Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca6-19-05325/USCOURTS-ca6-19-05325-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Derrick Kennedy Crumpton
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0276n.06

Case No. 19-5325

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

DERRICK KENNEDY CRUMPTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________________________/

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

TENNESSEE

Before: MERRITT, CLAY, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

MERRITT, Circuit Judge. This is a direct criminal sentencing appeal by defendant 

Derrick Crumpton challenging his 324-month sentence imposed after a guilty plea in a drug 

conspiracy case. Crumpton had extensive and long-standing involvement in a large, violent gang,

known as the Gangster Disciples, that sold drugs and was implicated in several murders in a multistate area. Defendant specifically pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy to possess with 

intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana. He contends that the government acted 

unconstitutionally or in bad faith when it refused to file a “substantial assistance” motion for a 

downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Defendant presents no evidence that the government 

acted with an unconstitutional motive or in bad faith in refusing to file a substantial assistance 

motion. To the contrary, the government gave good reasons for its decision not to file a substantial 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 1
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 2 -

assistance motion on behalf of defendant. After entering into the plea agreement with the 

government and attesting to certain facts about his conduct and role in the conspiracy, defendant 

denied or made conflicting statements about some of those same facts. Furthermore, the 

defendant’s bad-faith argument is foreclosed by our circuit’s precedent.

Defendant also claims that the district court erred by failing to consider a downward 

departure from the recommended sentence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. However, the record 

shows that the district court did consider, but rejected, defendant’s motion, and, in any event, the 

district court varied downward 36 months from the low end of the guidelines range based on the 

same substantial assistance. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I.

On April 22, 2016, a federal grand jury sitting in Memphis, Tennessee returned a 16-count

indictment against defendant and 15 others relating to their participation in the Gangster Disciples 

criminal enterprise. The defendant is charged in Counts One and Two of the indictment. Count 

One charges all 16 defendants with conspiracy to participate in a racketeering enterprise, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Count One alleged a pattern of racketeering consisting of 

multiple offenses chargeable under Tennessee law, including attempted murder, kidnapping, and 

robbery and offenses chargeable under federal law, including narcotics trafficking. Count One 

also set forth at least 39 overt acts committed in furtherance of the racketeering conspiracy, 

including approximate dates of the acts and the names of the persons involved. Defendant is 

named in 13 of the overt acts listed in Count One, and it also details his role in the conspiracy. 

Count Two of the indictment charges all 16 defendants with conspiracy to distribute and possess 

with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 

841(b)(1)(a), and 841(b)(1)(B). The count details the time period of the conspiracy and specifies 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 2
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 3 -

that the conspiracy involved an agreement to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 

controlled substances, including cocaine, cocaine base, and marijuana.

The defendant was arrested on May 4, 2016. Two weeks later, he pleaded not guilty. Over 

a year later, on May 30, 2017, defendant changed his plea to guilty, pursuant to a written plea 

agreement. The change in plea came about after defendant negotiated with the government 

through a series of meetings governed by a proffer letter signed on May 25, 2016, outlining 

defendant’s willingness to provide information and cooperate. By signing the letter, the parties

agreed that the defendant would “respond truthfully and completely to any and all questions posed 

to him during the meeting.” In exchange for defendant’s truthful information and cooperation, the 

government would consider a substantial-assistance motion pursuant to § 5K1.1. The letter stated:

[T]he government agrees to give full consideration to the statements made by [the

defendant] in determining whether a motion should be made pursuant to § 5K1.1

of the Sentencing Guidelines. However, your client understands that there has been 

no promise or representation made by any agent or employee of the United States 

that his statements constitute “substantial assistance” necessary for the government 

to make a § 5K1.1 motion – or a motion pursuant to [18] U.S.C. § 3553(e) or Rule 

35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure – on his behalf. Your client 

understands and acknowledges that the determination as to whether his efforts 

constitute “substantial assistance” will be made solely within the discretion of the 

United States Attorney’s Office. . . . [Y]our client’s complete truthfulness and 

candor are express material conditions to the undertakings of the government set 

forth in this letter.

Proffer Letter dated May 25, 2016, at 2 (emphasis added). 

As part of the plea agreement that was ultimately negotiated, the parties agreed to three 

sentencing recommendations: (1) the amount of drugs for which defendant was responsible would 

be limited to the equivalent of 1,000 kilograms but less than 3,000 kilograms of marijuana;1(2) a 

1 The drug amount agreed upon by the parties derives from defendant’s personal involvement as opposed to the 

much larger amount initially calculated as reasonably foreseeable to the entire conspiracy. 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 3
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 4 -

2-level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 for possessing a dangerous weapon; and (3) a 

4-level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) for defendant’s “aggravated” role in the 

conspiracy. Plea Agreement ¶ 7. The government also agreed to recommend a sentence at the 

“low end” of the applicable guideline range. Id. ¶ 6. 

The plea agreement does not address the filing of a substantial-assistance motion. Instead, 

the practice in the Western District of Tennessee is to use the proffer letter described above to 

outline the terms of any consideration for a downward departure motion by the government based 

on a defendant’s cooperation. The government says that this practice is often followed at the 

request of the defendant to help ensure the safety and protection of the defendant from retaliation 

for cooperation. Appellee Br. at 10. The plea agreement attaches a “Factual Basis” document as 

“Attachment A” that sets forth a detailed accounting of the facts of defendant’s involvement in the 

conspiracy. Attachment A, which is also signed by defendant and the government, states in the 

first sentence that it is part of the plea agreement. 

On April 3, 2018, the defendant’s revised presentence investigation report was filed. The 

revised report determined that the appropriate advisory guideline sentencing range was 360 months 

to life. Report at 38. The presentence report recommended a sentence of 360 months, the lowest 

sentence in the applicable range. The defendant’s sentencing hearing was set for June 8, 2018. 

On June 7, 2018, the defendant and his counsel met with prosecutors. During that meeting, the 

defendant denied participating in at least two of the overt acts listed in the Factual Basis document 

at Attachment A to the plea agreement, the truth of which he had previously sworn to under oath. 

Based on defendant’s denial of facts to which he had previously agreed, the government ended its 

meeting with the defendant. 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 4
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 5 -

The next day, June 8, 2018, at the sentencing hearing, the government informed the district 

court of its concerns with the factual denials made by the defendant at the meeting the previous 

day, and stated that it would not object if the defendant wished to withdraw his plea. The defendant 

indicated that he did not wish to withdraw his plea and that his disagreement with parts of the 

factual content in Attachment A to the plea agreement were “minor.” The court directed the parties 

to work out their differences, and ordered defendant to file any motion to withdraw the plea within 

two weeks. 

Thereafter, the government informed defense counsel that it would be willing to amend 

Attachment A to the plea agreement in order to ensure that both parties were in agreement as to 

the facts underlying the offenses to which the defendant pleaded guilty. The government also 

informed defendant that it did not believe that defendant had provided substantial assistance, and 

it would not move for a downward departure pursuant to § 5K1.1 or Rule 35 of the Federal Rules 

of Criminal Procedure. The government stated that because defendant now denied some of the 

facts that formed the basis of his plea, it could no longer use him as a witness at trial. It also noted 

that the information defendant had provided did not lead to any new arrests or indictments. Email 

dated June 24, 2018, from Assistant United States Attorney Liquori to Defense Counsel 

McWhirter. 

On July 2, 2018, the defendant filed a sentencing memorandum in which he asked the 

district court to review the government’s refusal to move for a sentencing reduction based on 

substantial assistance, arguing that the plea agreement was “ambiguous.” Defendant also 

requested the court to vary downward on its own discretion below the recommended sentence of 

360 months. At the sentencing hearing on March 21, 2019, the district court found that the 

government had not acted unconstitutionally or in bad faith when it refused to file a substantial-

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 5
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 6 -

assistance motion on behalf of defendant, and it granted defendant’s request to vary downward by 

imposing a below-guidelines sentence of 324 months. Mar. 21, 2019, Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 65. 

II.

Defendant presents two sentencing issues on appeal: (1) whether the government acted in 

bad faith or unconstitutionally when it refused to make a motion for a downward departure under 

U.S.S.G. § 5K1 due to defendant’s substantial assistance; and (2) whether the district court abused 

its discretion when, despite the lack of a motion from the government, it did not grant a downward 

departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2 for that same substantial assistance. 

A. Substantial-Assistance Motion Under U.S.S.G. § 5K1

Crumpton’s first argument is that the government’s refusal to make a § 5K1 motion on his 

behalf was unconstitutional or in bad faith. United States Sentencing Guidelines § 5K1.1 states 

that “[u]pon motion of the government stating that the defendant has provided substantial 

assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense, the 

court may depart from the guidelines.” U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Under the plain language of the 

guideline, the filing of a downward-departure motion pursuant to § 5K1.1 by the United States is 

a condition precedent to a departure pursuant to that motion. United States v. Lukse, 286 F.3d 906, 

913 (6th Cir. 2002). Additionally, the proffer letter agreed to by the parties states that the decision 

as to whether to file a substantial-assistance motion is “solely within the discretion of the United 

States Attorney’s Office.” 

Given the explicit language in the guideline and the proffer letter, the authority of the 

district court to review the government’s refusal to file a substantial assistance motion is limited

to review only for unconstitutional motive, such as race or religion. Wade v. United States, 504 

U.S. 181, 185-86 (1992). In Wade, the Supreme Court held as follows:

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 6
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 7 -

[W]e hold that federal district courts have authority to review a prosecutor’s refusal 

to file a substantial-assistance motion and to grant a remedy if they find that the 

refusal was based on an unconstitutional motive. Thus, a defendant would be

entitled to relief if a prosecutor refused to file a substantial-assistance motion, say, 

because of the defendant’s race or religion.

Id. Our case law is in accordance with Wade. See, e.g., United States v. Villareal, 491 F.3d 605, 

608 (6th Cir. 2007); United States v. Gates, 461 F.3d 703, 710-11 (6th Cir. 2006). The district 

court expressly stated that “the record is void of any unconstitutional motive.” Mar. 21, 2019, 

Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 8-9. 

Defendant concedes the limitation on judicial review of the government’s refusal to file a

substantial-assistance motion. Appellant’s Br. at 6-7. His only assertion invoking an 

unconstitutional motive is his statement, unsupported by any evidence, that the government’s 

failure to make a § 5K1 motion “STRONGLY suggests an unconstitutional or bad faith motive.” 

Id. at 10. He makes no allegation or even mention of race, religion, or other unconstitutional 

reason for the government’s decision. We agree with the district court that defendant has not 

demonstrated any unconstitutional motive by the government in refusing to file a substantialassistance motion on his behalf. 

Defendant also argues that even if the government was not acting with an unconstitutional 

motive, it acted in bad faith when it refused to file a § 5K1 motion. Even if this claim had factual 

merit, and the government convincingly argues it does not, we have previously held in published 

opinions that judges cannot second guess the government’s refusal to file a § 5K1 motion despite 

bad-faith allegations; only an unconstitutional motive will do. E.g., Villareal, 491 F.3d at 608; 

Gates, 461 F.3d 711; United States v. Rashid, 274 F.3d 407 , 417-18 (6th Cir. 2001); United States 

v. Hawkins, 274 F.3d 420, 427-28 (6th Cir. 2001) (per curiam); United States v. Moore, 225 F.3d 

637, 641 (6th Cir. 2000). Because one panel of this court cannot overrule the published decisions 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 7
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 8 -

of another, Salmi v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985), we must 

reject defendant’s bad-faith claim as well. 

B. Defendant’s request that the district court downward depart under U.S.S.G. § 5K2

Defendant also appeals the district court’s refusal to grant a downward departure under 

U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. He contends on appeal that the district court improperly collapsed consideration 

of his request for a downward departure under § 5K2 with his request that the government file a 

motion for substantial assistance under § 5K1. Defendant also argues that his “extraordinary 

acceptance of responsibility,” and his substantial assistance to the government, warrant further

downward departure by the district court. 

We do not review a district court’s decision declining to impose a departure, or its failure 

to depart to the extent requested by defendant, “unless the record shows that the district court was 

unaware of, or did not understand, its discretion to make such a departure.” United States v. 

Santillana, 540 F.3d 428, 431 (6th Cir. 2008). The record reflects that the district court did 

consider such a departure and nevertheless rejected it, Mar. 21 Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 7-10, satisfying 

the requirements for putting the issue on the record, especially given how limited defendant’s 

argument was on this point. See, e.g., Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007) (“The 

sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the 

parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking 

authority.”); see also id. (“The appropriateness of brevity or length, conciseness or detail, when to 

write, what to say, depends upon circumstances.”).

Furthermore, even if the district court had failed to consider its discretion to make a 

downward departure under § 5K2.0, the error was harmless because the district court considered 

the same conduct in making a downward variance under 18 U.S.C. § 3553. See Irizarry v. United 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 8
Case No. 19-5325, United States v. Crumpton

- 9 -

States, 553 U.S. 708, 714-15 (2008) (noting the distinction between “departures,” meaning

deviations from an initial guidelines sentence that are expressly contemplated by the guidelines 

themselves, and “variances,” which are further changes from the guidelines based on the factors 

listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)); United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 475-75 (6th Cir. 2006) 

(same). Taking into consideration the § 3553(a) factors, the sentencing judge varied downward 

by 36 months from the low end of the guidelines range to impose a sentence of 324 months based 

in part on defendant’s cooperation with the government, particularly in the early phases of his 

dealings with the government. Mar. 21, 2019, Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 65. The court specifically 

mentioned defendant’s assistance to the government in imposing the sentence. The court also 

noted the threats faced by defendant’s friends and family due to the defendant’s cooperation with 

the government. Id. at 63-64. The district court then imposed the sentence it believed was 

warranted after taking into consideration the § 3553(a) factors, including the factors that formed 

the basis for defendant’s request for a downward departure. Under these circumstances, we can 

be confident that any distinction between a departure and a variance did not affect the district 

court’s choice of a sentence in light of the § 3553(a) factors, and any error on that front was 

harmless. See, e.g., United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 586-89 (6th Cir. 2009); United 

States v. Erpenbeck, 532 F.3d 423, 441 (6th Cir. 2008). 

For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 

 Case: 19-5325 Document: 39-2 Filed: 05/18/2020 Page: 9