Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_07-cv-00282/USCOURTS-azd-2_07-cv-00282-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Phillip Crawford
Respondent
Dasarathi Raghunath
Petitioner

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WO

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Dasarathi Raghunath, 

Petitioner, 

vs.

Phillip Crawford, 

Respondent. 

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No. CV-07-0282-PHX-FJM

ORDER

The court has before it petitioner’s petition for writ of habeas corpus (doc. 1), the

government’s response (doc. 8), petitioner’s reply (doc. 13), the report and recommendation

(doc. 14), petitioner’s objections (doc. 17), and the government’s response to petitioner’s

objections (doc. 20). For the reasons below, the petition is denied.

I

A native and citizen of India, petitioner came to the United States and received lawful

permanent resident status in 1984. In March 2005, he traveled to India and sought to be

readmitted to the United States on December 25, 2005. At customs, a background check

revealed that petitioner, while living in California in 1992, had been convicted of annoying

and molesting a child and indecent exposure. The Bureau of Immigration and Customs

Enforcement (“ICE”) paroled petitioner into the country and ordered that he appear for

deferred inspection. On January 25, 2006, ICE revoked petitioner’s parole and determined

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that he was inadmissible and subject to removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1182 as an alien who had

been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude. ICE detained petitioner and referred his case

to an immigration judge. Petitioner is still in custody.

On May 23, 2006, an immigration judge denied petitioner’s request for a waiver of

inadmissibility and ordered him removed from the United States. Petitioner appealed,

contending that his convictions were not crimes of moral turpitude. On August 30, 2006, the

Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed the immigration judge’s decision. On October 23,

2006, petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration of his appeal, which the Board denied as

untimely on December 12, 2006. After petitioner challenged that decision, the Board

undertook the original motion and concluded that its affirmance was without reversible error,

denying the motion for reconsideration on April 30, 2007. 

On September 18, 2006, petitioner filed a petition for review and a motion for stay of

removal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The court entered a

temporary stay pending further order. Petitioner requested a hearing to determine whether

he could be released on bond, and that request was denied by an immigration judge on

September 20, 2006. Petitioner filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus in this court on

February 8, 2007. On February 22, 2007, the Ninth Circuit denied petitioner’s motion for

stay of removal and, on May 7, 2007, dismissed the petition for review for failure to pay the

filing fee. Given the Board’s April 30 denial of his motion to reconsider, petitioner was able

to file again for a stay of removal and a petition for review with the Ninth Circuit on May 14,

2007. Another temporary stay was entered pending further order. On October 14, 2007, the

Ninth Circuit denied the government’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and granted

petitioner’s motions to proceed in forma pauperis and for appointment of pro bono counsel.

Thus, petitioner currently has a petition for review pending before the Ninth Circuit. 

II

In its initial response to the petition, the government contends that petitioner is

detained pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(2), which governs detention during the “removal

period” that follows an order of removal. However, when an alien seeks judicial review of

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1

 For that same reason we reject the government’s contention that, given

Khoutesouvan, this court “lacks jurisdiction” to review petitioner’s detention. Response

at 4; see also Response to Petitioner’s Objections at 2 (repeating that this court “lacks

jurisdiction” and incorporating by reference its earlier memorandum). In Khoutesouvan, the

Ninth Circuit specifically noted that jurisdiction was proper and affirmed denial of the

petition on the merits. 386 F.3d 1299 n.2, 1301. 

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an order of removal and a court orders a stay, the removal period does not begin until the date

of that court’s final order. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(B)(ii). When petitioner filed this petition

for writ of habeas corpus, he had a petition for review pending before the Ninth Circuit, and

a stay was in effect. Though that petition was ultimately dismissed and the stay lifted, a

second petition for review is currently pending, and another stay is in effect. Thus, petitioner

was not in the removal period at the time of filing this petition, nor is he currently. Thus,

Khoutesouvan v. Morones, 386 F.3d 1298, 1301 (9th Cir. 2004), holding that there is no

constitutional basis to challenge detention during the first 90 days of the removal period, and

Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 701, 121 S. Ct. 2491, 2505 (2001), holding that an alien

challenging detention during an extended removal period must demonstrate that removal in

the foreseeable future is not likely, are not applicable.1

 

Petitioner, meanwhile, contends that his detention is governed by 8 U.S.C.

§ 1226(c)(1), which provides:

The Attorney General shall take into custody any alien who—(A) is

inadmissible by having committed any offense covered in section 1182(a)(2)

of this title, . . . when the alien is released . . . without regard to whether the

alien may be arrested or imprisoned again for the same offense. 

8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1) (emphasis added). The “shall” means that detention under this

provision is mandatory, and detainees do not have the possibility of release on bond.

However, petitioner relies on Tijani v. Willis, 430 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 2005), in which the

court held that § 1226(c) permits detention without the possibility of release on bond only

for the expeditious processing of criminal aliens for removal. Id. at 1242.

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III

First, we address whether Tijani applies to an inadmissible arriving alien such as

petitioner. In a pair of cases, the United States Supreme Court examined mandatory

detention of aliens without bond pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(2), which applies to

removable aliens whose order of removal is not under review. The Court held that detention

during this “removal period” is implicitly authorized for a limited time only. Zadvydas v.

Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 699, 121 S. Ct. 2491, 2503 (2001); Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371,

378, 125 S. Ct. 716, 722 (2005). In Zadvydas, an alien was found removable, but no other

country would accept him. 533 U.S. at 678, 121 S. Ct. at 2492. The Court refused to read

§ 1231(a)(6) as permitting detention of indefinite duration. Id. at 691, 121 S. Ct. at 2499. 

While Zadvydas was a deportable alien, the limited duration of detention under

§ 1231(a)(6) was extended to inadmissible aliens in Martinez on the grounds that the statute

should not be interpreted differently depending on the class to which it is applied. 534 U.S.

at 380, 125 S. Ct. at 724.

Between these two cases, the Supreme Court heard a challenge to mandatory, no-bond

detention under § 1226(c). In Demore v. Kim, the Court found that detention pursuant to

§ 1226(c), pending removal proceedings, did not raise constitutional difficulties. 538 U.S.

510, 531, 123 S. Ct. 1708, 1721 (2003). The Court reasoned that detention under § 1226(c),

unlike the detentions considered in Zadvydas and Martinez, necessarily has a termination

point. Id. at 529, 123 S. Ct. at 1720. Nonetheless, in Tijani, the Ninth Circuit concluded that

detention under § 1226(c) can become impermissibly lengthy. 430 F.3d at 1242. The court

distinguished Kim on the grounds that Tijani, unlike the petitioner in Kim, did not concede

that he was removable. Id.

 Tijani, a lawfully admitted permanent resident alien, had been in custody two years

and eight months awaiting a final determination whether he would be removed because of

criminal convictions. Id. Concluding that Tijani’s removal process was not “expeditious,”

the court instructed the district court to grant his writ of habeas corpus unless Tijani

summarily received a hearing “before an Immigration Judge with the power to grant him bail

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unless the government establishes that he is a flight risk or will be a danger to the

community.” Id. Petitioner contends that he is entitled to similar relief.

The government contends that petitioner is an “arriving alien” and that “[t]his is a

major distinction from the Tijani case, whose doctrine is limited to lawful permanent

residents who contest removal.” Response to Petitioner’s Objections at 5. Though the Ninth

Circuit referenced Tijani’s lawful permanent resident status, 430 F.3d at 1242, Tijani’s

holding is not necessarily limited to similarly situated aliens. Section 1226(c) applies to both

inadmissible and deportable aliens. The Supreme Court’s rationale in Martinez, where the

limitation on detention under § 1231 was extended to inadmissible aliens, suggests that any

limitation on detention under § 1226 should apply to both deportable and inadmissible aliens.

Furthermore, we are not convinced that petitioner’s status as an “arriving alien” makes any

difference in applying § 1226(c), which does not use the term. Finally, the government

contends that “arriving aliens do not have a constitutional right to a bond determination.”

Response to Petitioner’s Objections at 5. We need not reach that constitutional issue,

because even if Tijani applies, petitioner is not entitled to relief.

IV

In the report and recommendation, the magistrate judge distinguished Tijani and

recommended denying the petition for writ of habeas corpus. While we employ a different

approach, we reach the same result. We conclude that Tijani does not help petitioner because

his removal proceedings were in fact “expeditious.” See 430 F.3d at 1242. 

First of all, we do not consider judicial appeal time in evaluating the expediency of

petitioner’s removal proceedings. See Mboussi-Ona v. Crawford, CV 06-2897-PHX-NVW,

2007 WL 3026946, a *5 (D. Ariz. Sept. 27, 2007) (“[Taking such time into account] would

mean that by merely seeking judicial review, every alien found removable would be entitled

to an individualized bond hearing and possible release.”). When petitioner most recently

petitioned the Ninth Circuit for review on May 7, 2007, he had been in custody for a total of

fifteen months and twelve days. Petitioner contends that his proceedings were not

expeditious. We disagree. 

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When the Supreme Court approved no-bond detention under § 1226(c) in Kim, the

Court noted that initial removal proceedings are completed in an average time of 47 days,

and appeals to the Board of Immigration Appeals generally add four months. 538 U.S. at

529, 123 S. Ct. at 1721. Here, petitioner’s initial removal proceeding lasted 118 days

(January to May 2006), and the appeal (dismissed August 30, 2006) added 99 days, for a total

of just over seven months. This is an acceptable duration given the averages recognized in

Kim. However, petitioner contends that his administrative process did not end with the

dismissal of his appeal on August 30, 2006, but continued until April 30, 2007, when the

Board denied his motion to reconsider the appeal, stretching the administrative proceedings

to over fifteen months. Nonetheless, we cannot conclude that petitioner’s process was not

expeditious given his own role in the unusual course of his attempts at appeal. 

After the Board dismissed his appeal, petitioner petitioned for review in the Ninth

Circuit and also filed, one month past the deadline, a motion to reconsider with the Board.

The Board denied the motion as untimely on December 12, 2006. Petitioner then urged the

Board to reconsider that decision. Despite its earlier dismissal for untimeliness, the Board

nonetheless revisited the merits of petitioner’s appeal and denied the motion to reconsider

on April 30, 2007. Any delay by the Board in rendering that decision did not extend

petitioner’s detention, because during that time he also had a petition for review pending in

the Ninth Circuit. In fact, the timing of the Board’s decision helped petitioner. The Ninth

Circuit dismissed his first petition for failure to prosecute on May 7, 2007. It appears that

the Board’s decision of April 30, 2007, may have created a new opportunity for judicial

review, giving petitioner a second crack at the Ninth Circuit, where another petition is now

pending. 

As is his right, petitioner has availed himself of every opportunity to challenge the

government’s conclusion that he is inadmissible. We conclude that the government has kept

reasonable pace in administering his proceedings and in responding to his objections.

Therefore, petitioner has demonstrated no basis for relief from his mandatory detention

without bond.

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V

 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED DENYING petitioner’s petition for

writ of habeas corpus (doc. 1).

DATED this 3rd day of December, 2007.

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