE 73 

Subgenus BRACHYBRISSUS Pomel 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 37. 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) Pomel. Lambert, 1906, Soc. geol. 

France Mem., Paleontologie no. 24, p. 113. 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, p. 527. 

Type species, Spatangus ambulacrum Deshayes, from 

the early Oligocene (Tongrian) of France, designated 

by Lambert ( 1906, p. 113). This species, as figured by 

Cotteau (1885-1889, p. 320, pls. 95, 96), is subglobular, 

with two genital pores, deeply depressed, widely spreading petals, large circular periproct, and peripetalous 

and lateral fascioles. Its more widely spreading petals, 

less pointed posterior end, and more globular shape distinguish it from Sohizaster studeri, and it seems to be 

less strongly truncated behind, and its periproct is probably larger and less elongated. 

Ditremaster Munier-Chalmas (1885), type species 

Hemiaster nuw Desor, may be a synonym of Braohybrissus. The chief difference as reported is the lack of· 

lateral fascioles in Ditremaster, but lateral fascioles 

may be very inconspicuous or obliterated in fossils. 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) ocalanus Cooke 

Plate 29, figures 13-17 

Schizaster ( Linthia) ocalanus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 42, pl. 5, figs. 18-22. 

Test subglobular, cordate, the anterior depression extending from the a pi cal system to the peristome, the 

upper surface more inflated than the lower. Apical 

system nearly central, with two large genital pores, one 

between the ends of each lateral pair of petals, and the 

madreporite extending behind them. Anterior ambulacral area moderately sunken; pores of ' each pair separated by a high granule. Petals nearly straight, 

sunken; anterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 135°, the posterior at an angle of approximately 

65 ° ; anterior pair about twice as long as the posterior; 

open at the distal ends; poriferous zones about as wide 

as interporiferous zones; pores conjugate, elongated. 

Peripetalous fasciole concave between the lateral petals, 

convex elsewhere; lateral fascioles very narrow, usually 

obscure. Peristome far forward, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, strongly lipped posteriorly, weakly lobate 

anterolaterally. Periproct as large or. larger than the 

peristome, nearly circular, slightly elongated, high up . 

on the posterior end, visible from above. Surface covered with small tubercles. 

Length of holotype 20.3 mm; width 20.7 mm; height , 

16.0 mm. Length of largest paratype from USGS 

14539, 33.2 mm; width 32.2 mm; height 27.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida : Pit of Ocala Limerock Company near 

Kendrick (type, USGS 13429, T. H. Hubbell). Pit of Cumme:r: 

Lumber Company near Kendrick, four miles north of Ocala 

(USGS 12754a, C. W. Cooke and T. P. Kirby). Old MacDonald 

quarry 1 mile north of Istachatta (USGS 11112, C. W. Cooke 

and Stuart Mossom). Oakhurst Lime Company, 2% miles southeast of Ocala (USGS 11749, C. W. Cooke and Stuart Mossom). 

Spoil bank of drainage canal on US 19, 5 miles south of Salem, 

Taylor County (USGS 14539, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens, 

Jr.). Quarry 6 miles southeast of Crystal River (USGS 14141, 

W. C. Mansfield and C. 'w. Mumm; Florida Geological Survey, 

Frank Westendick). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 498990, from Kendrick, Florida. Figured specimen, USNM 562459, from USGS 14141. 

Remarks.-This species is more globular than other American 

species referred to Schizaster. Its petals are more widely 

spreading than those of Paraster armiger or Paraster americanus, which have four genital pores and differently shaped 

peristomes. 

Genus MOIRA A. Agassiz 

Moera Michelin, 1855, Revue et magazin de zoologie, ser. 2, 

v. 246, not Huebner, 1819. 

Moira A. Agassiz, 1872, 1874, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pt. 1, p. 146; pt. 2, p. 365. For M oera 

Michelin. 

Moira A. Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p.43. 

Moira A. Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 325. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Spatan,gus atropos Lamarck, validated 

by Opinion 209 of the International Commission on 

Zoological Nomenclature. 

:Moira atropos (Lamarck) 

Plate 30, figures 1-4 

Spatangus atropos Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animanx sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 32. 

Eohinocardium atropos (Lamarck) . Gray, 1825, Annals of 

Philosophy, ser. 2, v.10, p. 430. 

Schizaster atropos (Lamarck). Agassiz, 1836, Prodrome d'une 

monographie des radiaires ou echinodermes, p. 18. 

Schizaster atropos (Lamarck). Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and fossil, p. 4. 

Schizaster atropos (Lamarck). Holmes, 1860, Post-Pleiocene 

·fossils of South Carolina, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 3. 

Moira atropos (Lamarck). A. Agassiz, 1874, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., y. 3, pt. 2, p. 365, pl. 23. 

Moira atropos (Lamarck). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no.1, p. 43. 

Moira atropos (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v~ 5, pt. 2, p. 329, pl. 19, figs. 15, 20 ; pl. 55, 

figs. 11, 16, 19-23. Includes additional synonymy. · 

Horizontal outline suboval with an anterior notch, 

truncated behind; upper surface swollen behind, slop-

, ing steeply forward from the apical system ; margin 

rounded; lower surface rounded. Apical system 

slightly posterior; two genital pores far apart, behind 

the anterior paired ocular pores but in line with the 
/ 

74 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

anterior ocular pore. Petals deeply sunken, depressions constricted at the top ; . posterior paired petals 

much shorter than'the anterior pair: Peristome at the 

anterior quarter, reniform, strongly lipped. Periproct 

high on the posterior truncation, longer than wide. 

Peripetalous fasciole deeply indented in, all five interambulacra, lying near the edges of the petals; lateral 

fascioles normal. Sutures bare. Long, curved, brown 

spines give a furry, mouselike appearance to the test. 

Occurrence.-Littoral, North Carolina to Brazil. 

South Carolina: Abbapoola Creek, Johns Island (.fide 

Holmes). Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County 1 to 

1;2 miles southwest of the bridge on US 17 near Nixons Crossroads about 15.miles northeast of Myrtle Beach (USGS 18759, 

L. 0. Glenn). 

Geologic unit.-,-PleistocEme and Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562461, from Panama City Beach, 

Fla. 

Remarks.-'-This fragile little species is widely distributed in 

the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. According to Mortensen it 

-has not been recorded from water deeper than 145 met~rs. 

Genus AGASSIZIA Valenciennes 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes, 1846, Voyage sur La Venus, Zoophytes, 

pl. 1, figs. 2-2f. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Agassiz and Desor, 1'847, Catalogue 

raisonne des echinodermes, (reprint) p. 126. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Desor, 1~58, Synopsis des echinides 

fossiles, p. 294. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 88, 353 . 

.A.gassizia V;:tlenciennes. Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-

akad. Handl., Bandet 13, no. 6, p. 82. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique 

et genera des echinides, p. 35. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College 

M1;1s. Co~p. Zoology Mem., ·.v. 46, no. 2, p. 163 . 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub: 306, p. 70. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Lambert and Thiery, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 8, ~ 516. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California 

Univ. (Los Angeles) Pub. Math. and Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 113. 

.A.gassizia Valenciennes. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p. 44. 

-.A.gassizia ValenciE~nnes. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 339. 

Type species, Agassizia scrobiculata Valenciennes 

. ( 1846) by monotypy, living off the west coast of tropical 

and subtropical America. This species has been figured 

by A. Agassiz ( 1872, pl. · 19a, figs. 1-3), Grant and 

Hertlein ( 1938, pl. 29, figs. 2, 3; pl. 30, fig. 12; text fig. 

10 after Valenciennes), and Mortensen (1951, p. 342, pl. 

19, figs. 4, 10, 11; pl. 55, figs. 1-4, 7, 10, 13, 15). A distinctive feature is the great reduction in the width of 

the anterior poriferous zones of the anterior paired 

petals. The pores are consequently very inconspicuous. 

·The species has a peripetalous fasc~ole, which is marginal in front, and lateral fascioles. This combination 

might better be described as a marginal fasciole and a 

hemipetalous fasciole. · · 

Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) 

Plate 31, figures 1-8 

Brissopsis poriferus Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and fossil, . 

of South Carolina, p. 4, figs. 5, 6. 

?Br·issopsis rimulatus Ravenel, 1848, Echinidae, Recent and fossil, of South Carolina, p. 4, figs. 3, 4. 

.A.gassizia porifer.a (Ravenel). McCrady in Tuomey and 

Holmes, 1857, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 5, pl. 1, 

figs. 5-5b ; pl. 2, figs. 4, 4a. 

~ .A.gass~zia rimulata (Ravenel). McCrady in Tuomey and 

Holmes, 1857, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 5. 

.A.gassizia porifera (Ravenel). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, ~ S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 212, pl. 97, figs.1a-d. 

'!Brissopsis rimulatus Ravenel. Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 154. 

.A.gassizia porifera (Ravenel). Gooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 45. 

f.A.gassizia rirnulata (Ravenel). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,v.16,no.1,p.45. 

Horizontal outline ovate, widest in front, truncated 

behind; upper surface strongly inflated to subconical, 

highest at the apical system, sloping steeply. forward, 

'less steeply to the posterior truncation; margin broadly rounded; lower surface gently inflated. Apical system nearly central; four genital' pores, rather close together; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending beyond 

the posterior ocular pores. Anterior ambulacrum very 

slightly depressed, not at all depressed at the margin; 

pores obscure. Paired petals moderately depressed; 

long, the anterior pair extending nearly to ~he margin, 

the post~rior pair somewhat shorter; anterior paired 

petals in line near the apex, curving gently forward to 

an angle of apprO-ximately 97°_; posterior pair· curving 

slightly outward to an angle of approximately 70° ; 

pores of posterior petals and posterior zone of anterior 

pair oval, large; pores of anterior zone of anterior pair 

very small and inconspicuous, pore pairs oblique; inter- , · 

. poriferous zones narrow. Peristome at the ·anterior 

quarter, reniform; labium large. Periproct large, trans-

. versely elliptical; at the top of truncation, which is 

depressed. Plastron expanding for more than half its1 

length, then sides curving inward. Marginal fasciole 

complete, curving downward below the periproct; hemipetalous fasciole indented in the posterior and posterolateral interambulacra, meeting the marginal fasciole 

behind the anterior paired petals. · / 

Length of larger specimen 68 mm; width 63 mm; 

height 49 mm. ' 

Occurrence.-South Carolina·: The Grove, Cooper River (type, 

Ravenel, fide McCrady). Intracoastal Waterway canal in 

Horry County 1 to 1% miles southwest of the bridge on US 17 

near Nixons Crossroads, about 5 miles southwest of ~ittle River 

(USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn). Near Oakley Inlet, Waccamaw 

. I 

f , 
SCHIZASTERIDAE 75 

(American Mus. Nat. History, figured by Clark and Twitchell). 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 562462, from USGS 18759. 

Remarks.-Agassizia rimulata, known only from Ravenel's 

figures, appears to be the same as A. porifera in spite of the fact 

that Ravenel attributes it to the Eocene. McCrady describes 

it as conical, less spherieal than A. porifera, but one of the 

specimens here figured is subconical. 

Agassizia :floridana de Loriol 

Plate 32, figures 1-4 

AgassiZia jloridana de Loriol, 1887, Recueil zool. suisse, ser. 1, 

v. 4, no. 3, p. 398, pl.17, figs. 9-9f. 

Agassizia conradi (Bouve); Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 174; pl. 81, figs. 3a-d. 

Agassizia in flat a Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

306, p. 70, pl. 12, figs. 2-4. 

Agassizia egozcuei Lambert, 1922, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 

ser. 9, v. 9, p. 596. 

Agassizia infiata Jackson. Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard 

· College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 50, p. 56. 

Agassizia conradi ( Bouve) . Pijpers, 1933, Geog. geol. Medel eel: 

(Utrecht Rijksuniv. geog. · en mineral.-geol. Inst.) Phys.-

geol. Reeks no. 8, p. 92. 

Agassizia caribbeana Weisbord, 1934, Bull. Am. Paleontology, 

v. 20, no. 700, p. 238, pl. 27, figs. 1-6. 

Agassizia ftoridana de Lorio!. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no.1, p. 44, pl. 3, figs. 1-4. 

Agassizia /loridana de Loriol. Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Sur• 

vey Geol. Bull. 34, p. 73, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4. 

Horizontal outline obovate, truncated behind; upper 

surface strongly inflated, highest in front of the genital 

system; margin broadly rounded; lower surface gently 

convex. Apical system behind the center; four genital 

pores, close together; et):unolytic, madreporite extending between the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum 

very slightly depressed. Paired petals straight, slightly depressed; anterior pair twice as long as the posterior; both pairs diverging at an angle of approximately 

90° ; pores of posterior petals and posterior zone of 

anterior paired petals oval; plates of anterior zone of 

anterior paired petals small, pores very minute; interporiferous zones narrow. Peristome at the anterior 

third, large, reniform, weakly lipped. Periproct 

transversely oval, about midway up the posterior end, at 

the top of a truncation. Marginal fasciole curving 

downward below the periproct; hemipetalous fasciole 

meeting the · marginal fasciole behind the anterior 

paired petals. 

Length of figured specimen 36.2 mm; width 35 mm; 

height 28.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Near Gainesville (type, Prof. Wetherby, fide de Loriol). About 12 miles north of Marianna (USGS 

12058, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton, Florida Basic Rock 

Company, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton; USGS 14152, 11h 

miles west of Springfield Church, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. 

Mumm). Ocala (USGS 7383, C. W. Cooke). Zuber (USGS 

6807, C. W. Cooke). Newberry (USGS 6812, C. W. Cooke). 

Two miles northeast of Sumterville (USGS 12751, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). One and one-quarter miles southwest of Inverness (USGS 7378, C. W. Cooke). Steinhatchee 

River opposite Clara (USGS 14541, figured specimen, C. W. 

Cooke; USGS 12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton). Crystal River Rock Company, 6 miles southeast of Crystal River 

(USGS 14141, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). Johnson's 

lime sink (USNM 137881, L. C. Johnson). Between Inglis and 

Yankeetown, Levy County (USGS 14544, C. W. Qooke). 

Georgia: Near Bainbridge (USGS 3770, figured by Clark 

and Twitchell, S. W. McCallie; USGS 6159, 6171, L. W. Stephen:. 

son; USGS 7097, C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield). 

West Indies: St. Bartholomew (types of A. infiata and A. 

egozcuei). Bonaire (A. conradi, fide, Pijpers). Jamaica (A. 

infiata, fide Arnold and Clark). Cuba (type of A. caribbeana). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene: Ocala limestone in Georgia and 

Florida and Inglis limestone in Florida; equivalent limestones 

in the West Indies. ' . 

Figured specimen.::--USNM 562463, from USGS 14541, Steinhatchee River, Fla. 

Remllirks.-This species was identified as H emiaster conradi 

Bouve (1851, p. 3, 2 text figs.) by Clark and Twitchell, but ac~ 

cording to H. L. Clark (Cooke, 1942, p. 45)~ the type of that 

species is "absolutely unidentifiable even to the family, let 

alone genus or species." Agassizia injlata Jackson, placed by 

Pijpers in the synonymy of A. conradi as identified by Clark 

and Twitchell, appears to be a synonym of A. jloridana though 

its base is a little :flatter,, its peristome somewhat smaller, and 

its periproct somewhat lower; these features, particularly the 

location of the periproct, are obscure in the type of A. inftata. 

Both A. infta{a and A. egozcuei are based on part of A. (Anisaster) clevei Cotteau (1875, p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 9, 10, not figs. 2-8) 

from which they differ in their more widely diverging anterior 

petals and in other features. 

Subgenus ANISASTE.R P.omel 

Anisaster Pomel, 1886, Soc. ~ol. France Bull., ser. 3, v. 14, pp. 

610,612. 

Anisaster Pomel. Cotteau, 1887, Paleontologie fran~aise, ';l'errain tertiaire, ser.1, v. 1, p. 374. 

Prenaster (Anisaster) Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1925, 

Nomenclature raisonee des 'echinides, fasc. 8, p; 515. 

Eoagassizia Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. (Los 

Angeles) Pubs. in Math. and 'Phys. Sci. v. 2, p. 115. 

Agassizia (Anisaster) Pomel. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no.1, p. 46. 

Anisaster Pomel. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 347. 

Type species, Agassizia gibberula Cotteau (1876) 

from the Eocene of Egypt, designated by Cotteau (1887, 

p. 381). This species has been figured by Cotteau and 

by de Loriol (1880, pl. 8, figs. 1-7; Mortensen, 1951, p. 

34 7, text fig. 158). It appears to differ from Agasgizia 

chiefly in that the plates of the anterior zone of the 

anterior paired petals are less reduced and their pores 

are consequently more conspicuous. It differs from 

Prenaster alpinus Desor in that its apical system is 

farther back, its anterior petals much less spreading, 

and its peristome longer than wide. · 
76 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

A;as·sizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica Cooke 

Plate 32, figures 10--13 

A.gassizia (Anisaster) 'Wilmingtonica Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleon-

, tology, v.16, no. 1, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 9-13. 

Horizontal outline oval, truncated behind; upper surface moderately inflated, highest in the apical region, 

sloping forward rather steeply to the rounded margin, 

less steeply behind to the top of the truncation; lower 

surface gently inflated. Apical system near the posterior third; four genital pores rather far apart; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending between the posterior ocular. plates. Anterior ambulacrum very 

slightly depressed near the apical system and the peristome; pores inconspicuous. Paired petals straight, 

slightly depressed, the anterior twice as long as the posterior; anterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 110°, posterior about 85°; inner pores circular, 

outer pores elongated; plates of anterior poriferous zone 

of anterior pair smaller than others, distal pores oblique 

and larger than proximal pores, which are very inconspicuous. Peristome reniform, at the anterior third. 

Peri proct transversely oval, at the top of the truncation. 

Sides of plastron curved. Marginal fasciole passing 

down below the periproct; hemipetalous fasciole meeting the marginal behind the anterior petals. 

Length 2J.2 mm; width 18.5 mm; height 14.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: City rock quarry near Wilmington (USNM 499004, L. W. Stephenson). 

Geologic unit.-Late middle Eocen~, Castle Hayne limestone. 

Type.-USNM 499004. 

Remarks.-This species, known only from the type, is less 

inflated than A.. floridana, its anterior petals are more divergent, 

the posterior petals are less divergent, and the anterior plates of 

the anterior paired petals are larger so that the distal pores ar~ 

plainly visible. 

Agassizia (Anisaster) mo.ssomi Cooke 

Plate 32,. figures 5-9 

A.gassizia (Anisaster) mossomi Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no.1, p. 46, pl. 5, figs.14-17. 

Horizontal. outline oval, truncated behind; upper surface greatly inflated, steeply sloping forward from the 

apical system, very gently behind; margin broadly 

rounded; lower surface moderately convex. Apical 

system central; four genital pores close together; 

madreporite extending far behind. Anterior ambulacrum weakly depressed; pores far apart. Paired petals 

:rpoderately depressed; anterior pair nearly twice as 

long as the posterior, diverging at an angle of approximately 90°; posterior pair diverging somewhat less; 

pores elongated -oval ; anterior poriferous zone of anterior pair much narrower near the apex; interporiferous zones narrow. Peristone at the anterior third, 

transversely oval, moderately lipped. Periproct large, 

transversely oval, at the top of the posterior truncation. 

Marginal fasciole descending below the periproct; 

hemipetalous fasciole meeting the marginal behind the 

anterior paired petals. 

Length of holotype 27, mm; width 24.5 mm; height · 

23.4 mm. Length of figured paratype 25.2 mm; width 

24 mm; height 22. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Florida Rock Products quarry %, mile 

southwest of Brooksville (types, USGS 11113, C. W. Cooke and 

Stuart Mossom). Consolidated Rock Products quarry 3 miles 

_northeast of Brooksville (USGS 12321, W. C. Mansfield and 

Herman Gunter). 

Georgia: Silicious molds 1 of the interior, probably this 

species: Dawson-Albany road 3% miles south of Sasser (USGS 

4059, S. W. McCallie). Road from Americus to Plains lPh 

miles west of Muckalee Creek (USGS 12090, C. W. Cooke and 

W. H. Monroe). 

Mississippi: Rocky Branch, SW~ sec. 8, T. 8 N, R 5 W; 1 

mile north-northeast of Denham, Wayne County (USGS 14288a, 

W., C. Mansfield and F. S. MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Late Oligocene: Suwannee limestone in Florida, Flint River formation in Georgia, Chickasawhay limestone 

in Mississippi. 

Type.-Holotype and paratype, USNM 498989, from USGS 

11112. 

Remarks.-Agassizia mossmni is higher and more nearly 

spherical, its apex is farther forward, its petals are more deeply 

sunken, and the anterior pores of the front pair are more fully 

developed than in A. floridana or A. wilmingtonioa. 

Genus DITREMASTER Munier-Chalmas 

Ditremaster Munier-Chalmas, 1885, Acad. sci. Paris Comptes 

rendus,,p. 1046. 

Ditremaster Munier-Chalmas. Cotteau, 1887, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, t. 1, p. 411. 

Ditremaster Munier-Ohalmas. Mortensen, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 1, p. 397. Includes other references. 

Type species, H emiaster nWJJ Desor, from theN ummulitic at Sauerbrunnen near Yberg, Switzerland, designated by Cotteau (1887, p. 422). As figured by Cotteau 

(1887, p. 419, pl. 117, figs. 7-12; pl. 118, figs. 1-4) this 

species is subglobular, with a very weak frontal depression; two genital pores, between which the madreporite 

protrudes; widely spreading petals, the anterior pair 

much the longer; and a peripetalous fasciole only. Perhaps the apparent lack of lateral fascioles may be the 

result of fossilization. The American species SchizMter 

beckeri, here referred to Ditremaster, seems to have lateral fascioles, though they are very obscure. 

Ditremaster differs from Schiz.fl$ter in its lack of a 

deep, continuous anterior sulcus and in its apparent lack 

of lateral fascioles. Its anterior paired petals are more 

widely spreading and less flexuous. 
LOVENIIDAI 77 

Ditremaster beckeri (Cooke) LoLa Desor. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

Plate 30, figures 9--12 

Schizaster beokeri Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 5-8. 

Horizontal outline oval, wider in front than behind; 

upper surface strongly inflated, highest in the posterior 

half, sloping steeply forward to the rounded margin; 

lower surface gently convex. Apical system at the posterior third; 2 posterior genital pores; madreporite apparently extending between and beyond the posterior 

oculars. Anterior depression moderately deep in the 

petaliferous portion, very slight at the margin but still 

perceptible at the peristome; pore pairs strongly 

oblique, far apart. Paired petals depressed; anterior 

pair much longer than the posterior, nearly straight, 

nearly at right angles, rounded at the tips; posterior 

pair very short, nearly at right angles; pores elongated; 

interporiferous zones about equal to the poriferous 

zones. Peristome reniform, far forward, strongly 

lipped. Periproct elliptical, higher than wide, high up 

on the vertical posterior truncation. Fascioles very obscure because of an incrustation with calcite; apparently 

a peripetalous fasciole with deep reentrants between the 

lateral petals and straight or convex in fro11t; apparently having lateral fascioles. Tubercles small, 

crowded. 

Length of holotype 28.7 mm; width 25.0 mm; height 

22.3 mm. Length of para type 31.5 mm; width 28.2 n1m; 

height 24.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Gainesville rock pit southeast of Arredondo, Alachua County (type, R. B. Becker). Suwannee River 

at bridge near Dowling Pa,rk, in Lafayette County (paratype, 

USGS 14553, C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 499008; paratype USNM 499009, 

Remarks.-This species seems to resemble Ditremaster nua: 

(Desor), but its anterior petals are longer and its apical system 

is farther back. Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau, from the St. 

Bartholomew limestone of Eocene age in the West Indies, is very 

closely related but has somewhat shorter anterior petals. 

Family LOVENIIDAE 

Genus LOVENIA Desor 

Lovenia Desor in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Annales sci. nat. 

( zoologie) , ser. 3, v. 8, p. 11 (reprint, p. 116) . 

Lovenia Desor. A. Agassiz, 1872, 1873, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p.139, p. 574. 

Sarsella Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des 

echinides, p. 28. Type species Breynia sulcata Haime. Not 

Sarsella Haeckel, 1879. 

Vasconaster Lambert, 1915, Schweizer. palaeont. Gesell. Abh., 

v. 41, p.191 (note). For Sarsella Pomel. 

Lovenia Desor. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p.60. 

Vasconaster Lambert. Cooke, idem, p. 61. 

I v. 5, pt. 2, ~· 89. Incl~des addi~ional synonymy. 

Type species Loven~a hystnw Desor 1847=Spatan~us 

elohgatus Gray 1845, living in the Indo-West Pacific 

reJion, by monotypy. Lovenia elgngata has been figur~d by Agassiz and Desor (1847, p. 1, 16, fig. 16), by 

A. ~gassiz ( 187 4, p. 575, pl. 19c, figs. 1-4, etc.), and by 

Mortensen (1951, p. 97, pl. 7, figs. 1-10; pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 

12,\fig. 5; pl. 47, figs. 10-23). This species has an apical 

("i~ternal") fasciole, a bilobate subanal fasciole, crosssh, ped petals, and large, de~ply. sunken tubercles on the 

upper surface in the anterwr Interambulacra and the 

an~erior part of the posterolateral interambulacra. The 

surlken tubercles protrude on the inside of the test. 

Th s seems to be a specific, not a generic feature ; it is the 

prir! cipal difference between Lovenia and V asconaster. 

Lovenia alabamensis Cooke, n. sp·, 

Plate 32, figures 14-17 

:Eiorizontal outline heart shaped, emarginate in front, 

tru~cated behind, widest in front of the center; upper 

surtface depressed; lower surfa?e slightly c?ncave; margiDil acutely rou~ded; poster~or truncabo~ concave. 

Ap ·cal system slightly anteriOr; four genital pores, 

clo · e together; madreporite extending far behind. 

An erior ambulacrum depressed. Petals V -shaped, terminating apically at the apical ("internal") fasciole; 

po es oval, conjuga~e. ~eris~ome at the ant~rior thir~, sejilunate; posterwr hi? shghtl~ protruding. Pe.ripr9ct oval, wide: than hi~h, v~rbcal, .on the posteriOr 

trur.cation. Apical fasCiole InconspiCuous; subanal 

\ fasciole bilobate. Plastron very wide. Groups of 

larfe, imperforate, deeply sunken tubercles in the anterior interambulacra and in the anterior half of the 

posterolateral interambulacra; a few smaller tubercles 

alt11g the median part of the posteriar interambulacru . 

ength 46 mm; width 41.7 mm; height 15 mm. 

currence.-Alabama: Road cut just south of old mill in the 

NE:jA, sec. 8, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. Clarke County (USNM 562469, 

C. 0. Branson and F. S. MacNeil). · 

ologio unit.-Probably late Oligocene, Chickasawhay limestone. 

Tfllpe.-USNM 562469. 

Obmparisons.-This species, known only from the type, is 

moJe slender than Lovenia clarki. -Its poriferous zones are 

str~ighter and its posterior end wider than Lovenia elongata. 

Th test is narrower and the large tubercles less extensive than 

tho e of Lovenia dumblei Kew. 

Lovenia clarki (Lambert) 

Plate 33, figure 6 

Eo ·nocardium depressum Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 214, pl. 98, figs. 3a-c. Not Amphidet'us depre8sus 

Agassiz, 1847. 
78 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Amphidetus clarki Lambert in Lambert and Thiery, 1924, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des'echinides, fasc. 16, p. 470. For 

Echinocardium depressum Clark. 

Loven,.ia. clarki (Lambert). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. (;0. 

Test cordate, depressed,- truncated behind. Known 

only ·as molds of the interior, which show cross-shaped 

petals, evidently terminated apically by an apical 

fasciole. 

Occurrence.-Florida : Chattahoochee, Gadsden County, 78 

feet above sea level (USGS 2565 type, W. H. Dan and Joseph 

Stanley-Brown; USGS 4836, F. G. Clapp; USGS 3405; T. W. 

Vaughan; USGS 7168, G. C. Matson; USGS 6185, L. W. Stephenson; USGS 12282, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. Ponton). 

'Geologic unit . .........:.Early Miocene, base of Tampa limestone. 

Type.-USNM 164654. 

Remarks.-The generic location of this species is somewhat· 

uncertain because many of its features are unknown. It is 

referred to Lovenia because it is much flatter than Echinocardium and apparently had large tubercles. 

Genus ECRINOCARDIUM Gray 

Echinocardium Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, 

p. 430. 

Amphidetus Agassiz, 1836, Soc. sci. nat. Neucha.tel Mem.,, v. 1, 

p. 184. 

Amphidetus .Agassiz. Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Annales sci. nat. 

(zoologie), ser. 3, v. 7, (reprint) p.117. 

Echinoca:raium Agassiz. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p.l09, 349. 

Echinospatagus Breynius. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera des echinides, p. 28. 

Echinospatagus (Echino,cardium) Gray. Pomel, 1883, idem, 

p. 28. 

. Echinospatagus (Amphidetus) Agassiz,_ Pomel, 1883, idem, 

p.28. 

Echinocardium Gray. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 261. 

Echinocardium Gray. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 468. 

Amphidetus Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, idem, p. 469. 

Echinocardium Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.1, p. 59. 

Echinocardiwrn Gray. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, p. 2, p.149. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, S patangus . pusillus Leske 1778 = 

Echinus cordatus Pennant 1777, val~dated by Opinion 

209 of the International Commission on Zoological 

Nomenclature. 

E chinocardium is characterized by four V -shaped 

petals, a conspicuous apical ("internal") fasciole, a 

subanal fasciole with anal branches, but no peripetalous 

fasciole. It differs conspicuously from Lovenia in the 

lack of large sunken tubercles. 

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) 

Echinus cordatus Pennant, 1777, British Zoology, v. 4, p. 58, 

pl. 34, fig. 2. ' 

Eohinocardium cordatum (Pennant). A. Agassiz, 1872, 1S73, 

Harvard College MU:s. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 109, 

349, 580, pl. 19, figs. 10-17; pl. 20, figs. 5-7; pl. 25, figs. 2'(, 

28 ; pl. 33, fig. 6. 

Echinocardium co-r·datum (Pennant). H. L. Clark, 1917, idem, 

· v. 46, no. 2, p. 262. 

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no. 1, p. 60. 

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, _pt. 2, p. 152, pl. 18, figs. 6, 

7. Includes additional synonymy. 

The test of this highly variable species is higher behind than in front. The anterior ambulacrum is deeply 

sunken. The apical system is near the posterior third; 

it has four genital pores, the lateral pairs far apart, the 

front and back pores close together; it is ethmolytic, the 

madreporite extending behind the ocular plates. The 

four petals are V-shaped; the posterior poriferous zones 

of the anterior pair diverge at right angles and terminate apically at the apical ("internal") fasciol~, the 

anterior zones terminate before reaching it; the posterior petals are less divergent and shorter. The reniform peristome lies near· the anterior third; it is much, 

wider than long and has a prominent lip. The periproct is high up on the somewhat pointed posterior end. 

The apical fasciole is about twice as long as wide and 

has somewhat rounded contours. The subanal fasciole 

is shield shaped, higher than wide. It adjoins a narrow anal fasciole, which extends upward close to the 

periproct and beyond it. A group of fairly large tubercles adjoins the anterior ambulacrum . 

Occurrence.-Nearly world-wide, in water less than 230 meters 

deep (Mortensen, 1951, p. 157). 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) 

Plate 33, figures 1-5 

Spatangus orthonotus Conrad, 1843, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

· Proc., v.1, p. 327. 

Amphidetus virginianus Forbes, 1845, Geol. Soc. London Quart. 

Jour., v.1, p. 425,3 figs. 

Amphidetus orthonotus (Conrad). Tuomey and Holmes, 1855, 

Pleiocene fossils of South ·Carolina, pl. 2, figs. 1-1c. 

Echinocardium virginianum (Forbes). Desor, 1858, Synopsis 

des echinides fossiles, p.' 408. 

, Amphidetus virginianus Forbes. Emmons, 1858, North Carolina Geol. Survey, Agriculture ot . the eastern counties, p. 

310, figs. 245a-c. 

Echinocar.dium orthonotum (Conrad). Clark, 1904, Maryland 

Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 430, pl. 119, figs, la-c. 

Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) ~ U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 213, pl. 97, figs. 2a-c; pl. 98, figs. la-c, 2a-c. 

Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad). Schoonover, 1941, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.15, p. 92 . . 

Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 60. 
UNIFASCIIDAE 79 

Horizontal outline subquadrate, emarginate in :front, 

widest in :front o:f the center; upper surface high, highest ·and rostrate behind, sides steep; margin acutely 

rounded. Apical system slightly anterior; four genital 

pores, close together; ethmolytic. Anterior ambulacrum sunken, not petaloid. Petals V -shaped, open 

apically, nearly closed distally; pores circular, far 

apart; posterior pori:ferous zone o:f anterior petals crossing the a pi cal :fasciole, other pori:ferous zones entirely 

outside the fasciole. Peristome wider than long, reniform, strongly lipped; at 'the anterior third. Periproct 

nearly circular, vertical, on a sunken area. Plastron 

long, V -shaped, rostrate behind. Escutcheon shield 

shaped, vertical, surrounded by a subanal :fasciole. 

Anal :fasciole not apparent. Apical ("internal") :fasciole pentagonal, longer than wide, straight sided, 

anterolateral sides parallel, posterolateral sides V .. 

shaped. Lateral interambulacra excluded :from the 

peristome. A group of fairly large tubercles adjoins 

the anterior ambulacrum. 

Length~ of figure~ specimens 50, 44 mm; widths 48, 

43 mm; heighths 25, 26.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Virginia: Near Coggins Point, James . River 

(type, fide Conrad). Chuckatuk, just below mill dam north 

of village (USNM 116517, M. W. Twitchell). Prince George 

(USNM 1688, J. L. Bridges). 

Maryland: Jones Wharf, Patuxent River (Maryland Geo-, 

logical Survey). About one-quarter mile north of Scientists 

Cliffs, Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County (USNM 498690, W. F. 

Foshag and James Benn). 

Florida: Jackson Bluff,- Ochlockonee River, lower part of 

Cancellaria zone (USGS 13949a, W. C. Mansfield and F. S. 

MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Miocene; Choptank formation in Maryland, 

Yorktown(~) formation in Virginia, Duplin marl in Florida. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 498960, from Scientists Cliffs. 

Remarks.-The specimens from Maryland appear to be proportionately shorter, more quadrate than those from Virginia, 

which are not well represented in the collections of the National 

Museum. Perhaps they should be given a new name. The 

Maryland form is locally very abundant. Its apical system is 

farther forward than that of E. coraatum and the sides of its 

apical fasciole are straighter. 

Echinocardium gothicum (RaveneU 

Plate 33, figures 7-10 

Amphiaetus gothicus Ravenel, 1848, Ecbinidae, Recent and fossil, of Carolina, p. 4, figs. 1, 2. 

Amphiaetus amplifiorus McCrady in Tourney and Holmes, 1855, 

Pleiocene fossils of $outh Carolina, p. 6, pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a. 

Amphidetus gothicus Ravenel. McCrady in Tourney and Holmes, 

1855, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 

3, 3a-f. 

Echinocaraium gothicus (Ravenel). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 214. 

timphiaetus gothicus Ravenel. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, · 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 470. 

Echinocardi!,m . gothicum (Raven e 1). Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontllogy, v.16, no. 1, p. 60. 

Horizontal outJine suboval, emarginate in :front; upper surface strongly inflated, steeply sloping on all 

sides ; ora~ side rather flat; margin acutely rounded. 

Apical sy tern nearly central; :four genital pores close 

together; thmolytic, the madreporite extending far 

behind. nterior ambulacrum slightly depressed. 

Paired pe als narrow at the outer ends, very wide apically, pori erous zones much reduced withi11 the apical 

(".in. ternali') :fasciole . ex.cept the posterior zone of the 

anterior p ired . petals. A pi cal fasciole V -shaped behind, 'side parallel in :front, crossing the anterior ambulacrum , ear the ·:front end. Peristome large, lunate; 

strong po,terior lip. Periproct not preserved. 

Length (posterior end broken) about 80 mm; width 

10 mm; hetght 49 mm. 

Occurrenle.-South Carolina: The Grove, Cooper River (fide 

McCrady). intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County 

1 to 1% mil s southwest of bridge on US 17 near Nixons Cross-

-roads, about 15 miles northeast of Myrtle Beach (USGS 18759, 

L. C. Glenn) I ' 

Geologic 1[ it.-Probably late Miocene 

Type.-U known. Figured specimen USNM 562468 from 

USGS 18759 

Family UNIFASCIIDAE, new family 

Apical ~stem ethomolytic, four genital pores. Anterior a~bulacrum not petaliferous. Petals long; an 

terior pai I very widely diverging; pores slightly elon· 

gated. A arginal :fasciole; no other :fascioles. 

This ne :family i~ proposed to receive the new genus 

Unifasoia, which seems to fit into none of the established 

families. 

Genus UNIFASCIA Cooke, new genus 

Type sp~cies, M aoropneustes oarolinensis Clark. This 

species, de · cri bed. more :fully herein, resembles M aero-: 

pneustes i 1 many :features but lacks a sribanal fasciole 

and a peri~etalous :fasciole. Instead it has a rather wide 

marginal rsciole, which lies well beyond the ends o:f 

the petals nd is not at' all indented. The four genital 

pores are :farther apart than those o:f 11! aoropnf!IJ,8tes 

rn.~ortoni, a d the madreporite seems not to extend so :far 

back. . ThE primary tubercles are not confined within 

the :fasciolF but cover nearly the whole test. 

The poferior petals of Unifasoia o.aroUnensis are 

much less l~ idely spreading than those o:f M muritanaster 

gentili L~mbert as figured by Lambert (Mortensen, 

1951, p. 5~1, fig. 276), and that. speCies is said to lack 

fascioles. llt also is much lower. . 

Unifas9a does l).Ot fit into any of the families recognized in Mortensen's Monograph of the Echinoidea. 

The lank, widely spreading petals suggest Linthia, 

but the :fa~ciole is quite different, the genital pores are 
80 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

farther apart, and the anterior ambulacrum is less depressed. · 

Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) 

Plate 34, figures 7-13 

M acropneustes carolinensiB Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54,p.154,pl.71,figs.5a-d. 

Mauritamaster carolinensis (Clark). Lambert and Thiery, 

1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p. 493. 

Macrop.neuste8 carolinensi8 Clark. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. t6, no. 1, p. 51. 

Test hemispherical. Horizontal outline oval, truncated in front and behind. Upper surface strongly 

swollen, highest behind the apical system, flattened in 

front. Margin broadly rounded. Lower surface gently 

convex. Apical system at the anterior third; four gen-· 

ital pores, rather far apart; ethmolytic, the madreporite 

extending between the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum flattened or slightly depressed; not petaloid; pore 

pairs oblique, far apart. . Petals long, straight, moderately sunken; anterior pair the longer, diverging at an 

angle of 138°; posterior pair diverging at an angle of 

40°; pores oval or slightly elongated, conjugate; interporiferous zones as wide as the poriferous, not expanding medially. Peristome semilumite, labrum prominent. 

Periproct oval, higher than wide, vertical, near midheight at the top of a ·flattened area. Tubercles per-

, forated, crenulated, widely distributed. Marginal fasciole rather wide, circular, passing just above the peri- · 

proct and below the ends of the petals. No other fas~ 

cioles. 

Length of type 28 mm; width 27.4 mm; height 22 mm. 

Length of largest figured specimen 38 mm; width 37.7 

mm; height 27.5 mm. 

o'ocurrence.--'-North Carolina: Wilmington (type, USGS 3602, 

Frank Burns). J. A. Stokes' farm 2 miles north of creek near 

Maple Cypress, Craven County (USGS 8165, J. A. Cushman). 

Southern Drainage Canal about 9 miles northwest of Vanceboro, Pitt County (USGS 11810, W. C. Mansfield). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Eocene, Castle Hayne limestone. 

Type.-USNM 164651. Figured specimens, USNM 562447, 

from USGS 8165; USNM 562448, from USGS 11810. 

Family S·PATANGIDAE 

Genus SPATANGUS Gray 

Spatangus Klein. Gray, 1825, Annals <>f Philosophy., v. 10, p. 

430. 

Spatanpus Klein. A · Agassiz, 1873, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 564. 

Prospatangus Lambert. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 459. 

Spatangus Miiller. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. 

(Los Angeles) Pub. Math. and Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 131. · 

Spatangu8 Gray. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. p, pt. 2, p. 6. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Spatangus purpureus Muller, by monotypy. Genus validated as of Gray 1852 by Opinion 209 

of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Spatangus purpureus, as figured by A. 

Agassiz (pl. 34, figs. 3, 4) is heart shaped, with long 

closed paired petals. The anterior poriferous zone of 

the anterior pair is rudimentary near the apex but 

normal distally. The species has a complete subanal 

fasciole but lacks other fascioles. It inhabits the 

· eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Spatangus glenni Cooke, n. sp. 

Pia te 35, figures 1-5 

Horizontal· outline obovate, with a shallow frontal 

notch; upper surface strongly inflated, ge!1iculate in 

front, sloping evenly behind; lower surface flattish; 

margin subacute. Apical system slightly anterior, not 

preserved. Anterior ambulacrum not at all petaloid. 

Paired petals irregularly lanceolate, nearly closed distally ; p~res circular; proximal h~lf of anterior poriferous zone of anterior petals rudimentary; interporiferous zones much wider than poriferous zones. Peristome 

at the anterior third, lunate, with a high, prominent 

labrum. Periproct transversely oval, terminal, not 

visible from above, visible from below, at the top of a 

concave depression. Subanol f~sciole canoe shaped, 

wider than high ; no other fascioles apparent. Floscelle 

having a single row of pores on each side. Large scrobiculate tubercles on apical part of interambulacra; 

tubercles elsewhere small. 

Length 108 mm; width about 101 mm; height 58 mm. 

Ocourrence.-South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal 

in Horry County 1 to 1% miles southwest of the bridge on 

US 17 near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northeast of 

Myrtle Beach (USGS 18759, L. c. Glenn). 

Geologic unit.-Probably late Miocene. 

Type and two patatype:s.-USNM 562499. 

Remarks.-This species is known only from the type and two 

paratypes, all imperfect. Its interporiferous zones are much 

wider than those of Spatangus purpureus as figured by A. Agassiz (1873, pl. 34, fig. 3). The specific name commem_?rates the 

late Prof. L. G. Glenn of Vanderbilt University. 

Genus :MARETIA Gray 

Spatangu8 (Maretia) Gray, 1855, Catalogue of the Recent 

Echidna, p. 48. 

Hemipatagus Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 416. 

Type species Spatangus hof{mann.i Goldfuss. 

Maretia Gray. A. Agassiz, 1874, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 3, p·. 568. 

Hemipatagus Desor . . Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 29. 

Maretia Gray. Cotteau, 1885, Paleontologie franc;;aise, Terrain 

tertiaire, ser.l, t.l, p. 24. 

Hemipatagus Desor. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 456. 
BRISSIDAE 81 

Hemipatagus Desor. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no.l, p. 52. 

Maretia Gray. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 5, no. 2, p. 21. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, S patangus planulatus Lamarck, by 

monotypy. This species, living in the Indo-Pacific 

region, has been figured by Morte;nsen (1951, p. 27, pl. 

4, figs. 1-5,10, 11; pl. 5, figs. 3-17). It has large, per-

~orated tubercles on the upper surface in the paired 

Interambulacra but none in the posterior interambulacrum. It has a subanal fasciole but no others. 

, A difference possibly validating H emipatagus as a 

subgenus is that large tubercles are confined to the anterior half of the paired interambulacra. This seem~ to be usual in the Eocene species. 

Maretia arguta (Clark) 

Plate · 34, figures 1-4 

Hemipatagus argutus Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 

p. 150, pl. 69, figs. la-d. 

Hemi.patagus argutus Clark. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 16, no. 1, p. 52. 

Horizontal outline angularly cordate, emarginate in 

front, _truncated behind and on the anteriolateral and 

posterolateral margins; widest in front of the center; 

upper surface rather low, highest behind, rostrate behind; margin subacute; lower surface nearly flat. 

Apical system at the anterior third; four genital pores; 

apparently ethmolytic. Anterior ambulacrum not 

petaloid, slightly depressed, forming a wide V-shaped 

emargination in front. Paired petals straight, rather 

short, extending little more than halfway to the margin; 

anterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 

150°; posterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 40° ; pores oval; interporiferous zones nearly 

equal to the poriferous zones, tapering slightly at each 

end. Peristome farther forward than the apical system, 

transverse, ends rounded, labrum prominent. Periproct 

terminal, transversely oval, vertical. Subanal £asciole 

nearly obliterated. Large scrobiculate tubercles confined to the anterior interambulacra and the anterior 

half of the posterior paired interambulacra on the upper 

surface; smaller tubercles on the lower surface. 

Length of type 28 mm; width 27.5 mm; height 13.3 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Mississippi : Chickasawhay River at Ente·rprise (type, USGS 2629, Frank Burns). Rose Hill road 8 miles 

west of Enterprise (USGS 2621, Frank Burns). North of mile 

post 20, New Orleans & Northeastern Railway, 1 mile north 

of Wautubbee, Clarke County (USGS 6479, E. N. Lowe and 

C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Early middle Eocene, Winona sand. 

Type.-USNM 141107, from USGS 2629. 

][aretia subrostrata (Clark) 

Plate 34, figures 5, 6 

Hemipratag,us subrostratus Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

54, p. 151, pl. 69, figs. 2a-b. 

Hemipatagus s,ubrostratus Clark. Cool\:e, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 53. -

The type of this species is very similar to that of M. 

arguta, and the differences may be merely individual 

variations. It is slightly larger, its horizontal outline 

is more rounded, less angular, and its posterolateral 

margins are less compressed. Though it probably will 

prove to be a synonym of M. arguta, M. subrostr(J)ta is 

tentatively kept separate because there are recognizable 

differences between the types and because they occupy 

slightly different horizons, M. subrostrata being the 

younger, though both are middle Eocene. 

Length of type 32.2 mm; width 28.7 mm; height 14.9 

mm. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: Wilmington (type, USGS 3602, 

Frank Burns; county rock quarry, USNM 166516, L. W. 

Stephenson.) 

Geologic unit.-Late middle Eocene, Castle Hayne limestone 

or Santee limestone. 

Type.-USNM 164652. Figured specimen, USNM 166516. 

Comparison.-M aretia subrostrata appears to be very similar to Maretia desmoulinsi (Cotteau) as figured by Cotteau 

(1885, p.'26, pl. 2, figs.1-6). 

Family BRISSIDAE 

Genus Brissus Gray 

Brissus Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy, ser. 2, v. 10, p. 431. 

Brissus Aristotle, Klein. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides 

fossilies, p. 403. ' 

Brissus Klein. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 356. 

Brissus Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 47. 

Brissus Gray, Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, 

v. 5, pt. 2, p. 505. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Spatangus brissus var. unicolor Leske 

( 1778), designation validated by Opinion 209 of the 

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 

Characteristic features are an ethomlytic, anterior 

apical system with four genital pores; wide-spreading 

anterior paired petals; a sinuous peripetalous fasciole 

and a reniform subanal fasciole. 

Brissus unicolor (Leske) 

Plate 36, figures 1-4 

Spatangus brissus var. unicolor Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis 

dispositio ,echinodermatum, p. 248, pl. 26, figs. B, C. 

Brissus unicolor (Leske). Gray, 1825, Annals of Philosophy,' 

ser. 2, v. 10, p. 431. 

Brissus unicolor (Leske). A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College 

Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pp. 97, 357, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2; 

pl. 37, fig. 19. 
/ 

82 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATE S, 

Brissus unicolor (Leske). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 

16, no.1, p. 47. 

Brissus unioolor (Leske). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 509, pl. 38, fig. 10. Includes additional synonymy. 

Horizontal outline obovate; upper surface moder~ 

ately inflated; margin rounded; lower surface gently 

convex. Apical system at the anterior third; four 

genital pores ; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending 

between the posterior ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum flush; pores far apart. Anterior paired petals 

nearly in a straight line, slightly curved forward, extending three~fourths of the width. Posterior· petals 

straight, somewhat longer, diverging at an angle of 

40°; pores oval; interporiferous zones narrow. Peristome semilunate, at the anterior third, weakly lipped. 

Periproct longer than wide; well up on the posterior 

end. Peripetalous fasciole sinuous; subanal fasciole 

reniform. Tubercles perforated. 

.Length of figured specimen 25 mm; width 19.7 mm; 

height 13 mm. Another specimen from the same place, 

measures 32.7 mm by 25 mm by 17 mm. 

Occurrence.-Southern Florida, tropical Atlantic~ and Mediterranean (Clark) . 

South Carolina : Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry 

1 County 1 to 1lh miles southwest of the bridge on US 17 near 

Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northeast of Myrtle Beach 

(USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn). 

Geologic unit.-Pleistocene to Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562450, Cayo la Vela, Cuba, (R. E. 

Dickerson) . 

Brissus glenni Cooke, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figures 5, 6 I 

Test large, deformed by pressure, lower surface wanting.. Apical system anterior; four genital pores close 

together ; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending far 

behind the ' posterior ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum flush or slightly depressed, pore pairs longitudinal. Paired petals depressed, the depression increased 

by distortion ; anterior pair nearly in line, slightly 

curved forward; posterior pair longer, slightly diverging, bent outward beyond the midlength; pores circular, conjugate; interporiferous zones narrow. Peripetalous fasciole deeply reentrant. , 

Length (shortened by compression) 108 mm; width 

(incomplete) 57 mm; height (incomplete) 54 mm. 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Intracoastal Waterway canal 

in Horry . County 1 to 1lh miles southwest of the bridge on 

US 17 near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northe~st of 

Myrtle Beach (USGS 18759, L. C. Glenn). 

Geologic unit.-Probably late Miocene. 

Type.-USNM 562451. 

Remarks.-This species, known only from the deformed, 

broken type is much larger than Brissus unicolor from the 

American region, and the peripetalous fasciole is more deeply 

reentrant. It is named in memory of Prof. L. C. Glenn, the 

collector. 

Genus MACROPNEUSTES Agassiz 

Macropneustes Agassiz in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Annales sci. 

nat. (zoologie), ser. 3, v. 8, p. 9 (reprint, Catalogue raisonne, 

p.114). 

Meoma Gray, 1851, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 2, v. 7, 

p.131. 

Macropneustes Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fos-

, sUes, p. 409. 

Meoma Gray. Desor, 1858 Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 423. 

Rhyssor7Jrissus A. Agassiz, 1863, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull. v. 1; p. 27. 

H emibrisuss Pomel, 1869, Revue des echinodermes, p. 13. Typn 

species, Spatangus ventricosus Lamarck. 

Brissus (Meoma) Gray. A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mut1 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p.142, ~8. 

Macropneustes Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodiquo 

et genera des echinides, p. 32. 

Meoma Gray. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera 

des echinides, p. 35. 

Not M acropneustes Agassiz. Duncan and Sladen, 1884, Palaeon· 

tologia Indica, ser. 14, v. 1, pt. 3, p. 229. 

Macropneustes Agassiz. Cotteau, 1886, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser.1, v.1, p.140. · 

Flupatagus ( M acropneustes) Agassiz (part). Duncan, 1889 

Linnean Soc. London Jour., Zoology, v. 23, p. 255. 

Macropneustes Agassiz. Egozcue y Cia, 1897, Comision del 

Mapa Geol6gico de Espana Bol., v. 22, p. 89. 

M eoma Gray. H. L. Clark, 1917, ~arvard College Mus. Comp. · 

Zoology Mem., v. 47, no. 2, p. 220. 

Macropneustes Agassiz. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 84. 

Macropneustes' Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p._ 493. ' 

Meoma Gray. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, idem, p. 495. 

M acropneustes Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California 

Univ. (Los Angeles) Pub. Math. and Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 127. 

Meoma Gray. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, idem, p.130. 

Meoma Gray. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16. no. 1, 

p.47. 

MaC?'O[Jneustes Agassiz. Cooke, .Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, 

p.50. 

M acropneustes Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 450. Includes additional synonymy. 

Meoma Gray. Mortensen, 1951, idem, p. 524. 

Type species, M aeropneustes deshayesii Agassiz (first 

na~ed without description under Mieraster), from the 

Eocene of the Paris Basin, designated by Jackson ( 1922, 

p. 84). This species has been figured by Desor ( 1858, 

pl. 44, figs. 2, 3) by Cotteau (1886, p. 141, pis. 31-33), 

and by Mortensen (1951, fig. 221 after Cotteau). 

Cotteau's figures show a broad, heart-shaped test 

with a nearly central apical system; weak frontal depression extending to the peristome; long, widely 

spreading slightly depressed paired petals; an elliptical 

periproct higher than wide; a nearly circular peripetalous fasciole; and a bilobed or reniform subanal fasciole. 
BRISSIDAE 83 

As here interpreted, the genus shows a good deal o£ 

variation in the depth o£ the ambulacral depressions. 

Middle Eocene species usually have a conspicuous anterior d~pression and moderately depressed petals, 

whereas In late Eocene species they tend to be almost 

flush. 

Peripneustes Cotteau (1875, p. 38), type species P. 

clevei Cotteau, here designated, is usually considered a 

synonym o£ M acropneustes but may be ·different. Its 

apical system is £arther £orward, its anterior ambulacrum and paired p~tals are deeply depressed, its peripetalous £asciole is strongly reentrant; and its large tubercles are confined within the £asciole. Cotteau's figured specimen o£ Peripneustes antillarum Cotteau, 

£rom Cuba, probably represents the same species asP. 

alevei, £rom the Miocene o£ Anguilla. Cotteau's specimen o£ P. antillarum £rom the Eocene o£ the St. Bartholomew limestone o£ the West Indies, figured by 

Jackson (1922, pl. 15, fig. 1) under Macropneus'tes, has 

been renamed Sahizobrissus jacksoni Lambert (Sanchez Roig, 1926, p. 121). Lambert ( 1922, p. 590) transfers Peripneustes clevei to Schizobrissus. 

There seem to be no generic distinctions between the 

Eocene M acropneustes deshayesii and the two Recent 

species heretofore re£erred to M eoma, namely M eoma 

grandis Gray (the type species) £rom the Pacific Ocean 

and Spatan:gus ventricosus Lamarck £rom the Atlantic. 

llacropneustes mortoni (Conrad) 

Plate 37, figures 5-9 

Holaster mortoni Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

ser.2,v.2,p.40,pl.l,:fig.10. 

Maoropneustes cubensis Cotteau, 1875, K. vetensk-akad. Handl., 

v.13, no. 6, p. 6. 

Macropneustes cubensis Cotteau. Cotteau, 1876, Soc. geol. 

France Bull, ser. 3, v. 5, p. 130. 

Macropneustes cubensis Cotteau. Cotteau, 1881, Soc. geol. 

Belgique Annales, v. 9, p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 7. 

Macropneustes cubensis Cotteau. Egozcue y Cia, 1897, Com. 

mapa geol. Espana Bol., v. 22, p. 91, pl. 23, figs. 1-4; pl. 25, 

fig. 7. 

Asterostoma castroi Egozcue, 1897, idem, p. 92. MS name cited 

and identified as M. cubensis. 

M acropneustes mortoni (Conrad). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U.S. Geol Survey Mon. 54, p. 155, pl. 72, figs. la-d. 

Eupatagus cubensis (Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, p. 94. 

M auritanaster cubensis ( Cotteau). Lambert in Sanchez Roig, 

i923, Soc. cubana historia nat. "Felipe Poey" Mem., v. 5, 

no. 1, p. 44 ( 1924, reprint, p. 42). 

Antillaster castroi ( Egozcue) . Lambert in Sanchez Roig 1923 

Soc. cubana historia nat. "Felipe Poey" Mem., v. 5, n~. 1, p: 

44 (1924, reprint, p. 42). 

Trachypatagus castroi ( Egozcue). Lambert in Sanchez Roig, 

1923, Soc. cubana historia nat. "Felipe 'Poey" Mem., v. 5, 

no.l, p. 48 (reprint, p. 46). 

Antillaster castroi ( Egozcue). Sanchez Roig, 1923, Soc. cubana 

historia nat. "Felipe Poey" Mem., v. 5, no. 1, p. 35 (reprint, 

p. 33). 

Mauritanaster cubensis\ (Cotteau). Sanchez Roig, 1923, Soc. 

cubana historia nat. "Felipe Poey" Mem., v. 5, no. 1, p. 38 

( 1924, reprint, p. 36). 

M acropneustes mortoni (Conrad). Cooke, 1926, Alabama Geol. 

Survey Special Rept. 14, pl. 96, :figs. la-b. 

Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontol~gy, v. 16, no. 1, p. 51. -

Test thin. Horizontal outline broadly oval, flattened 

or very slightly emarginate in £ront. Upper sur£ ace 

swollen, evenly rounded. Margin broadly rounded. 

Lower sur£ace flattish, depressed around the peristome. 

Apical system at the anterior third; 4 genital pores, 

close together; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending 

£ar behind the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum not 

petaloid, slightly depressed, plainly depressed near the 

peristome .. Petals flush or slightly depressed, straight, 

long, extendi~g nearly to the margin, open distally; 

~nner pores circular, outer po_res oval, pores conjugate; 

Interpori£erous zones equal in width to the pod£erous 

zones, not expanding medially.· Peristome lunate, with 

a prominent posterior lip; at the anterior third. Periproct large, broadly oval, erect, higher than wide, about 

midheight, at1the top o£ a slight depression. Peripetalous £asciole narrow, circ;ular in £ront, straight or offset 

behind, zig-zag on the sides. Subanal £asciole breadly 

U-shaped. Large tubercles crenulate, perforated, not 

confined within t~e fascioles. , 

.Length of figured specimen £rom USGS 7121 78 mm; 

width (broken) more than 68 mm; height about 48 mm. 

Occurrence.-Georgia: Palmyra, Lee County (type, (ide Conrad). Powerplant .on K.inchafoonee Creek north of Albany 

(USGS 7121, C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly; USGS 10507, 

C. W. Cooke and T. M. Prettyman). Just above bridge of 

Albany Northern Railway over Muckafoonee Creek near Albany 

(USGS 3617, T. W. Vaughan). East side Flint River at powerplant above Albany (USGS 12021, C. W. Cooke and W. H. Monroe). East bank of Flint River at mouth of creek in the 

northeastern corner of Dougherty County (USGS 7235, C. W. 

Cooke). 

Alabama : Claiborne road west of Double Branches, 2.1h 

miles west of Monroeville (USGS 6730, C. W. Cooke). Creek 

at road in SW14 sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 6 E., 1% miles southwest 

of Perdue Hill, Monroe County (USGS 10043, C. W. Cooke 

and Julia Gardner; USGS 15064, F. S. MacNeil). Near middle 

of E % sec. 34, T. 8 N., R., 3 E., 5 miles southwest of Whatley, 

Clarke County (USGS 7159, C. W. Cooke). · Fail Post Office, 

Choctaw County (USGS 2864, Charles Schuchert). Little Stave 

Creek, sees. 20, 21, T. 7 N., R. 2 E., Cla:rke County (Alabama 

Geol. Survey, Winnie McGlamery). St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River (Alabama Geol. Survey). Frankville, Washington County (Alabama GeoL Survey). 

Florida: State park near Marianna (Florida Geol. Survey I-3957, Herman Gunter and Clarence Simpson) . . 

Cuba: San Martin, Matanzas (type of M. cubensis, fide 

Cotteau). Finca Cervantes, San Jose de las Lajas (USNM 

352862, 352867, Mario . Sanchez Roig). 
84 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Geologic unit.-Late -Eocene, Ocala limestone in Georgia, 

Florida, and Alabama. / 

Figured speci?nens.-VSNM 562452, from USGS 7121; USNM 

372898, from USGS 7159. 

.Remarks.-One of the specimens from Cuba was labelled 

1M awritanaster oubensis (Cot tea u) , the other, from the same 

locality, Antillaster castroi (Egozcue). Asterostoma castroi 

was a manuscript name applied by Egozcue to a specimen, later 

identified by Cotteau as Macropneustes cubensis, mentioned by 

Egozcue (1897, p. 92) in his Spanish translation of Cotteau's 

(1881) "Echinides fossiles de l'ile de Cuba." The specimen 

was figured by Egozcue (1897, pl. 23) under the name Macropneustes cubensis· Cotteau. 

Macropneust~s ventricosus (Lamarck) 

Plate 37, figures 1-4 

Spatangus ventricosus Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des 

animaux sans vertebres, v. 3, p. 29. 

Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck). Liitken, 1864, Naturh. Forening Kjobenhavn, vidensk. Meddelelser, 1863, ser. 2, v. 6, 

p.120. -

Brissus (Meoma) ventricosus (La,marck). A. Agassiz, - 1872, 

1874, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p.143, 

358, 603, pl. 20, fig. 8; pl. 22, figs. 3, 4; pl. 26, figs. 31-34; pl. 

38, figs. 24, 25. 

M.eoma ventr.icosla (Lamarck). Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.16, no.1, p. 48. 

Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 529, pl. 36, fig. 1; pl. 52, 

figs. 1, 6, 15. Includes additional synonymy. 

Test large, attaining a length of 188 mm, width 158 

mm, height 100 mm; horizontal outline oval; upper surface moderately inflated; margin broadly rounded; 

lower surface gently convex; posterior truncation 

slightly overhanging. Apical system slightly anterior; 

four genital por~s close together; ethmolytic, the madreporite extending beyond the posterior ocular plates. 

Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid, slightly depressed, 

the depression extending to the peristome ; pore pairs 

very small and far ~part. Petals slightly depressed, 

long, nearly equal in length; anterior pair slightly bent 

forward at the outer end, diverging at an angle of 135°; 

posterior pair straight, diverging at an angle of 55°. 

Peristome at the anterior fourth, reniform, large, covered by movable plates. Periproct higher than wide, 

large, at the top of the posterior truncation, not visible 

from above. Peripetalous fasciole very sinuous; subanal fasciole reniform, upper part obscure. Tubercles 

perforated, crenulated, of· various sizes; intermediate 

spaces granulated. 

Length of. figured specimen, 56 mm; width 46 mm; 

height 32 mm. 

Occurrence._.Southern Florida, the Bahamas, and the West 

Indies. 

Geologio ooit.-Recent. 

Figured specimen USNM E 1034, from Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 

Genus BRISSOPSIS Aga.ssiz 

Brissapsis Agassiz, 1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum 

Echinodermatum, p. 3, 16. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinides (reprint), p. 120. 

Kleinia Gray, 1851, Annals and Mag. Natural History, ser. 2, 

v. 7, p. 133. Type species, KZeinia luzo-nica Gray, by monotypy. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Wright, 1855, Annals and Mag. Nat. History,ser.2,v.15,p.187. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. _ Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 378. 

To:cobrissus Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 399. 

Type species, Brissopsis crescenticus Wright, designated by 

Pomel (1883, p. 34). 

Brissopsis Agassiz. A. Agassiz, 1872-74, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 95, 354, 593. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk-akad 

Handl., v. 13, no. 6, p. 36. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 34. 

To:cobrissus Desor. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 34. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Duncan and Sladen, Palaeontologia Indica, 

ser.14,v.1,pt.3,p.202. 

Brissop·sis Agassiz. Cotteau, 1886, Paleontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 130, 182. 

Brissopsis (Brissoma) Pomel, 1887, Algeria, Service de la 

carte geol., Zoophytes, fasc. 2, liv. 2, p. 41. Type species, 

Brissopsis duciei Wright, designated by Lambert and Thiery 

( 1924, p. 488) . 

Brissopsis Agassiz and Desor. · H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 199. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p. 489. 

Brissoma Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 7' p. 287. 

8rissopsis (Kleinia) Gray. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomen· 

clature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 1, p. 490. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, Am. Midland 

Naturalist, v.19, no. 2, p. 482. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ. 

(Los Angeles) Pub. Math. Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 126. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, 

p. 48. 

Brissopsis Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 371. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Brissopsis elegans Agassiz ( 1840, p. 3), 

from the late Eocene of France, by monotypy. The 

description of the genus (Agassiz, 1840, p. 16) validates 

this species as of 1840 (International Commission on 

Zoological N omenelature, Opinion 46). As described 

and figured by Cotteau ( 1886, p. 184, pls. 52, 53) , this 

species has a central ethrriolytic system with four genital 

pores; flexuous sunken petals with slightly elongated 

pores, the anterior pair widely spreading, the posterior 

pair near together; an indented peripetalous fasciole 

and a heart-shaped subanal fasciole. The pores of the 

anterior petal are separated by a bead. 
BRISSIDAE 85 

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen 

Plate 38, figures 19-22 

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen, 1907, Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 

pt. 2, Echinoidea, p. 160, pl. 3, :figs. 6, 10, 17 ; pl. 18, figs. 5, 9, 

10, 13, 19, 20, 24 ; pl. 19, figs. 1, 4, 5, 11, 25, 28, 32, 33. 

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen. Cooke 1943, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. -16, no. 1, p. 49. 

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of 

the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 415, pl. 31, fig. 11; pl. 59, fig. 7. 

Includes additional synonymy. 

The name Brissopsis atlantica was applied to a species 

inhabiting-the western part of the Atlantic that had 

previously been included in Brissopsis lyrifera 

(Forbes), a European species. Inasmuch as both supposed species seem to be very variable and as the ranges 

overlap in the Mediterranean, it seems probable that 

the differences between B. lyrifera and B. atlantioa are 

merely varietal. 

The specimen figured here, from the Atlantic off 

North Carolina, was originally labelled Brissopsis lyrifera. Later the identification was changed to BrissopBis atlantica, presumably by A. H. Clark. 

Occurrence.-According to Mortensen (1951, p. 419) 

H* * * the typical atlantica is known with certainty only from 

the West Indian seas, while the var. mediterranea is known, 

besides from the Mediterranean, from the Atlantic off the N. W. 

African, the Gulf of Guinea, and the N. American coasts." 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Figured specimen.-USNM 562453 (station 2600, U. S. Fish 

Commission, Steamer Albatross, 1885). 

Brisso]Jsis steinhatchee Cooke 

Plate 38, figures 9-13 

Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, 

no. 1, p. 49, pl. 5, figH. 29-32. 

Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke, 1945, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 

29, p. 61, :fig. 6, no. 4 (after Cooke, 1942). 

Horizontal outline suboval, emarginate in front, 

truncate behind; upper surface flattish, sloping gently 

forward, with depressed petals and anterior ambulacrum; margin broadly rounded; lower surface gently 

convex, somewhat rostrate behind. Apical system near 

the anterior third; ethmolytic; four genital pores. Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid, depressed throughout 

but nearly flush near the peristome. Petals sunken, 

extending about halfway to the margin; anterior pair 

straight, diverging at an angle of approximately 130°; 

posterior pair the longer, curving outward to an angle 

of approximately 40°; both sunken in a single depression ; pores elongate··oval; interporiferous zones nearly 

as wide as the poriferous; inner poriferous zones narrowing and becoming obsolete near the apex. Peristome curved, with rounded ends and a posterior lip. 

Periproct large, vertical, higher than wide. Peripetalous and subanal fascioles very obscure because of an 

incrustation of calcite. 

Length of holotype 51 mm; width 42 mm; height 

about 23 mm. Length of figured para type 38 mm; 

width 32 mm; height 19.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Pit near Steinhatchee River on U. S. 

19 opposite Clara, in Dixie County (USGS 14541, C. W. Cooke 

and W. D. Havens; USGS 12747, W. C. Mansfield and G. M. 

Ponton; USGS 14158, W. C. Mansfield and C. W. Mumm). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Types.-USNM 498987; type and paratype, from USGS 14541. , 

Brissopsis biarritzensis Cotteau 

Plate 38, :figures 14-18 

Brissopsis biarritzensis C9tteau, 1884, Annales des sci. geol. v. 

16,art. 2,p.30. ' 

Brissopsis biarritzensis Cotteau. Cotteau, 1886, Paleontologie 

fran~aise, Terrain tertiaire, se'r.1, v. 1, p. 193, pis. 56; 57; 58, 

:figs.1-3. 

Horizontal outline subovate, emarginate in front; 

upper surface flattish, higher behind, sloping gently 

forward; lower surface moderately convex, sub rostrate 

behind; margin broadly rounded. Apical system nearly 

central, ethmolytic; four genital pores, the anterior pair 

much the closer. Anterior ambulacrum depressed, less 

so near the peristome. Petals rather short, extending 

about halfway to the margin, nearly equal in length, 

slightly flexuous; anterior pair nearly at right angles, 

posterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 

38° ; pores elongated; interporiferous zones narrower 

than poriferous.; inner poriferous zones diminishing 

in width near the apex. Peristome near the anterior 

fourth, transverse, rounded ends, provided with a 

prominent lip. Periproct terminal, vertical, higher than 

wide. Peripetalous fasciole reentrant in lateral interambulacra; subanal fasciol~ heart shaped. Upper surface granulated; tubercles on lower surface moderately 

large ; ambulacra bare. 

Length 24.6 mm; width 21 mm; height 13.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-France: Lou Cout, Villa Eugenie near Biarritz 

(fide Cotteau). 

Alabama: NE14 SE14 sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Monroe 

County (USNM 562454, J. B. Ivey). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone in Alabama. 

Figured specimens.-USNM 562454, · from Monroe County, 

Ala. 

Remarks.-There seem to be no distinguishing features between this European species as figuredby Cotteau and the specimens from Alabama. The most conspicuous difference between 

them and Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke is the less spreading 

anterior paired petals of the Alabama specimens. 

Brissopsis blanpiedi Grant and Hertlein 

Pia te 38, :figures 1-8 

Brissop·sis blanpiedi Grant and Hertlein, 1938, Am. Midland 

Naturalist, v.19, no. 2, p. 482, text figs. 5, 6, 8-10. 

I 
/ 

86 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Brissopsis blanpiedi Grant and. Hertlein. Cooke, 1942, Jou.r. 

Pa~eontology, v.16, no.1, pl. 5, figs. 23-28. 

Test cordate, higher behind than in front; upper surface inflated; lower surface slightly convex, arched 

posteriorly. Apical system slightly in front of the center; four close-set genital pores; madreporite between 

and behind the posterior pair of pores; ;petals sunken, 

slightly curved outward; anterior pair diverging at an 

angle of 85 °, extending about two-thirds the distance 

to the ambitus, a little longer than the posterior pair, 

which extend about halfway to the ambitus and diverge 

at an angle of 37°. Pores of paired petals large, oval, 

conjugate, those nearest the longitudinal axis obsolescent near the apical center; poriferous zones wider than 

the interpori:ferous zones. Anterior ambulacrum in a 

deep furrow, which deeply indents the margin but becomes obsolete near the peristome; pores small. 

Peristome large, oval, with a posterior lip; at the anterior fourth. Periproct large, round, at the top of a 

truncation, which slopes steeply _backward, partly covered with plates. , · 

Length of figured specimen 33 mm; width 25.3 mm; 

height 16 mm. 

Occurrence.-Mississippi : Gully about 200 yards east of highway 35 on Glaze farm ':14 mile west of Lemon and about 9 miles 

north of Raleigh, Smith County (USGS 13435, L. W. Stephenson and C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Middle Oligocene, near bottom of the Glendon 

limestone member of the Byram formation. 

Types.-California Acad. Sci. 7171-7173. Figured topotypes, 

USNM 498998. 

Genus PLAGIOBRISSUS Pomel 

Brissus (Plagionotus) Agassiz in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonnee des echinodermes [reprint] p. 119. Not 

Plagionotus Mulsant, 1842. ' 

Plagionotus Agassiz. ,Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-akad 

Handl., v.13, no. 6, p. 41. 

Plagiobrissus Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et genera 

. des echinides, p. 29. 

Plagiobrlssus Pomel. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 207. 1 

Plagiobrissus Pomel. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 83. 

Plagiobrissus Pomel. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature 

raisonnee (les echinides, fasc. 7, p. 495. 

Euptatagus (Plagiobrissus) Pomel. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 54. 

Plagiobrissus Pomel. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 494. 

' Type species, S patangu.s pectoralis Lamarck= E chin us 

grandis 'Gmelin, by original designation. This species 

differs from Eupr;ttagu.s V'alenciennesii in the shape of its 

petals, which are long, narrow, and somewhat flexuous, 

whereas those of Eupatagu.s s. s. are broadly lanceolate. 

Like Eupatagu.s, it has a peripetalous and a subanal 

fasciole, but it has also a broad U-shaped anal fasciole 

adjoining the subanal fasciole. Another structural feature is the long plastron connected with the short labrum, contrasting with the V-shaped plastron and long, 

narrow labrum of Eupatagus. 

Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin) 

_) Plate 39, figures 1, 2; plate 40, figure 6 ( 

Echinus grandis Gmelin, 1791, Linne, Systema naturae, v. 1, pt. 

6, p. 3200. 

Spatangus pectoralis Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des 

annimaux sans ver~bres, v . . 3, p. 29. 

Brissus (Plagionotus) pectoralis (Lamarck). Agassiz and 

Desor, 1847, Catalogue raisonne des echinodermes (reprint), Jp. 119, pl. 16, fig. 15. 

Eupatagus joectoralis (Lamarck). D'Archiac and Haime, 1853, 

Description des animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique 

de l'lnde, p. 217. 

Metalia pectoralis (Lamarck). A. Agassiz, 1872, 1874, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 144, 600, pl. 21, 

figs. 4, 5;, 

Plagiobriss1JS pectoralis (Lamarck). Pomel, 1883, Classification mHhodique et genera des echinides, p. 30. 

Plagiobris81t-S grand is ( Gmelin). H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard 

College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 207, pl. 

146, figs. 21, 22. 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) grandis (Gmelin). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no. 1, p. 54. 

Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph 

of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, pls. 40; 41 ; 43, figs. 13, 16. 

lnclude:s additional synonymy. 

Test very large; horizontal outline suboval, truncated 

and somewhat emarginate in front; upper surface flaton top, steeply sloping at each end; lower surface gently 

convex; :margin acutely rounded~ Apical system 

slightly anterior; proportionately small; four genital 

pores; strongly ethmolytic, the n;Iadreporite extending 

far beyond the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum 

narrow, depressed; plates nearly equilateral; pore pairs 

small, longitudinal. Petals narrow, somewhat flexuous, 

depressed, extending more than two-thirds the way to 

the margin; anterior pair diverging at an angle of 

100°, posterior pair, 37°; pores circular, strongly . conjugate; interporiferous zones the narrower. Ambulacra on lower surface very narrow; posterior pair nearly 

parallel. Peristome at the anterior quarter, semilunate; 

floscelle conspicuous. Paired interambulacra excluded 

from the peristome. Periproct submarginal, sloping upward and backward, not visible from above; longer than 

wide. Escutcheon semilunate, concave behind~ surrounded by a wide subanal fasciole. Anal fasciole 

broadly U-shaped, wider than high, branches extending 

about even with the upper end of the periproct. Peripetalous fasciole narrow, nearly ova:l. Tubercles of paired 

interambulacra large, perforated; confined within the 

peripetalous fasciole. Tubercles of posterior interambulacrum somewhat smaller, confined to median region 
BRISSIDAE 87 

but extending beyond the fasciole almost to the posteriorend. 

Length of figured specimen 235 mm; width 180 mm; 

height 67 mm. 

Occurrence.-West Indian region, from Florida and the Bahamas to Bahia on the Brazilian coast (Mortensen, 1951, p. 498). 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Figured speoimen.-USNM 19295, from the Bahamas. 

Plagiobrissus 1 dixie ('Cooke) 

Plate 40, figures 1-5 

?Eupatagus ftoridanus (part) Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, p. 176, pl. 82, figs. 2a-d. Not pl. 83, figs. la-c, 

2a-d. 

?Brissoides ( Koilospatangus) jloridanus (Clark). Lambert 

Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 

6, p. 454. 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) dixie Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology,v.16,no.l,p.55,pl.6,figs.1-3. 

Test oval, depressed, truncate behind, margin 

rounded, upper surface little more inflated than the 

lower, rostrate above the periproct. Apical system 

slightly anterior; four genital pores; ethmolytic, the 

madreporite extending behind the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid nor depressed, narrow, 

plates nearly equilateral. Petals plainly depressed; 

anterior pair widely spreading, curving forward; posterior pair, straight, diverging at an angle of 50°, somewhat longer than the anterior pair; pores oval, 

conjugate; anterior poriferous zone of anterior petals 

narrowing toward the apex. Ambulacra on under side 

narrow; outer edges of posterior pair parallel. Paired 

interambulacra excluded from the peristome. Plastron 

wide, connected with the labrum. Peristome large, suboval, lip nearly flat. Periproct large, pear shaped, visible from above. Peripetalous fasciole narrow, weakly 

reentrant behind. Subanal fa.sciole heart shaped, wider 

than long; no anal projections detected. Large tubercles confined within the peripeta"lous fasciole. 

Length of holotype 47.3 mm; width 38.5 mm; height 

21.6 mm. Length of figured specimen 79 mm; width 

68.5 mm; heigh~ 27 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida : Taylor County rock pit 1 mile north of 

Mayo, Lafayette County (type, G. M. Ponton). 5.2 miles west 

of Mayo (USGS 14537, C. W. Cooke). Dixie County north of 

U. S. 19 east of Steinhatchee River opposite ClaJMt (USGS 14541, 

figured paratype, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens, Jr.; USGS 

15150, G. M. Ponton). Silicified casts of the interior, probably 

this species: Alachua (USGS 6791, T. W. Vaughan and C. W. 

Cooke) ; Arredondo (USGS 380, L. C. Johnson) ; Johnson's lime 

sink, Levy County (type of Eupatagus jloridanus, L. C. Johnson). 

Georgia: Small island in Flint River about 2lh miles below Cedar Creek, Crisp County (USGS 7114, C. W. Cooke). 

Dam on Flint River at Kinchafoonee Creek north of Albany 

(USGS 10507, C. W. Cooke and T. M. Prettyman). 

Geologio unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Types.-Holotype, USNM 498985; paratype, USNM 498986, 

from USGS 14541; figured specimen, USNM 562456, from USGS 

15150. 

Remarks.-The reference of this species to Plagiobrissus is 

questioned because no evidence of the presence of an !mal fasciole has been found. Moreover, the anterior petals curve forward whereas those of Plagiobrissus · grandis curve slightly 

backward. - The species is removed from Eupatagus because of 

the narrowness of the ambulacra and the length of the plastron. 

The type of Eupatagus ftoridanus is an internal mold. It has 

the general appearance of this species except that its petals do 

not curve forward. The descr.iption of E. floridanus was based 

on two other specimens, which are here referred to Eupatagus 

antillarum Cotteau. 

Plagiobrissus 1 holme.sii (McCrady) 

Plagionotus holmesii McCrady in Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, 

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 9, pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a. 

Plagionotus ravenelianus McCrady in Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, 

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 3, 3a. 

Metalia pectOralis (Lamarck). A.' Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, pt. 1, p. 144. 

Plagiobrissus holmesi (McCrady). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. geol. 

italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 707. 

Plagiobrissus ravenelianus (McCrady). Stefanini, 1911, Soc. 

geol. italiana Boll., v. 30, p. 707. 

M etalia raveneliana (McCrady). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 215. 

Metalia holmesi (McCrady). Clark and Twitchell, 1915, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 215. 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) holmesii (McCrady). Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 54, 

Occurrence.-South Carolina: Smith's, Goose Creek (Yeamans Hall); the Grove, Cooper River. 

Geologic unit.-Late Miocene. 

Remarks.-These two nominal species, based on fragments, 

are unrecognizable from their figures and descriptions without 

topotypic material. Alexander Agassiz (1872, p. 144) put them 

in the synonymy of Plagiobrisstts,grandis but later (1875, p. 751) 

he listed them separately. 

Plagiobrissus curvus (Cooke) 

Plate 39, figures 3-6 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) curvus Co..oke, 1942, Jour. Paleon- -

tology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 56, pl. 7, figs. 5-7. 

Test thin, ovate, margin rounded. Apical system 

slightly anterior. Anterior ambulacrum narrow, 

slightly depressed; plates nearly equilateral. Petals 

flush; anterior pair widely diverging, nearly straight, 

narrowing near the tips.; posterior pair curving back~ 

ward to ~n angle of about 30°, the inner edge nearly 

straight; pores oval, strongly conjugate; poriferous 

zones nearly closed distally, fairly wide; interporiferous equalling· the poriferous at the middle, diminishing 

in width at each end. Peristome at the anterior third. 

Periproct terminal, large, pear shaped, higher than 

wide, vertical. Peripetalous fasciole without lateral 
j 

88 CENOZOIC ECHINOID~, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

sinuations, slightly bent backward at the anterior end 

and more strongly bent backward at the posterior end. 

Subanal fasciole wider, apparently heart shaped~ indications of an anal branch. Large perforated, crenulated tubercles confined within the peripetalous fasciole 

in the paired interambulacra. Plastron extending to 

the labrum. Outer edges of posterior ambulacra parallel on lower surface. 

Length of type about 58 . mm; width 49 mm ; height 

22mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Chipola River 1/4 mile above old 

bridge at-Marianna Jtype, USNM 498984, C. W. Cooke). 

Georgia: Flint River at mouth of Kinchafoonee Oreek above 

Albany (figured specimen, USGS 7121, C. W. Cooke; USGS 5\)54, 

L. W. Stephenson and Otto Veatch). Flint River at Bainbridge 

(USGS 7097, C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-:Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. 

Type.-USNM 498984. Figured specimen, USNM 562455, from 

USGS 7121. . 

Genus RHYNOBRISSUS A. Agassiz 

Rhynobrissus A. Agassiz, 1872, Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., v. 3, p. 590. , 

Rhirwbrissus A. Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

. ' Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 486. Includes additional synonymy. 

Rhynobrissus A. Agassiz. Cooke, 1957, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc;, 

v. 107, no. 3379, p. 9. Includes additional synonymy. 

Type species, Rhynobrissus pyramidalis A. Agassiz, 

1872, from China, by monotypy. The genus has been 

reviewed by Mortensen. 

Rhynobrissus cuneus Cooke 

Plate 36, figures 7-11 

Rhynobrissus cuneus Cooke, 1957, U. -S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 107, 

no. 3379, p. 10, pl. 1. 

' Horizo'ntal outline ovate, rounded in front, widest at . 

the midline, bluntly pointed behind; longitudinal outline1 wedged sh~ped (whence the specific name cuneus, a 

wedge), base line nearly flat; profile of the upper surface slightly arched, the highest point near the posterior 

end, thence sloping steeply forward to · the acutely 

rounded ambitus; profile of the posterior end gently 

convex, slightly overhanging; transverse outline nearly 

semicircular, convex above. Apical system nearly central, ethmolytic, the madreporite extending between and 

l;>eyond the posterior ocular plates; four large genital 

pores (three when immature), the anterior pair ~ircular 

and close together, the posterior pair the larger, oval, 

diverging. Antetior ambulacrum flush, not petaloid; 

pores small, far apart, inconspicuous. Paired petals· 

rather l~ng,nearly equal, straight, sunken; anterior pair 

widely separated, diverging at an angle of approximately 137°; posterior pair much closer together, diverging at an angle of approximately 39°; poriferous 

zones wider than the interporiferous, ,pores 'oval, conjugate. 

The posterior paired interambulacra do not reach the 

peristome. The odd interambulacrum includes a 

straight-sided amphisternous plastron extending from 

the labrum to the posterior truncation, where it adjoins 

a circular subanal plastron surrounded by the subanal 

fasciole. The anal fasciole touches the subanal fasciole, 

and it extends upward and nearly encloses the periproct 

in a vertically elongated ellipse, which is not quite closed 

at the top. The area within the anal fasciole differs little 

in decoration from that outside the fasciole. A weakly 

scalloped elliptical peripetalous fasciole touches the 

ends of the petals. 

Peristome strongly reniform, covered by many movable plates; mouth arched over by the projecting, 1 

bluntly pointed labrum. Phyllodes conspicuous. Periproct bilunate or pyriform, set high on the narrow posterior end, covered with movable plates. Tubercles 

small, close, covering all the upper surface except the 

peripetalous fasciole and extending down the sides; tubercles on the plastron are somewhat larger. Spines 

long, hairlike, silky, many have flat, spatulate ends. 

Length of holotype 37 mm ; width 37 mm; height 23.5 

mm. A smaller test measures 25 by 25.3 by 15.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-N orth Carolina : Fort Macon Beach. 

Geologic unit.-Recent. 

Type.-USNM E-8032; paratype E-8033. 

Oomparisons.-The horizontal outline of this species is similar 

to that of Rhynobrissus pyramidalis, but the petals are proportionately longer. The two species are markedly different invertical profile; the posterior end of the Chinese species slopes backward, whereas that of the American species is nearly vertical, 

even slightly overhanging. This difference in slope is caused 

by the much shorter, nearly equilateral lower surface of R. 

cuneus. According to A. Agassiz (1873, p. 592) the anal fasciole of R. pyramidalis begins immediately above the subanal 

plastrons but is not connected with it; in R. cuneus the two fascioles are in contact and separate the anal area from the subanal 

plastron. 

The sloping upper surface and wedgelike shape distinguish 

Rhynobrissus cuneus from R. hemiasteroides as figured by Mortensen (1951, p. 490, pl. 28, figs. 3, 4, 7~9, 13, 14). The upper 

surface in R. hemiasteroides is almost flat in1 vertical profile. 

Mortensen's figure 13 also shows a wide separation between the 

anal fasciole and the subanal fasciole, which are in contact in 

R. cuneus. 

• Genus EUPATAGUS Agassiz 

Eupatagus Agassiz in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Ann Sci. nat., 

ser. 3, v. 8, p. 9 (reprint p. 115). 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Archiac and Haime, 1853, Description des 

animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique de l'lnde, p. 217. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Desor, 1858, Synopsis des echinides fossiles, p. 413. 

Spatangus (Eupatagus) Agassiz. A. Agassiz, 1872, 1873, Harvard College ;Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, p. 128, 572. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique et 

genera des echinides, p. 28. 
BRISSIDAE 89 

Euspatangus Agassiz. Cotteau, 1885, PaU\ontologie fran~aise, 

Terrain tertiaire, ser. 1, v.1, p. 44. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London, Zoology v. 23, p. 253. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 226. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 306, p. 88. 

Brissoides (Brissoides) Klein. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, 

Nomenclature raisonnee des echinides, fasc. 6, p. 450. 

Brissoides Klein. Sanchez Roig, 1926, Cuba, Bol. de Minas, No. 

10, p.101. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, Univ. California 

(Los Angeles) Pub. in Math. and Phys. Sci., v. 2, p. 134. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 

1, p. 53. 

Eupatagus Agassiz. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 456. 

Type species, Eupatagus valenciennesii Agassiz, living around Bass Strait, Australia, designated by Pomel 

( 1883). This species is figured by A. Agassiz ( 18_73, 

p. 572, pl. 15a, figs. 3, 4) and by Mortensen (1951, p. 

466, pl. 27, figs. 1-3, 6, 7; pl. 60, figs. 20-22, 24, 27). It 

has broad, rounded, nearly closed, flush petals, -with 

narrow poriferous zones. Its anterior ambulacrum is 

not petaloid nor depressed. Its peripetalous fasciole 

is without indentations. Its sub anal fasciole is described 

as closed, heart shaped,-broad, and with an indistinct 

anal branch. A few large tubercles lie within the peripetalous fasciole in the four· paired interambulacra. 

Eupatagus clevei (Cottea~) 

Plate 41, figures 6-8 

Euspatangus clevei Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska veten~k.-akad. 

Hand I., v. 13, no. 6, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 1-4. 

Euspatangus grandiftorus Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska vetensk.-

akad. Handl., v. 13, no. 6, p. 45, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6. 

JJlupatagus clevei ( Cotteau). Guppy, 1882, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad Proc., pt. 12, p. 199. 

Bupatagus grandiftorus (Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie 

Inst. Washington Pub. 306, p. 89, pl. 15, :figs. 5, 6. 

Eupatagus clevei ( Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, p. 90, pl. 16, :figs. 1, 2. 

Eupatagus grandiftorus (Cotteau). Molengraaff, 192-9, Geologie 

en Geohydrologie het Eiland Cura~ao, p. 72, pl. 24, figs. 

1, 2 ; pl. 25, fig. 1. 

Eupatagus grandiftorus ( Cotteau). Arnold and Clark, 1934, 

Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 54, no. 2, 

p.156. 

Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau). Cooke, 1948, Jour. Paleontology, 

v.22,no.1,p.92,pl.22,:flg.9 . . 

Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 34, pt. 2, p. 83, pl. 7, :figs. 1-3; text :flg. 18. 

Test large, hemispherical ; horizontal outline oval ; 

upper surface strongly inflated, slightly fl~ttened in 

front; lower surface nearly flat; margin very broadly 

rounded. Apical system slightly anterior, small; four 

genital pores; ethmolytic, the madreporite protruding 

far behind the ocular plates. Anterior- ambulacrum 

narrow (8 mm wide at ambitus), plates nearly equilateral, pore pairs very sm:all. Petals long, extending 

to the margin, very wide, flush, lanceolate, more or 

less open distally; pores oval, conjugate; poriferous 

zones narrow, much narrower than the interporiferous 

zones; paired ambulacra much expanded at the ends 

of the petals. Peristome at the anterior third, reniform, twice as wide as long, strongly lipped; floscelle 

conspicuous. Plates of the trivium almost excluding 

the interambulacral plates at the peristome. Periproct 

terminal, vertical, higher than wide. Peripetalous 

fasciole narrow, not indented. Subanal fasciole apparently heart shaped. Tubercles rather small, scrobiculate. 

Length of figure~ specimen 89 mm; width 78 mm; 

height 50 mm. 

Occurrence:-Lesser Antilles: St. Bartholomew (types, USNM 

115371, 115379, R. J. L. Guppy). Cura9ao (fide Molengraaff). 

Panama: Madden Field (USNM 560197, w. P. Woodring 

and J. R. Schultz). 

Jamaica: (Mus. Comp. Zoology, B. W. Arnold, fide H. L. 

Clark). 

Florida: Withlacoochee River, Citrus County, on west line 

of Sec. 3, T. 17 S., R. 16 E'. (USNM 104175, A. G. Fischer). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Inglis limestone, of early Jackson age. 

Types.-USNM 115379; USNM 115371 (type of JJJ. grandiftorus). Figured specimen USNM 104175, from Florida. 

Oomparison.-Eupatagus olevei is much more inflated than 

Eupatagus valenciennesii Agassiz and its apical system is more 

nearly central. It differs also in that a narrow plate reaches or 

nearly reaches the peristome in each lateral interambulacrum, 

whereas the lateral interambulacra are completely excluded in 

the Recent species. 

Subgenus Gymnopatagu:s Doderlein 

Gymnopatagus Doderlein, 1901, Zool. Anzeiger, v. 24, p. 22. 

Gymnopatagus Doderlein. poderlein, 1906, Wissenschaffiiche 

Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition "Valdivia" 

v. 5, Lief. 2, p. 266. 

Gymnopatagus DOderlein. H. L. Clark, 1917, Harvard College, 

Mus. Comp. Zool. Mem., v. 46, no. 2, p. 226. 

Brissoides ( Gymnopatagus) DOderlein. Lambert and Thiery, 

1924, Nomenclature_ raisonnee des ecbinides, fasc. 6, p. 453. 

Eupatagus (Gymrnopatagus) Doderlein. Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 53. 

Gymnopatagus Dod~rlein. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 446. 

Type species Gymnopatagus v-aldiviae Doderlein, living off the east coast of Africa, by monotypy. As figured by D.oderlein (1906, p. 226, pl. 29, fig. 7; pl. 32, 

figs. ~' 2a) this species is heart shaped. The anterior 

ambulacrum is narrow, strongly depressed. The apical 

system is at the anterior third, ethmolytic, with four 

genital pores close together. The petals are short, flush, 

narrowly lanceolate, nearly closed, the anterior pair 
/ 

90 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

widely spreading, the posterior pair much less so. The 

peristome is oval, well forward; the labium long and 

narrow. The plastron is short, V-shaped; the adjoining 

ambulacra are wide. The peripetalous fasciole is without indentations but appears to be incomplete in front. 

The subanal fasciole is described as· very wide. A variable number of large tubercles are confined within the 

peripetalous fasciole in: the paired interambulacra. 

The petals of this species are narrower than those of 

Eupatagus valenciennesii and their poriferous zones 

are wider. The deep anterior furrow is probably not a 

generic feature. 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) 

Plate 41, figures 1-5 

Eu.spantangus antillarum Cotteau, 1875, K. svenska Vetenskakad. Handl., v.13, no. 6, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 8-12. 

Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau). Guppy, 1882, Sci. Assoc, 

Trinidad Proc., pt. 12, p. 199. 

Eupatagus mooreanus Pilsbry, 1914, Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 66, p. 206, pl. 8. 

Eupatagus jloridanus (part) Clark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, p. 176, pl. 83, figs. 1a -2b (not pl. 82, figs. 2a-d). 

Eupatagus ,antillarum (Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 306, p. 91, pl. 16, figs. 3-6. 

Eupatagus cf. antillarum ' (Catteau). Hawkins, 1924, Geol. 

Mag., v. 61, p. 322. 

M aretia twitchellj Lambert in Sanchez Roig, 1926, Bol. Minas 

(Cuba), v. 10, p. 112. 

Maretia clarki Lambert in Sanchez Roig, , 1926, Bol. Minas 

(Cuba) , v. 10, p. 112. 

Eupatagus a~tillarum (Cotteau). Arnold and Clark, 1927, 

Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 50, no. 1, p. 

64. 

Eupatagu.s ( Gymnopatagus) mooreanus Pilsbry. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 54, pl. 1, fig, 16. 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) mooreanus Pilsbry. Cooke, 1945, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 29, p. 60, :fig. 6, no. 1. 

Eupatagus ( Gymnopatagus) moore anus Pilsbry. Fischer, 1951, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 34, p. 74, pis. 2, ,5, 6; text figs. 

12-17. 

Horizontal outline obovate, truncated behind; upper 

surface moderately elevated, highest midway between 

the apical system and the periproct, sloping gently forward; lower surface flat; margin rounded. Apical system slightly eccentric forward, ethmolytic, the madreporite protruding far behind the ocular plates; four 

genital pores close together. Anterior ambulacrum 

narrow, not petaloid, slightly flattened, plates nearly 

' equilateral. Petals long, extending nearly to the margin, slightly flexuous; anterior pair diverging at an angle of approximately 145°, posterior pair 40°; pores I 

circular, strongly conjugate; poriferous zones nearly 

closed, narrow. Peristome at the anterior third, 

rounded, somewhat wider than long; labrum not conspicuously projecting. Floscelle conspicuous. All interambulacra reaching th~ peristome. Periproct terminal, vertical, higher than wide, about midheight, at the 

top of a small truncation. Peripetalous fasciole not indented; subanal fasciole heart shaped. Large tubercles · 

arranged in parallel zigzag rows in the four lateral interambulacra, confined within the peripetalous fasciole. 

Smaller tubercles closely cover the interambulacra on 

the lower side. Tubercles arranged in radiating rows 

on the escutcheon, forming a pattern suggestive of a 

pair of spread wings. Lower parts of ambulacra 

· smooth and appearing calloused. 

Length of figured specimens 58.5 and 42.3 mm; width 

50.3 and 35.5 ; height 29 and 18.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Leeward Islands: St. Bartholomew (type, R. J . 

L. Guppy). 

West Indies: Jamaica (fide H. L. Clark). 

Florida: Withlacoochee River (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1147, type of Eu.patagus mQoreanus, C. M. Moore). 

Dredged from Withlacoochee River in Wlh sec. 3, T. 17 S., 

R. 16 E., Levy and Citrus: Counties (USGS 18749, A. G. Fischer 

and J. E. Banks). Mouth, of Withlacoochee River in center of 

sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 15 E. (USGS 18757, A. G. Fischer and 

J. E. Banks). Levy County between Inglis and Yankeetown 

(USGS 14544, C. W. Cooke and W. D. Havens, Jr.). Inglis 

(USGS 11118, Herman Gunter and Stuart Mossom). Phosphate 

pit 114 miles southwest of Inverness (USGS 7378, C. W. Cooke). 

Phosphate pit north of Dunnellon (USGS 7381, C. W. Cooke). 

Silver Springs, Marion County (USGS 14572, Mr. Ray). 

Alabama: Bluff on east side of Conecuh River in the SEJA, 

sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., Covington County (USGS 15561f, F. S. 

MacNeil). 

Geologic unit.-Early part of late Eocene, Inglis limestone in 

Florida. 

Types and figured speoimens.-USNM 115395, type of E. antillarum; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, type of E. moorean.'ts; 

USNM 372879, from USGS 7378, figured by Cooke, 1942; USNM , 

562465, from USGS 18749, pl. 41, figs. 1-4; USNM 562464, from 

USGS 18757~ pl. 41,-fig. 5; type of Maretia darki, Wagner Free 

: Inst. Sci., Philadelphia, figured by Clark, 1915, pl. 83, :fig. 1 ; 

:type of M aretia twitchelli, Mus. Comp. Zoology at C~;tmbridge, . 

\ Mass., figured by Clark, 1915, pl. 83, fig. 2. 

Remarks.-Cotteau based this species on two specimens from 

St. Bartholomew, of which the smaller is here designated as 

the type. The larger is considerably deformed and possibly 

represents a different species. Both have b.een figured by Jackson ( 1922, pl. 16, figs. 3 and 4 (larger) and 4 and 6 (the. type). 

Clark's description of Eupatagus jloridanus was taken from 

two specimens from Florida, but his type, a silicious Jpold of 

the interior, evidently represents a different species. Lambert 

gave a new name to each of the two. Pilsbry's description of 

Eupatagus m.ooreanus was published while Clark's monograph 

was in press. 

Attention should be called to Fischer's careful description and 

excellent figures of this species. 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) gardnerae Cooke 

Plate 42, -flgures 1-3 , , " I 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) gardnerae Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 56,'pl. 7, :figs.1-4. 

Horizontal o~tline subov~l; upper surface i~fl"ated; : 

highest at the apical system, steeply sloping in front; 
BRISSIDAE 91 

margin br<?adly rou~ded. Apical system slightly in 

front of the center; four genital pores close togther; 

ethmolytic. Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid; pore 

' pairs strongly inclined; narrow, flattened but not de-

·pressed. Petals rather long; anterior pair diverging at 

an angle of approximately 150°, posterior about 50° ; 

pores circular, conjugate; anterior poriferous zone of 

anterior petals diminishing in size near the apex; petals 

nearly closed distally. Peristome large, semilunate; at 

the anterior third or more. Periproct and fascioles not. 

preserved. Large tubercles in paired interambulacra 

apparently confined within the peripetalous fasciole. 

Plastron V -shaped. 

Length 40 mm; width 37.4 mm; height 24.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama : Stream 6 miles west o~ Andalusia, on 

line between sees. 20 and 29, T. 4 N., R. 15 E. (USGS 10014, C. W. 

Cooke and Julia Gardner). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, O<!ala limestone, just above the 

Periarcnus lyelli bed at base of formation. 

Remarks.-This species, based on 'one imperfect individual 

appears to be proportionately shorter than Eupa.tagus ocalanus, 

it is more steeply sloping in front, and its tubercles are larger. 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark 

Plate 42, figures 4-7 

Eupatagus carolinensis Clark, 1915, U. S. Gep l. Survey Mon. 54, 

p.153,pl.71,figs.3a-d,4. 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) cwrolinensis Clark. Cooke, 1942, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 56. 

Horizontal outline oval, narrowly truncated behind; 

.upper surface moderately inflated, steeply sloping iii 

front; lower surface gently convex; margin broadly 

rounded. Apical system behind the anterior third, 

small; fdur genital pores; ethmolytic, the madreporite 

moderately extended. Petals slightly sunken, straight, 

narrowly lanceolate, nearly closed; anterior pair diverging at an angle of 132°, posterior 38° ; pores oval, 

strongly conjugate; anterior poriferous zone of anterior pair narr.owing near the apex; interporiferous 

zones about as wide as the poriferous. Anterior ambulacrum flattened, not petaloid. Peristome large, suboval; at the anterior third. Periproct oval, higher than 

wide, barely visible fro in above. Under side of posterior ambulacra wid~,, outer edges diverging backward; 

almost touching at the posterior end of the labrum. 

Peripetalous fasciole oval, narrow; subanal fasciole narrow below, broader above, probably heart shaped. The 

right-hand branch of an anal fasciole is visible on 

USNM 166495. Large tubercles confined to the paired 

interambulacra within the peripetalous fasciole. 

Occurrence.-North Carolina: · Wilmington (type, USNM 

166484, L. W. Stephenson; paratype, USGS 3602, USNM 164674, 

Frank Burns). City rock quarry near Wiimington (USGS 

10340, C. W. Cooke). Northeast Cape Fear River 31,4 miles 

above Castle Hayne (USNM 164495, L. W. Stephenson). 

Alabama: Rock House Bluff, Conecuh River, sec. 28 or 29~ 

T. 3. N., R. 14 E., Conecuh County (USGS 6750, C. W. Cooke; 

identification doubtful). 

Geologic unit.-Late middle Eocene, Castle Hayne limestone 

in North Carolina. 

Types.-Holotype, USNM 166484; paratype, figured by Clark, 

USNM 164674. 

Remarks.-The structure of the lower surfa'ce of this species 

. is so similar to that of E. antillarum and E. ocalanus that it 

seems necessary to refer it to · the same subgenus in spite of 

the presence of an anal fasciole and the lack of large tubercles 

in the anterior interambulacra. It differs from Plagiobrissus 

in having a long narrow labrum, which i!? almost separated 

from the interambulacrum by the wi~ened ambulacra. ' 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke 

Plate 42, figures 8-12 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) ocalanus Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 57, pl. 6, figs. 4-8. 

Horizontal outline subovate, truncated behind; upper 

surface moderately inflated, median line horizontal behind the apex, rostrate behind, rather steeply sloping 

in front; lower surface nearly flat; margin broadly 

rounded. Apical system slightly anterior; small; four 

genital pores close together; ethmolytic, the madreporite 

extending behind the ocular plates. Anterior ambulacrum flattened, narrow, the plates nearly equilateral; 

pore pairs small, longitudinal. Petals slightly sunken, 

flexuous, extending about two-thirds the way to the 

margin, the ·posterior pair the longer; anterior pair 

diverging at an angle of 145 °, the posterior about 40° ; 

pores oval, strongly conjugate; anterior poriferous zone 

of anterior petals diminishing in width near the apical 

system. Peristome large, oval, at the anterior third; 

labrum not conspicuous. Periproct large, oval, vertical, 

higher than wide; at the top of a vertical truncation; 

barely visible from above. Peripetalous fasciole oval, 

narrow, subanal fasciole heart shaped, enclosing an 

escutcheon. Large tubercles confined within the peri-

. petalous fasciole, arranged linearly in paired interam-

-.• bulacra ; so mew hat smaller and scattered on posterior 

' interambulacrum. 

Length of type 68.5 mm; width 58 mm; height 27 mm. 

Occurrence.-Florida: Taylor County rock pit 1 mile north 

• of Mayo, Lafayette County ~type, Florida Geol. Survey I-2406, 

: G. M. Ponton). 

Alabama: Railway cut % mile north of Drewry, Monroe 

· County, upper bed (USGS 6719, C. W. Cooke). NE%NE%NW14 

. sec. 8, T. 6 N., R. 8 E., Monroe County (J. B. Ivey and R. M. 

Brown). 

Georgia: Bainbridge (USGS 13611, A. F. Foerste). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone. ' 

Type.-USNM 372884. Figured specimen USNM 562466; 

locality unknown. 

Comparisons.-Eupatagus ocalanus is more delicate than 

E. antillarum and the plates in the upper parts of. its paired 

interambulacra are less swollen. Its apical system is farther 
92 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

forward, and the slope to the anterior edge is more abrupt. Its 

upper surface. resembles that of Plagiobrissus grandis, but its 

anterior petals are more widely spreading, its posterior ambulacra are much wid.tr underneath, and their outer edges are 

not parallel but diverge backward. Moreover, it appears to 

lack an anal fasciole although there is some indication of an 

' incipient one. 

Subgenus Brissopatagus Cotteau 

Brissopatagus Cotteau, 1863, Congres sci. France, sess. de 

Bordeaux, p.143. 

Brissopatagu8 Ootteau. Pomel, 1883, Classification methodique 

et genera des e~hinides, p. 32. 

Brissopatagus Ootteau. Duncan and Sladen, 1884, Paleontologia Indica, ser. 14, v. 3, pt. 3, p. 226. 

Brissospatangus Cott'eau, 1886, Paleontologie fran~aise, Terrain 

tertiaire, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 128, 135. ' 

Brissopatagus Ootteau. Duncan, 1889, Linnean Soc. London, 

Zoology, v. 23, p. 250. 

Brissopatagus Cotteau. Lambert and Thiery, 1924, Nomenclature rai.sonnee des echinides, fasc. 7, p. 491. 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) Cotteau. Cooke, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v.16, no.1, p. 57. 

Brissopatagus Cotteau. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph ·of the 

Echinoidea, v. 5, pt. 2, p. 453. 

Type species Brissopatagus cawrrwnti Cotteau (1863) 

from the late Eocene of Biarritz, France, designated by 

Cotteau (1886, p. 135, footnote). As figured by Cotteau 

( 1886, p. 136, pl. 30) this species has short widely 

spreading anterior petals, which curve slightly forward. 

They lie in broad, shallow depressions, which extend 

into the interambulacra. In other features it seems to 

be similar to Eupatagus. 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke 

Plate 43, figures 5-11 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 58, pl. 4,' figs. 7, 8. 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) georgianus Cooke, 1942, Jour. 

Paleontology, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 58, pl. 7, figs. 8-11. 

Test oval, slightly emarginate in front; upper surface rather low, highest in front of the apical system, 

geniculate in front. Apical system about the anterior 

third; four genital pores, close together; ethmolytic, 

the madreporite protruding far behind. Anterior ambulacrum narrow, moderately sunken. Petals in broad, 

shallow depressions; anterior pair very widely spreading, curved slightly forward; posterior pair longer, 

straight, diverging at an angle ' of 45°; pores oval, 

weakly conjugate; zones about equal in width. Peristome at the anterior guarter, reniform, three times as 

wide. as long, with a strongly protruding lip. Labium 

long and narrow, adjoining a rather short, V-shaped 

plastron. Ambulacra on lower side wide. Interambulacra reaching the peristome. Peri petalous fasciole 

narrow, slightly reentrant in interambulacra. Subanal 

fasciole wider, enclosing a heart-shaped escutcheon. A 

few very large tubercles confined within the peripetalous fasciole in paired interambulacra. 

Length of crushed holotype with margin broken 

38 mm; width 38 mm; height 11.mm. 

Occurrence.-Alabama: Base of St. Stephens Bluff on Tombigbee River, Washington County (type, USGS 12168, C. W. 

Cooke, W. H. Monroe, and Ralph Stewart). Monroe County 

11;2 miles southwest of Perdue Hill (USGS 10043, C. W. Cooke 

and Julia Gardner; USGS 15064, F. S. MacNeil). Washington 

County 3lh miles southeast of Cullomburg (USGS 7203, C. W. 

Cooke and W. C. Mansfield). Clark County 2 or 3 miles 

southeast of Whatley (USGS 2957, Frank Burns). 

Georgia: Power plant on Kinchafoonee Creek north of Albany (type of E. georgianus, USGS 10507, C. W. Cooke and 

T. M. Prettyman). Flint River b~low the mouth of Cedar 

Creek, Crisp County (USGS 7113, C. W. Cooke). 

Geologic unit.-Late Eocene, Ocala limestone and Jackson 

group. 

Types.-USNM 498979, from USGS 12168. Type of E. 

georgianu8, USNM 498982, from USGS 1Q507. Figured specimen, USNM 562467, from USGS 15064. 

GLOSSIARY 

Abactinal. Dorsal or upper side. 

Actina!. Oral or lower side. 

Ambitus. The horizontal periphery. 

Ambulacral furrows. Food groove_s. 

Ambulacrum, pl. ambulacra. One of the five double columns 

of perforated plates. 

Anterior. Front ; see orientation. 

Apex. Apical system. 

Apical fasciole. A fasciole surrounding the apical system and 

crossing the petals. Usually called internal fasciole. Defined by Cooke ( 1942, p. 59) . 

Apical system. A group of plates, usually nine or ten, at the 

upper junction of the ambulacra, including 5 ocular plates, 

4 or 5 genital plates, and in some families one or more supplementary plates. 

Apophysis, pl. apophyses. A projection from the inside of the 

basicoronal plates. 

Areola, areole. A smooth area surrounding a tubercle. 

Basicoronal plates. The ring of plates surrounding the peristome. 

Bigeminate. Having the zygopores arranged in two longitudinal rows. 

Biserial. Bigeminate. 

Bivium. The two posterior ambulacra. 

Bourrelets. Swollen interambulacral plates around the peristome. 

Caducous. Falling off. 

Compound plate. An ambulacral plate composed of a group 

of platelets and containipg more than one . zygopore. 

Conjugate. Having the two pores of a zygopore connected 

by a groove. 

Coronal plates. The ambulacral and interambulacral plates of 

a regular echinoid. 

Dicyclic. In two rings; ocular plates not insert. 

Disjunct. Having the posterior ocular plates separated from 

the remainder of the apical system. 

Elongated apical system. Having each paired plate in contact 

with its mate. 

, I 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 

Ethmolytic. Having the madreporite extended betw~en the 

posterior ocular plates. 

Ethmophractic. Having the posterior ocular plates in contact 

and the madreporite confined to the right anterior genital 

plate. 

Exsert ocular plate. Excluded from the periproct. 

Fasciole. A narrow granular band. 

Floscelle. A more or less star-shaped area composed of bourrelets and phyllodes surrounding the peristome of certain 

irregular echinoids. 

Food grooves. Straight or branching furrows radiating from 

the peristome of certain irregular echinoids. 

Genital plates. Five or four plates in the apical system at the 

ends of the interambulacra, the posterior plate wanting in 

some families . . The right anterior plate includes the 

madreporite. 

Genital pore. A pore in a genital plate. 

Hydropores. Pores in the madreporite. Restricted to grooves 

in some genera. 

Insert ocular plates. Reaching the periproct. 

Interambulacrum, pl. inter~mbulacra. One of the five double 

columns of plates between the ambulacra. 

Internal fasciole. · An apical fasciole. It is external. 

Interporiferous zone. The area between the rows of zygopores 

in an ambulacrum. 

Irregular echinoid. One whose periproct is ~xcluded from the 

apical system. 

Labrum. The posterior part of the periproct of a spatangoid. 

Lower surface. The side containing the peristome. Actina! 

side. 

Lunule. A more or less elongated opening through the test. 

Madreporite. A porous part of the apical system usually restricted to the right anterior genital plate. 

Mil~ary. Small and numerous. 

Monobasal apical system. The madreporite is central and the 

genital plates are fused. 

Monocyclic. In one ring; all ocular plates insert. 

Ocular plate. One of five perforated plates in the apical system 

at the ends of the ambulacra. 

Ocular pore. The single small pore in an ocular plate. 

Oculogenital ring. The ocular and genital plates of a regular 

echinoid. 

Orientation. The odd or· unpaired ambulacrum marks the anterior end, and the unpaired interambulacrum marks the 

posterior end of all echinoids. In regular echinoids, most 

of which are symmetrical, the anterior ocular plate adjoins 

the left (as seen from above) side of the genital plate 

containing the Ipadreporlte. In Loven's system of numbering, the ambulacra are numbered from I to V beginning with 

the right posterior ocular plate and counting counterclockwise, ambulacrum III being the anterior one. The interambulacra are numbered from 1 to 5, counting in the same 

direction, starting with 1 in the right posterior and ending 

with 5 in the posterior position, as viewed from above. 

Pedic.ellaria, pl. pedicellariae. Small external grasping organs, 

seldom preserved in fossils. 

Peripetalous fasciole. A fasciole that passes around the ends 

of the petals. 

Periproct. The opening containing the anus. In regular 

echinoids it lies within the apical system. In irregular 

echinoids it is always posterior but may lie below, on, or 

above the margin. 

Peristome. The opening containing the mouth. It is always 

ventral. 

468544-59--1 

Petal. The expanded part of an ambulacrum. 

Phyllodes. Conspicuous porifereus areas near the peristome. 

Plastron. Part of the posterior interambulacrum extending 

behind the labrum. 

Posterior. See orientation. 

Regular echinoid. One whose periproct lies within the apical 

system. 

Scrobicule. The smooth sunken space surrounding a tubercle. 

Simple plate. An ambulacral plate having only one zygopore. 

Sphaeridial pit. A small depression near the peristome, 

especially in the Arbaciidae. 

Subanal fasciole. Usually reniform, it encloses the ~ubanal 

plastron. 

Trigeminate. Having three longitudinal rows of zygopores. 

Trisociate. Having three zygopores on a compound plate. 

Trivium. The three anterior ambulacra. 

Uniserial. Having only one longitudinal row of zygopores. 

Upper surface. The ·side containing the apical system. Abactinal 

side. 

Zygopore. A pair of pores on an ambulacral plate. Usually 

called pore pair. Defined by Pomel (1883, p. 8). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

[Besides references to the Coastal Plain Echinodermata, this bibliography includes titles of some general works and papers relating to the 

Pacific Coast States, Mexico, Central America, Panama, South America, 

and the West Indies] 

Agassiz, Alexander, 1872-1874, Revision of the echini: Harvard 

College Mus. Gomp. Zoology Mem., v. 3, 762 p., 94 pls. 

Agas~iz, Louis, 1836, Prodrome d'un monographie des radiaires 

ou echinodermes: Soc. sci. nat. Neucha.tel Mem., v. l, p. 

168-199 . . 

---1840, Catalogus systematicus ectyporum echinodermatum 

fossilium Musei Neocomensis. 20 p. 1 

--- 1841, Des scutelles: Monographies d'echinodermes vi vans 

et fossiles, Mon. 2, vi, 151 p., 27 pls. 

Agassiz, Louis, and Desor, E., 1847, Catalogue raisonne des families, des genres et des especes de la classe des echinodermes. Reprint, 167 p., 2 pls. 

Anisgard, H. W., 1954 (1955), An echinoid [Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) ] from the Eocene of western Venezuela : Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 830-834, ~ figs. · · 

Arnold, B. W. and Clark, H. L., 1927, Jamaica fossil echini; with 

descriptions of new species of Cainozoic Echinoidea by Herbert L. Hawkins: Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology 

Mem., v. 50, no. 1, 84 p., 3 figs., 22 pls. 

--- 1934, Some additional fossil echini from Jamaica : Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem., v. 54, no. 2, p. 

139-156,pls. 1-5. 

Berry, E. Willard, 1941, Pamlico fossil echinoids: U. S. Natl. 

Mus. Proc., v. 90, no. 3113, p. 443-445, 3 pls. 

Bose, Emilio, 1906, Sobre algunos faunas terciarias de Mexico : 

M~xico, Instituto G~ologico Bol. 2?, 96 p., 12 pls. !ffncope· _ 

tatetlaensis is only echinoid. 

Bouve, T. T., 1846, Pygorhynchus uouldii, a new Echinus from 

the Millstone grit of Georgia: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, v. 

3, p. 437, 1847; Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., v. 2, p. 192, 

1846; Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 20, p. 142, 1847. 

--- 1851, [New ·species. of echinoderms from the lower Tertiary rocks of Georgia]: Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., 

v. 4, p. 2-4, n. 
I94 CENOZOIC ECHINOIDS, EASTERN UNITED STATES 

Brandt, J. F., 1835, Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. 

Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. 75 p. Repr. from Acad. imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 

Recueil des Actes, 1834, p. 201-276. 

Brighton, A. G., 1926, Eocene echinoids from N. W. Peru: Geol. 

Mag., v. 63, p. 359-371_, pl. 26. · 

· Brodermann y Vignier, Jorge, 1949, 'significacion estratigrafica 

de los equinodermos f6siles de Cuba : Paleont6logie Cubana, 

I, p. 305-330. 

Caso, M. E., 1946, Contribucion al conocimiento de los equinoideos de Mexico; I. Distribution y morfol6gia de M ellita 

quinquiespertorata (Leske), M. lata Clark y M. ~ongi{issa 

Michelin: lnst. de Biologia Mexicana Anales, v. 17, nos. 

1-2, Mexico, p. 247-259, 10 :figs. 

--·- 1948, Contribucion al conocimiento de los equinideos de 

Mexico ; II, Algunas especies de equinoideos litorales : Inst. 

de· Biologia Mexicana Anales, v. _19, no. 1, p. 183-231. 

·--- 1949, Contribucion al conocimiento de los equinodermos 

litorales de Mexico : Mexico, Inst. de Biologfa Mexicana 

Anales, v. 20, nos. 1, 2, p. 341-353, :figs. 

--- 1951, Los equinoides fosiles del Cenozoico de Mexico: 

Asoc. Mexicana de Ge6logos Petroleros.____v. 3, nos. 1-2, p. 

57-96. 

--- 1957, El genero Olypeaster Lamarck 1801, en el Terciario 

de Mexico: Inst. de Biologia Mexicana Anales, v. 27, no. 2, 

p. 487-528, 23 figs. -

Clark, Austin Hobart, 1942, Echinodermata, Part 6 of Geology 

and biology of North Atlantic deep-se-a cores between Newfoundland and Ireland: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

196-D, p.111-117, 2 pis. 

Clark, H. L., 1907, The Cidaridae: Harvard College Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., v. 51, no. 7, p. 163-230, 11 pis. 

---.1911, The genera of Recent clypeastroids: Annals and 

Mag. Nat. History, ser. 8, v. ·7, p. 593-605. 

--- 1914, Hawaiian and other Pacific echini: The Clypeastridae, Arachnoididae, Laganidae, Fibulariidae, and Scutellidae : Harvard College Mus. Comp. Zoology Mem. v. 46, 

no.1, 78 p., pls.12z.;..143. 

--- 1917, The Echinoneidae, Nucleolitidae, Urechinidae, 

Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Paleostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and 

Spatangidae: idem, pt. 2, p. 85-283, pls. 144--161. 

---1929, A new Miocene echinoid [Megapetalus lovenioides] 

from California: San Diego Soc. Nat. History Trans., v. 5, 

. no.17, p. 257-262,1 pl. 

--- 1933, A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto 

Rico and the other West Indian islands: New York Acad. 

Sci., Sci. Survey of Porto Rico and the :Virgin Islands, v. 16, 

pt. 1, 147 p., 7 pis. Echinoidea, p. 74--92. 

--- 1934, A new sea-urchin [A.stropyga magnifica] from 

Florida: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 24, no. 1, p. 5z_;..53, 

--- 1937, A new Eocene sea-urchin [Porpitella miora] from 

Alabama: Jour. Paleontology, v. 11, no. 3, p. 248-249, 3 figs. 

--- 1937, A new sea-urchin [Brisaster maa:imus] from the 

"Oligocene" of Oregon: San Diego Soc. Nat. History Trans., 

v. 8, no. 28, p. 367-374, 1 pl. 

--- 1940, A revision of the keyhole urchins (Mellita): U. S. 

Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 89, no. 3099, p. 435-444, pis. 60-62. 

--- 1946, The echinoderm fauna of· Australia, its composition 

and its origin: Carnegie Inst. ,Washington Pub. 566. 

Echinoidea, p. 277-382. 

--- 1947, A new and remarkable keyhole urchin MelUta 

notabilis, n. sp. : Southern California Acad. Sci. Bull., v. 

46, pt. 2, p. 77-78 (May-August). No figure. 

Clark, W. B., 1893, The Mezozoic Echinodermata of the United 

States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 97, 207 p., 50 pls. 

. - --1904, Echinodermata: Maryland Geol. Survey Miocene 

p. 430-433, illus. 

---. 1915, The Mesozoic Echinodermata: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 54, pt. 1, p. 9-100, pls. 1-54. 

Clark, W. B., and TWitchell, M. W., 1909, The geological distribution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the 

United States (abst.) Science, n. s., v. 29, p. 635; 1910, 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 20, p. 686-688. 

--- 1915, The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the 

United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, 341 p., 108 pls. 

Cole, W. S., and Ponton, G. M., 1932; Variations of Laganum dalli 

Twitchell: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, v. 24, p. 23-27, 1 fig. 

Conrad, T. A., 1850, Descriptions of one new Cretaceous and 

seven new Eo~ene fossils: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, v. 2, 

p. 39-41, illus. 

-· -- 1865, Descriptions of new species of Echinidae: Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Phila_. Proc., 1865, p, 75. ' 

Cooke, C. Wythe, 1936, Geology of the Coastal Plain of South 

Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 867, 196 p., 18 pls. · 

---1937, The Pleistocene Horry clay and Pamlico formation 

near Myrtle Beach, S.C.: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 27, 

no.1, p.l-5. 

---1941, Cenozoic regular echinoids of eastern United States: 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-20, pis. 1-4. --- 1941, Oligopygus nancei, a new echinoid from Venezue~a : 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 305-306, 3 :figs. 

--- 1942, Cenozoic irregular echinoids of eastern United 

States: Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-62, pis. 1-8. 

-- 1943, (Feb. 12, 1944), Geology of the Coastal PJain of 

Georgia : U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 941, 121 p., 1 pl. ' 

--- 1945, Geology of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 29, 

339 p., 1 pl., 4 7 figs. 

--- 1946, Comanche echinoids: Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, no. 

3, p. 193--237, 4 pis. 

---- 1~7, A new Jurassic Stomeohinus from the Big Horn 

Basin, Wyo.; Jour. Paleontology, v. 21, no. 5, p. 473-475, 6 

figs. ' 

--- 1948, A.rbia and Dixieus, two new genera of echinoids : 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 606-607. 

---1948, Eocene echinoids from Panama: Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 22, no. 1, p. 91-93, 1 pl. 

--- 1949, Two Cretaceous echinoids [ Orthop·sis titicaoona, 

n. sp., Hemiaster (Macraster) cascajalensis, n. sp.] from 

Peru: Jour. Paleontology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 84--86, pl. 22. 

--- 1949, Pygurostoma pasionensis, a Cretaceous echinoid 

from Guatemala: Am. Mus. Nat. History Novitates, no. 1422, 

3 p., 1 fig. 

---1953, American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea : U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 254--A, p. 1-44, pls. 1-16. 

--- 1954, Pliocene echinoids from Okinawa: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 264--0, p. 45-52, pl. 9-12. , --- 1955, Some Cretaceous echinoids from' the Americas: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 264--E, p. 87-112, pls. 18-29. 

. - -- 1957, Echinoids [Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands]: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-J, p. 361-364, pl.119. 

--- 1957, [Annotated bibliography of Recent] Echinoids: 

Geol. Soc. America Mem. 67, v. 1, p. 1191-1192. 

--·- 1957, [Annotated bibliography of] Echinoids of the postPaleozoic: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 67, v. 2, p. 981-982. 

--- 1957, Rhynobrissus cuneus, a new ~hinoid from North 

Carolina: U. S. Nat!. Mus. Proc., v. 107, no 3379, p. 9-12 

pl. 1. 
· r.IDLIOGRAl'HY 95 

Cortazar, Daniel de, 1880, Descripcion de un nuevo equinodermo Egozcue y Cia, Justo, 1897, Description de los equinoides f6siles 

de la isla de Cuba, Encope ciae n. sp. : Com. Mapa Geol. d~ la isla de Cuba: Com. Mapa Geol. Espana Bol., v. 22, p. 

Espana Bol. 7, p. 227-232, illus. I . 1-99. 

Cotteau, G. H., 1861-1867, Echinides: Paleontologie fra~~aise, Emmons, Ebenezer, 1858, Agriculture of the eastern counties, 

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U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 222, 142 p., 23 pls. 

Dendraster _cf. D. coalinaensis Twitchell; Dendraster ashZeyi (Arnold); Merriamaster cf. M. perrini (Weaver). 

Woodring, W. P., Stewart, R. B., and Richards, W. W., 1940, 

Geology of the Kettleman Hills oil field, California, stratigraphy, paleontology, and structure: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 195, 170 p., 61 pls. Includes full discussion of 

the Dendrasters, p. 79, 83, pls. 39-46; describes Dendraster 

coaZirngaensis macer Stewart, n. var., Dendraster gibbsii 

mirus Stewart, n. var. 

Wright, Thomas, 1855, On fossil Echinodermata from the island 

of Malta; with notes on the stratigraphical distribution of 

the fossil organisms in the Maltese beds: Annals and Mag. 

of Natural History, ser. 2, v. 15, p.101-127, 175-196,262-277, 

pls. 4-7. 

/ 

I, 
A Page 

Abertella ______________________________________ 6, 38,44 

abertL _________________________________ 44, pl. 16 

cazonesensis ..•.... --------------------- _____ 45 

Abertellidae. _________ . __ .. __ ........ _ ... _ ..... _ 44-45 

aberti, Abertella _____________________________ 44, pl. 16 

Scutella. _ ------------------------- _. ______ _ 44 

abvssicola, Cidaris ... ---------------------------- 5, 8, 9 

Dorocidaris ____________ ----------- ____ ... _ -- 8 

ajfinis, Cidaris---------------------------------- 5, 8, 9 

Stylocidaris _ ------------------ _: _______ ----.. 9 

Tretocidaris. -------------------------------. 9 

Agassizia ..• ---------------------------------- 7, 74,75 

caribbeana. _ -------------------------------- 75 

conradi. ___________ ------------------------- 75 · 

egozcuei. .•. -------- _ ------------------------ 75 jloridana •• _______________________ 4, 75, 76, pl. 32 

gibberula ...... _. __ .................... --... -. 75 

injlata ___ __________ ------------------------- 75 

porifera _______________________________ 5, 74, pl. 31 

rimulata. ------------------ ___________ ---... 74, 75 

scrobiculata. ----------------------- ___ . ----- 74 (Anisaster) cleveL__________________________ 75 

mossomi_ ________________________ 4, 76, pl. 32 

wilmingtonica .•• -------------------- 76, pl. 32 alabamensis, Cassidulus _____________________ 58, pl. 24 

Cassidulus (Cassidulus)_____________________ 58 

(Pygorhvnchus) ----------------------- __ 57 

Cidaris. ___ --------------------------------- 11, 12 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) ___________ 4, 91, pl. 43 

Fibularia _________________________ 4, 30, 81, pl. 9 

Linthia ______________________________ 2, 69, pl. 29 

Lovenia •.•. _ -------------------------- _____ . 4, 77 

Procassidulus (Hardouinia)_________________ 57 

Schizaster (Linthia) ------------------------- 69 aldrichi, Arbia ______________________________ 4, S1, pl. 3 

Coelopleurus .... ___ .... __ ...... _ .. _ ....... -- 21 

Echinolampas ________________________ 4, 55, pl. 22 

(Miolampas) --------------------------- 55 

alpinus, Prenaster .. ---------------------------- 75 alta, Sismondia _________________________________ 41,42 

altus, Mortonia (Periarchus) _ --~---------------- 41 Periarchus ____________________ . _ ... __ ____ ___ 41 

Amblypygus .• ---------------------------------- 6, £6 

americanus.--------------------------- 3, £7, pl. 7 

douvillei. ----------------------------- ___ ___ 27 

merrilli.---------------------------------- 27, pl. 7 

ambulacrum, Spatangus_________________________ 73 

americana, Gagaria----------------------------- 18,19 

Schizaster ----------------------------------- 72 americanum, Pseudodiadema____________________ 18 

americanus, Amblvpvgus ___________________ 3, £7, pl. 7 

Paraster -------------------·------ 4, 71, 73, pl. 30 

Schizaster ----------------------------------- 7S 

Thylechinus .•.. __ .. ___ .. ______ -------------. 18 

A mphidefus ______ ------------------------------- 78 

amplijlorus _. ----------------.•. -----------. 79 

clarki ___________ ---------------.------------ 78 

depressus. ---------------------------------- 77 

gothicus _______ --------------------------.... 79 

orthonotus. _ -------------------------------- 78 

virginianus. _ ------------------------------- 78 

(Amphidetus), Echinospatagus __ ---------------- 78 

ampla, Mellita__________________________________ 46 

Mellita quinquefora •• ----------------------- 46 

INDEX 

[Italic numbers indicate descriptions] 

Page 

amplijlorus, Amphidetus .• ---------------------- 79 

Ananchytes. _ ----------------------------------- 66 

cinctus·------------------------------------- 65, 66 cruciferus _____________________ ________ ------ 26 

fimbriatus. --------------------------------- 65,66 

oval is_------------__________________________ 66 

Anapesus _____ --------------------- _____ -------- 14 

car olin us. ______ ---- _______ --------- ___ ----- 19 

Anisaster --------------------------------------- 75 

(Anisaster), Prenaster --------------------------- 75 

clevei, Agassizia.---------------------------- 75 mossomi, Agassizia ____________________ 4, 76, pl. 32 

wilmingtonica, Agassizia ________________ 76, pl. 32 

Anisopetalus .•... ------- ___ . ___ --------.• _. --- __ 59 

antillarum Clypeaster --------------------------- 34,35 

Diplothecanthus _______________ ---- __ .• ------ 34 

Eupatagus __________________ -___________ 3, 87, 90,91 

(Gvmnopatagus) __________________ 4, 90, pl. 41 

Euspantangus. _________________ ... __ ____ ___ 90 

Neolaganum .•• ______________ •• __ • ___ . _ .. __ . 52 

Peripneustes ____________ . _______________ ---- 83 

Antillaster castroi. ------------------------------ 83, 84 

appendiculata, Echinolampas ______________ 3, 56, pl. 22 

appendiculatus, Echinolampas__________________ _ 56 

Echinolampas (lsolampas)__________________ 56 

Arbacia·--------------------------------- 2, 5, 19, 21,22 improcera ______________ _____________ 4, SO, 21, pl. 4 

lixula .• ---------------------------------- 19, 20,22 punctulata ______________________ 5, 19, 20, 21, pl. 4 

rivulL-------------------------~---- 4, 19, 10, pl. 4 sloani. _____________________________ 4, 20, tl, pl. 4 

waccamaw __________________________ 4, 19, 20, pl. 4 

Arbaciidae. --------------------- _ ------ ___ ----- 19-23 Arbia________________________________ _____ ____ __ 5, !1 

aldrichi.------------------------------- 4, !1, pl. 3 

archerensis, Echinodiscus. ---------.------------. 51 Laganum ___________________________________ 51, 52 

Neolaganum .. ------------------------------ 50,52 

Peronella ___________________ ---------------- 52 

Rumphia ____________ ----------------------- 52 

arguta, Maretia ___________________________ 3, 81, pl. 34 

argutus, Hemipatagus___________________________ 81 

armiger, Cidarites •.•. --------------------------- 9 

Paraster ----------------------- 4, 71, 72, 73, pl. 30 

Schizaster ----------------------------------- 71 

Asterostoma castroL---------------------------- 83,84 

atlantica, Brissopsis ______________________ : 5, 85, pl. 38 

atratus, Echinometra. --------------------------- 25 

atropos, Echinocardium .••• ---------------------- 73 Moira ______________________________ __ 5, 73, pl. 30 

Schizaster ----------------------------------. 73 Spatangus. _________________ . _. __ ... ___ • __ .. 73 

B 

baltica, Tylocidaris. ---------------.------------- 13 beckeri, Ditremaster ________ _______________ 4, 77, pl. 30 

Schizaster ----------------------------------- 76, 77 

bellula, Salenia .•. ---------------------------- 13, pl. 2 berryi, Cassidulus (Pygorhvnchus)________________ 57 

biarritzensis, Brissopsis ____________________ 4, 85, pl. 38 

Phvmotaxis. _ ------------------------------- 24 

blandis, Cidaris •.• ------------------------------ 11,12 

blanpiedi, Brissopsis ••• ---------------------- 85, pl. 38 

bonani, Laganum_______________________________ 50 

Brachvbrissus ____ ... ---------------------------- 78 

Page 

(Brachybrissus), Schizaster ----------------------- 73 ocalanus, Schizaster ___________________ 4, 73, pl. 29 

Brevnella _. _ ............• __ . __ ..... __ ....... _... 62 

gregorvL ----------------------------------- 61, 62 

Brevnia sulcata •• ------------------------------- 77 

Brissidae •. _ --------------- __________ . -------- 7, 81-92 

Brissoides ___________ ____ ---------------------... 89 

(Brissoides) ---------- ___ ---------------..... 89 

( Gymnopatagus) ---------------------------- 89 

(Koilospatangus) jloridanus_________________ 87 

(Brissoides), Brissoides _________________ --------- 89 

Brissoma. ---------------------------------..... 84 

(Brissoma), Brissopsis__________________________ 84 

Brissopatagus. _____________________ -----------.. 9! 

caumonti. -------------------------------... 92 

(Brissopatagus), Eupatagus_____________________ 92 

alabamensis, Eupatagus _______________ 4, 9!, pl. 43 

georgianus, Eupatagus •• -------------------- 92 primus, Eupatagus_________________________ 70 

Brissopsis ..• ----------------------------------- 7, 84 atlantica _______________________________ 5, 85, pl. 38 

biarritzensiB---------------------------- 4, 85, pl. 38 

blanpiedi. ---------------------------~'- -- 85, pl. 38 

crescenticus. ------------------------ ___ .. ___ 84 

duciei. _______ ___ .• _ -------- ___ . ---.. ____ • ___ 84 

elegans _______ -------------.--------------- __ 84 

lvrifera _________ ----------------------------- 85 

mediterranea .. ___ ------- ___ ---------------. _ 85 

poriferus ••••.. ------------------ ___ -------.. 74 

rimulatus ________ ------------------------ ___ 74 

steinhatchee ____________________________ 4, 85, pl. 38 

(Brissoma). -------------------------------- 84 

Brissospatangus ______ ------------------ ____ ___ __ 92 

Brissus ______________ -----.• -------- __________ • _ 7, 81 

glenni. ________________________________ 5, 8!, pl. 36 

unicolor _ --------------------------- 5, 81, 82, pl. 36 

(Meoma) _ ---------------------------------- 82 

ventricosus ______ ____ --------------- ___ __ 84 

(Plagionotus) ------------------------------- 86 

pectoralis .. ----------------------------- 86 

brissus unicolor, Spatangus______________________ 81 

Brochopleurus •.. ------------------------------- 5, 18 

pretiosus.------------------------------ 3, 18, pl. 4 stellulatus ___________ _____ --------- ___ ----- __ 19 

brodermani; Clypeaster _ .... _ ••. _ .• __ .. __ .. __ • _.. 37 

bufo, Spatangus_________________________________ 67 

0 

Cardiaster. _. ----------------------------------- 66 

cinctus ..••... -------------.----------------- 66 

jimbriatus •.. --------·----------------------- 66 

caribbeana, Agassizia____________________________ 75 

Peronella ___________________________________ 53,54 

Weisbordella ________________________________ 53,54 

cariboearum, Cassidulus_________________________ 57 

carolinensis, Cassidulus_________________________ 60 

Cassidulus conradi. ______________ 3, 56, 60, 64, pl. 25 

(Paralampas) --------•. ___________ ------ 60 

(Pygorhvnchus) .. ----------------------- 60 

Cidaris .. ----------------------------------- 11,12 Coelopleurus __________________________ 22, 23, pl. 3 

Eupatagus__________ ________________________ 3, 91 

(Gymnopatagus).------------------ 3, 91, pl. 42 

(Plagiobrissus) ----------------------- ___ 91 

99 
I 

I 

I 

100 

Page 

caroline1Mi3-Continued 

Leiocidaris_________ __ _ _ ___ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ 11 

Macropneustes ___________ ·------------------- 79,80 

Mauritamaster ------------------------------ 80 Unifascia ________________________ . 3, 70, 79, 80, pl. 34 

craoenensis, Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) _ _____ 65 

caroliniana, Leodia. __ --------------------- 4, 47, pl. 19 

Mellita_ ----------------------- _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ 47 Scutella_____________ ____ _ ___ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ 47 

carolinus, Anapesus_____________________________ 19 

Cassldulldae ------~---------------------------- '56-65 Cassidulus ____________________________ .. ___ 56, 57, 59,63 

alabamensiB.---------------------------- 58, pl. 24 

cariboearum--------------------------------- 57,59 carolinensis ___ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ____ ___ ____ 60 

conradL _ ----------------------------------- 59, 60 

carolinensi& __ _ ---------·---- 3, 56, 60, 64, pl. 25 · 

conradi._ ------------------------------- 56 

lyellL-------~----------------- 4, 56, 60, pl. 25 craoenensis ______________________________ 65, pl. 23 

ericsoni_ _________________________ 3, 4, 56, 58, pl. 24 

oeorgiensis. _____________________________ :_ _ _ 61 

georgiensis globosus _______________ 3, 4, 56,61, pl. 25 

gouldii_ ______________________ 4, 56, 57, 58, 59, pl. 24 

hayesianus ------ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ 33 

~~~:;;;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 60, ~~ patelliformis ___ --- __ ----- ____ __ _ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ 64 

~abistonensis ____________________ 4, 56, 57, 58, pl. 23 

trojanY,B--------------------------- 4, 56,58, pl. 14 

(Cassidulus)-------------------------------- 6, 56 alabamensis___ ____ ____ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ 58 

eoergladensis_--------------------·------- 57 gouldii.. ------------- __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 58 

sabistonensis _ -------- __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ 57 

trojanus _ ------------------------------- 58 

( Galerolampas) fontis __ --------------------- 62,63 

(Paralampas) -·-------- _ ___ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 59 

carolinensis_ ------- ____ ------ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

conradL __ ------------------- ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ 59 

globosus. _ --------------;--------------- 61 gregoryi_ __________ ------- _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 61 

lyelli_ ______________ ___ -------- ____ __ __ __ 60 

(Plagiopygus)------------------------------- 6, 56 conradL _______________________ 4, 56, 59, pl. 25 

georgiensis _________________________ 4, 60, pl. 25 

globosus. __ ------------------------- 4 

grignonensis. ------------------------ ~-- 59 

(Pygorhynchus) alabamensis.---- ----------- 57 berryi_ ___________ -------- __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 57 

carolinensi&_ -------------------------- __ 60 cravenensis_____ _ ___ ____ _____ ___ __ _ _ _ 65 

conradL _ ------------------------------- 59 georgiensis __ ------- _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ 60 

gouldii_ ___ ----------- ____ ----__ ___ _ _ _ _ __ 57 

sabistonensis_ --------- __________ ._ _ __ _ _ __ 57 

(Rhynchopygus) depressus___________________ 64 

evergladensi'S_ _ __ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ __ ___ 57 

holmesi. _ ------------------------------- 65 lyellL_ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ __ __ ____ _ ___ __ _ ___ 60 

patelliformis _. _ ---------- _________ --- __ _ 64 

raoenelL--------------------·------------ 63,64 

(Cassidulus), Cassidulus__________ ______________ 6, 56 

alabamensis, Cassidulus____ _________________ 58 

eoergladensis, Cassidulus __ ------------------ 57 gouldii, Cassidulus ____________________ . _____ 58 

sabistonensis,Cassidulus_____________________ 57 

trojanus, Cassidulus_ _______________ ~------- 58 

castroi, Antillaster _______________________________ 83,84 

Asterostoma ________________________________ 83,84 

Trachypatagus_ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ 83 

Catopygus. _ ---·--------------~-- --------------- 61 

conradi. _ -------------------- ____ _ __ __ ___ _ __ 59· 

oviformiB------------------------------------ 61,62 

patelliformis. _ ------------------------------ 64 

caumontf, Brissopatagus_ ~ ---------------------- 92 

azonesensis, Abertella____________________________ 45 

INDEX 

Page 

chickasawhay, Gagaria _____________________ 4, 18, pl. 3 

Thylechinus ( Gagaria)_______________________ 18 

chipolanus, Echinocvamus __________________ 4, 3!, pl. 9 

chlorocentrotus, Echinus__________ _______________ 25 

Echinus (Strongylocentrot'!U) ---------------- 25 

Cldaridae. ------------------------------------ 5, 7-13 

Cldarina. -------------------------------------- 8 

Cidaris-------------------~------------- 5, 7, 8, 9, 10,13 abyssicola _____________ • _____________ ________ 5, 8, 9 

affi.nis ____________________________ : _____ --- 5, 8, 9 

alabamensiB--------------------------------- 11, 12 

blandis __ ---------------------·-------------- 11, 12 

carolinensis _______ ~------------------------- 11, 12 

cidaris---------------------------------- 8, 9, 11, 12 coronalis_____ ___ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ ___ 22 

diatretum_ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _____ ____ _ _ _ _ __ ___ 14 

esculenta ______ _______ ------- ___ ------ ____ ___ 16 

georgiana __ --------------------------------- 11, 12 gibberula___ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ __ 12 

honorinae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

mitchelliL -------~------------------------- 11, 12 

modestus ----------------------------------- 11,12 

moerens __ ---------------------------------- 11,12 

monilifera __ -------------------------------- 8 

morierL ------------------------------------ 8 mortoni____ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ ____ ___ ____ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ 11 

multipunctata _____ _ --------- _ ------- _ ___ ___ _ 8 

orbignyana _____ ___ -------------------------- 11 

ordinatus __ -------------~------------------- 11, 12 papillata ______ ____ • __________ ---- ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

perdubiuB----------------------------------- 11, 12 

pratti----------------------- ---------- 3, 10, pl. 1 propinqua _____________________ ------------- 8 

pustulosa _________ ____ -~- _ ____ ___ _ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ 19 

smithL----------------------------------- 10, pl. 1 

splendem---------- --- ----------- 2, 9, 10, 12, pl. 1 

tribuloideB-------------------------------- 5, 9, pl. 1 

variegata------------------------------------ 14, 15 

(Dorocidaris) georgiana______________________ 11 

papillata____________ ____ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 8 

smithi_ ________________ ------------------ 10 

(Phyllacanthus) ____ ------------------------- 10 

mortonL •.••• ----- ___ ---- ___________ • __ 11 

(Rhabdocidaris) ----------------- _ _ __ __ ____ _ __ 10 

cidaris, CidariB------------------------------ 8, 9, 11, 12 Echinus______ _ ____ ___ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ __ ____ __ _ _ 8 

Cidarites armiger -------------------------------- 9 

metularia.·---------~------------------------ 8, 9. monilifera _____ ___ ----------------- ___ _ __ _ _ __ 8 

morton£. ____________________________________ 11,12 

scutiger --------------------------== --------- 13 splendeus. ________ ----------------- __ ___ _ _ __ 9 

tribuloides. --------------------------------- 9, 10 

(Phyllacan~hus) _ ---------------------------- 10 dubius ______ ______ ------------- __ __ __ _ _ _ 11 

cinctus, Ananchytes __________ ____________________ 65,66 

Cardiaster --------- _ ------------------------ 66 

Holaster --------------- --------------- 2, 65, pl. 27 

Circopeltis (Micropeltis) ------------------------ 24 

clarki, Amphidetus ••••••••• ------------------ --- 78 Looenia __________ c _____________ ---- 4, 5, 77, pl. 33 

Maretia ----------'-------------------------- 90 

clavigera, Tylocidaris .• --------------------------- 12, 13 

cleoei, Agassizia (Anisaster>---------------------- 75 

Eupatagus--------------------------- 3, 4, 89, pl. 41 Euspatangus____________________ ____ ___ ___ _ _ 89 

Peripneustes ____ _ • __ --------------- ____ ___ __ 83 

Clypeaster ----------------------------- 2, 6, 33, 34, 41, 62 antillarum. ------- ---- -. ___________ • _______ 34, 35 

brodermanL------------------ ____ ____ ___ ____ 37 

concavus ___________________________ 4, 34, pls. 10, 11 

cotteauL ________ ~------------------ 4, 33, 37, pl. 12 

douvillel~-------------------- --------------- '- 37 ellipticus ____ ________ --'--·----------- ___ ___ _ _ 34 

gatunL------------------------------- 34, 35, pl. 11 Zanceolatus __________________________________ 34,35 

marinanus __________________________________ · 37 

oxybaphon ________________________ 4, 34, 35, 36, pl. 11 

Page 

Clypeaster-Continued 

pentaporus____________ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ 46 

pinarensiB---------------.-------------------- 35, ?6 

platygaster --~------------------------------- 35,36 

polvoonalis --------------------------------- 35,36 

profundus_--------------------------------- 35, 36 

prostratuB----------------------------------- 35,36 

rogersL--------------------- 4, '33, 36, 38, 44, pl. 12 rosaceus_ _____________________________ 5, 34, pl. 10 

subdepressus. _. ------------------- 5, 34, 36, pl. 11 (Echinorodum) --------- ___ ____ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ 33 

(Stolonoclypus) prostrafus _______________ ~--- 36 

subdepressus ___________ __________ ----- _ _ 36 

Clypeasteridae_________________________________ 6, 33 

Coelopleurus __________________________________ 5, 21,££ 

aldrichi. __ •--------------------------------- 21 

carolinensis--------------------------- 22, 23, pl. 3 coronalis •. _________________________ --~- _ __ __ 22 

equis ___ ------------------------------------ 22 improcerus ____ ___ -.-- ___________ • ___ ___ _ _ __ _ _ 20 

infulatuB---~--------------------------- 3, St, pl. 3 

sloanL ______________ ------------------------ !1 

colsoni, Oligopygus _______________ .______________ 29 

concavus, Clypeaster _ ----------------- 4, 34, pls. 10, 11 

Diplothecanthus ____ _ ----- ___ •• ____ ---------- 34 

conradi, Agassizia·------------------------------ 75 Cassidulus __________________________________ 59,60 

conradL. ------------------------------- 56 (Paralampas) _____ ----- _____ __ _____ ___ _ _ 59 

(Plagiopygus) _ ---------------- 4, 56, 59, pl. 25 

(Pygorhynchus) _ ------------------------ 59 

Catopygus_. -------------------------·------- 59 

Hemiaster ---------------------------------- 75 

Protoscutella_ --------------------- 3, 38, 39, pl. 15 Rhyncholampa8 _____________________________ 59,60 

Scutella ______ --------------- _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ _ __ 40 

Sismondia_ --------------------- ____ -------- 40 

carolinensis, Cassidulus __ ------ 3, 56, 60, 64, pl. 25 

conradi, Cassidulus_ ------------------------ 56 lyelli, Cassidulus __________________ 4, 56, 60, pl. 25 

Coptosoma speciosum___________________________ - 23 

cordatum, Echinocardium ______________________ 5, 78,79 

cordatus, Echinus_ ------------------------------ 78 

coronalis, Cidaris ----------------------------- 22 Coelopleurus___ ____ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ 22 

Cosmocyphus _ ---------------------------------- 23 (Cosmocyphus), Phymosoma_____________________ 23 

saemanni, Phymosoma______________________ 23 

costulatus, Oligopygus_______ ____________________ 28 

cotteaui, Clypeaster -------------------- 4, 33, 37, pl. 12 

craniolaris, Echinocvamus_______________________ 30 

cranium Hemiaster __ --------------------------- 68 craoenensis, Cassidulus ______________________ 65, pl. 23 

Cassidulu3 (PygorhynchU8) carolinensis______ 65 

cresceriticus, Brissopsis________________________ __ 84 

crucifer, Echinobrissus ------------------------ 26 

NucleoZites --------------------------------- 26,64 

( Trematopygus) -------- ____________ ----- 26 Pygorh11nchus _______________________________ 26,63 

Raoenelia ____ ------------- _________________ • 63 

Trematopygu3 ••••••• ___ ------------ ___ _ ___ __ 26 

cruciferum, Rhopostoma ____________________ 2, 16, pl. 7 

cruciferus, AnanchyteB--------------------------- 26 

Nucleolites •.• --------- ___________ ------ __ _ _ _ 26 

Nuculites •••• ___ ---------- ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ 26 

Trematopygus ___________ --------------- _ ___ _ 26 

crustuloides, Echinodiscus. _ --------------------- 54 Laganum _________ ____________ ------ _ ___ ___ _ 54 

Peronella_ ---- _ ---------------------- _ _ __ _ __ 54 

Scutella ••• ·--------------------------------- 40,55 

Ctenocldarina. __ · ___ ----------- ___ ----------- __ _ 8 

cubae, Peronella _________________________________ 53, 54 

Weisbordella _______________________ 4, 50, 5S, pl. 20 

cubensis, EupataguB.---------------------------- 83 Macropneustes ______________________________ 83,84 

Mauritanaster __ ---------------------------- 83, 84 cuneus, Rhynobrissus ______________________ 5, 88, pl. 36 
Page 

·curvus, Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus)_______________ 87 

Plagiobrissus __________________________ 4, 87, pl. 39 

Oqclaster ---------------------------------------- 6, 68 declivis ______________________________________ 68,69 

drewrvensis ___________________________ 4, 68, pl. 28 

Cvphosoma radiatum____________________________ 23 

speciosum _________ _ --- _ -------- __ ---- _ __ _ __ _ 23 

D 

dalli, Dfplothecanthus ___ -------------------- ____ 5, 34 Echinodiscus _____________________ ----- __ ____ 51 

Laganum----------------------------------- 51,52 Neolaganum _______________________ 3, 51, 53, pl. 21 

Peronella ___________________________________ 51, 52 

Weisbordella __ ---------------- __ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ 50 

declivis, Cvclast~r -------------------------------- 68,69 

depressum, Echinocardium _______ ________ 77, 78, pl. 33 

depressus, Amphidefus _______ .___________________ 77 

Cassidulus (Rhvnchowous)------------------ 64 

Procassidulus _____ --------- __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _____ _ 64 

deshavesii, Macropneustes _______________________ 82,83 

desmoulinsi, Maretia____________________________ 81 

diatreta, Echinopsis_ ----------------------- 2, 14, pl. 2 

diatretum, Cidaris------------------------------- 14 Polydiadema _______ __ --------- ______________ · 14 

Pseudodiadema_ ------------------------ ____ 14 

Diplocidarinae ___ ------------ _ --- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 7 

Diplothecanthus antillarum______________________ 34 

concavus ____ --------------------- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 dalli. _______ _______ 7

____ ____________________ 5, 34 

rosaceus_ ----------------------------------- 34 Discoidea haldemanL___________________________ 29 

Ditremaster ----------------------------------- 7, 73,76 beckeri. _______________________________ 4, 77, pl. 30 

nux _____________ ------______________________ 77 

dixie, Dixieus ______________________________ 23, t4, pl. 5 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) ---------------- 87 Phymosoma _________________________________ 23,24 

Plagiobrissus __________________________ 4, 87, pl. 40 

Dixieus _______________ ______ -------- __ --------- _ 5, £3 

dixie·---------------------------------- 23, 24, pl. 5 pelorius ____ ____________ -~-- __ ------ ____ __ _ __ 24 

Dorocidaris _____ -------------------------------- 8 _ abyssicola. ____________ ---- ___ • _ ---- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8 

papillata-------------------------- __ _ _ ____ __ 9 

(Dorocidaris) georgiana, Cidaris •. _ -------------- 11 

papillata, CidariB-------------------~------- 8 

smithi, Cidaris______________________________ 10 

douvillei, Amblvpygus___________________________ 27 

Clypeaster _ --------------------------------- 37 

drewryemi&, Cyclaster ---------------------- 4, 68, pl. 28 

dri5bachiensis, Echinus___________________________ 25 

Strongylocentrotus ______________________ 5, t5, pl. 6 

drpbachiensis, Strongylocentrotus_________________ 25 

dubius, Cidarites (Phvllacanthua)________________ 11 

Phyllacanthus __ ------------- ___ _ _ __ ___ ____ _ _ 11 

duciei, Bris&opais ________________________ ------- 84 

dumblei, Lovenia________________________________ 77 

durhaml, Neolaganum __________________ 4, 51, 52, pl. 21 

E 

Echanthus _____________________________________ 2, 6, 62 

georgiensiiJ _______________________ 2, 56, 6!, 70, pl. 26 

Echinanthua __ ---------------------------------- 33, 62 

georglensi& ____ ---------------------- ___ ----- 62 

gregorvL------------------------- __ ____ _ __ __ 61 

ovatus ____ ------------- ____ ____ ____ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 55 

subdepresaa _______________________ ~-------~- 33,36 

Echinarachnlldae. ----------------------------- 44 

Echinarachnlus __ ------------------------------- 6, 44 

parma _________________________________ 5, 44, pl. 13 

Ech1nldae ___________________ -------- _________ 5, 16-18 

Echino-cidaris _____________ __ ------ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 19 

Echinobris&us crucifer--------------------------- 26 

Ecllinocardium _____ -------- _ ----- _ ____ ____ _ __ ___ 7, 78 

atropo&. __ ---------------------------------- 73 cordatum _________________________________ 5, 78,79 

depressum ________________________ ____ 77, 78, pl. 33 

INDEX 

Page 

Echinocardium-Continued gothicum __ ___ ______________ ____________ 5, 79, pl. 33 

gothicus __ ----------- __________________ ------ 79 

orthonotum __________________________ 4, 5, 78, pl. 33 

virginianum __ -------------------- ___ ------- _ 78 

(Echinocardium), Echinospatagua________________ 78 

Echinocorys _________________________________ 2, 6, 66,67 

ovalis---------------------------------- 2, 66, pl. 27 acutatus _____________________________________ 66, 67 

texan us_------~- ________ -------_____________ 67 

Echinocyamus ________________________ 6, 28, 30, 31, 32,33 

chipolanus ________ _____________ _____ __ __ 4, 32, pl. 9 

craniolaris________ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 30 

huxlevanus ______________________________ 3, 32, pl. 9 

macneilL ________________________________ 32, pl. 9 

meridionalis _____________________________ 3, 32, pl. 9 

parvus ____________________________ 3, 31, 32, 33, pl. 9 

pusillus _____ _____________ ~ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ 31 

texanus_________ ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 30 

vaughani._ _ _ __ ____ ___ _____ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ ____ __ 30 

Echinodiscus archerensis _________________________ . 51 

crustuloides --------------------------- ______ 54 dalli._ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51 

emarginatus___________________________ ___ __ _ 49 

jloridanus_________________________ _____ _____ 50 

johnsonL ______ ~----- ------- --------- __ __ __ 54 

laganum_____________________________ ___ __ __ 50 

quinquies perjoratus .. ~------------------- --- 46 quinquiesperjoratus ______ ________ _ .! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 

sexies perjoratus_________________________ __ __ 46 

Echinolampadidae ________________________ ______ 55-56 

Echinolampas _________________________________ 6, 55,62 

aldrichi ________________________________ 3, 55, pl. 22 

appendiculata ______ _____________ _______ 3, 56, pl. 22 

appendiculatus___________ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 56 

ovata _____________________________________ 55, 56,62 

ovum-serpentis___________ ____ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 

(Isolampas) appendiculatus_________________ 56 

(Miolampas) ---------------------------- ___ _ 55 aldrichi ____ -------- __ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55 

Echinometra ___________ ________________ -~- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6, k5 

atratus____ __ ___ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 25 

lucunter -------------------------------- 5, 25, pl. 6 

mammillatus _____ ------------------ ___ ______ 25 

Echinometridae________ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 25 

Ecbinoneidae_______ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 26-30 

Echinoneinae __________ "----------, --- _ __ _______ 26 

Echinoneus. ----------------------------- ___ ____ 6 Echinopsis__________________________________ _ ___ 5, 14 

diatreta _________________________________ 2, 14, pl. 2 

elegans ____ ____ ---------- ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 14 

(Echinorodum), Clgpeaster_______________________ 33 

Echinospatagus __ ------------------'- ------- ___ __ 78 

(Amphidetus) ------------------------- ______ 78 

(Echinocardium) --------------------- _ ------ 78 

Echinus ___ --------------------------------- _ ___ 25 

chlorocentrotus __ --------------------- ___ _ ___ 25 cidaris _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 8 

cordatus ___ -------------------------------- _ 78 drobachiensis_______ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 25 

equis_____ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

esculentus __ ----------------------------- ___ 16 

grandis __ --------------------------- ____ __ __ 86 hexaporus__ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

improcerus______________________________ _ ___ 20 

infulatus ____ ____________ c.__________________ 22 

lixula. _________ -------------------------- ___ 19 

lucunter _____________ --------------------- __ 25 

miliaria _________________ -------------------- 16 

ovijormis ________________ ---------------- _ ___ 55 

philanthropus ___________________ --------- ___ 16 

punctulatus____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 

pustulosus_____ __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 19 

reticulatus______ __ _ _ ____ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 33 

rosaceus. ----------------------------------- 33, 34 

rujJinL ----------------------------------- __ 16 tuberculatus_____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ 25 

variegatus ____________ ________ ------------- __ 14, 15 

101 

:Page 

Echinus-Continued 

ventricosus ___________ _______________ -------- 15 

(Psammechinus) _____________________ ------- 16 

(Strongylocentrotus) ______________________ --- 25 

chlorocentrotus _________ ---------------·- 25 

egozcuei, Agassizia __ ---------------------------- 15 

elbana, Eurhodia _________________ __ ____ 2, 56, 64, pl. 26 

eldridgei, Laganum ______________________________ 52, 53 

Rumphia __________________________ --------- 53 

Wgthella __________________________ 4, 50, 53, pl. 21 

elegans, Brissopsis __ ---------------------------- 84 

Echinopsis__________________________________ 14 ' 

ellipticus, Clgpeaster __ -------------------------- 34 elongata, Lovenia _____________ ·___________________ 77 

elongatus, Spatangus ___________ ----------------- 77 

emarginata, Encope _____________ 4, 5, 48, 49, pls. 17, 18 

emarginatus, Echinodiscus_______________________ 49 

Encope ________________________ ---~------------- 6, 4.7 

emarginata _________________ 4, 5, 48, 49, pls. 17, 18-

grandis __ -------------------------------- 47, 48, 49 macrophora ____________________ 4, 5, 48, 49, pl. 17 

tamiamiensis _______ ----~---------------- 48 

michelinL----------------. ----- 5, 48, 49, 50, pl. 18 

pentapora _____ ____________ ------ ____ ------- _ 46 

tamiamiensis _______________________ 4, 48, 49, pl. 17 

Eoagassizia ______ ------- ________________ ___ ----- 75 

eocenicus, Progonechinus________________________ 19 

equis, Coelopleurus______________________________ 22 

Echinus __ ---------------------------------- 22 

ericsoni, Cassidulus. _________ J ____ c __ 3, 4, 56, 58, pl. 24 

Escheria i_nsignis___ ___________ ____________ ______ 69 

escu~~~~o~~~:~~=====::===:=::=:::=:~~~~=~~~~: ~~ Tripneustes____ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ 15 

esculentus, Echinus. _ --------------------------- 16 

Eucidaris.------------------------------------- 7 8, 9 

tribuloides __ -------------------------------- 9 Eupatagus ______________________________ 7, 86, 87, 88,92 

antillarum _____________________________ 3, 87, 90,91 

carolinensis_________________________________ 3, 91 

cleveL _________ ~-~--------------- --- 3, 4, 89, pl. 41 

cubensis __________________ -------~- __ -- _ ---- 83 

jloridanus. _ -------------------------------- 87,90 georgianus ______________________________ 92, pl. 43 

grandijlorus ___ ----------------------------- 89 mooreanus_ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 90 

pectoralis.---------------------------------- 86 

valenciennesii. --------------------------- 86, 89,90 

(Brissopatagus) _________ _ --- ____ -___ -_- __ -- _ 92 

alabamensis __________ ___________ 4, 92, pl. 43 

georgianus. ----------------------------- 92 

prim us_-------------------------------- 70 

( Gymnopatagus) __ -------------------------- 89 

antillarum ________________ ~---- -- 4, 90, pl. 41 

carolinensis ______________________ 3, 91, pl. 42 

gardnerae __________________________ 4, 90, pl.42 

mooreanus___________________________ ___ 90 

ocalanus _________________________ 4, 91, pl. 42 

(Macropneustes) ________ _ ---- ____ ---- __ ----- 82 

(Plagiobrissus) __________ --- _ --- ___ -____ -- _- _ 86 

carolinensis __ ____ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 91 

curvus_________________________________ _ 87 

dixie ___________ _______ _____ -- ___ -_"----_ 87 

gardnerae __________ --------------------- 90 

grandis __ ------------------------------- 86 holmesiL ______________________ --------- 87 

ocalanus________________________ _ _ __ ____ 91 

(Eupatagus), Spatangus________________________ 88 

Eurhodia ____________________________ 6, 56, 57, 63, 64,65 

elbana _____________________________ 2, 56, 64, pl. 26 

holmesi. _ ----------------------------------- 3, 65 

morrisi. ___ ___ ------------------------------ 65 patelliformia ________________________ 4, 56, 64, pl. 22 

ravenelL ____ _______ -- _ -- _______ ----- _ ------- 63 

rugosa _______________________ 3, 56, 57, 63, 64, pl. 22 

(Eztrhodia) ----- ________________ --------- _ _ _ _ 56 

( Gisopvous) holme8i. ___ ____ ________ 3, 56, 65, pl. 23 
102 

lPage 

(Eurhodia), Eurhodia.·------------------------- 56 

Euspantangus antillarum_ ---------------------- . 90 

Euspatangus __ --------------------------------- 89 

cleveL -------------------------------------- 89 grandiflorus _____ ___ ------------- _ __ _ __ _ ____ _ 89 

evergladensis, Cassidulus (Cassidulus)_____ __ ____ 57 

Cassidulus (Rhgnchopygus)_____________ _____ 57 

ezoletus, Psammechinus_________ ________________ 16 

F 

Fibularia-------------------------------------- 6, SO, 31 alabamensis __________________________ 4, 30, 31, pl. 9 

huzleyi_ _____ --- _____________________ -------- 32 

meridionalis _____ __ __________________ -------- 32 

ovulum________ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ___ 30 

tezana ________________ _______________ 3;30, 31, pi. 9 

vaughani_ __________ __________________ 4, 30, 31, pl. 9 

Fibulariidae __________________________________ 6, 3Q-33 

fimbriatus, Ananchgtes ___________________________ 65,66 

Cardiaster ___ ------------------------------- 66 

Holaster _ ----------------------------------- 66 6-faria, Scutella.______ ___ _______________________ 43 

floralanus, Lgtechinus _____ _________ _____ ____ 3, 15, pl. 2 

Psammechinus ___ ______ ---- --- ___ ---------- 15 

floridana, Agassizia ______________________ 4, 75, 76, pl. 32 

Scutella _____ ------- ____ ,___ ____ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ _ 45 

floridanum, Laganum ___________________ 4, 50, 51, pl. 20 

floridanus, Brissoides (Koilospatangus)__________ 87 

Echinodiscus _____ ___ --------- __ ------------- 50 

Eupstagus---------------------------------- 87,90 Oligopygus_______ ___ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ __ _ ____ ___ ___ 28 

Periarchuslgelli__ _________________ 3, 4, 41, 4£, pl. 13 

Schizaster ----------------------------------- 71,72 fontis, Cassidulus (Galerolampas) ________________ 62,63 

Formations, echinoid-bearing _________________ 2, 3, 4, 5 

G 

Gagaria ____ _ ------ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ 5, 17 

americana ________________________ ____ ______ ._ 18, 19 

chickasawhag __________ ----------- -- 4, 18, pl. 3 mossomi_ _______________________________ ' 4, 17, pl. 3 

salis ____________________________________ 2, 17, pl. 3 

venustula _____________ ------- _ ___ ___ _ __ _____ 18 

( Gagaria), Micropsia____________________________ 17 

chickasawhay, Thylechinus_______________ ____ 18 

mossomi, ThylechinuB----------------------- 17 

salis, Thglechinus___________________________ 17 

Galer aster----------------- ---------- _______ ------ 26 

( Galerolampas) fontis, Cassidulus _____ __________ 62,63 

gardnerae, Eupatagus (Ggmnopatagus) _____ 4,90,pl. 42 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus)___________________ 90 

gatuni, Clypeaster.------------------------- 34, 35, pl. 11 

Gauthieria. ---------------------------------•--- 5, 23 

speciosa. _ ------------------------------ 2, 23, pl: 5 

gentili, Mauritanaster --------------------------- 79 

georgiana, Cidaris.-------------~---------------- 11,12 

Cidaris (Dorocidaris)__________________ ______ 11 

georgianus, Eupatagus. , -------------------- 92,pl. 43 

Eupatagus (Brissopatagus)__ _________ ___ ____ 92 

georgiensis, Cassidulus __ ------------------------ 61 

Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) __ ----------- 4, 60, pl. 25 

(Pggorhynchus) _ ------------------------ 60 Echanthus ______________________ 2, 56, 6B, 70, pl. 26 

Echinanthus __ ------------------------------ 62 

Rhyncholampas_ ---------------------- --- 60 globosus, Cassidulus _____________ 3, 4, 56, 61, pl. 25 

Cassidulus (Plagiopygus)____________ 4 

gibberula, Agassizia __ --------------------------- 75 

Cidaris __ ----------------------------------- 12 Tglocidaris____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ 12 

gibberulus, Schizaster ---------------------------- 71 

Gisopggus _ ------------------------------------- 65 

(Gisopygus) holmesi, Eurhodia ________ _ 3, 56, 65, pl. 23 

glenni, Brissus _________________ ___________ 5, 8B, pl. 36 

Spatangus ______________________ ______ 5, 80, pl. 35 

globosus, Cass~dulus georgiensis _____ _ 3, 4, 56, 61, pl. 25 

Cassidulus (Paralampas) ------------------- 61 

(Plagiopygus) georgiensis________________ 4 

- INDEX 

Page 

Goniocidarina. _ ------- __ ----------------------- 7 

gothicum, Echinocardium _____ _____________ 5, 79, pl. 33 

gothicus, Amphidetus____________________________ 79 

Echinocardium ______ ____ -------------- ___ ___ 79 

gouldii, Cassidulus ______________ 4, 56, 57, 58; 59, pl. 24 

Cassidulus (Cassidulus)--------------------- 58 

(Pygorhgnchus) _ ------ ----------------- 57 

Procassidulus (Hardouinia) ----------------- 57 

Pygorhynchus_ ------------------------------ 57 Ravenelia __ ____ ------ ____ _ _ __ ____ ___ ___ _ ____ 57 

grandiflorus, Eupatagus ___________ :________ _____ 89 

Euspatangus .• ----------------------------- 89 

grandis, Echinus -------------------------------- 86 Encope __________________________________ 47, 48,49 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) __ ---------------- 86 

Meoma _____________ ____ -------------------- 83 

Plagiobrissus _______________ 5, 86, 87, 92, pls. 39, 40 

gratilla, Tripneustes ________________ _________ _.___ 14 

gregoryi, Breynella. ----------------------------- 61-62 

Cassidulus (Paralampas) ------------------- 61 

Echinanthus ______ -------------------- ___ ___ 61 

grignonensis, Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) __ -~------ 59 

Nucleolites ____________ ----------------- ____ _ 59 

Pggorhynchus _ ------ ___ ------___ ------- _ ____ 59 

Gymnopatagus ____ ----------------- ___ ------- __ _ 89 

valdiviae ______ ---------- _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ ___ 89 

( Gymnopatagus), Brissoides_____________________ 89 

Eupatagus _______ _________________ ---------- 89 

antillarum, Eupatagus ________________ 4, 90, pl. 41 

carolinensis, Eupatagus _______________ 3, 91, pl. 42 

gardnera.e Eupatagus_ ---------------- 4, 90, pl. 42 

mooreanus, Eupatagus______________________ 90 

ocalanus, Eupatagus ______ _____________ 4, 91, pl. 42 

H 

Haimea _____ ____ -------------- ____ ___ ____ ___ ___ _ . 28 

haldemani, Discoidea____________________________ 29 

Oligopggus ___ ----------------------- 3, B9, 30, pl. 8 

hanoverensis, Linthia--------~-------------- 3, 70, pl. 29 

Schizaster (Linthia) ___ ---------------------- 70 

(Hardouinia) alabamensis, Procassidulus________ 57 

gouldii, Procassidulus_______________________ 57 

hayesiana, Scutelina______ _________________ ___ __ _ 33 

hagesianus, Cassidulus. _______________________ .:_ 33 

Hebertia. --------------------------------------- 14 Heliocidaris __ _____________________ _ ::: _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ 25 

Hemiaster ------------------------------------- 2, 6, 67 conradL _________________ ------- ___ ____ ___ _ _ 75 

cranium_----------------------------------- 68 incrassatus _____ ___________ ---- ___ ____ ___ ____ 67 

minimus ______ _ ---------- __ --------- __ ___ ___ 67 

moscovensis __ __________________________ 2, 68, pl. 28 

nuz----------------------------------------- 73, 76 parastatus __________________________ 2, 67, 68, pl. 28 

stella ___________________________ ___ : ___ 2, 67, pl. 28 

wetherbyi_ _____ ______________________ -------- 68 

(Integraster) stella •. _----------------------- 68 

(Leymeriaster) parastatus____________________ 67 

Hemiasteridae ________________________________ 6, 67-69 

hemiasteroides, Rhgnobrissus_____________________ 88 

Hemibrisuss _____ ----- __ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ 82 

Hemipatagus __ _ -------------------------------- 80, 81 argutus_ --- __________ -------- __________ -~ ___ 81 

subrostratus____ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ 81 

hezapora, Mellita________________________________ 47 

hezaporus, Echinus______________________________ 46 

Hipponoe esculenta ___ -------------------------- 15 variegata _________________________________ _ • _ 15 

Histocidarina _________ -------- ___ .c __ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ 7 

hoffmanni, Spatangus___________________________ 80 

Holaster --------------------------------------- 2, 6, 65 

cinctus- _ ------------------------------ 2, 65, pl. 27 

fimbriatv,s ___ ------------------------------- 66 mortoni_____ ___ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ 83 

nodulatus. __ __ ----- ___ -------- ___ ____ ___ ____ 66 

nodulosus___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ __ _ ____ ___ _ ___ 65 

parastatus __ -------------------------------- 67 

Page 

Holasteridae _____ -------------- _________ -------- 65-67 

holmesi, Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus)_____________ 65 

Eurhodia ___ -------------------------------- 3, 65 

( Gisopygus) _ ------------------- 3, 56, 65, pl. 23 

Metalia ____ -------------------- ___ ------- ___ 87 

Rhyncholampas _ ------------------------ ___ _ 65 

holmesii, Eupatagus (PlagiobrissuBJ------------- 87 . 

Plagiobrissus ___ ___ .__________ ______ ---------- 5, 87 

Plagionotus_ -------------------------------· 87 

honorinae, CidariB------------------------------- 8 

huzlevanus, Echinocyamus __________________ 3, SB, pl. 9 

huzleyi, Fibularia .. ------------------------------ 32 

hystriz, Lovenia·--------- --- ------------------ 77 

I 

imperialis, Phullacanthus________________________ 11 

improcera, Arbacia _______________________ 4, UJ, 21, pl. 4 

improcerus, Coelopleurus________________________ 20 

Echinus. ____ ------------------------------- 20 

Psammechinus_________________________ _____ 20 

incrassatus, Hemiaster -------------------------- 67 

inflata, Agassizia-------------------------------- 75 infulatus, Coelopleurus ______________________ 3, B!, pl. 3 

Echinus. ----------------------------------- 22 

insignia, Escheria. ------------------------------ 69 

Linthia. ------------------------------------ 69 

(Integraster) stella, Hemiaster ------------------- 68 

(lsolampas) appendiculatus, Echinolampas______ 56 

J 

Jacksonaster __ ---------------------------------- 50 jacksoni, Schizobrissus___________________________ 83 

johnsoni, Echinodiscus___________________________ 54 

Laganum ____ ___ ---- __________ ------ ___ • ___ _ 54 

Weisbordella ________________________ 4, 50, 5,4, pl. 20 

joneBi, Scutella •• ---------------------------- 36, 37 

K 

kewi, PeriarchuB-.--------~--------------------- 44 !'~riarchus quinquejarius _____________ 4, 41, 4.4, pl. 14 

.Kletnta _____ --------- ____ ---------- _______ ---- __ 84 

luzonica. _ ---------------------------------- 84 koenigi, Phumosoma_____________________________ 23 

(Koilospatangus) floridanus, BrissoidieB--------- 87 

L 

Lagana ___ -----. ____ ----------- ______ ----------- 50 

rogersi ------_____________________ ----------- 36 

Laganidae __ ------------------------------------ 5o-51 Laganum_______________________________________ 6, 50 

archerensis---------------------------------- 51,52 

bonanL. _________ ---- ____ ----------___ ----- _ 50 

crustuloides ______________ ------------------- 54 

dalli_ ____________ ____________ _______________ 51, 52 

eldridgei. ----------------------------------- 52, 53 

floridanum_ ------------------------ 4, 50, 51, pl. 20 

johnsonL ---- ____ -------------------- ____ _ __ 54 

laganum ---------·------------------------- 50,51 

ocalanum .. ------------------------- 4, 50, 51, pl. 20 

petalodes _____ __ ------- ____ ----------- __ ___ __ 50 

laganum, Echinodiscus_______________ ___________ 50 

Laganum----------------------------------- 50, 51 

ZanceolatuB, Clupeaster ____ ---------------------- 34, 35 

Leiocidaris ____ ____ ----------------------- _______ 10, 11 

carolinensis_ --------------------- ___ • _ ___ ___ 11 

mitchellL _ ---------------------------------- 11 

Leiosoma tournouerL --------------------------- 24 

Leodia __ :-:-----'--------- ____________________ . 6, f6, 47 

c~rolmtan~_----------------------------- 4, 1,.7, pl. 19 

nchardsonu ________________ ~----------------- 46,47 

sexiesperforata ______ ---------------- 5, 1,.8, 47, pl. 19 

sextiesperforata ___ --------------------------- 47 

(Leodia), Mellita________________________________ 46 

seziesperjorata, Mellita---------------------- 47 

(Leumeriaster) parastatuB, Hemiaster____________ 67 

Zignoni, OligopygUB______________________________ 30 
Page 

Linthia.---------------------------------- 2, 7, 69, 70,79 alabamensis ____ ___________ __ ___________ 2, 69, pl. 29 

hanoverensis ____________________________ 3, 70, pl. 29 

insignia __________ ------_____________________ 69 

maverickensis. ___________________ ::_ __________ 69, 70 

prima _________________________________ 2, 70, pl. 43 

wilmingtonensis ________________________ 3, 69, pl. 29 

(Linthia), Schizaster ---------------------------- 69 

alabamensis, Schizaster ---------------------- 69 

hanoverensis, Schizaster ---------------------- 70 

ocalanus, Schizaster ___ ---------------------- 73 

wilmingtonensis, Schizaster__________________ 69 

lixula, Arbacia _______________________________ 19, 20, 22 

Echinus_______________________________ ___ ___ 19 

Lovenia--------------------------------------- 7, 77, 78 

alabamensi3--------------------------------- 4, 77 

clarkL------------------------------- 4, 5, 77, pl. 33 

dumblei. ------------------------------------ 77 elongata______ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ 77 

hystrix __ ------------------------------------ 77 Loveniidae_ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 77-79 

lucunter, Echinometra _______________________ 5, 25, pl. 6 

Echinus______ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 

luzonica, Kleinia________________________________ 84 

lyelli, Cassidulus _____________________ __________ _ 60,61 

Cassidulus conradi_ _________________ 4, 56, 60, pl. 25 

(Paralampas) --------------------------- 60 (Rhynchopygus)__ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

Nculeolites_ _ _ ____ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

Periarchus __________ 3, 4, 41, 42, 43, 44, 91, pls. 13, 14 lyelli___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ 41 

Pygorhynchus________ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 60 

Rhyncholampas_ ---------------------------- 60 Scutella __ __________________________ ______ _40, 41,42 

Sismondia __ -------------------------------- 41 jloridanus, Periarchus ___________ 3, 4, 41, 42, pl. 13 

lyelli, Periarchus____________________________ 41 

pileus-sinensis, Periarchus _______ 4, 41, 42, 43, pl. 13 

lyrijera, Brissopsis ___ --------------------------- 85 Lytechinus ____ ____ ---- _________ --- _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ 5, 14 

jloralanus __ --------------------------- 3, 15, pl. 2 variegatus ______________________ _________ _ 15, pl. 2 

M 

macneili, Echinocyamus ______________________ 32, pl. 9 

Tylocidaris _____________________________ 2, 12, pl. 1 

Macrophora macrophora_________________________ 48 ravenelL _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 48 

macrophora, Encope _______________ _ 4, 5, 48, 49, pl. 17 

Macrophora ___ _ --- _ ___ _ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 48 

Ravenellia __ -------------------------------- 48 Scutella __ ______________ ------ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ 48 

tamiamiensis, Encope_ ---- ----------------- 48 

Macropneustes ------------------------------ 7, 79,82 

carolinensis ____ ----------------------------- 79, 80 

cubensis _ ----------------------------------- 83,84 

deshayesiL ---------------------------------- 82, 83 mortonL ___________________________ 4, 79, 83, pl. 37 

ventricosui ____________________________ 5, 84, pl. 37 

(Macropneustes), Eupatagus____________________ 82 

mammillatus, Echinometra______________________ 25 

mansjieldi, Phymotaxis _____________________ 4, 24, pl. 6 

Maretia __ -------------------------------------- 7, 80 

arguta ________________________________ 3, 81, pl. 34 

clarki_ ___ ----------------------------------- 90 desmoulinsL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ 81 

subrostrata __ ---------------------------- 81, pl. 34 

twitchelli ----------------------------------- 90 (Maretia), Spatangus___________________________ 80 

marginalia, Monostychia ----------------------- 40 

Mortonia (Periarchus) _ --------------------- 40 Periarchus___ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 40 

Sismondia ________ ---- _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ 39 

marinanus, Clypeaster --------------------------- 37 

Mauritamaster carolinensis --------------------- 80 

Mauritanaster cubensis ------------------------ 83,84 

gentili. _ ----------------------------------- _ 79 

INDEX 

lPage 

maverickensis, Linthia ___________________________ 69, 70 

mediterranea, Brissopsis_______________ __________ 85 

Mellita ___ -------------------------------------- 6, 45 

ampla __ ------------------------------------ 46 

caroliniana ___ ------------------------------ 47 hexapora_ _ _ __ _ _ ____ __ __ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ 47 

pentapora ____ ___________ ----- __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ _ 46 

quinque fora _______ ------ __________________ ·- 46 

ampla __ -------------------------------- 46 quinquiesperjorata _____________________ 45, 46, pl. 19 

tenuis----------------------------------- 5, 46 

sexforis. ___ ---------------------------- ___ __ 47 similis_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 47 

testudinata __________________________________ 45,46 

(Leodia) _ ----------------------------------- 46 sexiesperforata_____ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 47 

Mellitidae _____ ------------------------ _______ 6, 45-50 

Meoma·---------------------------------------- 82,83 

grandis ___ ---------------------------------- 83 ventricosa_ _ ____ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 84 

(Meoma), Brissus------------------------------- 82 

ventricosus, Brissus_________________________ 84 

meridionalis, Echinocyamus_ ---------------- 3, 32, pl. 9 

Fibularia_ --------------------------------:::_ 32 

merrilli, Amblypygus __ ----------------------- 27, pl. 7 

Metalia holmesi_______________________ __________ 87 

pectoralis ___ -------------------------------- 86, 87 raveneliana___ _ _ __ __ __ _ _____ ___ _ ___ __ _ __ __ __ _ 87 

metularia, Cidarites______________________________ 8, 9 

michelini, Encope __ ___________________ 5, 48, 49, 50, pl. 18 

micra, Porpitella ____________________________ 3, 33, pl. 7 

Micraster· ___ ------------------------------------ 82 Micropeltis____ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ ____ _ _ __ 24 

(Micropeltis), Circopeltis ___ --------------------- 24 

Micropsia venustula ___ ----------------------- ___ 17 

( Gagaria) ___ -------------------------------- 17 

Microsoma speciosum ___________ ---------- -- ---- 23 

miliaria, Echinus________________________________ 16 

Psammechinus ______________________________ 16,17 

minimus, Hemiaster_____________________________ 67 

(Miolampas), Echinolampas__________________ ___ 55 

aldrichi, EchinolampaB----------------------- 55 

mississippiensis, Monostychia____________________ 38 

Protoscutella __________ __ _________ 3, 38, 39, 40, pl. 15 

Scutella_ ___ _ _ __ __ ____ ____ _ _ _ __ _ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ _ 38 

mitchelli, Leiocidaris_____________________________ 11 

mitchellii, Cidaris ________________________________ 11,12 

modestus, CidariB-------------------------------- 11, 12 

Moera ____ -------------------------------------- 73 moerens, Cidaris ____ _____________________________ 11, 12 

Moira ___________________ -------_________________ 7, 73 

atropos __________ _______________________ 5, 73, pl. 30 

monilifera, Cidaris------------------------------- 8 

Cidarites __ "--------------------------------- 8 Monostychia___ _ _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ____ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ 38 

marginalia _________________ ----· ____________ • 40 

mississippiensis __ --------------------------- 38 plana _________ _-_____________________________ 40 

mooreanus, Eupatagus__________________________ 90 

Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus)_________________ 90 

morieri, Cidaris --------------------------- ______ 8 

morrisi, Eurhoci_________________________________ 65 

Pygorhynchus __ ------------- _____ ----------- 63 

Mortonella _________ ----------------------------- 41, 44 

quinquefaria __ ------------------------- ___ __ 43 

rogersi. ________ ____ -------------- _________ __ 43 

mortoni, Cidaris ___ _ ---------------------- ______ 11 

Cidaris (Phyllacanthus) ___ ------------------ 11 Cidarites ________________________________ ____ 11, 12 

Holaster ________ ------------------- __ _______ 83 

Macropneustes ______________________ 4, 79, 83, pl. 37 

Nucleolites___ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 

Phyllacanthus ________________________ 3, 10, 11, pl. 1 

Mortonia _________________________________ ______ 28, 41 

quinquejaria __ ------------------- ______ _____ 43 

rogersL ______________ _ --------- __ ---------- _ 36, 43 

103 

Page 

M ortonia-Continued 

turgida ____ ----------------------------- ____ 37 

(Periarclsus) _ ------------------------------- 41 altus____________________________________ 41 

marginalia______________________________ 40 

pileus-sinensis __ --------------__________ 42 

planus__________________________________ 40 

(Mortonia) rogersi, Scutella _____________________ _ 37,43 

moscovensis, Hemiaster --------------------- 2, 68, pl. 28 

mossomi, Agassizia (Anisaster) _____________ 4, 76, pl. 32 

Gagaria _________________________________ 4, 17, pl. 3 

Thylechinus ( Gagaria) ----------------------- 17 

multipunctata, Cidaris'-------------------------- 8 

N 

navillei, Rhynchopygus___________________ _ _______ 65 

Neolaganidae _______________________________ 6, 50,51-55 

Neolaganum __________________________________ 6, 51,53 

antillarum ______________________________ --- _ 52 

archerensis __________________________________ 50,52 

dalli _______________________________ 3, 51, 53, pl .21 

durhami_ ___________________________ 4, 51, 52, pl. 21 

nodulatus, Holaster ___ ------ ------------------- 66 

nodulosus, Holaster ------------------------------ 65 

Spatangus ______ ---------------------------- 65 

Nucleolites crucifer------------------------------ 26,64 cruciferus______________ ________ _____ _ ____ __ _ 26· 

grignonensis ___ ----------------------------- 59 

lyellL _____ ------------- ___ ---- ____ ---------- 60 

m01·toni_ ______ _________ --------------------- 57 

oviformis__________ _______________ _ _____ _ ____ 61 

(Trematopygus) crucifer_____________________ 26 

Nuculites cruciferus __________________ _______ ---- 26 

nux, Ditremaster ------------------------------- 77 

Hemiaster ________ --------------------- ___ ~- 73, 76 

0 

ocalanum, Laganum ------------------- 4, 50, 51, pl. 20 

ocalanus, Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ----- 4, 91, pl. 42 

Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) ------------------ 91 

Psammechinus ___ ------------------------ -15, pl. 2 

Schizaster (Brachybrissus) ______________ 4, 73, pl. 29 

(Linthia) ___ -------------------------- __ 73 Oligophyma ____ ___________ ---- __________ ----- _ _ _ 14 

Oligopodia_ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ____ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ 61 

Oligopyginae. ________________ ----- ____ --- ____ -- 27 

Oligopygus______________________________________ 6, 27 

colsoni._ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

costulatus __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ 28 

jloridanus _____ ______________ ----- ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ 28 

haldemani. -------------------------- 3, 29, 30, pl. 8 

lignoni_ _____ -------------------------------- 30 rotundus _______________________________ 3, ~9, pl. 8 

wetherbyi_ _ ----------------------- 3, 28, 29, 30, pl. 8 

orbignyana, CidariB------------------------------ 11 ordinatus, Cidaris _______________________________ 11, 12 

Orthanthus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 

Orthechinus pretiosus____________________________ 18 

orthonotum, Echinocardium_ ------------- 4, 5, 78, pl. 33 

orthonotus, Amphidetus__________________________ 78 

Spatangus ______ ---- ____ --- _________ ___ --- _ _ 78 

Orthopsidae------------------------------------ 5, 14 

Ostrea sellaeformis------------------------------ 31,33 

ovalis, Ananchytes--------------------c---------- 66 

Echinocorvs--------------------------- 2, 66, pl. 27 

ovata, Echinolampas __ ----------------------- 55, 56,62 

ovatus, Echinanthus _ ---------------------------- 55 

oviformis, Cassidulus____________________________ 61 

Catopygus __ -------------------------------- 61, 62 

Echinus ________ ---------------------------- 55 Nucleolites ___ ____________________________ --- 61 

Phyllobrissus ____ __________ • _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 61 

Santeelampas ______________________ 3, 56, 61, pl. 26 

ovulum, Fibularia _____ -------------------------- 30 

ovum-serpentis, Echinolampas___________________ 28 

oxybaphon, Clypeaster ------------------ 4, 34, 35, pl. 11 
104 

p 

papillata, Cidaris ___ ----------- ____________ -----

Cidaris (Dorocidaris) -------------------- __ _ 

Dorocidaris _ ----------------------------- __ _ 

Paralampaa __ ---------------------------- _ --- __ 

pileus __ ------------------------------------ (Paralampas), Caasidulus ______________________ _ 

carolinensia, Caasidulus __ ------ ____________ _ conradi, Cassidulus ________________________ _ 

globosus, Cassidulus ___ ---------------------

gregoryi, Cassidulus -----------_ -~----- _____ _ lyelli, Cassidulus ___ -------------________ ___ : 

Parascutella ____ --------------------------------

Page 

8 

8 

9 

59 

59 

59 

60 

59 

61 

61 

60 

44 

parastatus, Hemiaster ------------------ 2, 67, 68, pl. 28 

Hemiaster (Leymeriaater)____________________ 67 

Holaster ------------------------------------ 67 Spatangus_______________ ___ __ ____ ____ __ ____ 67 

Paraster -------------------------------------- 7, 71,72 americanus _______________________ 4, 7~, 73, pl. 30 

armiger _________________________ 4, 71, 72, 73, pl. 30 

parma, Echinarachnius ___ ________________ 5, ,U, pl. 13 

· Scutella_____________________________________ 44 

parvus, Echinocyamus _______________ 3, 31, 32, 33, pl. 9 

patelliformis, Cassidulus________________________ 64 

Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus)_________________ _ . 64 

Catopygus __ --------- __ ------ __ __ ___ __ _____ _ 64 

Eurhodia _______________ • _____ _____ 4, 56, 64, pl. 22 

Procassidulus __________ -------------------- 64 

pectoralis, Brissua (Plagionotua)_________________ 86 

Eupatagua ________ ___ ------ _______ ---- ___ ___ 86 

Metalia _____________________________________ 86,87 

Plagiobriasus __ ----------------------------- 86 Spatangus _ ___ ____ ____ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ ____ ___ ___ 86 

peloria, Phy'mosoma_____________ ________________ 23 

pelorius, Dixieus---------- ---- ---------------- 24 

Phymosoma _______ _ -------•- _ ------------- _ _ 24 

pentagonium, Protoscutella __________ 3, 38, 39, 40, pl. 15 

pentapora, Encope______________________________ 46 

Mellita_ ------------------------------------ 46 

pentaporus, Clypeaster -------------------------- 46 

.Perdubius, Cidaris_ ----------------------------- 11, 12 

perforatus, Echinodiscus qui'nquies_______________ 46 

Echinodiscus sexies____________ __ ____________ 46 

Periarchus _________________ ____________________ 2, 6, 41 

altus------- ____________ ------_______________ 41 

kewi _ ------------------------------ _ -------- 44 lyelli _____ _________ 3, 4, 41, 42, 43, 44, 91, pls. 13, 14 

jloridanus __________________ 3, 4, 41, 4$, pl. 13 

lyelli_ ______ _____________________ ------ __ 41 

pileus-sinensis ____ --------- 4, 41, 42, 43, pl. 13 

marginalia _________________ ---- ___ ----______ 40 

pileus-sinensis __ ---------------------------- 42 planus _________________________ :____________ 40 

protuberans ____________ ____________ 4, 41, 4~. pl. 12 

quinquefarius __________ 3, 4, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, pl. 14 kewL _________________________ 4, 41, 44, pl. 14 

quinquefarius ___ ------- _ ---------------- 41 

~:!:!{=~~:~=~===~===========~=~~~=~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~= i! 

(Periarchus), Mortonia________________ ___ _______ 41 

altus, Mortonia_____________________________ 41 

marginalia, Mortonia________________________ 40 

pileus-sinensis, Mortonia____________________ 42 

planus, Mortonia~---------------------- --- 40 

Peripneustes __ ________ _ ------------------- _ --- _ _ 83 

antillarum _________ ------------------- _ --- _ _ 83 

clevei. ---------- _____ ------------------ _ __ __ 83 

Peronella .• ---------------------------------- 50, 52,53 

archerensia ________ -------------------------- 52 

caribbeana·------ -------------------------- 53,54 

crustuloides ________ ----------------·------·- _ 54 

cubae·-------------------------------------- 53, 54 

dallL.-------------------------------------- 51, 52 

peronii. __ ---------- ----------------------- 53 

quinquenodulata ________ ·-------------------- 53,54 

peronii, Peronella------------------------------- 53 

petalodes, Laganum.---------------------------- 50 

INDEX 

:Page 

philanthropus, Echinus--------~----------------- 16 Psammechinua ___________________________ 16, pl. 3 

Phyllacanthus---------------------------------- 5, 8,10 dubius _________________ -------- ____ ------ _ __ 11 

imperialia •. -------------------------------- 11 

mortonL--------------------------- 3, 10, 11, pl. 1 

(Phyllacanthus), Cidaris ------------------------ 10 

Cidarites ______ ------------------------------ 10 Rhabdocidaris ____________ -- --- __ ----------- 10 

dubius, Cidarites.--------------------------- 11 mortoni, Cidaria_____________________________ 11 

Phyllobrissus oviformis----------- -------------- 61 · Phymosoma ________________________ -------- __ _ __ 23 

dixie---------------------------------------- 23,24 

koenigj_ ___ _ ---- ____ --- _ ------- ____ ---- _ --- _ _ 23 

peloria~----------- -------------------------- 23 

pelorius ______ ----- __ ----------------------- _ 24 

( Cosmocy,phus) ----- __ · __ --------------------- 23 

saemanni. __ ---------------------------- 23 Phymosomatidae _______________________________ 23-24 

Phymotaxis. _ ----------------------------------- 6, !4 

biarritzensis _____ --------------------------- _ 24 

mansfieldL.--------------------------- 4, 84, pl. 6 

tournourL ---------------------------------- 24 

vidali. ______ ---------------------- _ --------- 24 pileus, Paralampaa_____________________________ 59 

pileus-sinensis, Mortonia (Periarchus)___________ 42 

Periarchus. _ -----------------------:_______ 42 lyelli_ ______________________ 4, 41, 48, 43, pl. 13 

Scutella ____ ~ ________ ------ _ ___ _ ___ ____ ___ ___ 42 

Sismondia _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 

pinarensis, Clypeaster --------------------------- 35,36 

Plagiobrissus. ___ ----------------------------- 7, 86, 91 curvus _________________________________ 4, 87, pl. 39 

dixie ___________________________________ 4, 87, pl. 40 

grandis __ ____________________ 5, 86, 87, 92, pls. 39,40 

holmesii_____________________________________ 5, 87 

pectoralis __ ---------------------~----------- 86 

ravenelianus __ -----,------------------------- 87 (Plagiobrissus), Eupatagus_________ _______ ______ 86 

carolinensis, Eupatagus_ -------------------- 91 curvus, Eupatagus__________________________ 87 

dixie, Eupatagus____________________________ 87 

gardnerae, Eupatagus ..• ----------- -------- 90 grandis, Eupatagus_________________________ 86 

holmesii, Eupatagus_________________ ________ 87 

ocalanus, Eupatagus________________________ 91 

Plagionotus ________ _______ ------- __ _ _____ _ _ _ __ __ 86 

holmesiL ___ ______________________ -~-- _ __ ___ 87 

ravenelianus. _ ------------------------------ 87 

(Plagionotus), Brissus_ ------------------------- 86 pectoralis, Brissus___________________________ 86 

Plagiopyga ____ _______ ---------- ___ -------------- 59 

Plagiopygus __ ---------------------------------- 59 (Plagiopygus), Cassidulus_______________________ 6, 56 

Cassidulus georgiensis globosus_______________ 4 

conradi, Cassidulus _________________ 4, 56, 59, pl. 25 

georgiensis, Cassiaulus _________________ 4, 60, pl. 25 

grignonensis, Cassidulus___________ __________ 59 

plana, Monostychia_____________________________ 40 

Protoscutella ________________________ 3, 38, 40, pl. 15 

Sismondia _____ ----------------------- _ ----- 40 

planulatus, Spatangus ______ ---- -------------- 81 

planus, Mortonia (Periarchua) _ ----------------- 40 

Periarchus __ ---------------------- ___ _______ 40 

platggaster, Clypeaster --------------------------- 35,36 

Pleurowuus _______ ---------- ________ ---- _ __ __ __ 59, 

Polydiadema diatretum__________________________ 14 

polygonalis, Clypeaster __ ------------ ----------- 35, 36 porifera, Agassizia _________________________ 5, 74, pl. 31 

poriferua, Brissopsis __ -------------------------- 74 Porpitella __________ ____ --------- ___________ ----- 6, 33 

micra ___________________________________ 3, 33, pl. 7 

supera ____ ----- _____ ------ ___ --------------- 33 

(PorpiteUa), Scutellina__________________________ 33 

pratti, Cidaris------------------------------ 3, 10, pl. 1 

Page 

Prenaster alpinus.------------------------------ 75 

(Anisaster) __ ------------------------------- 75 pretiosus, Brochopleurus ____________________ 3, 18, pl. 4 

Orthechinua •. __ -------------~ ---------------- 18 

Progonechinus. __ ---------------------------· 18 prima, Linthia ____________________________ 2, 70, pl. 43 

primua, Eupatagus (Brissopatagus)_____________ 70 

Procaasidulus depressus_________________________ 64 

patelliformis __ -------------------- _ --- ___ --- 64 

(Hardouinia) alabamensia___________________ 57 

gouldiL. ------------------------------ _ _ 57 

profundus, Clypeaater --------------------------- 35,36 

Progonechinus eocenicus------------------------- 19 

pretiosus _____ __ -------------. -----~ ____ --- __ 18 

propinqua, Cidaris------------------------------ 8 

Prospatangus _____________ __ ---------- _ -------- _ 80 

Prostethea ••• ___ ------.------ __ ---- ___ ------- _ --- 45 

proatratus, Clypeaater --------------------------- 33,39 

Clypeaater (Stolonoclypus)___________________ 36 

Protoscutella ________________________________ 2, 6, 38,40 

conradL-----------------------3, 38, 39, pl. 15 miasiasippiemia _______________ 3, 38, 39, 40, pl. 15 

pentagonium __________________ 3, 38, 39, 40, pl. 15 

plana·---------------------------- 3, 38, 40, pl. 15 

tuomevL----------------------- 3, 38, 59, 40, pl. 15 

Protoscutellidae ___ " -------------------------- 6, 38-44 

protuberam, Periarchua ________________ 4, 41, 48, pl. 12 

Psammechinus.------------------------------- 5, 15,16 

exoletus ___ ____ ------------------------------ 16 

jloralanus. _ -------------------------------- 15 

improcerUB----------- ------ --------- _ ------ 20 

miliariB------------------------------------- 1~, 17 

ocalanus--------------------------------- 15, pl. 2 philanthropus ____________________________ 161 

pl. 3 

santee--------------------------------- 3, 17, pl. 3 

(Psammec4_inus), EchinuB----------------------- 16 

Pseudodiadema. -------------------------------- 14 

americanum •• ---------------~-------------- 18 

diatretum __________ ------------------------- 14 

pseudodiadema ______ --------------- _ -------- 14 

speciosum. _ -------------------------------- 23 pseudodiadema, Pseudodiadema__________________ 14 

punctulata, Arbacia _________________ 5, 19, 20, 21, pl. 4 

punctulatus, Echinus. ---------------- --~------ 19 purpureus, Spatangua__________________________ 80 

pusillus, Echinocvamus. ------------------------ 31 

Spatangus.--------------------------------- 31,78 

pustulosa, CidariB-------------------------------- 19 

pustulosus, Echinus----------------------------- 19 

Pygorhynchus. ---------------------------------- 59 

crucifer_------------------------------------ 26, 63 

gotbldiL _______ ----- _ ------- _____ ----- _-:_-- 57 

grignonensis ______ ------ _ -- _ ----___ -_ -------- 59 

lvelli. ____ __ --------------------------------- 60 

morrisi ___ ----------------------------- _ __ _ _ 63 

rugosus.------------------------------ ______ 63, 64 

vaasali. ----------------------------- ____ --- _ 62 

(Pvgorhvnchus), Cassidulus carolinensis cra- venensis ______ __________________ ----- 65 

alabamensis, Caasidulus_____________________ 57 

berrvi, Cassidulus___________________________ 57 

carolinen,sis, Cassidulus ______ 2__ ____________ 60 

conradi, Caasidulus ____________ ~-------- -- --- 59 

georgiensis, Cassidulus______________________ 60 

gouldii, Cassidulus _______________ ----------- 57 

sabistonensis, Cassidulws____________________ 57 

pvramidalis, Rhynobrissus___________ ____________ 88 

Q 

quinquefaria, Mortonella________________________ 43 

Mortonia_ -·-------------------------- __ ____ 43 Scutella_____________ ____________ _ ___ ____ ____ 41 

quinquefarius, Periarchus ____ 3, 4, 36, 37, 41, 4$, 44, pl. 14 

Periarchus quinquefarius____________________ 41 

kewi, Periarchus ____________________ 4, 41, ,U, pl. 14 

quinquefarius, Periarchus____________________ 41 
!Page 

quinquefora, Mellita_____________________________ 46 

Scutella____________________ ____ ______ _______ 46 

ampla, Mellita______________________________ 46 

quinquenodulata, Peronella ______________________ 53, 54 

quinquies perforatus, Echinodiscus_______________ 46 

quinquiesperforata, Mellita ________________ 45, 46, pl. 19 

tenuis, Mellita______________________________ 5, 46 

quinquiesperjoratus, Echinodiscus ________________ 45,46 

R 

!:~:::~~~;i~;;~·;:~~:~::::::::::::::::::~::: 10, !~ raveneli, Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) _____________ 63, 64 

Eurhodia. __ -------------------------------- 63 Macrophora ____ _ -~ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 48 

Ravenelia__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 63 

crucifer ____ ------------------------_________ 63 

gouldii_ __ ___ ------------- ___ _ ___ ____ ________ 57 

rugosa ___ ____ _________________ __ ------------ 63 

raveneliana, Metalia_____________________________ 87 

ravenelianus, Plagiobrissus______________________ 87 

Plagionotus ______________ ----------- __ ------ 87 

Ravenellia macrophora _____ ~-------------- ---'-- 48 

reticulatus, Echinus --------___________ _ --------- 33 

Rhabdocidarina ____ ------------------ _____ __ ____ 7 

Rhabdocidaris __ ____ ---- ---------------- ________ 10, 11 

(Phyllacanthus) --------------------------- . 10 (Rhabdocidaris), Cidaris_________________________ 10 

Rhinobrissus ___ ---- _________ ------- ___ _ _ ___ __ __ _ 88 

Rhopostoma------------------------------------ 2, 6, 26 cruciferum _____________________________ 2, 26, pl. 7 

Rhvncholampas--------------------------------- 56,59 

conradL __ ---------------------------------- 59, 60 

georgiensis __ ----- ___ ------------- __ ____ __ ___ 60 

holmesL __ ---------------------------------- 65 

lvelli . ------------------------------------- 60 

Rhvnchopygus navilleL-------------------------- 65 

rugosus ____ ----------------- _________ ------- 63 

(Rhvnchopygus) depressus, Cassidulus. ---------- 64 evergladensis, Cassidulus __________ .:_________ 57 

holmesi, Cassidulus. ------------------------ 65 

lveUi, Cassidulus --------------------------- 60 paUlliformis, Cassidulus_ _______ ____________ 64 

raveneli, Cassidulus _________________________ 63, 64 

Rhvnobrissus ---------------------------------- 7, 88 

cuneus-------------------------------- 5, 88, pl. 36 

hemiasteroides ____ ____ ----------------------- 88 pyramidalis. ____ -------- __ :_________________ 88 

Rhvssorbrissus. _______ ----------------------- ___ 82 

richardsonii, Leodia. ---------------------------- 46,47 

rimulafa, Agassizia. _ --------------------------- 74, 75 

rimulatus, Brissopsis---------------------------- 74 

rivuli, Arbacia _________________________ ·_ 4, 19, SO, pl. 4 

rogersi, ClvpeasUr --------------- 4, 33, 86, 38, 44, pl. 12 

Lagana ________ ---------------------------~- 36 

MortoneUa ____ ---------------------- ___ _____ 43 

Mortonia·-------------------~-------------- 36,43 Scutella _______________________________ 36, 37, 41,43 

Scutella (Mortonia) _________________________ 37,43 

rosaceus, Clvpeaster ----------------------- 5, 84, pl. 10 

Diplothecanthus ______ ____ ------------ ____ __ _ 34 

Echinus. ------------------------·----------- 33,34 

rostrata, Rumphia------------------------------- 53 

rotuntlus, Oligopygus _______________________ 3, 29, pl. 8 

ruffini, Echinus _________ ·------------------------ 16 

rugosa, Eurhodia ________________ 3, 56, 57, 68, 64, pl. 22 Ravenelia •. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 63 

rugosus, PvoorhuncAus __________________________ 63,64 

RAynchopygus ____ ____ ------------- _____ ___ __ 63 

Rumphia--------------------------------------- 50, 53 archerensis .• _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 52 

eldridgeL ----------------------------------- 53 

rostrata ____________________________ --------- 53 

utrijormis, Periarchus _____ --------------------- 41 

INDEX 

s Page 

sabistonensis, Cassidulus __ --------- 4, 56, 57, 58, pl. 23 

·cassidulus ( Cassidulus).~------------------- 57 

(Pygorhynchus) ------------------------- 57 

saemanni, Phymosoma (Cosmocyphus) ________ ·___ 23 

said, Thylechinus_____ __ ____ ____ _______ _ _______ __ 17 

::::~§E:~ ~~:~~~~ ~~:~~~~: ::~~ ::~~:~~: ~i ~~;, ~:] salina, Tylocidaris __________________________ 2, 12, pl. 1 

salis, Gagaria ___________ ___________________ 2, 17, pl. 3 

Thylechinus (Gagaria)_____ _______ ___________ 17 

santee, Psammechinus _______________________ 3, 17, pl. 3 

::~s:{0~:i~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P~: ~~ Schizaster ___ ____________ ______ __ _____ 7, 69, 71, 72, 73,76 

americana ___ -----------------------___ _____ 72 

american us __ ------------------------------- 72 

armiger ------------------------------------- 71 

atropos ___ --------------------------------__ 73 

~i~i!:~::~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ;~: ~~ :~~~:z:~-d;i~~~~~~:::::~:::~:::~:~:::::::::_:~· 72, ;~ (Brachybrissus) _ _ _ _______ ____ ________ ____ ___ 73 

(Li:u~~~~~~~~~~-------~~~--~~~~~~~----~~--~~- -- ~-~~ pl.~: · alabamensis_____________________________ 69 

hanoverensis_______ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 70 

ocalanus______ ___ _ _____ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _____ __ _ 73 

wilmingtonensis __________ --------------- 69 

(Schizaster) _ ---------------------------- ____ 71 

~~~~~~~:~~~~-~~~~:~~::~:::~:::::::::::::::~::_~· 6\t-~~ Schizobrissus__ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ 83 

jacksonL _______ ----------------- __ --------- 83 

scrobiculata, Agassizia ___ ------------------------ 74 scutatus, Echinocorys _______________ o ___ _________ 66,67 

Scu~~~~ii:_-_~:::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::: ::_::· 38, ~ caroliniana ______ ------------------- ___ _____ 47 

conradi __ _ ---------------------------------- 40 ~~~~i:l_o~~~~:::~:::::::: ::::::::::::::::~:::: 40, ~i jloridana____ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 45 

{;~~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-4(), !~: ~ macrophora_ ----------------------- __ ------- 48 mississippiensis __ _______ ~ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 38 

parma __ --------------------- ______ -----~--- 44 

pileus-sinensis.----------------------------- 42 

quinquefaria. _ ------------------------------ 41 quinque/ora .• ____ ----~--____________________ 46 

:~~;;::i~~~:::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::_ ~~~~~· 41, :~ tuomeyL____________________________________ 39 -

(Mortonia) rogersL __ ----------------------- 37, 43 

sp __ - ------------------------ ______ ----- 41 Scutellina_____ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _____ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ 33 

hayesiana_ ---------------------------------- 33 supera __ __ ---- _ ----------- ____ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ 33 

(Porpitella) --------------------------------- 33 

scutiger, Cidarites _ ------------------------------ ,13 sellaeformis, Ostrea ______________________________ 31,33 

sexforis, Mellita_________________________________ 47 

Scutella_________ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ___ __ 47 

series perjoratus, Echinodiscus___________________ 46 

sexiesperforata, Leodia _________________ 5, 46, 47, pl. 19 

Mellita (Leodia) __ -------------------------- 47 

sextiesperjorata, Leodia__________________________ 47 

similis, Mellita. _ ------------------------------- 47 Sismondia _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 

alta ______ ___________________________________ 41,42 

conradL _ ----------------------------------- 40 

105 

Sismondia-Continued !Page lyellL • .:. _ --- _________ ------ ____ ____ ___ ____ __ 41 

marginalis ____________________________ ------ 39 

pileus-sinensis __ --------------------------__ 42 plana_______________________________________ 40 

sloani, Arbacia ____________________ ______ 4, 20,21, pl. 4 

Coelopleurus _____ --------------- ___ --------- S1 

smithi, Cidaris------------------------------- 10, pl. 1 

Cidaris (Dorocidaris)_:.:______________________ 10 

Spatangidae_ ---------------------- ---- _______ 7, 8G-81 

Spatangus-------------------------------------- 7, 80 

ambulacrum_------------------------------- 73 

atropos _____________ --------------__________ 73 

brissus unicolor __ --------------------------- 81 

bufo __ -------------------------------------- 67 

elongatus. ---------------------------------- 77 

glennL.---------------·------------ 5, 80, pl. 35 

hojJmannL _ -------------------------------- 80 nodulosus___ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ ____ ___ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ 65 

orthonotus _____ ____________ ::-___ ___ ____ ___ _ __ _ 78 

parastatus __ -------------------------------- 67 

pectoralis __ --------------------------------- 86 

planulatus ____ _______ --------------------,-- 81 

p1trpureus --------- ______ ___ -------- _____ ___ 80 

pusillus.- --------------- ___________ -------- 31, 78 

stella __________ --------------------_________ 67 ventricosus _______________________________ 82, 83,84 

(Eupatagus) _____ --------------------------- 88 

' (Maretia) ----------------------------------- 80 speciosa, Gauthieria _______________ __ _______ 2,S8,pl. 5. 

speciosum, Coptosoma___________________________ 23 

Cyphosoma_______________ __ _________ _______ _ 23 . 

Microsoma_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ 23 

Pseudodiadema___ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 

splendens, Oidaris ______________________ 2, 9, 10, 12, pl. 1 

splendeus, Cidarites ___________________ ____ ------- 9 

steinhatchee, Brissopsis _____________________ 4, 85, pl. 38 

stella, Hemiaster --------------------------- 2, 67, pl. 28 

Hemiaster (Integraster)-----------------~---- 68 Spatangus____________________________ _ _____ _ 67 

stellulatus, Brochopleurus _____ -.----- __ ____ ------- 19 

Temnechinus_____ _ _ ____ __ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 18 

Stereocidarinae. ________________ :_ ____________ __ 7 

Stolonoclypus_____ ___ _ __ __ ___ ___ ____ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ 33 

(Stolonoclypus) prostratus, Clypeaster -------- ~- -- 36 

subdepressus, Clypeaster ------·--------------- 36 

Stomopneustidae. _ _ ___ __ __ _____ _ ____ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 

Streptocidarinae________________________________ 7, 25 

Strongylocentrotus.----- -----------------_______ 6, 25 

drobachiensis .• ------------'-------------- 5, !85, pl. 6 

dr¢bachiensis __ ------------------------------ 25 

(Strongylocentrotus), Echinus____________________ 25 

chlorocentrotus, Echinus______________________ 25 

studeri, Schizaster _____________________________ 71, 72,73 

Stylocidarina _________________________ " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

Stylocidaris____________________________________ _ _ 8, 9 

ajfi.nis__ __ _ _ __ __ __ _____ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 9 

subcylindricus, Schizaster ------------------------- 77 

subdepressa, Echinanthus ________________________ 33,36 

subdepressus, Clypeaster ----------------- 5, 34, 56, pl. 11 

Clvpeaster (Stolonoclypus)___________________ 36 

subrostrata, Maretia __________________________ 81, pl. 34 

subrostratus, Hemipatagus.-------~-------------- 81 

sulcata, Breynia_ --------------------------- _____ 77 

supera, Porpitella __ ---------------------- ___ ____ 33 

Scutellina______________________________ __ __ _ 33 

T 

tamiamiensis, Encope ___________________ 4, 48, 49, pl. 17 

Encope macrophora____________________ ______ 48 

Temnechinus stell1flatus_________________________ 18 

Temnopleuridae _______ ---------------- _________ 18-19 

tenuis, Mellita quinquiesperjorq,ta ________________ 5,46 

testudinata, Mellita ______________________________ 45,46 

texana, Fibularia _________________________ 3, 80, 31, pl. 9 

; ' 
106 

texan us, Echinocorys ___ _________________________ _ 

Echinocvamus ______________________________ _ 

Thylechinus ____________________________________ _ 

american us ________________________________ _ 

said. __________ ------- _____________________ _ 

( Gagaria) chickasawhay _____________________ _ mossomi _______________________________ _ 

salis ___________ ________________________ _ 

iPage 

67 

30 

17 

. 18 

17 

18 

17 

17 

tournoueri, Leiosoma____________________________ 24 

tournouri, Phymotaxis___________________________ 24 

Toxobrissus ___ ______________ " _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ 84 

Toxopneustes variegatus. -------- ---------- ----- 15 

Toxopneustidae. _ --------------------------~- 5, 14-16 

Trachypatagus castroL -------------------------- 83 

Trematopygus. _ -------------------------------- 2, 26 

crucifer_------------------------------------ 26 cruciferus ___________________________________ . 26 

(Trematopygus) crucifer, Nucleolites_ ___ _________ 26 

Tretocidaris a [finis.·.---------------------------- 9 

tribuloides, Cidaris. -------------------------- 5, 9, pl. 1 Cidarites____________________________________ 9, 10 

Eucidaris __ ____ ~- _ __ __ ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ ___ 9 

Tripneustes ____ _ ----- _____ ------- ___ __ __ ___ _ ____ 6, 15 

· esculenta____________________________________ 15 

gratilla. _ ___ ___ ___ _ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ ___ 14 

ventricosus ______________________________ 5, 15, pl. 2 

trojanus, Cassidulus ____________________ 4, 56, 58, pl. 24 

Cassidulus (Cassidulus>--------------------- 58 

tuberculatus, Echinus. -------------------------- 25 tumidula, Salenia ___________________________ 2, 13, pl. 2 

INDEX 

.Page 

tuomeyi, Periarchus. ---------------------------- 39 Protoscutella _____________________ 3, 38, 39, 40, pl. 15 

Scutella ____ _________________ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

turgida, Mortonia ____________________ ----------- 37 

twitchelli, Maretia_______________________________ 90 

Tylocidaris ________________________________ 5, 8, 9, 10, 1B 

baltica ___________ -·-_________________________ 13 

clavigera_ ----------------------------------- 12, 13 gibberula___ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ 12 

macneili_ _______________________________ 2, 1B, pl. 1 

salina·-------- ------------------------ 2, JB, pl. 1 walcottL _____________________________ 2, 10, 1B, pl. 1 

u 

unicolor, Brissus _______________________ _ 5, 81, 82, pl. 36 

Spatangus brtssus___________________________ 81 Unifascia__ _______ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _ 7, 79-80 

carolinenais ______________________ 3, 70, 79, 80, pl. 34 

Unifasciidae _______ --------------------------~ 7, 79-80 

v 

valdiviae, Gymnopatagus_________________________ 89 

valenciennesii, Eupatagus __ ------------------ 86, 89,90 variegata, Cidaris ________________________________ 14, 15 

Hipponoe____ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ 15 

variegatus, Echinus ______________________________ 14, 15 

Lytechinus _____________________________ __ _ 15, pl. 2 

Toxopneustes __ -~ --------------------------- 15 

Vasconaster ------------------------------------- 77 vassali, Pygorhynchus____________________________ 62 

0 

Page 

vaughani, Echinocvamus_________________________ 30 

Fibularia ____________________________ 4, 30, 31, pl. 9 

ventricosa, Meoma _______________________ ------ 84 

ventricosus, Brissus (Meoma)____________________ 84 

Echinus ___ --------------- ----------------- 15 Macropneustes _________________________ 5, 84, pl. 37 

Spatangus _______________________________ 82, 83,84 

Tripneustes _____________________________ 5, 15, pl. 2 

venustula, Gagaria_ ----------------------------- 18 Micropsia ____________________________ .... ____ 17 

vidali, Phymotaxis________________________ _______ 24 

virginianum, Echinocardium_____________________ 78 

virginianus, Amphidetus _____ -------------------- 78 

w waccamaw, Arbacia ______________________ 4, 19, 20, pl. 4 

walcotti, Tylocidaris ______________________ 2, 10, 1B, pl. 1 

Weisbordella _______________________________ 6, 50, 51,53 

caribbeana ____________ ________________ _____ __ 53,54 

cubae _______________________________ 4, 50, 53, pl. 20 

dalli_ _ _ ___ ____ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 50 

johnsonL-------~-----------~------- 4, 50, 54, pl. 20 

wetherbyi, Hemiaster ___ ------------------------- 68 Oltgopygus ________________________ 3, B8, 29, 30, pl. 8 

wilmingtonensis, Linthia ___________________ 3, 69, pl. 29 

Schizaster (Linthia) -------------------------- 69 

wilmingtonica, Agassizia (Anisaster) __________ 76, pl. 32 

Wythella _____ ___ ____ __ ------------------ ______ 6, 51, 5S 

eldridge;_ ___________________________ 4, 50, 53, pl. 21 

\ 

I 
PLATES 1-43 

[Illustrations are natural size unless otherwise indicated] 
I -

I· 

PLATE 1 

FIGURES 1, 2. Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) (p. 9) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562261. Recent. 

From the beach on the north side of Cuba. 

3-5. Tylocidaris macneili Cooke, n. sp. (p. 12) 

3, Holotype, USNM 562262a, X 2. 

4, Para type, USNM 562262b, X 2. 

5, Para type, USNM 562262c, X 2. 

From the Clayton formation of Paleocene age at USGS 18053, Henr,y County, Ala., in the SW H sec. 36, T. 9N., . I R. 28E. . · 

6. Cidaris pratti Clark (p. 10) 

Type of Cidaris smithi Clark, USNM 498880, X 1. 

Probably from the· Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at The Rocks, Clarke County, Ala. 

7-9. Tylocidaris walcotti (Clark) (p. 12) 

7, 8, Plate X 2 and spine X 1 of USNM 18828. Fr'om the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age near Blackwoodstown, 

N.J. 

9, Cotype, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1451 X2. From the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, 

N.J. 

10. Cidaris splendens (Morton) (p. 9) 

11. 

12-14. 

18, 19. 

Type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1454, X 1. From the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, 

N.J. 

Cidaris sp. aff. C. splendens (Morton) (p. 10) 

USNM 498879a, X 3. ·From the Salt Mountain limestone of Paleocene age at USGS 13395, 6 miles south of Jackson, Ala. 

Tylocidaris salina Cooke, n. sp. (p. 12) 

Cotypes, U~NM 498879b, X 3. From the Salt Mountain limestone of Paleocene age at USGS 13395, Salt Mountain, 6 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. 

Phyllacanthus .mortoni (Conrad) (p. 11) 

Side, top, and bottom views X 1% of USNM 498881. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 

13611, Bainbridge, Ga. 

Cidaris 'pratti Clark (p. 10) 

I' 

Holotype X 2 and spine X 1, of Cidaris smithi Clark, USNM 498880. Probably from the Ocala limestone of late 

Eocene age at The Rocks, Clarke County, Ala. , 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 3Zl PLATE 1 

5 

6 

1 

] X 2 

8 

10 

14 

CIDARIS, TYLOCIDARIS, AND PHYLLACANTHUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL J>APER 321 PLATE 2 

4 X3 

3 

11 

8 

14 

12 13 

17 

SALENIA, ECHINOPSIS, LYTECHINUS, AND TRIPNEUSTES 
PLATE 2 

FIGURES 1-7. Salenia tumidula Clark (p. 13) 

1, Upper surface X3 of type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1448. 

2-4, Upper, lower, and side views X3 of type of Saienia bellula Clark, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1446. Both 

from the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, N. J. 

5-7, Side, upper, and lower views X 1}~ of USNM 2947a. From the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Rancocas 

Creek near Vincetown, N, J. 

8-11. Echinopsis diatreta (Morton) (p. 14) 

Type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1471, after Clark. From the Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Timber 

Creek, N.J. 

8, Lower surface X 1. 

9, 10, Ambulacral plates X 8. 

11, Lateral view X 1. 

12, 13. Lytechinus variegatus (Leske) {p. 15) 

Upper and lower' views X 1 of USNM 562263. Recent. From the Atlantic coast of Florida. 

14-16. Tripneuste8 ventricosus (Lamarck) {p. 15) 

Side, top, and bottom views X 1 of USNM E 3042a. Recent. From Barbados. 

17-21. Lytechinus floralanus (Cooke) {p. 15) 

17, 18, Upper and side views X 1~ of type, USNM 498891. From the Ocl,l.la limestone of late Eocene age in Covington County, Ala. 

19-21, Side, top, and bottom views X H~ of the type of Paammechinua ocalanus Cooke, USNM 498889. From the 

Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at Bainbridge, Ga. 

468544-59- -8 
PLATE 3 

FIGURES 1, 2. Psammechinus philanthropus (Conrad) (p. 16) 

Top and bottom views XI~ of USNM 562264. From the Yorktown formation of late Miocene age at J. A. 

Morgart's on James River 5 miles north of Smithfield, Va. "-

3, 4. Psammechinus santee Cooke (p. Ij) 

. Two guttapercha molds X I~ of ~otyp~s, USNM 49~890 . . From the Congareeformation of middle Eocene age at 

. USGS 4255, near Santee River about 4~ miles northwest of Creston, Calhoun County, S. C. · 

5, 6 •. , Ooelopleurus infulatus (Morton) · (p. 22) 

Top and bottom views X2 of USNM I66500, type of Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke. From the Santee limestone of late middle Eocene age at USGS I8353, Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal near Eadytown, Berkeley 

County, S. C. 

7-9. Gagaria salis (Cooke) (p. I7) 

Top, bottom, and side views X I% of type, USNM I66497. Probably from the Salt Mountain limestone of Paleocene age at USGS 3643, southern end of Salt Mountain, Clarke County; Ala. 

1Q-14. Gagaria mossomi (Cooke) (p. I7) 

10, Top view of paratype, USNM 498884c XI%. 

11-I~, Top, bottom, and side views Xl~ of paratypel USNM 498884a. 

I4, Top view XI% of paratype, USNM 498884b. 

All from the Suwannee limeston~ of late Oligocene age · at Blackwater Creek, at Seaboard Airline Railway, Hillsborough County, Fla. 

1~17. Arbia aldrichi .(Qlark) (p. 2I) , 

Top, bottom, and side views X I~ of cotype, USNM 559494. From the Chickasawhay limestone of late Oligocene 

age at Perdue Hill, Monroe County, Ala: 

I8. Gagaria chickasawhay (Cooke) (p. I8) . 

Cotypes, USNM 498885 X I%. From the Chicktl.sawhay limestone of late Oligocene age at USGS I3388, Chickasawhay River above the highway bridge 2~ miles south of Waynesboro, Miss. 

/ 

r 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 3 

3 

6 

PSAMMECHINUS, COELOPLEURUS. GAGARIA, AND ARBIA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 4 

5 X 1P2 

1 

7 8 

10 

11 

14 

12 

13 

ARBACIA AND BROCHOPLEURUS 
FIGURES 1-3. 

4-6. 

7-9. 

10, 11. 

12.:..14. 

15-17. 

PLATE 4 

Arbacia improcera (Conrad) {p. 20) 

Bottom, top, and side views X 1~ of USNM 166487. From the Yorktown formation of late Miocene age on Smith 

Creek~ mile below the Suffolk, Va., waterworks dam. . 

Brochopleuru8 pretiosus (Clark) (p. 18) 

Top, side and bottom views X 1~ of type, USNM 146455. From the Yazoo clay of late Eocene/ age at USGS 

2893, near Dead Level, Choctaw County, Ala. 

Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) (p. 19) 

Top, bottom and side views X 1 of USNM 562291. Recent. Froi:n 3 miles north of Crescent Beach, St. Johns 

County, Fla . 

. Arbacia rivulf Cooke (p. 20) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562292. From rocks of late Miocene(?) age on the Intracoastal Waterway 

canal about 5 miles southwest of Little River, Horry County, S. C. 

Arbacia sloani (Clark) (p. 21) · 

Top X 2, bottom X 2, and side Xl of type, USNM 166488. From the Duplin marl of late Miocene age at Bostick's 

Landing, Great Pee Dee River, Florence County, S. C. 

Arbacia waccamaw Cooke (p. 19) 

Top, side and bottom views X 1~ of type, USMN 498888. From rocks of late Miocene (?) age at USGS 13377, 

Intracoastal Waterway canal about 5 miles southwest of Little River, S. C. 

468544-59--9 
I 

PLATE 5 FIGURES 1-7. Gauthieria speciosa (Clark) (p. 23) 

1-3, Top, side, and bottom views X 3 of type, A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1468. From the Vincentown sand 

of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, N.J. 

4-7, Fragment X3, top X 1H, side X 1H, and bottom X 1H of USNM 29468. From the Vincentown sand of 

Paleocene age on Rancocas Creek near Vincentown,-N. J. 

8_:.10. Dixieus dixie (Cooke) (p. 24) 

Top X 1%, bottom X 1%, and detail of top X 5 of type, USNM 372867. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene 

age at USGS 12747, pit in Dixie County, Fla. east of Steinhatchee River and north of US 19, opposite Clara. 

/ 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 6 

7 

GA UTHIERIA AND DIXIEUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER IZl PL.A.TE 6 

1 2 

5 

ECHINOMETRA, STRONGYLOCENTROTUS, AND PHYMOTAXIS 
/ 

PLATE 6 

FIGURES 1, 2. Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) (p. 25) 

Bottom and top views X 1 of USNM 562292. Recent. From Cayo Ia Vela, Cuba. 

3. Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis (Miiller) (p. 25) 

Top view X 1 of USNM E 3032a. Recent. From Dumpling Island, North Haven, Maine. 

4-8. Phymotaxis mansfieldi Cooke (p. 24) 

Top and bottom X 1H and side, top and bottom X lH of cotypes, USNM 372868. From the ,Suwannee limestone 

of late Oligocene age at USGS 12755, ~~ mile southwest of Brooksville, Fla. 

468~44--59----10 
PLATE 7 

FIGURES 1-4. Rhopostoma cruciferum (Morton) (p. 26) . 

Top, bottom, posterior, and side views X 1 of type, Acad~ Nat. Sci. Philadelphif!, 1464. From the Vincentown 

sand of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, Gloucester County, N.J. 

5-7. Porpitella micra H. L. Clark (p. 33) · 

Top, bottom, and side views X 6 of para type. From middle' Eocene(?) rocks in a well~ Oakley Estate No. 2, 

depth 380G-4000, in sec. 9, T. 3 N., R. 29 E., Houston Comity, Ala. 

·8; 9. Amblypygus americanus Desor (p. 27) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 164934~ type of Amblypygus merrilli Twitchell. From the Ocala limestone 

of late Eocene age at USGS 4246, Kendrick, Mario~ County, Fla. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1 

3 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 7 

8 

7 -i.fliitllflli 

RHOPOSTOMA, PORPITELLA, AND AMBLYPYGUS 

6 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 8 

1 

5 

3 

7 8 

9 

11 

OLIGOPYGUS 
PLATE 8 

FIGURES 1-5. Oligopygus rotundus Cooke (p. 29) 

1-3, Top X_2, side X 1, and bottom X2 of type, USNM 498991. From the rocks of middle or late Eocene age at. 

Koon's Mill on Cripple Creek, Geneva County, Ala. 

4, 5, Bottom and top X2 of USNM 562269. From .rocks of middle or late Eocene age on· Pea River above old 

County-line Bridge, Coffee County, Ala. 

6-8. Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) (p. 29) 

Side X 1, top X 17~, and bottom X_!% of USNM 562270. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at 

USGS 7097, Flint River at old factory above Bainbridge, Ga. 

9-12. Oligopygus wetherbyi de Loriol (p. 28) 

9-11, Top X1%, bottom X1, and side ·X1 of USNM 562271. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at · 

USGS 14125, Kendrick, Marion County, Fla. 

12, Bottom X_1~ of USNM 562272. From the Ocala limestone at USGS 14537a, Taylor County rock pit .in 

Lafayette County 4.8 miles northwest of Mayo, Fla. 
FIGURES 1-3. 

4, 5 . . 

6-8. 

9-11. 

12-14. 

15-19. 

2Q-22. 

23-27. 

PLATE 9 

Echinocyamus chipolanus Cooke (p. 32) 

Top, bottom, and side views X 6 of type, USNM 499003. From the Chipola formation of early Miocene age at 

USGS 2211, lower bed at Alum Bluff, Apalachicola River, Liberty County, Fla. 

Echinocyamus meridianalis Meyer (p. 32) . 

Top and bottom views X 6 of USNM 559485. Probably from rocks of later middle Eocene age at Claiborne, 

Monroe County, Ala. 

Echinocyamus macneili Cooke, n. sp. (p. 32) 

Top, bottom, and side views X5 of type, USNM 562297. From an equivalent of Moodys Branch formation of 

late Eocene age at USGS 15562, creek flowing into Conecuh River in the NE X sec. 32, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., Covington County, Ala. 

Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) (p. 31) 

Top, side, and bottom views Xp of USNM 499002. From the Castle Hayne limestone ' of middle and late 

Eocene age at USGS 10363, J. M. Thomas' farm 10 miles north of Jacksonville, Onslow County, N. C. 

Echinocyamus huxleyanus Meyer (p. 32) . 

Top, side, and bottom views X5 of USNM 559481. From the Gosport sand of late middle Eocene age at 

Claiborne, Ala. 

Fibularia texana (Twitchell) (p. 30) 

15, 16, Top an_d bottom views X4 of USNM 562296. From the Weches greensand member of the Mount Selman 

formation of middle Eocene age at USGS 15093, San Augustine-Nacogdoches road 6.7 miles east of Attoyac 

Bayou, San Augustine County, Tex. 

17-19, Top, b()ttom, and side views X5 of type, USNM 559480. From Lee County, Tex. 

Fibularia alabamensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 31) 

Top, side and bottom views X 5 of type, USNM 372887~ From the upper Eocene, probably Moodys Branch formation, at USGS 10014, stream on line between sec. 20-and 29, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., 6 miles west of Andalusia, 

Covington County, Ala. 

"Fibu:laria vaughani (Twitchell) (p. 30) 

23, 24, Top and bottom views X 5 of type, USNM 166486. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 

3380, Flint River at Little Horseshoe Bend, 4 miles below Bainbridge, Ga. 

25-27, Top, bottom, and side views X 5 of USNM 562295. From the Inglis limestone of late Eocene age at 

USGS 18749, Withlacooche River in W ~sec. 3, T. 17 S., R. 16 E., Citrus and Levy Counties, Fla. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 9 

1 2 

6 7 

4 5 

8 

·~ '\ ; I ' ~ • 

9 . * ... :;"' ... ~ .... 

10 

X5 11 12 

15 

17 19 

16 18 

20 21 

22 

ECHINOCY AMUS AND FIBULARIA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 10 
PLATE 10 

FIGURES 1-3. Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) (p. 34) 

Top, bottom, and side views X 1 of USNM 19632. Recent. From Ragged Keys, Fla. 

4- 6. Clypeaster concavus Cotteau (p. 34) 

Top, bottom, and side views Xl of USNM 561746. From the Anguillaformation of early Miocene age at Crocus 

Bay, Anguilla. 
-, 

PLATE 11 

FIGURE 1. Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson (p. 35) . 

Top view X 1 of USNM 499006. From the Suwannee limestoD.e of late Oligocene age at USGS 15068a, NW H sec. 

36, T. 4 N., R. 13 W., Washington County,· Fla. After Cooke, 1942, pl. 8, fig. 7. 

2- 4. Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (p. 36) 

2, 3, Side and top views X 1 of USNM 56227 4b. · 

4, Bottom view Xl of USNM 562274a. From Pleistocene (?) rocks at USGS 18759, Intracoastal Waterway canal 

· .. . · IS miles northeaat Of Myrtle Beach; S. C. · · ·· -

5. Clypeaster concavus Cotteau (p. 34) ' 

From the Chipola formation of early Miocene age at USGS 2213, Chipola River 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla. Figured by Cooke (1942, pl. 1, fig. 15) under the name Clypeaster gatuni Jackson. 

/ 

·' 

-. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 32r PLATE 11 

2 

1 

3 

CLYPEASTER 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 12 

8 

CLYPEASTER AND PERIARCHUS 
PLATE 12 

FIGUREs 1-3. Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue (p~ 37) 

Top, side, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 499297. From Oligocene rocks on the place of Marco Sanchez at the 

base of Monte Toro, northwest of Guantanamo, Cuba. Specimen figured by Jackson (1922, pl. 6, figs. 6-8). 

4-6. Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) (p. 36) 

Top, side, and bottom views X 1 of cotype, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1070. From the Marianna limestone of 

middle Oligocene age in Monroe County, Ala. 

7-9. Periarchus protuberans Twitchell (p. 42) 

Top X 1%, side Xl, and bottom X 1~ views of type, USNM 164685. From the Yazoo clay of late Eocene age at 

USGS 331, Shubuta Creek 2~ miles north of Shubuta, Clarke County, Miss. · 
PLATE 13 

FIGURE 1. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) (p. 41) 

Bottom view Xl of USNM 137165. From rocks of late Eocene age at USGS 295, Alabama River below. Marshalltown, Ala. 

2. 3. Periarchus ly~lli pileus-sinensis (Ravenel) (p. 42) 

. Side and top views )\_1 of USNM 562278. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 5535, 3~ miles south 

of Perry, Ga. · 

4. Periarchus lyelli ftoridanus Fischer (p. 42) 

Top view X 1 of type, USNM 560418. From the Inglis limestone of late Eocene age at the mouth of Withlacoochee 

River, Citrus County, Fla. 

5, 6. Ec.hinarachnius parma (Lamarck) (p. 44) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM E 3303a. Recent. ~redged near Five-fathom Lightship, 14 miles off Wildwood, 

N.J. 

I 

'· 

', 

' I 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 13 

2 

1 

PERIARCHUS AND ECHINARACHNIUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER a1 PLATE W 

PERIARCHUS 
PLATE 14 

FIGURES 1-3. Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) (p. 41) 

Top, bottom, and side views X 1 of USNM 562277. From the Gosport sand' of middle Eocene age at USGS 

6087, Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River, Washington County, Ala. 

4, 5. Periarchus quinquefarius kewi Cooke (p. 44) 

Side X 1 and top X 1% of type, USNM 499000. From·rocks of late Eocene age at USGS 150.97, US route 341, 

4.2 miles southeast of Clinchfield, Houston County, . Ga. · · 

6-8. Periarchus quinquefarius (Say) (p. 43) 

6, Bottom view X lH of USNM 562276. From the Sandersville limestone member <>f the Barnwell formation of 

late Eocene age at Atlantic Lime Rock quarry 1.5 miles south of Sandersville, Washington County, Ga. 

7, 8, Top X 1H and side X 1 views of USNM 262279~ From the Sandersville limestone member at USGS 15495, 

a quarry about 1 mile southwest of Sandersville, Ga., under high power line. 

468544-59--11 
PLATE 15 FIGURES 1-3. Protoscutella.plana (Conrad) (p. 40) 

Top X 2, bottom X 2, and side X 1 of USNM 562275. From the Santee limestone of middle Eocene age at USGS 

13391, Eutaw Springs, 2 miles east of Eutawville, Orangeburg County, S. C. 

4, 5. Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) (p. 39) 

Bottom and side views X 2 of type, Acad. Nat. Sci. · Philadelphia 1081. From the Santee (?) limestone of middle 

Eocene age near Charleston, S. C. 

6-8. Protoscutella pentagonium Cooke (p. 39) 

Top X 2, side X 1, and bottom X 2 of type, USNM 498992. From the Lisbon (?) formation of middle Eocene age 

in a deep well at Falling Water, 4 miles,south of Chipley, Washington County, Fla. 

9-11. Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) (p. 39) 

Bottom X 1, top X 1%, and side X l of type, USNM 137970. From the Warley Hill marl of middle Eocene age 

at USGS 2017, Cave Hall in Calhoun County, S.C., 14 miles south of Fort Motte. 

12, 13. Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) (p: 38) 

Bottom X lH of USNM 137674b and top X 1H of USNM 137674a . . From the Winona sand of middle Eocene 

age at USGS 116, Cemetery Branch, Enterprise, Clarke County, Miss. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 15 

1 2 

4 5 

3 

7 

6 

8 

11 

9 10 

PROTOSCUTELLA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 16 

ABERTELLA 
PLATE 16 

FIGURES 1-3. Abertella aberti (Conrad) (p. 44) . 

Top. side and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562280. -From the Choptank formation of Miocene age at USGS 17112 

Governors Run, 5 miles southeast of Prince Frederick, Calvert County; Md. 

468~44--59----12 
/ 

PLATE 17 

FIGURES 1, 2. Encope macrophora (Ravenel) (p. 48) 

Top and bottom views Xl of type, USNM 145410. From rocks of late Miocene (?) age at The Grove, Cooper 

River 17 miles north of Charleston, S. C. 

3, 4. Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield (p. 48) 

Bottom X 1 of USNM 562284b. 

I ' 4, Top X_l of USNM 562284a. 

From·the Taniiami formation of late Miocene age at USGS 13409, .Collier County, .Fla., 16 to 22 miles south of 

Immokalee. 

5. Encope emarginata (Leske) (p. 49) 

Top view X 1 of USNM 562282. From rocks of Pleistocene age at USGS 18760, 1 to 2 miles northeast ot the 

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge near Myrtle Beach, S. C. 

'- I 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 17 

EN COPE 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 18 

1 

EN COPE 
PLATE 18 

FIGURE 1. Encope emarginata (Leske) (p. 49) _ / 

Bottom view X 1 of USNM 562282. From rocks of Pleistocene age at USGS 18760, Intracoastal Waterway canal 

1 to 2 miles nortbeastof the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge near Myrtle Beach, S. C. 

2, 3. Encope michelini Aga.ssiz (p. 49) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562283. Recent. From the Gulf of Mexico 2 miles off Longboat Key, Fla. 
, I 

PLATE 19 

FIGURES 1-3. Leodia caroliniana (Ravenel) (p. 47) 

Top, side and bottom views X 1. From rocks of late Miocene (?) age at The Grove, Cooper River, S. C. After 

Tuomey and Holmes (1857, pl. 1, figs. 4a-c). 

4, 5. Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) (p. 46) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM E 1183. Recent. From Morning Star Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 

depth 1 fathom. 

6, 7. Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) (p. 46) 

Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562281. Recent. From the beach on Amelia Island, Fla. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 19 

2 

1 3 

4 5· 

LEODIA AND MELLITA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 20 

2 X2 

3 4 

1 

5 

6 

9 7 

8 

10 

11 12 

WEISBORDELLA ANI) LAGANUM 
FIGURES 1-4. 

-· . 5-7 . . 

. 8-10. 

- ·11-15.-

I' 

P~A'l'E 20 

Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) (p. 53) 

1, Top view X 1 of u ·SNM 562286. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS l453·7, road from 

Perry· to Mayo, Ji'lOrida~ 8.6 miles east Of the Taylor County.line. . . . 

2-4, Side, top, and bottom views X2 of USNM 499114. From the Ocad.a limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 

7341; Suwannee River at Btariford, Fla. · · · ·. " 

Weisbordella joh)nsoni (l'witchell) (p: 54) 

Side X 1, top X 2, and bottom X 2 of USNM 372896. , From the Ocala liinestone of late Eocene age at ·USGS 

10025, Conecuh River 1 mile east of Harts Bridge, Covington·county, Ala~ 

Lagdnum .. floridanum TWitchell (p. 50) ·· · · · · 

Top X2, side X r;· ·and bottom X2of, t-ype, :us:NM l37884. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at 

USGS 365, Johnson's sink, Levy County, Fla. 

Laganum. ocalanum Cooke (p: ... 51) 

11, 12, Top and bottom X 2 of USNM 562288. Froui-the I nglis limestone of .late Eocene age at USGS 18756,. 

Withlacoochee River in sec. 5, T. 17 S., R. 16 E., Fla. · · · 

13, 14~ Top and bottom X2 of paratype, tJSNM 498993. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 

6804, 0'oala, Fla. · · 

15, Top view X2 of type, USNM 372873. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 12751, pit 2 

miles northeast of Sumterville, Fla. 

' · 
PLATE .21 

FIGURES 1- Jt{eolagan,un:z, dq, ~li (,'J'witchell).r (p,. 51) 

'· 

1, Top view X3oftype, USNJ,\1:-1(}.4Qij7; Pro}Jably from the Av<;m Park limestoneof middle. Eocene age in a well 

. ne~r. Ar:c~el',)?Jorid~ ~ . . . . . . . .· . . . 

2-4, Top, side and bottom views X 3 of USNM 562285. From the A von Park limestone of middle Eocene age at a 

depth of 600 feet in a well of the International' Mining and Chemical Company at tb,e Narlyn Plant in sec. 

25, T} 30 R., R . . ~4 E.,)IJ, .Polk County, Fla.: 

5-7. Neolaganum durhamf. Qo9k~.t .. sp, , (p. 52) , . 

5, 6, Bottom views X2 of type, USNM 562290a, and paratype, USNM 562290b. From the Inglis limestone of 

la~e~~Q~~e age atUS(JSJ8749, With!tteoo~hee River in theW, % sec. 3, T. 17 S., R. 16 E., in Citrus County, 

Fla. - · ' · . · 

7, Top view X2 of USNM 562289. From the Inglis limestone of late Eocene age a(USGS 18755, Withlacoochee 

· .. River in Wd·~ sec . . 4,; T .J7 S.,. ~ . . 16,E., in Citrus County, Fla. 

8-10. W ythella eldridgei (Twitchell) (p. 53) 

Top, sjd~ and bo~t()m views X;l, of USN]\1 ·562287. From the Ocala·limestone of ]ate E.;>cene a.ge at USGS 14541, 

qua.rry north of US 19 east of Steinha.tchee River in Dixie County, Fla., opposite Cla.ra. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 21 

1 3 

2 4 

5 

7 

9 

NEOLAGANUM AND WYTHELLA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 22 

6 

8 

3 

12 

EURHODIA AND ECHINOLAMPAS 
PLATE 22 FIGURES 1-4. Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) (p. 63) 

Side, posterior end, top, and bottom views X 2 of USNM 562300. From the Santee limestone of middle Eocene 

age at USGS 183531 Santee-Cooper Diversion Canal near Eadytown, Berkeley County. S. C. 

5,6. Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons (p. 56) · 

Top and bottom views X 1% of USNM 138017. From the Castle Hayne limestone of middle and late Eocene age 

·at USGS 779, Rocky Point, N.C. 

7-10. Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) (p. 64) 

7, Top view X 2 of USNM 4989S8. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 5054, power plant 2 

miles north of Albany, Ga. 

8-10, Posterior end X 1, side X 1, and bottom X 2 of USNM·562299. From th~ Ocala limestone of late Eocene age 

at the mouth of Kinchafoonee Creek 3.3 miles north of Albany, Ga. 

11-13. Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell (p. 55) 

Top X 1~, side X 1, and bottom X 1~ of type, USNM 559490. From the Chickasawhay limestone of late Oligocene 

age at Gainestown, Alabama River, Ala. 
t . 

PLATE 23 

FIG-p-RES l-5. .Eurhodia (Gisopygus) holmesi (Twitchell) (p. 65) 

1-4; Top X 2, bottom X 2, side X 1, and posterior end. X 2 of USNM 3-53256, type of Cassidulus cravenemis Kellum. 

5, Bottom view X2 of USNM 562303. ~ 

Both from the Santee limestone of middle Eocene age at USGS 10627, farm of T. J. Falkner, 3 miles east of 

Quinerly and 2 miles north of Neuse River in Pitt County, N.C. 

6-14. Cassidulus sabistonensis Kellum (p. 57) 

r 

6, 7, Side and bottom views X 1 of type, USNM 353233. Probably from the upper Miocene at USGS 10637, 

farm of E. W. Sabiston 2 miles north of Jackso.nville, Onslow County, N.C.. 

8-10, Top, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 562301b. 

11-14, Top, posterior end, side, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 5o2301a. From the upper l'J.Iiocene(?) at USGS 

18759, Intracoastal Waterway canal about 5 miles southwest of Little River, Horry County, S.C. 

. -
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 23 

3 

2 

4 

5 7 

EURHODIA AND CASSIDULUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 24 

2 3 

6 7 

1 4 

13 

CASSIDULUS 
PLATE 24 

FIGURES 1-4. Cassidulus trojanus Cooke (p. 58) 

Top X 2, posterior end X 1, side X 1, and bottom X 2 of type, USNM 498996 From the Ocala limestone of late 

Eocene age at USGS 7347, Suwannee River below Troy Springs, Lafayette County, Fla. 

5-12. Cassidulus gouldii (Bouve) (p. 57) 

5-'8, Top X 1~, posterior end X 1, side X 1, and bottom X 1~ of USNM 562302. From the Suwannee limestone 

of late Oligocene age at USGS 14924, Aucilla River 6.5 miles south of Nutalls Rise, Taylor County, Fla. . 

9-12, Top, posterior end, side, and bottom views X 1 of t ype of Cassidulus alabamensis Twitchell, USNM 559493. 

From rocks of Oligocene age at Natural Bridge, SE%, sec. 26, T. 6 N., R. 20 W., Walton Qounty, Fla. 

13-16. Cassidulus ericsoni Fischer (p. 58) · 

Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1 of paratype, USNM 560420. From the Inglis limestone of late 

Eocene age on Withlacoochee River 4 miles below Stokes Ferry, Citrus County, Fla . 

.. 
'· 

I) 

PLATE 25 

FIGURES 1, 2. Cassidulus conradi lye.lli (Conrad) (p. 60) 

Top and bottom views X 1~ of USNM 562305. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 13611, 

Bainbridge, Ga. · 

3-6. Cassidulus (Plagiopygus) conradi (Conrad) (p. 59) 

Posterior end, side and bottom -views X 1 and top view X 1~ of USNM 562304. From the Ocala limestone of late 

Eocene age at USGS 15150, east side Steinhatchee River north of US 19 in Dixie County, Fla., opposite Clara. 

7-10. Cassidulus conradi carolinensis Twitchell (p. 60) ' · -

Posterior end X 1, side X 1, top X 1~, and bottom 1~ of type, USNM 559488. From the Castle Hayne limestone 

of middle and lateEocene age on Smith Creek near Wilmington, N. C. 

11-13. Cassidulus georgiensis globosus Fischer (p. 61) . 

_11, 12, Side and top views X 1 of USNM 562308. From the Inglis limestone of l~te Eocene age in a .pit south- . 

west of US 19 in SW% sec. 34, T. 14 S.., R. 16 E., in Levy County, Fla. 

13, Side vie'\V X1 of USNM 562307, From' rocks oflate Eocene age at USGS 18753, a .borrow pit in sec. 14, T~ 

15 S., R. 16 E., about 1~ miles north of Lebanon Station, Fla. 

14-17. Cassidulus (Ptagiopygus) georgiensis Twitchell (p. 60) 

Top, side, posterior end, and bottom views X 2 of USNM 562306. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age 

at USGS 13611, Bainbridge, Ga. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 25 

3 

5 

1 2 

4 

7 

10 

6 

8 

13 

15 

CASSIDULUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 26 

2 

1 3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

12 X 1~ 

10 11 

13 15 

SANTEELAMPAS, ECHANTHUS, AND EURHODIA 
PLATE 26 

FIGURES 1-8. Santeelampas ovijormis (Conrad) (p. 61) 

1-4, Top X 2, posterior end X 2, bottom X 2, and side X 1 of type, A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1477. 

5-8, Side X 1, top X 2, posterior end X 2, and bottom X 2 of USNM 562298. From the Santee limestone of middle 

Eocene age at Santee-Cooper dam, in Berkeley County, S. C. 

9-12. Eurhodia? elbana Cooke (p. 64) 

Posterior end, top, bottom, and side views X 1% of type, USNM 498981. From the Bashi formation of early 

Eocene age at USGS 10012, Pea River at power plant 4 miles below Elba, Ala. 

13--16. Echanthus georgiensis (Twitchell) (p. 62) 

Top X 1~, posterior end X 1, side X 1, and bottom X 1~ of type, USNM 165683b. From the Clayton formation 

of Paleocene age at USGS 4033, Dr. J. A. Parker's farm on the Americus road 5 miles south of Ellaville, Ga. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 28 

3 

1 2 

8 

12 

16 

CYCLASTER AND HEMIASTER 
FIGURES 1-4. 

5-9. 

10-14. 

15-20. 

PLATE 28 

Cyclaater drewryensis Cooke (p. 68) 

1-3, Top X 1%, bottom X 17'2, and side X 1 of USNM 559882. From the Red Bluff clay of early Oligocene age in 

the northwestern -pit of· the cement quarry at St. Stephens, Washington County, Ala. 

4, Posterior end. X 1 of type, USNM 372880. From the Red Bluff clay of early Oligcene age at USGS 10026, 

lowest bed at Drewry, Monroe County, Ala., in sec. 15, T. 6 N., R.' 8 E. 

Hemiaster moscovensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 68) 

· Top, bottom, posterior end, anterior end, and side views X 17'2 of type, USNM 562457. From the Porters Creek 

clay .of Paleocene age at USGS 5658, Moscow Bluff, Tombigbee River, Sumter County, Ala. 

Hemiaster stella (Morton) (p. 67) 

10, Top view X 1 of type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1491. From the Vincentown sand of Paleocene ,age on 

Timber Creek, N. J. . I 

11~14, Top X 2, side Xi, po~te~ior e~d X 1, and bott()m X.2 ()f . USNM 2208. Frol!l the Vincentown sand of 

l?a,le~:H~ene age_ on_ Timber· Cr~ek- near· Blackwoods, Camden -County, .N. -J. 

Hemiaater parastatus (Morton) (p. 67) - . 

-15, 16, Top Xl~ and side Xl of USNM 29472.· From the Vincentown sand. of Paleocene age on Rancocas Creek 

near Vincentown, N.J. · 

17-20, Top, posterior end, bottom, and side views Xl of type, Acad. N~t. Sci. -Philadelphia 1487. From the 

Vincentown sand of Paleocene age on Timber Creek, N. J. 

I' I 

I 

I_ 
/ 

/ 

I I 

PLATE 29 

FIGURES 1-4. Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark (p. 69) 

1, 2, Top and side views X 1 of type, USNM 166482. Wilmington, N.C. 1 , ~ 

3, 4, Top and bottom views X2 of USNM 164673. From USGS 779, Rocky Point, N.C. 

Both from the Santee limestone of middle Eocene age (or Castle Hayne limestone). 

5-7. Linthia alabamensis Clark (p. 69) 

Top X 1~, posterior end X 1, and bottom X 1 of type, USNM 137371. From the Clayton formation of Paleocene age at USGS 264, Prairie Creek, ·wilcox County, Ala. 

8-12. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum (p. 70) 

8, Top view X 1~ of USNM 562458. From USGS 10613. 

9-12, Top, bottom, side, and posterior end views X 1% of type, USNM 164664. From USGS 782. 

Both from the Castle Hayne limestone of middle a1;1d late Eocene age (or Santee limestone) at Wilmington, N. C. 

13-17. Schizaster (Brachybrissus) ocalanus Cooke (p. 73) 

13-16, Top, side, bottom, and posterior end views X 1~ of type, USNM 498990. From Kendrick, Marion County, 

Fla. 

17, Top view X3 of USNM 562459. From USGS 14141, quarry 6 miles southeast of c_rystal River, Citrus 

County, Fla. 

Both from the Ocala limestone of late Eocene a~e. 

/ 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 29 

LINTHIA AND SCHIZASTER 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER S2l PLATE 30 

2 

1 4 

6 7 

5 8 

10 11 12 

14 

13 15 

MOIRA } PARASTER, AND DITREMASTER 
FIGUR~S 1-4. 

5-8. 

9-12. 

13-15. 

PLATE 30 

Moira atropos (Lamarck) (p. 13) 1 

Top, posterior end, side, and bottom views X 1~~ of US!iM 562461. Recent. From Panama City Beach, Fla. 

Paraster americarius (Clark) (p. 72) \ 

Top,, posterior end, side, and bottom views X 1 of type, US.N"rv l { 165695. From the Vicksburg group of Oligocene age 

at USGS 3951, near Brandon, Rankin County, Miss. I 

Ditremast,er beckeri (Cooke) (p. 77) 

9-11, Top, side, and posterior end views X 1% of type, USN\M 499008. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age 

at Gainesville rock pit southeast of Arredondo, Alachu ~ County, Fla. 

12, Bottom view X 1 of paratype, USNM 499009. Fro1~ the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 14553, 

Suwannee River at bridge near Dowling Park, in Lafayel tte Cou,nty, Fla. . 

Paraster armiger (Cla·rk) (p. 71) 

Top, posterior end, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562460. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at 

USGS 7906, bank of Muckafoonee Creek near its confluence with Flint River abcut 1~ miles above Albany, Ga. 

- I . . 

~16 
I 

, . 

PLATE 31 

FIGURES 1-8. Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) (p. 74) 

1-4, Top, bottom, side, and posterior end views X 1 of USNM 562462b. . 

5-8, Posterior end, side, top, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562462a. From rocks of late Miocene age at USGS 

18759, Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County, S.C., 1 to H~ miles southwest of the bridge on US 1'? 

near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles nort_heast of Myrtle Beach, 5.6. 

'I 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 321 PLATE 31 

AGASSIZIA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 32 

3 4 

9 

8 

11 

10 13 

16 

A..GASSIZIA AND LOVEN/A 
FIGURES 1-4. 

5-9. 

lG-13. 

i -

PLATE 2 

Agassizia floridana de Loriol (p. 75) 

1 

Bottom X 1, top X 1~, side X 1, and posterior en! X 1 of USNM 562463. From the Ocala limestone of late 

Eocene age at USGS. 14541, pit east of Steinhatc er River opposite Clara and north of US 19, in Dixie County, 

Fla. · · ' · 

Agassizia (Anisaster) mossomi Cooke (p. ,76) 

5-8, Top X2, side X 1, posterior end X 1 and botto X 1 of cotype, USNM 498989a. 

9, Top X 2 of cotype, USNM 498989b. I 1 

• 

From. t.he 0. cala limes.tone of. late Eocene age at (GS 11113, Florid. a Rock Products qu.arry % mile southwest 

of Brooksville, Fla. I 

Agassizia (Anisaster) wilmingtonica Cooke (p. 76) 

Top X3, side X2, posterior end X2, and bottom X ·, ef type, USNM 499004. From the Castle Hayne limestone 

of middle and late Eocene age in the city rock qj arry near Wilmington, N .. C. 

Lovenia alabamensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 77) . I 

Bottom X 1, top X 1~, posterior end X l, and side 1 of type, USNM 562469. ·· Probably from the Chickasawhay 

limestone of late Oligocene age in a road· cut juJt south of old mill in · NE7~ sec. 8, T. 6 N ., R.' 3 E., Clarke 

County, Ala. 

468544-59--17 
PLATE 33 

FIGURES 1-5. Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) (p. 78) 

/ 

1-4, Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 498960b. 

5, Top view X 1 of USNM 498960a. 

From the Choptank formation of Miocene age about H mile north of Scientists Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay in Calvert 

County, Md. 

6. Lovenia clarki (Lambert) (p. 77) 

Top view X 1 of type, USNM 164654, the type of Echinocardium depr.essum Clark. Near the base of 'the Tampa 

limestone of early Miocene age at USGS 2565, Chattahoochee, Gadsden County, Fla. 

7-10. Echinocardium gothicum (Ravenel) (p. 79) . . . 

Top, bottom, side, and anterior end views X 1 of USNM 562468. ]from rocks of late Miocene age at USGS 

18759, Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County, S. C., 1 to 1~ m.iles southwest of the bridge on US 17 

near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northeast of ¥yrtle Beach. I , 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 33 

1 2 

5 

3 4 

6 

ECHINOCARDIUM AND LOVEN/A 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 34 

1 3 

2 

4 

7 

MARETIA AND UNIFASCIA 
PLATE 34 

FlGUBES 1-4. Maretia arguta (Clark) (p. 81) 

Posterior end X1, bottom X1, side X1, and top X2 of type, USNM 141107. From the Winona sand of early 

middle Eocene age at USGS 2629, Chickasawhay River at Enterprise, Clarke County, Miss. 

5, 6. Mqretia subrostrata (Clark) (p. 81) 

5, Bottom view X2 of USNM 166516. From the county rock quarry near Wilmington; N.C. 

6, Top view X2 of type, USNM 164652. From USGS 3602, Wilimngton, N.C. 

Both from the Castle Hayne limestone of middle and late Eocene age or Santee limestone oflate middle Eocene age. 

7-13. Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) (p. 80) I _ .. 

7, Top view X2 of type, USNM 164651. From the Castle Hayne limestone at USGS 3602, Wilmington, N.C. , 

8, 9, Top and posterior end views X 1 of USNM 562448. From the Castle Hayne Jimestone at USGS 11810, 

Southern Drainage Canal about 9 miles northwest of Vanceboro, Pitt County, N.C. 

lG-13, Top, bottom, side and posterior end views X2 of USNM 562447. From the Castle Hayne limestone at 

USGS 8165, J. A. Stokes' farm 2 miles north of creek near Maple Cypress, Craven County, N.C. 

468M4-59--18 
PLATE 35 

FIGURES 1-5. Spatangus glenni Cooke, n. sp. (p. 80) 

1-4, Side, bottom, posterior end, and top views X 1 of type, USNM 562449a. 

5, Bottom view X 1 of paratype, 562449b. 

From rocks of late Miocene (?) age at USGS 18759, Intracoastal Waterway canal in Horry County, S. C., 1 to 

1~ miles southwest of the highway bridge on US 17 near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northeast of Myrtle 

Beach. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 35 

SPAT ANGUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 36 

2 

9 

11 

BRISSUS AND RHYNOBRISSUS 
PLATE.36 

FIGURES 1-4. Brissus unicolor (Leske) (p. 81) 

Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X2 of USNM 562450. Recent. From Cayo la Vela, Cuba. 

5, 6. Brissus glenni Cooke, n. sp. (p. 82) 

Top and side views X 1 of type, USNM 562451. From rocks of late Miocene (?) age at USNM 18759, Intracoastal 

Waterway canal in Horry County, S. C., 1 to 1% miles southwest of the crossing of US 17 near Nixons Crossroads, about 15 miles northeast of Myrtle Beach. 

7-11. Rhynobrissus cuneus Cooke (p. 88) . 1 

7-10. Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1% of type, USNM E-8032. 

11. Posterior end view X 1% of paratype, USNM E-8033. Recent. From Fort Macon Beach, N. C. 
/ 

PLATE 37 

FIGUREs l-4. · Macropneu3ies ventricosus (Lamarck) (p. 84) 

Top, posterior end, side, and bottom views X 1 of USNM E-1034. Recent. From Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 

5-9. Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) (p. 83) 

5, 6, Top and bottom views X 1 of USNM 372898. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 7159, 

5 mile~ southeast of Whatley, Clarke County, Ala. 

7-9, Top, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 562452. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at 

. USGS 7121, power plant on Kinchafoonee Creek north of Albany, Ga. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 37 

2 

1 4 

MACROPNEUSTES 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 38 

3 7 

1 2 

6 

4 8 

12 

9 

11 

14 17 

BRISSOPSIS 
PLATE 38 

FIGURES 1l-8. Brissopsis bl'anpiedi Grant and .Hertlein (p. '85) 

1-4, Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 498998a. 

5-8, Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 498998b. 

From the Glendon limestone member of Byram formation of middle Oligocene age at USGS 13435, Glaze farm 

~ mile west of ~emon and about 9 miles north of Raleigh, Smith County, Miss. ' 

9-13. Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke (p. 85) ' 

9-12·, Bottom X 1%, side X 1, posterior end X 1, and top X 1 of paratype, USNM 498987b. 

13, Top view X 1 of type, USNM 498987a '-

From the Ocaia limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 14541, in Dixie County, Fla., east of Steinhatchee River, 

north of US 19, opposite Clara. · 

14-18. Brissopsis biarritzensis Cotteau (p. 85) 

14-17, Top side, posterior end, an<;l bottom views X2 of USNM 562454a. 

18, Top view X 2 of USNM 562454b. 

From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age in the NE ~ SE% sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Monroe County, Ala. 

19-22. Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen (p. 85) 

Top, bottom, posterior end, and side views X 1 of USNM 562453. Recent. From U. S. Fish Commission Albatross station 2600, off North Carolina. 

\ 
·, 

PLATE 39 

FIGURES 1, 2. Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin) (p. 86) 

I 

"/ 

I 

Posterior end and top views X% of USNM 19295. Recent. From the Bahama Islands. 

3-6. Plagiobrissus curvus (Cooke) (p. 87) 

3-5, Top, side, and bottom views X 1 of type, USNM 498984. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age on 

Chipola River % mile above the bridge at Marianna, Fla. 

6, Top view X 1 of USNM:_,562455. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS 71~1, _ Flint River at 

mouth of Kinchafoonee 'creek above Albany, G&; · 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 39 

1 

5 

PLAGIOBRISSUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE 40 

1 

2 

PLAGIOBRISSUS 
. ! ' 

PLATE 40 

FIGURES 1-5. Plagiobrissus? dixie (Cooke) {p. 87) 

1, Top view X 1 of type, USNM 498985. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age 1 mile north of Mayo, Fla. 

2-5, Posterior end, side, top, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 562456 From tp.e Ocala limestone of late Eocene 

age east of Steinhatchee River north of US 19 in Dixie County, Fla., opposite Clara. 

6. Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin) (p. 86) 

Bottom view X% of USNM 19295. Recent. From the Bahamas, 
PLATE 41 

FIGURES 1-5. Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) (p. 90) 

. I 

1-4, Top, posterior end, side, and bottom view X 1 of USNM 562465. From USGS 18749, Withlacoochee River 

in west% sec. 3, T. 17 S., R. 16 E., in. Levy and Citrus Counties, Fla. · 

5, Top view X 1~ of USNM 562464. From USGS 18757, center of sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 15 E., in Levy and Citrus · Counties. ' · 

Both from the Inglis limestone of late Eocene age. 

6-8. ' Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) (p. 89) 

Posterior end, top, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 104175. From the Inglis limestone of la:te Eocene age on 

Withlacoochee River, Citrus County, Fla., on west line of sec. 3,.T. 17 S., R. 16 E . 

/ -
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE n 

2 

1 4 

3 

6 

5 

7 

EUPATAGUS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE •2 

3 

EUPATAGUS 
PLATE 42 

FIGURES 1-3. Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) gardnerae Cooke (p. 90) 

Top X 1~, bottom X 1, and side X 1 of type, USNM 498983. From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at 

U:SGS 10014, stream 6 miles west of Andalusia, Ala., on line between sees. 20 and 29, T. 4 N., R. 15 E. 

4-7. Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark (p. 91) 

4-6, Top and side views X 1 and bottom view X 1~ of type, USNM 166484. From the Castle Hayne limestone 

of middle and late Eocene age at Wilmington, N. C. 

7, Top view X 1% of para type, USNM 164674. From the Castle Hayne limestone of middle and late Eocene 

age at USGS 3602, Wilmington, N. C. 

8-12. Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke (p, 91) 

8-11, Top, side, and posterior end and bottom views X 1 of type, USNM 372884. From the Ocala limestone 

of late Eocene age in Taylor County rock pit 1 mile north of Mayo, Lafayette County, Fla. 

12, bottom view X1 of USNM 562466. Locality unknown. 
/ 

PLATE, 43 

FIGURES 1-4. Linthiat prima Cooke (p. 70) 

Side, bottom, top, and anterior end views X l}f of type, USNM 498978. From the Clayton formation of Paleocene age at USGS 4032, Dr. A. J. Parke's farm on the Americus road 5 miles south of Ellaville, Schley County, 

Ga. 

&-11. Eupagatus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke (p. 92) 

5-8, Top, side, anterior end, and bottom views X 1 of USNM 498982,. type of Eupazagus georgianus Cooke. 

From the Ocala limestone of late Eocene ago at USGS 10507, power plant on Kinchafoonee Creek north of 

Albany, Ga. 

9, Bottom view X l.Yz of USNM 562467. From .the Ocala limestone of late Eocene age at USGS.15064, Monroe 

County, Ala., 1~ miles southwest of Perdue Hill. 

· 10, ll, Top and botto.m .views XI~ of type, USNM_ 498979 .. Froin the Yazoo clay of late Eocene age at USGS 

12168, base .of St. Stephens Bluff on Tombigbee River, Washington County, Ala. 

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~EOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 321 PLATE (3 

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LINTHIA? AND EUPATAGUS