Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca6-15-05863/USCOURTS-ca6-15-05863-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Progressive Casualty Insurance Company
Appellee
Joseph Shaheen
Appellant

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 16a0679n.06

No. 15-5863

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JOSEPH SHAHEEN, Ancillary Administrator of the 

Estate of Nadia Shaheen, deceased,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

PROGRESSIVE CASUALTY INSURANCE 

COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

BEFORE: McKEAGUE, GRIFFIN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

In this action brought under Kentucky law, plaintiff Joseph Shaheen argues defendant 

Progressive Casualty Insurance Company (“Progressive”) acted in bad faith by conditioning its 

offer to pay a $250,000 policy limit for bodily injury on plaintiff’s agreement to release and 

indemnify its insured. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Progressive on 

the ground that plaintiff did not create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether 

defendant’s conduct constituted bad faith in violation of Kentucky’s Unfair Claims Settlement 

Practices Act (“KUCSPA”), Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.12–230. Finding no reversible error, we 

affirm. 

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I.

This action is a subplot within a larger story. On November 11, 2005, Burgess Harrison 

Yonts struck and killed pedestrian Nadia Shaheen. Yonts was intoxicated and fled the scene 

without rendering aid. That night, Yonts was driving a vehicle insured by defendant Progressive 

under Yonts’s parents’ auto insurance policy. Yonts was a covered driver, and the policy 

provided up to $250,000 in coverage for bodily injury per person. 

Yonts was arrested on November 12, 2005, and denied any connection to the accident. 

Progressive then began its own investigation in an attempt to identify the vehicle and driver 

involved. Dorit Jones was the assigned claims representative under the management of Charles 

Nesselrodt in the Large Loss Unit. The criminal investigation complicated Progressive’s own 

inquiry into the circumstances of the accident regarding access to evidence, such as the vehicle, 

and witnesses, including the insured. 

Plaintiff filed a wrongful death suit on October 17, 2006 against Yonts, his fraternity, and 

several individual fraternity members. He also filed a dram shop action against a bar that served 

Yonts alcohol on the night of the accident. As the criminal trial approached, Progressive had not 

yet definitively identified Yonts as the driver because Yonts maintained he was not driving the 

vehicle on the night in question, and no one Progressive interviewed could establish that he was 

involved in the accident. A Kentucky jury thought otherwise and convicted Yonts on 

February 1, 2007, of wanton murder, driving under the influence, leaving the scene of an 

accident, and tampering with evidence. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison, but the 

Governor of Kentucky later commuted that sentence. 

For Jones, the verdict conclusively established that Yonts was the person “responsible 

behind the wheel, which had never been demonstrated” in her investigation. Even though the 

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conviction was appealed, Jones recommended evaluating and resolving plaintiff’s claim in light 

of the verdict. Accordingly, Progressive began internal discussions regarding whether to extend 

an offer to plaintiff in exchange for a full release of all claims against its insured. Defendant was 

skeptical, however, that plaintiff would agree to a full release and indemnification given his 

pending claims against the fraternity, several of its members, and the bar. 

In a demand letter dated March 20, 2007, plaintiff’s counsel acknowledged receiving a 

declaration page for the Yonts family’s auto insurance policy revealing $250,000 in coverage for 

Shaheen’s death. Plaintiff’s counsel asserted that “[t]he direct economic loss to [Shaheen’s] 

estate exceeds the coverage limit” and asked Progressive “to make its prompt and unconditional 

payment of its full coverage” to plaintiff and his attorneys. In response, Progressive evaluated its 

negotiating position and decided to offer plaintiff the full policy limit in exchange for a release 

and indemnification to protect its insured. 

Once authorization to settle for the policy limit was granted on April 9, 2007, Progressive 

opted to make plaintiff the offer through Yonts’s defense attorney. The defense attorney 

communicated Progressive’s offer and terms in a letter dated April 18, 2007. Plaintiff responded

on April 27, 2007, reiterating that his demand was “for the prompt and unconditional payment 

of” the policy limits. (Bold in original.) According to plaintiff’s counsel, “it is unreasonable for 

Mr. Yonts to expect to be released merely because he has elected to purchase insufficient 

coverage to satisfy his own liability.” In response, Progressive held its offer open, while plaintiff 

pursued his civil action against multiple defendants. As plaintiff’s civil action progressed, 

Progressive periodically reviewed and updated its claim file but no further progress concerning 

settlement was made. Progressive was anticipating multiple cross claims against Yonts and 

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viewed the ongoing civil litigation and Yonts’s criminal appeals as impediments to resolving the 

claim. 

On March 4, 2008, plaintiff filed a complaint against Progressive alleging that the insurer

violated the KUCSPA by failing to respond to the April 27 demand letter and refusing to 

unconditionally pay plaintiff $250,000. Progressive, through Yonts’s defense lawyer, reminded 

plaintiff’s counsel in a letter dated May 29, 2008, that it was still willing to offer the policy limits 

in exchange for a release. Yonts’s lawyer told plaintiff’s counsel to “let [him] know” if he was 

“in a position to discuss and/or accept same.” Plaintiff’s counsel responded on June 5, 2008, 

noting that settlement in the wrongful death action would not “be possible unless a substantial 

contribution is made . . . above policy limits.” 

In early 2009, plaintiff’s civil action moved forward. First, summary judgment was 

granted in favor of the fraternity and the individual fraternity members. Plaintiff then settled his 

dram shop claim against the bar for $100,000, leaving Yonts as the only remaining defendant. In 

March 2009, Progressive was made aware of a “possible move” towards resolution that would 

include a personal contribution from Yonts or his parents. Yonts’s father indicated his 

willingness to contribute in order to resolve the case, but noted that his personal funds were 

limited. 

On April 28, 2009, plaintiff proposed a settlement package including the $250,000 policy 

limit payment and a $100,000 payment from Yonts’s parents in exchange for a covenant not to 

collect against Yonts. Yonts’s father told defense counsel that Yonts wanted to resolve the civil 

suit. Progressive reviewed the proposal on May 1, 2009, and concluded it was a reasonable 

resolution. Yonts executed the covenant on May 6, 2009, and Progressive issued a $250,000 

check to Shaheen’s estate on June 26, 2009. 

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Although Progressive paid the policy limits, plaintiff still pursued his third-party statutory 

bad faith claim against the insurer. After a lengthy discovery period, Progressive moved for 

summary judgment in early 2015. Plaintiff opposed, arguing that defendant had violated 

subsections 3, 4, 6, and 14 of the KUCSPA. The district court granted summary judgment in 

favor of Progressive, ruling that plaintiff did not establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to 

whether the insurer’s actions rose to the level of bad faith under Kentucky law. Plaintiff appeals. 

II.

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Moran v. Al Basit 

LLC, 788 F.3d 201, 204 (6th Cir. 2015). Although Kentucky substantive law applies here 

pursuant to Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 79 (1938), “a federal court sitting in diversity 

uses the federal standard for summary judgment.” Tompkins v. Crown Corr, Inc., 726 F.3d 830, 

837 n.4 (6th Cir. 2013). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is 

appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the 

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

When considering whether to grant summary judgment, all reasonable inferences must be

made in favor of the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 

U.S. 574, 587 (1986). However, “not every issue of fact or conflicting inference presents a 

genuine issue of material fact.” Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1477 (6th Cir. 

1989). The central issue, therefore, is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement 

to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a 

matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251–52 (1986). 

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III.

Kentucky recognizes third-party statutory bad faith claims against insurers under the 

KUCSPA. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Reeder, 763 S.W.2d 116, 118 (Ky. 1988). But, the 

threshold standard for stating such a claim is “high indeed.” United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v. Bult,

183 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Ky. Ct. App. 2003). In general, the KUCSPA “is intended ‘to protect the 

public from unfair trade practices and fraud’ and ‘imposes what is generally known as the duty 

of good faith and fair dealing owed by an insurer to an insured[.]’” Phelps v. State Farm Mutual 

Auto. Ins. Co., 736 F.3d 697, 703 (6th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). The statute fundamentally 

requires that “a good faith attempt be made to effectuate a prompt, fair and equitable 

settlement[.]” Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Glass, 996 S.W.2d 437, 454 (Ky. 1999). The KUCSPA 

applies during litigation. Knotts v. Zurich Ins. Co., 197 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Ky. 2006). Thus, 

under Kentucky law, an insurer owes a duty of good faith both to the insured and to the party 

suing the insured. See Knotts, 197 S.W.3d at 517; see also Reeder, 763 S.W.2d at 118. 

Specifically, the KUCSPA prohibits insurers from engaging in any one of 14 unfair 

practices. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.12–230. In this case, plaintiff alleges that defendant violated the 

following subsections: 

(3) Failing to adopt and implement reasonable standards for the prompt 

investigation of claims arising under insurance policies; 

(4) Refusing to pay claims without conducting a reasonable investigation based 

upon all available information; 

* * *

(6) Not attempting in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair and equitable 

settlements of claims in which liability has become reasonably clear; [and] 

* * *

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(14) Failing to promptly provide a reasonable explanation of the basis in the 

insurance policy in relation to the facts or applicable law for denial of a claim or 

for the offer of a compromise settlement[.] 

Id. Mere technical violations of the statute do not in and of themselves constitute bad faith. 

Wittmer v. Jones, 864 S.W.2d 885, 890 (Ky. 1993). 

This is because, “[b]efore [a] cause of action [under the KUCSPA] exists in the first 

place, there must be evidence sufficient to warrant punitive damages,” which requires proof that 

is “sufficient for the jury to conclude that there was conduct that is outrageous, because of the 

defendant’s evil motive or his reckless indifference to the rights of others.” Id. (internal citation 

and quotation marks omitted). Moreover, “[m]ere negligent failure to settle within the policy 

limits or errors of judgment are insufficient to constitute bad faith.” Motorists, 996 S.W.2d at 

451 (citation omitted). Even evidence of a “failure to pay a claim in timely fashion” or 

“[i]nadvertence, sloppiness, or tardiness will not suffice; instead, the element of malice or 

flagrant malfeasance must be shown.” Bult, 183 S.W.3d at 186. Plaintiff has not put forth 

sufficient evidence to satisfy this stringent threshold standard. 

1.

Although plaintiff argues that defendant violated four separation subsections of the 

KUCSPA, the gravamen of plaintiff’s complaint focuses on subsection 6. Ky. Rev. Stat. 

§ 304.12–230(6). Plaintiff argues that defendant’s settlement offer was not made in good faith 

because defendant knew plaintiff would not release and indemnify Yonts while plaintiff’s civil 

action was pending, and yet defendant did not try to compromise by suggesting different terms. 

Progressive maintains that its duty was to protect its insured from an excess judgment while 

attempting in good faith to settle the claim, not simply to pay the policy limit. 

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Defendant has the better of the argument. Progressive began considering a settlement 

offer as soon as Yonts’s criminal conviction established he was the driver responsible for 

Shaheen’s death. When plaintiff demanded the full and unconditional payment of the policy 

limit, Progressive offered the $250,000 within a month, but in exchange for the full release and 

indemnification of its insured. In doing do, Progressive struck a balance between its competing 

duties of good faith—it made plaintiff an offer of the full policy limit in an attempt to settle the 

claim once “liability ha[d] become reasonably clear” while also protecting the interests of its 

insured by conditioning payment on a full release. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.12–230(6). 

Kentucky law requires nothing more. The statute mandates that insurers make a good 

faith effort to reach a “fair and equitable” settlement of a claim “in which liability has become 

reasonably clear”—not simply to pay on such a claim. Id. Typically, a settlement results in the 

resolution and release of claims against a party. See Settlement, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th 

ed. 2014) (“An agreement ending a dispute or lawsuit.”). In this case, unconditionally paying 

plaintiff the full policy limit would have settled nothing, as Yonts would have remained a 

defendant indefinitely in plaintiff’s civil action and vulnerable to an excess judgment. 

And as the Supreme Court of Kentucky explained in Motorists, an insurer owes a duty to 

its insured “to protect him from a potential excess judgment” and can do so by “obtaining from 

[the claimant] a release of all claims against [the insured] in exchange for the payment of a 

liability settlement.” 996 S.W.2d at 453 (citations omitted). Plaintiff’s own expert witness, 

Dennis Boozer, acknowledged at his deposition that Progressive has “the obligation to their 

insured to attempt to get a release” and he thus did not “fault Progressive for offering policy 

limits in exchange for a release [because] that’s protecting their insured.” 

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Plaintiff asserts generally that defendant should have explored and offered alternative 

conditions of payment, such as a limited release or a covenant not to sue, but points to no 

authority requiring defendant to do so. Subsection 304.12–230(4), upon which plaintiff relies in 

this respect, “only requires that payment of a claim not be refused without conducting a 

reasonable investigation based on all available information[.]” Motorists, 996 S.W.2d at 454. 

This subsection speaks to an insurer’s obligation to reasonably investigate whether to pay a 

claim, not how to pay it. 

Here, plaintiff does not argue that Progressive’s investigation of the underlying merits of 

his claim was unreasonable, or even that Progressive refused to pay the claim. Plaintiff suggests 

instead that defendant should have given him more options regarding the condition of payment, 

even if such options would have neither provided the same degree of liability protection for its 

insured nor relieved Progressive of its duty to defend him; and while that may have resolved the 

claim sooner, subsection 4 of the KUCSPA creates no such duty. Even if it did, there is no 

evidence that defendant’s failure to propose alternative conditions of payment betrayed any 

malicious intent or evil motive. 

Moreover, plaintiff had always demanded more than Progressive could offer. In his first 

demand letter, plaintiff made clear that he was seeking damages in excess of the policy limit. 

Plaintiff reiterated his position in his second letter. After being reminded by Yonts’s defense 

counsel that Progressive’s offer was still on the table, plaintiff again stated that the coverage was 

“grossly insufficient to cover the damages” and asserted that no settlement was possible unless 

“a substantial contribution is made (by the family, I presume) above policy limits.” Progressive 

could not pay more than the policy limit, nor could it control whether or how much Yonts’s

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family would contribute. In sum, it is not “bad faith to refuse a demand to settle for a sum in 

excess of the policy limits.” Motorists, 996 S.W.2d at 453 (citation omitted). 

Progressive thus had a reasonable basis for insisting on a full release and indemnification 

for its insured rather than just paying the policy limit or offering a less protective condition of 

payment. 

To the extent plaintiff argues that defendant, in bad faith, delayed making an offer or 

payment, we are not persuaded. Mere delay “does not amount to outrageous conduct” resulting 

in a finding of bad faith “absent [evidence of] some affirmative act of harassment or deception.” 

Motorists, 996 S.W.2d at 452. In other words, there must be sufficient evidence to support “a 

reasonable inference that the purpose of the delay was to extort a more favorable settlement or to 

deceive the [claimant] with respect to the applicable coverage.” Id. at 453 (emphasis added).

Here, there is no evidence of any affirmative act of harassment on Progressive’s part. 

Nor is there any evidence from which to infer that Progressive deceived plaintiff or delayed 

paying him in order to extort a more favorable settlement. Indeed, defendant offered the full 

$250,000 promptly in response to plaintiff’s request. Although plaintiff suggests that 

Progressive had all the facts it needed to evaluate and settle his claim only two days after the 

accident, presumably based on media reports, “[i]t certainly is not bad faith for an insurance 

company to undertake a full investigation, even if it believes it knows the facts.” Baymon v. 

State Farm Ins. Co., 257 F. App’x 858, 863 (6th Cir. 2007) (applying Kentucky law). 

Nor does our decision in Phelps help plaintiff, as he contends. In Phelps, our court found 

sufficient evidence of lowball offers, delay tactics, and questionable claims-handling practices to 

meet the threshold inquiry. Specifically, we took issue with the defendant’s initial $25,000 offer 

because it did not reasonably account for the plaintiff’s pain and suffering and was only slightly 

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above the low end of the defendant’s evaluation of the claim. 736 F.3d at 705. Moreover, the 

defendant unreasonably delayed payment by not making an initial claim valuation until it 

reviewed related medical records while making no effort to obtain those records for at least six 

months. Id. at 705–06. The defendant also repeatedly refused to disclose the policy limits or 

increase its offer without documentation of additional damages, changed claims adjusters four 

times without reason, and did not include facts in the claim file that would support a jury verdict 

in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. at 706–07. Here, there is no evidence that Progressive made lowball 

offers, arbitrarily changed claims adjusters, undervalued the claim, disputed the value of the 

claim, failed to include certain facts in its claim file, withdrew its offer to pay the policy limit, or 

tried to deceive plaintiff regarding the policy limit. Progressive’s conduct clearly does not rise to 

the level of the tactics and practices condemned in Phelps, and thus the circumstances of these 

cases are factually distinguishable. 

Progressive made a fair and equitable settlement offer in light of its competing duties and 

held that offer open indefinitely. Plaintiff could have accepted at any time, but made a strategic 

decision to pursue his civil claims against Yonts and the other defendants. Settlement 

negotiations can involve delays and challenges, but an insurer’s conduct must be outrageous to 

constitute bad faith—even evidence of a “negligent failure to settle within the policy limits,” 

“errors of judgment,” Motorists, 996 S.W.2d at 451 (citation omitted), or a “failure to pay a 

claim in timely fashion” is not enough, Bult, 183 S.W.3d at 186. Here, there is simply no 

evidence from which to reasonably infer that Progressive, by conditioning payment of the full 

policy limit on a full release and indemnification of its insured, was outrageous, recklessly 

indifferent to plaintiff’s rights, or motivated by any malicious intent. 

2.

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Plaintiff alleges two other “technical” KUCSPA violations in support of his position that 

defendant’s conditional settlement offer was made in bad faith. First, defendant violated 

subsection 14, requiring insurers to “promptly provide a reasonable explanation” for denying a 

claim, by not responding to his April 27, 2007, letter or explaining the basis of its offer. Second, 

defendant violated subsection 3, requiring insurers to “adopt and implement reasonable standards 

for the prompt investigation of claims,” by failing to notify plaintiff when it supposedly made a 

liability decision on January 12, 2007, for not writing a more elaborate response to plaintiff’s 

first demand letter, and for transferring the claims file to the legal department in April 2007 

without first allowing the claims representative to consult with anyone in that department. 

In short, plaintiff accuses defendant of not following some of its own policies to the 

letter. Plaintiff relies on Boozer’s expert report and deposition testimony to establish that these 

actions constitute bad faith. Much of Boozer’s report, however, speaks in conclusory fashion to 

plaintiff’s position that defendant unfairly conditioned payment on the release and 

indemnification of its insured. At his deposition, Boozer specifically faulted defendant only for 

not making a settlement offer earlier in the process, and for not also considering “making a 

payment without a release.” 

In light of our discussion above, we agree with the district court that Boozer’s reports and 

testimony do not reveal any conscious wrongdoing or recklessness on defendant’s part. Even if 

Boozer’s report and testimony were enough to show Progressive violated certain provisions of 

the KUCSPA, plaintiff must still satisfy Kentucky’s threshold standard for bad faith claims

against insurers. Plaintiff, however, has not, and nothing in Boozer’s testimony or reports 

establishes otherwise. Bad faith “is not simply bad judgment. It is not merely negligence. It 

imports a dishonest purpose of some moral obliquity. It implies conscious doing of wrong [and] 

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[i]t partakes of the nature of fraud.” Matt v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 798 F. Supp. 429, 433 (W.D. 

Ky. 1991), aff’d 968 F.2d 1215 (6th Cir. 1992). Boozer’s criticisms may indicate areas where 

Progressive could improve its claims practices, but such evidence is an insufficient foundation 

upon which a jury could premise a finding of bad faith. 

Under Kentucky law, an insurer must balance competing duties of good faith owed to its 

insured and to the party suing its insured. Plaintiff would have us upset this balance in his favor. 

We decline to do so in this case because, on the whole, plaintiff has not put forth enough 

evidence to support a reasonable inference that Progressive’s conduct was so egregious that 

plaintiff is entitled to punitive damages. See Bult, 183 S.W.3d at 186 (“Absent such evidence of 

egregious behavior, [a] tort claim predicated on bad faith may not proceed to a jury.”). Summary 

judgment in favor of Progressive was proper. 

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

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