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Parties Involved:
Antonio D. Crawford
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted October 27, 2016

Decided October 28, 2016

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

No. 15-2398

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ANTONIO D. CRAWFORD,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District 

Court for the Central District of Illinois.

No. 13-10048-001

James E. Shadid,

Chief Judge.

O R D E R

Antonio Crawford, an Illinois prisoner, mailed to the federal courthouse in 

Portland, Maine, several letters vowing that federal judges and prosecutors in that 

district would “pay” just as he had “paid all my money to see most of yall dead.” He 

also wrote that he would rape the assistant United States attorney allegedly responsible 

for prosecuting his “brother.” Crawford was charged with mailing threatening 

communications in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 876(c). That provision makes it a crime to 

send by mail an objectively threatening communication with intent to communicate a 

threat or with knowledge (or, possibly reckless disregard) that the communication will 

be viewed as threatening. See Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2012–13 (2015); 

United States v. Geisler, 143 F.3d 1070, 1071–72 (7th Cir. 1998). Crawford was evaluated 

and found competent to stand trial. He then pleaded guilty after trying unsuccessfully 

to have the § 876(c) charge dismissed on the ground that his threats were speech 

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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protected under the First Amendment. The district court sentenced him at the low end 

of the guidelines range to 70 months’ imprisonment, running consecutively to his

undischarged state sentence.

Crawford filed a notice of appeal, but his newly appointed attorney asserts that 

the appeal is frivolous and seeks to withdraw under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 

(1967). Crawford opposes counsel’s motion. See CIR. R. 51(b). Counsel has submitted a 

brief that explains the nature of the case and addresses issues that an appeal of this kind 

might be expected to involve. We limit our review to the subjects counsel discusses, 

plus the additional issues that Crawford presents in his response. See United States 

v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v. Wagner, 103 F.3d 551, 553 

(7th Cir. 1996).

Although appellate counsel does not say that he asked Crawford if he wants to 

challenge his guilty plea, the lawyer nevertheless discusses in his Anders brief whether 

Crawford could challenge the plea colloquy or the voluntariness of the plea. If counsel 

did not consult Crawford, he should have. See United States v. Konczak, 683 F.3d 348, 349 

(7th Cir. 2012); United States v. Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2002). Even so, counsel’s 

apparent omission is harmless because an appellate claim based on the guilty plea 

would be frivolous. See Konczak, 683 F.3d at 349.

During the plea colloquy the district court informed Crawford that he could 

stand on his plea of not guilty and proceed to a jury trial, at which he would have the 

right to an attorney and the rights to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses, to 

call his own witnesses, and to testify or not at his option. See FED. R. CRIM. P. 

11(b)(1)(B–E). The court also admonished Crawford that pleading guilty would waive 

these trial rights. See FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(1)(F). The court sought to ensure that a 

factual basis supported the indictment and that Crawford understood the nature of the 

charge, the potential penalties, and the role of the sentencing guidelines and factors 

from 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) in selecting an appropriate sentence. See FED. R. CRIM. P. 

11(b)(1)(G), (H), (M), (b)(2–3). The court did neglect to tell Crawford that his sworn

statements during the colloquy could be used to prosecute him for perjury, but this 

oversight could not have been plain error because Crawford has not been accused of 

lying during the colloquy. See United States v. Blalock, 321 F.3d 686, 689 (7th Cir. 2003).

But there was one wrinkle in the plea colloquy, though not significant enough to 

present a nonfrivolous claim for appeal. Crawford mailed his letters in 2012 and 

pleaded guilty before the Supreme Court decided in Elonis that the parallel statute

criminalizing threats sent through a means of interstate or foreign commerce, 

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see 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), includes a mens rea element requiring more than just knowledge 

that a communication has been sent. See Elonis, 135 S. Ct. at 2011. Before Elonis we did 

not understand § 876(c) to require for conviction proof that the defendant purposely 

intended to communicate, or at least knew that his communication would be viewed as, 

a threat. See Geisler, 143 F.3d at 1071–72; United States v. Aman, 31 F.3d 550, 553 (7th Cir. 

1994); United States v. Khorrami, 895 F.2d 1186, 1191 (7th Cir. 1990). But after Elonis, 

which also applies to § 876(c), see Twitty v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 90 (2015) (vacating 

§ 876(c) conviction and remanding for reconsideration in light of Elonis), it was not 

enough for the government to establish, as the indictment in this case alleges, that

Crawford knowingly mailed his letters to the courthouse in Portland. Thus, Crawford 

might argue on appeal that the plea colloquy was defective because he was not told, 

when the charge was explained, that the statute’s intent element goes further to focus 

also on what he meant for his communications to convey.

That potential challenge to the plea colloquy would be frivolous, however, 

because Elonis was decided before Crawford’s sentencing and was flagged by the 

prosecutor during that proceeding. Yet Crawford did not move to withdraw his guilty 

plea, and thus we would review the plea colloquy only for plain error.

United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 63, (2002); United States v. Sura, 511 F.3d 654, 658 

(7th Cir. 2007). Crawford would need to “show a reasonable probability that, but for the 

error, he would not have entered the plea” and convince us that, in light of the entire 

record, “the probability of a different result is ‘sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome’ of the proceeding.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004)

(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 669 (1984)). And on this record it would 

be frivolous for Crawford to contend that he would have declined to plead guilty and 

instead gone to trial had the district court admonished that conviction would require 

proof that he meant to threaten the intended recipients of his letters. The presentence 

investigation report recounts that Crawford repeatedly told federal investigators that he 

intended his statements to be threats. He directed those statements toward specific 

federal officials, conveying a desire and plan to physically hurt them, and he mailed 

multiple letters, leaving opportunity between the communications to reconsider his 

words. Compare United States v. White, 810 F.3d 212, 222 (4th Cir. 2016) (concluding

post-Elonis that failure to instruct jury properly on mens rea for § 875(c) was harmless 

since defendant used “direct and declarative” language, gave “no other explanation for 

the message,” and admitted wanting to scare recipient of communication) cert. denied,

136 S. Ct. 1833, (2016), with United States v. Houston, 792 F.3d 663, 667–68 (6th Cir. 2015)

(concluding that district court committed plain error in § 875(c) prosecution by giving 

incomplete jury instruction on intent, since jury could have found that defendant was 

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“ranting and raving rather than expressing an intent to cause harm” when he called 

girlfriend saying he planned to shoot third party, which girlfriend dismissed “out of 

hand”).

Apart from the Rule 11 colloquy, appellate counsel also considers whether 

Crawford might argue that the district court should have granted his motion to dismiss

the indictment. That pro se motion asserts that Crawford’s letters contain political 

speech that, even if threatening, is protected by the First Amendment. Yet true threats 

are never protected speech. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359 (2003); R.A.V. v. 

City of St. Paul, Minn., 505 U.S. 377, 388 (1992); United States v. White, 610 F.3d 956, 960 

(7th Cir. 2010). And even if Crawford meant to suggest―notwithstanding his 

admissions to investigators―that these statements are not threats, that factual defense 

was waived by Crawford’s guilty plea. By pleading guilty, Crawford admitted the 

essential elements of the § 876(c) charge. See United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 569-71

(1989); United States v. Vela, 740 F.3d 1150, 1153–54 (7th Cir. 2014). Thus we agree with 

counsel that an appellate claim challenging the denial of Crawford’s pro se motion 

would be frivolous.

Counsel next contemplates basing an appeal on objections that Crawford raised 

to the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines. For one, Crawford

argued that his crime was victimless because no judge or prosecutor in Maine

personally received his threatening letters. On that ground he opposed an upward 

adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.2(b)(1), which adds 2 offense levels if the crime

“involved an express or implied threat of death, bodily injury, or kidnapping.” But 

whether the letters reached their targets has nothing to do with whether those letters

contain the type of threat meriting an increase under § 2B3.2(b)(1). And if Crawford 

actually was positing that the interception of his letters before they reached the 

intended recipients undermines his conviction, that contention likewise is frivolous:

Receipt by the victim is not an element of § 876(c). See Geisler, 143 F.3d at 1071–72.

Crawford’s second objection at sentencing was to receiving criminal-history 

points for both state and federal convictions arising from the same underlying conduct. 

Prior sentences for crimes committed without an intervening arrest are counted as one 

only if “(A) the sentences resulted from offenses contained in the same charging 

instrument; or (B) the sentences were imposed on the same day.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). 

Crawford’s argument would be frivolous because, although he was convicted in state 

court of attempted armed robbery and in federal court of bank robbery based on the 

same underlying conduct, those crimes obviously were not charged in the same 

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instrument, and neither were the sentences imposed on the same day. See United States 

v. Jones, 698 F.3d 1048, 1050–51 (8th Cir. 2012).

Crawford’s final sentencing objection concerned the addition under 

§ 4A1.2(d)(2)(A) of criminal-history points for two juvenile offenses. That guideline 

provision adds 2 points for each “sentence to confinement of at least sixty days if the 

defendant was released from such confinement within five years of his commencement 

of the instant offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(d)(2)(A). If parole is revoked for an offense 

committed before age 18, the duration of confinement is counted using “the date of the 

defendant’s last release from confinement on such sentence.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(k)(2). 

Crawford’s appellate lawyer considers whether the defendant could argue that 

“sentence to confinement” should include only time he was actually incarcerated, not a 

period of supervised release. Crawford’s proposed interpretation would not make a 

difference, however, because Crawford was incarcerated for more than 60 days for each 

offense and was released from incarceration for both offenses on July 27, 2010, i.e.,

within 5 years of mailing the threatening letters in 2012.

Crawford raises additional points in his Rule 51(b) response. He first contends 

that the district court erred in waiting a year before ordering a competence evaluation. 

Crawford’s trial attorney did not move for an evaluation until November 2013, seven

months after the defendant’s initial appearance. The court promptly ordered an 

evaluation, which the examining psychologist completed in March 2014. But a 

competence evaluation serves only to determine if the defendant is competent to stand 

trial, see 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a); United States v. Anzaldi, 800 F.3d 872, 877 (7th Cir. 2015), not 

to assess whether the defendant was sane at the time of the alleged crime, as Crawford 

implies. If Crawford wanted to explore an insanity defense, he needed to act “within 

the time provided for a pretrial motion,” FED. R. CRIM. P. 12.2(a), and he did not do so.

See also United States v. Dubrule, 822 F.3d 866, 882 (6th Cir. 2016) (noting that defendant 

waives insanity defense by not asserting defense within Rule 12.2’s deadline), 

cert. denied, (U.S. Oct. 3, 2016).

Finally, Crawford insists that the district judge should have recused himself after 

receiving a threatening letter from Crawford. But recusal is not required if a defendant 

has made a threat for the very purpose of forcing a recusal, see In re Nettles, 394 F.3d 

1001, 1002–03 (7th Cir. 2005), and the sentencing transcript suggests that this was 

Crawford’s aim. See also In re Basciano, 542 F.3d 950, 957 (2d Cir. 2008); United States 

v. Holland, 519 F.3d 909, 910–11 (9th Cir. 2008); United States v. Greenspan, 26 F.3d 1001, 

1006 (10th Cir. 1994). Crawford asked the judge if he had received the threatening letter 

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and then said that remaining impartial after being threatened would be difficult for 

anyone. This was an obvious effort to manipulate a recusal, and it would be frivolous 

for Crawford to claim that the judge erred in refusing to step aside.

Accordingly, we GRANT the motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.

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