Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca11-14-11230/USCOURTS-ca11-14-11230-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Hill Dermaceuticals, Inc.
Appellee
Joezette Hite
Appellant

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-11230

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 8:12-cv-02277-VMC-AEP

JOEZETTE HITE, 

Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

HILL DERMACEUTICALS, INC., 

a Florida corporation, 

Defendant - Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(August 6, 2015)

Before JORDAN and FAY, Circuit Judges, and WALKER,* District Judge.

PER CURIAM: 

 * The Honorable Mark E. Walker, United States District Court Judge for the Northern District of 

Florida, sitting by designation.

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 1 of 13
2

Joezette Hite appeals summary judgment granted to her former employer, 

Hill Dermaceuticals, Inc. (“Hill”), in her action alleging gender and pregnancy 

discrimination. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Hill is a dermatological drug manufacturer and sales company, located in 

Sanford, Florida. Hill’s primary customers are dermatology physicians, who 

prescribe its products to treat adult and pediatric scalp and skin diseases, such as 

psoriasis and severe acne. Hite was employed by Hill as a full-time 

pharmaceutical sales representative in February 2004. Her February 6, 2004, 

employment confirmation letter states: “As a Hill Sales Representative, you agree 

to represent the Hill product line exclusively and will never solicit business for any 

similar product or program of any other company and will not help or associate 

with any other distributor of similar products.” Emp’t Confirmation Letter, Feb. 6, 

2004, at 2.

Hite’s sales territory was the west coast of Florida, and she understood she 

was expected to call on ten to twelve physicians a day. She primarily sold three 

Hill products: (1) Derma-Smoothe Scalp, (2) Derma-Smoothe Body, and (3) 

DermaOtic Oil Ear Drops. In addition to her fixed salary, Hill paid Hite 

commissions on the number of prescriptions written by physicians for the products 

she sold.

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 2 of 13
3

During her employment with Hill, Hite reported to regional sales manager, 

Elizabeth Schmidt. Hite reported weekly to Schmidt and provided information 

concerning her interactions with physicians, including the physician’s name, date

of her sales visit, and location. Generally twice a year, a Hill regional sales 

manager would accompany sales representatives in calling on physicians to assess 

the representatives’ sales techniques and effectiveness in interacting with company 

customers and to offer constructive critiques and advice. Hill conducted quarterly 

sales meetings throughout the country that all full-time sales representatives were 

expected to attend. 

On March 22, 2008, Hite gave birth to her first child. She requested and 

was given eight weeks of maternity leave. Thereafter, she returned to her full-time 

job as a sales representative. Hite gave birth to her second child on March 11, 

2010.1

 She again requested and was given eight weeks of maternity leave. While 

Hite was on maternity leave, she did not receive her salary but was covered by 

employee health care; she also continued to be paid commissions on sales from her 

territory.

During her 2010 maternity leave, Hite was informed she would need to 

attend a Hill quarterly sales meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, scheduled after her return 

 1 During the summer of 2009, Hite attended a Hill sales meeting in Orlando, where Schmidt 

asked her if she was pregnant. Hite initially denied being pregnant, but later confirmed she was 

pregnant. Schmidt asked Hite if she had planned the pregnancy; Hite responded the pregnancy 

was not planned. 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 3 of 13
4

from maternity leave. Knowing of Hite’s aversion to flying, Schmidt gave her the 

option of attending the managers’ quarterly sales meeting in Orlando, Florida, on a 

date during Hite’s maternity leave. Hite, who was nursing her baby, chose the 

nearer Orlando meeting; she returned to work for one day to attend the Orlando 

meeting in late April 2010, after approximately six weeks of maternity leave; she

then continued her maternity leave. Hite returned to her job as a full-time sales 

representative for Hill with her same territory in May 2010. Following Hite’s 

return to work after maternity leave for both of her pregnancies, Schmidt 

accompanied Hite on her sales calls with physicians.

In June 2010, Hite was asked to sign an Agreement, dated June 1, 2010,

which Hill required of all its employees. The Agreement states Hite was “an ‘at 

will’ employee of Hill Dermaceuticals, Inc., . . . . [meaning] you may resign or Hill 

may terminate you for any reason at any time.” Hill Agreement, June 1, 1010, at 1. 

The Agreement informed employees of the confidential and proprietary nature of 

some of Hill’s business information, required them to maintain the confidentiality 

of this information, and advised full-time employees they were expected to devote 

all of their professional work time and energies to their duties as Hill employees;

they were not to sell or represent products of any other company. In relevant part, 

the June 2010 Agreement states: “As a Hill sales representative, you agree to 

represent the Hill product line exclusively and to never solicit business for any 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 4 of 13
5

product or service of any other company.” Id. at 2. Jerry S. Roth, Hill founder and 

president, signed the Agreement on June 2, 2010; Hite signed it on June 8, 2010. 

Hite was still pumping breast milk, when she attended the Hill quarterly 

sales meeting in Orlando on October 7-8, 2010. Before the meeting began, Hite 

encountered Schmidt, who suggested Hite not leave the meeting to pump breast 

milk so that she would not be late in returning to the meeting, as she had been in 

previous sales meetings, when she was lactating. Schmidt further advised Hite 

might be berated at the meeting, if she left too many times to pump breast milk. 

Hite told Schmidt she would have to leave to pump milk, if she needed to do so. 

When Schmidt asked what would happen if she did not pump milk, Hite explained 

she would leak on her dress. Schmidt responded: “Well, it’s a good thing you have 

long hair, cover it up.” Hite Dep. at 31. Hite testified this conversation with 

Schmidt affected her disposition at the meeting; she did not participate in the 

discussions and was in pain toward the latter part of the meeting. Id. Nonetheless, 

Hite did not tell anyone in authority at Hill about Schmidt’s comments to her. At 

the conclusion of the October 2010 sales meeting, Schmidt told Hite it appeared 

she had not been paying attention at the meeting, and her eyes appeared “glazed 

over.” Id. at 32. She also informed Hite her sales numbers had dropped. Schmidt 

told Hite she needed to see more effort and better sales results from her.

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 5 of 13
6

On October 5, 2010, Hite and her husband opened Crave Nail Spa in Tampa, 

Florida. The spa offered nail, waxing, and facial services and sold bath products 

and lotions. The website for Hite’s nail spa, titled “You Crave Gorgeous Skin,”

advertised its organic skin-care products were free of parabens, a preservative

added to Hill’s products. The website stated parabens have been linked to breast 

cancer and reproductive problems; Hite did not investigate the accuracy of these 

statements, which she had found on the Internet. She testified at her deposition she 

knew Hill sold products containing parabens.

At the time Hite opened the nail spa, her sales numbers for Hill had suffered. 

In her deposition testimony, Hite admitted interrupting her Hill workday to 

promote her new business on a local television station through an interview at 

Crave Nail Spa on October 15, 2010. On Friday, November 5, 2010, Schmidt told 

Hite in a telephone-conference call, including Howard Kaplan, Hill national sales 

manager, that neither Hite’s sales nor daily and weekly visits with physicians had 

improved. She gave Hite two options: (1) agree to a 60-day probationary period, 

while she improved her sales results, or (2) resign, sign a release, and receive six 

weeks of severance pay. Hite requested time to consult with her husband over the 

weekend, which was accorded.

Hite left a telephone message for Schmidt on Monday, November 8, 2010, 

and stated she was ill and would not be able to work that day. But Hite was not 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 6 of 13
7

sick and instead met with an attorney. In the interim, Kaplan had discovered 

Hite’s Crave Nail Spa through an online search. He noticed the disparaging 

comments about parabens, preservatives routinely added to Hill’s products to 

extend shelf life. Schmidt, Kaplan, and Roth consulted and agreed Hite’s new 

business offered skin-care products potentially competitive with the prescription 

products Hill manufactured and sold. They further determined Hite’s new business 

had distracted her from her responsibilities for Hill, in violation of her June 2010 

Agreement with Hill. Following consultation with counsel for Hill, they decided 

Hite should be terminated immediately. 

By text message on Tuesday, November 9, 2010, Hite communicated to 

Schmidt she had decided to accept the option of continued employment on the 60-

day probationary period. On Wednesday, November 10, 2010, Schmidt and 

Kaplan were on a conference call, when Schmidt told Hite the option was no 

longer available. Instead, she was terminated immediately, because of her 

competing side business. 

Hite filed this action against Hill and asserted gender discrimination (Count 

I) and pregnancy discrimination (Count II) under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2 and 2000e(k) and the Florida Civil Rights Act, Fla. 

Stat. § 760.10 (“FCRA”). She also stated a claim for interference and retaliation 

(Count III) under the Family and Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq. 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 7 of 13
8

(“FMLA”).2 In granting summary judgment to Hill, the district judge concluded 

Hite had failed to establish a prima facie case of gender or pregnancy 

discrimination. 

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Hite argues summary judgment for Hill on her gender and 

pregnancy discrimination claims was error, because she was replaced by a female 

who was not pregnant or experiencing a protected medical condition.3

 She 

contends she proffered sufficient evidence of being harassed because of her 

pregnancies and need to lactate. She further argues the products sold at her nail 

spa did not compete with the products she sold for Hill. Consequently, she 

maintains she did not violate the June 2010 Agreement she had signed with Hill.

“We review the grant of summary judgment de novo.” Stephens v. MidContinent Cas. Co., 749 F.3d 1318, 1321 (11th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is 

appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a). “An issue of fact is ‘material’ if, under the applicable substantive 

law, it might affect the outcome of the case.” Hickson Corp. v. N. Crossarm Co., 

 2 Hite does not challenge on appeal summary judgment for her FMLA claim. Therefore, her 

arguments regarding the FMLA are abandoned. Campaign for a Prosperous Ga. v. S.E.C., 149 

F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir. 1998).

3 Hite was replaced by Olivia Stasiak, who had a three-year-old child at the time of Schmidt’s 

deposition on June 27, 2013. Consequently, her child was born sometime in 2010, as was Hite’s 

second child. Hite was terminated in November 2010 and replaced thereafter by Stasiak.

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 8 of 13
9

357 F.3d 1256, 1259-60 (11th Cir. 2004). “Although all justifiable inferences are 

to be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, the moving party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a 

sufficient showing of an essential element of the case.” Manor Healthcare Corp.

v. Lomelo, 929 F.2d 633, 636 (11th Cir. 1991). FRCA claims are analyzed using 

the same standards as Title VII. DuChateau v. Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc., 713 

F.3d 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2013). Accordingly, we need not address Hite’s FCRA 

claims separately. Harper v. Blockbuster Entm’t Corp., 139 F.3d 1385, 1387 (11th 

Cir. 1998).

Title VII “prohibits various forms of employment discrimination, including 

discrimination on the basis of sex.” Cal. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Guerra, 479 

U.S. 272, 276-77, 107 S. Ct. 683, 687 (1987); see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)

(precluding discrimination “against any individual with respect to [her] 

compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such 

individual’s . . . sex”); Fla. Stat. § 760.10(1)(a). In 1978, Congress amended Title 

VII with the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which provides “[t]he terms ‘because 

of sex’ or ‘on the basis of sex’ include, but are not limited to, because of or on the 

basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.” 42 U.S.C. § 

2000e(k); see Delva v. Cont’l Grp., Inc., 137 So.3d 371, 375-76 (Fla. 2014) 

(holding the FRCA prohibition against sex discrimination includes “discrimination 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 9 of 13
10

based on pregnancy”). A plaintiff may prevail on a Title VII claim “by showing 

that her pregnancy ‘was a motivating factor’ for an employment decision.” 

Holland v. Gee, 677 F.3d 1047, 1055 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e2(m)). A plaintiff may use direct or circumstantial evidence to prove her case. Id.

While we are troubled by the comments Hite attributes to Schmidt concerning her 

pregnancies, the determinative cause for terminating Hite by Hill’s executive 

decisionmakers, Schmidt, Kaplan, and Roth, was Hite’s violation of the company’s 

June 2010 Agreement by opening and promoting a side business that sold products 

they considered to be competitive with Hill’s products.

Since Hite has failed to show her pregnancies were the cause of her 

termination by direct evidence, we must decide if she has proved her case of 

pregnancy discrimination by circumstantial evidence under the burden-shifting 

analysis of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 

(1973). McCann v. Tillman, 526 F.3d 1370, 1373 (11th Cir. 2008). Under that 

framework, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case 

of discrimination. “[O]nce a plaintiff makes a prima facie case, the burden of 

production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory 

reason for its actions.” Holland, 677 F.3d at 1055 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). After the employer meets this burden, the plaintiff must prove the 

employer’s stated reason is a pretext for unlawful discrimination. McCann, 526 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 10 of 13
11

F.3d at 1373. When “the proffered reason is one that might motivate a reasonable 

employer,” a plaintiff “must meet that reason head on and rebut it”; the plaintiff 

“cannot succeed by simply quarreling with the wisdom of that reason.” Chapman 

v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1030 (11th Cir. 2000). To prove pretext and avoid 

summary judgment, the plaintiff must show the employer’s proffered reason is 

false, and discrimination was the real reason for the adverse action. Brooks v. 

Cnty. Comm’n of Jefferson Cnty., Ala., 446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006). 

Under Title VII, a plaintiff has “the ultimate burden of proving discriminatory 

treatment by a preponderance of the evidence.” Crawford v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961, 

975-76 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“[T]o establish a prima facie claim of pregnancy discrimination under Title 

VII, a plaintiff must establish that (1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she 

was qualified for her position; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and 

(4) employment or disciplinary policies were differently applied to her.” 

DuChateau, 713 F.3d at 1302 (internal quotation marks omitted). Assuming Hite 

has established a prima facie case of pregnancy discrimination, the only reason

Schmidt gave Hite for her termination was the discovery of her competing business 

by internet and television advertisement, which violated Hill’s noncompetition 

policy applied to all its employees. The district judge alternatively recognized Hite 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 11 of 13
12

had failed to rebut Hill’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating her

for violating the noncompetition provision of the June 2010 Agreement:

Hite has offered no evidence to show that Hill Dermaceuticals’ 

justification for her termination is unworthy of credence. Hill 

Dermaceuticals perceived Hite’s ownership of a nail salon to be a 

violation of her agreement. Not only did Hite solicit business for the 

products and services of another company—Crave—but she did so by 

participating in a television interview during a regular workday for 

Hill Dermaceuticals. Furthermore, Crave’s website, the content of 

which Hite admittedly approved, contained information which Hite’s 

superiors perceived to disparage Hill Dermaceuticals’ products. 

Summ. J. Order at 25 (citation omitted); cf. Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of 

Fla., Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1363 n.3 (11th Cir. 1999) (“An employer who fires an 

employee under the mistaken but honest impression that the employee violated a 

work rule is not liable for discriminatory conduct.”). No Hill employee had 

opened such a competitive business after signing the June 2010 Agreement, 

containing the noncompetition provision, as Hite had done. 

In addition, Hite’s June 2010 Agreement with Hill, signed by Roth for Hill 

and Hite, provides: “As an ‘at will’ employee, you may resign or Hill may 

terminate you for any reason at any time.” June 2010 Agreement at 1. We have 

recognized at-will employment may be terminable with or without cause or 

justification. Whitfield v. Finn, 731 F.2d 1506, 1508 (11th Cir. 1984). Hite has 

failed to show that Hill’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating her 

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 12 of 13
13

for violating the noncompetition provision of the June 2010 Agreement was a 

pretext for pregnancy discrimination. Therefore, summary judgment properly was 

granted to Hill. 

AFFIRMED.

USCA11 Case: 14-11230 Date Filed: 08/06/2015 Page: 13 of 13