Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca8-01-02045/USCOURTS-ca8-01-02045-1/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
John J. Fellers
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 01-2045

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* District of Nebraska.

John J. Fellers, *

*

Appellant. *

___________

Submitted: September 13, 2004

Filed: February 15, 2005

___________

Before WOLLMAN, LAY, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.

___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

This case returns to us on remand from the Supreme Court. We affirm Fellers’s

conviction, but remand to the district court for resentencing.

I.

Two policemen went to Fellers’s home in Lincoln, Nebraska, to arrest him on

February 24, 2000. After the officers entered the home, they told Fellers that a grand

jury had indicted him for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, that the

indictment concerned an alleged conspiracy with certain named persons, and that the

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officers had a federal warrant for his arrest. Fellers stated that he knew the coconspirators in question and that he had used methamphetamine in the past.

After about 15 minutes, the officers arrested Fellers and transported him to jail.

Fellers was booked and taken to an interview room, where the officers gave him a full

Miranda warning. Fellers waived his Miranda rights both verbally and in writing,

repeated the statements he had made at his home, and stated that he had purchased

methamphetamine from some of the co-conspirators named in the indictment. Fellers

admitted knowing several more individuals and that he had purchased

methamphetamine from some of them and used methamphetamine with some of them.

He also stated that he had loaned money to another co-conspirator even though he

suspected that the money might have been used for drug transactions. Throughout

his jailhouse interrogation, however, Fellers repeatedly denied that he had ever sold

methamphetamine.

Following a magistrate judge’s hearing and recommendation, the district court

suppressed the statements made at Fellers’s home, but allowed Fellers’s jailhouse

statements to be introduced at trial. A jury found Fellers guilty of conspiracy to

distribute and to possess with intent to distribute between 50 and 500 grams of

methamphetamine. At sentencing, over Fellers’s objection, the district court found

that Fellers was actually responsible for more than 500 grams of methamphetamine

and accordingly raised Fellers’s base offense level from 30 to 32. The district court

also raised Fellers’s criminal history category from category II to category III based

upon conduct underlying a prior guilty plea, even though the conviction entered

pursuant to the plea was later expunged.

We upheld Fellers’s conviction against Fifth and Sixth Amendment challenges

and held that Fellers’s jailhouse statements were admissible under Oregon v. Elstad,

470 U.S. 298 (1985). United States v. Fellers, 285 F.3d 721, 724 (8th Cir. 2002)

(Fellers I). The Supreme Court reversed our decision and concluded that the officers

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had deliberately elicited the statements made at Fellers’s home in violation of

Fellers’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Fellers v. United States, 540 U.S. 519,

524-25 (2004) (Fellers II). The Court remanded the case to us for a determination

whether Fellers’s jailhouse statements should be suppressed as fruits of the initial

Sixth Amendment violation and whether the Oregon v. Elstad rationale “applies when

a suspect makes incriminating statements after a knowing and voluntary waiver of his

right to counsel notwithstanding earlier police questioning in violation of Sixth

Amendment standards.” Id. at 525.

II.

Fellers argues that Elstad does not apply to violations of the Sixth Amendment

because the Elstad rule was never designed to deal with actual violations of the

Constitution. In addition, Fellers argues that Elstad—which was crafted to serve the

Fifth Amendment—is inapplicable because it is ill-suited to serve the distinct

concerns raised by the Sixth Amendment and because violations of the Miranda rule

are fundamentally different from the Sixth Amendment violation at issue in this case.

We disagree.

A.

In Elstad, the Supreme Court held that an initial failure to administer Miranda

warnings, in the absence of actual coercion or tactics calculated to undermine an

individual’s free will, does not require the suppression of subsequent voluntary

statements given after proper Miranda warnings and a valid waiver of Miranda rights.

Elstad, 470 U.S. at 309. Two policemen went to Elstad’s home with a warrant for his

arrest for burglary. While in Elstad’s living room, one of the officers told Elstad that

he believed that Elstad was involved in the burglary. Elstad responded, “Yes, I was

there.” The officers then took Elstad to the county sheriff’s office and advised him

of his Miranda rights approximately one hour later. Elstad indicated that he

understood his rights and wished to waive them and speak with the officers. Elstad

then gave and signed a full written statement regarding his involvement in the

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In Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2003), a majority of the Supreme Court

concluded that a Miranda violation does not, without more, establish a completed

violation of the Fifth Amendment. Id. at 772 (plurality opinion), 789 (Kennedy, J.,

concurring in part and dissenting in part). Neither opinion contradicts Dickerson’s

analysis of Elstad’s constitutional underpinnings.

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burglary. The trial court suppressed the initial statement made at Elstad’s home, but

admitted Elstad’s signed, written confession. Id. at 300-02. The Supreme Court

affirmed the trial court’s decision and held that the “fruit of the poisonous tree”

doctrine, which would have excluded the subsequent confession if it were tainted by

the initial Miranda violation, was inapplicable in the Miranda context. Id. at 306-07.

The Supreme Court stated in Elstad that its rejection of the exclusionary rule

in the Miranda context was premised on the fact that a violation of Miranda was not,

by itself, a violation of the Fifth Amendment and on the fact that the protections

afforded by the Miranda rule sweep more broadly than the Fifth Amendment itself.

See id. at 305-07 (“Respondent’s contention that his confession...must be excluded

as ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ assumes the existence of a constitutional violation.”).

The Court also stated that Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963), stands

for the proposition that constitutional violations mandate application of the fruits

doctrine. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 308-09. This justification for Elstad’s holding,

however, was undercut by the Court in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428

(2000). In Dickerson, the Court held that Elstad’s rationale rested not on the fact that

Miranda was not a constitutionally mandated rule, but instead on the fact that

unreasonable searches under the Fourth Amendment are different from unwarned

interrogation under the Fifth Amendment. Id. at 441. Additionally, we have

interpreted Dickerson as “reaffirm[ing] the validity of Elstad by reaffirming the

distinction between application of the exclusionary rule following Fourth and Fifth

Amendment violations.” United States v. Villalba-Alvarado, 345 F.3d 1007, 1012

(8th Cir. 2003).1

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B.

Whether the exclusionary rule applies to evidence acquired subsequent to a

constitutional violation requires consideration of the possible admissibility of the

evidence in light of the “distinct policies and interests” of each Amendment. See

Elstad, 470 U.S. at 306-07; Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 602 (1975). When

applied to a confession that is the fruit of unlawful police conduct, the exclusionary

rule ensures that the fruits are excluded from trial unless they result from an

“intervening act of free will” by the suspect. Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 486. 

Although the exclusionary rule is most often applied in the Fourth Amendment

context, its application has not been limited to Fourth Amendment violations. Nix

v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 442 & n. 3 (1984). The Supreme Court instead has

applied the exclusionary rule to violations of both the Fifth and Sixth Amendment.

Id. The Court has repeatedly noted, however, that the core reason for extending the

exclusionary rule to these areas is to deter police from violating constitutional and

statutory protections. Id. at 442-43. See also United States v. Patane, 124 S. Ct.

2620, 2629 (2004) (plurality opinion). Another relevant consideration in extending

the exclusionary rule is whether application of the rule would effectuate the purposes

of the constitutional provision at issue. See Brown, 422 U.S. at 601.

The Fourth Amendment traditionally mandates a “broad application” of the

exclusionary rule. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 306. The exclusionary rule operates in the

Fourth Amendment context to deter unreasonable searches and seizures regardless of

the probativeness of their fruits. Id. Where the fruits of the Fourth Amendment

violation are confessions, courts apply the exclusionary rule to ensure that the

confession is not causally linked to the initial illegality. Brown, 422 U.S. at 602-03.

By applying the exclusionary rule, courts “assure in every case that the Fourth

Amendment violation has not been unduly exploited,” and thus effectuate the Fourth

Amendment’s purpose of prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures. Id. at 603.

Miranda warnings do not obviate the need for the exclusionary rule in the Fourth

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Amendment context because the warnings cannot, “alone and per se,” ensure that a

voluntary confession taken subsequent to a Fourth Amendment violation was an act

of free will sufficient to break the causal connection between the violation and the

confession. Id.

The Fifth Amendment, in contrast, prohibits the prosecution from using

compelled testimony in its case in chief and ensures that any evidence introduced at

trial will be voluntary and thus trustworthy. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 306-08. Because

confessions or statements taken in violation of Miranda give rise to an irrebuttable

presumption that they have been compelled, they must be excluded from the

prosecution’s case in chief. Id. at 307. This presumption of compulsion, however,

does not bar the use of unwarned statements for impeachment purposes. Id. In

addition, as Elstad held, the presumption does not preclude the introduction of a

subsequent warned statement at trial. Id. at 310-11. Because the Miranda warnings

give the suspect the information he needs to choose whether to exercise his right to

remain silent, the suspect’s choice to speak after receiving Miranda warnings is

normally viewed as an “act of free will.” Id. at 311 (quoting Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at

486). Furthermore, because the introduction of the subsequent warned statement at

trial entails no risk that compelled testimony will be used against a suspect,

suppression of the subsequent warned statement neither deters violations of the Fifth

Amendment nor ensures that the statement was not compelled. Id. at 308-09.

Accordingly, the ordinary exclusionary rule gives way to the Elstad rule, and

subsequent warned confessions given after initial Miranda violations are admissible.

The Sixth Amendment prohibits the use at trial of statements deliberately

elicited from a suspect after he has been indicted and in the absence of counsel.

United States v. Massiah, 377 U.S. 201, 206 (1964). This rule serves to exclude

uncounseled post-indictment statements taken in violation of the Sixth Amendment

and thereby preserves the integrity and fairness of the criminal trial. See Nix, 467

U.S. at 446.

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We conclude that the exclusionary rule is inapplicable in Fellers’s case

because, as with the Fifth Amendment in Elstad, the use of the exclusionary rule in

this case would serve neither deterrence nor any other goal of the Sixth Amendment.

Both the deterrence of future Sixth Amendment violations and the vindication of the

Amendment’s right-to-counsel guarantee have been effectuated through the exclusion

of Fellers’s initial statements. Although the officers acknowledged that they used

Fellers’s initial jailhouse statements (obtained after securing a Miranda waiver) in

order to extract further admissions from him, there is no indication that the

interrogating officers made any reference to Fellers’s prior uncounseled statements

in order to prompt him into making new incriminating statements. In addition,

because Fellers’s initial statements related to persons already named in the indictment

and to his own personal use of methamphetamine (the drug he was accused of

conspiring to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute), the officers would

have had a basis for the questions asked during the jailhouse interrogation even if

Fellers had said nothing at all at his home. Furthermore, although Fellers’s

subsequent statements did reestablish matters addressed by his prior unwarned

statements, Fellers also made numerous statements about parties, events, and

activities not covered in his prior statements. Accordingly, suppression of Fellers’s

subsequent statements would not promote the fairness of the trial process because

their introduction was not unfair to Fellers.

Our conclusion is consistent with historical applications of the exclusionary

rule in the Sixth Amendment context. In such cases, evidence acquired after a Sixth

Amendment violation is excluded in the absence of proof that the Sixth Amendment

violation did not contribute to or produce the subsequent evidence. See, e.g., United

States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 235-37 (1967) (excluding identification testimony

given subsequent to a post-indictment lineup at which the accused’s counsel was not

present in violation of the Sixth Amendment). In the case of warned confessions that

follow unwarned, uncounseled statements, however, the suspect’s knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary choice to waive his right to counsel constitutes an

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intervening act of free will that breaks the causal link between the prior uncounseled

statements (which have already been suppressed) and the subsequent statements.

C.

The similarities between the Sixth Amendment context at issue in Fellers’s case

and the Fifth Amendment context at issue in Elstad support our conclusion that the

Elstad rule applies when a suspect makes incriminating statements after a knowing

and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel, notwithstanding earlier police

questioning in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court has

never explicitly stated that the Elstad rationale is applicable to Sixth Amendment

violations, it has emphasized the similarity between pre-indictment suspects subjected

to custodial interrogation and post-indictment defendants subjected to questioning.

The Court has held that the scope of the right to counsel varies depending upon

the usefulness of counsel to the accused at a particular proceeding and the dangers to

the accused of proceeding without counsel. Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285, 298

(1988). Unlike during trial, where the accused truly requires aid in meeting his legal

adversary, the full “dangers and disadvantages of self-representation” during postindictment questioning are more apparent to an accused. Id. at 298-300.

Furthermore, because “[t]he State’s decision to take an additional step and commence

formal adversarial proceedings against the accused does not substantially increase the

value of counsel to the accused at questioning or expand the limited purpose that an

attorney serves when the accused is questioned by authorities,” there is no significant

difference between a lawyer’s usefulness to a suspect during pre-indictment custodial

interrogation and his usefulness at post-indictment questioning. Id. at 298-99. An

accused is thus permitted to waive his right to counsel as an initial matter after

receiving proper Miranda warnings. Id. at 293-94. Such warnings alert the accused

to the possible consequences of going forward without counsel during questioning.

Id. at 293. In addition, as in the case of unwarned statements taken in violation of

Miranda, uncounseled statements obtained in violation of the Sixth Amendment may

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Fellers’s suggestion that the psychological effect of the first statement

inherently taints the second statement or coerces a post-indictment accused into

expanding upon statements previously made because the first statement “let the cat

out of the bag” has been squarely rejected by the Supreme Court. In Elstad, the

Court stated that it had “never held that the psychological impact of voluntary

disclosure of a guilty secret...compromises the voluntariness of a subsequent informed

waiver.” Elstad, 470 U.S. at 312. Although the Elstad Court addressed the issue in

Fifth Amendment terms, its analysis is equally applicable in this case because of the

similarities between a pre-indictment suspect subjected to custodial interrogation and

a post-indictment accused subjected to questioning. Furthermore, even if Fellers was

unaware of the fact that his prior statements could not be used against him, that

ignorance did not compromise the voluntariness of his subsequent waiver of the right

to counsel. See id. at 316 (“This Court has never embraced the theory that a

defendant’s ignorance of the full consequences of his decisions vitiates their

voluntariness.”); see also Patterson, 487 U.S. at 297.

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be used at trial for impeachment purposes. See Michigan v. Harvey, 494 U.S. 344,

350-52 (1990). Accordingly, a warned post-indictment accused subjected to

questioning is similarly situated with a warned pre-indictment suspect subjected to

custodial interrogation.

In contrast with the statements made at Fellers’s home, Fellers’s jailhouse

statements were given after a proper administration of Miranda warnings and a proper

oral and written waiver of his Miranda rights. The Miranda warnings fully informed

Fellers of “the sum and substance” of his Sixth Amendment rights, and his waiver of

his Miranda rights operated as a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his

right to counsel. Patterson, 487 U.S. at 293-94. He was thus given all of the

information he needed to decide whether to invoke his Sixth Amendment rights.2

Furthermore, no evidence indicates that either Fellers’s initial statements or his

subsequent jailhouse statements were coerced, compelled, or otherwise involuntary.

As a result, the condition that made his prior statements inadmissible—the inability

to have counsel present or to waive the right to counsel—was removed. See Elstad,

470 U.S. at 314.

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The Supreme Court’s decision in Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625 (1986),

is not to the contrary. Fellers’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel certainly accrued

after his indictment, but that fact has no bearing on his ability to waive that right in

the first instance. See Patterson, 487 U.S. at 290-91 (fact that suspect’s Sixth

Amendment right was in existence at time of questioning did not distinguish him

from preindictment interrogatee, who also has a right to counsel in existence at time

of questioning). Furthermore, Jackson does not bar a post-indictment accused from

making an initial election whether to proceed with questioning through counsel. Id.

at 291. Because Fellers initially chose to go forward without counsel, there is no

reason to exclude his uncounseled statements. Id.

D.

Finally, we conclude that the officers’ conduct in this case did not vitiate the

effectiveness of the Miranda warnings given to Fellers. We apply a multi-factor test

derived from the Supreme Court’s recent plurality opinion in Missouri v. Seibert, 124

S. Ct. 2601 (2004), in order to determine whether Miranda warnings delivered

between two interrogation sessions are sufficient to fully inform a suspect of his

Miranda rights. United States v. Aguilar, 384 F.3d 520, 524 (8th Cir. 2004). We

consider: (1) the extent of the first round of interrogation; (2) the extent to which the

first and second rounds of interrogation overlap; (3) the timing and setting of both

questioning sessions, including whether a continuity of police personnel existed; and

(4) the extent to which the interrogator’s questions treated the second round as

continuous with the first. Id.

In Fellers’s case, the facts are much closer—if not identical—to the facts at

issue in Elstad than to the facts at issue in Seibert or Aguilar. As in Elstad, the

unwarned conversation at Fellers’s home was relatively brief. Although the same

officers that deliberately elicited statements from Fellers at his home also conducted

Fellers’s jailhouse interrogation, that interrogation took place almost one half hour

later than the conversation at Fellers’s home and in a new and distinct setting. In

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addition, while Fellers’s warned jailhouse statements overlapped to a small degree

with his initial unwarned, uncounseled admissions, the jailhouse interrogation went

well beyond the scope of Fellers’s initial statements by inquiring about different coconspirators and different allegations. There is also no indication that the officers in

this case treated the two rounds of interrogation as continuous, such as by using

statements from the unwarned conversation to prompt admissions after receipt of a

Miranda waiver. See Seibert, 124 S. Ct. at 2606. 

These facts are distinguishable from those in Seibert and Aguilar, where two

almost co-extensive interrogations took place in the same interrogation room with

little or no break between them. See id. at 2606, 2612 (“When the police were

finished there was little, if anything, of incriminating potential left unsaid.”); Aguilar,

384 F.3d at 525. The subsequent Miranda warnings thus presented Fellers with a

“new and distinct experience” as well as a “genuine choice whether to follow up on

the earlier admission.” Seibert, 124 at 2612. Given these circumstances, then, to

admit Fellers’s jailhouse statements is not to fashion a rule that would permit an “end

run around Miranda.” United States v. Carter, 884 F.2d 368, 373 (8th Cir. 1989)

(discussing situation in which officers obtained unwarned admissions from suspect

and obtained identical warned handwritten admissions immediately thereafter).

Fellers’s case also comports with Justice Kennedy’s concurrence in Seibert.

124 S. Ct. at 2614. See also United States v. Briones, 390 F.3d 610, 613 (8th Cir.

2004) (“Because Justice Kennedy relied on grounds narrower than those of the

plurality, his opinion is of special significance.”). Under Justice Kennedy’s

framework, the Elstad rule applies in the Fifth Amendment context only in the

absence of a deliberate law enforcement strategy designed to obtain incriminating

statements in violation of Miranda. Briones, 390 F.3d at 613. Because there is no

evidence that the officers in this case employed such a deliberate strategy, the

concerns voiced by Justice Kennedy are satisfied.

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III.

Even if Fellers’s jailhouse statements should have been suppressed, any error

in admitting those statements at trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Although a defendant’s own confession is “a particularly potent piece of evidence,”

its erroneous introduction is harmless where the other evidence against him is so

substantial that it “assured beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have

returned a conviction even absent the confession.” United States v. Santos, 235 F.3d

1105, 1108 (8th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted).

Fellers’s jailhouse statements, in which he admitted knowing certain coconspirators and using methamphetamine with them, were either corroborated by

other government witnesses or were immaterial to the case. The testimony of each

of these corroborating witnesses went largely unchallenged. Although each of the

government witnesses had numerous past convictions, had used illegal drugs

extensively for a number of years, and were testifying pursuant to plea bargains in

hopes of a reduced sentence (all of which was made known to the jury through both

testimony and exhibits), their credibility was for the jury to decide. See, e.g., United

States v. Aguayo-Delgado, 220 F.3d 926, 935 (8th Cir. 2000).

Furthermore, it is notable that although Fellers admitted to knowing numerous

co-conspirators and to using and purchasing methamphetamine, he vehemently

denied selling or distributing methamphetamine. Fellers’s trial counsel used this fact

in his closing argument and intimated that Fellers was not involved in the distribution

of methamphetamine because a police officer who was trained to elicit the truth from

suspects could not elicit an admission of distribution from Fellers. Accordingly, the

introduction of Fellers’s jailhouse admissions at worst had no effect on the verdict

and at best militated against a conviction for conspiracy to possess methamphetamine

with intent to distribute.

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To prove conspiracy to distribute or to possess methamphetamine with intent

to distribute, “the government must prove that two or more persons reached an

agreement to distribute or possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine, that the

defendant voluntarily and intentionally joined the agreement, and that at the time that

the defendant joined the agreement he knew its essential purpose.” United States v.

Aguilar-Portillo, 334 F.3d 744, 747 (8th Cir. 2003). At trial, the government

presented eight witnesses who detailed the extent of the conspiracy as well as

Fellers’s involvement in both possession and distribution of methamphetamine.

Although “a reasonable mind could entertain concerns about ‘the reliability and

consistency of these accounts’” given the witnesses’ plea bargains, criminal histories,

and past drug use, see id., the evidence presented by the government in this case is

sufficient to prove that Fellers conspired to possess methamphetamine with intent to

distribute. Accordingly, any error in admitting Fellers’s jailhouse statements was

harmless.

IV.

Fellers last contends that the district court improperly enhanced his sentence

based on facts not found by a jury, admitted by him, or proved beyond a reasonable

doubt. Specifically, he argues that both the district court’s increase of the drug

quantity attributable to him beyond that found by the jury and the district court’s

reliance on facts underlying a prior expunged conviction—as opposed to the fact of

the conviction itself—in order to increase his criminal history category violate his

Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury. 

In its recent decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), the

Supreme Court held that the mandatory federal sentencing guidelines system was

unconstitutional and that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary

to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by

a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 755-56. Because the jury in Fellers’s case

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Because the district court’s enhancement of Fellers’s sentence based upon an

increased drug quantity entitles him to a resentencing in and of itself, we see no need

to decide whether the increase in his criminal history category similarly entitles him

to relief. We note, however, that the conduct underlying the expunged offense was

admitted by the defendant in the context of a guilty plea.

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specifically found that Fellers was responsible for between 50 and 500 grams of

methamphetamine and specifically rejected an alternative verdict stating that Fellers

was responsible for more than 500 grams of methamphetamine, the district court’s

decision to enhance Fellers’s sentence based upon the latter figure was in error.

Because Fellers raised this issue at sentencing, he is entitled to a new sentencing

hearing.3

 

Fellers’s conviction is affirmed, but his case is remanded for resentencing in

accordance with Booker.

______________________________

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