Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-almb-2_19-mp-00302/USCOURTS-almb-2_19-mp-00302-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
2nd Chance Auto Sales
Defendant
Sabrina L. McKinney
Plaintiff

Document Text:

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SABRINA L. MCKINNEY,

CHAPTER 13 STANDING TRUSTEE,

Plaintiff, Miscellaneous Proceeding

Case No.: 19-00302-WRS

v.

2ND CHANCE AUTO SALES, INC.,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM DECISION

This Miscellaneous Proceeding comes before the Court on Plaintiff Chapter 13 Trustee 

Sabrina L. McKinney’s (“Trustee”) Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. (Doc. 1). 

Trustee seeks to enjoin Defendant 2nd Chance Auto Sales, Inc. (“Second Chance”)

1

from 

garnishing funds held on behalf of Wells Fargo in her capacity as Trustee. For the reasons set 

forth below, Second Chance is enjoined from taking further action to garnish or attempt to garnish 

the Trustee without first obtaining leave from this Court. The garnishment process heretofore 

served is void. 

I. Facts

Plaintiff Sabrina L. McKinney is the standing Chapter 13 Trustee in the Middle District of 

Alabama. She serves as Trustee in all Chapter 13 cases filed in this District. At any given time, 

this Court will have 20,000 pending Chapter 13 cases. The identity of the cases is not static; 

1 The Court acknowledges that Defendant is an Alabama corporation with the name “2ND Chance Auto Sales, Inc.” 

For simplicity, the Court will spell out “Second” in place of the ordinal number and refer to Defendant as “Second 

Chance.”

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approximately 500 new cases are filed every month and an approximately equal number are closed, 

either through discharge, dismissal, or conversion to another chapter. The primary function of the 

Chapter 13 Trustee is to administer chapter 13 plans filed in these cases. 

The Trustee conducts a meeting of creditors in each case pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 341 and 

analyzes each case to determine whether the debtor’s plan should be confirmed. The Court relies 

heavily on the recommendation from the Chapter 13 Trustee as to whether a given case stands in 

posture to be confirmed.

Once a Chapter 13 case is confirmed, it is the job of the Chapter 13 Trustee to collect plan 

payments and make disbursements to creditors. The Trustee receives, through plan payment 

remittances, $100,000,000 every year and disburses that to creditors. In a recent report filed by 

the Chapter 13 Trustee with the Court, she disbursed $10,000,000 in a single month. To 

accomplish this feat, the Trustee employs a staff of 50 to conduct her operations, which are funded 

by an administrative charge made against debtors who file cases in this Court. 

Defendant Second Chance is a used car dealer in Montgomery who advertises heavily on 

local television stations and utilizes the slogan “your job is your credit.” Second Chance is a “buy 

here pay here” used car lot, which means that it finances the purchases and holds the note on 

vehicles that it sells. Not surprisingly, Second Chance appears frequently in Chapter 13 cases in 

this Court. 

Second Chance obtained a money judgment against an individual named Jonathan Sellers 

in the District Court for Montgomery County, Alabama, a state court.2 Presumably, Sellers 

2

In the Alabama court system, district courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. For example, in civil actions the 

district court’s jurisdiction is limited to $20,000. ALA. CODE § 12-12-30. To avoid confusion of these courts with 

federal district courts, the district courts in the Alabama system will be referred to as “state court” while federal 

district courts will be referred to as “district court.” 

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purchased and financed a car from Second Chance but subsequently defaulted on the note.3 In an 

effort to collect on its judgment against Sellers, it appears that Second Chance attempted to garnish 

Sellers’ bank account at Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo responded to Second Chance’s garnishment 

process by stating that it was only holding $227.99 in the name of Sellers. (Doc. 1, Complaint at 

2). Second Chance challenged this answer on unknown grounds and Wells Fargo failed to respond 

to the challenge, which resulted in an $8,000 judgment against it to boot. 

Wells Fargo is the third largest bank in the United States and a frequent litigant in this 

Court. This Court conducts Chapter 13 motion dockets every week on Thursdays, and Wells Fargo 

is almost always in attendance, usually with multiple cases. In this Court’s experience, Wells 

Fargo is a diligent, if not relentless, adversary. The notion that Wells Fargo would stand idly by 

and permit a sub-prime lender such as Second Chance pick its pocket to the tune of $8,000 strikes 

the Court as out of character. If Wells Fargo lost a money judgment, fair and square in the amount 

of $8,000, it can and should pay it—without involving this Court and its Chapter 13 Trustee.

Second Chance brought suit against the Trustee as Garnishee in a state court civil action 

styled Second Chance Auto Sales v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Case No. DV-2016-902207, in the 

District Court of Montgomery County, Alabama. The Trustee submitted an affidavit outlining the 

extraordinary amount of work involved in complying with this garnishment. (Doc. 17, Affidavit 

of Sabrina McKinney). The Court conducted a hearing on November 19, 2019, and inquired of 

counsel for Second Chance as to its efforts to collect its judgment directly from Wells Fargo. 

When its counsel stated that Wells Fargo did not have any assets it could attach (a dubious claim 

to say the least), the Court inquired whether he had taken a deposition of anyone at Wells Fargo to 

inquire whether they had any assets, counsel for Second Chance conceded that he had not. Thus, 

3 Mr. Sellers does not have an active bankruptcy case in the Middle District of Alabama.

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Second Chance seeks to take discovery from the Trustee as to whether her office has previously 

invoked Barton while it has not so much as asked Wells Fargo whether it has any money or 

property which it may take to satisfy its judgment. 

II. Law

A. Jurisdiction

As this proceeding involves a garnishment action brought against the Chapter 13 Trustee, 

who is appointed to serve this Court, this Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear this matter. 28 

U.S.C. § 1334; Barton v. Barbour, 104 U.S. 126, 136-37 (1881). This is a core proceeding. 28 

U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A). This is a final order.

This Court is ruling on the pleadings and briefs and attached materials submitted by the 

parties. As it is undisputed that Second Chance did not first seek leave from this Court to bring a 

garnishment action against the Trustee, it is not necessary to conduct an evidentiary hearing. As 

stated by Second Chance in paragraph 5 of its Answer, “if the Barton Doctrine is controlling in 

this case, then the Trustee should prevail because [Second] Chance did not obtain leave of the 

Court prior to filing the Garnishment, and that fact is not in dispute.” (Doc. 13).

B. The Barton Doctrine

1. Its Application to Bankruptcy Courts

As the Barton doctrine is dispositive here, the Court will review that case and several lower 

court decisions in detail. John Barbour was appointed receiver of the Washington City, Virginia 

Midland, and Great Southern Railroad Company by the Circuit Court for the City of Alexandria 

Virginia. Barton v. Barbour, 104 U.S. 126 (1881). Barbour operated the railroad as a going 

concern, with a view to ultimately liquidate the railroad for the benefit of all concerned. Id. He 

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apparently believed that value would be maximized if the railroad was maintained and operated as 

a going concern. Id. at 130. While the railroad was in operation under the auspices of Barbour as 

receiver, Plaintiff Frances Barton was injured in a railroad accident. She brought suit against 

Barbour for her injuries, in the District of Columbia, without first seeking leave of the court that 

appointed Barbour receiver, which was a state court in Alexandria, Virginia. Id.

There was no dispute that Barton would have what is today known as an administrative 

priority claim for her injuries. The Supreme Court held that the court in the District of Columbia 

did not have jurisdiction to hear an action against a receiver appointed by a court of another state. 

Id. 136-37. Thus, Barton is a jurisdictional doctrine, withdrawing subject matter jurisdiction over 

actions against court-appointed receivers, by any court other than the court who appointed the 

receiver. Restated, Barton provides that when one seeks to bring an action against a receiver, one 

must first proceed against the receiver in the court that appointed him. 

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit first considered the question 

of whether the Barton doctrine applied to trustees appointed in bankruptcy proceedings in the year 

2000. Carter v. Rodgers, 220 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. 2000), cert denied, 531 U.S. 1077 (2001). In 

Carter, a debtor filed suit in district court against a trustee in bankruptcy for irregularities in a sale 

of assets conducted by the Trustee pursuant to his official duties. The Eleventh Circuit held that 

the Barton doctrine applied to a trustee in bankruptcy, finding that the trustee is the statutory 

successor to a receiver, and for that reason the Barton doctrine applied. Id. at 1252. The Eleventh 

Circuit held that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the suit because leave had 

not been granted by the bankruptcy court. Id. at 1253. The ruling in Carter was that one who 

wants to bring suit against a trustee in bankruptcy, for conduct related to his office must first seek 

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leave of the bankruptcy court in which the trustee serves, as no other court has subject matter 

jurisdiction to consider the question.

In addition to the Eleventh Circuit, 10 other circuits have likewise held that Barton applies 

to suits brought against a trustee in bankruptcy. See, e.g., Lankford v. Wagner, 853 F.3d 1119 

(10th Cir. 2017) (holding that counsel for trustee in bankruptcy could not be sued without first 

seeking leave in bankruptcy court); Villegas v. Schmidt, 788 F.3d 156, (5th Cir. 2015), cert denied, 

136 S.Ct. 588 (2015) (holding that the Barton doctrine applied and that any party seeking to sue a 

trustee in bankruptcy in a foreign court must first seek leave from the bankruptcy court); In re 

Alexander, 718 F.3d 762, 767 (8th Cir. 2013) (holding that the Barton doctrine applied to actions 

against a trustee in bankruptcy and rejecting the argument that Barton was abrogated by the 

Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978); In re Vistacare Group, LLC, 678 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. 2012) 

(holding that the Barton doctrine continued to apply to actions against a trustee in bankruptcy and 

that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in allowing a garnishment action to proceed 

in that case); McDaniel v. Blust, 668 F.3d 153 (4th Cir. 2012) (holding that Barton doctrine applied 

to suit brought against attorneys for a trustee in bankruptcy); Beck v. Ft. James Fiber Co. (In re 

Crown Vantage, Inc.), 421 F3d. 963 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that leave of the bankruptcy court 

must first be obtained before suit is brought against the trustee, citing Barton); Muratore v. Darr, 

375 F.3d 140 (1st Cir. 2004) (dismissing suit for want of subject matter jurisdiction brought against 

trustee in bankruptcy where leave was not sought in bankruptcy court, citing Barton); In re Linton, 

136 F.3d 544, 545 (7th Cir. 1998) (holding that the “trustee in bankruptcy is [the] statutory 

successor to the equity receiver,” thus, the Barton doctrine required that a party seeking to sue a 

trustee in bankruptcy must obtain leave bankruptcy court, and that the bankruptcy court did not 

abuse its discretion in denying leave); Lebovits v. Scheffel (In re Lehal Realty Assoc.), 101 F.3d 

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272 (2d Cir. 1996) (affirming the holding of the district court enjoining suit against a trustee in 

bankruptcy which had been brought in state court, citing Barton); Allard v. Weitzman (In re 

DeLorean Motor Co.), 991 F 2d. 1236, 1240 (6th Cir. 1993) (stating that “it is well settled that 

leave of the appointing forum must be obtained by any party wishing to institute an action in a 

non-appointing forum against a trustee, for acts done in the trustee’s official capacity and within 

the trustee’s authority as an officer of the court”); Leonard v. Vrooman, 383 F2d. 556, 560 (9th 

Cir. 1967) (“It is undisputed that a trustee in bankruptcy is an officer of the court, [ . . . ] and that 

as such, he is not subject to suit without leave of the appointing court for acts done in his official 

capacity and within his authority as an officer of the Court.”) (internal citations omitted); Stone v. 

White (In re Stone), No. 92-1383, 1998 WL 1819081 (Bankr. D.C. Nov. 4, 1998) (holding that 

Barton applied to actions against a trustee in bankruptcy and that it was the only court that had 

subject matter jurisdiction over an action against a trustee in bankruptcy serving in that court). The 

reported case law clearly supports Trustee’s assertion that the Barton doctrine is applicable to 

trustees in bankruptcy.

2. The Barton Doctrine Applies to Garnishment Actions Against a Trustee in Bankruptcy

Second Chance argues that Barton does not apply because a garnishment action is not a 

lawsuit against the Trustee. (Doc. 18, pp. 16-18). Review of reported case law and relevant 

Alabama statutes reveals that this argument is without merit.

The Bankruptcy Court in the Northern District of Georgia recently handed down a well 

written and well-reasoned decision dealing with a garnishment action brought against a trustee in 

bankruptcy. In re Jankauskas, 593 B.R. 1 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2018). In Jankauskas, a creditor who 

had been garnishing a debtor prior to a bankruptcy filing, sought to garnish funds in the hands of 

the Chapter 13 trustee after the debtor’s bankruptcy case was dismissed. Id. at 3. The Court in 

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Jankauskas, held that “[i]t is well-established in the Eleventh Circuit and other circuits that the 

Barton Doctrine requires a party to obtain leave of the bankruptcy court before initiating an action 

in any non-bankruptcy courts against a bankruptcy trustee for acts done in the trustee’s official 

capacity.” Id. at 6 (citing Carter v. Rogers, 220 F.3d 1249, 1252 (11th Cir. 2000)). 

The Court found that the garnishment action against the trustee was an “action,” and thus 

violated the Barton doctrine. Id. at 10. Further, the court in Jankauskas cited the administrative 

burden faced by trustees if creditors were to routinely garnish funds held by a trustee at the time a 

Chapter 13 case was dismissed. Id. at 8. 

Additionally, numerous courts have held that the Barton doctrine acts to shield trustees in 

bankruptcy from unauthorized garnishment actions in foreign courts. See, e.g., In re Shields, 431 

B.R. 446 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. 2010) (holding that Barton applied to insulate trustee from state law 

attachment); NVLAND, Inc. v. Vogel (In re Ocean Downs Racing Assn., Inc.), 164 B.R. 249 

(Bankr. D. Md. 1993) (holding that Chapter 11 trustee was not subject to garnishment on state 

court judgment); In re Yatko, 416 B.R. 193, 201 (Bankr. W.D.N.C. 2008) (“A garnishment, 

attachment[,] or supplemental proceeding against the bankruptcy trustee cannot be maintained 

without relief from the stay and/or prior leave of the appointing bankruptcy court.”).

Second Chance initiated the garnishment proceeding against the Trustee under the laws of 

the State of Alabama. As such, a review of Alabama statutes regarding garnishment is instructive. 

Under Alabama law, a “garnishment” is defined as the

process to reach and subject money or effects of a defendant in 

attachment, in a judgment or in a pending action commenced in the 

ordinary form in the possession or under the control of a third 

person, or debts owing such defendant or liabilities to him on 

contracts for the delivery of personal property, on contracts for the 

payment of money which may be discharged by the delivery of 

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personal property or on contracts payable in personal property; and 

such third person is called the garnishee.

ALA. CODE § 6-6-370 (2018).

Alabama law requires the garnishee to file an answer to the process of garnishment within 

30 days of service, which she must serve on the plaintiff and the defendant. ALA. CODE § 6-6-450 

(2018). Upon plaintiff’s timely demand, the garnishee may be subject to an in-court oral 

examination. Id. If the garnishee admits that she is in possession of funds owed to the defendant, 

she must tender those funds, up to the full amount of the judgment, to the clerk of court. ALA.

CODE § 6-6-452 (2018). In the event the garnishee fails to appear or file an answer to the 

garnishment, she is subject to a conditional judgment for the full amount of the plaintiff’s monetary 

judgment, which becomes permanent 30 days after notice of the conditional judgment. ALA.CODE

§ 6-6-457 (2018). 

Second Chance’s argument that garnishment proceedings are not civil actions is surprising 

in light of the circumstances that gave rise to Second Chance’s money judgment against Wells 

Fargo. Wells Fargo is not the defendant in the initial underlying dispute; the judgment that Second 

Chance now seeks to collect was entered in a previous garnishment proceeding involving Wells 

Fargo, who apparently failed to respond to Second Chance’s challenge to the Garnishment Answer 

filed by Wells Fargo. As such, Second Chance was rewarded with a money judgment against it, 

which Second Chance now seeks to collect here. 

By seeking to enforce a garnishment against the Trustee, yet argue that garnishments are 

not civil actions, Second Chance takes diametrically opposed positions at the same time. It was 

certainly a civil action when Second Chance asked the state court in Montgomery County, 

Alabama, to enter a money judgment against Wells Fargo for failing to defend its Garnishment 

Answer. It is a judgment in a civil action which Second Chance seeks to collect here. If the 

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Trustee here was to disregard the garnishment process, Second Chance would certainly seek a 

money judgment against the Trustee in the same manner as it did against Wells Fargo. 

Accordingly, Second Chance’s argument that the garnishment action it brought against the Trustee 

is not a civil action is nonsensical.4

The Fifth Circuit held, in a case binding on this Court, that garnishment actions are 

“independent suits.” Butler v. Polk, 592 F.2d 1293, 1295 (5th Cir. 1979).5 The Fifth Circuit held 

that a garnishment action could be removed to federal court. Second Chance’s argument, that 

garnishment actions are not civil actions is flatly contradicted by Butler. If garnishment actions 

were not civil actions, they could not be removed from state to federal court.6

As garnishment actions against a trustee are civil actions, it follows that Barton withdraws 

subject matter jurisdiction from any court other than the court in which the trustee serves where, 

as here, someone attempts to garnish funds in the hands of a trustee. 

C. Second Chance’s Remaining Arguments All Lack Merit

Second Chance asserts four arguments against the application of the Barton doctrine, none 

of which the Court finds persuasive. As set forth in sub-parts II(C)(1)-II(C)(4), infra, the Court 

will address each argument in turn.

4 Second Chance’s only argument against garnishments as “civil actions” is the exclusion of “garnishments” from 

FED. R. CIV. P. 7. As Rule 7 deals only with the order and style of pleadings in civil actions, this argument is 

baseless, and the Court will not address it further.

5 The Eleventh Circuit adopted all decisions of the Fifth Circuit which were in effect on September 30, 1981, as 

binding precedent. 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc). For that reason, Butler v. Polk is binding precedent in 

the Eleventh Circuit.

6 The Court does not mean to be critical of the Trustee here, but if she had removed Second Chance’s garnishment 

action to this Court, rather than file a separate civil action, it could have dismissed the action for want of subject 

matter jurisdiction rather than declare it void, leaving that matter pending in state court subject to an injunction.

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1. The Exception to Barton Contained in 28 U.S.C. § 959(a) Does Not Apply

Second Chance cites 28 U.S.C. § 959(a) for the proposition that it may proceed against the 

Trustee notwithstanding Barton. Section 959(a) provides as follows:

[t]rustees, receivers or managers of any property, including debtors 

in possession, may be sued, without leave of the court appointing 

them, with respect to any of their acts or transactions in carrying on 

business connected with such property. Such actions shall be 

subject to the general equity power of such court so far as the same 

may be necessary to the ends of justice, but this shall not deprive a 

litigant of his right to a jury trial.

28 U.S.C. § 959(a).

The Eleventh Circuit in Carter v. Rogers interpreted the scope of this exception as follows: 

“[t]he ‘carrying on business’ exception in section 959(a) is intended to ‘permit actions redressing 

torts committed in furtherance of the debtor’s business, such as the common situation of a 

negligence claim in a slip and fall case where a bankruptcy trustee, for example, conducted a retail 

store.’” 220 F.3d at 1254 (citing Lehal Realty Assocs, 101 F.3d at 276). In the case at bar, the 

Trustee is not carrying on the business activity of a debtor and for that reason § 959(a) does not 

apply. See also Muratore v. Darr, 375 F.3d 140, 145 (1st Cir. 2004) (holding that § 959(a) applies 

only to “acts or transactions in conducting the debtor’s business in the ordinary sense of the words 

or in pursuing that business as an operating enterprise”); Austrian v. Williams, 216 F.2d 278, 285 

(2d Cir. 1954) (to same effect). 

Considering the plain language of this statute, it is apparent that this exception applies only 

to “acts or transactions in carrying or business connected with such property.” 28 U.S.C. § 959(a). 

In the case at bar, the Trustee is not carrying on any business. Rather, she is administering Chapter 

13 plans according to their terms and the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Because the Trustee 

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in this case is not carrying on the business of debtors, the exception of § 959(a) does not apply by 

virtue of its plain language. 

2. In re Brickell Does Not Support Second Chance’s Position

Second Chance cites the case of In re Brickell, 142 F.App’x 385 (11th Cir. 2005), 

contending that garnishment actions against trustees in bankruptcy may be allowed. (Doc. 18, p. 

6). While Brickell did involve a garnishment proceeding that had been allowed by the bankruptcy 

court to proceed, it does not help Second Chance here. Brickell involved a dispute between 

Norman Brickell, a debtor, and Dorothea Brickell, his former spouse. Dorthea had a claim against 

Norman’s estate in the amount of $19,898.06. 

Dorthea unsuccessfully disputed Norman’s right to a discharge, then appealed the 

unfavorable bankruptcy court determination to district court, but again lost. In re Brickell, 292 

B.R. 705, 707 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2000). Finding Dorthea’s litigation frivolous, the bankruptcy court 

awarded sanctions against Dorthea and in favor of Norman in the amount of $14,341.82. Id. at 

707. Dorthea’s troubles did not end there. Her former lawyers obtained a money judgment in the 

amount of $9,736.04 against her in state court for unpaid attorney’s fees. Id. 

Norman moved the bankruptcy court for a writ of garnishment in order to collect his 

sanctions judgment by garnishing the amounts due Dorthea under her claim, to which the trustee 

filed no response. In re Brickell, 142 F.App’x. 385, 387 (11th Cir. 2005). Dorthea’s former 

lawyers, on the other hand, obtained a writ of garnishment in the state court that issued the 

judgment and served it on the trustee. Brickell, 292 B.R. at 707. 

Before disbursement, the trustee filed an ex parte motion with the bankruptcy court 

requesting permission to divert Dorthea’s disbursement to Norman and Dorthea’s former lawyers 

in accordance with the both processes of garnishment. Id. The Bankruptcy Court ordered the 

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trustee to disburse Dorthea’s share to the two garnishors on a pro rata basis. Brickell, 142 F.App’x. 

at 387. 

Dorthea appealed all the way to the Eleventh Circuit, arguing that amounts due her on her 

claim against Norman’s estate were not subject to garnishment. Id. The Eleventh Circuit ruled 

against Dorthea, finding her claims to be without merit and allowed the garnishments of amounts 

due Dorthea on her claim. Id. at 391.

The most obvious difference between Brickell and the case at bar is that the trustee in 

Brickell did not invoke the Barton doctrine. In fact, the trustee in Brickell actively sought 

permission to disburse the estate funds in accordance with the two garnishments. Brickell, 292 

B.R. at 707. The Trustee in Brickell undoubtedly viewed the garnishment as a “one off” situation 

that would impose little administrative burden, rather than one which would impose considerable 

burdens for a lengthy period of time. 

Moreover, the Barton doctrine is not mentioned by the Eleventh Circuit anywhere in its 

decision in Brickell. See generally, 142 F.App’x. 385 (11th Cir. 2005). Barton is a doctrine to 

shield the trustee, but the trustee in Brickell actively chose to not raise her shield. Put differently, 

the trustee in Brickell did not invoke Barton, while the Trustee in the case at bar has. Accordingly, 

Second Chance’s citation of Brickell is unavailing as it has no application once, as here, the trustee 

invokes her rights under Barton. 

3. Second Chance’s Waiver Argument Lacks Merit

Second Chance makes much of the fact that its lawyer has garnished the trustee in unrelated 

actions. (Doc. 18, Affidavit of Richard Dean). To be sure, the Trustee in this case, as well as other 

trustees in other courts have allowed garnishment actions to proceed, as evidenced by Brickell. 

142 F. App’x. 385 (11th Cir. 2005). Another example was handed down by this Court in In re 

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Jordan, Case No. 17-3092, slip op., 2019 WL 1284291 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. Feb. 20, 2019). In 

Jordan, a bank brought an adversary proceeding seeking a determination that a debt owed to it 

should be found to be excepted from the debtor’s discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) 

(providing that debts arising out of fraud are excepted from discharge). The parties settled the case 

for a declaration that the debt was $800,000 (a compromise) and that it would be paid on a schedule 

set out in the settlement agreement. When the debtor defaulted on his obligation under the 

settlement agreement, the bank initiated garnishment proceedings in this Court. Garnishment 

process was issued and the debtor’s employer began paying at a rate of $600 per month. 

When the Court realized that it would be administering a garnishment action in perpetuity, 

or nearly so, it set the matter for hearing and explained its difficulty to counsel for the bank. When 

the bank refused to take this Court’s hint to go elsewhere to collect its debt, the Court abstained 

from further proceedings, notwithstanding the fact that the garnishment had been in effect for 

several months. Id. at *2 (abstaining pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)). 

The bank moved the District Court to withdraw the reference to Bankruptcy Court.7 The 

bank sought there to either: (1) permit the garnishment to go forward in District Court, or (2) to 

force the Bankruptcy Court to do the bank’s bidding and proceed to garnish the debtor’s wages. 

The District Court denied the bank’s various motions recognizing the administrative burden that 

would be placed on the bankruptcy court, concluding that “[a]s the bankruptcy court suggested, if 

all creditors utilized federal courts in the way Plaintiff proposes, the administrative burden would 

7 All bankruptcy jurisdiction is vested in the District Court. 28 U.S.C. § 1334. The District Courts in turn may refer 

bankruptcy cases and related proceeding to bankruptcy judges. 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). The District Court may 

withdraw its reference on its own motion or the motion of any party. 28 U.S.C. § 157(d). Perhaps out of concern 

that this Court’s order of abstention was not a final, appealable order, the bank chose to move to withdraw the 

reference rather than appeal the order of abstention.

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be unbearable. Federal courts are not debt-collection agencies.” ServisFirst Bank v. Jordan (In re 

Jordan), No. 19-MC-3857, slip op. at *2, 2019 WL 2016527 (M.D. Ala. May 7, 2019). 

Second Chance suggests that it has somehow been unfairly put upon because the Trustee 

and the Court are not eager to comply with its garnishment process. As shown in Jordan, Second 

Chance is not the only disappointed garnishing creditor. In addition, the Eleventh Circuit in 

Brickell stated that a “garnishment should not be allowed if it unnecessarily complicates the 

administration of the bankruptcy estate.” 142 F.App’x. at 390. This is remarkable because the 

trustee in Brickell did not object to the garnishments; in fact, she actively sought permission to 

honor the garnishments through disbursements. Id. at 387. There was no issue concerning 

administrative burden on trustees in that case; nevertheless, the Eleventh Circuit was undoubtedly 

concerned that even its unreported decision would be improperly used against other trustees—as 

has happened here. 

While the procedural posture of Jordan and the case at bar are different—Jordan involved 

abstention while this case involves the Barton doctrine—the commonality in this case and Jordan

are that both involve garnishment proceedings that would burden the bankruptcy court and a 

trustee in bankruptcy. Second Chance argues that the administrative burden is not a relevant 

consideration. (Doc. 18, pp. 18-22) Yet, this argument runs afoul of Brickell, Jordan, and 

Jankauskas.

There is no indication in the record that the Trustee has waived her right to invoke the 

protection of the Barton doctrine here. Indeed, the Trustee argues vigorously that Barton voids 

the garnishment action. Second Chance can point to nothing which supports its argument that she 

has waived Barton in the case at bar. Further, it is immaterial whether the Trustee waived her 

rights under Barton in prior cases; a party’s waiver of its rights in one case does not constitute a 

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waiver of rights in a wholly unrelated case. As such, this Court has denied Second Chance’s 

request to conduct discovery on that point finding that it articulated no good reason to conduct 

discovery and that such an open-ended fishing expedition would accomplish nothing but impose 

further costs on the Trustee.8 Accordingly, Second Chance’s waiver defense lacks merit. 

4. Funds Held by the Trustee are In Custodia Legis

While the Trustee enjoys protection from unauthorized lawsuits under the Barton doctrine, 

the property in her charge is protected under the doctrine of in custodia legis while it remains in 

her charge. Put simply, “[f]rom the moment that a debtor’s petition is filed in the bankruptcy court, 

the debtor’s property is in custodia legis.” Thinking Machines Corp. v. Mellon Fin. Serv. Corp., 

67 F.3d 1021, 1025 (1st Cir. 1995). Additionally, “[w]hile property is in custodia legis, it is not 

subject to levy or attachment in any form.” In re Steenstra, 307 B.R. 732, 740 (1st Cir. B.A.P. 

2004) (citing Cox v. Cox, 356 F.3d 76, 93 at n.16 (1st Cir. 2004)). 

While the doctrines of Barton and in custodia legis are coexistent while the bankruptcy 

case is pending, the protection accorded by the doctrine of in custodia legis terminates upon the 

dismissal of the bankruptcy case. See Steenstra, 307 B.R. at 740; see also, In re Jankauskas, 593 

B.R. 1, 9 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2018) (“even though the [ . . . ] doctrine of custodia legis might not 

apply to funds held by a trustee once a bankruptcy case is dismissed, the Barton doctrine continues 

to apply”).

Second Chance has not identified the specific bankruptcy estates it intended to garnish, and 

the Trustee, through her brief, has not indicated that any funds would be sourced from dismissed 

bankruptcy cases. Therefore, the funds sought by Second Chance are still in custodia legis due to 

8 Second Chance’s discovery requests call for the Trustee to look back to every case she, and her predecessor, 

handled to 1997 and answer a series of questions and produce documents. (Doc. 21).

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the pendency of the various bankruptcy estates. See In re Steenstra, 307 B.R. 732, 740 (1st Cir. 

B.A.P. 2004). As such, the funds, independent of the Barton doctrine, are beyond the reach of any 

“levy or attachment in any form.” Id. (citing Cox v. Cox, 356 F.3d 76, 93 at n.16 (1st Cir. 2004).

III. Conclusion

This case is governed by the Barton doctrine and the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Carter 

v. Rogers. If Second Chance wants to proceed against the Trustee, it must first obtain leave from 

this Court. As it has not, process issued out of the state court in Montgomery County against the 

Trustee is void. Additionally, the arguments of statutory exception and waiver advanced by 

Second Chance lack merit and are rejected. Finally, the funds held by the Trustee on behalf of 

active bankruptcy estates are in custodia legis. Accordingly, Second Chance is hereby 

ENJOINED from taking any further action against the Trustee in this matter, unless and until it 

receives leave from this Court, and the process of garnishment heretofore served on the Chapter 

13 Trustee is VOID. The Court will enter judgment by way of a separate document.

Done this 30th day of January, 2020. 

William R. Sawyer

United States Bankruptcy Judge 

c: Sabrina L. McKinney, Trustee/Plaintiff

Audrey L. Willis, Attorney for Trustee/Plaintiff

Richard C. Dean, Jr., Attorney for Defendant

2nd Chance Auto Sales, Inc.

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