Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca7-16-02193/USCOURTS-ca7-16-02193-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Christopher R. Gates
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 16-2193

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER R. GATES,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Western District of Wisconsin, Madison Division.

No. 3:15-cr-00126-JDP-1 — James D. Peterson, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED DECEMBER 13, 2016 — DECIDED JANUARY 4, 2017

____________________

Before POSNER, KANNE, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to 

being a felon in possession of a firearm, namely a Glock 22 

.40 caliber pistol with a capacity of more than 15 rounds; 

such possession is a felony, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), punishable by a fine and also by imprisonment for a maximum of 

10 years (there is no minimum term of imprisonment). 18 

U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). The judge increased the defendant’s

guidelines range by four levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. 

Case: 16-2193 Document: 28 Filed: 01/04/2017 Pages: 5
2 No. 16-2193

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), for possessing the firearm in connection 

with another felony offense, namely the distribution of an 

illegal drug. The result was a guideline range of 57 to 71 

months. But the judge sentenced the defendant to only 36 

months, which was within the guideline range only if the 

four-level enhancement and the gun’s high-capacity magazine were ignored; the judge thought the shorter sentence 

appropriate.

We don’t think the judge was correct to rule that the defendant had possessed the gun in connection with two other 

alleged felony offenses, both being drug transactions. The 

first transaction involved a person who, being short of cash 

to pay for the synthetic marijuana that he’d just bought from 

the defendant, pawned his Glock (the Glock we mentioned 

earlier) to the defendant pending payment for the marijuana. 

It’s not known when Gates expected to be paid. What we do 

know is that a few days after the transaction he sold the gun,

to someone who happened to be a confidential informant,

for $300, allegedly with his marijuana customer’s consent to 

that method of clearing the customer’s debt; the $300 adequately compensated Gates for the marijuana that he had 

sold the customer.

Gates had sequestered the Glock in his garage during the

brief interim before he sold it; he had not used the gun or 

even touched it except for carrying it to, and later (when he 

had a customer) from, the garage. The Glock was thus as 

“dangerous” in the defendant’s “use” of it as if the pawn 

had instead been a Patek Philippe watch. The government 

argues that the gun had facilitated the sale of the drug, but 

we don’t know whether, had the defendant not had the gun,

he would have obtained some substitute pawn from the 

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No. 16-2193 3

buyer of the drugs from him, or if not would have trusted 

the buyer to pay him eventually—for he hadn’t asked the 

buyer to give him a gun as collateral. Indeed he hadn’t asked 

for any collateral; it was the buyer’s idea to offer collateral in 

lieu of immediate payment, and also for the collateral to be a

gun. There is no evidence that had it not been for the collateral the defendant would have cancelled his transaction with 

the buyer. It is common for drug buyers to be short of cash 

and therefore take some time before they can pay for the 

drugs they buy.

The government cites our decision in United States v. 

Doody, 600 F.3d 752, 755 (7th Cir. 2010), where we said that 

“receiving a gun in exchange for drugs—whether as payment or collateral—facilitates the drug transaction.” But that 

was not said (as the government mistakenly asserts) in regard to the four-level guideline enhancement of U.S.S.G. 

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B); it was said in relation to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), 

which establishes mandatory minimum sentences for using 

or carrying a gun in relation to a crime of violence or a drug 

trafficking crime—and neither “use” nor “carry” accurately 

describes the defendant’s relation to the Glock. For there is

as we said no evidence that he demanded collateral, let alone 

collateral in the form of a gun, from the purchaser of synthetic marijuana from him.

Missing also from the case is evidence that the synthetic 

marijuana that the defendant sold was at the time of the sale 

a “scheduled” (that is, an illegal) drug. And if not, then the 

gun had no possible relation to a drug crime. Later, it’s true,

the defendant sold the gun, to the confidential informant,

and so pleased was the defendant with the sale that he gave 

the confidential informant a gift (worth $40) of approximateCase: 16-2193 Document: 28 Filed: 01/04/2017 Pages: 5
4 No. 16-2193

ly 16 grams of scheduled synthetic marijuana. The gift, following as it did the sale of the gun, did not facilitate that 

sale; and bear in mind that the defendant was punished only

for alleged improper use of a gun, and not for selling (let 

alone giving away) illegal drugs.

Although the sentence imposed was within the guideline 

range for the offense of being a felon in possession of a gun, 

the judge’s remarks at sentencing suggest that his real concern was that the gun had been used in an illegal-drug 

transaction. But it hadn’t been; the defendant hadn’t used

the gun to facilitate either the first transaction, which so far 

as appears was legal because the synthetic marijuana that he 

sold had not yet been “scheduled” (i.e., classified illegal), or 

the second transaction. And while the defendant did plead 

guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, his sentence was based not on that crime but instead on his having 

“used” a gun in connection with an illegal drug transaction, 

namely the first transaction, the sale to the owner of the gun. 

But the defendant had not used the gun; nor is there evidence 

that the sale was of an illegal drug, as distinguished from 

unscheduled synthetic marijuana. Nor is there the slightest 

indication that the gun pawned to him by the first buyer (the 

buyer of the unscheduled synthetic marijuana) facilitated his 

gift of the scheduled synthetic marijuana to the second buyer

(the buyer of the gun).

The government argues that even if the judge made mistakes in sentencing they were harmless. The judge did say 

“it seems to me that if I were to relieve [the defendant] from 

the effect of the enhancements, we end up with a sentence 

that’s just about right.” But he also said that “the sentence ... 

reflects the seriousness of the offense. ... It was a dangerous 

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No. 16-2193 5

weapon that was possessed and it was possessed in connection with the dealing of drugs.” As far as the defendant was 

concerned, the gun was not “dangerous,” because he held it 

as collateral, with no intention of using it as a weapon. We 

can’t see the legal significance of the gun, taken as collateral, 

secreted in the garage, and then sold.

The judgment of the district court is therefore vacated 

and the case remanded to that court for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

Case: 16-2193 Document: 28 Filed: 01/04/2017 Pages: 5