Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-akd-3_22-cv-00265/USCOURTS-akd-3_22-cv-00265-8/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Joshua D. Briggs
Plaintiff
Municipality of Anchorage
Defendant
Orean Yi
Defendant

Document Text:

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA 

JOSHUA D. BRIGGS, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

OREAN YI, in his personal capacity, 

et al., 

Defendants. 

Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG 

ORDER ON ALL PENDING MOTIONS 

Before the Court are four pending motions. At Docket 122 is Defendants’

Motion for Summary Judgment.1 Plaintiff Joshua Briggs responded at Docket 139; 

Defendants replied at Docket 143. At Docket 125 is Mr. Briggs’s Motion for Partial 

Summary Judgment.2 Defendants responded at Docket 138; Mr. Briggs replied at 

Docket 142. Mr. Briggs also filed a Motion to Preclude Expert Testimony at Docket 

124. Defendants responded at Docket 129; Mr. Briggs replied at Docket 133. And, 

at Docket 132, Defendants moved for an evidentiary hearing on the Motion to 

Preclude Expert Testimony; Mr. Briggs responded in opposition at Docket 135. 

Oral argument was not requested and was not necessary to the Court’s 

disposition.

1 Defendants are Anchorage Police Department Officer Orean Yi and the Municipality of 

Anchorage (the “Municipality”). 

2 See also Docket 134 (Suppl. to Mot. for Summ. J.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 1 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 2 of 45

BACKGROUND 

This case is about an incident that occurred between Defendant Anchorage 

Police Department (“APD”) Officer Yi and Mr. Briggs at a gas station on July 12, 

2022. Officer Yi described the gas station as a “hot bed” for drugs, prostitution, 

and misconduct involving weapons.3 The morning of July 12, Officer Yi was 

standing in line inside the gas station to buy a coffee.4 There were two people in 

line in front of him. Officer Yi then heard a man behind him, Mr. Briggs, say “Oh, 

it’s a pig.”5 Mr. Briggs recalled that he was then three to four feet behind Officer 

Yi.6 Mr. Briggs was holding canned energy drinks in both of his hands.

7 Officer Yi 

turned around and, in Officer Yi’s recollection, asked if he could help Mr. Briggs.

8 

Mr. Briggs disputes that Officer Yi said this, and instead remembers that Officer Yi 

said “We’re going to make a day of it.”9 In Officer Yi’s recollection, Mr. Briggs

responded with something like “You’re a fucking pig, get back in line,” to which 

Officer Yi then asked, “What’s going on?”10 At that point, according to Mr. Briggs, 

3 Docket 122-2 at 6-7 (Yi Dep.).

4 Docket 122-2 at 5-6 (Yi Dep.); Docket 122-5 at 2.

5 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.); Docket 139-2 at 2 (Briggs Dep.) (“I think I muttered under my breath, 

“Oh, look. It’s . . . another pig.”).

6 Docket 139-2 at 3 (Briggs Dep.).

7 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.); Docket 122-3 at 5 (Briggs Dep.).

8 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.).

9 Docket 139-2 at 4 (Briggs Dep.).

10 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 2 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 3 of 45

he was only “inches away” from Officer Yi and he smelled alcohol emanating from 

Officer Yi’s mouth.11 But Officer Yi recalled that he and Mr. Briggs were still three 

to four feet away at this point.12 Mr. Briggs asked him if he was drunk.

13 Officer 

Yi recalled that Mr. Briggs also asked him if he understood English.14 Officer Yi 

also recalled asking if Mr. Briggs wanted to smell him and if Mr. Briggs smelled 

alcohol.15 Officer Yi blew in Mr. Briggs’s face, and Mr. Briggs responded that he 

was going to contact Officer Yi’s supervisor.16 

There were several people behind Mr. Briggs in line at the gas station; 

Officer Yi’s report indicated that the other patrons “stopped what they were doing 

and watched”; however, at his deposition, Officer Yi testified that the other patrons

put down their items and left.17 Officer Yi decided at that point that he needed “to 

take action,” so he asked Mr. Briggs for his name.18 Mr. Briggs stated that, at that 

point, he saw that Officer Yi was “starting to become enraged” so he was “going to 

11 Docket 139-2 at 4-5 (Briggs Dep.). 

12 Docket 139-3 at 31 (Yi Dep.).

13 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.); Docket 139-2 at 6 (Briggs Dep.).

14 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.). 

15 Docket 122-2 at 8 (Yi Dep.).

16 Docket 122-2 at 8 (Yi Dep.); Docket 139-2 at 6 (Briggs Dep.).

17 Compare Docket 122-5 at 5, with Docket 122-2 at 8-9 (Yi Dep.).

18 Docket 122-2 at 9 (Yi Dep.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 3 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 4 of 45

actually leave and walk away.”19 He asked if he was being detained.20 Officer Yi 

recalled that he replied, “Yes, you are detained.”21 

Mr. Briggs described that, after Officer Yi indicated that he was going to 

detain him, Mr. Briggs told Officer Yi that he would pay for his drinks and walk 

away, but then Officer Yi stepped in front of Mr. Briggs and “chest bumped” him.22 

Officer Yi arrested Mr. Briggs, took him outside, patted him down, and placed him

in Officer Yi’s patrol car.23 After completing his paperwork, Officer Yi released Mr. 

Briggs.24 

Officer Yi also testified that, during the encounter, he twice told Mr. Briggs 

that Mr. Briggs was harassing him.25 And Officer Yi recalled that Mr. Briggs was 

“squaring off” and puffed out his chest and raised his chin.26 Officer Yi described 

that he believed Mr. Briggs was challenging him to a fight.27 Officer Yi also stated 

that Mr. Briggs’s voice was “modulating,” he was trembling, and his arms were 

19 Docket 139-2 at 6 (Briggs Dep.).

20 Docket 139-2 at 6 (Briggs Dep.).

21 Docket 122-2 at 9 (Yi Dep.).

22 Docket 139-2 at 7 (Briggs Dep.).

23 Docket 122-2 at 9 (Yi Dep.).

24 Docket 122-2 at 9-10 (Yi Dep.).

25 Docket 122-2 at 6-7 (Yi Dep.).

26 Docket 122-2 at 6 (Yi Dep.); see also Docket 139-3 at 34 (Yi. Dep.).

27 Docket 122-2 at 12 (Yi Dep.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 4 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 5 of 45

shaking.28 Officer Yi’s report indicated that Mr. Briggs “raised his voice” and 

“yell[ed]” at him.29 But Mr. Briggs recalled that he initially muttered under his breath 

and that his voice was never louder than a conversational level.30 During an 

investigatory interview in August 2022, a gas station employe—working at a 

computer behind the counter next to the register where customers were paying for 

their items—stated that he was about 15 feet away from Mr. Briggs during the 

encounter and he could not hear what Mr. Briggs was saying.

31 He stated that 

there was “no yelling.”32 There are no audio or video recordings of the encounter 

inside the gas station.33 

Officer Yi filed charges against Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct under 

Anchorage Municipal Code (“AMC”) 08.30.120(A)(2) and harassment under AMC 

08.10.110;

34 he testified at his deposition that he could have also arrested Mr. 

Briggs for assault in the fourth degree.35 At his initial appearance in state court in 

28 Docket 122-2 at 5, 12 (Yi Dep.).

29 Docket 122-5 at 5; Docket 139-3 at 23 (Yi Dep.) (“It was loud enough so everybody left the 

store.”).

30 Docket 139-2 at 2, 7 (Briggs Dep.).

31 Docket 125-8 at 10-11.

32 Docket 125-8 at 14.

33 Docket 122-10 at 3 (“Officer Yi was not wearing his remote microphone in the store.”); Docket 

122-5 at 6 (“[T]here w[as] no security footage available because there was a technician who was 

currently repairing the cameras.”).

34 Docket 122-5. 

35 Docket 122-2 at 4 (Yi Dep.). 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 5 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 6 of 45

September 2022, Mr. Briggs argued that there was no probable cause for his arrest 

for disorderly conduct and his speech was protected by the First Amendment.36 

The state court ruled from the bench that probable cause existed on the disorderly 

conduct charge because Mr. Briggs’s conduct was with reckless disregard for the 

peace and privacy of others.37 The probable cause statement included with the 

information charging Mr. Briggs with disorderly conduct and harassment was filed 

after the investigatory interview of the gas station employee occurred.

38 However, 

the probable cause statement did not include information about the interview, and 

it asserted that Mr. Briggs “continued to yell and create loud noise disturbing the 

other customers by acting disorderly.”39 The state court dismissed the harassment 

charge for lack of probable cause.40 The disorderly conduct charge was later 

dismissed for prosecutorial convenience.41

36 Docket 122-9 at ¶ 6 (Elkinton Decl.). 

37 Docket 122-9 at ¶ 6 (Elkinton Decl.). 

38 Compare Docket 122-5 at 3 (information dated September 8, 2022), with Docket 125 at 9 

(noting that the gas station employee investigatory interview was conducted on August 31, 2022).

39 Docket 122-5 at 3.

40 Docket 116 at ¶ 36; Docket 119 at ¶ 36. It is unclear when the harassment charge was 

dismissed, but the record suggests it was during the same hearing in which the state court 

assessed the disorderly conduct charge. See Docket 122-10 at 3 (“Although after being reviewed 

by the judge the harassment charge was dismissed with a finding of no probable cause, the 

disorderly conduct [charge] was allowed to proceed.”).

41 Docket 122-9 at ¶ 7 (Elkinton Decl.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 6 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 7 of 45

In December 2022, Mr. Briggs sued Officer Yi and the Municipality of 

Anchorage under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.42 Mr. Briggs’s Second Amended Complaint 

asserts claims for First Amendment retaliation, false arrest, and unreasonable 

search and seizure.43 Mr. Briggs also raises a claim against the Municipality for 

an unconstitutional failure to train and supervise and an unconstitutional practice 

and custom.

44 Mr. Briggs also seeks punitive damages against Officer Yi.45 

Defendants move for summary judgment on all of Mr. Briggs’s claims on the 

merits and alternatively argue that Officer Yi is entitled to qualified immunity.

46 Mr. 

Briggs cross-moves for partial summary judgment that Officer Yi lacked probable 

cause to arrest Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct or assault.

47 Mr. Briggs maintains 

42 Docket 1. 

43 Docket 116 at ¶¶ 41-55.

44 Docket 116 at ¶¶ 56-76, 84-93. The Second Amended Complaint also included a ratification 

theory of liability against the Municipality. Docket 116 at ¶¶ at 94-104. The Court previously found 

that “the facts in the PAC, standing alone, fail to state a plausible ratification claim because the 

PAC does not allege that the basis for the alleged constitutional violation by Officer Yi was a policy 

or practice of APD that is evidenced by the subsequent ratification of the final policymaker.” 

Docket 115 at 9-10. As such, the Court reiterates here that while Mr. Briggs is proceeding on his 

claim against the Municipality under theories of failure to train and practice and custom, he has 

inadequately pled facts supporting a ratification theory of liability in Count VIII. 

45 Docket 116 at ¶¶ at 77-79. Mr. Briggs also made a facial constitutional challenge to AMC 

08.30.120(A)(2). Docket 116 at ¶¶ 80-83. This Court previously granted Defendants summary 

judgment on that claim, finding that the ordinance was not facially unconstitutional. Docket 73 at 

25. This Court also previously dismissed Mr. Briggs’s claim for punitive damages against the 

Municipality because the Municipality is immune from punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

Docket 82 at 6.

46 Docket 122-1 at 11-21.

47 Docket 125. In his motion for partial summary judgment, Mr. Briggs also asserts that AMC 

08.30.120(A)(2) is unconstitutional as applied to Mr. Briggs. Docket 125 at 15-21. However, the 

core issue that Mr. Briggs raises is that the phrase “leaving the public place” is subject to several 

interpretations, rendering it so vague that Mr. Briggs would not know how loud he would have to 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 7 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 8 of 45

in the alternative that, even if Officer Yi hard probable cause to arrest him, the 

arrest was still retaliatory and unconstitutional because, under the circumstances, 

officers typically exercise their discretion not to make an arrest.48

JURISDICTION 

The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because this is a 

civil action with claims arising under federal law, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) directs a court to “grant summary 

judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” The burden of 

showing the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact lies with the movant.49 

If the movant meets this burden, the non-moving party must demonstrate “specific 

facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”50 The non-moving party may 

not rely on “mere allegations or denials”; rather, to reach the level of a genuine 

speak to violate the ordinance. Docket 125 at 19. That is substantively a facial challenge to the 

ordinance, which the Court has already rejected. Docket 73 at 25. Further, Mr. Briggs did not 

plead an as-applied challenge in his Second Amended Complaint, and he cannot raise a new 

legal theory on summary judgment. Christianson v. United States, 706 F. Supp. 3d 1057, 1071 

(D. Idaho 2023) (“It is impermissible to add a new claim or assert a new legal theory for the first 

time at the summary judgment stage.” (first citing Echlin v. PeaceHealth, 887 F.3d 967, 977-78 

(9th Cir. 2018); and then citing Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Serv., 535 F.3d 1058, 1080 (9th Cir. 

2008))). 

48 Docket 134 at 1. 

49 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).

50 Id. at 324 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) (1986)); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 

248 (1986).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 8 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 9 of 45

dispute, the evidence must be such “that a reasonable jury could return a verdict 

for the non-moving party.”51 When considering a motion for summary judgment, a 

court views the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draws 

“all justifiable inferences” in the non-moving party’s favor.52 

Where “[t]he parties dispute some facts necessary to decide the issue of 

qualified immunity . . . summary judgment is appropriate only if Defendants are 

entitled to qualified immunity on the facts as alleged by the non-moving party.”53 

DISCUSSION

I. Motions for Summary Judgment 

a. Retaliatory and False Arrest 

The First Amendment forbids government officials from retaliating 

against individuals for speaking out. To recover under § 1983 for such 

retaliation, a plaintiff must prove: (1) he engaged in constitutionally 

protected activity; (2) as a result, he was subjected to adverse action 

by the defendant that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from 

continuing to engage in the protected activity; and (3) there was a 

substantial causal relationship between the constitutionally protected 

activity and the adverse action.54

When the adverse action is an arrest, the causation element is generally satisfied 

only if the plaintiff “‘plead[s] and prove[s] the absence of probable cause,’ because 

51 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49 (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 

253, 288 (1968)).

52 Id. at 255 (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158-59 (1970)).

53 Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 477 (9th Cir. 2007).

54 Ballentine v. Tucker, 28 F.4th 54, 61 (9th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 9 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 10 of 45

the presence of probable cause generally ‘speaks to the objective reasonableness 

of an arrest’ and suggests that the ‘officer’s animus’ is not what caused the 

arrest.”55 

“A claim for unlawful arrest is cognizable under § 1983 as a violation of the 

Fourth Amendment, provided the arrest was without probable cause or other 

justification.”56 “There is probable cause for a warrantless arrest and a search 

incident to that arrest if, under the totality of the facts and circumstances known to 

the arresting officer, a prudent person would have concluded that there was a fair 

probability that the suspect had committed a crime.”57

Defendants move for summary judgment on the causation element of the 

First Amendment claim and on the Fourth Amendment false arrest claim, 

contending that Officer Yi had probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs for disorderly 

conduct and assault.

58 Mr. Briggs disagrees, and, in his motion for partial summary 

judgment, he asks the Court to find that there was no probable cause for his 

arrest.59 

i. State Court Probable Cause Finding 

55 Id. at 62 (quoting Nieves v. Bartlett, 587 U.S. 391, 402 (2019)).

56 Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 918 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). 

57 United States v. Struckman, 603 F.3d 731, 739 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. 

Gonzales, 749 F.2d 1329, 1337 (9th Cir. 1984)). 

58 Docket 122-1 at 11-13.

59 Docket 139 at 7-11; Docket 125 at 1.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 10 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 11 of 45

As a threshold matter, Defendants observe that, at Mr. Briggs’s arraignment 

in state court on the charges for disorderly conduct and harassment, the magistrate 

judge found that probable cause supported Mr. Briggs’s arrest for disorderly 

conduct.60 Mr. Briggs responds that the probable cause determination by the 

magistrate judge should not be given preclusive effect because collateral estoppel 

requires a final judgment on the merits and the disorderly conduct charge was later 

dismissed without an evidentiary hearing, a jury trial, a final judgment on the merits, 

or an appeal.61 

“[I]n virtually every . . . jurisdiction, it is a long-standing principle of common 

law that a decision by a judge or magistrate to hold a defendant to answer after a 

preliminary hearing constitutes prima facie -- but not conclusive -- evidence of 

probable cause.”62 “Among the ways that a plaintiff can rebut a prima facie finding 

of probable cause is by showing that the criminal prosecution was induced by 

fraud, corruption, perjury, fabricated evidence, or other wrongful conduct 

undertaken in bad faith.”63 

Here, Mr. Briggs asserts that at the state court arraignment, no evidence 

was admitted or testimony taken, and that the interview with the gas station store 

60 Docket 122-1 at 5, 11-12.

61 Docket 139 at 8-9.

62 Awabdy v. City of Adelanto, 368 F.3d 1062, 1067 (9th Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original) (citations 

omitted). 

63 Id. (citations omitted).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 11 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 12 of 45

employee was omitted from the probable cause statement.

64 The statement from 

the gas station employee is material to whether probable cause existed to charge 

Mr. Briggs with disorderly conduct, as AMC 8.30.120(A)(2) penalizes “[k]nowingly 

generat[ing a] loud noise in a public place with the intent to disturb others or in 

reckless disregard of the peace and privacy of others.” “Loud noise, in a public 

place, means noise which is loud enough to inhibit the ability of the average person 

in the same place to converse freely without leaving the public place.”65 The gas 

station employee’s statement that he could not hear what Mr. Briggs was saying 

from 15 feet away is material to the question of whether Mr. Briggs was speaking 

loud enough to inhibit an average person from conducting a conversation without 

leaving the public place. Therefore, the Court finds that Mr. Briggs has sufficiently 

rebutted the state court’s finding of probable cause, and the state court’s decision 

does not conclusively determine whether there was probable cause for purposes 

of Mr. Briggs’ retaliatory arrest claim.66 

Nor does collateral estoppel apply to the state court’s probable cause 

determination. “State law . . . governs the application of collateral estoppel to a 

64 Docket 139 at 8; Docket 125 at 9. 

65 AMC 08.30.120(B)(2).

66 See Scafidi v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 966 F.3d 960, 964 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding that 

plaintiff’s claim that “the police defendants misrepresented the results of the alleged victim’s

sexual assault exam on a warrant affidavit, manipulated the crime scene to make it look like he 

had drugged the alleged victim, and falsely accused him in the police report of having drugged 

her . . . create[d] a triable issue of material fact as to probable cause”).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 12 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 13 of 45

state court judgment in a federal civil rights action.”67 Under Alaska law, collateral 

estoppel, also known as issue preclusion, bars relitigation when four requirements 

are met:

(1) the party against whom the preclusion is employed was a party to 

or in privity with a party to the first action; (2) the issue precluded from 

relitigation is identical to the issue decided in the first action; (3) the 

issue was resolved in the first action by a final judgment on the merits; 

and (4) the determination of the issue was essential to the final 

judgment.68

“Factors supporting a conclusion that a decision is final for this purpose are ‘that 

the parties were fully heard, that the court supported its decision with a reasoned 

opinion, that the decision was subject to appeal or was in fact reviewed on 

appeal.’”69 The party asserting preclusion bears the burden of pleading and 

proving that issue preclusion applies.70

Here, as Mr. Briggs argues, Officer Yi has failed to meet his burden to show 

that, at a minimum, the third factor is satisfied.71 The probable cause determination 

on the disorderly conduct charge was made at an initial appearance hearing in 

state court. The disorderly conduct charge was dropped shortly thereafter, so 

67 Mills v. City of Covina, 921 F.3d 1161, 1169 (9th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted).

68 Powercorp Alaska, LLC v. Alaska Energy Auth., 290 P.3d 1173, 1182 (Alaska 2012) (quoting 

State, Dep't of Health & Soc. Servs., Off. of Child.’s Servs. v. Doherty, 167 P.3d 64, 71 (Alaska 

2007)).

69 Briggs v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Div. of Motor Vehicles, 732 P.2d 1078, 1082 (Alaska 1987) 

(quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 13 cmt. g (1982)).

70 See Smith v. Stafford, 189 P.3d 1065, 1075 (Alaska 2008).

71 Docket 139 at 8-9.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 13 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 14 of 45

there was no final judgment on the merits. As such, the Court finds that collateral 

estoppel does not apply to the state court’s probable cause determination. 

ii. Probable Cause 

Both Mr. Briggs and Defendants move for summary judgment on the issue 

of whether probable cause supported Officer Yi’s arrest of Mr. Briggs. Mr. Briggs 

maintains that no probable cause existed, whereas Defendants contend that 

Officer Yi had probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct and fear 

assault.

72 

Under Alaska law, 

Probable cause to arrest exists if the facts and circumstances known 

to the officer would support a reasonable belief that an offense has 

been or is being committed by the suspect . . . . Probable cause is 

determined objectively and requires only a fair probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing that such 

activity occurred.73

Disorderly conduct under AMC 08.30.120(A)(2) includes “[k]nowingly 

generat[ing a] loud noise in a public place with the intent to disturb others or in 

reckless disregard of the peace and privacy of others.” The ordinance defines 

“public place” as “a place where the public is permitted to assemble, enter or pass 

through, whether publicly or privately maintained, including but not limited to places 

of accommodation, transportation, business and entertainment, or any other place 

72 Docket 139 at 7-11; Docket 122-1 at 10.

73 Yi v. Yang, 282 P.3d 340, 345 (Alaska 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Joubert, 20 

P.3d 1115, 1118-19 (Alaska 2001). 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 14 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 15 of 45

which is not a private place.”74 And “[l]oud noise, in a public place, means noise 

which is loud enough to inhibit the ability of the average person in the same place 

to converse freely without leaving the public place.”75 

Regarding assault, “[a] person commits the crime of assault in the fourth 

degree if . . . by words or other conduct that person recklessly places another 

person in fear of imminent physical injury.”76 

[A] person acts “recklessly” . . . when the person is aware of and 

consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the 

result will occur or that the circumstance exists; the risk must be of 

such a nature and degree that disregard of it constitutes a gross 

deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person 

would observe in the situation . . . .77

“[A] person is ‘placed in fear’ of imminent injury if the person reasonably perceives 

or understands a threat of imminent injury.”78

These are the undisputed facts: on the morning of July 12, 2022, Mr. Briggs 

was standing behind Officer Yi in line for the register inside a gas station. Mr. 

Briggs held a canned drink in each hand, and there were other patrons behind Mr. 

Briggs in line. While waiting in line, Mr. Briggs called Officer Yi a “pig.” Officer Yi 

74 AMC 08.30.120(B)(3).

75 AMC 08.30.120(B)(2).

76 Alaska Stat. § 11.41.230(a)(3).

77 Alaska Stat. § 11.81.900(a)(3).

78 Hughes v. State, 56 P.3d 1088, 1090 (Ct. App. Alaska 2002) (interpreting Alaska Stat. § 

11.41.220(a)(1)(A), assault in the third degree, which provides, “A person commits the crime of 

assault in the third degree if that person recklessly places another person in fear of imminent 

serious physical injury by means of a dangerous instrument”).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 15 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 16 of 45

turned around, he and Mr. Briggs exchanged words, and Mr. Briggs asked Officer 

Yi if he was drunk. Officer Yi blew in Mr. Briggs’s face. Officer Yi handcuffed Mr. 

Briggs, escorted him out of the gas station, conducted a pat-down search, and 

placed Mr. Briggs in his patrol vehicle. 

However, several disputes of fact preclude the Court from determining 

whether Officer Yi had probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct 

or assault in the fourth degree. First, regarding disorderly conduct, the volume at 

which Mr. Briggs spoke to Officer Yi is disputed. Officer Yi recalls that Mr. Briggs 

raised his voice and yelled sufficiently loudly that patrons left their items and exited 

the gas station. Mr. Briggs insists that he was muttering under his breath and 

speaking in a normal conversational tone, and that a dispute of fact remains as to 

whether any other patron left the gas station. A gas station employee who was 

behind the counter said that he could not hear what Mr. Briggs was saying. 

Regarding assault in the fourth degree, disputes of fact remain as to whether 

Mr. Briggs’s words or conduct recklessly placed Officer Yi or anyone else in fear 

of imminent physical injury. The parties agree that Mr. Briggs was taunting Officer 

Yi —or, in Mr. Briggs’s words, “call[ing] Yi names” and “critici[zing] him.”79 But they 

dispute whether those comments support probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs for 

assault in the fourth degree. Further, Officer Yi maintains that Mr. Briggs was 

trembling and puffing his chest with his chin up, which Officer Yi stated amounted 

79 Docket 139 at 4; Docket 139-3 at 21 (Yi Dep.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 16 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 17 of 45

to a challenge to a fight.80 Mr. Briggs seems to agree that he gestured with his 

chin, but he contends that otherwise he did not pose a threat to Officer Yi.

81 Officer 

Yi could not recall if Mr. Briggs “moved towards [him] in any way.”82

Because disputes of material fact remain as to whether probable cause 

supported an arrest of Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct or assault in the fourth 

degree, the Court denies Mr. Briggs’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, and 

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to whether probable cause 

supported Officer Yi’s arrest of Mr. Briggs. 

iii. Nieves Exception 

In Nieves v. Bartlett, the plaintiff, Russell Bartlett, was attending a week-long 

winter sports festival in a remote part of Alaska.83 The festival was also associated 

with large parties and excessive alcohol consumption.84 To patrol the festival, the 

State of Alaska employed about half a dozen police officers.85 On the final night 

of the festival, the defendants—Luis Nieves and Bryce Weight—were on patrol.86 

80 Docket 139-3 at 34 (Yi Dep.)

81 Docket 139 at 4 (“Briggs did nothing more than call Yi names, stand still, and gesture with his 

chin.”); Docket 139-3 at 27 (Yi Dep.) (when asked what specific actions Mr. Briggs took that were 

aggressive, Officer Yi responded that Mr. Briggs “stood his ground, chest up, chin up, he’s 

shaking, arms to the side, giving me the 1000-yard stare”).

82 Docket 139-3 at 28 (Yi Dep.).

83 Nieves, 587 U.S. at 395.

84 Id.

85 Id.

86 Id.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 17 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 18 of 45

Nieves first encountered Bartlett at 1:30 a.m.; Nieves was asking a group of festival 

attendees to move their beer keg inside because minors had been accessing the 

keg.87 Nieves said that Bartlett told the group not to speak with the police, that he 

was drunk, and that he yelled at him.88 Bartlett disputed that account, instead 

recalling that he was not drunk and Nieves alone was aggressive.89 A few minutes 

later, Bartlett approached Weight, who had asked a minor if he had been drinking 

alcohol, and, according to Weight, Bartlet was aggressive, and yelled at him with 

slurred speech not to talk to the minor.90 Weight claimed that Bartlett then moved 

toward him in a combative manner so he pushed Bartlett back.91 Nieves saw the 

confrontation, ran over, and arrested Bartlett.92 The officers characterized Bartlett 

as slow to comply with Nieves’s orders so they forced him to the ground.93 But 

Bartlett denied being aggressive and maintained that he was slow to comply 

87 Id.

88 Id. at 395-96.

89 Id. at 396.

90 Id.

91 Id. 

92 Id.

93 Id.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 18 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 19 of 45

because he wanted to avoid aggravating a back injury.94 The officers charged 

Bartlett with disorderly conduct and resisting arrest.95

The State dismissed the criminal charges, and Bartlett sued under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1983.96 He claimed that the officers violated his First Amendment rights by 

arresting him for refusing to speak with them and for intervening in the discussion 

with the minor.

97 The district court granted summary judgment to the officers 

because the court determined there was probable cause to arrest Bartlett.98 The 

Ninth Circuit reversed.99

The Supreme Court granted certiorari to consider “whether probable cause 

to make an arrest defeats a claim that the arrest was in retaliation for speech 

protected by the First Amendment.”100 In reaching an answer—generally, yes—

the Supreme Court explained that some retaliation claims, like claims of retaliatory 

prosecution, present an inherent causation problem.

101 “It is not enough to show 

that an official acted with a retaliatory motive and that the plaintiff was injured—the 

94 Id.

95 Id.

96 Id.

97 Id. at 396-97.

98 Id. at 397.

99 Id.

100 Id. at 397-98.

101 Id. at 399-400.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 19 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 20 of 45

motive . . . must be a ‘but-for’ cause, meaning that the adverse action against the 

plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.”102 “Unlike most 

retaliation cases, in retaliatory prosecution cases the official with the malicious 

motive does not carry out the retaliatory action himself—the decision to bring 

charges is instead made by a prosecutor, who is generally immune from suit and 

whose decisions receive a presumption of regularity.”103 “To account for this 

‘problem of causation’ in retaliatory prosecution claims, [the Supreme Court]

adopted the requirement that plaintiffs plead and prove the absence of probable 

cause for the underlying criminal charge.”104 

In Nieves, the Supreme Court reasoned that a similar causation problem 

arises in retaliatory arrest claims and held that a plaintiff bringing a retaliatory arrest 

claim must generally prove the absence of probable cause for his arrest.

105 But 

the Court also held that, “[a]lthough probable cause should generally defeat a 

retaliatory arrest claim, a narrow qualification is warranted for circumstances where 

officers have probable cause to make arrests, but typically exercise their discretion 

not to do so.”106 As such, “the no-probable-cause requirement [does] not apply 

when a plaintiff presents objective evidence that he was arrested when otherwise 

102 Id. at 398-99.

103 Id. at 400.

104 Id. 

105 Id. at 401-04.

106 Id. at 406.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 20 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 21 of 45

similarly situated individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had 

not been.”107 

In Gonzalez v. Trevino, the plaintiff, Sylvia Gonzalez, was a member of the 

city council.108 As a council member, she spearheaded a petition to remove the 

city manager.109 At the end of a city council meeting where the petition was being 

discussed, the mayor asked Gonzalez for the petition.110 Gonzalez told the mayor 

that he had the petition.111 The mayor asked Gonzalez to check her binder, in 

which she found the petition.112 Gonzalez was charged under Texas’s antitampering statute which, in part, prohibited a person from intentionally “remov[ing] 

. . . a governmental record.”113 

Gonzalez sued the mayor, police chief, and private attorney who led the 

investigation into her conduct under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.114 She alleged that she 

was arrested in retaliation for coordinating the petition to remove the city manager

107 Id. at 407.

108 602 U.S. 653, 655 (2024) (per curiam). 

109 Id.

110 Id. at 656.

111 Id.

112 Id.

113 Id.

114 Id.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 21 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 22 of 45

in violation of her First Amendment rights.115 Gonzalez conceded that there was 

probable cause for her arrest, but she maintained that the Nieves exception 

applied.116 In support of that claim, she provided a survey of the preceding 

decade’s misdemeanor and felony indictments to demonstrate that no one else 

had been arrested under Texas’s anti-tampering statute for removing a 

government document.117 Rather, the charges made under that statute involved 

fake government identification documents, fake checks, hiding murder evidence, 

or cheating on government exams.118

The Supreme Court held that the evidence presented by Gonzalez could 

satisfy the Nieves exception “because the fact that no one has ever been arrested 

for engaging in a certain kind of conduct—especially when the criminal prohibition 

is longstanding and the conduct at issue is not novel—makes it more likely that an 

officer has declined to arrest someone for engaging in such conduct in the past.”119 

The Supreme Court held that the court below “took an overly cramped view of

Nieves” because it “thought Gonzalez had to provide very specific comparator 

evidence—that is, examples of identifiable people who mishandled a government 

115 Id.

116 Id. at 657.

117 Id.

118 Id. 

119 Id. at 658 (emphasis in original).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 22 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 23 of 45

petition in the same way Gonzalez did but were not arrested.”120 The Supreme 

Court vacated the appellate court’s judgment and remanded for consideration of 

whether the evidence presented by Gonzalez satisfied the Nieves exception.

121 

Mr. Briggs filed a supplement to his motion for partial summary judgment in 

support of his position that his case falls within the narrow exception from 

Nieves.

122 In the supplement, he provides copies of police reports and other 

criminal records from other APD arrests for disorderly conduct.123 Mr. Briggs 

maintains that, from 2018 to 2023, 256 people were arrested in Anchorage for 

disorderly conduct.124 Mr. Briggs’s counsel avers that he has reviewed the reports 

for all of those arrests and “found no cases where an individual was arrested under 

AMC 08.30.120(A)(2) in circumstances similar to Mr. Briggs.”125 He asserts that

“[a]ll the other cases involved far greater disturbances in scope and duration” and 

there were “no instances where a person was arrested for creating noise for a 

minute or two and then stopped when asked.”126 Further, counsel represents that, 

“[i]n nearly every case the arrestee was given a Disorderly Conduct warning before 

120 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

121 Id. at 659.

122 Docket 134 at 3-10.

123 Docket 134-1 at 3-38. 

124 Docket 134 at 5-9; see also Docket 23-1 at 4 (Elkinton Decl.) (listing 258 referrals from the 

police for charges of disorderly conduct from 2018 to 2023).

125 Docket 134-1 at ¶ 3 (Dosik Decl.). 

126 Docket 134-1 at ¶ 3 (Dosik Decl.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 23 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 24 of 45

being arrested.”127 Mr. Briggs provides five examples of other arrests for disorderly 

conduct in support of his claim that officers usually exercise their discretion and do 

not arrest others similarly situated as to Mr. Briggs: 

1. An extremely intoxicated individual was yelling obscenities 

outside his sister’s residence. Police arrived at 1:46 a.m. and gave 

him a disorderly conduct warning and left. The individual did not heed 

the warning and at 2:05 a.m. police returned and found that he had

broken his sister’s living room window. The individual continued to yell 

while being handcuffed and escorted to the patrol vehicle, despite 

multiple additional warnings.

2. At 4:46 p.m. police responded to a domestic violence call. One

woman was arrested for assault. While waiting for a female officer to 

perform a pat search, the arrestee began yell and curse loudly in front 

of several children. The police officer issued a disorderly conduct 

warning, but the arrestee continued to yell and curse loudly. 

3. At 4:40 a.m. police responded to the Sockeye Inn for disorderly

conduct complaint. From 20 feet away, the responding officer heard a 

person yelling inside the Inn. The person continued to yell and scream 

in the lobby of the Inn as she tried to explain what happened to the 

responding officer. Officer told her to stop yelling, and she did for a 

few minutes. She started again and the officer gave her a disorderly 

conduct warning. The warning had no effect and she continued to yell. 

She was then arrested for disorderly conduct. 

4. At 2:19 a.m. police responded to residence for a disturbance. A

resident said another person had assaulted her. She did not want to

press charges but wanted that person removed from the residence.

The accused was extremely intoxicated, and continually screamed

while being escorted outside. She was given a disorderly conduct

warning. She continued to scream and was charged with disorderly

conduct.

5. At 2:29 a.m. police responded to a residence for disorderly 

conduct. They contacted an intoxicated man who yelled and 

screamed during the entire contact. He was given disorderly conduct 

127 Docket 134-1 at ¶ 3 (Dosik Decl.).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 24 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 25 of 45

warnings which he ignored. The man continued to yell and scream 

while being escorted to the patrol vehicle.128 

Defendants respond that Mr. Briggs “failed to make a serious attempt at 

claiming objective evidence” that he was arrested when others not engaged in 

protected speech were not arrested for similar conduct; rather, Defendants posit 

that the hundreds of arrests for disorderly conduct show that Mr. Briggs “is not a 

‘class of one,’ unlike the plaintiff in the Gonzalez case.”129

The Court finds that the evidence offered by Mr. Briggs is like the evidence 

offered by the plaintiff in Gonzalez. Here, Mr. Briggs has shown that arrests are 

routinely made for disorderly conduct but that there is no evidence of another arrest 

in situations similar to this case. That is precisely what the plaintiff did in Gonzalez: 

she showed that others had been arrested under Texas’s anti-tampering statute 

but not in the circumstances under which she was arrested.130 Therefore, the 

evidence proffered by Mr. Briggs could support a claim that the Nieves exception 

applies. 

However, because disputes of fact remain as to the volume at which Mr. 

Briggs was speaking and the disruptive nature of his speech, at this stage the 

Court cannot determine if Mr. Briggs’s conduct is dissimilar from the conduct of 

other individuals arrested for disorderly conduct. Because Mr. Briggs moved for 

128 Docket 134 at 5-7.

129 Docket 138 at 9-10.

130 Gonzalez, 602 U.S. at 658.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 25 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 26 of 45

summary judgment as to the Nieves exception, the Court must view the evidence 

in the light most favorable to Defendants, and, according to Officer Yi, Mr. Briggs 

was yelling. As such, the Court denies Mr. Briggs’s partial motion for summary 

judgment as to the issue of whether the Nieves exception applies.

iv. Qualified Immunity 

Officer Yi asserts that he is entitled to qualified immunity on Mr. Briggs’ 

retaliatory arrest claim.131 Mr. Briggs disagrees, maintaining that disputes of 

material fact preclude a qualified immunity determination and that his right to “call 

police officers ‘pigs’” without being arrested was clearly established at the time of 

the incident.132 He contends that City of Houston v. Hill clearly established a 

“freedom of individuals verbally to oppose or challenge police action without 

thereby risking arrest.”133 And he maintains that Duran v. City of Douglas

established that “‘inarticulate and crude’ conduct that ‘represent[s] an expression 

of disapproval toward a police officer’ is ‘squarely within the protective umbrella of 

the First Amendment and any action to punish or deter such speech—such as 

stopping or hassling the speaker—is categorically prohibited by the 

Constitution.’”134

131 Docket 122-1 at 20-21; see Docket 138 at 3-8.

132 Docket 139 at 26-27.

133 Docket 139 at 27 (quoting 482 U.S. 451, 462-63 (1987)).

134 Docket 139 at 27 (alteration in original) (quoting 904 F.2d 1372, 1378 (9th Cir. 1990)).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 26 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 27 of 45

Under the doctrine of qualified immunity, “courts may not award damages 

against a government official in his personal capacity unless the official violated a 

statutory or constitutional right, and the right was clearly established at the time of 

the challenged conduct.”135 The qualified immunity analysis consists of two 

inquiries: (1) whether the facts the plaintiff alleges make out a violation of a 

constitutional right; and (2) whether that right was clearly established at the time 

the defendant acted.136 Courts may “exercise their sound discretion in deciding 

which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed 

first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.”137 “For a right to 

be clearly established, case law must ordinarily have been earlier developed in 

such a concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable 

government actors, in the defendant's place, that what he is doing violates federal 

law.”138 In assessing whether a right is clearly established, courts look to binding 

precedent of the Supreme Court or the Ninth Circuit.139 “[I]n the absence of binding 

precedent, [courts] ‘look to whatever decisional law is available to ascertain 

whether the law is clearly established’ for qualified immunity purposes, ‘including 

135 Lane v. Franks, 573 U.S. 228, 243 (2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011) 

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

136 Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc).

137 Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).

138 Shafer v. Cnty. of Santa Barbara, 868 F.3d 1110, 1117 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing White v. Pauly, 

580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017)).

139 Boyd v. Benton Cnty., 374 F.3d 773, 781 (9th Cir. 2004).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 27 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 28 of 45

decisions of state courts, other circuits, and district courts.’”140 A plaintiff generally 

“bears the burden of showing that the rights allegedly violated were clearly 

established” at the time of the incident.141 

A defendant is entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law only if, taking 

the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, he or she did not violate 

any clearly established constitutional right.142 When there are disputed factual 

issues that are necessary to a qualified immunity decision, these issues must first 

be determined by the jury before the court can rule on qualified immunity.143 

In Hill, the Supreme Court held that “the First Amendment protects a 

significant amount of verbal criticism and challenge directed at police officers,” and 

struck down a city ordinance for being substantially overbroad in violation of the 

First Amendment.144 However, because that case concerned a facial challenge to 

a city law, it does little to establish Mr. Briggs’s right to be free from an arrest by 

Officer Yi at the requisite level of specificity in this case. 

140 Id. (quoting Drummond ex rel. Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1060 (9th Cir. 

2003)).

141 Shafer, 868 F.3d at 1118 (quoting LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh, 205 F.3d 1146, 1157 (9th Cir. 2000) 

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

142 Torres v. City of L.A., 548 F.3d 1197, 1210 (9th Cir. 2008).

143 Morales v. Fry, 873 F.3d 817, 824 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Nehad v. Browder, 929 F.3d 1125, 

1140 (9th Cir. 2019). 

144 482 U.S. at 461, 466-67. 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 28 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 29 of 45

Duran also does not clearly establish the right at issue in this case. Duran

was decided in 1990, before Nieves. In the decades before Nieves, the Ninth 

Circuit had held that it was “unlawful to arrest [an individual] in retaliation for their 

First Amendment activity, notwithstanding the existence of probable cause.”145 

However, Nieves overruled that Ninth Circuit precedent “to the extent [it] held that 

a plaintiff can prevail on a First Amendment retaliatory arrest claim regardless of 

whether probable cause existed for the arrest.”146 

However, as detailed above, Nieves recognized a right to be free from an 

arrest even when there is probable cause to arrest when the reason for the arrest 

is not the disorderly conduct; rather, it is the protected speech. Although qualified 

immunity is an issue for the court, the Court believes this to be a case in which a 

special verdict on a disputed discrete fact is warranted in order to resolve a 

qualified immunity claim.

147 If a jury determines that Mr. Briggs was not yelling or 

threatening Officer Yi in the gas station, then Officer Yi lacked probable cause to 

arrest him. Further, Nieves clearly established that even if probable cause exists 

145 Ballentine, 28 F.4th at 65 (“[O]ur February 2013 decision in Ford held that by July 2007, in light 

of Skoog, it was clearly established law in this circuit that there is a ‘First Amendment right to be 

free from police action motivated by retaliatory animus, even if probable cause existed for that 

action.’” (quoting Ford v. City of Yakima, 706 F.3d 1188, 1195-96 (9th Cir. 2013))). The incident in 

Ballentine occurred in 2013, several years before Nieves was decided and when the law in this 

circuit was more clearly established. 

146 Id. at 65 n.1 (“Nieves abrogated . . . Skoog to the extent [that] case[] held that a plaintiff can 

prevail on a First Amendment retaliatory arrest claim regardless of whether probable cause 

existed for the arrest.”). 

147 See Morales, 873 F.3d at 824; Nehad, 929 F.3d at 1140. 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 29 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 30 of 45

for an arrest, a plaintiff can still prevail on a First Amendment retaliatory arrest 

claim if the plaintiff proves that officers “typically exercise their discretion not to” 

arrest individuals in similar circumstances.148 The Court therefore denies Officer 

Yi qualified immunity on Mr. Briggs’s retaliatory arrest claim. 

b. Unreasonable Search

Defendants contend that they are entitled to summary judgment on Mr. 

Briggs’s claim for an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment because 

“Officer Yi had probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs.”149 Because the Court finds 

above that disputes of material fact remain as to whether probable cause 

supported the arrest of Mr. Briggs, the Court denies Defendants summary 

judgment on Mr. Briggs’s Fourth Amendment unreasonable search claim. 

c. Monell Claim 

Defendants move for summary judgment on Mr. Briggs’s claim against the 

Municipality brought pursuant to Monell.

150 A plaintiff seeking to establish 

municipal liability must demonstrate that the government “had a deliberate policy, 

custom, or practice that was the ‘moving force’ behind the constitutional violation 

148 Nieves, 587 U.S. at 406.

149 Docket 122-1 at 13.

150 Docket 122-1 at 13-17; Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 30 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 31 of 45

he suffered.”151 “To meet this requirement, the plaintiff must show both causationin-fact and proximate causation.”152

Mr. Briggs contends that “the Municipality has a practice and custom of 

arresting people under AMC 08.30.120(A)(2) but then dismissing the charges in 

nearly every case.”153 He points to data showing that in 252 of 258 arrests under 

that ordinance from 2018 to 2023, prosecution was declined or the charges were 

dismissed.154 Mr. Briggs also maintains that the Municipality has “a written policy 

encouraging police officers to arrest people for disorderly conduct when it would 

be difficult to prove resisting arrest.”155 In support, he references Anchorage Police 

Department Policy 3.01.070, which states that officers should consider the 

alternative charges of assault on a police officer or disorderly conduct if an 

individual’s conduct does not satisfy a charge of resisting arrest.156

Mr. Briggs maintains that together, this municipal practice and municipal 

policy “chill the exercise of First Amendment rights” and that “[a] government 

violates 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when it repeatedly arrests people for violation of an 

151 Gravelet-Blondin v. Shelton, 728 F.3d 1086, 1096 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and 

citations omitted). 

152 Id.

153 Docket 139 at 18; Docket 116 at ¶¶ 84-85 (Count VII). 

154 Docket 139 at 18 (citing Docket 23-1 at 3).

155 Docket 139 at 18.

156 Docket 139 at 18-19; Docket 139-5 at 3.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 31 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 32 of 45

ordinance without any realistic expectation of a conviction.”157 He cites 

Dombrowski v. Pfister.

158 In that case, the plaintiffs challenged a state Subversive 

Activities and Communist Control Law under which they had repeatedly been 

prosecuted.159 The plaintiffs raised a facial challenge to the law as overbroad 

under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and sought an injunction prohibiting 

prosecutions under the law.160 The Supreme Court held that the statute was 

overbroad and an injunction was proper because “[s]o long as the statute remains 

available to the State the threat of prosecutions of protected expression is a real 

and substantial one. Even the prospect of ultimate failure of such prosecutions by 

no means dispels their chilling effect on protected expression.”161

Dombrowski is distinguishable. Here, the Court has previously found that 

the disorderly conduct ordinance was not unconstitutionally overbroad on its 

face.162 And the law at issue in Dombrowski was related to the content of speech

by disfavored political groups. Here, the ordinance is unrelated to the content of 

speech. Further, the fact that nearly all disorderly conduct charges from 2018 to 

2023 did not result in further criminal process does not suggest that the 

157 Docket 139 at 19.

158 Docket 139 at 19 (citing Dombrowski, 380 U.S. 479 (1965)).

159 Dombrowski, 380 U.S. at 481, 487-89.

160 Id. at 481.

161 Id. at 494, 497.

162 Docket 73 at 25. 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 32 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 33 of 45

Municipality has a practice of charging and dismissing disorderly conduct for an 

improper or unconstitutional purpose. In the five examples of other arrests under 

the disorderly conduct ordinance that Mr. Briggs included with his supplemental 

motion, none suggested that a person was charged with disorderly conduct to chill 

the exercise of First Amendment rights.163 

As to the APD policy Mr. Briggs cites, it provides guidance as to when a 

charge other than resisting arrest might be more appropriate. It does not direct 

officers to arrest individuals for disorderly conduct based on the content of their 

speech, which is what Mr. Briggs alleged occurred here. As such, the Court finds 

that Mr. Briggs has not proffered evidence sufficient to demonstrate that there is a 

genuine issue of material fact as to whether an unconstitutional municipal practice 

or policy was the moving force behind the purported deprivation of his 

constitutional rights. 

In his opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Mr. Briggs 

also briefs a Monell theory based on the Municipality’s purported “custom of 

arresting individuals for harassment of a police officer as long as the police officer 

gives two warnings first.”164 However, the Second Amended Complaint contains 

no allegations regarding any custom of issuing two warnings before arresting an 

individual on a harassment charge. The Second Amended Complaint alleges that 

163 See Docket 134 at 5-7.

164 Docket 139 at 22.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 33 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 34 of 45

Officer Yi told Mr. Briggs that he was harassing him, but it does not indicate if 

Officer Yi told Mr. Briggs this more than once or otherwise allege facts supporting 

a theory based on a custom of providing two warnings before making an arrest.

165 

Where “the complaint does not include the necessary factual allegations to state a 

claim, raising such claim in a summary judgment motion is insufficient to present 

the claim to the district court.”166 Therefore, the Court finds that a Monell theory 

based on the Municipality’s purported two-warning custom is not properly before 

the Court. 

In sum, the Court grants summary judgment to the Municipality on Mr. 

Briggs’s Monell claim.167 

d. Punitive Damages 

Defendants move for summary judgment on Mr. Briggs’s claim for punitive 

damages against Officer Yi because a “reasonable jury could not conclude his 

behavior involves reckless or callous indifference to Mr. Briggs’s First Amendment 

rights.”168 Mr. Briggs responds that the question of whether Officer Yi’s conduct 

165 Docket 116 at ¶ 12

166 Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Serv., 535 F.3d 1058, 1080 (9th Cir. 2008), overruled in part by 

Apache Stronghold v. United States, 101 F.4th 1036, 1043 (9th Cir. 2024); see also Wasco Prods., 

Inc. v. Southwall Techs., Inc., 435 F.3d 989, 992 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Simply put, summary judgment 

is not a procedural second chance to flesh out inadequate pleadings.”). 

167 See supra note 43.

168 Docket 122-1 at 18.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 34 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 35 of 45

satisfies the standard for punitive damages should go to the jury.169 As to § 1983 

claims, “[i]t is well-established that a ‘jury may award punitive damages . . . either 

when a defendant’s conduct was driven by evil motive or intent, or when it involved 

a reckless or callous indifference to the constitutional rights of others.’”170 Because 

the Court finds above that disputes of material fact remain as to the volume of Mr. 

Briggs’s speech and his demeanor, the Court denies Defendants summary 

judgment as to Mr. Briggs’s claim for punitive damages against Officer Yi. 

II. Motion to Exclude Expert Testimony of James Borden 

Mr. Briggs moves to exclude the report and testimony by Defendants’ expert, 

James Borden, maintaining that Mr. Borden is “not qualified to testify on any matter 

in this case and his opinions are neither relevant nor reliable under Federal Rule 

of Evidence 702 and the standards set forth in Daubert.”171 Defendants respond 

that Mr. Borden is “qualified to provide expert testimony on police practices,” and 

that his opinions are relevant, based on sufficient facts, and reliable.172 

Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides that a person “qualified as an expert 

by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education” may provide expert 

testimony if he or she has “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.”173 

169 Docket 139 at 25.

170 Morgan v. Woessner, 997 F.2d 1244, 1255 (9th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). 

171 Docket 124 at 1. 

172 Docket 129 at 2-7. 

173 Fed. R. Evid. 702(a).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 35 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 36 of 45

That knowledge must “help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or 

determine a fact in issue”174—this requirement “goes primarily to relevance.”175

The proponent of the expert testimony bears the burden of establishing its 

admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence.176 

Before a witness may testify as an expert, a district court must make three

findings. The court must find that the proposed testimony is reliable, which 

requires a finding (1) that the witness is qualified to offer expert testimony and (2) 

that the witness has applied reliable principles. The court must also find that the 

witness’s testimony is relevant in that it may help the factfinder understand 

evidence or determine a fact at issue in the case. So long as an expert meets 

these threshold considerations, the expert may testify; it is up to the factfinder to 

determine the weight to give that testimony.177 “If the proposed testimony meets 

the thresholds of relevance and reliability, its proponent is ‘entitled to have the jury 

decide upon [its] credibility, rather than the judge.’”178 “Rule 702 does not license 

a court to engage in freeform factfinding, to select between competing versions of 

174 Fed. R. Evid. 702(a).

175 Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 564 (9th Cir. 2010), as amended Apr. 27, 2010 (citing Daubert 

v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. (Daubert I), 509 U.S. 579, 591 (1993)). 

176 Daubert I, 509 U.S. at 592 n.10; Lust ex rel. Lust v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 89 F.3d 594, 

598 (9th Cir. 1996).

177 Primiano, 598 F.3d at 565.

178 Elosu v. Middlefork Ranch, Inc., 26 F.4th 1017, 1024 (9th Cir. 2022) (alteration in original) 

(quoting United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645, 656 (9th Cir. 2006)).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 36 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 37 of 45

the evidence, or to determine the veracity of the expert’s conclusions at the 

admissibility stage.”179 Accordingly, “[s]haky but admissible evidence is to be 

attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the burden of 

proof, not exclusion.”180 

a. Qualifications and Reliability 

An expert must be qualified to give expert testimony on the relevant topics,

and may be qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.”181 

“An expert’s specialized knowledge and experience can serve as the requisite

‘facts or data’ on which they render an opinion.”182 An expert’s conclusions must

be “based on sufficient facts or data,” but the “‘sufficient facts or data’ element

requires foundation, not corroboration.”183 The testimony must also be “the 

product of reliable principles and methods,” and the principles and methods must 

have been reliably applied to the facts of the case.184 The reliability requirement 

also analyzes “whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is 

scientifically valid.”185 “[T]he trial court has discretion to decide how to test an 

179 Id. at 1026.

180 Primiano, 598 F.3d at 564 (citing Daubert I, 509 U.S. at 596).

181 Fed. R. Evid. 702.

182 Elosu, 26 F.4th at 1024.

183 Elosu, 26 F.4th at 1025 (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702).

184 Fed. R. Evid. 702(b), (c), (d).

185 Daubert I, 509 U.S. at 592-93.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 37 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 38 of 45

expert’s reliability as well as whether the testimony is reliable, based on the

particular circumstances of the particular case.”186

Mr. Briggs maintains that “[n]one of Mr. Borden’s listed qualifications

demonstrate expertise in determining what constitutes ‘legitimate law enforcement

action,’ whether an arrest is ‘based on proper elements,’ whether a person has

‘committed the misdemeanor crime of Disorderly Conduct,’ whether the elements 

of harassment have been met, or whether Yi made ‘a mistake of the mind and not 

of the heart.’”187 Defendants counter that, based on his career as a police officer 

and “education in the field of police officer decision-making and police performance 

factors,” “Mr. Borden is specifically qualified to testify on matters related to Officer 

Yi and Joshua Briggs’s movements as both described by the officer and the video 

evidence.”188

The parties have filed Mr. Borden’s curriculum vitae and expert report, as 

well as a list of cases in which Mr. Borden has participated as an expert.

189 A 

review of Mr. Borden’s curriculum vitae demonstrates that he is qualified to testify 

as an expert on the use of force and police practices based on his experience as 

186 Primiano, 598 F.3d at 564 (citing Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150, 152 (1999)) 

(internal quotation marks omitted); see United States v. Hall, 93 F.3d 1337, 1342 (7th Cir. 1996) 

(“Social science in general, and psychological evidence in particular, have posed both analytical 

and practical difficulties for courts attempting to apply Rule 702 and Daubert.”).

187 Docket 124 at 8-9.

188 Docket 129 at 3.

189 Docket 129-1, 129-2 (curriculum vitae); Docket 129-3 (case list); Docket 124-1 (expert report).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 38 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 39 of 45

a police officer and his training on use-of-force issues. Mr. Briggs’s concerns 

regarding Mr. Borden’s qualifications go to weight rather than whether Mr. Borden 

satisfies the threshold inquiry as to whether he can testify as an expert. 

As to whether Mr. Borden’s opinions are derived from reliable principles and 

methods, Mr. Borden’s expert report explains that he reviews relevant case

documents, including any video evidence, to develop an understanding of the 

facts, and then analyzes the officer’s actions “to determine what the officers did, 

as well as their stated justification for what they did and why they did it.”190 He 

then “compar[es] what the officers did and their reasons for doing so with the 

objective standards derived from police training and accepted police practice.”191 

In Mr. Borden’s case, “relevant reliability concerns . . . focus upon personal 

knowledge or experience.”192 The Court finds that reviewing case material and 

relevant documents, and then providing an assessment of the events in light of Mr. 

Borden’s personal experience in law enforcement, is a sufficiently reliable 

methodology.193 Because the Court finds that Mr. Borden is qualified to testify as 

to police practices based on his personal knowledge and experience, Defendants’ 

190 Docket 124-1 at 16.

191 Docket 124-1 at 17.

192 Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 150.

193 See Hyer v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 118 F.4th 1044, 1058 (9th Cir. 2024) (noting that a court’s 

assessment of the reliability of an expert’s methodology is “flexible and can be molded to fit ‘the 

particular circumstances of the particular case.’” (quoting Elosu, 26 F.4th at 1024)).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 39 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 40 of 45

Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing at Docket 132 is denied because Defendants 

indicated they requested the hearing to address “the expert’s qualifications to 

testify.”194 

b. Relevance

To be admissible, expert testimony must be relevant to the case: it must

“help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue.”195 

Relevancy “simply requires that ‘[t]he evidence . . . logically advance a material

aspect of the party’s case.’”196 The testimony does not have to be persuasive in

order to be relevant.197 Further, an expert opinion on an ultimate issue of fact may 

be admissible.198 But an expert witness may not opine about a legal conclusion, 

including an ultimate issue of law.199 However, even if an expert report contains 

inadmissible legal opinions, that alone does not justify precluding the expert from 

testifying at all.200

194 Docket 132 at 2.

195 Fed. R. Evid. 702(a).

196 Estate of Barabin v. AstenJohnson, Inc., 740 F.3d 457, 463 (9th Cir. 2014) (alterations in 

original) (quoting Cooper v. Brown, 510 F.3d 870, 942 (9th Cir. 2007)). 

197 Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 982 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Daubert does not require

a court to admit or to exclude evidence based on its persuasiveness; rather it requires a court to

admit or exclude evidence based on its scientific reliability and relevance.”).

198 Fed. R. Evid. 704(a) (“An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate 

issue.”).

199 Hangarter v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998, 1016 (9th Cir. 2004).

200 See Hyer, 118 F.4th at 1059.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 40 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 41 of 45

Mr. Borden’s report contains four opinions:

1. Opinion 1: Engagement. I believe Officer Yi had a legitimate 

law enforcement goal and objective in his arrest of Briggs for 

Disorderly Conduct, a violation of AMC 8.30.120(A)(2). 

Although detention was a component of the arrest, the 

detention was brief, and Briggs was released from the scene. 

The video evidence shows that Briggs appeared to be 

antagonistic during the detention. (See analysis) 

2. Opinion 2: Legitimate Law Enforcement action. Taking all 

evidence as factual and accurate, Briggs committed the 

misdemeanor crime of Disorderly Conduct in the presence of 

Officer Yi. Briggs’s behavior affected other individuals and 

caused other patrons in the store at the time of the occurrence 

to leave the premises without completing their transactions. 

With the elements of the violations being cited in multiple case 

documents, and prosecutorial merit being established by the 

Municipal Attorney’s Office, the charges were approved.

3. Opinion 3: Use of Force. Officer Yi made the practical and 

appropriate decision to use handcuffs and detain Briggs as he 

was arrested. Force used was minimal to include controlling the 

movement of Briggs, the use of handcuffs and placing him in 

the back of the patrol car. (No further analysis) 

4. Opinion 4: Harassment Charge. The Harassment violation, 

Code 8.10.110(A)(l), was not a valid charge. However, the 

elements of this Harassment charge were in place, a sworn 

officer generally cannot be a victim of Harassment. I believe 

Officer Yi and others made this oversight. However, the 

Harassment charge was ancillary to the charge of disorderly 

conduct and not the only charge that Briggs was issued a 

summons for. Additionally, Briggs was not taken into custody 

and booked into jail for the charges.201

As explained above, the primary issue in this case is whether Officer Yi had 

probable cause to arrest Mr. Briggs during the exchange in the gas station. A 

201 Docket 124-1 at 10-11.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 41 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 42 of 45

dispute of material fact remains as to the volume of Mr. Briggs’s speech and any 

effect on the other patrons of the gas station, facts which are relevant to whether 

Officer Yi had probable cause. 

Opinion 1 essentially concludes that Officer Yi had probable cause to arrest 

Mr. Briggs for disorderly conduct, which is an impermissible legal conclusion.202 

Opinion 1 also does not aid the jury in determining the disputes of fact that remain, 

and Mr. Borden’s opinion as to Mr. Briggs’s detention is irrelevant, as the detention 

is not at issue in this case. As such, Mr. Borden is prohibited from testifying as to 

Opinion 1.

Opinion 2 is inadmissible for the same reason as Opinion 1: it is an 

impermissible legal conclusion. Mr. Borden is prohibited from testifying as to 

Opinion 2.

Opinion 3 has marginal relevance, as Mr. Briggs does not allege a use-offorce claim and Officer Yi’s use of handcuffs and his placement of Mr. Briggs in his 

patrol car is not disputed and its legality is not at issue. And yet as Mr. Briggs 

acknowledges, Officer Yi’s demeanor during the incident “may be relevant to his 

credibility.”203 Whether Officer Yi’s decision to use handcuffs and detain Mr. Briggs 

202 See Torres v. City of L.A., 548 F.3d 1197, 1214 n.11 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that the district 

court abused its discretion by denying a motion in limine seeking to bar witnesses from testifying 

as to their own opinions about whether there was probable cause to arrest the plaintiff); Stuart v. 

United States, 23 F.3d 1483, 1487 (9th Cir. 1994) (affirming the district court’s decision to preclude 

questioning an expert about whether probable cause existed to make a traffic stop, “a question 

that [the expert] was not as well-qualified as the trier of fact to answer”).

203 Docket 133 at 8.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 42 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 43 of 45

in the patrol car was “practical and appropriate” could similarly have relevance to 

Officer Yi’s credibility. Mr. Borden may testify as to Opinion 3. 

Opinion 4 is inadmissible because it is irrelevant and would not help the trier 

of fact understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue. It is undisputed that 

the harassment charge was dismissed in state court for lack of probable cause. 

Further, Opinion 4 is an improper legal conclusion. Mr. Borden is prohibited from 

testifying as to Opinion 4. 

In their opposition, Defendants contend that Mr. Borden could testify about 

numerous other topics that are not mentioned in his report. These topics include

“how officers are trained to understand the difference between a suspect simply 

engaging in first amendment speech and what constitutes pre-assaultive indicators 

like body movement and tone during such encounter”; and “whether Officer Yi’s 

actions and decision to search the contents of the wallet for identification and 

contraband is appropriate under these circumstances.”204 However, those

opinions are not in the report. Defendants also state that Mr. Borden could testify 

as to the appropriateness of Officer Yi’s detention of Mr. Briggs in his patrol car for 

approximately an hour; “how officers are trained regarding speech and whether

speech paired with pre-assaultive indicators (threat cues) were appropriately dealt

with in this case”; whether Officer Yi’s acted in accordance with police practices 

with respect to his interaction with Mr. Briggs’s girlfriend who approached Officer 

204 Docket 129 at 4-5.

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 43 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 44 of 45

Yi outside after Mr. Briggs was arrested; and whether Officer Yi appears drunk or 

belligerent in a video recording.205 However, none of these opinions are set forth 

in Mr. Borden’s expert report. 

On the current record, Mr. Borden cannot testify as to any of those topics 

because they were not disclosed in his expert report.206 Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 26(a) requires a party to disclose an expert report that contains “a 

complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and the basis and 

reasons for them.”207 Under Federal Rule of Civil procedure 37(c)(1), “[i]f a party 

fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), 

the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a 

motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is 

harmless.” Because Mr. Borden’s expert report fails to contain a statement of the 

opinions Defendants raise above, he cannot testify as to those opinions. 

Accordingly, the Court grants in part Mr. Briggs’s Motion to Exclude Expert 

Testimony at Docket 124; Mr. Borden can only testify as to Opinion 3 in his report.

CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment at 

Docket 122 is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The Court grants summary 

205 Docket 129 at 5-6. 

206 To the extent Defendants sought an evidentiary hearing to correct any omissions from the 

expert report, an evidentiary hearing is not the proper vehicle for supplementation. 

207 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)(i).

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 44 of 45
Case No. 3:22-cv-00265-SLG, Briggs v. Yi, et al.

Order on All Pending Motions

Page 45 of 45

judgment to Defendants on Mr. Briggs’s Monell claim; the motion is otherwise 

denied. Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at Docket 125 is DENIED. 

Further, Defendants’ Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing at Docket 132 is DENIED, 

and Plaintiff’s Motion to Preclude Expert Testimony at Docket 124 is GRANTED in 

part. 

The Court sets a telephonic trial scheduling conference for December 30, 

2024, at 3:30 p.m. All parties shall participate telephonically by dialing 571-353-

2301 (Call ID 020262828, Pin 487051) approximately five minutes before the 

scheduled hearing time. 

DATED this 23rd day of December 2024, at Anchorage, Alaska. 

/s/ Sharon L. Gleason 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

Case 3:22-cv-00265-SLG Document 146 Filed 12/23/24 Page 45 of 45