Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca8-03-03843/USCOURTS-ca8-03-03843-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Ray Appleby
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 03-3843

___________

United States of America, *

*

Plaintiff - Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* District of Minnesota.

Ray Appleby, *

*

Defendant - Appellant. *

___________

Submitted: June 15, 2004

Filed: August 23, 2004

___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BYE and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

Ray Appleby applied to purchase a handgun from a federally licensed dealer

after pleading guilty to domestic assault in state court and while a state court Order

of Protection was outstanding against him. He completed and signed an ATF Form

4473, falsely answering “no” to questions asking if he was subject to a domestic

protection order or had been convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense.

Appleby returned to the dealer and cancelled the order during the federally mandated

waiting period, but he was nonetheless charged and pleaded guilty to violating 18

U.S.C. § 922(a)(6), which prohibits making a false written statement likely to deceive

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The HONORABLE RICHARD H. KYLE, United States District Judge for the

District of Minnesota.

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a licensed gun dealer regarding the lawfulness of the sale “in connection with the

acquisition or attempted acquisition of any firearm.”

 

The guidelines provide that U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 applies to all violations of 18

U.S.C. § 922(a). See U.S.S.G. App. A. Appleby is a “prohibited person” as defined

in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) and (9). Therefore, at sentencing, the district court1

determined that Appleby’s base offense level is 14. See § 2K2.1(a)(6) & comment.

(n.6). Appleby appeals the resulting sentence, arguing that his base offense level

should be determined under the attempt guideline, § 2X1.1, because he never

acquired the firearm. Like the district court, we disagree and therefore affirm. 

Appleby’s contention is not supported by the plain language of the relevant

guidelines provisions. Appendix A is unambiguous -- § 2K2.1 applies to all 18

U.S.C. § 922(a)(6) offenses. Within § 2K2.1 is an express cross-reference to § 2X1.1

“[i]f the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with

the commission or attempted commission of another offense.” § 2K2.1(c)(1).

However, the cross reference does not apply here because it is limited to attempts to

commit “another offense,” and that term is defined to exclude “firearms possession

. . . offenses” like 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6). § 2K2.1, comment. (n.18). Thus, Appleby’s

base offense level is determined by § 2K2.1(a)(6).

Appleby urges us to ignore this plain language because it makes sense to apply

§ 2X1.1 “where the substantive offense (false statement) is punished under the target

of the false statement (possession of a firearm by a prohibited person)” and the

firearm was never possessed. But that argument misstates the focus of 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(a)(6). In Huddleston v. United States, 415 U.S. 814, 825 (1974), the Supreme

Court surveyed the statute’s legislative history and concluded that “any false

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statement with respect to the eligibility of a person to obtain a firearm from a licensed

dealer was made subject to a criminal penalty.” Thereafter, the few circuits to

consider the question have agreed that a § 922(a)(6) offense “is committed whether

or not a firearm is successfully acquired.” United States v. Gardner, 579 F.2d 474,

476-77 (8th Cir. 1978); see United States v. Brozyna, 571 F.2d 742, 745 (2d Cir.

1978). This being so, the Sentencing Commission reasonably concluded that the

same guidelines provision, § 2K2.1, should apply to the false statement offense

whether or not the defendant in fact acquired a firearm.

Appleby further argues that § 2X1.1 should apply in order to recognize his

canceling of the firearm order as a mitigating circumstance. However, canceling the

order was not the voluntary cessation of conduct leading up to a criminal act. Rather,

as the district court recognized, the § 922(a)(6) offense was complete when Appleby

submitted a materially false application to the gun dealer. Thus, § 2X1.1 by its terms

does not apply. Of course, the district court retained the discretion to recognize this

mitigating circumstance by sentencing Appleby at the bottom of the guidelines range

produced by § 2K2.1. 

Finally, we reject Appleby’s contention that we should apply the rule of lenity.

The rule does not apply because the guidelines unambiguously apply U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1 to all completed 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6) offenses. See United States v.

Speakman, 330 F.3d 1080, 1083 (8th Cir. 2003).

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

______________________________

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