Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-14-03928/USCOURTS-ca3-14-03928-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
David Thai
Appellant
United States of America
Not Party
Warden Lewisburg USP
Appellee

Document Text:

ALD-149 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 14-3928

___________

DAVID THAI,

 Appellant

v.

WARDEN LEWISBURG USP;

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil No. 3-14-cv-01333)

District Judge: Honorable James M. Munley

____________________________________

Submitted for Possible Summary Action

Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

March 26, 2015

Before: RENDELL, CHAGARES and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

(Filed: April 9, 2015)

______________

OPINION*

______________

PER CURIAM

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
2

Appellant David Thai appeals the dismissal of his petition for a writ of habeas 

corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. We will affirm.

Following a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 

New York, Thai was convicted of a series of crimes involving murder, assault, robbery, 

extortion, and racketeering as a result of his participation in the activities of a street gang. 

On October 23, 1992, Thai was sentenced to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment, 

plus one term of twenty years, two terms of ten years, and one term of three years, all to 

be served concurrently with his life terms. Thai’s sentences were followed by various 

terms of supervised release, and were accompanied by orders to pay restitution and 

special assessments. With the exception of one conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1959, 

which was reversed, Thai’s convictions and sentences were affirmed on appeal. See

United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785, 794 (2d Cir. 1994). Pursuant to the Second Circuit 

Court of Appeals’ ruling, the sentencing court amended Thai’s Judgment and 

Commitment Order on February 1, 1995, and reduced his overall special assessment to 

account for the dismissed count.

Thai thereafter filed a motion in the District Court for the Eastern District of New 

York seeking to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Thai asserted, inter alia, 

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, and government violations under Brady v. 

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), as well 

as claims for relief under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), Blakely v. 

Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). 

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
3

The District Court denied his § 2255 motion. See Thai v. United States, No. 99 CV 7415, 

2007 WL 13416 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 2, 2007). It does not appear that Thai sought a certificate 

of appealability from the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

Thai continued his quest for collateral relief by filing an application for 

authorization to file a second or successive § 2255 motion with the Second Circuit Court 

of Appeals in March 2014, raising claims based on Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 

2072 (2013), Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), and Burrage v. United 

States, 134 S. Ct. 881 (2014). The Court of Appeals denied Thai’s application, 

concluding that even if the Supreme Court had announced new rules of constitutional law 

in these cases, none has been made retroactive by the Supreme Court to cases on 

collateral review. See Thai v. United States, No. 14-870 (2d Cir. filed Apr. 22, 2014). A 

motion seeking reconsideration of his 1995 resentencing was likewise unsuccessful, with 

the Second Circuit Court of Appeals recently dismissing Thai’s appeal from that 

determination as meritless pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). See United States v. Thai, 

No. 14-4689 (2d Cir. filed Mar. 11, 2015). 

In July 2014, Thai – confined in the Middle District of Pennsylvania – filed a 

petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in that District Court. In 

his petition, Thai claimed an entitlement to habeas relief on the bases of Alleyne, Peugh, 

and Whiteside v. United States, 748 F.3d 541 (4th Cir. 2014). More specifically, Thai 

claimed that he “was convicted and sentenced to crimes neither charged and/or proven 

beyond a reasonable doubt” as a result of the District Court’s use of “premeditation firstCase: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 3 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
4

degree murder to sentence [him] to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of life 

without parole.” See § 2241 Mem. in Supp. at 1, 5. Without consideration of the 

aggravated crime of first-degree murder, Thai asserts that he would have faced a statutory 

range under the Sentencing Guidelines of “20 years, not mandatory.” Id. at 12. In an 

order entered on August 7, 2014, the District Court dismissed Thai’s § 2241 petition for 

lack of jurisdiction, concluding that § 2255’s safety valve, see In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 

245 (3d Cir. 1997), did not apply to Thai’s claims. This timely appeal followed.

We have jurisdiction over the appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of 

the District Court’s decision to dismiss Thai’s § 2241 petition is plenary. See Cradle v. 

U.S. ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538 (3d Cir. 2002). Our Clerk advised Thai that the 

appeal was subject to summary action under Third Cir. LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6. He 

was invited to submit argument in writing, but has not done so. After carefully 

considering the record and for essentially the same reasons set forth by the District Court, 

we will summarily affirm the order of dismissal.

A § 2255 motion filed in the sentencing court is the presumptive means for a 

federal prisoner to challenge the validity of a conviction or sentence. See Davis v. United 

States, 417 U.S. 333, 343-44 (1974); Okereke v. United States, 307 F.3d 117, 120 (3d 

Cir. 2002). A habeas petitioner may seek relief under § 2241 only if the remedy provided 

by § 2255 is “inadequate or ineffective” to test the legality of his detention. See

Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d at 249-51. A § 2255 motion is not “inadequate or ineffective” 

merely because the petitioner cannot meet the stringent gatekeeping requirements of § 

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 4 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
5

2255, see Okereke, 307 F.3d at 120, or because the sentencing court does not grant relief. 

See Cradle, 290 F.3d at 539. Rather, the “safety valve” provided under § 2255 is 

extremely narrow and has been held to apply in unusual situations, such as those in which 

a prisoner has had no prior opportunity to challenge his conviction for a crime later 

deemed to be non-criminal by an intervening change in law. See Okereke, 307 F.3d at 

120 (citing Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d at 251). 

We agree with the District Court that § 2241 is not the proper means for raising 

the claims Thai seeks to advance in the underlying petition. We further agree that Thai 

has not demonstrated that a § 2255 motion provides an inadequate or ineffective remedy 

in this case. As Thai himself appears to concede, the cases he cites – Alleyne, Peugh, and 

Whiteside – do not reflect an intervening change in law which renders the crimes of 

which he was convicted non-criminal.

In Alleyne, which set forth a new rule of constitutional law, the Supreme Court 

held that a fact that triggers a mandatory minimum sentence must be submitted to the jury 

and found beyond a reasonable doubt. 133 S. Ct. at 2155. As the District Court noted, 

Alleyne is essentially an extension of Apprendi. See, e.g., United States v. Burnett, 773 

F.3d 122, 136 (3d Cir. 2014). In Apprendi, the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the 

fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the 

prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. We held in Okereke, 307 F.3d at 121, 

that “§ 2255 [i]s not inadequate or ineffective for [a prisoner] to raise his Apprendi

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 5 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
6

argument.” We see no reason to treat claims brought under Alleyne differently. 

Additionally, contrary to Thai’s assertion, Alleyne has not been made retroactive to cases 

on collateral review. See United States v. Reyes, 755 F.3d 210, 212-13 (3d Cir. 2014).

Thai’s reliance on Peugh fares no better. In Peugh, the Court ruled that the Ex 

Post Facto Clause prohibits applying an amended Sentencing Guidelines provision in 

effect when the defendant was sentenced, if the amended version of the Guidelines 

provides a higher sentencing range than the version in effect when the crime was 

committed. Peugh, 133 S. Ct. at 2078. Even accepting, arguendo, Thai’s contention that 

Peugh is relevant to the facts of his case, it does not apply retroactively to cases on 

collateral review, as other courts have held. See, e.g., Herrera-Gomez v. United States, 

755 F.3d 142, 146 (2d Cir. 2014).

Thai’s reliance on the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision in Whiteside

requires little discussion. Not only did the court in Whiteside expressly refrain from 

deciding whether the savings clause in § 2255(e) might justify relief from the type of 

sentencing error at issue in that case, see 748 F.3d at 547 n.4, the Fourth Circuit Court of 

Appeals went on to render an en banc rehearing decision affirming the District Court’s 

dismissal of the § 2255 motion – which was an initial § 2255 motion – as untimely filed. 

See Whiteside v. United States, 775 F.3d 180, 181 (4th Cir. 2014) (en banc). The 

Whiteside decision is, thus, of no benefit to Thai.

Thai had a prior opportunity to challenge his sentence under § 2255, and he did so 

albeit unsuccessfully. A § 2255 motion is not “inadequate or ineffective” merely because 

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 6 Date Filed: 04/09/2015
7

a petitioner cannot meet the stringent gatekeeping requirements of § 2255. Dorsainvil, 

119 F.3d at 251. It follows, as the District Court concluded, that § 2241 is not the proper 

means of raising the claims Thai seeks to pursue and the District Court lacked jurisdiction 

to address them. For the foregoing reasons and because the appeal presents no 

substantial question, we will summarily affirm the District Court’s order of dismissal. 

See Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6.

Case: 14-3928 Document: 003111927854 Page: 7 Date Filed: 04/09/2015