Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca7-19-01135/USCOURTS-ca7-19-01135-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
William Anthony Dodds
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 19-1135

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

WILLIAM ANTHONY DODDS,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 1:17-CR-00574(1) — Manish S. Shah, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED NOVEMBER 13, 2019 — DECIDED JANUARY 13, 2020

____________________

Before BAUER, BRENNAN, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. William Dodds appeals several conditions of 

supervised release imposed as part of his sentence for passport fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1542. Dodds contends 

the challenged conditions are either unconstitutionally vague 

or lack adequate justification. But in the district court, he objected to only one of the proposed conditions and affirmatively waived any challenge to the rest. While the written 

judgment must be modified to conform one condition to the 

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oral pronouncement, in all other respects it is correct, so we

modify the written judgment and affirm the judgment as 

modified. 

I. BACKGROUND

Dodds applied for a United States passport using his 

brother’s name, birthdate, and social security number in 

place of his own because he was restricted from traveling as 

a condition of probation. He pleaded guilty to making a false 

statement in application for a passport for his own use, 

18 U.S.C. § 1542, pursuant to a written plea agreement. He 

reserved the right to appeal the validity of his plea and the 

sentence imposed. 

In its Presentence Investigation Report (PSR), the Probation Office recommended a series of supervised-release conditions, including: 

• Discretionary Condition #7: you shall refrain from 

any or ☒ excessive use of alcohol (defined as having 

a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.08%; or 

); 

• Discretionary Condition #14: you shall remain within 

the jurisdiction where you are being supervised, unless granted permission to leave by the court or a probation officer;

• Discretionary Condition #16: you shall permit a probation officer to visit you at [various places including] 

work; 

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• Discretionary alternative Condition #23: You shall 

submit your person, property, house, residence, vehicle, papers [computers as (defined in 18 U.S.C. 

1030(e)(1)), other electronic communications or data 

storage devices or media,] or office, to a search conducted by a United States Probation Officer(s). Failure 

to submit to a search may be grounds for revocation 

of release. You shall warn any other occupants that 

the premises may be subject to searches pursuant to 

this condition. 

An officer(s) may conduct a search pursuant to this 

condition only when reasonable suspicion exists that 

the defendant has violated a condition of his supervision and that the areas to be searched contain evidence of this violation. Any search must be conducted 

at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.

• Special Condition #3: You shall, if unemployed after 

the first 60 days of supervision, or if unemployed for 

60 days after termination or lay-off from employment, 

perform at least 20 hours of community service per 

week at the direction of the U.S. Probation Office until 

gainfully employed. The amount of community service shall not exceed 400 hours; 

• Special Condition #4: You shall not maintain employment where you have access to other individual’s personal information, including, but not limited to, Social 

Security numbers and credit card numbers (or 

money) unless approved by a probation officer; and 

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• Special Condition #13: if the probation officer determines that you pose a risk to another person (including an organization or members of the community), 

the probation officer may require you to tell the person about the risk, and you must comply with that instruction. Such notification could include advising the 

person about your record of arrests and convictions 

and substance use. The probation officer may contact 

the person and confirm that you have told the person 

about the risk.

Dodds filed a sentencing memorandum objecting to the 

PSR. He believed he should receive a two-level reduction for 

acceptance of responsibility, but he did not contest any of 

the recommended supervised-release conditions. He requested a below-guidelines sentence, asserting “any additional scrutiny warranted by special conditions that may be 

imposed” would “sufficiently deter” him from future 

crimes. 

At the sentencing hearing, Dodds had an opportunity to 

object to the recommended conditions of supervised release. 

When the court asked, “On behalf of the defense, do you 

agree that I can impose these conditions without reading 

them verbatim?”, counsel responded, “Oh, I agree, yes.” 

When asked if he had “reviewed the PSR with Mr. Dodds,” 

counsel said, “I have, or my staff has.” And when asked, 

“Are there any objections from the defense to any of the proposed conditions of supervised release?”, counsel stated, 

“No, sir.” 

Nevertheless, Dodds later objected when the probation 

officer requested that the court impose the search condition 

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No. 19-1135 5

recommended in the PSR. The district court noted that 

Dodds had already declined to object to any of the proposed 

conditions, but it still entertained his argument. Dodds 

stated that the condition was too “intrusive” and that if the 

government formed a belief that “he is engaging in [fraudulent] conduct,” it should obtain a search warrant. The district 

court overruled the objection, explaining: “[T]his condition 

appropriately balances the needs for reasonableness and to 

take into account Mr. Dodds’s privacy while balanced 

against the need to make sure that Mr. Dodds is not misusing identities or identity documents or engaged in financial 

wrongdoing, which his history suggests he poses some risk 

of doing.” 

Dodds was sentenced within the guidelines range to six 

months in prison and three years’ supervised release. The 

oral statement of the supervised-release conditions defined 

“excessive” alcohol consumption as “a blood-alcohol concentration greater than .08%”; in the written judgment, however, the box defining blood-alcohol concentration is not 

checked.1 Dodds now appeals, challenging all seven of the 

quoted conditions of his supervised release, most on multiple grounds.

 1 The excessive-alcohol condition in the written judgment reads: “☒ (7) 

you shall refrain from any or ☒ excessive use of alcohol (defined as 

having a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.08).”

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Waiver of Objections to the Conditions of Supervised Release 

The government argues Dodds waived review of all but 

one of the conditions because he had advance notice and an 

opportunity to object yet failed to do so. In his reply, Dodds 

argues his “failure to object to the supervised release conditions” and his challenge of “some things but not others” was 

not waiver; he also argues “any decision to forego [sic] oral 

pronouncement of the conditions” does not demonstrate a 

“targeted strategy” under United States v. Barnes, 883 F.3d 

955, 957–58 (7th Cir. 2018). In particular, Dodds denies he 

“affirmatively indicated” he gave up his objections. We disagree. 

Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known 

right. Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 138 (2009) (citing 

United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)). At the sentencing hearing, Dodds not only waived reading of the supervised-release conditions, but he also expressly stated he 

had no objections to the proposed conditions. That is an affirmative waiver, not, as Dodds suggests, omission or inaction. See Barnes, 883 F.3d at 957. Counsel later objected to the 

search condition when the probation officer brought it up. 

The court reminded counsel he had agreed to all of the conditions earlier in the hearing but still heard the objection. 

Thus, Dodds had notice that this was his final chance to object. He did not challenge any other condition. Immediately 

after imposing the conditions, the court asked counsel, “Anything further from the defense?” Counsel said, “That’s it.” 

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Further undermining Dodds’s argument that it is unfair to 

infer a waiver from mere inaction is that his conduct at sentencing suggested a deliberate strategy. See, e.g., United States 

v. Hunt, 930 F.3d 921, 925 (7th Cir. 2019) (“It can make strategic sense to focus arguments on ... important issue[s],” rather 

than “nitpicking supervised release conditions.”). Although a 

defendant does not necessarily waive a sentencing argument 

“by contesting some aspects of the PSR and not others,” 

Barnes, 883 F.3d at 957, “a more targeted strategy raises a different inference.” Here, Dodds selectively objected to the supervised-release conditions, but he also argued in his sentencing memorandum that he deserved a below-guidelines sentence, specifically because the special supervised-release conditions would deter him from other crimes. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3553(a)(2)(B). This, coupled with his affirmation that he had 

no objections to the proposed supervised-release conditions, 

constitutes waiver, not forfeiture (except with respect to the 

two conditions discussed in the next section). Therefore, we 

do not review the contested conditions for plain error. See 

Hunt, 930 F.3d at 924; see also Olano, 507 U.S. at 731–35.

Dodds also complains that United States v. Flores, 929 F.3d 

443, 450 (7th Cir. 2019), “reinvents” waiver to his detriment. 

Flores holds that in the supervised-release context, waiver occurs “when the defendant has notice of the proposed conditions, a meaningful opportunity to object, and she asserts 

(through counsel or directly) that she does not object to the 

proposed conditions, waives reading of those conditions and 

their justifications, challenges certain conditions but not the 

one(s) challenged on appeal, or otherwise evidences an intentional or strategic decision not to object.” 929 F.3d at 450. But 

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the government did not rely on Flores to support its waiver 

argument, nor did it need to. 

Further, Flores is not a sea change; it is consistent with our

precedents. See, e.g., United States v. Gumila, 879 F.3d 831, 

837-38 (7th Cir. 2018) (applying waiver where defendant objected to one aspect of PSR before sentencing hearing but did 

not object to proposed supervised-release conditions at hearing, despite having advance notice of conditions); 

United States v. Gabriel, 831 F.3d 811, 814 (7th Cir. 2016) (applying waiver where counsel confirmed at sentencing hearing 

that defendant did not wish to object to proposed supervisedrelease conditions, despite having advance notice of conditions). We note, too, that before it was issued, Flores was circulated to all judges in active service under Circuit Rule 40(e), 

and no judge voted to hear the case en banc. 929 F.3d at 450

n.1.

B. Preserved Challenges 

Dodds preserved his challenges to some aspects of two 

conditions, which we address in turn. 

1. Discretionary Condition #7 (excessive-alcohol restriction)

Dodds challenges the restriction on his “excessive” use of 

alcohol, arguing it is not justified given his history as a “social” drinker who never “misbehaved due to the influence of 

alcohol.” But he waived this argument in the district court 

by agreeing to imposition of the condition. Still, he may object to the lack of definition of “excessive” because he could 

not have predicted that the written judgment would not 

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conform to the oral pronouncement, which did define “excessive.” See United States v. Hudson, 908 F.3d 1083, 1085 (7th 

Cir. 2018); see also United States v. Gawron, 929 F.3d 473, 478 

(7th Cir. 2019). So we may order the judgment amended to 

conform to the oral pronouncement. Gawron, 929 F.3d at 478.

2. Discretionary alternative Condition #23 (Search 

and Seizure)

Dodds preserved his challenge to the intrusive nature of 

this condition, which allows a probation officer to search his 

home with reasonable suspicion that he might have violated 

any supervised-release condition. He argues the condition is 

unreasonable because it is broader than both an analogous 

search condition applied to sex offenders, see 18 U.S.C.

§§ 3583(d), 3563(b)(23), and the search condition that we vacated in United States v. Farmer, 755 F.3d 849, 854–55 (7th Cir. 

2014). We review contested conditions for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Bickart, 825 F.3d 832, 839 (7th Cir. 2016).

Dodds’s first argument appears to rest on the premise 

that imposing a condition similar to (or even broader than) 

those applicable to defendants required to register as sex offenders automatically violates § 3583(d)(3), which requires 

all conditions to be consistent with the “pertinent policy 

statements” of the Sentencing Commission. Dodds contends 

that § 5D1.3(c)(6), the standard condition allowing probation 

officers to visit a defendant at home and seize any prohibited items spotted in plain view, is the relevant policy statement. But simply pointing to a less restrictive alternative 

does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion because the district court tied the imposed condition to Dodds’s personal 

history, explaining it would ensure he “is not misusing 

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identities or identity documents or engaged in financial 

wrongdoing.” Dodds does not engage with that reasoning. 

Moreover, the imposed condition is, in fact, narrower 

than the search condition vacated in Farmer, which permitted searches conducted with law enforcement assistance and 

that required no suspicion, reasonable or otherwise. 755 F.3d 

at 854. Here, the condition requires reasonable suspicion and 

permits only searches conducted by the probation officer. 

Dodds now argues the search condition’s requirement to 

“warn any other occupants that the premises may be subject 

to searches pursuant to this condition” makes it broader 

than the condition in Farmer. But in Farmer, the imposed condition also said the defendant “shall warn other occupants 

that the premises may be subject to searches.” 735 F.3d at 

851. So, given the imposed condition’s requirement of reasonable suspicion and limitation to searches conducted by 

probation officers, it is narrower than the condition in 

Farmer. And because Dodds does not refute the district 

court’s reason for imposing it, he has not demonstrated an 

abuse of discretion. 

The other challenges to the search condition Dodds raises 

on appeal are waived because he did not present them to the 

district court. He made no procedural objection and did not 

call for further justification of the condition, so his arguments 

that the court failed to consider the relevant statutory provisions or adequately explain why it imposed this condition, see

18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(c), 3583(d)(1)–(3), are waived. Walker v. 

Groot, 867 F.3d 799, 802 (7th Cir. 2017).

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C. Whether We Should Overlook Waiver

While Dodds waived the bulk of the arguments he now 

raises, we have recognized that, in extraordinary circumstances, we may “overlook” a party’s waiver of challenges to 

supervised-release conditions. Hunt, 930 F.3d at 925; Flores, 

929 F.3d at 450. For example, in United States v. Adkins, we

overlooked an appellate waiver because a condition was so 

vague that “no reasonable person could know what conduct 

is or is not proscribed.” 743 F.3d 176, 192–93 (7th Cir. 2014) 

(reaffirming due-process exceptions to waiver of appellate review). The condition challenged must be so vague that not 

correcting it would jeopardize “fundamental fairness to the 

particular defendant” or the “fundamental legitimacy of the 

judicial process.” Adkins, 743 F.3d at 193; see also United States 

v. Campbell, 813 F.3d 1016, 1018–19 (7th Cir. 2016).

Dodds argues that a number of the discretionary and 

special release conditions in this case fall into this category.2

We disagree, and conclude that none of these challenged 

conditions implicate the fundamental constitutional liberties 

warranting the exercise of the discretion reserved in Hunt

and Flores. Accordingly, we do not overlook their waiver 

here.

 2 Discretionary Conditions #14 (travel restriction) and #16 (visitation), 

and Special Conditions #3 (community service requirement), #4 (prohibition on employment involving access to others’ personal information), 

and #13 (notifying third parties of risks).

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III. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we modify the written judgment to define the term “excessive” in Discretionary Condition #7 and 

AFFIRM the judgment as modified.

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