Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alsd-1_06-cv-00639/USCOURTS-alsd-1_06-cv-00639-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
BMG Music
Plaintiff
Bertha Lacey
Defendant
Motown Record Company, L.P.
Plaintiff
Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Plaintiff
UMG Recordings, Inc.
Plaintiff
Virgin Records America, Inc.
Plaintiff

Document Text:

1 The Complaint lists UMG Recordings, Inc. as a plaintiff twice. The Court assumes that

this redundancy was inadvertent, inasmuch as each UMG Recordings plaintiff is described in the

Complaint as “a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with

its principal place of business in the State of California.” (Complaint, ¶¶ 6, 9.)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

VIRGIN RECORDS AMERICA, INC., )

et al., )

 )

Plaintiffs, )

 )

v. ) CIVIL ACTION 06-0639-WS-M

 )

BERTHA LACEY, )

 )

Defendant. )

ORDER

This case is before the Court on plaintiffs’ Motion for Entry of Default Judgment (doc. 9).

I. Background.

On October 10, 2006, plaintiffs Virgin Records America, Inc., Motown Record Company,

L.P., UMG Recordings, Inc.,1 Sony BMG Music Entertainment, and BMG Music filed a Complaint for

Copyright Infringement (doc. 1) against defendant, Bertha Lacey. In particular, plaintiffs maintained

that Lacey had utilized an online media distribution system to download or distribute copyrighted music

recordings belonging to plaintiffs, and/or to make such recordings available for distribution to others,

thereby infringing on plaintiffs’ copyrights and exclusive rights under copyright. On that basis, the

Complaint requested the following relief: (1) statutory damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(c); (2)

attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505; and (3) injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

§§ 502 and 503, prohibiting Lacey from further infringing conduct and requiring her to destroy all

copies of sound recordings made in violation of plaintiffs’ exclusive rights.

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On November 14, 2006, plaintiffs filed a Return of Service (doc. 5) reflecting that defendant

had been served with process by a private process server on October 26, 2006. According to the

server’s declaration, copies of the summons and complaint were left at Lacey’s dwelling house or usual

place of abode (6005 Howells Ferry Road, Mobile, AL 36618) and were given to Lacey’s son, Brad

Lacey.

Notwithstanding service of process in accordance with Rule 4(e), Fed.R.Civ.P., nearly three

months ago, Lacey has never filed an answer or otherwise appeared in this action. Upon motion by

plaintiffs, a Clerk’s Entry of Default (doc. 8) was entered against Lacey on December 13, 2006 for

failure to plead or otherwise defend. The Clerk of Court mailed a copy of that Entry of Default to

defendant at the same address at which process was served. Once again, Lacey failed to respond. No

further activity occurring in this matter in the subsequent 30 days, plaintiffs now seek entry of default

judgment.

II. Analysis.

A. Propriety of Default Judgment.

In this Circuit, “there is a strong policy of determining cases on their merits and we therefore

view defaults with disfavor.” In re Worldwide Web Systems, Inc., 328 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir.

2003); see also Varnes v. Local 91, Glass Bottle Blowers Ass'n of U.S. and Canada, 674 F.2d

1365, 1369 (11th Cir. 1982) (“Since this case involves a default judgment there must be strict

compliance with the legal prerequisites establishing the court's power to render the judgment.”). 

Nonetheless, it is well established that a “district court has the authority to enter default judgment for

failure ... to comply with its orders or rules of procedure.” Wahl v. McIver, 773 F.2d 1169, 1174

(11th Cir. 1985).

Where, as here, a defendant has failed to appear or otherwise acknowledge the pendency of a

lawsuit against her for some three months after being served, entry of default judgment may be

appropriate. Indeed, Rule 55 itself provides for entry of default and default judgment where a

defendant “has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules.” Rule 55(a),

Fed.R.Civ.P. In a variety of contexts, courts have entered default judgments against defendants who

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2 To be sure, courts have generally required some notice to be given to a defendant

between the time of service of process and entry of default judgment. See, e.g., International Brands

USA, Inc. v. Old St. Andrews Ltd., 349 F. Supp.2d 256, 261 (D. Conn. 2004) (“Where a party fails

to respond, after notice the court is ordinarily justified in entering a judgment against the defaulting

party.”) (emphasis added and citations omitted); F.T.C. v. 1263523 Ontario, Inc., 205 F. Supp.2d

205, 208 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (entering default judgment where defendants had failed to respond in any

way to summons, complaint and motion for default judgment); New York State Teamsters

Conference Pension and Retirement Fund v. Fratto Curbing Co., 875 F. Supp. 129, 131

(N.D.N.Y. 1995) (defendant that had failed to file answer to complaint or otherwise defend was

properly notified of motion for default judgment). For unknown reasons, plaintiffs elected not to give

Lacey notice of their efforts to secure a default against her, as their Motion for Entry of Default (doc. 7)

was unaccompanied by a Certificate of Service or other indicia that plaintiffs had placed Lacey on

notice that they were seeking entry of default. Nothing in the text of Rule 55 excuses the service

requirement for requests for entry of default (as distinguished from motions for default judgment). 

Nonetheless, any harm arising from plaintiffs’ omission is negated by the fact that the Clerk of Court

mailed a copy of the Clerk’s Entry of Default (doc. 8) to Lacey at the address where service was

perfected. As such, Lacey is on notice that plaintiffs have moved forward with default proceedings, yet

she has elected not to defend herself. Given Lacey’s failure to appear in this case, despite actual notice

that this lawsuit was pending, that her responsive pleading was due by a date certain, and that a default

had been entered against her, she is entitled to no further notice at this time. See Rule 55(b)(2)

(defaulted defendant is entitled to notice of request for default judgment only if defendant has appeared

in the action).

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have failed to defend the claims against them following proper service of process. See, e.g., In re

Knight, 833 F.2d 1515, 1516 (11th Cir. 1987) (“Where a party offers no good reason for the late

filing of its answer, entry of default judgment against that party is appropriate.”); Matter of Dierschke,

975 F.2d 181, 184 (5th Cir. 1992) (“when the court finds an intentional failure of responsive pleadings

there need be no other finding” to justify default judgment); Kidd v. Andrews, 340 F. Supp.2d 333,

338 (W.D.N.Y. 2004) (entering default judgment against defendant who failed to answer or move

against complaint for nearly three months); Viveros v. Nationwide Janitorial Ass'n, Inc., 200 F.R.D.

681, 684 (N.D. Ga. 2000) (entering default judgment against counterclaim defendant who had failed to

answer or otherwise respond to counterclaim within time provided by Rule 12(a)(2)). In short, then,

“[w]hile modern courts do not favor default judgments, they are certainly appropriate when the

adversary process has been halted because of an essentially unresponsive party.” Flynn v. Angelucci

Bros. & Sons, Inc., 448 F. Supp.2d 193, 195 (D.D.C. 2006) (citation omitted).2

Case 1:06-cv-00639-WS-M Document 11 Filed 01/23/07 Page 3 of 11
3 Those recordings include Janet Jackson “This Time,” Rick James “Fire and Desire,”

Dru Hill “5 Steps,” Jennifer Lopez “If You Had My Love,” Michael Jackson “Heal the World,”

Michael Jackson “You Rock My World,” Tyrese “Lately,” and Dru Hill “Beauty.” (Complaint, at Exh.

A.) The Complaint lists each of these recordings by reference to copyright owner (which in each

instance is one of the named plaintiffs herein), album title, and SR#.

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The law is clear, however, that Lacey’s failure to appear and the Clerk’s subsequent entry of

default against her do not automatically entitle plaintiffs to a default judgment. Indeed, a default is not

“an absolute confession by the defendant of his liability and of the plaintiff’s right to recover,” but is

instead merely “an admission of the facts cited in the Complaint, which by themselves may or may not

be sufficient to establish a defendant’s liability.” Pitts ex rel. Pitts v. Seneca Sports, Inc., 321 F.

Supp.2d 1353, 1357 (S.D. Ga. 2004); see also Descent v. Kolitsidas, 396 F. Supp.2d 1315, 1316

(M.D. Fla. 2005) (“the defendants’ default notwithstanding, the plaintiff is entitled to a default judgment

only if the complaint states a claim for relief”); GMAC Commercial Mortg. Corp. v. Maitland Hotel

Associates, Ltd., 218 F. Supp.2d 1355, 1359 (M.D. Fla. 2002) (default judgment is appropriate only

if court finds sufficient basis in pleadings for judgment to be entered, and that complaint states a claim). 

Stated differently, “a default judgment cannot stand on a complaint that fails to state a claim.” 

Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353, 1370 n.41 (11th Cir. 1997).

Review of the Complaint confirms that it does indeed assert detailed facts against Lacey,

including a recitation of eight specific copyrighted recordings that Lacey has used and continues to use

an online media distribution system to download and/or distribute without plaintiffs’ permission. 

(Complaint, ¶¶ , Exh. A.)3 The Complaint further states that plaintiffs are the copyright owners for

those specific recordings. These facts, which are deemed admitted by virtue of Lacey’s default, are

sufficiently detailed and specific to give rise to a cognizable claim for direct copyright infringement in

violation of the copyright laws of the United States, as codified at 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. See

generally In re Aimster Copyright Litigation, 334 F.3d 643, 645 (7th Cir. 2003) (explaining that

those who make and transmit digital copies of copyrighted music are direct infringers of those

copyrights); A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1014 (9th Cir. 2001) (prima facie

case of direct infringement is shown where plaintiffs establish ownership of allegedly infringed material

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4 The effect of a default is to render all well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint

(except those relating to damages) admitted. See Nishimatsu Const. Co. v. Houston Nat. Bank, 515

F.2d 1200, 1206 (5th Cir. 1975) (“defendant, by his default, admits the plaintiff's well-pleaded

allegations of fact”); McMillian/McMillian, Inc. v. Monticello Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 319, 321 (8th Cir.

1997) (explaining that “when a default judgment has been entered, facts alleged in the complaint ... may

not be contested by the defaulted party”).

5 While well-pleaded facts in the complaint are deemed admitted, plaintiffs’ allegations

relating to the amount of damages are not admitted by virtue of default; rather, the court must determine

both the amount and character of damages. Miller v. Paradise of Port Richey, Inc., 75 F. Supp.2d

1342, 1346 (M.D. Fla. 1999); see also Anheuser Busch, Inc. v. Philpot, 317 F.3d 1264, 1266 (11th

Cir. 2003) (federal law requires judicial determination of damages absent factual basis in record);

Credit Lyonnais Securities (USA), Inc. v. Alcantara, 183 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir. 1999) (even

where default judgment is warranted based on failure to defend, allegations in complaint with respect to

damages are not deemed true, and district court must conduct inquiry in order to ascertain damages

with reasonable certainty); Patray v. Northwest Pub., Inc., 931 F. Supp. 865, 869-70 (S.D. Ga.

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and demonstrate that alleged infringers are violating at least one exclusive right granted to copyright

holders). Accordingly, the Court finds that the Complaint states a claim for relief.

The legal effect of Lacey’s default is that she has now admitted the facts recited in the

Complaint, which are sufficient to establish her liability to plaintiffs on a theory of copyright

infringement.4 Moreover, because she has made no attempt to defend this action in the three months

since being served with process, despite notice that plaintiffs were moving forward with default

proceedings against her, Lacey’s course of conduct amounts to a deliberate and intentional failure to

respond, which is just the sort of dilatory litigation tactic for which the default judgment mechanism was

created. For these reasons, plaintiffs’ Motion is granted as to entry of default judgment. Default

judgment will be entered against Lacey, in accordance with Rule 55(b)(2), Fed.R.Civ.P. The Court

will next consider which remedies which will be awarded to plaintiffs. 

B. Remedies.

Plaintiffs seek three forms of relief, to-wit: minimum statutory damages, costs, and a permanent

injunction. In considering these requests, the Court bears in mind that, notwithstanding the default

against Lacey, “judgment may be granted only for such relief as may lawfully be granted upon the wellpleaded facts alleged in the complaint.” Pitts, 321 F. Supp.2d at 1358 (citation omitted).5

 Each form

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1996) (explaining that it is proper exercise of judicial power for court upon default to take evidence, fix

amount which prevailing party should recover, and then give judgment). “The trial judge, sitting without

a jury, has considerable latitude in determining the amount of the damages.” 931 F. Supp. at 870.

6 See also Ford Motor Co. v. Cross, 441 F. Supp.2d 837, 848 (E.D. Mich. 2006)

(Rule 55 “does not require a presentation of evidence as a prerequisite to the entry of a default

judgment, although it empowers the court to conduct such hearings as it deems necessary and proper to

enable it to enter judgment or carry it into effect”); Board of Trustees of the Boilermaker Vacation

Trust v. Skelly, Inc., 389 F. Supp.2d 1222, 1225 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (“A formal hearing is not required

for a court to render a default judgment.”).

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of relief sought will be considered in turn.

1. Statutory Damages.

A copyright owner whose copyright has been infringed may recover, at his election, either

actual damages or statutory damages for the infringing activity. 17 U.S.C. § 504(a) - (c). Where the

copyright owner elects the latter option, a court may award, “instead of actual damages and profits, an

award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, with respect to any one work,

for which any one infringer is liable individually ... in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000

as the court considers just.” § 504(c)(1). Plaintiffs have elected statutory damages, in lieu of actual

damages and profits, and seek entry of only the statutory minimum amount of $750 per work for each

of the eight works that the Complaint charged Lacey with unlawfully downloading and/or distributing,

for a total of $6,000 in statutory damages.

As mentioned above, the entry of default judgment against Lacey in no way obviates the need

for determinations of the amount and character of damages. Rule 55(b)(2) specifically provides that if

“it is necessary to take an account or to determine the amount of damages or to establish the truth of

any averment by evidence or to make an investigation of any other matter, the court may conduct such

hearings or order such references as it deems necessary and proper.” That said, there is no

requirement that a hearing be conducted in all default judgment proceedings to fix the appropriate level

of damages. See S.E.C. v. Smyth, 420 F.3d 1225, 1232 n.13 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining that

evidentiary hearing is not per se requirement for entry of default judgment, and may be omitted if all

essential evidence is already of record).6 Where the amount of damages sought is a sum certain, or

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where an adequate record has been made via affidavits and documentary evidence to show statutory

damages, no evidentiary hearing is required. See, e.g., Chudasama, 123 F.3d at 1364 n. 27 (judicial

determination of damages is unnecessary where claim is for sum certain or for sum which can by

computation be made certain); United Artists Corp. v. Freeman, 605 F.2d 854, 857 (5th Cir. 1979)

(award of statutory damages was improper “without a hearing or a demonstration by detailed affidavits

establishing the necessary facts”); Ortiz-Gonzalez v. Fonovisa, 277 F.3d 59, 63-64 (1st Cir. 2002)

(district court did not abuse discretion, based on record before it, in declining to hold hearing before

awarding statutory damages); Taylor v. City of Ballwin, Mo., 859 F.2d 1330, 1333 (8th Cir. 1988)

(evidentiary hearing not necessary where facts in the record enable the court to fix the amount which the

plaintiff is lawfully entitled to recover); Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F. Supp.2d 15, 17 (D.D.C. 2001)

(although court must make independent determination of the sum to be awarded, court need not hold a

hearing, but may rely on detailed affidavits or documentary evidence); United States v. Cabrera-Diaz,

106 F. Supp.2d 234, 243 (D.P.R. 2000) (similar). 

Here the facts deemed admitted from the Complaint show that Lacey infringed upon exclusive

rights granted to plaintiffs as copyright owners with respect to eight distinct recorded works. Because

plaintiffs have elected statutory damages, and because § 504(c)(1) mandates that statutory damages for

each infringed-upon work be at least $750, the minimum statutory damages that this Court could award

would be $6,000, or $750 times 8 copyrighted works. Plaintiffs request only the bare minimum

statutory damages. As such, a hearing to fix damages would be a pointless endeavor. Irrespective of

the evidence presented, given the admitted facts as to liability, there is no scenario under which the

Court could award less than $6,000 in statutory damages here. Plaintiffs have waived their right to

request any more than that minimum amount, and § 504(c)(1) forbids a lesser award; therefore, the

Court finds that no constructive purpose would be served by conducting an evidentiary hearing prior to

awarding plaintiffs the minimum statutory damages of $6,000, or $750 for each of the eight copyrighted

works that Lacey has admitted infringing. See Capitol Records, Inc. v. Mattingley, --- F. Supp.2d --

--, 2006 WL 3360549, *4 (S.D. Ill. Oct. 25, 2006) (no evidentiary hearing necessary in copyright

case where defendant defaulted and plaintiffs sought only minimum statutory damages); Virgin Records

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America, Inc. v. Johnson, 441 F. Supp.2d 963, 965 (N.D. Ind. 2006) (“Because Plaintiffs seek only

the minimum statutory damages and these damages are clearly ascertainable from the complaint, no

evidentiary hearing is necessary.”).

2. Injunctive Relief.

Plaintiffs also seek a permanent injunction to enjoin Lacey from infringing plaintiffs’ rights in

copyrighted recordings, including by using the Internet or online media distribution systems to

reproduce or distribute any of plaintiffs’ recordings, or to make any of plaintiffs’ recordings available for

distribution to the public, except pursuant to a license or with plaintiffs’ consent. Plaintiffs also seek an

injunction requiring Lacey to destroy all copies of plaintiffs’ recordings that she has downloaded or

transferred onto computer hard drives, servers or physical devices or media without plaintiffs’

authorization.

This type of relief is specifically authorized by copyright law. Indeed, the Copyright Act

provides that a court may “grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem

reasonable to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright.” 17 U.S.C. § 502(a). The Act also

provides that as part of a final judgment, a court “may order the destruction or other reasonable

disposition of all copies or phonorecords found to have been made or used in violation of the copyright

owner’s exclusive rights.” 17 U.S.C. § 503(b).

Although “the issuance of an injunction is in the discretion of the court, courts have traditionally

granted permanent injunctions if liability is established and a continuing threat to a copyright exists.” 

Jobete Music Co. v. Johnson Communications, Inc., 285 F. Supp.2d 1077, 1092 (S.D. Ohio

2003); see also Sailor Music v. IML Corp., 867 F.Supp. 565, 569 (E.D. Mich. 1994) (observing that

permanent injunctions typically are granted in cases involving infringement of sound recording copyrights

“because of the strong probability that unlawful performances of other copyrighted material will occur”);

Arista Records, Inc. v. Beker Enterprises, Inc., 298 F. Supp.2d 1310, 1314 (S.D. Fla. 2003)

(“Injunctions are regularly issued pursuant to the mandate of Section 502, because the public interest is

the interest in upholding copyright protections”) (citation omitted). Moreover, “[c]ourts also regularly

issue injunctions as part of default judgments.” Arista, 298 F. Supp.2d at 1314 (granting permanent

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injunction in default judgment in a copyright infringement case).

Here, plaintiffs have established Lacey’s liability for infringing their copyrights as to eight

copyrighted recordings. They have shown that Lacey is continuing her infringing conduct on an ongoing

basis through her use of an online media distribution system to download and/or distribute such

copyrighted recordings without plaintiffs’ permission or consent. Despite service of process and notice

of the default proceedings, Lacey has made no effort to defend against these charges of copyright

infringement, suggesting that she does not take seriously the illegality of her infringing activity. Based on

all of the foregoing, the Court concludes that plaintiffs have shown a strong likelihood that, unless

enjoined, Lacey will pose a continuing threat to infringe their copyrighted recordings. As such, the

permanent injunction sought by plaintiffs is reasonably necessary to protect plaintiffs from further

infringement of their copyrights by Lacey. See generally Virgin Records America, 441 F. Supp.2d at

966 (entering permanent injunction in connection with default judgment in copyright case where the

infringing activity caused injury that cannot be fully compensated or measured in money, there was no

evidence that defendant had stopped or would stop infringing conduct absent an injunction, and

defendant had failed to respond to or acknowledge the complaint). Plaintiffs’ request for entry of

permanent injunction as part of the default judgment in this case is granted.

3. Costs.

Plaintiffs present evidence that they have incurred costs in the amount of $420 in this case. 

(Anderson Declaration, ¶ 7.) They request that the default judgment include recovery of that amount. 

The Copyright Act provides that “the court in its discretion may allow the recovery of full costs by or

against any party” who prevails. 17 U.S.C. § 505. Moreover, courts have routinely awarded costs to

the prevailing party in copyright cases. See, e.g., Arclightz & Films Pvt. Ltd. v. Video Palace Inc.,

303 F. Supp.2d 356, 365 (S.D. N.Y. 2003). This is equally true in the default judgment context. See

Capitol Records, 2006 WL 3360549, at *6 (awarding costs in copyright infringement action where

default judgment was entered against defendant); Virgin Records America, 441 F. Supp.2d at 965

(same). The Court finds that $420 is a reasonable expenditure of costs and that plaintiffs should

recover same as part of their award in this case.

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III. Conclusion.

For all of the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ Motion for Entry of Default Judgment (doc. 9) is

granted pursuant to Rule 55(b)(2), Fed.R.Civ.P. A separate default judgment will be entered,

containing the following elements:

1. An award of statutory damages to plaintiffs in the amount of $6,000, pursuant to 17

U.S.C. § 504(c)(1);

2. Entry of a permanent injunction pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §§ 502 and 503. This injunction

will enjoin defendant from directly or indirectly infringing plaintiffs’ rights under federal

or state law in the following copyrighted sound recordings: Janet Jackson “This Time”

from album “Janet” (SR #174-392); Rick James “Fire and Desire” from album “Street

Songs” (SR #25-800); Dru Hill “5 Steps” from album “Dru Hill” (SR #227-760),

Jennifer Lopez “If You Had My Love” from album “On the 6” (SR # 267-571),

Michael Jackson “Heal the World” from album “Dangerous” (SR #178-165), Michael

Jackson “You Rock My World” from album “Invincible” (SR #304-780), Tyrese

“Lately” from album “Tyrese” (SR #237-788) and Dru Hill “Beauty” from album “Enter

the Dru” (SR #290-402); and in any other sound recording, whether now in existence

or later created, that is owned or controlled by plaintiffs (or any parent, subsidiary or

affiliate record label of plaintiffs) (“Plaintiffs’ Recordings”), including without limitation

by using the Internet or any online media distribution system to reproduce (i.e.,

download) any of Plaintiffs’ Recordings, to distribute (i.e., upload) any of Plaintiffs’

Recordings, or to make any of Plaintiffs’ Recordings available for distribution to the

public, except pursuant to a lawful license or with the express authority of plaintiffs. 

Defendant also shall destroy all copies of Plaintiffs’ Recordings that she has

downloaded onto any computer hard drive or server without plaintiffs’ authorization,

and shall destroy all copies of such downloaded recordings transferred onto any

physical medium or device in her possession, custody or control.

3. An award of costs to plaintiffs in the amount of $420, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505.

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The Clerk’s Office is directed to mail a copy of this Order, and the accompanying default

judgment, to defendant Bertha Lacey at the address where she received service of process, to-wit: 

6005 Howells Ferry Road, Mobile, AL 36618

DONE and ORDERED this 23rd day of January, 2007.

s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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