Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-2_19-cv-00970/USCOURTS-alnd-2_19-cv-00970-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Colonial Pipeline Company
Defendant
Valley Creek Land & Timber, LLC
Plaintiff

Document Text:

1

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

VALLEY CREEK LAND & TIMBER, )

LLC, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2:19-CV-970-KOB

)

COLONIAL PIPELINE COMPANY, )

)

Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

As anyone who has tried to make guacamole with an unripe avocado can tell you, 

sometimes doing something too early is just as bad as doing something too late. An avocado that 

has not yet ripened will leave even the best cooks with a guacamole that is unappealing in both 

texture and taste. However, savvy chefs can avoid this culinary catastrophe with the addition of 

one extra ingredient: patience. In this case, the plaintiff did not exercise patience. As a result, 

this case is just like an avocado that will ruin an otherwise perfect guacamole—unripe. 

This matter comes before the court on Defendant Colonial Pipeline Company’s motion to 

dismiss Plaintiff Valley Creek Land & Timber, LLC’s complaint under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6). (Doc. 15). In its complaint, Valley Creek alleges that a gasoline spill from 

one of Defendant Colonial Pipeline Company’s gasoline pipelines contaminated Valley Creek’s 

property and diminished the property’s value. (Doc. 1). Colonial raises multiple arguments for 

dismissing the complaint, including an argument that the case should be dismissed as unripe 

because of ongoing contractual mitigation efforts. (Doc. 15). For the reasons stated below, the 

FILED

 2020 Jan-07 PM 01:38

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

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court will GRANT Colonial’s motion to dismiss without prejudice because Valley Creek’s case 

has not yet become ripe for adjudication. 

I. Standard of Review

Colonial moves to dismiss Valley Creek’s complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to 

state a claim for which relief can be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). However, a dismissal 

on ripeness grounds more properly falls under the umbrella of a Rule 12(b)(1) dismissal for lack 

of subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1); Reahard v. Lee Cty., 30 F.3d 1412, 

1415 (11th Cir. 1994) (stating that the issue of ripeness goes to whether a district court has 

subject matter jurisdiction). But, the choice of which rule to apply makes little practical

difference because the court applies a standard of review akin to that of Rule 12(b)(6) when a 

defendant facially attacks subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Carmichael v. 

Kellogg, Brown & Root Services, Inc., 572 F.3d 1271, 1279 (11th Cir. 2009). 

The Supreme Court has explained that “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint 

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A complaint states a facially plausible claim for relief “when the 

plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation omitted).

As reflected in this Memorandum Opinion, documents attached to the pleadings influence 

the considerations in this case. In considering a Rule 12(b) motion, the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure generally limit the court to assessing the face of the complaint and its attachments. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b); Day v. Taylor, 400 F.3d 1272, 1275–76 (11th Cir. 2005). However, the 

court may also consider, without converting the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary 

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judgment, documents attached to a motion to dismiss that are central to the complaint and

undisputed in their authenticity. Thaeter v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 449 F.3d 1342, 

1352 (11th Cir. 2006); Day, 400 F.3d at 1276. The documents in this case are all either attached 

to the complaint or central to the complaint, and neither party disputes their authenticity. 

Therefore, the court can consider the documents without converting Colonial’s motion to dismiss 

to a motion for summary judgment. 

II. Factual Background

Valley Creek, a land and timber investment company, states in its complaint that it owns 

more than 5,000 acres of property in Shelby County, Alabama, which it bought as an investment 

ultimately intended for residential and commercial development. (Doc. 1). Colonial has a 

gasoline pipeline that runs near Valley Creek’s property. On September 9, 2016, a mining 

inspector discovered that Colonial’s pipeline had sprung a leak. The leak released approximately 

300,000 gallons of gasoline onto Valley Creek’s property. 

After the leak, multiple federal, state, and local agencies engaged in a response effort. 

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”)—a federal agency 

overseeing pipelines—issued a corrective action order to Colonial. The corrective action order 

enumerated the details of the leak and required Colonial to, among other things, take immediate

action to address the leak, complete an extensive failure analysis, and submit quarterly reports to 

the agency. (Doc. 1-1). The attachments to Colonial’s motion to dismiss show that PHMSA 

later issued an amended corrective action order to Colonial, which—in addition to the 

requirements from the previous order—requires Colonial to implement an approved remedial 

work plan for the pipeline that identifies potential and existing threats. (Doc. 15-2 at 9).

Additionally, Colonial has submitted and continues to submit environmental testing analysis to 

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the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (“ADEM”). (Doc. 15-3 at 8-12; Doc. 

15-6). 

On February 27, 2017, Colonial and Valley Creek entered into an “Access Agreement.” 

(Doc. 15-7). The Access Agreement sets forth a framework for Colonial, under the supervision 

of ADEM and other regulatory agencies, to perform remediation efforts on Valley Creek’s land 

that was affected by the gasoline leak. The Access Agreement binds the parties for six years or 

until Colonial receives a no-further-action letter from ADEM, whichever comes first. A nofurther-action letter from ADEM would indicate that the remediation efforts had reached 

ADEM’s standards for environmental safety. If Colonial has not finished the remediation in six 

years and ADEM has not issued a letter, the Access Agreement contains two one-year options to 

extend the agreement that include further compensation for Valley Creek. The Access

Agreement states that Colonial shall provide full compensation to Valley Creek for the use of the 

property, “excluding only an additional obligation for Colonial to pay [Valley Creek] for damage 

to the Property and associated loss in value of the Property should same exist after the Work and 

any additional work on the property not covered by this Agreement.” (Id. at 4). 

The parties do not dispute that the Access Agreement is still in effect and that Colonial’s 

remediation work is ongoing. 

In October 2017, the parties also entered into a “Tolling Agreement” related to Colonial’s 

remediation efforts. (Doc. 1-6). The Tolling Agreement states that Colonial is conducting the 

work covered in the Access Agreement in coordination with ADEM, but “the full extent of the 

contamination and remediation that may be needed to correct or contain it is still being 

investigated.” (Id. at 2). The Tolling Agreement notes Valley Creek’s desire to avoid litigation 

“at the current time,” but states that Valley Creek has not waived its claims related to the 

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gasoline leak and that the parties agree to toll the statute of limitations for those claims until 60 

days after the expiration of the Access Agreement. The Tolling Agreement also states that the 

agreement terminates if Valley Creek files suit during the tolling period. 

In its complaint, Valley Creek primarily contends that the gasoline spill damaged its 

property by contaminating it with toxic, carcinogenic chemicals. Valley Creek asserts that the 

contamination has not been remediated and that the remediation efforts have further damaged the 

property. Overall, Valley Creek asserts that the damage from the spill has diminished the value 

of the property and will prevent the property from being put to its best, most valuable use. 

Valley Creek raises claims for relief for negligence, wantonness, inverse condemnation, 

and nuisance—all of which hinge, at least in part, on the alleged diminution in value of the 

property. Valley Creek also requests injunctive relief in the form of a “remaining life study,” in 

which an independent expert would assess the longevity of Colonial’s pipeline, issue instructions 

about pipeline maintenance, and receive annual reports from Colonial about the pipeline. In 

addition to the remaining life study, Valley Creek seeks compensatory damages, punitive 

damages, and attorney’s fees. 

III. Discussion

In its motion to dismiss, Colonial argues, among other things, that this suit should not 

have been filed, “at least not yet.” Colonial asserts that the Access Agreement contractually bars 

Valley Creek from pursuing damages during the remediation and that Valley Creek’s claims are 

not ripe until the remedial work is complete. Specifically, regarding ripeness, Colonial argues 

that Valley Creek’s claims are contingent upon future events because of the ongoing nature of 

the remediation efforts. 

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In response, Valley Creek argues that its suit is not premature because the Tolling 

Agreement specifically contemplates filing suit during the tolling period and because, according 

to Valley Creek, the Access Agreement only makes Valley Creek whole for damages caused by 

the remediation work. (Doc. 21). Further, Valley Creek argues that it filed its suit at the 

appropriate time because all of its claims relate to a permanent injury that already occurred—the 

spill of gasoline onto the property and the resulting diminution in its value. Valley Creek states 

that whether the damage caused by Colonial can be undone is a factual matter that cannot be

resolved at the motion-to-dismiss stage. 

Colonial replies that the Access Agreement and the Tolling Agreement both make clear 

that remediation is ongoing and that any claims for relief must be assessed after the remediation 

work is complete. (Doc. 25). Colonial argues that Valley Creek’s claims have not ripened

because the alleged injury is contingent on the results of the ongoing remediation efforts. 

Colonial elaborates that no court can determine the value or presence of any injuries until the 

conclusion of remediation. 

The doctrine of ripeness, which originates from the Constitution’s Article III requirement 

that courts only hear actual cases and controversies, presents a “threshold jurisdictional question 

of whether a court may consider the merits of a dispute.” Elend v. Basham, 471 F.3d 1199, 

1204–05 (11th Cir. 2006). In addition to jurisdictional considerations, ripeness also involves 

judicial prudence; even when the case meets the constitutional minimum for jurisdiction, 

“prudential considerations may still counsel judicial restraint.” Digital Properties, Inc. v. City of 

Plantation, 121 F.3d 586, 589 (11th Cir. 1997). Courts assess ripeness on a claim-by-claim 

basis. Club Madonna, Inc. v. City of Miami Beach, 924 F.3d 1370, 1380 (11th Cir. 2019).

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Ripeness is “designed ‘to prevent the courts, through avoidance of premature 

adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract disagreements.’” Wollschlaeger v. 

Governor, Fla., 848 F.3d 1293, 1304 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v. 

Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 807 (2003)). The ripeness doctrine protects federal courts from 

engaging in speculation or wasting their resources through the review of merely potential or 

abstract disputes. Digital Properties, Inc., 121 F.3d at 589.

When examining ripeness, the court considers “whether this is the correct time for the 

complainant to bring the action.” Wilderness Soc. v. Alcock, 83 F.3d 386, 390 (11th Cir. 1996).

“A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur 

as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296, 300 (1998) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). The court must determine whether there is “sufficient injury 

to meet Article III’s requirement of a case or controversy and, if so, whether the claim is 

sufficiently mature, and the issues sufficiently defined and concrete, to permit effective 

decisionmaking by the court.” Cheffer v. Reno, 55 F.3d 1517, 1524 (11th Cir. 1995). To 

determine whether a dispute is “concrete enough to be ripe,” courts assess “(1) the fitness of the 

issue for judicial decision and (2) the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration.” 

Wollschlaeger, 848 F.3d at 1304 (quoting Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n, 538 U.S. at 808).

In this case, Valley Creek has not brought its claim at the right time. See Wilderness 

Soc., 83 F.3d at 390. All of Valley Creek’s damages claims lack sufficient concreteness for 

adjudication and remain prudentially unripe. See Cheffer, 55 F.3d at 1524; Digital Properties, 

Inc., 121 F.3d at 589. Valley Creek’s complaint—with the exception of its claim for injunctive 

relief—focuses on the lingering effects of the gasoline spill on the property, a condition Colonial 

has undertaken to remediate via the Access Agreement. See generally (Doc. 1). Specifically, in 

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all of its claims Valley Creek alleges either that (1) the property’s value has diminished because 

of “physical contamination and pollution, environmental stigma from physical contamination 

and pollution, the creation of harmful conditions to human health and the environment, and 

continuous nuisance,” (2) it cannot use the property for its best use due to damage, or (3) both. 

(Id. at 12, 16–18). However, as stated in the Tolling Agreement, the full extent of contamination 

and necessary remediation remains unknown. (Doc. 1-6 at 2). Further, Colonial’s contractually 

mandated remediation efforts under the Access Agreement—which will necessarily affect the 

contamination of the property and the ability to put the property to its “best use”—remain 

ongoing. (Doc. 15-7). 

Because of the ongoing nature of Colonial’s remediation efforts, Valley Creek’s damages 

claims do not meet the first prong of the concreteness analysis: fitness for judicial decision. See

Wollschlaeger, 848 F.3d at 1304. Colonial is contractually bound to remediate the damage to at 

least part of Valley Creek’s property up to at least the standards mandated by the relevant 

regulatory agencies. From the face of the pleadings, it appears that Colonial could possibly 

remediate all of the damage from the gasoline spill such that no devaluation or limited use of the 

property would occur. Further, the Access Agreement compensates Valley Creek for the time 

spent on remediation and for any property damage caused by those efforts. 

Thus, despite the occurrence of the original gasoline spill—which Valley Creek frames as 

a concrete injury that has already occurred—some questions remain regarding the extent to 

which Valley Creek suffered an actual injury resulting in damages that could justify liability. 

Whether injury and damages exist in this case depends on contingent future events that may not 

occur as anticipated, namely, Colonial’s remediation efforts. Texas, 523 U.S. at 300. As such, 

the injury required under the Article III case or controversy requirement remains “potential or 

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abstract” and unfit for adjudication. See Cheffer, 55 F.3d at 1524; Digital Properties, Inc., 121 

F.3d at 589.

No Supreme Court or Eleventh Circuit caselaw exists that clearly aligns with the facts in 

this case, but some analogous caselaw can help illuminate the abstractness of Valley Creek’s 

claims for damages. In a bankruptcy case, the Eleventh Circuit held that the case was not ripe 

because the facts did not guarantee that the plaintiffs would suffer actual injury. In re Jacks, 642 

F.3d 1323, 1332 (11th Cir. 2011). In that case, the plaintiffs filed suit over bankruptcy-related

fees that had accrued in the plaintiffs’ account but that did not actually have to be paid until later 

in the plaintiffs’ bankruptcy proceedings. Id. at 1326–27, 1332. The Eleventh Circuit found that 

the case was unripe because, due to uncertainties in the bankruptcy proceedings, it was unclear 

whether the plaintiffs would actually have to pay the fees. 

Despite the different factual contexts, the alleged injury in this case has similarities to the 

fees at issue in Jacks. In Jacks, the alleged injury of the accrual of fees had occurred, but the 

court essentially found that actual injury might not exist because the fees might not have any 

practical impact. See id. Likewise, in this case the alleged injury of the gasoline spill has 

occurred, but—because of the ongoing, contractually mandated remediation efforts—the 

practical impact of the alleged injury remains unclear. 

While the Eleventh Circuit has not decided any cases factually similar to the case at hand,

two unreported cases from Indiana district courts provide further clarification of the fitness of 

Valley Creek’s damages claims for decision. Both cases deal with contamination of property 

with hazardous chemicals and ongoing remediation efforts, and both cases address the issue of 

whether claims should be dismissed as unripe because of the ongoing nature of remediation

efforts. Stoll v. Kraft Foods Glob., Inc., No. 1:09-CV-0364-TWP-DML, 2010 WL 3702359, at 

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*1, *8 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 6, 2010); Allgood v. Gen. Motors Corp., No. 102CV1077DFHTAB, 2006 

WL 2669337, at *1–2, *36 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 18, 2006). Stoll came before the Indiana district 

court on a motion to dismiss, while Allgood came before the court on a motion for summary 

judgment.

Although Stoll involved a motion to dismiss, the instant case actually shares more 

similarities with Allgood. In Allgood, the court found that the plaintiff’s claims for “damages for 

reduced property values resulting from the stigma caused by the pollution” were not ripe because 

the plaintiffs had not presented any evidence that would allow a jury to find stigma or damages 

“other than by speculation” before the remediation had been completed. Allgood v. Gen. Motors 

Corp., No. 102CV1077DFHTAB, 2006 WL 2669337, at *2. In the instant case, which also deals 

with reduced property values, remediation is ongoing and is contractually guaranteed; thus, as in

Allgood, any conclusions about stigma, damages, or the property value would necessarily be 

based solely on speculation. 

In Stoll, the court entertained a similar argument that the plaintiffs’ damages claims

should be dismissed on ripeness grounds because damages could not be calculated with certainty,

as remediation remained incomplete. Stoll v. Kraft Foods Glob., Inc., No. 1:09-CV-0364-TWPDML, 2010 WL 3702359, at *8. The court rejected that argument because it had “yet to hear a 

shred of evidence about the concreteness or speculativeness of Plaintiffs’ damages.” Id. at *9. 

The court finds that Stoll can be distinguished from the case at hand because the record in this 

case already contains evidence—in the form of a contractual agreement requiring remediation—

that Valley Creek’s damages are speculative. 

Because the question of whether the damages in this case are speculative can be resolved 

based on the pleadings, Valley Creek cannot prevail on its argument that the remediation-ofCase 2:19-cv-00970-KOB Document 34 Filed 01/07/20 Page 10 of 14
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damages issue presents a question of fact inappropriate for a motion to dismiss. While it is true 

that the extent to which Colonial will be able to remediate the damages presents a factual 

question that the court could not resolve at this stage, the court does not arrive at that factual 

question; the apparent speculativeness of the damages, and hence the fitness of the case for 

judicial decision, acts as a threshold jurisdictional issue. So, this case, like Allgood, remains 

sufficiently speculative that it does not clear the ripeness hurdle of being prudentially fit for 

judicial decision. See Wollschlaeger, 848 F.3d at 1304. 

An analysis of the hardship to Valley Creek also supports the dismissal on ripeness 

grounds of Valley Creek’s claims for damages. See id. The hardship prong in ripeness review 

“asks about the costs to the complaining party of delaying review until conditions for deciding 

the controversy are ideal.” Harrell v. The Fla. Bar, 608 F.3d 1241, 1258 (11th Cir. 2010). In 

considering hardship, the court considers whether withholding a decision would cause 

“significant practical harm” to the plaintiff’s interests. Pittman v. Cole, 267 F.3d 1269, 1281 

(11th Cir. 2001). 

In this case, Valley Creek cannot show practical, economic hardship based on this 

court’s decision to withhold review of this case until the completion of the contractuallymandated remediation of the property. Pursuant to the Access Agreement, Colonial must 

monetarily compensate Valley Creek for its use of the property during the remediation efforts

and will continue to do so going forward. (See doc. 15-7). Further, the remediation efforts 

should improve the value of Valley Creek’s property over time. So, Valley Creek cannot show 

economic hardship arising from this court’s decision to decline to consider this case at this time.

However, the hardship analysis also takes into consideration whether the plaintiff “will 

have ample opportunity later to bring its legal challenge at a time when harm is more imminent 

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and more certain.” Pittman, 267 F.3d at 1281 (quoting Ohio Forestry Ass’n, Inc. v. Sierra Club, 

523 U.S. 726, 734 (1998)). In this case, the applicable statute of limitations complicates whether 

Valley Creek can bring its legal challenge at a later, more appropriate time. Valley Creek’s act 

of filing the instant suit terminated the Tolling Agreement that suspended the statute of 

limitations. (See doc. 1-6). Under Alabama law, the statute of limitations for Valley Creek’s 

claims for damages runs after two years. Ala. Code § 6-2-38; Long v. City of Athens, 24 So. 3d 

1110, 1119 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009). The gasoline spill occurred in September 2016, so, absent 

any tolling, the statute of limitations has already lapsed. 

Where the statute of limitations would bar subsequent suit, a dismissal without prejudice 

effectively becomes a dismissal with prejudice. Justice v. United States, 6 F.3d 1474, 1482 & n. 

15 (11th Cir. 1993). However, the circumstances in this case do not clearly indicate whether the 

statute of limitations would in fact bar a subsequent suit. As an initial matter, Colonial stated in 

its motion to dismiss that “the parties could agree again to toll the statutes of limitation 

applicable to Valley Creek’s claims.” (Doc. 15-1 at 16). Further, because of the ripeness issues 

in this case, Valley Creek could be eligible for equitable tolling of the statute of limitations. See 

Weaver v. Firestone, 155 So. 3d 952, 958 (Ala. 2013) (stating that equitable tolling of the statute 

of limitations is appropriate in extraordinary circumstances that the claimant cannot avoid or 

control). Finally, the statute of limitations would not bar Valley Creek from seeking relief for 

any damages to the property by bringing a contractual action based on the Access Agreement. 

So, multiple avenues exist for Valley Creek to potentially bring its claims again at a more 

appropriate time. 

Additionally, the existence of the now-terminated Tolling Agreement in this case creates 

an equitable issue. Colonial and Valley Creek’s Tolling Agreement effectively suspended the 

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statute of limitations on Valley Creek’s claims until after the expiration of the Access 

Agreement. (Doc. 1-6). However, the Tolling Agreement also clearly stated that it would 

terminate if Valley Creek filed suit while remediation efforts were ongoing and the Access 

Agreement was still operative. Valley Creek created any potential statute-of-limitations issues 

when it filed suit before Colonial finished its remediation efforts, thereby terminating the Tolling 

Agreement. Therefore, any hardship relating to the statute of limitations is at least partially selfimposed. Valley Creek’s responsibility renders this court reluctant to place undue weight on any 

potential statute-of-limitations issue when considering Valley Creek’s hardship. Because a 

dismissal without prejudice will not create economic hardship for Valley Creek or clearly bar the 

filing of another suit at an appropriate time, the hardship analysis does not foreclose dismissal of 

this case on ripeness grounds. 

Considerations of both fitness and lack of hardship counsel against deciding the instant 

case at this time. Wollschlaeger, 848 F.3d at 1304. At the heart of the matter lies the fact that 

Valley Creek simply did not bring its claim at the right time and asks the court to speculate on a 

dispute that remains abstract. Wilderness Soc., 83 F.3d at 390; Digital Properties, Inc., 121 F.3d 

at 589. A decision by the court at this time could lead to an outcome that, because of the 

remediation efforts, becomes unjust or requires further litigation. These considerations represent

exactly the type of prudential concerns contemplated by the ripeness doctrine. See Digital

Properties, Inc., 121 F.3d at 589. Thus, the court finds that Valley Creek’s claims for damages 

have not yet ripened and must be dismissed. 

Valley Creek’s claim for injunctive relief also fails. A request for a permanent 

injunction, like Valley Creek’s request for a remaining life study, is not cognizable as a 

freestanding claim for relief. See Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 424 F.3d 1117, 

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1127 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating that “any motion or suit for either a preliminary or permanent 

injunction must be based upon a cause of action, such as a constitutional violation, a trespass, or 

a nuisance. There is no such thing as a suit for a traditional injunction in the abstract”) (citations 

and internal quotation marks omitted); Sierra Club v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 592 F. Supp.

2d 1357, 1374–75 (N.D. Ala. 2009) (recognizing that injunction requires infringement of a legal 

right). Because Valley Creek’s claims for damages are not yet ripe, Valley Creek has not shown 

the infringement of a legal right and is not entitled to injunctive relief at this time. 

IV. Conclusion

Patience can be as important in litigation as it is in cooking. In this case, Valley Creek’s 

lack of patience necessitates the dismissal of its claims. For the reasons discussed above, Valley 

Creek’s damages claims have not yet reached the level of ripeness necessary for adjudication. 

Further, Valley Creek’s claim for injunctive relief cannot stand on its own. Accordingly, by 

separate order, the court will GRANT Colonial’s motion to dismiss, and will DISMISS 

WITHOUT PREJUDICE Valley Creek’s claims for damages and injunctive relief. 

DONE and ORDERED this 7th day of January, 2020.

____________________________________

KARON OWEN BOWDRE

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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