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Parties Involved:
Michael Matthew Phillips
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-4154

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL MATTHEW PHILLIPS,

 Defendant – Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at

Charleston. David A. Faber, Senior District Judge. (2:18-cr-00107-1)

Submitted: March 18, 2020 Decided: May 1, 2020

Before NIEMEYER, DIAZ, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Quattlebaum wrote the opinion, in which Judge 

Niemeyer and Judge Diaz joined. 

Brian J. Kornbrath, Acting Federal Public Defender, Jonathan D. Byrne, Assistant Federal 

Public Defender, David R. Bungard, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE 

FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Michael B. 

Stuart, United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, R. Gregory McVey, Assistant 

United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Huntington, 

West Virginia, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:

Michael Matthew Phillips appeals the final judgment entered on his conviction of 

possessing a firearm under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Phillips contends the 

government did not produce sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict that Phillips 

exercised dominion and control over a firearm. He also argues the district court abused its 

discretion by allowing the government to question its witness, Jeremy Hyer, about his drug 

relationship with Phillips. Having reviewed and considered the record, we affirm.

I.

We begin by summarizing the relevant facts. Jeremy Hyer, an admitted heroin 

addict, stole several rolls of coins and a 9mm pistol from a garage at his uncle’s house in 

West Virginia. He traded the firearm and some of the coins for heroin from a man known 

as “K.” After Hyer’s uncle reported the firearm as stolen, Hyer, when questioned by local 

authorities, admitted stealing it. He then began working with law enforcement to recover 

the firearm. More specifically, Hyer met with Corporal Jeremy Hatfield of the Kanawha 

County Sheriff’s Department to set up a controlled buy back of the firearm and the 

purchase of $30.00 worth of heroin. Hyer arranged the buy-back deal through a series of 

text messages with “K.” After law enforcement officials drove Hyer to a location near a

Go-Mart convenience store, Hyer exited the vehicle to meet “one of K’s friends” to buy

back the firearm. (J.A. 125-126, 144.) 

Hyer “ran into” a few people in the parking lot of the Go-Mart, including Phillips. 

(J.A. 126, 144.) After a conversation, Hyer and Phillips walked together to a house across 

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the street from the store. Hyer left money in the house for the gun. Hyer and Phillips then 

left the house and walked down the street. After walking some distance together down the 

street, Phillips raised his arm and made a hand motion. Hyer then recovered the firearm 

from some tall weeds near a utility pole. Hyer returned to Hatfield with the firearm and 

$30.00 leftover cash because he was not able to buy heroin. 

Several months after the firearm was recovered, Phillips was charged with 

possessing a firearm as a felon.1 After pleading not guilty, Phillips proceeded to a jury trial.

The sole question for the jury was whether Phillips constructively possessed the firearm, 

as the other elements of the offense were stipulated by Phillips and the government. The 

jury found Phillips guilty. Phillips moved for a judgment of acquittal, arguing there was 

insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict that Phillips constructively possessed the 

firearm at issue. The district court denied Phillips’ motion and sentenced him to a term of 

30 months in prison followed by three years of supervised release. 

Phillips filed a timely notice of appeal of his conviction. We have jurisdiction over 

the appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C.§ 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742.

II.

We turn to Phillips’ first argument on appeal. Phillips maintains that his conviction

under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) should be reversed because the district court 

1 It is undisputed that he had been previously convicted of crimes punishable by 

terms of imprisonment exceeding one year as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 921 (a)(20).

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erred in denying his motion for acquittal. He argues that there was insufficient evidence 

from which a reasonable jury could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he possessed 

the firearm Hyer stole and then recovered. 

Section 922(g)(1) makes it unlawful for a defendant previously convicted of a crime 

punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year to ship, transport, receive, or 

possess a firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or 

foreign commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The possession element is at issue in this case. 

Possession can be actual, which means physical control over property, or constructive, 

which means a “defendant exercised, or had the power to exercise, dominion and control 

over the item.” United States v. Moye, 454 F.3d 390, 395 (4th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). Here, the pertinent issue is whether Phillips constructively 

possessed the gun. Phillips argues there was no evidence from which a jury could 

reasonably conclude he maintained constructive possession. In support of that argument, 

he insists a defendant’s mere proximity to contraband or awareness of a gun’s position is 

not a sufficient basis for concluding constructive possession. 

As the district court denied Phillips’ motion for acquittal, we review de novo and 

employ the same standards applied by the district court. United States v. Wolf, 860 F.3d 

175, 194 (4th Cir. 2017). “Any defendant who contends that there was insufficient evidence 

to sustain a guilty verdict against him ‘must overcome a heavy burden.’” Id. (quoting

United States v. Hoyte, 51 F.3d 1239, 1245 (4th Cir. 1995)). Viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the government, the court must uphold the jury’s verdict if it is 

supported by substantial evidence. United States v. Kiza, 855 F.3d 596, 601 (4th Cir. 2017). 

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And by “substantial evidence,” we mean, evidence “that a reasonable finder of fact could 

accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Cornell, 780 F.3d 616, 630 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Thus, “[r]eversal for insufficient evidence is reserved for the 

rare case where the prosecution’s failure is clear.” United States v. Ashley, 606 F.3d 135, 

138 (4th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A reviewing court, therefore, may 

not overturn a substantially supported verdict merely because it finds the verdict 

unpalatable or determines that another, reasonable verdict would be preferable.” United 

States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 862 (4th Cir. 1996).

Having reviewed the record, we affirm the district court and the jury’s verdict. The 

record contains evidence that Hyer went to the Go-Mart to retrieve the gun from one of 

K’s friends and then met Phillips. After meeting Phillips, the two men walked to and 

entered the house across the street. Hyer dropped some money in the house to buy back the 

gun. He then left the house with Phillips and walked with him to the end of the street. As 

they approached the location of the gun, Phillips raised his arm and made a hand gesture. 

Hyer then “grabbed the gun from a specific place at the end of the street.” (J.A. 153.) He

admitted that he probably would not have found the gun without Phillips. From this 

evidence a reasonable jury could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Phillips 

discussed the gun deal with Hyer at the Go-Mart, took the money for the gun, led Hyer to 

it, and signaled to Hyer its location. This is sufficient evidence that Phillips exercised 

dominion and control over and thus constructively possessed the firearm.

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To be sure, the record contained support for Phillips’ argument that he was not 

guilty. Hyer did not specifically identify who told him the location of the gun. And he

testified that Phillips did not lead him to the gun. The two men, Hyer suggests, simply 

walked together down the street. But a reasonable jury was entitled to reject Hyer’s

testimony and Phillips’ arguments. See Burgos, 94 F.3d at 862 (citation omitted) (“[T]he 

jury, not the reviewing court, weighs the credibility of the evidence and resolves any 

conflicts in the evidence presented, and if the evidence supports different, reasonable 

interpretations, the jury decides which interpretation to believe.”).

Here, the evidence reveals more than an unexplained proximity to the weapon on 

the part of Phillips. Because the record provides a sufficient connection between Phillips 

and the weapon, the jury’s finding of constructive possession is supported by sufficient

evidence, and Phillips’ conviction must be sustained. See generally United States v. 

Branch, 537 F.3d 328, 343 (4th Cir. 2008) (affirming conviction and finding facts taken 

together would allow a reasonable jury to conclude the defendant constructively possessed 

the firearm concealed in the vehicle).

III.

We now turn to Phillips’ second argument. Phillips argues the district court abused 

its discretion in allowing the government to elicit certain testimony regarding the 

relationship and prior drug use between Phillips and Hyer. During cross-examination by 

Phillips’ counsel, Hyer revealed that he had several sources for heroin. In response, on redirect examination, the government asked Hyer if Phillips was one of those sources.

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Phillips objected, arguing the question and testimony sought was inadmissible based on 

Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). The government responded that the defense “opened the 

door” to the line of questioning by asking about Hyer’s drug use and sources. (J.A. 184.) 

After the district court overruled the objection, Hyer testified that he and Phillips “got high 

together.” (J.A. 185.)

The standard of review for such evidentiary rulings is abuse of discretion. United 

States v. Basham, 561 F.3d 302, 325 (4th Cir. 2009). “We will not vacate a conviction 

unless we find that the district court judge acted arbitrarily or irrationally in admitting 

evidence.” Id. at 326 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Judgments of 

evidentiary relevance and prejudice are fundamentally a matter of trial management, for 

[t]rial judges are much closer to the pulse of a trial than we can ever be and broad discretion 

is necessarily accorded them.” United States v. Benkahla, 530 F.3d 300, 309 (4th Cir. 2008)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the government to present 

evidence concerning the relationship between Hyer and Phillips, including their prior drug 

use. Rule 404(b)(1) provides that “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not 

admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the 

person acted in accordance with that character.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1). But, importantly,

it “does not bar evidence that completes the story of the crime or explains the relationship 

of parties or the circumstances surrounding a particular event.” Basham, 561 F.3d at 327 

(citation omitted). Here, the nature of the drug buy, the gun recovery effort and the 

interrelation between Hyer, Phillips and “K” were all pertinent issues at trial. The

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challenged testimony explained the relationship between Hyer and Phillips and the context 

of Phillips’ decisions and actions. Since the challenged testimony addressed issues relevant 

at trial and was not prohibited by Rule 404(b), the district court did not abuse its discretion 

in determining the testimony was relevant and reasonable. 

Further, to the extent the decision by the district court to allow the line of 

questioning about Phillips and Hyer related to prior drug use constituted error, any abuse 

of discretion in admitting such testimony was harmless. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) (“Any 

error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights must be 

disregarded.”). “Erroneously admitted evidence is harmless if a reviewing court is able to 

say, with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the erroneous 

action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.” 

Basham, 561 F.3d at 327 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The testimony of 

Phillips’ conduct on the day Hyer recovered the gun was more than sufficient to 

independently support his conviction.

What’s more, the district court took the further and swift step of instructing the jury 

that Phillips was not on trial for any drug offense. In doing so, the district court substantially 

controlled any associated risk of unfair prejudice and we find no abuse of discretion in the 

district court’s evidentiary ruling. 

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IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Phillips’ conviction under

18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). We dispense with oral argument because the facts 

and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and 

argument would not aid the decisional process. 

AFFIRMED

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