Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca1-08-01821/USCOURTS-ca1-08-01821-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Victor Sanjurjo-Nunez
Appellant
United States
Appellee

Document Text:

United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 08-1820

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

NATANAEL DE LA PAZ-RENTAS, a/k/a NATO,

Defendant, Appellant.

____________________

No. 08-1821

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

VICTOR SANJURJO-NUNEZ,

Defendant, Appellant.

___________________

No. 09-1397

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

PEDRO MOLINA-BONILLA,

Defendant, Appellant.

____________________

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
No. 09-1639

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. 

WALDEMAR TORRES-GONZALEZ, a/k/a WALDY,

Defendant, Appellant.

____________________

APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

[Hon. Jay A. García-Gregory, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Lynch, Chief Judge,

Boudin and Lipez, Circuit Judges.

Anita Hill Adames, by appointment of the court, for appellant

Pedro Molina-Bonilla.

Rafael Anglada-Lopez, by appointment of the court, for

appellant Natanael De La Paz-Rentas.

Jorge Luis Gerena-Mendez, by appointment of the court, for

appellant Victor Sanjurjo-Nunez.

Steven A. Feldman, by appointment of the court, with whom

Feldman and Feldman was on brief for appellant Waldemar TorresGonzalez.

Waldemar Torres-Gonzalez on brief pro se.

Thomas F. Klumper, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom

Rosa Emilia Rodriguez-Velez, United States Attorney, and Nelson

Pérez-Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate

Division, were on brief for appellee.

July 20, 2010

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-3-

BOUDIN, Circuit Judge. Before us are appeals by four

defendants who were found guilty on firearms charges and, in one

case, a drug charge, all of which stemmed from an undercover

investigation into a weapons ring in Puerto Rico. The four

defendants are Pedro Molina-Bonilla ("Molina"), Natanael De La PazRentas ("De La Paz"), Victor Sanjurjo-Nuñez ("Sanjurjo"), and

Waldemar Torres-González ("Torres"). Each defendant challenges his

conviction on several grounds. Because several defendants

challenge the sufficiency of evidence, we recite the facts as a

reasonable jury could have found them. See United States v.

Baltas, 236 F.3d 27, 35 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1030

(2001).

In August 2006, Officer Julio Ginés of the Puerto Rico

Police Department was engaged in an undercover investigation of a

weapons-dealing organization in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Sanjurjo,

who was a municipal police officer, told Ginés during their second

meeting that he knew some policemen who were engaged in illegal

business. Later, Sanjurjo introduced Ginés to Molina, who was also

a municipal police officer, and told Molina that Ginés was

interested in acquiring firearms. A number of arms transactions

then followed.

On October 11, 2006, Ginés met with Molina, De La Paz,

and Molina's wife in a shopping mall parking lot in San Juan, where

Ginés paid $1,700 to them for a .45 caliber pistol with an

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 3 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-4-

obliterated serial number and two magazines loaded with bullets.

On October 19, Ginés again met Molina in a parking lot seeking to

purchase an AK-47 rifle from another supplier named Nelson FontGonzález ("Font"); Ginés brought Sanjurjo along with him and paid

Sanjurjo $100 for protection. Font then called to say that he did

not have the AK-47, but offered to sell three pistols instead, and

sent defendant Torres with the guns. Ginés bought one pistol from

Torres for $1,200.

Thereafter, Font arranged for many further firearms

transactions with Ginés. Between November 2006 and March 2007,

Ginés bought two AK-47 rifles, an AR-15 rifle, an H&K rifle, an SKS

rifle, several pistols including a Glock pistol with a laser sight,

and ammunition in various forms. In a final transaction on March

17, Font arranged to sell Ginés an automatic pistol and cocaine;

Ginés testified that Font told him that both items belonged to

Torres. At Font's house, Font sent another man to pick up the gun

and drugs from Torres, and Ginés then paid $5,000 for the automatic

Glock pistol and 1/8 of a kilogram of cocaine.

The defendants, Font, and several other individuals

allegedly involved in the arms-dealing (including Molina's wife)

were indicted based on these transactions. The four defendants who

now appeal went to trial, and the jury returned guilty verdicts

against all four:

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 4 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-5-

! Sanjurjo was convicted of one count of

aiding and abetting in the business of dealing

firearms, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(a)(1)(A) & (D)

(2006);

! De La Paz was convicted of:

-(1) one count of conspiring to unlawfully

deal in firearms without a license, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 371, 922(a)(1);

-(2) one count of aiding and abetting in the

dealing in firearms without a license, 18

U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(a)(1)(A) & (D); and

-(3) one count of aiding and abetting the

possession of a firearm with an obliterated

serial number, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(k); 

! Molina was convicted of:

-(1) one count of conspiring to unlawfully

deal in firearms without a license, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 371, 922(a)(1);

-(2) two counts of aiding and abetting in the

dealing in firearms without a license, 18

U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(a)(1)(A) & (D); and

-(3) one count of aiding and abetting the

possession of a firearm with an obliterated

serial number, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(k); and

! Torres was convicted of:

-(1) one count of conspiring to unlawfully

deal in firearms without a license, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 371, 922(a)(1);

 

-(2) one count of aiding and abetting in the

dealing in firearms without a license, 18

U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(a)(1)(A) & (D);

-(3) one count of aiding and abetting in the

possession of a machine gun, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2,

922(o);

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 5 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-6-

-(4) one count of aiding and abetting in

carrying a firearm during and in relation to

the commission of a drug trafficking crime, 18

U.S.C. §§ 2, 924(c);

-(5) one count of aiding and abetting in the

possession with intent to distribute a

controlled substance (cocaine), 18 U.S.C. §§

2, 841(a)(1); and

-(6) two counts of possessing a firearm while

a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g),

924(a)(2).

The district court sentenced Sanjurjo to 10 months; De La

Paz to 48 months; Molina to 60 months; and Torres to 408 months,

comprising 360 months on the count of carrying a firearm during and

in relation to a drug trafficking crime and concurrent terms of 48

months on the other counts running consecutive to the 360-month

sentence. The defendants now appeal, raising a variety of

different challenges.

Sanjurjo. Sanjurjo first argues the district court

should have granted his Rule 14 requests to sever his trial. Fed.

R. Crim. P. 14. We review a district court's denial of a motion to

sever for manifest abuse of discretion, United States v. DeLuca,

137 F.3d 24, 36 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 874 (1998), and

the presumption and common practice favor trying together

defendants who are charged with crimes arising out of a common core

of facts, United States v. O'Bryant, 998 F.2d 21, 25 (1st Cir.

1993).

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 6 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-7-

Sanjurjo's main argument is that he was charged with only

a minor role in the October 19 transaction and that the jury's

assessment of whether he participated would be contaminated by the

extensive other evidence about the other defendants and the armsdealing conspiracy. Such a "spill-over" threat can be ground for

severance, e.g., Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 539 (1993);

but it has to be based on a fact-specific serious risk of

prejudice, United States v. DeLeon, 187 F.3d 60, 63 (1st Cir.),

cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1030 (1999). 

Sanjurjo played an intermediary role prior to the forming

of the conspiracy, and was convicted--solely on an aiding and

abetting charge--for serving as a bodyguard in the second

transaction. Although the subsequent gun dealings were substantial

and Sanjurjo seemingly played no further role beyond his initial

involvement, there was no reason for the jury to be confused about

his role. Nor were the subsequent transactions likely to inflame

or to confuse a jury.

The district court not only instructed the jury generally

that it had to consider the charges and evidence against each

defendant separately, but also emphasized that Sanjurjo himself was

not charged with conspiracy and that the jury therefore "must

carefully evaluate the evidence as to this defendant"--a partial

safeguard against possible "spillover." DeLeon, 187 F.3d at 64.

The jury, we note, acquitted Molina's wife on two of the three

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 7 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
 Sanjurjo also argued below that joinder deprived him of the 1

chance to have Molina testify for him, but such arguments are not

usually successful, see United States v. Catalán-Roman, 585 F.3d

453, 461-62 (1st Cir. 2009); United States v. Smith, 46 F.3d 1223,

1231 & n.3 (1st Cir. 1995), and this one is not pressed on appeal.

-8-

charges against her. See United States v. Boylan, 898 F.2d 230,

246 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 849 (1990).1

Sanjurjo also argues that his motions for acquittal based

on lack of sufficient evidence should have been granted, Fed. R.

Crim. P. 29. We review sufficiency claims de novo, United States

v. O'Shea, 426 F.3d 475, 479 (1st Cir. 2005), but we view the

evidence "in the light most favorable to the prosecution" along

with "all plausible inferences drawn therefrom," and ask if no

rational jury applying a reasonable doubt standard could have found

the defendant guilty, Baltas, 236 F.3d at 35.

The aiding and abetting conviction was based on Ginés'

testimony that at the October 19 transaction Sanjurjo had been paid

$100 to serve as a bodyguard and that Sanjurjo stayed inside Ginés'

car throughout this transaction. Sanjurjo says that this amounts

to a conviction for "mere presence," but a bodyguard's presence can

by itself facilitate a transaction, cf. United States v. Martinez,

479 F.2d 824, 828 (1st Cir. 1973); the mere presence concept aims

to protect innocent bystanders, see United States v. Ortiz, 966

F.2d 707, 712 (1st Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1063 (1993).

Sanjurjo also denies knowing that guns were to be sold, but the

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 8 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-9-

jury was free to credit Ginés testimony that he had discussed with

Sanjurjo in advance the plan to buy an AK-47. 

De La Paz. De La Paz first claims that his case should

have been severed given his limited connection to the succession of

sales, but Ginés testified that De La Paz was the one who actually

sold Ginés the gun on October 11. Others were also charged in the

October 11 transaction, and it made sense to try De La Paz with

them, absent a significant risk of prejudice which has not been

demonstrated. De La Paz hints that joinder prejudiced him by

depriving him of testimony from co-defendants Molina and Molina's

wife, see note 1, above, but the argument was not made in the

district court and is not seriously developed on appeal.

De La Paz also argues that jury selection violated the

Sixth Amendment because, by statute, individuals must understand

and be literate in English to serve on a federal jury and many

Puerto Ricans cannot meet that requirement. See 28 U.S.C. §

1865(b)(2), (3) (2006). Apart from De La Paz' failure to preserve

the claim, this court has repeatedly rejected this challenge to the

English proficiency requirement, e.g., United States v. AponteSuarez, 905 F.2d 483, 491-92 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 990

(1990), decisions which control here, United States v. RodríguezVélez, 597 F.3d 32, 46 (1st Cir. 2010).

Finally, De La Paz says that the evidence was

insufficient because the only evidence against him was the

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 9 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-10-

testimony of Ginés, who met De La Paz only once, in a 35-minute

interaction in the late afternoon, inside a vehicle. But testimony

from one witness can support conviction, e.g., United States v.

Torres-Galindo, 206 F.3d 136, 140 (1st Cir. 2000), and De La Paz

gives us no serious reason to doubt Ginés' testimony. Furthermore,

phone records show calls between De La Paz and Molina that

corroborate Ginés' account of De La Paz' involvement.

Molina. Molina, in the stronger of two challenges,

argues that certain remarks the prosecutor made during the

government's rebuttal closing arguments were improper and were so

prejudicial as to warrant a new trial. Specifically, Molina

complains about the following five statements the prosecutor made

(listed in the order in which they were said): 

! "This is a Heckler & Koch semi-automatic

assault rifle. Look at the size of that

barrel."

! "Victor Sanjurjo sold his badge out. He

sold it out. He put a tape over 'Protect and

Serve' and he decided he was going to serve

his only [sic] interest for a hundred bucks.

He sold himself out. He compromised the very

principles he was hired to represent for a

hundred bucks."

! "It's a fully automatic Glock, ladies and

gentlemen. This will shoot in automatic

capacity. The evidence presented in court had

been that you pull the trigger once and it

will empty the magazine--da-da-da-da-da-da-da,

or faster."

! "First of all, ask yourselves what are two

Morovis police officers doing in the first

place at Marshalls? . . . They weren't

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 10 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
 For preserved objections, reversible error will be found 2

"only if we find that the prosecutor's remarks were both

inappropriate and harmful." United States v. Laboy-Delgado, 84

F.3d 22, 29 (1st Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Harm depends on "the totality of the circumstances, including the

severity of the misconduct, the prosecutor's purpose in making the

statement (i.e., whether the statement was willful or inadvertent),

the weight of the evidence supporting the verdict, jury

instructions, and curative instructions." United States v. Glover,

558 F.3d 71, 76 (1st Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

-11-

protecting and serving society. They were

protecting and serving themselves. And who

protects citizens from them?"

! "Your chance today right now is to do

justice, and justice is nothing more than on

the highway there comes an intersection

between the truth and the ability to do

something about it."

Objections timely made to a prosecutor's comments are

reviewed de novo, United States v. Ayala-García, 574 F.3d 5, 16

(1st Cir. 2009), under accepted standards; unpreserved objections 2

are reviewed for plain error, United States v. King, 554 F.3d 177,

181 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2169 (2009), requiring

clear error, a reasonable likelihood of a different result, and

something akin to a miscarriage of justice, United States v. Olano,

507 U.S. 725, 734-36 (1993). 

Here, the objections came not from Molina's counsel, but

rather from counsel for his wife. But the government does not

raise this point, possibly because sometimes a trial judge allows

an objection by one defendant to apply to all defendants. See

United States v. Pinillos-Prieto, 419 F.3d 61, 70 n.9 (1st Cir.),

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 11 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-12-

cert. denied sub nom. Rodriguez-Zamot v. United States, 546 U.S.

1070 (2005). Defense counsel lodged immediate objections to the

first and last comments quoted above, but not the others, and our

review reflects the standards described above.

It is "improper to needlessly arouse the emotions of the

jury," and that "misconduct occurs when a prosecutor interject[s]

issues having no bearing on the defendant's guilt or innocence and

improperly appeal[s] to the jury to act in ways other than as

dispassionate arbiters of the facts." Ayala-García, 574 F.3d at 16

(internal quotation marks omitted). By this test, the first

comment was improper: the fearsomeness of the weapon had nothing to

do with Molina's guilt or innocence and, by contrast, had some

capacity to frighten the jury and to re-direct that fear as anger

against the defendant.

Further, the prosecutor apparently accentuated the

impression. Molina says that during the challenged remark about

the "size of that barrel," the prosecutor threw the gun against the

table and pointed the gun at the jury, and the transcript of the

relevant bench conference supports this account. (The transcript

also confirms that the judge told the prosecutor not to repeat this

conduct and that the prosecutor promised to refrain.) So we

conclude that the prosecutor's conduct was improper, and the

question is whether it was harmful.

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 12 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-13-

Here, it was the manner of presenting the evidence and

not the evidence that was improper. The rifle itself was an

exhibit and could be shown to the jury even though the jury might

react negatively to it. Amid the array of weaponry discussed and

offered in evidence at the trial, a reference to the size of the

barrel of one of them, even a vivid and improper demonstration of

its size, cannot have created any significant risk of altering the

outcome in this case, cf. United States v. Mejia-Lozano, 829 F.2d

268, 274 (1st Cir. 1987), because the case against Molina was

comparatively strong and the defense was almost non-existent.

Although the prosecution case rested primarily on the

testimony of Ginés, he was a police officer, not a co-conspirator

whose testimony was purchased in a plea bargain, and Molina gives

no reason why the jury should have distrusted Ginés' detailed

testimony. Molina had more than one encounter with Ginés, so

mistaken identity was hardly likely. The government also offered

corroborative evidence, such as the firearms, phone records of

calls to and from Molina at the critical times, and a videotape of

the October 19 transaction in which Ginés identified Molina when it

was played for the jury.

Molina's defense offered little beyond a naked denial

through counsel--Molina presented no witnesses--that he had engaged

in gun dealing. The case is in sharp contrast to Ayala-García

where more menacing comments about weaponry were found to be

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 13 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-14-

improper and, in addition, the likelihood of a different outcome

absent the prejudicial remarks was greatly heightened by the

"quite unusual" presence of a "forceful and well developed" defense

supported by a number of witnesses. 574 F.3d at 23-24 (Boudin, J.,

concurring).

The fifth statement, to which objection is also taken, is

troubling, but less so. The "do your duty" rhetoric, depending on

wording and context, can be used to convey the idea to the jury

that their job is to convict. E.g., United States v. AndújarBasco, 488 F.3d 549, 561 (1st Cir. 2007)(exhortation to do "your

duty as jurors" improper). The government does not defend the

improper remark, but it was brief, entirely abstract, and by no

means the worst of its genre. Even by preserved error standards,

see note 2, above, the error was harmless.

All three of the comments that were not objected to are

also improper. The third comment, about the Glock automatic, is

improper for the same reason as the first; and the image offered by

language, along with the prosecutor's juvenile sound effects, was

at least as bad. But under Olano, plain error requires a

reasonable likelihood that the result would have been different

without the challenged comments, and comparing the government's

case with Molina's defense, no such probability is even arguably

established.

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 14 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-15-

The same considerations dispose of the second and fourth

comments, which were not the subject of objections. Both focused

on the treachery of a renegade police officer who betrays his oath

to protect the public; but the defendants were not on trial for

dereliction of duty and the prosecutor had no business inviting the

jury to focus on this aspect of their wrongdoing. Yet the more

vivid remark was directed at another defendant; and neither, even

in combination with the other remarks, meets the plain error

standard for reversal.

The Puerto Rico U.S. Attorney's Office has developed an

unenviable reputation for the excesses of its prosecutors in

closing arguments. E.g., Ayala-García, 574 F.3d at 22; AndújarBasco, 488 F.3d at 561 n.5. This case is by no means the worst,

but, given that the prosecutor continued his improprieties after a

warning from the judge at sidebar, we think this prosecutor's

behavior was especially deplorable. The failure of his office

properly to train and to discipline its prosecutors is even more

troubling. The matter will be raised by appropriate means with the

Department of Justice. United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 506

n.5 (1983).

Molina also asks for a new trial because the government

allegedly failed to disclose impeachment evidence. See, e.g.,

Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 153-54 (1972); Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Molina complains that the government

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 15 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-16-

failed to disclose that one of Ginés' supervisors was the target of

a federal grand jury investigation (the supervisor was apparently

indicted for fabricating evidence) and that several administrative

complaints had been made against another of Ginés' supervisors.

Whether any information was "suppressed" is far from

clear. The first supervisor was indicted four months after

Molina's trial, and it is uncertain whether he was under

investigation at the time of trial. Information about the other

supervisor was submitted by the government for in camera review,

and the district court then determined that these files did not

need to be disclosed.

In any case, the information has not been not shown to be

material. It had nothing to do with Ginés or any aspect of his

testimony, and could not be used to impeach Ginés' credibility. In

fact, there is no indication that either supervisor played a

significant role in this investigation. Thus, there was no abuse

of discretion in denying the motion for a new trial, the applicable

standard in this case. See United States v. Brandao, 539 F.3d 44,

64 (1st Cir. 2008).

Torres. Torres first challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence that he aided and abetted the carrying of a firearm during

and in relation to a drug trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2,

924(c)(1), (2). This crime carries a 30-year minimum sentence

where, as here, the firearm involved was a machine gun. Id. §

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 16 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-17-

924(c)(1)(B). The charge arose from the March 17 transaction

during which, according to Ginés' testimony, Font brokered the sale

of Torres' automatic Glock and an eighth of a kilogram of cocaine.

To convict Torres, the government had to show that the

gun was carried "during and in relation to" a drug trafficking

crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). This phrase has been interpreted

capaciously, see, e.g., United States v. Roberson, 459 F.3d 39, 48-

49 (1st Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1214 (2007), but still

requires at a minimum evidence that the firearm had "some purpose

or effect with respect to the drug trafficking crime," Smith v.

United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238 (1993). The government on appeal

concedes that the evidence of such a relationship was inadequate.

The March 17 transactions also led to Torres being

convicted separately for (1) aiding and abetting in the possession

of a machine gun and (2) aiding and abetting in the possession with

intent to distribute cocaine. Torres says he did not deal

personally with Ginés on March 17 and that the only evidence

connecting him with the transaction is that Font (who physically

did the deal) said "Waldy" (Torres' first name) was the owner of

the gun and drugs and that Font made several calls to "Waldy" about

the sale in Ginés' presence.

Font did not testify at trial, and Ginés admitted that he

could not know for sure whether those calls actually were made to

someone named "Waldy" or whether this "Waldy" was in fact Torres.

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 17 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
 Torres urges that he and Font often called one another, so 3

the phone calls on March 17 mean little. But frequent phone calls

might make one more inclined to think that the "Waldy" on the phone

was Torres; in any event, the jury was entitled to draw the

inference it did from the evidence.

-18-

But the phone records showed several March 17 calls between Font

and Torres. Also, Ginés testified that he was told Torres could 3

not be at the March 17 transaction because Torres was going to a

concert; at trial, Torres' girlfriend confirmed that she and Torres

attended a concert that day.

Of course, this might still look thin if it stood alone,

but more substantial evidence showed that Torres was involved in

other arms deals with Ginés and Font. This substantially

strengthens the inference that Font was talking to Torres and was

accurately reporting Torres' ownership (and impliedly his

agreement) in the transfer of the properties through Font to Ginés.

Font's own statements, reported by Ginés, were (as we explain next)

admissible under the co-conspirator exception to the hearsay rule,

and the jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Torres

was the supplier of both items.

In a pro se brief, Torres argues that the admission of

Ginés' testimony about what Font said violated his constitutional

rights under Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), and Bruton

v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), and that the district court

should have instructed the jury that Font's "confession" was not

admissible against the other defendants, cf. Richardson v. Marsh,

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 18 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
 A conventional hearsay objection was made in the district 4

court, but the district court ruled that Font's statements

satisfied the co-conspirator exception, Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E),

and that ruling is not challenged on appeal.

-19-

481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987). Neither Crawford nor Bruton (nor the

claim that Font's statement was a "confession") were raised below,

but in any case neither citation helps Torres.

Crawford does not apply to statements deemed nontestimonial, and statements made in furtherance of a conspiracy

"by their nature [are] not testimonial." 541 U.S. at 56; United

States v. Sánchez-Berríos, 424 F.3d 65, 75 (1st Cir.), cert. denied

sub nom. Cruz-Pagan v. United States, 546 U.S. 1125 (2005). The

Court has stated that a "testimonial" statement is one made under

circumstances that "objectively indicate" that the statement's

primary purpose is "to establish or prove past events potentially

relevant to later criminal prosecution." Davis v. Washington, 547

U.S. 813, 822 (2006). Font's statements were not testimonial.

As for Bruton, it is concerned with the indirect impact

on a defendant of a confession made by another defendant in a joint

trial, 391 U.S. at 126, 137; it does not bar the use of a coconspirator statement made in furtherance of the conspiracy and

admissible under a traditional hearsay exception, Dutton v. Evans, 4

400 U.S. 74, 85-86, 90 (1970) (plurality opinion); Bruton, 391 U.S.

at 128 n.3; Sanchez-Berrios, 424 F.3d at 75-76. And because Font's

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 19 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-20-

statements were admissible against Torres as co-conspirator

statements, there was no warrant for giving a limiting instruction.

Torres also argues that his conviction for aiding and

abetting possession of a machine gun, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(o), was

improper because the judge rather than the jury decided that the

Glock qualified as a machine gun. By cross-reference, the Criminal

Code includes as a "machine gun" any firearm, whether or not

fitting the conventional image of a machine gun, that can discharge

more than one bullet with a single pull of the trigger. 18 U.S.C.

§ 921(a)(23)(cross-referencing 26 U.S.C. § 5845(b) (2006)).

In fact, the jury was instructed as to the statutory

definition and told that to convict under section 922(o), it had to

find that the government proved that Torres "knowingly possessed a

machine gun" and "knew or was aware of the essential

characteristics of the firearm which made it a machine gun," which

is an accurate rendition of the elements. See, e.g., United States

v. Nieves-Castaño, 480 F.3d 597, 599 (1st Cir. 2007).

Torres also contests the reasonableness of his 408-month

sentence and, in his pro se brief, argues as well that the

government engaged in sentencing entrapment and manipulation by

requesting that drugs be sold in connection with an automatic

weapon to trigger a 30-year minimum sentence representing most of

the 408 months. But 360 months of the sentence reflected a

conviction we are reversing, and Torres does not claim that the 48

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 20 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412
-21-

months for the separate drug and gun offenses is unreasonable or

that he was entrapped into those separate offenses.

Finally, Torres tries to join in the arguments his codefendants make on appeal. There is a procedure to do so, Fed. R.

App. P. 28(i), although the appellant must "connect the arguments

adopted with the specific facts pertaining" to him. United States

v. Bennett, 75 F.3d 40, 49 (1st Cir.), cert. denied sub nom.

Lussier v. United States, 519 U.S. 845 (1996). Torres' attempt to

do this in his reply brief may come too late. United States v.

Quirindogno-Collazo, 213 F. App'x 10, 11 (1st Cir. 2007) (per

curiam). Anyway, no error occurred as to the other defendants.

The judgments are affirmed, save that Torres' conviction

under section 924(c)(1)(B) and the companion 30-year sentence are

vacated and his case is remanded for re-sentencing.

It is so ordered.

Case: 08-1821 Document: 00116088553 Page: 21 Date Filed: 07/20/2010 Entry ID: 5464412