Tertiary and Pleistocene 

Brachiopods of Okinawa 

Ryukyu Islands

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314-A

Tertiary and Pleistocene 

Brachiopods of Okinawa 

Ryukyu Islands

By G. ARTHUR COOPER

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314-A

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1957
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

FRED A. SEATON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 60 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract.. _____________________________.

Introduction-__________________________.

Synonymy and references____________________

Age of the brachiopods_--___________________.

Localities. __________________________________

Systematic descriptions___________________

Rhynchonellacea________________________

Tegulorhynchia doderleini (Davidson)__. 

BasiUola nitida Cooper, n. sp_____.

Basiliola sp_________________________

Rhytirhynchia Cooper, n. gen_ _________

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp__. 

Terebratulacea_ _________________________

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby) ______

Terebrattdina perplexa, n. sp_________

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. 

Terebratulina sp. !__________________.

Terebratulina indeterminate.__________

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai_ _.

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Systematic descriptions Continued

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry) 

Gryphus sp___________-_-_-___________

Terebratellacea. ____________--____----_-_-

FrenuUna sanguinolenta (Gmelin) _______

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai). 

Jolonica hedleyi DalL_________________

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp________

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai__ 

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp_________

Dallina raphaelis (Dall)______________

Laqueus quadratus Yabe and Hatai___. 

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp_______

Laqueus sp. 1________________________-

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)_____________

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) ___________

Indeterminate brachiopods_______________

References.__________________________________

Index.______________________________________

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ILLUSTRATIONS

[All plates follow p. 20]

PLATE 1. Rhytirhynchia, Basiliola, and Tegulorhynchia

2. Terebratulina and Gryphus

3. FrenuUna, Gryphus, Campages, Laqueus, Dallina, and Jolonica

4. Jolonica

5. Pictothyris and Kikaithyris

in

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, RYUKYU ISLANDS

By G. ARTHUR COOPEE

ABSTRACT

This paper describes late Tertiary and early Pleistocene 

brachiopods from Okinawa in the Ryukyu Chain. Thirteen 

genera are recognized and twenty species listed. Of these one 

genus and seven species are new. The described brachiopods 

have affinities mostly with fossil and Recent Japanese species 

but the range of some genera is extended southward from Japan 

while the range of a few is extended northward from the south 

Pacific to mingle with the Japanese elements.

INTRODUCTION

The brachiopods forming the subject of this report 

were collected by McClelland Dings, F. Stearns MacNeil, Delos E. Flint, Maxim M. Elias, Raymond A. 

Saplis, Warren Fuller, and Gilbert Corwin during a 

geological survey of Okinawa by the U. S. Geological 

Survey in 1946-48. The collection numbering about 

500 specimens contains new and interesting species. 

In addition to the Geological Survey collection, the 

writer studied about 125 specimens from Katchin 

Hanto Peninsula, southern Okinawa, collected by Allan 

Graffam and belonging to the National Museum. 

These two collections add substantially to our knowledge of the brachiopods. The Geological Survey 

collection is deposited in the National Museum.

Before the present study little was known of the 

brachiopods of the Ryukyu Islands and Okinawa. 

Hanzawa (1935) made a study of these islands and the 

southwest coast of Formosa over a period of several 

years ending in 1932. Brachiopods collected by him 

from the "Ryukyu limestone" were described in 1935 

by Yabe and Hatai. These authors recognized seven 

species, five of which are represented in the collections 

from Okinawa in the Geological Survey and the National Museum. Not all the species recorded by Yabe 

and Hatai are from Okinawa, some are from Kikai Island and Formosa. Discinisca kamikatetuensis Yabe

i Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. 0. Published by permission of the 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

and Hatai, one of the seven species, was not seen in 

the collections from Okinawa. Neohemithyris lucida 

(Gould) another species from this island group mentioned by Yabe and Hatai proves to belong to the 

genus Basiliola. The other five species are: Gryphus 

hanzawai Y. and H., Jolonica ryukyuensis Y. and H., 

Japanithyris (here referred to Campages) nipponensis 

Yabe and Hatai, Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) and 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe). Only the last two are 

reported from Okinawa by Yabe and Hatai.

The only other brachiopod from Okinawa beside 

those mentioned above is Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby) reported by Hatai (1940, p. 228) despite the fact 

that Yabe and Hatai (1935, p. 94) remark on the absence 

of Terebratulina from the Ryukyus. They also state 

that Craniscus, Campages, and Lagueus are lacking, but 

specimens of the last two genera are in the Geological 

Survey collection. Furthermore, Yabe and Hatai did 

not suspect that their Japanithyris was, in reality, a 

species of Campages.

The complete list of Okinawa brachiopods is arranged 

below by geological horizon: 

Miocene (Yonabaru clay)

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp. 

Miocene or Pliocene (Shinzato tuff)

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry)

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp.

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

sp. indet.

Shinzato (?) tuff (or Chinen sand), horizon uncertain, locality 

17480

Basiliola sp.

Dallina raphaelis (Dall)

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry) 

sp.

Laqueus quadratus Yabe and Hatai

Tegulorhynchia ddderleini (Davidson)

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp. 

ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Terebratulina indet.
SHORTEB CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Pliocene (Nakoshi sand)

Cam/pages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai)

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. 

Pliocene (Naha limestone)

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai)

*Discinisca kamikatetuensis Yabe and Hatai 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai

stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry) 

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp.

ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp.

quadratus Yabe and Hatai

sp. 1

Basiliola nitida Cooper, n. sp. 

Basiliola sp.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) 

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp. 

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby)

perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

sp. 1

sp. indet.

Pleistocene (Yontan limestone) 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp. 

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

sp. indet.

The above list increases the generic representation 

of a fauna having affinities with Japanese faunas fossil 

and Kecent. Hitherto only one rhynchonellid was 

known from Okinawa. Now, four representing three 

genera are known. Basiliola is reported for the first 

time from this region. Heretofore the genus was 

known only from Hawaii, Borneo, the Celebes, and the 

Philippines. Tegulorhynchia doderleini, known today 

in Japanese waters and southward to Borneo, is here 

reported in the fossil state for the first time. Rhytirhynchia hataiana is a newcomer to the Japanese 

realm. Its closest affinities are with another species 

of the genus from the Indian Ocean.

lerebratulina is widespread and is known in Japanese 

waters as well as areas from Japan southward through 

the Philippines and on to Australia. The species from 

Okinawa are like living forms and present no unusual 

features.

Gryphus is another genus of wide distribution occurring 

in Japanese waters, the East Indies, and Australia. 

Gryphus stearnsi is reported for the first time as a 

fossil, but the specimens seem to be closely related to 

the living forms. Gryphus hanzawai is unusual for 

its small size and elongated form, but several species 

having this form are known from Tertiary beds in

*Not found In the U. S. Geological Survey collections.

New Zealand and Australia. A small specimen in the 

National Museum collection of Recent brachiopods 

not unlike that of G. hanzawai (pi. 3, fig. 32-39) was 

called G. damdsoni by Dall.

Frenulina is a common Recent brachiopod, being 

known from the Hawaiian Islands and Japan south 

around the Philippines to the Celebes, but is rare 

as a fossil.

Jolonica has hitherto been a poorly known genus. It 

lives in waters of the Philippines and the Malay Archipelago. A small species occurs in Japanese waters. 

Fossil species of the genus are not rare on Okinawa 

one species occurs in the Miocene (Yonabaru clay) 

and two others are known from the higher Naha 

limestone. Laqueus is more closely related to Japanese 

forms as its range south is, so far as known, not extensive. Dallina is likewise common in Japanese waters 

but has also been identified in the Miocene of Fiji.

Pictothyris is a Japanese genus. Kikaithyris is a 

closely related form but is not known to be living.

The specimens here referred to Campages were identified as Japanithyris by Yabe and Hatai. The relationship of these genera has been clouded by uncertainty 

concerning the interior details of the Japanese Japanithyris mariae. This is now known to be identical to 

Campages basilanica making Japanithyris a junior 

synonym of Campages, At any rate Campages is in 

Japanese seas as well as from the waters of the Philippines.

The affinities of the Okinawa brachiopods thus prove 

to be predominantly with Japanese species living and 

fossil, but connections with the Philippines are also 

clearly indicated.

SYNONYMY AND REFERENCES

Nearly all that is known about Japanese Tertiary 

and Recent brachiopods is summarized by Hatai (1940) 

in an exhaustive, well illustrated treatise. Therefore, 

it seems unnecessary in the present work to give 

detailed synonymies, and I have cited only the original 

description, an easily accessible publication, and the 

reference in Hatai 1940. Little has been done since 

1940.

The same remarks hold for references because Hatai 

(1940) gives many pages of bibliography. Only the 

major works referred to beside Hatai, and pertinent 

reports published after 1940, are cited here.

AGE OF THE BRACHIOPODS

The Yonabaru clay is the oldest Tertiary formation 

yielding brachiopods. Only one species, the oldest 

species of Jolonica known occurs in this formation.

The age of the Shinzato tuff is Miocene or Pliocene. 

This has yielded five brachiopods which include the
TEBTIABY AND PLEISTOCENE BBACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, BYUKYU ISLANDS

Jolonica, from below and three species that also appear 

in younger formations.

Locality 17480 has not yet been properly dated. It is 

believed to belong either to the Shinzato tuff or to the 

Chinen sand. The brachiopod assemblage from this 

formation contains Dallina, and Tegulorhynchia,, genera 

not seen in any of the other formations.

The Chinen sand is the lowest deposit of the Pliocene 

but has yielded only three brachiopods, one with connections to the Miocene but the other two appearing 

in higher rocks.

The Pliocene (Naha limestone) has yielded the 

largest number of brachiopods, 17 named species. 

Some of these species are restricted to this formation 

but there are a few survivors from the Chinen sand.

The Yontan limestone, highest and youngest of the 

formations contains 5 named species all of which are 

present in the underlying Naha limestone.

Hatai (1939, p. 476) referred the Okinawa brachiopods described by him and Yabe to the early Pleistocene. According to him the upper Pleistocene deposits 

contain only species of brachiopods that are living 

today.

The foregoing ages of these sediments are based on 

fossils other than brachiopods, which at present are too 

little known to be diagnostic guide fossils.

LOCALITIES

The numbers given below are those assigned to the 

various localities on Okinawa. The initials and numbers following the locality designation refer to the 

collector and his field number, as follows: DF=Delos 

E. Flint, FSM=F. Stearns MacNeil, ME=Maxmi K. 

Elias, RS=Raymond A. Saplis, and WF=Warren 

Fuller.

17445 (RS 75) Yonabaru clay, fossiliferous bed at base of low 

hill on south side of Highway 40 about 1.0 mile west of the 

junction of Highways 13 and 137 in Yonabaru. 

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp.

17452 (RS 319) Shinzato tuff, fossiliferous beds above pumice 

quarry overlooking Okinawa Central Prison, about 0.4 mile 

east-southeast of Shinzato. 

Brachiopod indet.

17453 (RS 346, RS 364) Shinzato tuff, low road cut at end of 

small spur of hill west of road, about 0.6 mile north of junction 

of road with Highway 64 at Asato.

? Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp.

17457 (RS 361) Shimajiri marl, road cut at base of low hill 

near bend in Highway 64, 0.5 mile northeast of Minatoga. 

Brachiopod indet.

17458 (RS 351) Shinzato tuff, blue gray silty sand exposed at 

base of seaeliff that forms a headland about 0.8 mile south 

of Gushichan.

Qryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry)

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17460 (RS 348) Naha limestone, cliff at top of south bank of 

small reentrant into which a small stream falls, about 0.1 mile 

southeast of bend in Highway 64 near east edge of Gushichan.

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina sp. 1

r 17461 (RS 349) Naha limestone, cliff at top of steep slope on 

south bank of stream, 0.25 mile southeast of Gushichan. 

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby)

17462 (RS 350) Naha limestone, lower part of limestone forming main part of seaeliff at same locality as 17458. 

Campages nipponemis (Yabe and Hatai) 

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp. 

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17463 (RS 352) Naha limestone, high limestone seaeliff forming a small reentrant about one mile northeast of Mabuni. 

i Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai) 

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp. 

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp. 

quadratus Yabe and Hatai

17464 (RS 388) Naha limestone, large quarry facing East 

China Sea just south of Sakibaru-saki. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17466 (RS 390) Naha limestone, large limestone quarry on top 

of cliff overlooking Naha Bay, 0.3 mile north of the intersection 

of Highways 1 and 40.

Kikaithyris hansawai (Yabe)

17473 (RS 383) Naha limestone, quarry on west side of Highway 7 about 0.2 mile south of the intersection of Highways 

7, 13, and 52, about 1 mile east of Itoman.

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai) 

Jolonica ryukyuensis (Yabe and Hatai)

17475 (RS 368) Naha limestone, roadeut of secondary road 

crossing limestone cliff about one mile east-southeast of Kiyan. 

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry)

17480 (FSM 27) Shinzato? tuff, high road cut along Highway 

64 about 0.1 mile west of sharp bend in road about 0.3 mile 

east of Yashitomi. This may be Chinen sand. 

Basliola sp.

Dallina raphaelis (Dall) 

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry)

sp.

Laqueus quadratus Yabe and Hatai 

Tegulorhynchia doderleini (Davidson)

17482 (FSM 28) Chinen sand (a, base; b, middle part; c, upper 

beds just below limestone), section in both abandoned road 

cut and new road cut at Chinen-misaki.

Jolonica ryukyuensis (Yabe and Hatai)

macneili Cooper, n. sp. 

Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp. 

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby)

17484 (FSM 14) Naha limestone, road cut on south side of 

Highway 60 about 0.6 mile west of the junction with Highway 3.

Gryphus hansawai (Yabe and Hatai)

Kikaithyris hansawai (Yabe)

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17486 (DF 112) Nakoshi sand, from beach cliff on Unten Ko, 

0.25 mile north of Shima Unten.

Kikaithyris hansawai (Yabe)
SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

17487 (DF 130) Naha limestone, small steep sided hill on 

southern outskirts of Nakasoni.

Gryphus hanzawai (Yabe and Hatai)

17488 (FSM 7) Naha limestone, hard limestone underlying 

gravel, about 0.2 mile, downhill from quarry near top of 

winding hill on Highway 24, 0.3 mile west of site of Momobaru. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp. 

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17497 (FSM 29) Naha limestone (a: lower bed, b: upper bed), 

edge of Chinen plateau overlooking Baten-ko above the village 

of Sashiki.

Brachiopod indet.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17498 (FSM 36, 22-251-2) Naha limestone, lower part of large 

quarry south of docks at Naha Harbor, about 0.2 mile south 

of the junction of Highways 3 and 7. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17499 (WF 135) Naha limestone, quarry about 0.1 mile east 

of the southeast corner of Kiyuna.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17504 (WF 17) Naha limestone, quarry on east side of Highway 5 near foot of long hill, about 0.3 mile north of intersection 

of Highways 5 and 130.

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai 

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

17505 (WF 20) Naha limestone, same as 17504. 

Laqueus sp. 1 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17516 (WF 28) Naha limestone, quarry on north side of Highway 30, about 0.3 mile northeast of junction of Highways 1 

and 30.

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

17517 (WF 29) Naha limestone, quarry on south side of Highway 30, about 0.7 mile northeast of the junction of Highways 

1 and 30.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17518 (WF 32, WF 146, WF 154) Naha limestone, quarry about 

0.3 mile west of Highway 5 and about 1.0 mile east of the 

junction of Highways 1 and 30.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai 

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

17519 (WF 47) Naha limestone, low cliff at end of small ridge 

extending out into rice paddies, about 0.75 mile northeast of 

the 37th Division General Hospital on Highway 1.

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17521 (WF 76) Naha limestone, quarry on east side of Highway 5 near foot of long hill, about 0.3 mile north of intersection 

of Highways 5 and 130.

Basiliola nitida Cooper, n. sp.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina sp. indet.

17522 (WF 145*=WF 135?) Naba limestone, same as 17499. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17524 (WF 155) Naha limestone, quarry south of sharp bend 

in Highway 5, about 0.7 mile southeast of the junction of 

Highways 5 and 34.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17529 (WF 189) Naha limestone, road cut on west side of 

ravine about 0.75 mile southeast of the intersection of Highways 

5 and 16.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17534 (WF 237) Naha limestone, sea cliff at north end of small 

beach about 0.8 mile due west of road fork at west edge of 

Hanza.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper

17543 (WF 234) Yontan limestone, large quarry 200 yards 

east of Highway 6, about 0.7 mile southwest of the junction 

Highways 6 and 12 north of Hanza. 

Terebratulina sp. indet.

17544 (WF 235) Yontan limestone, large quarry on hillside 

east of Highway 6, about 0.6 mile north of Sobe. 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin)

17547 (WF 240) Yontan limestone, quarry about 0.3 mile 

from western shore and about 0.9 mile west-southwest of the 

northern junction of Highways 6 and 12. 

Brachiopod indet.

17560 (RS 367) Naha limestone, hillside outcrop near trail at 

base of low limestone cliff at top of steep slope overlooking 

Yonabaru-wan, about 0.75 mile east of Shinzato.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17572 (DF 145) Naha limestone, from excavation for tombs 

on the beach one mile north of Shoshi, Nakijin-Mura. 

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai. 

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp. 

Terebratulina sp. 1

sp. indet.

17575 (DF 155) Naha limestone, road cut at Imadomari, 

intersection of two roads on eastern edge of town, about 0.3 

mile north of Highway 124.

1 Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17577 (DF 157) Naha limestone, small quarry on west side 

of highway, 0.25 mile north of Kitazato, Kami-Motobu-Mura.

Pictothris picta (Dillwyn)

17580 (DF 161) Naha limestone, coarse conglomerate bed 1 

foot thick located about 15 feet below top of quarry on west 

side of Highway 124 about 0.3 mile north of Kitazato, KamiMotobu-Mura.

Terebratulina sp. indet.

17582 (DF 163) Naha limestone, large quarry on east side of 

Highway 124 about 0.2 mile south of road junction west of 

Kushichin.

Jolonica sp. aff. /. elliptica Cooper, n. sp. , 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17583 (DF 164) Naha limestone, road cut and quarry west 

of Highway 124 about 150 yards south of road fork west of 

Kushichin.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. 

sp. indet.
TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, RYtfKYtr ISLANDS

17586 (DF 167) Yontan limestone, large quarry on edge of 

plateau north of road along north shore of Urasaki-wan, 

about 0.8 mile west of Urasaki.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. 

sp. indet.

17591 (DF 177) Yontan limestone, small cut 100 yards west 

of Highway 124 at southern edge of Kitazato (?Jahana), 

Kami-Motobu-Mura.

Brachiopod indet. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17592 (DF 179) Naha limestone, from long cut just west of 

big bend in road from Urasaki to Jahana school, KamiMotobu-Mura.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17593 (DF 180) Yontan limestone, from quarry on the hill 

about 0.3 mile southeast of Urasaki.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17599 (DF 115) Nakoshi sand, old sea cliff at Kunjabaru, 

Nakifin-Mura, from cliff face where cliff and road meet near 

eastern part of settlement.

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai)

17600 (DF 116) Nakoshi sand, halfway up sea cliff above 

trail about 0.3 mile west of Kunjabaru. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17601 (DF 117) Nakoshi sand, from road cut on road from 

beach to upper terrace level at the west end of Kunjabaru. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17604 (DF 124) Naha limestone, from excavation for an 

outdoor theater, 0.2 mile north of Goechi (Koechi), NakijinMura.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17605 (DF 125) Naha limestone, small quarry halfway between Goechi (Koechi) and Jahana. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17606 (DF 142) Naha limestone, quarry near coast 1.25 miles 

due north of Yonamine.

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17607 (DF 143) Naha limestone, in road cut on secondary road 

to beach, 0.5 mile north-northeast of Sakiyama, almost on the 

beach.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17609 (ME 2) Naha limestone (18 feet above the base), point 

3 on road map by Maxim M. Elias.

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17611 (FSM 15) Naha limestone (indurated gray limestone 

overlying white crumbly limestone), quarry in pinnacle in 

bend in Highway 16, 0.6 mile west of Chibana. 

Terebratulina sp. indet.

17614 (FS 56) Naha limestone, small quarry west of Highway 12, 0.2 mile north of junction of Highways 12 and 6, 

near site of village of Uza, Bolo Point Peninsula.

Brachiopod indet. 

424839 57 -2

17618 (FSM 54) Naha limestone, quarry on road leading up to 

top of south levee of Bisha-Cawa, at mouth of river, about 

halfway up hill.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

17622 (FSM 1) Naha limestone (lower beds), quarry in west 

quadrant of the intersection of Highways 13 and 24, about 

0.5 mile east of Koza.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17623 (FSM 2) Naha limestone, small quarry on north side 

of creek just west of Highway 13, about 0.25 mile south 

of Chibana.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17624 (FSM 3) Naha limestone, large quarry northeast of 

Highway 10, about 0.5 mile west of Gushikawa. 

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai) 

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai 

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp. 

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17625 (FSM 4) Naha limestone, large quarry on south side 

of Highway 10, across road from village of Heanna, Peninsula 

of Katchin Hanto.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17628 (FSM 8) Naha limestone (Basal limestone bed), about 

0.3 mile down hill from quarry near top of winding hill on 

Highway 24, about 0.3 mile west of site of Momobaru.

Brachiopod indet.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17630 (FSM 10) Naha limestone, cut on Highway 1 through 

natural levee along north bank of the Chatan Gawa. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp. 

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17631 (FSM 26) Naha limestone (indurated marly facies), 

quarry on south side of Highway 24, about 0.5 mile west 

of junction of Highways 24 and 5. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

17633 (FSM 11, 22-333-14) Shinzato tuff, low cliff at canyon 

head just east of trail pass through ridge about 0.4 mile 

southwest of China.

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp.

17635 (FSM 30) Naha limestone, quarry 0.2 mile east of village 

of Aragusuku.

Terebratulina sp. 1

17641 (FSM 52) Naha limestone, deep quarry west of Highway 

6, about 1.1 miles south of road fork at west edge of Hanza. 

a, lowest; b, middle; c, highest.

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai)

17644 (FSM 55b) Yontan limestone, large quarry on hillside 

east of Highway 6 about 0.6 mile north of Sobe. 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17646 (FSM 60) Yontan limestone, large quarry an hillside 

west of Highway 13 about 0.4 mile south of the junction of 

Highways 13 and 164 at Ishicha (Ishikawa). 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

? Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.
6 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

17649 (FSM 86) Naha limestone, large quarry south of creek 

and east of Highway 30, just north of Futema. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) 

Terebratulina sp. indet.

17656 (FSM 88TJ) Yontan limestone, large quarry west of 

Highway 1, just south of Kakazu Ridge and about 0.6 mile 

west of the junction of Highways 1 and 153.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

17657 (FSM 67) Naha limestone, base of quarry west of Highway 1, about 0.3 mile north of Highway 20. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17658 (FSM 68) Yontan limestone, quarry west side of Highway 1, about 0.25 mile north of the intersection of Highways 

1 and 20.

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

17660 (FSM 70) Yontan limestone, quarry between shore road 

and large limestone pinnacle, about 0.4 mile north-northwest 

of the intersection of Highways 1 and 20. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17661 (FSM 71) Naha limestone, cut on small loop road west 

of shore road and south of small creek about 1.4 miles south of 

the mouth of Hiza-gawa (Bisha-gawa).

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

17669 (FSM 79) Naha limestone, bulldozer trench on south 

side of secondary road about 0.8 mile southwest of the road 

circle at Kadena.

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Haitai

? Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

17670 (FSM 80) Naha limestone, roadcut through north levee 

of Hiza-gawa (Bisha-gawa) at mouth of river. 

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

17671 (FSM 81) Naha limestone, west end of quarry north of 

road at top of steep hill about 0.8 mile due east of Kina. 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17686 (FSM 354) Yontan limestone, quarry on north slope of 

Yuza-dake, about 1.2 miles west of Tomari and about 2.5 

miles east of Itoman.

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

17729 (US 347) Chinen sand, low cliff about 200 yards north of 

junction of Highways 9 and 64 near Gushichan. 

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry)

USNM (Cooper)

901 Naha limestone, 137th Navy Construction Brigade (Sea 

Bee Camp) quarry, Katchin Hanto.

Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai)

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe)

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn)

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp.

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp. 

subcarinata Cooper, n. sp.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Superfamily RHYNCHONEILACEA Schuchert, 1896

Family RHYNCHONELLIDAE Gray, 1848

Tegulorhynchia dbderleini (Davidson)

Plate 1, figures 34-51

Rhynchonella doderleini Davidson. Trans. Linnean Soc., ser. 2,

v. 4, pt. 2, p. 172, pi. 25, figs. 14, 15, 1887. 

Rhynchonella doderleini Davidson. Leidhold, Neues Jahrb.

Mineral. Geol. Palaont., Band 45, p. 425-470, 1922. 

Tegulorhynchia doderleini (Davidson). Hatai, Sci. Repts.

Tohoku Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 214, pi. 8,

figs. 56, 68, 70, 71, 1940.

Shell of about medium size for the genus, transversely 

pentagonal in outline; greatest width at middle; sides 

narrowly rounded; anterior margin truncated; valves of 

unequal depth, the brachial valve having the greater 

depth; anterior commissure strongly uniplicate; surface 

lamellose and costellate, a spine being produced anteriorly from each costella on each overlapping lamella.

Pedicle valve unevenly convex in lateral profile, the 

posterior half being gently convex but the anterior half 

flattened; anterior profile nearly flat to gently convex; 

beak nearly straight, pointed; foramen elongate-oval, 

hypothyrid; deltidial plates thickened, conjunct in the 

adult; umbonal and posterior regions somewhat inflated; sulcus originating in anterior half or third, 

appearing abruptly, deep and wide, extending anteriorly 

as a broadly rounded but short tongue; flanks flattened 

and with gentle slopes.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

the anterior half or two-thirds convex but the posterior 

flattened; anterior profile broadly and roundly domed; 

umbonal region flattened; median region swollen, the 

swelling continued to the anterior margin as a short 

low rounded fold, not strongly demarcated from the 

flanks; umbonal slopes gentle; flanks gently swollen 

and with steep lateral slopes.

Interior. Pedicle valve with small thick teeth buttressed by strong dental plates; flabellate diductor scars 

enclosing the adductor impressions. Brachial valve 

without a cardinal process, the diductor muscles being 

attached in a transverse pit; socket ridges thick and 

stout united with concave plates to form deep, corrugated sockets; crural bases attached to sides of socket 

ridges without hingeplates intervening; crura short and 

stout.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

Brachial 

Length length

549317a. 

549317b. 

549317c. 

549317e_

13.6

12. 9

?

13.8

11.6

11.2

14.6

Midwidth Thickness

16. 9 8. 5?

14 2 6. 5

18.0 ?

17.5 ?
TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, ISLANDS

Types. Figured hypotypes USNM 549317a-d and f, unfigured 

hypotype USNM 549317e. Hypotype 549317a shortened by 

crushing.

Horizon and locality. Shinzato tuff ? or Chinen sand, USGS 

17480.

Discussion. This species is of considerable interest 

because it is the only known living spiny rhynchonellid 

and this is the first report of it as a fossil. The figured 

specimens and a few others in the collection are exceptionally well preserved and make it possible to illustrate 

features of the interior hitherto little known.

In the living state this species occurs in the China 

Sea and off Borneo as well as in the waters off Japan 

where it was originally found. Its known depth range 

is from 160 down to 340 fathoms. The specimens 

(USNM 299761) from Borneo are larger than the fossil 

forms here described.

Other living species of Tegulorhynchia are confined 

to Australian and Antarctic waters, at any rate to the 

extreme southern part of the Southern Hemisphere. 

This is true also of the fossil forms, which occur in the 

Tertiary of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 

One species from Patagonia hitherto classified as 

Tegulorhynchia is now referred to another genus. A 

Belgian species assigned here is doubtfully placed.

Compared with Recent specimens of T. doderleini the 

Okinawa examples are smaller and seem to be somewhat more finely ornamented. The specimens may, 

however, not be fully grown. Counts of the costellae 

at one, five, and 10 millimeters anterior to the beak of 

a large specimen (USNM 299761) are similar to counts 

made at the same intervals on one of the Okinawa 

specimens (USNM 549317a).

Basiliola nitida Cooper, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figures 17-23

Neohemithyris lucida Yabe and Hatai (not Gould). Japanese 

Jour. Geology, Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, nos. 3, 4, 

p. 94, pi. 14, figs. 13, 14, 1935; Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 210, pi. 1, fig. 44; pi. 6, figs. 106, 107, 

1940.

Small for the genus, longer than wide; subpentagonal 

in outline with the maximum width slightly anterior to 

the middle; brachial valve deeper than the pedicle 

valve; posterolateral margins slightly concave and 

forming an apical angle of 85°; sides broadly rounded; 

anterior margin truncated; anterior commissure strongly 

uniplicate; surface smooth.

Pedicle valve having an even and gently convex 

lateral profile; anterior profile broadly and gently 

convex; beak moderately long, nearly straight; foramen 

small, elongate-oval, submesothyrid; deltidial plates 

conjunct but with slightly inflected posterior margin; 

umbonal and median regions gently swollen; sulcus 

poorly defined, originating in the anterior third; tongue

moderately long and broadly truncated anteriorly; 

flanks gently swollen.

Brachial valve with lateral profile evenly and moderately convex, much more convex than that of the pedicle 

valve; anterior profile broadly domed and with short 

precipitous sides; entire valve swollen and with the 

sides extended to meet the tongue of the pedicle valve.

Interior. Unknown.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549314.

Length 

10.0

Brachial 

length

8.9

Maximum 

width

8. 8

Thickness 

7. 0

Types Holotype USNM 549314.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17521.

Discussion. This species is characterized by its 

small size, subpentagonal to oval outline, smooth 

surface, short beak and broad, truncated tongue on the 

pedicle valve. This may be the same species as Yabe 

and Hatai (1935) referred to Neohemithyris lucida 

(Gould). The specimen on which the foregoing description is based is an adult as shown by the thick 

shell and anterior concentration of growth lines. 

Consequently it cannot be referred to Gould's species 

which is larger and has a somewhat narrowly rounded 

tongue.

Neohemithyris is now placed in the synonymy of 

Basiliola, an older name. This is necessary because 

Neohemithyris has the beak characters and interior 

features of Basiliola.

Basiliola sp. 

Plate 1, figures 24-33

Shell of about medium size for the genus; length and 

width nearly equal; outline subpentagonal; sides 

broadly rounded; anterior margin truncated; anterior 

commissure strongly uniplicate. Surface smooth.

Pedicle valve nearly flat in lateral profile but with the 

umbonal region slightly swollen; anterior profile nearly 

flat; beak short, obliquely truncated, nearly straight; 

foramen small circular, submesothyrid; deltidial plates 

conjunct, with elevated lip around anterior side of 

foramen; umbonal region gently inflated; sulcus originating at about the middle, broad and shallow; tongue 

moderately long, strongly rounded; flanks bounding 

sulcus slightly convex; umbonal slopes steep.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

with the greatest curvature at the umbo; anterior profile strongly domed; umbo and median regions swollen, 

with precipitous lateral slopes, the entire front constituting a broad fold.

Interior. Pedicle valve with pedicle collar thin and 

entire; teeth small, dental plates thin forming narrow 

chambers between lamellae and valve wall; muscle 

field short; vascula media visible, subparallel branching
8 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

near midvalve. Brachial valve with inner socket 

ridges thin, elevated and curved; outer hinge plates 

wide and flat; crura short, slightly curved, slightly 

divergent, concave inward.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549315d. 

549315a.

Length

13. 0

12.8

Brachial 

length Midwidth

? 12. 9 

11. 4 10. 8 +

Thickness

9. 3 +

Types. Figured specimens USNM 549315a, b, d, e; unfigured 

specimen used in preparing the description USNM 549315c. 

Horizon and locality. Shinzato tuff?, USGS 17480.

Discussion. The brachiopods here referred to Basiliola are not given a specific name because they are 

badly deformed. They show all of the characters of 

Basiliola. The best preserved specimen (USNM 

549315a) compared to recent specimens of B. lucida is 

quite similar and has the same long, rounded tongue. 

This specimen, however, is a small one. Others in the 

same lot indicate a larger and broader species than B. 

lucida. The Okinawa form is probably a new species.

This is the first report of Basiliola in the fossil state 

and the first report of it in a brachiopod assemblage 

made up of chiefly Japanese forms.

Rhytirhynchia Cooper, n. gen.

Usually small, subcircular to subpentagonal in outline; valves unequal in depth, the brachial valve having 

the greater depth; anterior commissure sulciplicate; 

surface smooth.

Pedicle valve with circular to oval foramen, submesothyrid to mesothyrid; deltidial plates conjunct, 

and with posterior lip reflected; deltidial plates vestigial 

to obsolete; teeth large, stout, elongated, corrugated; 

muscle area small confined; vascula media extending 

almost to front margin and sending off three branches 

laterally. Genital area small.

Brachial valve with stout cardinalia; cardinal process 

lacking; socket ridges curving, thin; sockets excavated 

in shell tissue, not formed of separate plates, corrugated. 

Outer hinge plates small, gently concave, united with 

socket ridges and stout crural base; crura moderately 

long, stout, gently curved, crescentic in cross section 

and with the concave surfaces facing inward; muscle 

area small, rounded and with the individual scars not 

separated; genital areas small; vascula media extending 

anterolaterally and branching, one branch extending 

laterally and the other anteriorly, each secondary 

branch dividing again.

Type species. Hemithyris sladeni Dall, Trans. Linnean Soc. 

London, ser. 2, Zoology, v. 13, pt. 3, p. 440, pi. 26, figs. 7-12, 

1910. Dall's cotype USNM 111086 is here chosen as lectotype 

for the species.

Discussion. The type species of this new genus has 

hitherto been placed in Hemithyris where it obviously 

does not belong because it is smooth, differently folded, 

has a lesser development of the dental lamellae, different foramen and deltidial plates and completely different 

cardinalia. Later, in 1927 Thomson (p. 157) placed 

Hemithyris sladeni in his genus Aetheia but it is not 

at home in this category.

Rhytirhynchia differs from Aetheia in the nature of 

the foramen and deltidial plates, the latter having a 

minute apical foramen and concave deltidial plates 

while the other has a fairly large pedicle opening 

and the deltidial plates are convex. The muscle 

field in the pedicle valve of Aetheia is large but. that 

of Rhytirhynchia is small. In the brachial valve 

the differences between the two genera are still more 

striking. The cardinalia of Aetheia are swollen and 

united medially and the median ridge is much thickened 

and ponderous. In Rhytirhynchia on the other hand 

the cardinalia are not overgrown and no median ridge 

or septum is present.

Rhytirhynchia differs from Basiliola in the nature of 

the folding, details of the deltidial plates and beak, arid 

in the absence of the prominent flat hinge plates in the 

cardinalia.

Rhytirhynchia sladeni (Dall) is known from seven 

specimens taken south of the Saya de Malha banks in 

the Indian Ocean and from R. hataiana Cooper n. sp. 

from Okinawa. A related form appears in the Eocene 

of the United States but its folding and beak characters 

are sufficient to establish it as a distinct genus of the 

same family. Rhytirhynchia sladeni was taken at a 

depth of 123 to 153 fathoms, but the bottom conditions 

were not reported. Although the specimen in the 

National Museum is smooth and clean it is reported 

(Dall, 1910, p. 439) that the brachiopods collected on 

the Sealark Expedition were encrusted with patches of 

worm-tubes, Bryozoa and sessile Foraminifera.

Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figures 1-16

Shell small, subtriangular to subpentagonal in outline; posterolateral margins forming an angle of about 

85°; sides strongly rounded; anterior margin truncated; 

valves unequal in depth, the brachial valve having the 

greater depth; greatest width at about the middle; 

anterior commissure sulciplicate; surface smooth except 

for the short and abrupt anterior costation.

Pedicle valve gently and evenly convex in lateral 

profile; anterior profile broadly and flatly convex; beak 

bluntly pointed, nearly straight; foramen small, circular, mesothyrid; symphytium elongate; umbo narrowly rounded; median region gently inflated; sulcus
TERTIAEY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, ISLANDS 9

originating in the anterior third and extending onto a 

short truncated tongue.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

more convex than the pedicle valve; anterior profile 

forming a round dome; umbonal and median regions 

strongly inflated, with steep sides and umbonal slopes; 

median fold defined only at the anterior.

Interior. Pedicle valve with strong, elongate teeth 

supported by receding, vestigial dental plates; other 

details obscure. Brachial valve without a cardinal 

process; socket ridges slender, outer hinge plates 

moderately broad and nearly flat; crural bases slender; 

crura short and broad, blunt, concave inward.

Measurements, in millimeters

549307.. 

549308a_ 

549308b_ 

54931la. 

5493lib.

Specimen

Brachial 

Length length Midwidth Thickness

8.9 7.9 7.9 5.4

9. 7 8. 8 8. 7 6. 1

8. 7 7.8 7.9 5. 1

8. 2 7. 4 7. 3 5. 2

8. 6 7.7 7.3 5. 3

Types. Holotype USNM 549307 (separated valves of the 

same specimen); figured paratypes USNM 549308a, 549311b; 

unfigured paratypes USNM 549308b, 54931 la.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17504, 17516, 

17519, 17572, 17669; USNM (Cooper) 901. Yontan limestone, 

USGS 17658.

Discussion. This little species suggests a miniature 

R. sladeni but other differences besides size can be seen. 

The beak of the pedicle valve of R. hataiana is more 

attenuated and the valve more triangular giving the 

species a more pentagonal or crudely triangular form 

than that of R. sladeni which is nearly circular. The 

anterior folding of the Okinawa species is not quite so 

pronounced as that of R. sladeni. The pedicle valve 

of the Okinawa species is deeper than that of the Indian 

Ocean species and the valves are thus less disproportionate in depth in R. hataiana, although the brachial 

valve is, nevertheless, much the deeper of the two.

Inside the pedicle valve the dental plates are somewhat more distinct in R. hataiana than in the modern 

species but this might be expected in the geologically 

older species. In the cardinalia of the Okinawa species 

the hinge plates separating the socket ridges and crural 

bases are wider than those of R. sladeni. However, the 

valves of R. sladeni are those of an old individual and 

are thickened by adventitious deposits.

The name of this pretty little species is given in honor 

of Dr. Kotora Hatai who has made great contributions 

to our knowledge of Japanese and Pacific brachiopods.

Superfamily Terebratulacea Waagen 1883

Family Cancellothyridae Thomson 1926

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby)

Terebratula japonica Sowerby. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 91, 1846 

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby). Davidson, Trans, Linnean

Soc., ser. 2, v. 4, pt. 1, p. 34, pi. 13, figs. 4-11, 1886; Hatai, Sci. 

Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 225, 

figs. 14, 16, 1940.

Terebratulina japonica (Sowerby) is characterized by 

its slender, elongate form and its sharp costellae. A 

few specimens in the collection from Okinawa are 

referable to this species but most of them are crushed 

or otherwise deformed and not suitable for illustration.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone (basal sand), USGS 

17482 (b, c). 

Naha limestone, USGS 17461.

Discussion.-^-Terebratulina japonica has a surprisingly 

wide toleration of temperature range and bottom types. 

The species has been found in waters (Hatai 1940, pp. 

227-228) ranging in temperature from 2° to 23.3° C 

and on bottoms ranging from, through various grades 

of sand to gravel, rocks and coral. The depth range is 

from 8 to 169 fathoms. With such a wide range of 

tolerance to various conditions the species proves to 

have little use in indicating past ecological conditions.

Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp.

Plate 2, figures 1-17

Fairly large for the genus, elongate-oval in outline; 

valves of subequal depth; greatest width anterior to 

the middle in the adult; sides rounded; anterior margin 

sub truncate; anterior commissure uniplicate; lateral 

commissure curved anteriorly, convex toward the 

pedicle valve. Surface marked by strong costellae at 

the beaks of both valves, but anteriorly the costellae 

become subdued and flattened about 18 in 5 millimeters 

near the front margin, appearance of a smooth shell.

Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile with 

the maximum convexity at about the middle; anterior 

profile moderately convex with short steep sides; beak 

truncated, foramen large; umbonal and median regions 

swollen; anterior half flattened and sulcate; sulcus broad 

and shallow, producing a short, broadly rounded tongue; 

sides narrowly rounded and steep.

Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile and 

with the maximum convexity at the middle; anterior 

profile narrowly domed and steep sided; median region 

from unbo to anterior margin swollen to form an illdefined fold, seen best at the anterior margin.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549320-...__. 

549293a..._-. 

549293b..___.

Length

25. 2

19. 9

21.9

Brachial

length

23. 0

18. 0

19. 2

Maximum

Midwidth

19. 0

14. 0

16. 6

width

19. 8

14. 0

16. 9

Thickness

15.8

11. 2

13.7

Types. Holotype USNM 549320; figured paratypes USNM 

549293a, b.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, 17488. USGS 17518, 

17519, 17618, 17624, 17630, 17669; USNM (Cooper) 901. Yontan limestone (upper bed), USGS 17656.
10 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Discussion. The holotype of this species is a large, 

fairly well-preserved specimen. Its most unusual 

feature is the fact that the deltidial plates, rather than 

being discrete as usual in the genus, unite medially. 

The union of the deltidial plates is a constant feature 

of the terebratulinid genus Cancellothyris and this 

appears to be the only character that differentiates it 

from Terebratulina. I hesitate to use the name Cancellothyris because none of the other large Terebratulinas 

in the collection preserves the deltidial plates as well 

as this one. The few that have them are discrete but 

they are all younger shells than the holotype. One 

large shell (USNM 549293b) does not have the deltidial 

plates preserved. Inasmuch as the foramen of the 

Okinawa shell is not labiate as in Cancellothyris it has 

been referred to Terebratulina.

Terebratulina perplexa is unlike any other described 

species in the Pacific region in its great depth and the 

subdued character of its ornamentation. It is most 

like T. peculiaris Hatai but differs in the greater thickness, somewhat more attenuated beak, and the subdued 

ornamentation of the body of the shell. It agrees in 

ornamentation with T. peculiaris in the presence of 

strong, obscurely granulated costellae on the umbones 

of both valves but anteriorly the bifurcated and intercalated costellae are low, flattened, crowded and the 

striae between the costellae are narrower than the 

costellae, giving the appearance of an anteriorly smooth 

shell.

Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 18-26

Shell small for the genus, elongate-oval in outline; 

sides broadly rounded; anterior margin narrowly 

rounded; anterior commissure narrowly uniplicate; 

surface strongly costellate, about four costellae to the 

millimeter at the anterior margin.

Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral profile; 

anterior profile gently and broadly convex but with the 

median part slightly depressed; foramen and deltidial 

plates as usual in the genus. Umbo gently swollen; 

sulcus narrow and shallow, originating just anterior 

to the umbo; flanks bounding sulcus gently inflated 

but narrow.

Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile; 

broadly and fairly strongly convex in anterior profile; 

umbo and median regions swollen, the swelling extending to the anterior margin as a fold commonly somewhat keeled, less commonly inconspicuous; flanks with 

moderately steep slopes to the margins.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen 

549292a _______

549292b_ ______

549292e.__. ___ _

649737a__. _______

Length 

-. _ 8.4

______ 9.8

__ ___ 9. 1

10.8

Brachial j 

length 

7 9

8.4

8. 1

9. 2

Maximum 

width 

&t*

7 Q

7 fi

8. 9

Thickness

5.0

4 Q

fi fi

Types. Holotype USNM 649292a; figured paratype USNM 

549337a; unfigured measured paratypes USNM 649292b, c; 

unfigured paratypes USNM 549337b, e.

Horizon and locality. Shinzato tuff, locality 17458. Nakoshi 

sand, USGS 17601. Naha limestone, USGS 17488, 17497, 

17499, 17517, 17519, 17534, 17560, ?17575, 17582, 17583, 17606, 

17624, 17630, 17671, USNM (Cooper) 901. Yontan limestone, 

USGS 17586, 17591, 17593, 17644, 17686.

Discussion. This is a small species usually about 

10 millimeters in length. It is also usually strongly 

costellate and more or less strongly keeled on the 

brachial valve. It is thus unlike any of the described 

Japanese Terebratulinas. It is suggestive of some forms 

of T. reevei Ball from the Philippines which are strongly 

costellate and strongly keeled. These are also provided 

with strongly beaded costellae and thus suggest the 

genus Surugathyris. They are however, unlike the 

Okinawa species in form because they are more strongly 

keeled and have distinct posterolateral shoulders.

The Philippine keeled forms referred to T. reevei 

appear to be incorrectly placed because the type specimen (USNM 111064) of that species is an elongate 

form, finely costellate and without a keel. It is considerably longer and larger than the keeled specimens 

which probably are an undescribed species.

Terebratulina sp. 1 

Plate 2, figures 27-36

Small for the genus, longer than wide, oval in outline; greatest width anterior to the middle; pedicle 

valve slightly deeper f-han the brachial valve; anterior 

commissure uniplicate; surface finely costellate, the 

costellae narrowly elevated, rounded and separated 

by striae narrower than the costellae.

Pedicle valve fairly strongly convex in lateral profile, 

most convex in the umbonal region; anterior profile 

strongly domed; umbonal and median regions swollen; 

sulcus originating near midvalve, narrow and shallow; 

flanks moderately swollen and with moderately steep 

sides. Beak as usual for the genus.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile 

and with the maximum convexity just posterior to the 

middle; anterior profile somewhat narrowly domed 

but not so strongly as the pedicle valve; median region 

strongly swollen with steep lateral slopes but a long 

and moderately steep anterior slope.

Measurements, in millimeters

Brachial Maximum 

Specimen Length length width Thickness

549321a____________ 12.5 10.5 9.7 7.4

Types. Figured specimens USNM 54932la, b. 

Horizon and locality. N aha, limestone, USGS 17460, 17572, 

17635.

Discussion. These specimens suggest small examples 

of T. perplexa but are more strongly costellate than 

that species. In comparing these with species figured 

by Hatai (1940) I am unable to tod a satisfactory
TEETIAEY AND PLEISTOCENE BEACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, EY^KY^ ISLANDS 11

niche for them. They are not sufficiently elongate 

for T. japonic® (Sowerby) and they are not properly 

proportioned for reference to T. peculiaris Hatai. 

The unusual thickness prevents assignment to any 

other species listed by Hatai (1940).

Terebratulina indeterminate

Terebratulina is the commonest of the brachiopods 

on Okinawa but most of the specimens were too poorly 

preserved for specific identification. The following 

localities yielded unidentifiable specimens: USGS 17458, 

17482 b and c, 17521,17543, 17572, 17580, 17583, 17586, 

17611, 17649.

Family TEREBRATULIDAE Gray 1840

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai

Plate 3, figures 32-39

Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai. Japanese Jour. Geology, 

Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, nos. 3-4, p. 96, pi. 14, 

figs. 4, 5, 8-10, 1935; Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 257, pi. 5, figs. 60-62, 1940.

Small for the genus; elongate-oval in outline with 

the sides gently rounded but the anterior margin 

narrowly rounded; greatest width slightly anterior to 

the middle; anterior commissure rectimarginate; lateral 

commissure straight; valves of unequal depth, the 

pedicle valve having the greater depth; surface smooth.

Pedicle valve moderately convex hi lateral profile 

but narrowly rounded in anterior profile; beak somewhat 

elongated, suberect; foramen small, round, permesothyrid; symphytium concave, not obscured by the 

beak; median region from beak to base strongly swollen; sides steep.

Brachial valve evenly and gently convex in lateral 

profile; moderately domed in anterior profile but not 

quite so strongly convex as the pedicle valve; all parts 

of valve swollen but sides short and steep.

Interior. Pedicle valve without dental plates but 

with stout teeth. Brachial valve with short, narrow, 

parallel-sided loop with broad transverse ribbon; hinge 

plates, triangular, fairly broad and slightly concave.

Measurements, in millimeters

549312.

Specimen Brachial Maximum 

Length length width Thickness

9.9 8.5 6.8 6.3

Types. Figured hypotypes USNM 549312, 549338. 

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17484, 17504, 

17519, 17572, 17609, 17669, USNM (Cooper) 901.

Discussion. This is a most unusual species of 

Gryphus because of its small size and elongate, slender 

form. The species suggests the small Campages 

nipponensis (Y. and H.) with which it occurs. However, it has a straighter beak and no median septum 

can be seen through the shell.

A fragmentary specimen (USNM 549338) in the

Geological Survey collection had the brachial valve 

stripped away to show the terebratulid loop from the 

dorsal side, thus confirming the determination by 

Yabe and Hatai (1935). The species was reported 

by these authors from the Kyukyft limestone of the 

Plateau above Kamikatetu, Island of Kikai, hi the 

Ryukyft Islands.

Gryphus stearnsi (Ball and Pilsbry) 

Plate 2, figures 37-55

Terebratula stearnsi Dall and Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadephia, p. 165, pi. 4, figs. 1-3, 1891. 

Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry). Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku

Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 260, pi. 1, figs. 1-4,

7-10, 18, 19, 1940.

Large, oval in the young (see figs. 42-46) but triangular in outline in the adult; valves of unequal depth, 

the pedicle valve having the greater depth sides nearly 

straight; anterolateral extremities narrowly rounded; 

anterior margin broadly rounded; greatest width in 

the anterior third; anterior commissure faintly and 

broadly uniplicate; lateral commissure broadly curved 

toward the brachial valve except anteriorly where it 

is narrowly curved toward the pedicle valve; surface 

marked only by concentric lines of growth usually concentrated in the anterior region.

Pedicle valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral 

profile with the greatest convexity hi median region; 

anterior profile with median region convex but with 

sides short and dropping precipitately to the margins; 

beak narrow, suberect, strongly labiate; foramen round, 

fairly large, permesothyrid; umbo narrowly rounded, 

median regions gently inflated the slight swelling extending to the front margin; sides short and steep.

Brachial valve gently and evenly convex in lateral 

profile; anterior profile broadly and moderately domed; 

umbo narrow; median region from umbo to anterior 

margin gently inflated; sides descending by gentle slopes 

to the margins.

Interior. Pedicle interior not seen in specimens from 

Okinawa. Brachial interior with small transverse cardinal process and short, narrow, stout loop. Cardinalia 

with slender and moderately elevated socket ridge; 

outer hinge plate broad and moderately concave; crural 

bases low; crural process short, pointed; descending 

lamellae short; transverse ribbon broad not elevated 

but with a narrow median carina.

Measurements, in millimeters

549305a. 

549305b. 

549306a. 

549306b.

Brachial Maximum

Length length Midwidth width Thickness

35. 6 32. 2 21. 8 25. 9 18. 2

26. 7 24. 2 18. 7 19. 9 13. 5

42. 8 36. 9 ? 32. 9? 19.7?

33. 1 30. 9 22. 8? 25, 5 18. 2
12 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

Types. Figured hypotypes USNM 549305a, b, 549306a, b, 

549336.

Horizon and locality. Shinzato tuff, USGS 17458, 17480 (or 

Chinen sand). Chinen sand, USGS 17729. Naha limestone, 

USGS 17475.

Discussion. All of the specimens of this species except a young one are crushed but all seem to be typical, 

having the elongate triangular form characteristic for 

the species. This is the first report of the species in 

fossil condition.

In modern seas this species, according to Hatai (1940, 

p. 261), is found from the west coast of Kyusyu north 

to Sagami Bay in the Pacific and also in the Korea 

Strait. The bathymetric range given by Hatai for G. 

stearnsi is 55 fathoms to 103 fathoms and the temperature range is 12.1° C. to 14.8° C. The bottom in the 

few instances in which this information is recorded is 

sand and gravel.

Gryphus sp,

A single broken brachial valve without median septum but only with traces of the hinge plates is clearly 

referable to this genus. It is impossible to place this 

fragment specifically but it is quite unlike either Gryphus 

described herein. Thus a third species is indicated.

Types. Described specimen USNM 549342. 

Horizon and locality. Shinzato (?) tuff or Chinen sand, 

USGS 17480.

Superfamily TEREBRATELLACEA Allan 1940 

Family DALLINIDAE Beecher, 1893 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) 

Plate 3, figures 1-12

Anomia sanguinea Gmelin. Linn. Systema Naturae, ed. 13, v. 1,

p. 3347, 1790. 

Frenulina sanguinolenta (Chemnitz). Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku

Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 327, pi. 4, figs. 42,

44-47, 49, 50, 52-54, 1940.

Small, length and width nearly equal; rhomboidal to 

pentagonal in outline; posterolateral margins nearly 

straight, meeting to approximate a right angle; sides 

narrowly rounded; anterior margin rounded; anterior 

commissure sulcate; valves unequally convex, the 

pedicle valve having the greater convexity; surface 

smooth or marked by concentric growth lines and 

lamellae.

Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

fairly strongly convex in anterior profile; beak incurved, 

truncated, suberect; foramen large, mesothyrid; symphytium entire; umbo swollen, the swelling continued 

anteriorly as a ridge or fold to the front margin; flanks 

flattened and descending steeply to the margins.

Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile, 

broadly and gently convex in anterior profile; umbo and

median regions swollen but anterior third flattened or 

depressed to form a shallow sulcus; tongue of brachial 

valve short and rounded; flanks bounding sulcus 

moderately swollen.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549334.

549333.

Brachial Maximum

Length length width Thickness

8.8 7.6 8.0 5.7

8. 5 7.4 8.2 4. 9

Types . Figured hypotypes USNM 549333, 549334. 

Horizon and locality. Yontan limestone, USGS 17544, 

17646, 17686. Naha limestone, USGS 17582, 17606.

Discussion. This genus may be recognized by its 

small size and the sulcation of the anterior commissure. 

The specimens herein described are not well preserved 

and are somewhat exfoliated but seem to be characteristic of the species. Compared with modern specimens 

the degree of sulcation seems to be somewhat less and 

the sulcus somewhat broader but these are variable 

features.

This genus is one of the most widespread of modern 

Pacific brachiopods. In modern waters it can be 

recognized by its anterior sulcation and by the beautiful 

subradial dark red striping of the shells. It is known 

from the Hawaiian Islands to the Celebes.

Campages nipponensis (Tabe and Hatai) 

Plate 3, figures 15-31

Japanithyris nipponensis Yabe and Hatai. Japanese Jour. 

Geology, Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, nos. 3, 4, p. 98, 

pi. 14, figs. 1-3, 19-21, 1935; Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. 

Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 314, pi. 5, figs. 5, 6; pi. 7, 

figs. 1-4, 1940.

Shell small for the genus, longer than wide; elongateoval in outline; sides gently rounded; anterior margin 

narrowly rounded; greatest width just anterior to the 

middle; valves of unequal depth, the pedicle valve 

having the greater depth; anterior commissure faintly 

intraplicate; surface smooth or marked by overlapping 

concentric lamellae.

Pedicle valve strongly convex in lateral profile and 

with the maximum convexity at about the middle; 

anterior profile narrowly domed; sides precipitous; beak 

short, truncated, suberect; foramen fairly large, round, 

permesothyrid, labiate; umbo narrowly rounded; median and anterior regions swollen; sulcus defined in the 

anterior third or quarter, shallow and narrow, causing 

a dorsad wave in the anterior commissure.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

broadly domed in anterior profile; median region 

moderately swollen; fold low, inconspicuous; flanks 

bounding fold low; anterolateral extremities pointed.

Interior. Interior of pedicle valve not known. 

Brachial interior with slender median septum reaching
TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OP OKINAWA, ISLANDS 13

anteriorly to beyond mid valve; loop with broad 

transverse band.

Measurements, in millimeters

549295b. 

549319..

Specimen

Braehial Maximum

Length length width Thickness

8.4 7. 2 6.2 5.6

9.8 8.2 6.9 7.0

-Figures hypotypes USNM 549295a, b, c, 549319. 

Horizon and locality. Nakoshi sand, locality 17599. Naha 

limestone, USGS 17462, 17463, 17473, 17624, 17641, USNM 

(Cooper) 901.

Discussion. This interesting and pretty little species 

can be recognized by its elongate-oval outline and the 

broadly but weakly intraplicate anterior commissure. 

This is a characteristic of the present genus Japanithyris 

to which Yabe and Hatai referred their species, although they had not seen the loop. The Okinawa specimens, in some instances are filled with crystalline calcite, a happy condition that makes it possible to prepare 

the loop (see pi. 3, figs. 22-24).

Two prepared specimens of this species show the loop 

of Campages, not the type of loop said to belong to 

Japanithyris.

Jolonica hedleyi Dall 

Plate 4, figures 33-45

Campages (Jolonica) hedleyi Dall. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., v.

57, p. 366, 1920. 

Jolonica hedleyi Dall. Jackson and Stiasny, Brachiopoda of the

Siboga Expedition, Siboga-Expeditie, Mon. 27, p. 16, pi. 2,

figs. 24-27, 1937.

This species was well described by Dall (1920); it 

seems unnecessary therefore to repeat the detailed description. Dall however, never figured his species on 

which he based the genus Jolonica. Consequently a 

full set of figures of the holotype and only specimen of 

D all's species is introduced here. This genus is an 

important one in Pacific waters of today and is proving 

to be a leading fossil in Pacific Tertiary deposits. Three 

species of Jolonica are reported here from Okinawa. 

Beside the type another modern species is known from 

Japanese waters.

Jolonica has a loop similar to that of Campages but 

the exterior form and other interior details are different. 

Inside the pedicle valve Jolonica is provided with strong 

dental plates but Campages has none. The anterior 

commissure of Jolonica is rectimarginate whereas that 

of Campages is broadly intraplicate according to Thomson (1927, p. 249). Inside the brachial valve Campages 

has a complete, concave, hinge plate supported by the 

median septum, but the hinge-plate of Jolonica is 

divided and the median septum can be seen between 

the plates.

In modern waters Jolonica is known from off Jolo, 

Philippines, the Malay Archipelago, and off the Japanese Islands. The type species was found on sand in 

318 fathoms.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

111059.

Brachial 

Length length

18. 8 16. 8

Maximum 

width

18.3

Thickness 

9.6

Types. Holotype USNM 111059.

Locality. Sand, 318 fathoms, off Jolo, Philippines.

Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 61-69

Of about mediam size for the genus; longer than wide; 

maximum width at the middle; outline elongate-oval; 

lateral margins gently rounded; valves of unequal depth, 

the pedicle valve having the greater depth; anterior 

margin truncated; anterior commissure rectimarginate 

to faintly sulcate; surface smooth.

Pedicle valve with moderately convex lateral profile 

and with the anterior profile narrowly domed; beak incurved, truncated, erect; foramen transversely elliptical, 

submesothyrid, umbo narrowly swollen, the swelling 

continuing anteriorly along the valve middle nearly to 

the front margin; sides steep.

Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile; 

broadly and gently convex in anterior profile; median 

region gently swollen with moderately steep slopes laterally, but a longer and more gentle anterior slope.

Interior, Pedicle valve with strong and long dental 

plates; brachial valve with divided hinge-plate and a 

loop with slender descending branches, the transverse 

ribbon with prominent rounded notch facing in a dorsal 

direction and broad bands connecting the transverse 

ribbon with the descending branches. (For description of immature loop see discussion below.)

Measurements, in millimeters

549324c. 

549324a. 

549324b.

Length 

16.0 

12.9 

13.1

Brachial 

length

14.0

11.4

11.6

Midwidth Thickness

13. 9 8. 4

10. 9 6. 4

11. 2 6. 6

Types. Holotype USNM 549324c; figured paratype USNM 

549324a; unfigured paratypes USNM 549324b, d-g; figured 

specimen USNM 549335.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17460, 17462, 

17463, 17582.

Discussion. This species is characterized by its 

elongate form, transversely elliptical foramen, and a 

loop with a rounded notch in the transverse ribbon. 

In these respects it differs from all other species of the 

genus.

Three features of this species are unusual: (1) the 

elongate form is only like that of J. ryukyuensis Y. and 

H. (the type species is nearly circular); (2) the foramen 

is elliptical rather than circular as in other species; and 

(3) the loop is more slender and. delicate than in
14 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

other species and the notch is rounded, not angular as 

in the type and J. ryukyuensis.

A small specimen, USNM 549335, with pedicle valve 

partially stripped away is assigned doubtfully to this 

species. The loop revealed shows descending lamellae 

attached to a divided hinge plate posteriorly and the 

median septum anteriorly. The median septum does 

not extend posteriorly to the hinge-plate. At the anterior a narrow hood is supported by the septum and 

descending lamellae. The general form of the specimen leads to its tentative association with J. elliptica. 

Although the complete loop development of Jolonica is 

unknown this specimen may represent one of the early 

stages.

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai

Plate 4, figures 1-17

Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai. Japanese Jour. Geology, 

Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, nos. 3, 4, p. 97, pi. 14, 

figs. 6, 7, 14, 1935; Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 7, figs. 28, 33, 39, 1940.

Large for the genus, elongate oval in outline; valves 

of unequal depth, the pedicle valve having the greater 

depth; sides broadly rounded; anterior narrowly 

rounded; greatest width at the middle; anterior commissure rectimarginate; lateral commissure straight; 

surface marked only by concentric lines of growth.

Pedicle valve with moderately and evenly convex 

lateral profile with the most convex part in the middle; 

anterior profile strongly domed and steep sided; beak 

large, moderately long, incurved, suberect to erect in 

old specimens; foramen large, circular, mesothyrid to 

permesothyrid; beak ridges strong, meeting the anterior half of the foramen; symphytium prominent, in 

some instances longitudinally corrugated; umbo narrowly swollen, the swelling continued anteriorly to the 

front margin in some specimens but terminating near 

the front in others. Sides and anterior slope steep.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

with the maximum convexity slightly posterior to the 

middle; anterior profile broadly and fairly evenly convex, much less convex than the pedicle valve; umbo 

and median regions inflated; anterior third somewhat 

flattened.

Interior. Interior of pedicle valve with small dental 

plates. Brachial valve with fairly large, prominent 

cardinal process, strong socket ridges and fairly broad 

hinge plates; loop long, with slender descending lamellae, but a broad transverse ribbon with rectangular 

indentation facing the brachial valve.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen 

549328___. 

549290a__. 

549325.._. 

549327___.

Length 

20.3 

18.6 

19.3 

28.5

Brachial 

length

17. 3

16. 2

17. 1

25. 0

Midwidth 

16. 4 

15. 0 

14. 9 

21. 5

Hinge

width Thickness

8. 0 12. 4

6. 2 11. 1

5. 5 12. 3

10. 2 19. 9

Types. Figured hypotypes USNM 549290, 549325-549328.

Horizon and locality. Chinen sand, USGS 17482. Naha 

limestone, USGS 17473, 17497, 17517, 17519, 17572, 17583, 

17618, 17624, 17628, 17661,? 17669, 17670, USNM (Cooper) 901.

Discussion. This species is characterized by its 

elongate-oval outline, robust valves, considerable depth 

and large size, Yabe and Hatai (1935, p. 97) defined 

the species from a single fragment but this showed the 

generic characters very clearly and the fact that it was 

a large species. Specimens from several localities on 

Okinawa clearly belong to this species and give opportunity to redefine the species and figure nearly all of its 

details. It attains an unusually large size for the genus 

and is also unusual for its elongate form and great 

thickness.

Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp.

Plate 4, figures 18-32

Small for the genus, elongate oval in outline; widest 

at the middle; sides rounded; anterior margin broadly 

rounded in the adult; anterior commissure rectimarginate; lateral commisure straight; surface smooth except 

for concentric growth lines and lamellae.

Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral profile 

with the umbonal region narrowly rounded; anterior 

profile strongly convex; beak short, suberect; foramen 

round, mesothyrid; beak ridges strong, intersecting the 

foramen at its middle; median region strongly swollen; 

lateral slopes steep.

Brachial valve broadly convex in lateral profile, 

much less convex than the pedicle valve; posteromedian region inflated; anterior portion somewhat 

flattened.

Interior. Pedicle interior with small dental plates, 

short thick median ridge and elongate divergent 

diductor scars. Brachial valve with small cardinal 

process and delicate eardinalia; hinge plates small, 

septum slender, abruptly terminated anteriorly, not 

meeting the cardinal process posteriorly.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549323d.-._. 

549313a____. 

549323a__... 

549323d__.

Length

12.5

13.2

15.1

17.0

Brachial 

length Midwidth 

10. 8 11. 1

11.5

13.4

14.9

12. 3

14. 3

14.2

Hinge

width Thickness

.___._ 5.9

7. 5 7. 2

9. 5? 6. 8+

? 6.9+

Types Holotype USNM 549323d; figured paratypes USNM 

549313a, 549323a, c; unfigured paratypes USNM 549313b, 

549323b, e.

Horizon and locality. Yonabaru clay, USGS 17445. Shinzato 

tuff, USGS 17453, 17633. Chinen sand, USGS 17482.

Discussion. This species is quite different from J. 

ryukyuensis and is more suggestive of J. hedleyi. It 

differs from J. ryukyuensis in its smaller size, more 

slender profile, and less robust form,
TERTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE BRACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, ISLANDS 15

Jolonica macneili is a more slender and smaller species 

than J. hedleyi and is also proportionately somewhat 

longer.

Differences between the two species are apparent 

inside the valves. The elongate diductor scars of the 

pedicle valve are more deeply impressed in J. macneili 

despite the fact that it is the smaller species and the 

median ridge is more strongly developed. Inside the 

brachial valve the hinge plates attaching the socket 

ridges to the crural bases are wider in the Okinawa 

shell than in the modern form.

In selecting the holotype of J. macneili it seemed 

best to choose a specimen showing the ulterior details. 

Consequently the one selected has the matrix cleaned 

out of both valves. Thus the ulterior of the holotype 

is known except for the loop. The anterior margin of 

the holotype is not well preserved; consequently the 

measurements of length of both valves is approximate. 

This is the oldest known species of the genus.

This species is named in honor of F. Stearns MacNeil 

of the Geological Survey.

Dallina raphaelis (Ball) 

Plate 3, figures 46-49

Waldheimia raphaelis Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., v. 6, p. Ill, pi.

7, figs, a-e, 1870. 

Dallina raphaelis (Dall). Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 316, pi. 1, figs. 15, 20, 21, 28; pi. 6,

figs. 79-84; pi. 7, figs. 5, 10, 15, 1940.

Two specimens, both juveniles, are the only examples 

of this species in the collection from Okinawa. The 

species can be readily recognized by its subtriangular 

outline, broadly intraplicate anterior commissure and 

the long slender septum in the brachial valve. The 

septum extends from the beak anteriorly for fully % 

the length of the individual. This is a thin-shelled 

brachiopod; both specimens are crushed. The largest 

of the two specimens is 16 mm long, 12 mm wide near 

the anterior, and 8 mm thick.

Type. Figured hypotypes USNM 549316a, b. 

Horizon and locality. Shinzato (?) tuff or Chinen sand, 

USGS 17480.

Family Laqueidae Thomson, 1927

laqueus quadratus Yabe and Hatai 

Plate 3, figures 50-53

Laqueus quadratus Yabe and Hatai. Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo, 

v. 10, no. 10, p. 662, text figs. 10-13, 15, 1934; Hatai, Sci. 

Repts. Tohuku Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 356, 

pi. 3, figs. 32-35, 42, 43; pi. 5, figs. 20-22; pi. 8, figs. 57, 58, 

65, 1940.

Shell about medium size for the genus; subquadrate 

in outline with the sides gently rounded and the anterior

margin truncated; pedicle valve deeper than the 

brachial valve; anterior commissure rectimarginate(?); 

greatest width slightly posterior to the middle; surface 

smooth except for concentric lines of growth.

Pedicle valve with lateral profile gently convex; 

anterior profile broadly and moderately convex; beak 

suberect; foramen small circular, permesothyrid; symphytium completely exposed; umbonal and median 

regions strongly convex; sides steep.

Brachial valve gently convex in lateral profile and 

broadly but slightly convex in anterior profile; median 

region somewhat swollen; sides descending gently to 

the lateral margins.

Interior. Pedicle interior not known except for 

dental plates visible through shell. Brachial valve 

with delicate carduialia; hinge plate gently concave 

and supported by a slender median septum reaching 

almost to midvalve; postero-median part of hinge 

plate marked by a deep groove extending to the beak.

Specimen

549318a_ 

549318b.

Measurements, in millimeters

Brachial Maximum 

Length length width Thickness

17+ 15+ 18. 3? ? 

17. 8 15.5 15.7? ?

Types. Figured hypotypes USNM 549318a-c. 

Horizon and locality. Shinzato (?) tuff or Chinen sand, 

USGS 17480. Naha limestone, USGS 17463.

Discussion. This species can be recognized by its 

square to somewhat longitudinally rectangular form. 

The interior is distinguished by the presence of dental 

plates in the pedicle valve, a concave hinge plate 

supported by the median septum in the brachial valve. 

All of the specimens are severely crushed.

laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 40-45

Small for the genus, elongate-oval in outline; valves 

unequal in depth the pedicle valve the deeper; sides 

broadly rounded; anterolateral extremities narrowly 

rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded; greatest 

width at the middle; anterior commissure rectimarginate; surface marked only by concentric lines of growth.

Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral profile 

with the maximum convexity located slightly posterior 

to the middle; anterior profile narrowly and strongly 

convex and with steeply sloping sides; beak small, 

pointed, suberect; foramen small, telate, permesothyrid; 

umbonal and median regions somewhat narrowly 

swollen; anterior third flattened and forming a long 

moderately steep slope; lateral slopes short and steep.

Brachial valve gently convex with the maximum 

curvature posterior to the middle; anterior profile 

broadly and moderately convex; umbonal and median
16 SHORTEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

regions swollen; anterior third somewhat flattened; 

sides with moderately steep slopes.

Interior. Pedicle valve with moderately long dental 

plates. Brachial valve with concave hinge-plate as 

usual in the genus.

Measurements, in millimeters

Brachial 

Length length Midwidth Thickness

14.9 13. 3 10. 8? 8. 3

Specimen 

549309.._____.___.

Types. Holotype USNM 549309; unfigured paratypes USNM 

549339a-e.

Horizon and locality. Shinzato tuff, USGS 17458. Naha 

limestone, USGS 17462, 17463.

Discussion. This is an unusually small species of 

Laqueus being much smaller than L. rubellus (Sowerby) 

and much differently shaped. Laqueus suffusus Dall 

is larger and subcircular; L. quadratus Yabe and Hatai 

is similar but is larger and squarer in outline; L. kosibensis Hatai is elongate and attenuate but it is a larger 

shell and the maximum width is anterior to the middle 

rather than at the middle as in L. elongatus. This is a 

rare species in the Tertiary of Okinawa.

Laqueus sp. 1 

Plate 3, figures 54-60

Small for the genus, longitudinally subelliptical to 

suboval in outline; length slightly greater than the 

width; widest at the middle; sides strongly rounded; 

posterolateral margins nearly straight forming an angle 

of about 90° with the beak; anterior commissure rectimarginate; valves subequal in depth; surface marked 

only by fine concentric lines of growth and strong 

growth lamellae.

Pedicle valve moderately convex in lateral profile 

but with the maximum convexity slightly posterior to 

the middle; anterior profile broadly convex, with long 

sloping sides; beak small, incurved, suberect; beak 

small, telate, foramen small and circular, mesothyrid; 

umbo narrowly swollen, the swelling continuing anteriorly as a narrow fold but lessening on the anterior 

slope.

Brachial valve moderately convex in lateral profile, 

broadly domed in anterior profile; median region inflated; umbonal and lateral slopes short and steep; 

anterior slope long and moderately steep.

Interior. Pedicle valve with strong dental plates. 

Brachial valve with strongly elevated socket ridges 

and deeply concave, undivided hinge plate supported 

by the high median septum.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549340.

Brachial 

Length length

12. 0 10. 6

Midwidth 

10.6

Thickness 

5.7

Types. Figured specimen USNM 549340.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17505.

Discussion. This little species was found with 

specimens of Pictothyris and was at first mistaken for 

a young specimen of P. picta. It was only through the 

fortunate preparation of the interior of the specimen 

that its generic affinities were discovered. This specimen was at first thought to be the young of L. rubellus, 

but specimens of that species having a size comparable 

to the Okinawa specimen, have a much larger foramen 

and beak and have a different outline.

The exterior of the Okinawa shell suggests L. concentricus Yabe and Hatai but that species is larger and 

has a different outline. The shape and exterior surface 

of L. orbicularis, another species of small size, are unlike 

those of the Okinawa specimen. Laqueus pacificus 

Hatai is another small Laqueus but it is elongate-oval 

and quite different from the Laqueus from Okinawa. 

I know of no other species of small size to which this 

one may be compared.

This Laqueus is represented by a single specimen and 

is not named here because it may be the young of a 

larger species and because of the difficulty of separating 

it from young Pictothyris. It seems to have no exterior 

characters except the small, telate beak which will 

separate it from Pictothyris.

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) 

Plate 5, figures 1-18

Anomia picta Dillwyn. Cat. Recent Shells, v. 1, p. 295, 1817. 

Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn). Thomson, Brachiopod Morphology and Genera (Recent and Tertiary), New Zealand Board Sci. 

Art., Manual 7, p. 260, 1927: Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. 

Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 369, 1940.

Shell of moderate size, longitudinally elliptical to 

oval in outline; sides broadly rounded; anterior margin 

narrowly rounded; valves of subequal convexity; 

anterior commissure rectimarginate; lateral commissure 

straight; surface marked only by concentric lines of 

growth.

Pedicle valve with fairly even and moderate convexity in lateral profile; anterior profile strongly and 

somewhat narrowly convex and with steep sides; beak 

incurved, suberect; foramen moderately large, mesothyrid; beak ridges strong; umbo somewhat narrowly 

swollen, the swelling continued as a rounded ridge to 

about the anterior third, and indistinctly thereafter; 

flanks fairly steep.

Brachial valve fairly evenly convex in lateral profile 

but with the posterior half somewhat the more convex; 

anterior profile strongly convex but not so narrowly 

rounded medially as the pedicle valve; umbonal and 

median regions inflated; anterior third somewhat 

flattened; lateral slopes short and steep; anterior slope 

longer and less steep than the lateral ones.
AND PLEISTOCENE BEACHIOPODS OF OKINAWA, ISLANDS

Interior. Pedicle valve with stout teeth supported 

by remnantal dental plates; median ridge stout but 

low; diductor scars narrow and elongated. Brachial 

valve with stout cardinalia, cardinal process large and 

fairly long shafted; median septum short and stout. 

Loop not attached to septum. Transverse ribbon 

broad posteriorly indented.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen

549291.__ 

549330a____ 

549330b__ 

549331.__

Length

24.0

240

23.2

22. 8

Brachial 

length, Midwidih

21.6

22. 1

21. 4

21.8

19. 6

20.0

18.5

19.4

Hinge

width Thickness

12. 3 14. 2

12. 6 12. 4

9. 5 12. 2

9.6 11.6

Types. Figured hypotypes, USNM 549330a, b, c, 549331, 

549341a.

Horizon and locality. Naha limestone, USGS 17462, 17484, 

17497, 17498, 17505, 17521, 17522, 17524, 17529, 17577, 17583, 

17622, 17625, 17628, 17631, 17649; USNM (Cooper) 901. Nakoshi sand, USGS 17600.

Discussion. This is a fairly common species on 

Okinawa; none of the specimens examined presents any 

unusual features. The specimens are slightly smaller 

than modern representatives of the species. Pictothyris is distinguished from Kikaithyris by its more 

slender outline and the less incurved beak with its 

large foramen. The foramen of Kikaithyris is small to 

minute.

Modern Pictothyris picta was collected at 20-80 

fathoms (Hatai 1940, p. 370).

Eikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe) 

Plate 5, figures 19-49

Pictothyris hanzawai Yabe. Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,

ser. 2 (Geology) v. 15, no. 3, p. 196, pi. 13, figs. 10-16, 1932. 

P. hanzawai Yabe. Yabe and Hatai, Japanese Jour. Geology,

Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, nos. 3-4, p. 101, pi. 14,

figs. 15-17, 1935. 

P. hanzawai Yabe. Hatai, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,

ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 374, pi. 4, figs. 17-21, 31, 32, 1940. 

Kikaithyris hanzawai (Yabe). Yabe and Hatai, Jour. Geol.

Soc. Japan, v. 48, no. 577, p. 492, 495.

Large, longitudinally elliptical to subpentagonal in 

outline; greatest width at about the middle; posterolateral margins nearly straight, medial lateral margins 

narrowly rounded and anterolateral margins nearly 

straight and sloping medially; anterior margin narrowly rounded; anterior commissure rectimarginate or 

with a faint suggestion of sulcation; lateral commissure 

straight; valves about equal in depth; surface marked 

by concentric lines of growth, otherwise smooth.

Pedicle valve with lateral profile evenly and gently 

convex except for the umbo which is narrowly rounded;

anterior profile narrowly humped in the middle but 

with the sides sloping moderately to the margins. 

Beak incurved, small, erect; foramen small to minute, 

mesothyrid; beak ridges strong; umbo narrowly swollen, the swelling continuing anteriorly as a narrow 

ridge nearly to the front margin where it becomes 

indistinct, flanks flattened, moderately steep.

Brachial valve somewhat more convex than the pedicle valve in lateral profile and with the maximum 

convexity in the posterior two-thirds, anterior third 

somewhat flattened; anterior profile somewhat broadly 

domed, slightly more convex than the pedicle valve in 

the same profile and not somewhat carinate as in the 

other valve; umbonal and median regions swollen; 

lateral and anterior slopes moderately steep.

Interior. Pedicle valve with large teeth buttressed 

by remnantal dental plates; median ridge low and short; 

diductor scars elongate, narrow. Brachial valve with 

thickened cardinalia; socket ridges massive and swollen; cardinal process large, median septum short and 

thick; loop with expanded crural bases, slender descending lamellae and broad transverse ribbon tied to the 

descending lamellae by broad struts.

Measurements, in millimeters

Specimen 

549298. ___. 

549299a_.._. 

549299b__. 

549301._____ 

549297.__. 

549289.._. 

549302___.

Length 

33.6 

29.7 

27.8 

28.4 

30.7 

29.0 

17.1

Brachial

length Midwidih

31. 0 29. 8

27. 4 26. 8

25. 4 23. 8

26. 4 25. 2

28. 3 25. 7

26. 6 22. 0

15. 7 15. 5

Hinge

width Thickness

17. 8 17. 7

16. 2 16. 4

15. 0 15. 4

14. 9 14. 8

15. 1 16. 0

14. 4 14 7

10. 4 7. 8

Types. Figured hypotypes, USNM 549289, 549297, 549298, 

549299a, 549300a, 549301, 549302, 549304.

Horizon and locality. Nakoshi sand, USGS 17486, 17601. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17464, 17466, 17484, 17488, 17498, 

17517, 17572, 17592, 17604, 17605, 17607, 17609, 17618, 17623, 

17630, 17657, 17661, 17669, USNM Cooper 901. Yontan limestone, USGS 17591, 17656, 17658, 17660.

Discussion. This species is the most easily identified 

Okinawan brachiopod because of its large size, shouldered outline, and narrow anterior. It is readily distinguished from Pictothyris by its outline, the strongly 

incurved beak, and its minute foramen. This genus is 

common in the Ryukyft Islands and is known as far 

south as Formosa. It is not known in the modern 

fauna but is characteristic of late Pliocene or early 

Pleistocene assemblages.

Indeterminate brachiopods

The following localities yielded specimens too poor for 

generic identification: USGS 17452,17457,17497,17547, 

17591, 17614, 17628.
18 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY

REFERENCES

Cederstrom, D. J., 1947, Geology and water resources of southern Okinawa: Bull. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologist, 31, no. 

10, p. 1758-1770.

Ball, W. H., 1910, Report on the Brachiopoda obtained from 

the Indian Ocean by the Sealark Expedition, 1905: Trans. 

Linnean Soc. London, 2d ser., Zoology, v. 13, pt. 3, p. 439-441.

 1920, Annotated list of the Recent Brachiopoda in the 

collection of the United States National Museum, with 

descriptions of thirty-three new forms: Proc. U. S. Natl. 

Mus., v. 57, no. 2314, p. 261-377.

Hanzawa, S., 1935, Topography and geology of the Riukiu 

islands: Sci. Repts. T6hoku Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), 

v. 17, 61 p., 6 figs., 20 pis.

Hatai, K., 1939, Faunal evolution of Brachiopoda in the Japanese 

younger Cenozoic: Proc. Sixth Pacific Congr., p. 475-477.

 1940, The Cenozoic Brachiopoda of Japan: Sci. Repts. 

T6hoku Imp. Univ., ser. 2 (Geology), v. 20, p. 1-413, pis. 1-12.

Thomson, J. A., 1927, Brachiopod morphology and genera (Recent and Tertiary): New Zealand Board Sci. and Art, Manual 

7, p. i-vi, 1-338.

Yabe H. and Hatai, K., 1935, On some Brachiopoda from the 

"Ryukyu Limestone" of Kikai-zima and Okinawa-zima, 

Ryukyft Islands and southwestern Formosa (Taiwan). Japanese Jour. Geology, Geography, Trans. and Abs., v. 12, 

nos. 3 and 4, p. 93-102, pi. 14.
INDEX

[Italic numbers Indicate descriptions]

Aetheia.......................................................,............... 8

Antarctic- . . .... .... . 7

Australia. _ _.-______-____.___ _ _-_ 2, 7

basilanica, Campages........____ ________.______.__.__-..- 2

Basiliola................____..._.._.._.__.__.__._ . 2, 7, 8

lucida..................................................................... 8

nitida.. ......................................................... 2, 4, 7; pi. 1

sp._ - _ __ _ .. _ « . 1, 2, 3, 7, pi. 1 

Borneo . . ... _...........__.__.__... 2, 7

brachiopods, indeterminate_________________________ 3, 4, 5,17

O 

Campages................................................................... 1, 2,13

basilanica .. __..-_.__.._.._ 2 

nipponensis............................................. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,11, IS, pi. 3

Oancellothyridae- . .. .__.._._____.._ .. 9 

Cancellothyris................................................_ . 10

Celebes.. -- - . ..-_.. . ._ . . . 2,12

Chinensand..._ -_ _ -_._... .... .. ... 1, 3, 6, 7,12,14,15

concentricus, Laqueus...........................................,............. 16

Oorwin, Gilbert.-____________________________. . 1 

Craniscus....................,................................................ 1

D

Dall . 

Dattina.

................................................................ 8,13

- . ._-. ._....._._ __ __ _ .._._ .- 2,3

raphaelis...................................................._ 1, 3,14, IB, pi. 3

DaUinidae.... . ..-... .. .....-. ...-.. .. . 12

davidsoni, Gryphus ...................................................... 2

Dings, McClelland _-__ _._____._.______....___- 1

Distinisca, kamikatetuensis.........................______________-.. 1, 2

ddderleini, Tegulorhynchia.................................................... 1, 3, 6

E

East Indies.. _..__.__._________________.___ 2 

Ellas, Maxim M._________________________________ 1 

elliptica, Jolonica................................................ 2, 3, 4, 13, 14, pi. 3

elongatus, Laqueus.... ......................................... 1, 2, 3, 15, pi. 3

Fiji............

Flint, Delos E. 

Formosa___,

. ... ...--....-.....--.................-... ...... 2

.__________________________________ 1 

 _-.. ..-.. . .--....-_ .-.._-__. .._.._ _-_ 1,17

Frenulina.....................................................________ 2

sanguinolenta............__.__________________ 2, 4, 5, 6, IS, pi. 3

Fuller, Warren.-____ __________................................ 1

G

Graflam, Allan. 

Oryphus........

........................................................ 1

.............................................................. 2

davidsoni................................................................ 2

hamawai............................................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, pi. 32

stearnsi-...................................................... 1, 2, 3, 6, 11; pi. 2

sp-... ...... . _ _- . - 2, 3,12

H 

Hanzawa. . ..._ .. ........ 1

hanzawi, Gryphus............................................ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, pi. 3

hanzawai, Kikaithyris........................................ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, pi. 3

HataL .. . . _.___-... ......_.._._ .____._. 1, 2, 3, 7, 9,10,11,12, 13

hataiana, Rhytirhynchia............................................... 2, 4, 6, 8; pi. 1

.Page

Hawaiian Islands__________________ _____________ 2,12 

hedleyi, Jolonica. __ .._.___ _____ _ 13, 14, pi. 4 

Hemithyris.................................................................... 8

sladeni.................................................................... 8

Indian Ocean_________________________________... 2, 8, 9

Japan._____. 

Japanese Islands . 

Japanithyris......

marine........

nipponensis. .................................................

japonica, Terebratulina................................................. 1, 2, 3: Jolonica........................................................... 2

0 

, O,

elliptica. ............................................... 2, 3, 4, 13, 14;

.. . .. ....-._ _ ___.- . . 13, 14,15

macneili......................................................... 1, 3, 5, 14

ryukyuensis........................................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,13, 14,

K

2,7 

13

2,13 

2

1,12 

!, 9, 11 

13,14 

; pi. 3 

,pl.4

; pi. 4

: pi. 4

Kamekatetu Island..,.___......_______ . __ .. 11

kamikatetuensis, Discinisca.................................................... 1, 2

Katchin Hanto Peninsula__._________._ _..__ . 1

Kikal, Island of...._.__.__________________________ 11

Kikaithyris.................................................................... 2,17

hanzawai................................................. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17; pi. 5

Korea Strait____._______.____________._________ 12

kosibensis, Laqueus............................................................ 16

Kyusyu-.____________________._______________ 12

Laqueus.. ............... . ............ . ...................................... 1,2,16

concentricus ............................................................... 16

elongatus ......... ........ ... .................... ... .............. 1,2,3,15; pi. 3

kosibensis..... ................................................... ... ...... 16

orbicularis.. .............................................................. 16

pacificus. ...... .............. _________ . . 1,2,3,16

quadratus. ... _______________________________ 1, 2, 3, 15; pi. 3

rubellus. ... . ..................................................... ...... ... 16

suffusus ... . ........ ..... ... .... . ... . ........ ....... . ... ... ...... ......... 16

sp. 1.. _ . . ___ ............. _ . ___ ..... ___ . ___ 4,16; pi. 3

Localities _____________________________________ 3-6

lucida, Basiliola 

beohemithyris

M

MacNeil, F. Stearns. ____ . ________________________ . _ 1,15 

macneili, Jolonica.... ................... . ............................ l,3,5,/4; pi. 4

mariae, Japanithyris.. ........................................................ 2

Maylay Archipelago __ ____________ . __________ 2, 13 

Miocene ________ . _______________________ 1,2

N 

Naha limestone..... .. .. 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Nakoshi sand.... . _ ...... ... __ . ___ . _ .. ___ . __ ... 2, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17

heohemithyris ......................................................... ' ........ 1,7

lucida ________________________________________ 1,7 

New Zealand ___________________________________ 2, 7 

nipponensis, Campages.. .................... . .......... .... ... 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, IS; pi. 3

nipponensis, Japanithyris. .... .. .............................................. 1, 12

nitida, Basiliola.. __ . _ . ___ . _ _ _______________ . __ 2, 4, 7, 8, pi. 1

19
20 INDEX

O Page

Okinawa..... - . 1,2,3,7,8,11,12,14,15,16 

orbieularis, Lagueus...... ..__.___._ __..____________... 16

pacificus, Laqueus.....................______..._____________ 16

Patagonia . .. . . .. .. .-......... 7

peculiaris, Terebratulina....................................................... 10

perplexa, Terebratulina.............................................. 2,4,5,6,8; pi. 2

Philippine Islands_______________________________ 2,10,13 

picta, Pictothyris............................................. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16; pi. 5

Pidothyris................................................................. 2, 16,17

ptcta..................................................... 1, 2, 3, 4; 5, 6, 16; pi. 5

Pleistocene___________________________________ 2, 3,17 

Pliocene ___...__._._..........._. ..._. .......... 1, 2,3,17

Q 

quadratug, Laqueus.............................................. 1, 2,3, 15, 16; pi. 3

R

raphaelis, Dallina___..._...__ __..__..__.___.___ 1, 3, IS; pi. 3 

reevei, Terebratulina........................................................... 10

Rhynchonellacea.________________________________ 6 

Rhynchonellidae..__.-..__.__.__ _..._____._______ 6 

Rhytirhynchia................................................................. 8

hataiana............................................................ 2, 4, 6, 8; pi. 1

sladeni-.................................................................... 8,9

rubeJlus, Laqueus............................................................. 16

Ryukyu Islands... ...................._ 1,11,17

Kyukyu limestone__________________________L_____ 1,11 

ryukyuensis, Jolonica..................................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,13. 14; pi. 4

. . ... - _ _ ... 12

sanyuinolenta, Frenulina.......................................... 2, 4, 5, 6, 1%; pi. 3

Saplis, Raymond A.._ . .. 1 

Sealark Expedition..__.._.___ _ _ . . 8

Shimajiri marl.._____._________.__.__..__.._.. . - 3 

Shinzato tuff. . 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8,10,12,14,15,16

sladeni, Hemithyris............................................................ 8

Rhytirhynchia............................................................. 8,9

stearnsi, Oryphus.................................... . . 1. 2, 3, 6, 11; pi. 2

subcarinata, Terebratulina.................................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10; pi. 2

suffusus, Laqueits......................................................... 16

Surugathyris.................................................................. 10

7

3, 7 

pi. 1 

12 

9 

11

2, 10 

, 9, 11 

10, 11 

; pi. 2 

10

; pi. 2 

pi. 2 

6, 11

............................................................ 1, 2, 3, 7,11,13

Yonabaru clay..._______________________.__ ... 1, 2, 3,14 

Yontan limestone ..._....._.___....__._.... 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 8,9,10,12,17

Tasmania. _ ... . . 

Tegulorhynchia .... .... . ..... .. .... . ...........................................

ddderleini...... ...................... ... ..... ... ...... .... ... ... .. 1, 2, 3, 6

Terebratellacea _ . . 

Terebratulacea. . ________ . __ . __ . _ _ _ . . 

Terebratulidae _ __________________ . __ . _____ ... 

Terebratulina. _____________________________________ . 

japonica.. . ... .... ... ......... ... ... .... .. ..... . ............... .. 1, 2, 3,

peculiaris ...... . ............. . ..... .......... .... 

perplexa. ............................................ ..... ... .. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9

reevei... ............................ . .....................................

subcarinata.. ....... . ... . ________ . _ . _ . __ ..... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10

sp. 1.. . .. . . ...- . 2, 3, 4, 10

Sp. indet _____ . _ . __________ . __ ... _____ ... 1, 2, 4, 5

O
PLATES 1-5
PLATE 1

FIGURES 1-16. Rhytirhynchia hataiana Cooper, n. sp. (p. 8)

1-5. Respectively brachial, anterior, posterior, pedicle and side views of a large specimen, X2, paratype USNM

549308a.

6. Brachial view of the same specimen, XI. 

7, 8. Interior of the pedicle valve showing muscle field vascula media indistinctly, and the corrugated teeth,

X4, holotype USNM 549307. Fig. 8 tilted to show small, vestigial dental plates. 

9, 10. Posterior of the interior of the brachial valve of the holotype showing the cardinalia, X 6, fig. 9 in full view,

fig. 10 tilted to the side. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17572.

11-15. Respectively posterior, pedicle, anterior, brachial and side views of another specimen, smaller than the 

preceding but showing the small round foramen and plicated anterior commissure, X 2, paratype USNM 

54931Ib.

16. Same specimen, X4, showing deltidial plates.

Naha limestone, USGS 17516. 

17-23. Basiliola nitida Cooper, n. sp. (p. 7)

17. Biachial view of the holotype, XI, USNM 549314.

12-22. Respectively anterior, side, posterior, pedicle and brachial views of the holotype, X2, showing straight

unplicated anterior commissure. 

23. Brachial view of the holotype, X 4, showing oval foramen and deltidial plates.

Naha limestone, USGS 17521. 

24-33. Basiliola sp. (p. 7)

24-28. Respectively posterior, side, brachial, pedicle and anterior views of a complete but laterally compressed 

specimen showing rounded tongue (fig. 28), XI, figured specimen USNM 549315a.

29. Posterior of the preceding specimen, X4, showing foramen and reflected posterior margin of the deltidial 

plates.

30. Interior view of a fragmentary pedicle valve tilted to show thin dental plates, X 3, hypotype USNM 549315e.

31. Interior view of another pedicle valve showing corrugated tooth, muscle field and obscure pallial marks, 

X3, hypotype USNM 549315d.

32. Posterior part of a brachial interior showing cardinalia with their prominent outer hinge-plates and short 

crus, X4, hypotype USNM 549315b.

33. Shinzato(?) tuff or Chinen sand, USGS 17480. Same specimen, X4, tilted to the side to show concave crus. 

34-51. Tegulorhynchia doderleini (Davidson) ( p. 6)

34-38. Respectively pedicle, brachial, side, anterior and posterior views, X1, of an undistorted specimen, hypotype USNM 549317b.

39, 40. Brachial and pedicle views of the same specimen, X 2.

41-43. Respectively side, pedicle and anterior views of another larger but slightly distorted specimen, X1, hypotype USNM 549317a.

44. Pedicle view of the preceding specimen, X 2, showing broad sulcus and ornamentation.

45. Median part of same view of same specimen as preceding, X4, showing ornamentation in detail. Only

the bases of the spines are preserved. 

46, 47. Two views of the pedicle interior, the first tilted to show the dental plates and the other in normal view

showing muscle field and teeth, X2, hypotype USNM 5493l7d. 

48. Posterior of another pedicle valve showing the longitudinally elliptical foramen, the teeth and the thick,

disjunct deltidial plates, X4, hypotype USNM 549317f.

49-51. Three views of the posterior part of the brachial valve showing the cardinalia, the first in normal view, the 

second tilted to the posterior and the third tilted to the side, X4, hypotype USNM 549317c, Compare 

these views with the cardinalia of the other rhynchonellids on this plate. 

Shinzato(?) tuff or Chinen sand, USGS 17480.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314 PLATE 1

RHYTIRHY\CHIA, HAS1LIOLA, ANJ) TEGLLORHY\CHIA
-GEOLOGICAL SX'RVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314 PLATE 2

^^P i^J^J 30

31 IT _

TERERRATLLINA AND GRYPHL'S
PLATE 2 .

FIGUKES 1-17. Terebratulina perplexa Cooper, n. sp. (p. 9).

1-5. Respectively posterior, brachial, anterior, pedicle and side views of a long, slender, young specimen, XI,

paratype USNM 549293a. 

6. Same, X 2, showing beak region. 

7-11. Respectively brachial, side, anterior, posterior and pedicle views of a larger specimen, XI, paratype

USNM 549293b.

Naha limestone, USNM (Cooper) 901. 

12-16. Respectively side, anterior, posterior, brachial and pedicle views of a large, robust specimen, X1, showing

fine, subdued costellae on all parts of shell anterior to umbo, holotype USNM 549320. 

17. Beak of same specimen, X2, showing large foramen and small deltidial plates meeting medially.

Yontan limestone, USGS 17656. 

18-26. Terebratulina subcarinata Cooper, n. sp. (p. 10).

18-21. Respectively pedicle, side, anterior and brachial views of a medium-sized specimen showing well-preserved

ornamentation, X2, holotype USNM 549292a. , 

22. Brachial view of holotype, X4. ' ' 

Naha limestone, USNM (Cooper) 901. 

23-26. Respectively pedicle, side, brachial and anterior views, XI, of a subcarinate specimen, paratype USNM

549337a. . ' . . % .. - 

Naha limestone, USGS 17534. 

27-36. Terebratulina sp. 1 (p. 10).

27-29. Respectively pedicle, side and brachial views of a somewhat flattened specimen showing the ornamentation, X2, figured specimen USNM 549321b.

30. Brachial view of the same specimen, X1.

31. Brachial view of another but uncrushed specimen, XI, figured specimen USNM 549321a. 

32-36. Respectively posterior, anterior, brachial, side and pedicle views of the preceding specimen, X 2, showing

the ornamentation. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17572. 

' " 37-55. Gryphus stearnsi (Dall and Pilsbry) (p. 11).

37-41. Respectively pedicle, posterior, anterior, brachial, and side views of a large slightly crushed specimen

showing the triangular outline, X1, hypotype USNM 549305a. 

42-46. Respectively anterior, pedicle, posterior, side and brachial views of a young specimen having an oval out<-

line, Xl/hypotype USNM 549305b. 

Chinen sand, USGS 17729. 

47-50. Respectively pedicle, side, anterior and brachial views of another large specimen showing triangular form,

XI, hypotype USNM 549306b. I 

51-52. Posterior and brachial views, X1, of the largest specimen, hypotype USNM 549306a.

53. Posterior view of the preceding showing large, labiate foramen, X 2.

54, 55. Posterior of a brachial valve, X1 and X 2, showing short, narrow loop and the broad hinge-plates, hypotype USNM 549336. . 

Naha limestone, USGS 17475.
PLATE 3

FIGURES 1-12. Frenulina sanguinolenta (Gmelin) (p. 12)

1-5. Respectively anterior, brachial, pedicle, side, and posterior views of a complete specimen, X2, hypotype

USNM 549334.

6, 7. Same specimen, XI and X4. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17606. 

8-12. Respectively anterior, side, pedicle, brachial, and posterior views of another specimen, X2, hypotype

USNM 549333.

Yontan limestone, USGS 17544. 

13, 14. Jolonical.sp. aff. J. elliptica Cooper, n. sp. (p. 13)

13, 14. Side and pedicle views of a young specimen with part of pedicle valve stripped away to show a mineralized

loop doubtfully assigned to Jolonica, X4, figured specimen USNM 549335. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17582 

15-31. Campages nipponensis (Yabe and Hatai). (p. 12)

15-19. Respectively posterior, anterior, side, brachial, and pedicle views of a complete specimen, X2, hypotype

USNM 549295b.

20. Brachial view of the same specimen, X1. 

~ 21. Same specimen as above showing foramen, X4.

22, 23. Respectively side and tilted views of a specimen with shell stripped away to show loop, X2, X3, hypotype

USNM 549295a. 

24. Another specimen, X3, showing side view of loop, hypotype USNM 549295c.

Naha limestone, USNM (Cooper) 901.

25-29. Respectively side, posterior, pedicle, anterior and brachial views of a specimen larger than the preceding, 

X2, hypotype USNM 549319.

30. Brachial view of same, XI.

31. Brachial view of same, X4, to show beak and foramen.

Naha limestone, USGS 17473. 

32-39. Gryphus hanzawai Yabe and Hatai. (p. 11)

32. Brachial view of a well-preserved, complete specimen, XI, hypotype USNM 549312. 

: 33-37. Respectively pedicle, side, posterior, brachial and anterior views of the preceding specimen, X 2.

38. Brachial view of the same specimen, X4, showing beak, foramen and symphytium. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17504.

39. Dorsal view of posterior of a broken specimen showing loop, X2, hypotype USNM 549338.

Naha limestone, USGS 17484. 

40-45. Laqueus elongatus Cooper, n. sp. (p. 15).

40-44. Respectively brachial, posterior, anterior, side and pedicle views of a nearly complete specimen, XI,

holotype USNM 549309. 

45. Posterior part of preceding specimen showing small, telate foramen and symphytium, X 4.

Naha limestone, USGS 17462. 

46-49. Dallina raphaelis (Dall) (p. 15).

46-48. Respectively brachial, pedicle and anterior views of a damaged young specimen, XI, hypotype USNM 

549316a.

49. Brachial view of a still smaller specimen, X2, hypotype USNM 54931Gb.

Shinzato (?)tuff or Chinen sand, USGS 17480. " 

50 53. Laqueus quadratus Yabe. and Hatai. (p. 15).

50. Brachial view of a flattened individual, XI, hypotype USNM 549318a.

51. Pedicle view of another flattened specimen, XI, hypotype USNM 549318b. 

52, 53. Interior of the brachial valve tilted and in normal view, X3, showing concave hinge-plate supported by

the median septum, hypotype USNM 549318c. 

Shinzato (?)tuff or Chinen or sand, USGS 17480. 

»< ' 54-60. Laqueus sp. 1 (p. 16)

54-57. Respectively anterior, pedicle, side and brachial views of a nearly perfect specimen, XI, figured specimen

USNM 549340.

58. Brachial view of the same specimen, X 2. 

59, 60. Respectively interior views of the brachial and pedicle valves, X3, of the same specimen showing concave

hingeplate and no ridge in pedicle valve. 

Compare with Pictothyris (PI. 5). 

Naha limestone USGS 17484. 

61-69. Jolonica elliptica Cooper, n. sp. (p. 13).

61-63. Respectively anterior, side and brachial views of a young specimen, XI, paratype USNM 549324a.

64. Posterior of preceding, X2, showing transversely elliptical foramen.

65-69. Respectively anterior, pedicle, posterior, side and brachial views, XI, of the holotype, USNM 9493240, 

Naha limestone, USGS 17460.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314 PLATE 3

14

2\

PRK.\LLL\A, GRIPHi S, CAMPAGKS, L4QI HI S, DALLI\A, JOLOMCA
GEOLOGICAL STRVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314 PLATE 4
PLATE 4

FIGURES 1-17. Jolonica ryukyuensis Yabe and Hatai. (p. 14).

1-5. Respectively posterior, anterior, brachial, side and pedicle views of a nearly perfect specimen, X1, hypotype USNM 549328.

6. Brachial view of the same specimen, X2.

7. Posterior of same specimen, X 3, showing details of beak, circular foramen and symphytium.

Naha limestone, USGS 17624. 

8-10. Respectively anterior, side and brachial views of a specimen smaller than the preceding, X1, hypotype

USNM 549325. 

Naha limestone USGS 17517. 

11-15. Respectively posterior, pedicle, side, brachial and anterior views of an obese individual, XI, hypotype

USNM 549327. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17618. 

" 16. Large specimen with side partially removed to show long loop and hood within, X1% hypotype USNM

549326.

Naha limestone, USGS 17572. 

17. Posterior part of a brachial valve prepared to show large cardinal process and hinge-plates, X4, hypotype

USNM 549290.

Naha limestone USNM (Cooper) 901. 

18-32. Jolonica macneili Cooper, n. sp. (p. 14).

18-22. Respectively pedicle, brachial side anterior and posterior views of a somewhat flattened specimen, XI, 

paratype USNM 549323a.

23. View of the interior of the brachial valve tilted to show median septum, crural bases and hinge-plates, X3> 

paratype USNM 549323c.

24. Another brachial valve in full view, X4, showing cardinal process and hinge-plates, holotype USNM

549323d.

25, 26. Two views of the interior of the pedicle valve of the holotype, counterpart to the preceding, X 3, the first 

tilted to show the dental plates but the second in normal view to show the median ridge and elongate 

muscle scars.

Shinzato tuff, USGS 17633.

27-31. Respectively posterior, pedicle, side, brachial and anterior views of another complete specimen slightly 

, crushed, X1, paratype USNM 549313a. 

32. Same, X 2, showing beak characters.

Chinen sand, USGS 17482. *' 

33-45. Jolonica hedleyi Dall (p. 13).

33-37. Respectively brachial, anterior, pedicle, side and posterior views of the holotype, XI, USNM 111059. 

: '" 38. Brachial exterior, X 2, of the holotype.

39, 40. Interior of the pedicle valve of the holotype showing teeth, deltidial plates, and weak median ridge, figure

39 showing the valve tilted to reveal the strong dental plates, X2. 

41-43. Brachial interior of the holotype, X2, showing the loop in three positions: respectively from the side,

anterior and in full view. 

44, 45. Side and full views of the loop of the holotype, X 4, showing the broad transverse band with its deep,

rectangular indentation. 

Recent, U. S. Bur. Fisheries Station 5172, off Jolo, Philippine Islands, on sand at 318 fathoms.
PLATE 5 * -.' '

FIGURES 1-18. Pictothyris picta (Dillwyn) (p. 16)

1- 5. Respectively brachial, side, anterior, posterior and pedicle views of a well-preserved specimen, X1, hypotype

USNM 549331. 

6. Posterior of the preceding specimen, X 3, showing foramen and symphytium.

Naha limestone, USGS 17521. 

7-10. Respectively side, posterior, brachial and anterior views of a complete specimen, XI, hypotype USNM

549330b. 

11-15. Respectively brachial, posterior, side, pedicle and anterior views of another complete specimen, XI,

hypotype USNM 549330a. 

16, 17. Posterior parts of the brachial and pedicle valve showing cardinalia, teeth and other details of the interior,

X 2, hypotype USNM 549330c. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17498. 

18. Interior of another brachial valve showing the loop with cardinal process and hinge plates, X 2, hypotype

USNM 549341a. Note broad, notched, transverse band. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17522. 

19-49. Kikaiihyris hanzawai (Yabe) (p. 17) '

19-23. Respectively posterior, anterior, brachial, pedicle and side views of a young specimen, X1, hypotype

USNM 549302. 

24-28. Respectively posterior, anterior, brachial, side and pedicle views of a wide adult showing small foramen,

XI, hypotype USNM 549301. 

1 . . . Yontan limestone, USGS 17660.

29. Brachial view of a long slender specimen, X1, hypotype USNM 549289.

30. Posterior of the preceding specimen, X 3, showing small foramen and thick symphytium. 

31-35. Respectively pedicle, side, brachial, posterior and anterior views of a well-preserved specimen, X1, hypotype

USNM 549297. Note minute foramen. 

Naha limestone, USNM (Cooper) 901, 

36-40. Respectively side, brachial, anterior, posterior and pedicle views of another complete specimen, X1,

hypotype USNM 549299a. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17517. 

41-45. Respectively anterior, posterior, pedicle, brachial and side views of a large wide-shouldered specimen,

X1, hypotype USNM 549298. 

. ; , Naha limestone, USGS 17661.

46, 47. Two views of a specimen with the pedicle valve removed to show the loop, X 1%, the second view turned

to show the descending lamella, hypotype USNM 549304. 

48, 49. Interior of posterior parts of a brachial and pedicle valve of the same specimen, X 2, showing cardinal

process, muscle and pallial marks, hypotype USNM 549300a. 

Naha limestone, USGS 17630.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 314 PLATE 5

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1JJ l^r ^3 ^^^^4

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PICTOTH1RIS AND