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Parties Involved:
Jesse Strevig
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 15-15706

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cr-20467-JLK-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JESSE STREVIG,

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(October 31, 2016)

Before JORDAN, JULIE CARNES and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Jesse Strevig appeals his 84-month sentence following his guilty plea to one 

count of bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2113(a) and 2. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In June 2015, Strevig entered the Community Bank (“Bank”) in Florida City 

and approached a bank teller’s counter. Wearing bandages to cover his hands, 

Strevig gave the teller a note stating: “Put Money in Bag No Dye Packs Nobody 

Gets Hurt I have a Gun.” Jt. Factual Proffer at 57. The teller complied with his

demands and gave Strevig approximately $3,233.00, which included a tracking 

device. Strevig took the cash and left the bank. Law enforcement officers 

responded and soon located Strevig’s clothing inside a dumpster near the Bank. 

The stolen cash also was recovered near the dumpster. 

The officers continued to canvas the area and noticed a white female 

walking back and forth in the street near the location of the money. The female’s 

arms were wrapped in bandages; she looked suspiciously at the officers. The 

officers also had seen this female walking earlier that afternoon near the Bank with 

a white male, who fit the physical description of Strevig. The officers found

Strevig on the street outside of an apartment complex a few blocks from the Bank. 

They patted him down and found additional bandages, matching those worn by the 

robber, in his back pocket. Strevig agreed to be interviewed and admitted he had 

robbed the Bank.

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Strevig pled guilty to one count of bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 2113(a) and 2. Prior to sentencing, a probation officer prepared a presentence 

investigation report (“PSI”). After calculating an initial offense level of 24, the 

probation officer concluded Strevig was a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, 

because he had two Maryland convictions for robbery, which are crimes of 

violence. Under § 4B1.1, Strevig’s offense level was increased to 32. He received 

a three-level reduction for his acceptance of responsibility, resulting in an offense 

level of 29. Because he was classified as a career offender, Strevig received a 

criminal-history category of VI. With an offense level of 29 and a criminal-history 

category of VI, Strevig’s Sentencing Guidelines range was 151 to 188 months of 

imprisonment.

At sentencing, Strevig argued his Maryland-robbery convictions could 

qualify as career-offender-predicate crimes only under the definition of “crime of 

violence” provided in the “residual clause” of the guideline, because there was no 

physical violence that generally is required. Strevig acknowledged our court had 

held the Supreme Court decision in Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 

S. Ct. 2551 (2015), determining the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal 

Act (“ACCA”) is unconstitutionally vague, does not apply to the career-offender 

guideline. United States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185, 1193-96 (11th Cir. 2015). He

admitted his challenge was foreclosed by our precedent but stated his objection 

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was to preserve the issue for review. The government agreed the residual clause of 

the career-offender guideline remained valid after Johnson under Matchett and 

maintained Strevig’s robbery convictions qualified as career-offender predicates 

under the residual clause. The government also noted robbery was enumerated in 

the guideline. The district judge overruled Strevig’s objection to the careeroffender enhancement and concluded his Maryland-robbery convictions qualified 

as crimes of violence. The judge adopted the PSI Sentencing Guidelines

calculations but ultimately granted Strevig’s request for a downward variance and 

sentenced him to 84 months of imprisonment, 67 months below his Guidelines

range.

On appeal, Strevig argues the district judge erred in concluding he qualified 

as a career offender, based on his prior Maryland-robbery convictions. First, he 

contends Maryland robbery is not a crime of violence under the “elements clause”

of the career-offender guideline, because the Maryland statute may be violated by 

threats of force to property rather than persons and requires only a de minimis use 

of force. Strevig further contends the residual clause of the guideline may not be 

applied in his case, because it is unconstitutional under Johnson. He acknowledges 

we held otherwise in Matchett but contends Matchett was decided wrongly and is 

inconsistent with the decisions of other circuits as well as the government’s 

concession Johnson applies to the career-offender guidelines in other cases. 

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Strevig asserts we should not apply Matchett in this case; alternatively, he argues 

his case should be held in abeyance until the pending petition for rehearing en banc

in Matchett is resolved. The petition for rehearing in Matchett was denied by this 

court en banc on September 13, 2016. United States v. Matchett, __ F.3d __, No. 

14-10396, 2016 WL 4757211 (11th Cir. Sept. 13, 2016) (en banc). Finally, Strevig 

argues his sentence must be vacated, because Amendment 798 to the Sentencing 

Guidelines, which took effect after Strevig was sentenced, struck the residual 

clause from the career-offender guideline. Strevig contends Amendment 798 is a 

clarifying amendment and may apply retroactively on direct appeal.

II. ANALYSIS

We review de novo whether a prior conviction qualifies as a “crime of 

violence” under the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d 

1238, 1240 (11th Cir. 2011). To determine whether a prior conviction qualifies as 

a career-offender-predicate crime, we generally apply the categorical approach. 

United States v. Estrella, 758 F.3d 1239, 1244 (11th Cir. 2014). Under that 

approach, we look to the statutory elements of the prior crime to determine 

whether those elements are the same as, or narrower than, the elements of the 

generic crime. Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. __, __, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2283 

(2013). We must assume the conviction “rested upon nothing more than the least 

of the acts criminalized, and then determine whether even those acts are 

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encompassed by the generic federal offense.” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. __, 

__, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1684 (2013) (citation, internal quotation marks, and alterations 

omitted). In applying the categorical approach, we may not consider the 

underlying facts of the prior conviction to determine whether those facts fit the 

generic crime. Descamps, 570 U.S. at __, 133 S. Ct. at 2283. “How a given 

defendant actually perpetrated the crime . . . makes no difference; even if his 

conduct fits within the generic offense, the mismatch of elements saves the 

defendant from [a career-offender] sentence.” Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 

__, __, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2251 (2016).

The result is the same under the modified-categorical approach, which 

applies only when the statute at issue is divisible, meaning it sets out multiple 

elements in the alternative. See id. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 2253-54; Descamps, 570 

U.S. at __, 133 S. Ct. at 2281, 2283-85. Under the modified-categorical approach, 

we can look beyond the statutory elements of the crime to a limited class of 

documents to determine which of the alternative elements formed the basis of the 

defendant’s prior conviction. Descamps, 570 U.S. at __, 133 S. Ct. at 2281. Like 

the categorical approach, the modified-categorical approach focuses on the 

elements of the prior crime, and the “underlying brute facts or means of 

commission” are irrelevant. Mathis, 579 U.S. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 2251 (citation 

and internal quotation marks omitted). Where a statute merely enumerates 

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multiple factual means of satisfying a single element, courts cannot apply the 

modified-categorical approach to determine whether the defendant’s prior crime 

was committed by means that fall within the generic crime. Id. at __, __, 136 S. 

Ct. at 2251, 2253-54.

A defendant is a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines, if (1) he 

was at least 18 years old when he committed the subject crime; (2) the crime is a 

felony involving violence or a controlled-substance; and (3) he had at least two 

prior felony convictions for a crime involving violence or a controlled-substance. 

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). The version of the Guidelines applicable at Strevig’s 

sentencing defined the term “crime of violence” as any federal or state crime, 

punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year, that

(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of 

physical force against the person of another [the “elements 

clause”], or

(2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of

explosives [the “enumerated offenses”], or otherwise involves 

conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to 

another [the “residual clause”].

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) (2015).

In Johnson, the Supreme Court held the residual clause of the ACCA, which 

is identical to the residual clause contained in § 4B1.2(a)(2), is unconstitutionally 

vague, because it creates uncertainty about how to evaluate the risks posed by a 

crime and how much risk it takes to qualify as a violent felony. Johnson, 576 U.S. 

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at __, __, 135 S. Ct. at 2557-58, 2563. In Matchett, we held the vagueness doctrine 

did not apply to the advisory Sentencing Guidelines; therefore, Johnson did not 

render the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2) void. Matchett, 802 F.3d at 1193-96. 

The Supreme Court thereafter has granted certiorari in Beckles v. United States, 

136 S. Ct. 2510 (2016), in which it will consider whether the Johnson

constitutional holding applies to the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2). 

Effective August 1, 2016, the definition of “crime of violence” in § 4B1.2 

has been amended. See U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 798 (Supp. Aug. 1, 2016). 

Section 4B1.2(a)(1), the elements clause of the guideline, remains unaltered after 

Amendment 798. Id. Section 4B1.2(a)(2), however, no longer includes the 

residual clause and contains a revised list of enumerated offenses, along with 

clarifying commentary. See id. The amended version of § 4B1.2(a)(2) now 

includes robbery in the list of enumerated crimes of violence. Id. Under the 

previous version of § 4B1.2, robbery was not enumerated in the text of the 

guideline itself but instead was listed as a crime of violence in the commentary to 

§ 4B1.2. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, cmt. n.1 (2015). In explaining the reason for 

Amendment 798, the Sentencing Commission explicitly cited Johnson as its basis 

for striking the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2) and noted significant litigation has 

ensued over the continuing viability of the residual clause of the guideline, and the 

residual clause of § 4B1.2 implicates many of the same concerns identified in 

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Johnson. U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 798 (Supp. Aug. 1, 2016). The Sentencing 

Commission, however, has not made Amendment 798 retroactive to individuals 

sentenced prior to the effective date of the amendment. See id.; see also U.S.S.G. 

§ 1B1.10(d).

In reviewing a district judge’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines, we

apply the version of the Guidelines in effect at sentencing. United States v. 

Jerchower, 631 F.3d 1181, 1184 (11th Cir. 2011). When a subsequent amendment 

clarifies the meaning of a guideline, rather than making a substantive change, we

will consider that amendment on appeal. Id.; see also U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(b)(2) 

(directing courts to consider subsequent amendments to the Guidelines, to the 

extent they make clarifying, rather than substantive, changes). We consider

several factors in determining whether an amendment is substantive or clarifying. 

Jerchower, 631 F.3d at 1185. First, we determine whether the amendment alters 

the text of the guideline itself, or only the commentary. Id. An alteration to the 

text shows a substantive change, whereas an amendment to the commentary is a 

clarification. Id. We then consider “whether the Commission has described an 

amendment as clarifying or whether its statements in the amendment commentary 

reflect a substantive change in the punishment for an offense.” Id. Finally, we 

determine whether the amendment overturned circuit precedent. Id. An 

amendment that overturns circuit precedent indicates a substantive change but 

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might be considered clarifying if it “clarifies a meaning that was inherent in the 

original Guideline.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

In Maryland, robbery is a prohibited crime punishable by a term of up to 15 

years of imprisonment. Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 3-402. Under Maryland 

law, robbery “retains its judicially determined meaning,” except:

(1) robbery includes obtaining the service of another by force or 

threat of force; and

(2) robbery requires proof of intent to withhold property of another:

(i) permanently;

(ii) for a period that results in the appropriation of a part of the 

property’s value;

(iii) with the purpose to restore it only on payment of a reward or 

other compensation; or

(iv) to dispose of the property or use or deal with the property in 

a manner that makes it unlikely that the owner will recover it.

Id. § 3-401(e). The “judicially determined meaning” of robbery in Maryland is 

“the felonious taking and carrying away of the personal property of another, from 

his person or in his presence, by violence, or by putting him in fear.” Coles v. 

State, 821 A.2d 389, 394 (Md. 2003) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). “The hallmark of robbery . . . is the presence of force or threat of force, 

the latter of which also is referred to as intimidation.” Id. at 395.

Maryland robbery requires more than “the mere snatching or sudden taking 

away of the property” to support a conviction. Id. at 396 (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted). To commit robbery under Maryland law, a defendant 

must either exercise force sufficient to overcome the victim’s resistance or put the 

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victim in sufficient fear to prevent the victim from resisting. Thomas v. State, 737 

A.2d 622, 636 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1999). When a robbery is committed by actual 

violence, the application of physical force, “if there is any injury to the person of 

the owner in the taking of the property, or if he resists the attempt to rob him, and 

his resistance is overcome, there is sufficient violence to make the taking robbery, 

however slight the resistance.” West v. State, 539 A.2d 231, 234 (Md. 1988) 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The degree of force used is 

immaterial, as long as it “is sufficient to compel the victim to part with his 

property.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “In other words, 

sufficient force must be used to overcome resistance and the mere force that is 

required to take possession, when there is no resistance, is not enough.” Id.

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). When a robbery is committed by 

intimidation, a threat of force is sufficient to support a robbery conviction if, under 

the circumstances, a reasonable person would have been in fear of bodily harm. 

Spencer v. State, 30 A.3d 891, 898 (Md. 2011).

In West, the Maryland Court of Appeals cited with approval a case 

upholding a robbery conviction, where the defendant ripped the shoulder strap of 

the victim’s bag from her shoulder. West, 539 A.2d at 235. The trial court had 

held “the purse snatching was accompanied by sufficient force to constitute 

robbery,” because the ripping of the shoulder strap from the victim’s arm “clearly 

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showed the requisite resistance to the taking.” Id. The Maryland Court of Appeals 

contrasted those facts with the case before it and concluded the evidence was 

insufficient to support a robbery conviction, because the victim was never placed 

in fear, did not resist, was not injured, and was not aware her purse had been stolen 

until she saw the defendant running away. Id.

Strevig argues we should not consider his Maryland-robbery convictions 

under the residual clause of the career-offender guideline, because Matchett was 

wrongly decided. Under our prior-panel-precedent rule, we are bound by a prior 

panel’s decision “unless and until it is overruled or undermined to the point of 

abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting en banc.” United States v. 

Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008). “[G]rants of certiorari do not 

themselves change the law”; we are bound to follow our precedent until the 

Supreme Court issues a decision that actually changes the law. Gissendaner v. 

Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 779 F.3d 1275, 1284 (11th Cir.) (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1580 (2015). The Supreme 

Court’s granting certiorari in Beckles does not itself change the law or overturn 

Matchett. Id. Matchett remains binding precedent; we may consider Strevig’s 

convictions under the residual clause of the guideline and need not hold his appeal 

in abeyance.

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Strevig’s contention we may not apply the residual clause, because 

Amendment 798 has removed that clause from § 4B1.2(a)(2), also fails. The 

Sentencing Commission has not decided to make Amendment 798 retroactive. 

Consequently, it may be applied retroactively only if it is a clarifying amendment 

rather than a substantive change to the career-offender guideline. Jerchower, 631 

F.3d at 1184; U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(b)(2); U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 798 (Supp. Aug. 

1, 2016). Considering the relevant factors, the removal of the residual clause in 

Amendment 798 is a substantive change. First, Amendment 798 alters the text of 

§ 4B1.2(a)(2), not only the corresponding commentary. See U.S.S.G. App. C, 

amend. 798 (Supp. Aug. 1, 2016); Jerchower, 631 F.3d at 1185. Second, in 

explaining its reason for removing the residual clause from § 4B1.2(a)(2), the 

Sentencing Commission explicitly cited Johnson, a significant litigation had 

ensued over the continuing viability of the residual clause of the guideline

following Johnson and stated the residual clause of § 4B1.2 implicated many of the 

same concerns identified in Johnson. See U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 798 (Supp. 

Aug. 1, 2016). These statements show a substantive change to the career-offender 

guideline, rather than a clarifying change. See Jerchower, 631 F.3d at 1185. By

removing the residual clause from § 4B1.2 under Johnson, Amendment 798 

arguably has the effect of overturning or abrogating our holding in Matchett, by

suggesting a substantive change. See U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 798 (Supp. Aug. 1, 

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2016); Matchett, 802 F.3d at 1193-96; Jerchower, 631 F.3d at 1185. Therefore, 

removal of the residual clause of Amendment 798 is a substantive change that does 

not apply retroactively to Strevig. Jerchower, 631 F.3d at 1184-85; see also

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(b)(2).

Strevig arguably has waived or abandoned any challenge to the actual merits 

of whether Maryland robbery qualifies under the residual clause, because he 

conceded at sentencing that Maryland robbery qualifies as a crime of violence 

under the residual clause. He contends on appeal only that the residual clause is 

invalid in view of Johnson and Amendment 798. Nonetheless, we conclude 

Maryland robbery does qualify as a crime of violence under the residual clause,

because it “involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury 

to another.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2) (2015). 

Maryland robbery requires the use or threatened use of force against the 

victim; that force or threatened force must be sufficient to overcome the victim’s 

resistance or put the victim in fear of bodily harm. See Spencer, 30 A.3d at 898; 

Coles, 821 A.2d at 394; West, 539 A.2d at 234. Mere sudden snatching is 

insufficient to support a robbery conviction under Maryland law, Coles, 821 A.2d 

at 396; instead, there must be some degree of direct confrontation between the 

defendant and the victim, see West, 539 A.2d at 235. The requirement of such a 

confrontation between the defendant and the victim, involving the use or 

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threatened use of force, presents a serious potential risk of physical injury, even if

Maryland robbery may be accomplished by a de minimis use of force. See, e.g., 

Lockley, 632 F.3d at 1245-46 (explaining, under a Florida robbery statute, that 

robbery crimes involving the use or threatened use of force or violence present a 

serious potential risk of physical injury, because they involve a heightened danger 

of violent confrontation). Since the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2) remains valid 

under Matchett, and Maryland robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under that 

clause, we conclude the district judge correctly determined Strevig was qualified as 

a career offender under his prior Maryland-robbery convictions. Because we 

conclude Maryland robbery qualifies under the residual clause, we need not 

address whether that crime would qualify as a crime of violence either as an 

enumerated offense or under the elements clause.

AFFIRMED.

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