Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca5-09-40532/USCOURTS-ca5-09-40532-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Buchanan
Appellee
Douglas Gregory
Appellee
Virginia Hensel
Appellee
Christopher Holman
Appellee
Loyd Massey
Appellee
Jody McCreary
Appellant
Francis Sweeney
Appellee

Document Text:

Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not *

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.

R. 47.5.4.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 09-40532

Summary Calendar

JODY MCCREARY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

WARDEN LOYD MASSEY; LIEUTENANT CHRISTOPHER HOLMAN;

SERGEANT DOUGLAS GREGORY; SERGEANT FRANCIS SWEENEY;

VIRGINIA HENSEL; PA BUCHANAN,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

USDC No. 6:08-CV-91

Before DAVIS, SMITH, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:*

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

February 17, 2010

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

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Jody McCreary brought claims of deliberate indifference and/or excessive

use of force pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against various officials of the Texas

prison system. The district court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment. McCreary appeals and moves for appointment of counsel and to allow attachments to his appellate brief. We AFFIRM in part, VACATE in part, and

REMAND. 

I.

McCreary appeals pro se and in forma pauperis. We review a summary

judgment de novo. Machinchick v. P.B. Power, Inc., 398 F.3d 345, 350 (5th Cir.

2005). Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Hart v. Hairston, 343 F.3d 762, 764 (5th Cir. 2003). 

II.

McCreary alleges excessive use of force and deliberate indifference in four

instances in which his left arm was taken out of a sling and handcuffed behind

his back, causing his shoulder to dislocate because of a pre-existing condition.

The core inquiry in an Eighth Amendment excessive use of force claim is “whether force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or

maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7

(1992). A plaintiff must allege and prove “unnecessary and wanton infliction of

pain.” Id. at 5. A court may consider “the need for application of force, the relationship between that need and the amount of force used, the threat reasonably

perceived by the responsible officials, and any efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful response.” Id. at 7.

Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs is an Eighth

Amendment violation and states a cause of action under § 1983. Estelle v. Gam-

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ble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-07 (1976). The decision of security personnel to force an

inmate to engage in activity they know may aggravate a serious physical ailment

would constitute deliberate indifference. Jackson v. Cain, 864 F.2d 1235, 1246

(5th Cir. 1989). Deliberate indifference requires a showing that defendants

(1) were aware of facts from which an inference of excessive risk to the prisoner’s

health or safety could be drawn and (2) actually drew an inference that such potential for harm existed. Herman v. Holiday, 238 F.3d 660, 664 (5th Cir. 2001).

III.

A.

The first incident occurred on May 30, 2007, and involved Lt. Christopher

Holman. McCreary was in administrative segregation, awaiting a hearing. Prison policy requires inmates to be handcuffed during transport to the hearing.

The normal procedure is to handcuff the arms behind the back unless a prisoner

has a front-handcuff pass. Prisoners do not keep passes on their person; instead,

they are kept on record with the medical unit. McCreary was wearing a sling

and asked Holman to handcuff his arms in front, insisting he had a pass. Holman stated in his affidavit that he called medical personnel and was told that

McCreary did not have a front-handcuff pass. Holman then told McCreary that

he could not attend the hearing unless he was handcuffed behind his back. McCreary complied, causing his shoulder to dislocate. 

This first incident does not amount to excessive use of force or deliberate

indifference. McCreary had to be handcuffed to attend the hearing, and there

is no evidence that he had a front-handcuff pass. These facts do not amount to

unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain, so there is insufficient evidence to

create an issue of material fact.

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B.

The second incident was on June 11, 2007, in the course of another transfer from administrative segregation to a hearing, this time involving Sgt. Francis

Sweeney. McCreary was wearing a sling and insisted he had a sling pass. Sweeney called medical personnel and was informed that McCreary did not have a

front-handcuff pass. Again, McCreary complied and allowed Sweeney to handcuff him behind his back so that he could attend the hearing, which caused his

shoulder to dislocate. On these facts, summary judgment was appropriate. The

record shows that McCreary obtained a front-cuff pass on June 11 but does not

establish whether the pass was in effect when Sweeney called the medical unit.

There is no evidence that Sweeney acted in disregard of McCreary’s pass with

the malicious intent to harm.

C.

The third incident occurred on June 22, 2007, and once again involved

Holman. The facts are in material dispute. Holman stated in his affidavit that

McCreary threw an unknown liquid onto Officer Hernandez. When an inmate

assaults an officer, the inmate is immediately secured, then prison officials inquire whether the inmate has a medical pass. In accordance with these procedures, Holman ordered McCreary to be handcuffed behind his back while his cell

was searched. Holman avers that he then checked with medical personnel but

was told McCreary did not have a front-handcuff pass. Holman argues that pursuant to that information, he followed medical and security procedures and continued to secure McCreary with his arm behind his back.

McCreary controverts Holman’s account. In his opposition to summary

judgment, McCreary stated that he had a front-handcuff pass on June 22. The

record reveals that to be true. R. 251. The record also contains a handwritten

note from K. Wardell to Lt. Holman on June 13 in which Wardell informed Hol-

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man that McCreary had a front-handcuff pass. R. 248. The note states, “Lt.

Holman, I [checked] all the way back to 4-29-07. This is the 1st order for front

pass. It expires 7-11-07. K. Wardell.” R. 248. The note was written at the bottom of a printed email in which a prison official had ordered a front-cuff pass for

McCreary. 

The district court did not address this evidence, despite that McCreary, in

his opposition to summary judgment, stated that evidence in the record showed

he had a front-cuff pass on June 22. McCreary also objected on the ground that

Holman had failed to state which member of medical personnel told him that

McCreary was not on the pass list. Thus, district court failed to address McCreary’s objections or the relevant evidence; instead, it treated Holman’s contested affidavit as established fact. 

The note personally addressed to Holman creates a genuine issue of material fact, because it suggests Holman may have known that McCreary had a

front-handcuff pass at the time of the June 22 incident. Holman avers that the

medical unit informed him that McCreary did not have a pass, but Holman has

not established the source of that misinformation, and the record does not contain evidence from medical personnel that supports Holman’s version. The factual dispute as to Holman’s knowledge affects whether Holman acted in good

faith and is therefore material to the excessive-use-of-force claim and to the issue

of deliberate indifference.

D.

The last incident arose out of an argument with Sgt. Douglas Gregory on

January 25, 2008, in the prison dining area. Gregory stated that McCreary was

using his shirt as a makeshift sling and had his left arm inside his shirt. Gregory insisted that McCreary put his left arm through his shirt sleeve. As a general matter, prisoners are not allowed to place their arms inside their shirts be-

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cause of the risk that they could hide contraband and weapons. According to

Gregory, McCreary was not wearing a proper sling, became argumentative, and

created a security problem. Gregory restrained McCreary and handcuffed him

behind his back. He then allegedly called medical personnel, who informed him

that McCreary did not have a front-cuff pass.

McCreary’s account differs significantly. He stated that he was not using

his shirt as a makeshift sling but was rather wearing a proper medically-issued

sling. He could not put his arm through his shirt sleeve, because it was too painful to move his arm, so he asked Gregory to send him to the medical unit for help

in putting his arm through his sleeve. He informed Gregory that he had a medical pass for his sling and that his shoulder was severely injured. Gregory then

became agitated, grabbed McCreary by the shoulder, forced his arm behind his

back, and caused the shoulder to dislocate. 

McCreary has filed a verified complaint whose allegations contradict Gregory’s version of the facts. “On summary judgment, factual allegations set forth

in a verified complaint may be treated the same as when they are contained in

an affidavit.” Hart, 343 F.3d at 765. McCreary’s allegations support a claim of

deliberate indifference against Gregory. 

A genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Gregory dislocated

McCreary’s shoulder with knowledge of his serious physical ailment. We recognize that prison officers at times must use force to maintain order and that that

need is heightened where an inmate’s unruliness may create a general disturbance. We take no position as to whether Gregory used excessive force or acted

with deliberate indifference. The district court on remand should establish the

relationship between the need for force and the amount used in this incident,

any threat that Gregory could have reasonably perceived, and any efforts made

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 McCreary states that as a G5 prisoner, he was not allowed to eat with the general 1

population and that all G5 offenders stay on close custody during meals and are strip-searched

before they leave their cell for breakfast. The district court on remand should consider, inter

alia, those facts in assessing the amount of force that was appropriate and the threat that

Gregory reasonably could have perceived.

7

to temper the severity of the forceful response. 

1

IV.

For the reasons stated, the summary judgment as to the events of May 30

and June 11, 2007, is AFFIRMED. The judgment is VACATED as to June 22,

2007 and January 25, 2008, and this matter is REMANDED for further proceedings. The motions for appointment of counsel and to allow attachments are

DENIED. 

We express no view on what decisions or ultimate rulings the district court

should make on remand. Also, we do not address defendants’ claim of qualified

immunity. The issues we have addressed go to the first prong of the qualifiedimmunity analysis, which is whether there was a constitutional violation in the

first place. Where there is a violation, the defendants, in their individual capacities, still have an opportunity to assert that the constitutional right was not

clearly established at the time or that their conduct was not objectively unreasonable. 

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