Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-05-05321/USCOURTS-ca3-05-05321-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
United States of America
Appellee
Josh White
Appellant

Document Text:

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

______________

No. 05-5321

______________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

JOSH WHITE,

Appellant

______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 03-cr-00786)

District Judge: Hon. J. Curtis Joyner

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

July 12, 2010

Before: FUENTES, ALDISERT, AND ROTH, Circuit Judges.

(Opinion Filed: August 5, 2010)

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OPINION OF THE COURT

_____________________________

FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Josh White was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e). White pled guilty and entered

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into a plea agreement in which he waived his right to appeal or collaterally challenge his

conviction except under certain circumstances. Based on three prior convictions, the

District Court classified White as an armed career offender and imposed the mandatory

minimum sentence of fifteen years. White raises two issues on appeal. First, he argues

that he was incorrectly advised to plead guilty as an armed career criminal and, as such,

his trial counsel was inadequate. Second, he contends that, because he had deficient

representation at trial, his waiver was invalid. For the reasons that follow, we will enforce

White’s waiver, thereby affirming the judgment of the District Court.

I.

Because we write primarily for the parties, we discuss the facts and proceedings

only to the extent necessary for the resolution of this case. On February 5, 2003, two

police officers responded to a reported car accident in Darby, Pennsylvania, in which a

car had crashed into an iron fence. White was in the driver’s seat. Disconcerted and

heavily intoxicated, White was still attempting to drive away from the scene when the

officers arrived. The police officers pulled White out of the car and found a handgun in

his waistband. Because White had three previous felony convictions for violent crimes

and drug trafficking offenses, he was charged with unlawful possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(e).

White entered into a guilty plea agreement with the Government, in which he

waived his right to appeal or collaterally challenge his conviction and sentence except in

limited circumstances not applicable to this appeal. The Presentence Report (“PSR”)

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confirmed that White had three prior state convictions: two for robbery offenses and one

for a drug trafficking offense. As a result, White was classified as an armed career

offender under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), and faced

a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years. White did not object to the criminal

history calculation or his classification as a career offender. The District Court imposed

the minimum fifteen-year sentence and recommended that it run concurrently with a

state-court sentence that White was already serving.

Instead of filing a direct appeal, White filed a motion for collateral relief under 28

U.S.C. § 2255. He argued that, because his prior drug conviction did not constitute a

serious drug offense under the ACCA, his counsel was ineffective in advising him to

plead guilty as an armed career offender and the plea agreement was thereby invalid. The

Government moved to dismiss White’s motion, claiming that it violated his waiver of

appeal. The District Court granted the Government’s motion and, thereafter, White filed

this appeal.

II.

We have held that “waivers of appeals . . . are valid, unless they work a

miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Khattak, 273 F.3d 557, 563 (3d Cir. 2001).

Although various factors can contribute to creating a miscarriage of justice, the most

relevant consideration in this case is whether White suffered from ineffective assistance

of counsel. See United States v. Shedrick, 493 F.3d 292, 298 (3d Cir. 2007) (“Enforcing a

collateral-attack waiver where constitutionally deficient lawyering prevented [the

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defendant] from understanding his plea or from filing a direct appeal as permitted by his

plea agreement would result in a miscarriage of justice.”).

White asserts that his counsel was ineffective because he should have known that

White’s prior drug conviction did not qualify as a “serious drug offense,” which is

defined as a “[drug] offense under State law . . . for which a maximum term of

imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed by law.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii).

White was arrested in 1986 for distribution of cocaine, and in 1987 pled guilty to charges

of criminal conspiracy, manufacturing, delivering, or possessing with intent to

manufacture and deliver a controlled substance, and knowingly possessing a controlled

substance, in violation of Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated § 780-113(a)(16)

and (30). White argues that, during this time period, the maximum sentence for

possession with intent to deliver under Pennsylvania state law was seven years. 

The statutory record does not coincide with his assertion, as the statutory

maximum sentence for the delivery offense at the time of his arrest in 1986 was ten years.

S.B. 924, 1983 Gen. Assem., Reg. Sess. (Pa. 1983); S.B. 803, 1985 Gen. Assem., Reg.

Sess. (Pa. 1985). The maximum penalty was the same in 1987 when he pled guilty. S.B.

1140, 1986 Gen. Assem., Reg. Sess. (Pa. 1986). Indeed, the statutory maximum term of

imprisonment for this offense has been ten years at all relevant times in this case.

Accordingly, as White’s drug conviction constituted a serious drug offense under the

ACCA, his counsel was not deficient in advising him to plead guilty as an armed career

criminal. Because there was no ineffective assistance of counsel, enforcing White’s

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waiver would not work a miscarriage of justice. Thus, in light of White’s knowing and

voluntary waiver and our conclusion that he has not shown a miscarriage of justice, we

will enforce the waiver, thereby affirming the District Court’s judgment. 

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s judgment dismissing

White’s § 2255 motion.

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