Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca11-19-14916/USCOURTS-ca11-19-14916-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Kaneesha Holt
Appellant
Edward Mahoney
Appellant
Jeremy Owens
Appellee
The City of Darien
Appellee

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-14916

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cv-00076-LGW-BWC

EDWARD MAHONEY, 

KANEESHA HOLT, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants,

versus

JEREMY OWENS, 

THE CITY OF DARIEN, GEORGIA,

 Defendants - Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Georgia

________________________

(June 16, 2020)

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Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Kaneesha Holt and Edward Mahoney appeal the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment in favor of Jeremy Owens, a police officer who stopped and 

arrested them on charges that later were dropped. After careful review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Jeremy Owens, a police officer for the City of Darien, Georgia, pulled over 

Kaneesha Holt and her boyfriend, Edward Mahoney, while the two drove north on 

Interstate 95 late at night. Owens was parked in the median of the interstate 

roughly perpendicular to the road. Shortly after Holt’s car passed Owens’s car, 

Owens—who is white—pulled onto the interstate and drove up alongside Holt and 

Mahoney, both of whom are Black. Owens says he conducted the stop because the 

car Holt was driving appeared to have a partially obstructed license plate, a 

violation of Georgia law. See O.C.G.A. § 40-2-41.

1

 Holt acknowledged that her 

license plate had a “border piece” that “cover[ed] . . . a little piece of the bottom of 

the [registration] sticker” such that a person “c[ould]n’t see the entire sticker.” 

1 As relevant here, Georgia law provides: 

No license plate shall be covered with any material unless the material is colorless 

and transparent. No apparatus that obstructs or hinders the clear display and 

legibility of a license place shall be attached to the rear of any motor vehicle 

required to be registered in the state. Any person who violates any provision of this 

Code section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

O.C.G.A. § 40-2-41.

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Doc. 18-3 at 40.2 Holt and Mahoney, however, contest Owens’s motive for the 

stop. Holt testified that based on Owens’s positioning beside the road and her rate 

of speed (which was within legal limits), Owens “could not have seen anything 

about the tag” but “would have been able to tell that [her] car was driven by a 

Black person and that the passenger in the vehicle was also Black.” Doc. 25-2 at 

1-2.

While conducting the stop, Owens told Holt and Mahoney that he smelled 

marijuana. He searched the car (without a warrant), found suspected marijuana in 

a shaving cream can with a false bottom, and arrested Holt and Mahoney. Charges 

against both ultimately were dismissed. Owens later resigned from the City of 

Darian police department after his supervisor learned that he had used racial slurs

and exchanged racially inflammatory memes and jokes with a colleague at a 

previous job. 

Holt and Mahoney, represented by counsel, sued Owens under “the 

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, [and] 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1981.”3

 Doc. 1 at 2. They alleged that the reason for the traffic stop, the 

2 Citations in the form “Doc. #” refer to the district court’s docket entries.

3 Holt and Mahoney also alleged that Owens violated “Georgia law that protects citizens 

against illegal or malicious prosecution, wrongful search and seizure[,] and wrongful arrests.” 

Doc. 1 at 2. Owens asserted official immunity in his motion for summary judgment, and Holt 

and Mahoney did not respond to that assertion. Thus, the district court concluded that Holt and 

Mahoney had failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Owens 

enjoyed official immunity and granted Owens summary judgment on the state law claims. On 

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obscured license plate, was pretextual and that the real reason Owens stopped them

was because he saw that they were Black, and he was biased against Black people.

4

 

 At the close of discovery, Owens moved for summary judgment. Owens 

argued that he had arguable probable cause to conduct the stop and search. He also 

noted that “Plaintiffs do not assert any claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” Doc. 18-2 

at 3. In response, Holt and Mahoney cited § 1983 but did not seek leave to amend 

their complaint to add a § 1983 claim. The district court held a hearing on the 

motion, at which Holt and Mahoney moved for leave to amend their complaint to 

add a § 1983 claim. The district court denied the motion for leave to amend and 

granted summary judgment to Owen. The court determined that by bringing a 

appeal Holt and Mahoney argue that the state law claims should be allowed to proceed because 

Owens “did not act in good faith, and he was motivated by racial animus.” Appellant’s Br. at 18. 

We do not, however, address claims raised for the first time on appeal absent circumstances 

special circumstances, none of which Holt and Mahoney assert. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. 

v. Fernandez, 741 F.2d 355, 360-61 (11th Cir. 1984). 

Holt and Mahoney also alleged in their complaint that they were “subjected to an 

unlawful search and seizure in violation of their rights under the United States Constitution, the 

Constitution of the State of Georgia, and Georgia Law.” Doc. 1 at 4. The district court 

concluded that the warrantless search of the vehicle was supported by arguable probable cause 

and exigent circumstances. On appeal Holt and Mahoney summarily argue that Owens “did the 

search without a warrant and without permission, which was a violation of the Fourth 

Amendment.” Appellant’s Br. at 18. But they do not offer any specific argument as to why the 

district court erred in concluding that exigent circumstances supported a warrantless search. We 

deem abandoned claims that parties fail to meaningfully argue in their briefing. See Sapuppo v. 

Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014).

4 Holt and Mahoney also sued the City of Darien. The district court granted summary 

judgment in the City’s favor, and Holt and Mahoney have failed to meaningfully challenge this 

disposition on appeal. Thus, we do not address further their claims against the City. See Access 

Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004).

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claim under § 1981 and the Fourteenth Amendment, rather than § 1983, Holt and 

Mahoney had failed to plead an actionable claim. Alternatively, the court decided 

that even if the complaint could be construed as pleading a § 1983 claim, it would 

fail because Owens was entitled to qualified immunity as to the stop, search, and 

arrest, and because Holt and Mahoney failed to even allege that Owens treated 

non-Black motorists differently. 

Holt and Mahoney now appeal.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review an order granting summary judgment de novo, viewing “the 

evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from it in the light most favorable to 

the nonmoving party.” Battle v. Bd. of Regents, 468 F.3d 755, 759 (11th Cir. 

2006). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is “no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 56(a). “An issue of fact is ‘material’ if, under the applicable substantive 

law, it might affect the outcome of the case. An issue of fact is ‘genuine’ if the 

record taken as a whole could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving 

party.” Harrison v. Culliver, 746 F.3d 1288, 1298 (11th Cir. 2014). A court may 

not disregard a party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage merely because 

the evidence is self-serving. Liebman v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 808 F.3d 1294, 1299 

(11th Cir. 2015). 

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Although a district court should “freely give leave” for a party to amend a 

complaint “when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a), we review a district 

court’s denial of leave to amend only for an abuse of discretion, Haynes v. 

McCalla Raymer, LLC, 793 F.3d 1246, 1249 (11th Cir. 2015).

III. DISCUSSION

On appeal Holt and Mahoney challenge the district court’s denial of leave to 

amend and grant of summary judgment to Owens. We can discern no error.

Holt and Mahoney sued Owens under § 1981, but “§ 1981 does not provide 

an implicit cause of action against state actors; therefore, § 1983 constitutes the 

exclusive federal remedy for violation by state actors of the rights guaranteed 

under § 1981.” Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1288 n.1 (11th Cir. 2009). Holt 

and Mahoney did not plead a § 1983 claim. “[I]n making the necessary 

preliminary determination of what claims the plaintiff has actually raised . . . we 

are bound by the contents of the plaintiff’s pleadings, even on summary 

judgment.” Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964, 976 (11th Cir. 2005). 

And “[d]espite the liberal pleading standard for civil complaints, plaintiffs may not 

raise new claims at the summary judgment stage.” White v. Beltram Edge Tool 

Supply, Inc., 789 F.3d 1188, 1200 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks 

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omitted). Thus, the district court correctly determined that Holt and Mahoney had 

failed to plead an actionable claim for the alleged constitutional violations.5

Holt and Mahoney moved to amend their complaint to add a § 1983 claim, 

but we cannot say the district court abused its discretion in denying this motion. 

See Haynes, 793 F.3d at 1250 (explaining that a district court is within its 

discretion to deny leave to amend based on undue delay or futility of amendment). 

The district court denied leave because Holt and Mahoney had unduly delayed 

their request to amend and, alternatively, because amendment to add a § 1983 

claim would be futile. As to delay, the court found that Holt and Mahoney had 

several opportunities to request leave to amend but failed to do so. In particular, 

Owens argued in his motion for summary judgment that Holt and Mahoney could 

not raise a standalone equal protection claim and had not pleaded a § 1983 claim. 

Yet Holt and Mahoney failed to request leave to amend in response to this motion; 

instead they waited until a hearing more than five months later, well after the close 

of discovery, to do so. Given these findings, we see no abuse of discretion in the 

court’s finding of undue delay and denial of leave to amend. 

5 Because Holt and Mahoney were represented by counsel, they are not entitled to the 

more liberal construction we afford to pro se pleadings. See Tannenbaum v. United States, 148

F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (explaining that we hold pro se pleadings to a less stringent 

standard than those prepared by lawyers).

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Moreover, the district court correctly determined that even if Holt and 

Mahoney had been permitted to amend to plead § 1983 claims for Fourth and 

Fourteenth Amendment violations, the amendment would have been futile. See id.

(explaining that a district court may deny leave to amend when amendment would 

be futile). For the reasons the district court gave in its summary judgment order, 

Owens would be entitled to qualified immunity on a Fourth Amendment claim

because he had arguable probable cause to stop Holt’s car based on the partially 

obstructed license plate, arguable probable cause to search the car once he smelled 

marijuana, and probable cause to arrest Holt and Mahoney once he founded what 

he suspected was marijuana. See Doc. 32 at 10-15. Having admitted the license 

plate was partially obscured, on appeal Holt and Mahoney’s only challenges to the 

district court’s qualified immunity determination are that (1) a partially obscured 

license plate does not violate Georgia law; and (2) there was no evidence that 

Owens had sufficient training such that he would recognize the smell of marijuana. 

As to the first argument, Georgia courts have permitted traffic stops when, as here, 

a registration sticker is partially obscured by a bracket surrounding a license plate. 

See, e.g., Wilson v. State, 702 S.E.2d 2, 3-4 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010) (upholding a trial 

court’s determination that a law enforcement officer had a basis for a stop when a 

license plate bracket “blocked view of the registration expiration date”). As to the 

second argument, Owens testified that although he had no official training on the 

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detection of marijuana, he had “a lot of experience” detecting it from his years 

working as a law enforcement officer. Doc. 25-4 at 32. Self-serving though this 

testimony may be, it was uncontradicted, and the district court was obligated to 

consider it. Liebman, 808 F.3d at 1299. Based on this evidence, Holt and 

Mahoney have failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Owens 

had arguable probable cause to search the car based on the suspected presence of 

marijuana. Thus, Owens would be entitled to qualified immunity on a Fourth 

Amendment claim even if it had been pled properly via § 1983.

Owens also would be entitled to summary judgment on a properly pled equal 

protection claim. “To state an equal protection claim, [Holt and Mahoney] must 

allege that through state action, similarly situated persons have been treated 

disparately.” Draper v. Reynolds, 369 F.3d 1270, 1278 n.14 (11th Cir. 2004) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Holt and Mahoney “presented no evidence that 

[Owens] treated [non-Black motorists] differently” from Black motorists. Id. 

Thus, their claim would fail as a matter of law. 

IV. CONCLUSION

Racism in policing is a particularly brutal facet of our country’s 

mistreatment of Black people. We condemn Owens’s racist remarks, jokes, and 

communications.

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For the reasons discussed above, however, we conclude that the district court 

did not err in granting Owens summary judgment.

AFFIRMED.

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