Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-14-01203/USCOURTS-ca3-14-01203-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Daniel Rodriguez
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 14-1203

_______________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

DANIEL RODRIGUEZ,

Appellant

_______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(No. 1-12-cr-00005-001)

District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner

_______________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

December 8, 2014

Before: FUENTES, FISHER, and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges

(Filed: January 28, 2015)

____________

OPINION*

____________

FUENTES, Circuit Judge

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
2

A jury found Daniel Rodriguez guilty of possession with intent to distribute 

cocaine and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a controlled substance offense. On 

appeal, Rodriguez argues that the government’s comment during closing argument that 

“[t]here is nothing more dangerous than an armed drug dealer with a gun driving through 

a neighborhood” was inflammatory and constituted improper vouching. Reviewing for 

plain error, we affirm the District Court’s judgment of conviction. 

I.

On April 2, 2011, Rodriguez was pulled over after Arlon Schools, a Pennsylvania

State University campus police officer, observed his car swerving. Officer Jeffrey Levan 

of the Highspire Police Department arrived at the scene of the stop a few minutes later.

As they approached Rodriguez’s vehicle, both officers smelled a strong odor of 

marijuana. Suspecting that Rodriguez was under the influence of either alcohol or a 

controlled substance, Officer Levan asked Rodriguez to step out of the car so that the 

officers could perform a series of field sobriety tests. Rodriguez was visibly cold standing 

outside in a t-shirt in the thirty-degree weather. Officer Levan noticed a jacket in 

Rodriguez’s car and offered to retrieve it, but Rodriguez refused. After he failed all three 

field sobriety tests, Officer Levan brought Rodriguez to the Harrisburg Hospital for a 

medical examination and blood testing, which confirmed that Rodriguez had ingested 

marijuana within 12 hours of the test.

A private towing service brought Rodriguez’s car to an impoundment center, after 

which Officer Levan obtained a search warrant. During his search of the vehicle, Officer 

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
3

Levan found small bags of crack cocaine, empty plastic bags, 500 dollars in cash, a 

burned marijuana joint on the floor of the driver’s seat, and a kitchen scale. He also found 

a .40 caliber semiautomatic pistol inside the pocket of the jacket that was in the vehicle.

In a two-count indictment, Rodriguez was charged with possession with intent to 

distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and possession of a firearm in 

furtherance of a controlled substance offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). At 

trial, Rodriguez’s defense attempted to undermine the integrity of the police investigation. 

Defense counsel argued the police failed to document key portions of the investigation, 

changed their accounts of certain details, and made misrepresentations in the search 

warrant affidavit. Counsel for Rodriguez also contended that Officer Schools and Officer 

Levan had no legitimate reason to make the stop. For example, defense counsel stated that 

Officer Schools was “bored” as a campus police officer and that “[t]here’s nothing better 

for Officer Schools than to go out and pal around with these guys in Highspire. He wants 

the action.” App. 174, 373. After highlighting inconsistencies in their testimony, counsel 

stated that “these guys are covering for each [other], Levan and [S]chools, they’ve 

worked together before. . . . You know, it’s like you tell your buddy, you lie and I’ll swear 

to it.” App. 373-74. Furthermore, defense counsel suggested that Officer Levan planted 

the drugs and the gun in the vehicle. See, e.g., App. 374 (explaining that “[t]here were a 

lot of backup officers” who “[d]idn’t see any gun or drugs in the car,” and, “[i]n fact, no 

one saw any guns or drugs in the car until Levan pops out there at 10:00 in the morning”).

The government made the following assertion in its closing argument at trial:

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 3 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
4

Not only is he a drug dealer, Mr. Rodriguez is a drug dealer with a gun, and 

I told you before that this is an important case to Mr. Rodriguez. It is also 

an important case for the citizens of the community. There is nothing more 

dangerous than an armed drug dealer with a gun driving through a 

neighborhood after midnight and before sunrise. Is there any reason, is there 

any wonder why these officers instinctively back each other up . . . at night 

when these stops take place. What the police did we submit was right.

App. 359. Rodriguez did not object to this comment during trial.

After deliberating for one hour, the jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts. 

The District Court sentenced Rodriguez to twelve months’ imprisonment on the drug 

conviction and sixty months’ imprisonment on the firearm conviction. 

II.

The District Court had subject-matter jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We 

have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s judgment of conviction pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 1291. 

On appeal, Rodriguez contends that the government’s closing argument was 

improper. Because Rodriguez did not object to the government’s statement during trial, 

we review for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32 (1993). To 

establish plain error, Rodriguez must show (1) an error, (2) that is obvious, (3) that affects 

substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation 

of judicial proceedings. Id. at 733-34.

III.

According to Rodriguez, the government’s assertion during closing argument that 

“[t]here is nothing more dangerous than an armed drug dealer with a gun driving through 

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 4 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
5

a neighborhood” was obviously improper because it was both inflammatory and 

constituted vouching. It was inflammatory, Rodriguez maintains, because it was meant to 

appeal to the prejudices of the jury and implied that Rodriguez presents a danger to the 

community despite the lack of any violence in this case. See United States v. Johnson, 231 

F.3d 43, 47 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“A prosecutor may not make comments designed to inflame 

the passions or prejudices of the jury. . . . And a prosecutor may not ask jurors to find a 

defendant guilty as a means of promoting community values, maintaining order, or 

discouraging future crime.”). Similarly, Rodriguez argues that the statement was improper 

vouching, which occurs when a prosecutor makes an assurance “based on either the 

prosecutor’s personal knowledge, or other information not contained in the record.”

United States v. Lee, 612 F.3d 170, 195 (3d Cir. 2010). Although there was no evidence 

of violence, the government intimated in its closing argument that it had information 

pertaining to drugs and guns that was not before the jury.

Neither of Rodriguez’s arguments has merit. The government’s statement during 

closing argument was not error, but rather, a reasoned response to defense counsel’s 

allegations of police ineptitude and misconduct. Rodriguez’s counsel suggested during 

trial that Officer Schools and Officer Levan effectively conspired to stop Rodriguez 

without basis. The government, in its closing, sought to dispel any notion of foul play on 

the part of the police by explaining that “officers instinctively back each other up . . . at 

night” because “[t]here is nothing more dangerous than an armed drug dealer with a gun.” 

App. 359. The government urged the jury to find that “[w]hat the police did . . . was 

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 5 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
6

right.” App. 359. Thus, read in context, the closing statement did not direct the jury to 

convict Rodriguez in order to protect the community and was not otherwise 

inflammatory; instead, it was a justified response to defense counsel’s attack on the 

integrity of the investigation. See United States v. Pungitore, 910 F.2d 1084, 1127 (3d 

Cir. 1990) (“The rebuttal summation did no more than refute what was an obvious 

inference from the appellants’ closing arguments, namely that the prosecutors and law 

enforcement officers had engaged in fabrications and misconduct.”). Moreover, the 

government’s closing argument was not improper vouching because it was grounded in 

record evidence. The search of Rodriguez’s vehicle revealed evidence supporting the 

assertion that he was an “armed drug dealer,” specifically, a firearm, drugs, small bags, 

and a scale. App. 359.

Even if we were to find the government’s statement an error, we still would not 

reverse Rodriguez’s conviction because he fails to show that the error affected his 

substantial rights or the fairness of the proceedings. “[A] criminal conviction is not to be 

lightly overturned on the basis of a prosecutor’s comments standing alone, for the 

statements or conduct must be viewed in context.” United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11 

(1985). “The type of counsel misconduct that warrants granting a new trial is not 

generally a single isolated inappropriate comment, but rather repeated conduct that 

permeate[s] the trial.” United States v. Riley, 621 F.3d 312, 339 (3d Cir. 2010) (internal 

quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). In addition to the significant evidence 

against Rodriguez and the isolated nature of the government’s comment, the District 

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 6 Date Filed: 01/28/2015
7

Court instructed the jury on multiple occasions throughout trial that the attorneys’

arguments were not evidence. In view of all this, we cannot conclude that the 

government’s closing argument was improper.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of conviction.

Case: 14-1203 Document: 003111859785 Page: 7 Date Filed: 01/28/2015