Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_23-cv-01078/USCOURTS-azd-2_23-cv-01078-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Conley 360 LLC
Counter Defendant
Devon Shuster
Plaintiff
Jason Shuster
Plaintiff
Torrey Pines Development Group LLC
Counter Claimant

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Conley 360 LLC,

Plaintiff,

v. 

Torrey Pines Development Group LLC,

Defendant.

No. CV-23-01078-PHX-GMS

ORDER 

Torrey Pines Development Group LLC,

Counter Claimant, 

v. 

Conley 360 LLC,

Counter Defendant.

Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion for Leave to File Third-Party 

Complaint (Doc. 45), Defendant’s Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 60), and Plaintiff’s Rule 41 

Motion to Dismiss Its Own Complaint with Prejudice and Strike Its Own Answer (Doc. 

61). The Court heard oral argument on Defendant’s Motion for Leave and Motion for 

Sanctions on January 10, 2025. For the reasons below, the Court grants both of 

Defendant’s Motions. As to Plaintiff’s Rule 41 Motion to Dismiss, the Court grants the 

parties an opportunity to submit supplemental briefing.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff and Counterclaim Defendant Conley 360, LLC (“Conley”) contracted in 

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December 2020 with Defendant and Counterclaimant Torrey Pines Development Group, 

LLC (“Torrey Pines”) to provide interior design, project management, on-site and 

installation services, and merchandise for a senior living facility in Juneau, Alaska 

developed by Torrey Pines. (Doc. 1-4 at 3). On May 11, 2023, Conley asserted breachof-contract, anticipatory repudiation, and breach of good faith and fair dealing claims 

arising from the Design Services and Merchandise Agreement (the “Agreement”) with 

Torrey Pines. (Doc. 1-4 at 3). In its Complaint, Conley alleges that, although Conley was 

ready to ship and install merchandise according to the Agreement, Torrey Pines’s failure 

to provide forms required by the Agreement resulted in project delays. (Doc. 1-4 at 4-5). 

Conley further alleged that Torrey Pines’s counsel communicated that Torrey Pines did not 

intend to comply with the Agreement, including payment of additional amounts due to 

Conley. (Id. at 5). On June 22, 2023, Torrey Pines filed an Answer and Counterclaim, 

asserting breach of contract, breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust 

enrichment, conversion, and fraudulent misrepresentation. (Doc. 7). Torrey Pines asserts 

that Torrey Pines had performed according to the Agreement and that Conley intentionally 

withheld information and mislead Torrey Pines, which resulted in Torrey Pines being 

forced to engage another supplier and miss the planned opening date. (Doc. 7 at 21-22). 

Discovery commenced July 2023. The Court initially ordered discovery due by 

February 9, 2024 (Doc. 35); however, in January 2024, the Court granted Conley’s request 

to modify the Scheduling Order to close discovery on March 15, 2024. (Doc. 37). On 

February 16, 2024, Torrey Pines filed a Motion for Leave to File Third-Party Complaint 

against Conley’s Chief Executive Officer, Jason Shuster, and President, Devon Shuster 

(together, the “Shusters”), alleging fraudulent misrepresentation and alter ego liability. 

(Doc. 45). Torrey Pines asserts that discovery responses and production reveal the Shusters 

“personally participated in fraudulently misrepresenting Conley’s ability to perform under 

the parties’ [Agreement],” and as such, requests leave to join the Shusters as counterclaim 

defendants and assert the additional claims against them. (Doc. 45 at 2). On May 16, 2024, 

Torrey Pines filed a Motion for Sanctions due to Conley’s spoliation of correspondence, 

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spoliation of purchase information, and failure to produce its QuickBooks financial 

information. (Doc. 60 at 1-2). Torrey Pines additionally seeks attorney fees. (Id.). Both 

Motions are fully briefed by the parties. 

On May 22, 2024, Conley filed a Rule 41 Motion to Dismiss Its Own Complaint 

with Prejudice and Strike Its Own Answer. (Doc. 61). Specifically, Conley asks the Court 

to accept dismissal with prejudice and accepts that the Court will enter judgment against it 

in favor of Torrey Pines on both of Conley’s claims and Torrey Pines’s counterclaims. (Id.

at 2). 

DISCUSSION

I. Torrey Pines’s Motion for Leave to File Third-Party Complaint

a. Legal Standard

Rule 13(h) authorizes joinder of parties pursuant to Rules 19 and 20. With regard 

to permissive joinders, Rule 20 “is to be construed liberally in order to promote trial 

convenience and to expedite the final determination of disputes, thereby preventing 

multiple lawsuits.” League to Save Lake Tahoe v. Tahoe Reg’l Plan. Agency, 558 F.2d 

914, 917 (9th Cir. 1977); see also United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 

724 (1966) (“Under the Rules, the impulse is toward entertaining the broadest possible 

scope of action consistent with fairness to the parties; joinder of claims, parties and 

remedies is strongly encouraged.”). Rule 20(a) imposes two requirements for the 

permissive joinder of defendants: “(1) a right to relief must be asserted by, or against, each 

plaintiff or defendant relating to or arising out of the same transaction or occurrence or 

series of transactions or occurrences; and (2) some question of law or fact common to all 

parties must arise in the action.” Desert Empire Bank v. Ins. Co. of N. America, 623 F.2d 

1371, 1375 (9th Cir. 1980). 

b. Analysis

Torrey Pines’s claims against the Shusters as a counterclaim defendant satisfy the 

two, Rule 20(a) requirements. See Desert Empire Bank, 623 F.2d at 1375. First, Torrey 

Pines’s claims against both the Shusters and Conley arose out of the same series of 

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occurrences. That is, Conley’s alleged nonperformance, intentionally withholding 

information and misleading Torrey Pines, and refusal to answer requests for assurances 

arises out of the same occurrences as the Shusters alleged intentional omission of 

information and misrepresentations in furtherance of Conley’s business and personal 

benefit. (Doc. 7 at 21-22; Doc. 45-1 at 25-26). Second, Torrey Pines’s action against both 

defendants raise questions of law and fact common to both parties. It is in the interest of 

expediency and convenience to join the Shusters as defendants to Torrey Pines’s

counterclaims. See League to Save Lake Tahoe, 558 F.2d at 917. 

Conley asserts that the Court must deny the Motion because the proposed 

counterclaim amendments are futile. See Saul v. U.S., 928 F.2d 829, 843 (9th Cir. 1991)

(“A court may deny leave to amend where the amendment would be futile or subject to 

dismissal.”). Torrey Pines’s fraud claims are not futile and, therefore, the Motion is denied. 

See Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding 

leave to amend should be “freely given when justice so requires” and that that policy should 

“be applied with extreme liberality”). 

Finally, Torrey Pines demonstrated “good cause” to join the Shusters as 

counterclaim defendants. See AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Dialysist West, Inc. 465 F.3d 

946, 952 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that where parties do not file their motion to leave within 

the deadline set by the court, they must “satisfy the more stringent ‘good cause’ showing 

required under Rule 16”) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 16(b)(4)). The good cause inquiry 

focuses on the moving party’s reasons for seeking modification; however, the inquiry 

should end if the moving party was not diligent. Kamal v. Eden Creamery, LLC, 88 F.4th 

1268, 1277 (9th Cir. 2023). Torrey Pines acted diligently. Further, as discussed later in 

this Order, Conley has obstructed discovery, indicating any delay caused by the Court 

granting Torrey Pines’s Motion for Leave would not prejudice Conley, as Conley itself has 

delayed discovery in this lawsuit. 

Thus, Torrey Pines has established good cause to seek amendment of its

Counterclaim, and Torrey Pines’s Motion to Leave to amend its counterclaims is granted. 

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II. Torrey Pines’s Motion for Sanctions

a. Spoliation of Electronically Stored Information 

Torrey Pines asserts that Conley failed to preserve two sets of discoverable 

information: (1) correspondence with various vendors used for the project at issue in this 

case (the “Juneau Project”) and (2) purchase information relating to the Juneau Project. 

(Doc. 60 at 1-2). Torrey Pines seeks both to prohibit Conley from making arguments 

related to its interaction with its vendors under Rule 37(e)(1) and to infer that such 

evidence, if it existed, would tend to favor Torrey Pines under Rule 37(e)(2). 

Rule 37(e) applies when electronically stored information (“ESI”) “that should have 

been preserved in the anticipation or conduct of litigation is lost because a party failed to 

take reasonable steps to preserve it, and it cannot be restored or replaced through additional 

discovery.” Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp., LLC, 95 F.4th 730, 734-34 (9th Cir. 2024). The 

party seeking sanctions under Rule 37(e) must, as a threshold duty, show that ESI is lost 

and should have been preserved. See FED. R. CIV. P. 37(e) 2015 Advisory Committee’s 

Note. The Court “may order measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice.” 

FED. R. CIV. P. 37(e)(1). Where the Court finds “that the party acted with the intent to 

deprive another party of the information’s use in the litigation,” the Court may make an 

adverse inference or default judgment. Id. at 37(e)(2). 

Conley does not dispute that it failed to preserve all of its emails with vendors 

related to the Juneau Project—emails which relate to both the timing and fulfillment of 

purchase orders, as well as alleged costs and damages. (Doc. 67 at 3) (“Conley admits that 

its employees may have deleted emails with vendors since filing suit.”). Nor does Conley 

dispute that its communications should have been preserved, (Doc. 67 at 4), and that it 

failed to take reasonable steps to preserve it. (Doc. 67 at 3-4) (“Conley’s employees utilize 

their emails to communicate about various projects and delete read emails during the 

ordinary course of business. Conley admits that its employees may have deleted emails 

with vendors since filing suit.”). Despite Torrey Pines’s efforts to replace the deleted 

correspondence by serving subpoenas on vendors that Torrey Pines believes were 

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significantly involved with Conley for the order of merchandise, (Doc. 60-3 at 58), many 

communications remain missing and undiscoverable. See Burris v. JPMorgan Chase & 

Co., 566 F.Supp.3d 995, 1011 (D. Ariz. 2021) (“[T]he court must determine whether . . . 

the ESI cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery.”) (quoting Porter v. 

City & Cnty. of S.F., No. 16-cv-03771, 2018 WL 4215602, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 5, 2018). 

The Court next turns to prejudice and intent. “The prejudice inquiry looks to 

whether the spoiling party’s actions impaired the non-spoiling party’s ability to go to trial 

or threatened to interfere with the rightful decision of the case.” Leon v. IDX Sys. Corp., 

464 F.3d 951, 959 (9th Cir. 2006). Forcing Torrey Pines to go to trial without an 

opportunity to further explore when Conley placed orders in relation to Conley’s

communications with Torrey Pines would undoubtedly prejudice Torrey Pines’s trial 

preparation. Accordingly, sanctions under Rule 37(e)(1) are authorized. 

Rule 37(e)(2) authorizes sanctions “only upon finding that the party acted with the 

intent to deprive another party of the information’s use in the litigation.” FED. R. CIV. P.

37(e)(2). “Because intent can rarely be shown directly, a district court may consider 

circumstantial evidence in determining whether a party acted with the intent required for 

Rule 37(e)(2) sanctions.” Burris, 2024 WL 1672263, at *2. Conley was on notice and 

failed to preserve relevant evidence, both before Conley filed its initial complaint and after 

litigation began. As such, a finding that Conley intentionally deleted the emails is justified. 

See Compass Bank v. Morris Cerullo World Evangelism, 104 F.Supp.3d 1040, 1051-52 

(S.D. Cal. 2015) (“A party's destruction of evidence is considered willful if the party has 

some notice that the evidence was potentially relevant to the litigation before it was 

destroyed. Once the duty to preserve attaches, a party must suspend any existing policies 

related to deleting or destroying files and preserve all relevant documents related to the 

litigation.”) (cleaned up) (internal quotations omitted); see also Jones v. Riot Hosp. Grp., 

LLC, No. cv-17-04612, 2022 WL 3682031, at * 10 (D. Ariz. Aug. 25, 2022) (finding intent 

where the spoliating party deleted text messages after the party knew or should have known 

to preserve and did not credibly explain failure to preserve). Sanctions under Rule 37(e)(1) 

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and 37(e)(2) are warranted. 

i. Sanctions

The following sanctions are appropriate as to the email communications with 

vendors.

The Court will give an instruction at trial allowing the jury to draw an adverse 

inference based on Conley’s deletion of an unknown number of communications with 

vendors. The parties should discuss the appropriate form of the instruction and include 

proposals in their submission of jury instructions for the final pretrial conference in this 

case. 

Torrey Pines will be permitted at trial to present evidence of Conley’s failure to 

preserve the communications with vendors and, at a minimum, to argue to the jury that the 

emails could have been helpful to demonstrate that “purchase orders were not sent on dates 

claimed by Conley and/or were submitted on terms that Conley did not fulfill (e.g., 

incomplete proforma terms, partial or unpaid deposits, etc.).” (Doc. 60 at 6).

b. Production of Financial Records

In its Second Set of Interrogatories and Document Requests, Torrey Pines requested 

Conley produce all of its “financial records from January 1, 2022 related to [the Juneau] 

Project, through the present, including without limitation a complete copy of QuickBooks 

or similar accounting platform.” (Doc. 60-3 at 25). Torrey Pines now requests the Court 

order Conley to produce its QuickBooks pursuant to the Protective Order.1 (Doc. 60 at 3). 

Torrey Pine’s request is granted. 

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for discovery of any relevant, nonprivileged material that is proportional to the needs of the case. See FED. R. CIV. P.

26(b)(1). Relevant information is “any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead 

to other matter that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case.” Oppenheimer 

Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978). Conley does not dispute relevance. (Doc. 

60-3 at 25). As to proportionality, Torrey Pines’s request is limited to financial records 

1 This request should have been brought as a motion to compel pursuant to Rule 

37(a)(2)(B), not a motion for sanctions. 

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related to the Juneau Project and within a limited time frame. As such, it is not overly 

broad. Contra Insight Psych. and Addiction, Inc. v. City of Costa Mesa, No. 8:20-cv00504, 2021 WL 6102425, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2021) (“[T]he Court finds that an order 

requiring the production of the entirety of Insight’s 160,000 QuickBooks entries, spanning 

8 years, without regard to whether the entries relate to operations within or outside the City 

of Costa Mesa, and without regard to the nature of any transaction or entry, would not be 

proportionate to the needs of the case.”). The Court orders Conley to produce its 

QuickBooks.

c. Attorney Fees

“Courts may award reasonable attorney fees as a sanction for discovery abuse.” 

Colonies Partners, 2020 WL 1496444, at *12 (citing Henry v. Gill Indus., Inc., 983 F.2d 

943, 946 (9th Cir. 1993)). Rule 37(e)(1) permits courts to award costs and fees associated 

with spoliation. Id. (finding attorney fees appropriate under Rule 37(e) given a finding of 

prejudice for spoliation of text messages and emails); see also RG Abrams Ins. v. Law 

Offices of C.R. Abrams, 342 F.R.D. 461, 522 (finding attorney fees available for spoliation 

under Rule 37(e)(2) upon a finding of prejudice to the party deprived of the information). 

As discussed above, Torrey Pines is prejudiced by Conley’s spoliation of communication 

with vendors. As such, the Court requires Conley to pay Torrey Pines’s attorney fees and 

costs associated with preparing for and litigating the Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 60). The 

Court grants Torrey Pines leave to file a motion for award of attorney fees and supporting 

declarations pursuant to Local Rule of Civil Procedure 54.2(b). 

III. Conley’s Rule 41 Motion to Dismiss

In light of this Order, the Court grants the parties an opportunity to submit 

supplemental briefing as to Conley’s Rule 41 Motion to Dismiss by Friday, January 31, 

2025. 

Accordingly, 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERD Torrey Pines’s Motion for Leave (Doc. 45) is granted

with leave to amend its counterclaims pursuant to this order and within seven days of the 

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date this order is filed.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Torrey Pines’s Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 60) 

is granted pursuant to this Order.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Conley produce its QuickBooks in native form 

for all entries related to the Juneau Project from January 1, 2022 through present no later 

than Tuesday, February 18, 2025.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the parties shall provide supplemental briefing on 

the outstanding Rule 41 Motion (Doc. 61) by Friday, January 31, 2025.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Torrey Pines file and serve a motion for award 

of attorney fees and related non-taxable expenses, along with a supporting memorandum 

of points and authorities within 14 days of the entry of judgment in this action, pursuant to 

LRCiv. 54.2. 

Dated this 16 day of January, 2025. 

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