Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-01595/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-01595-1/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Joshua Cuevas
Plaintiff
MERIDAN GENERAL STORE
Defendant
Louis E. Martinez
Defendant

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JOSHUA CUEVAS,

Plaintiff,

v.

LOUIS E. MARTINEZ, d/b/a MERIDAN 

GENERAL STORE,

Defendant.

Case No. 1:24-cv-01595-JLT-CDB

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO 

DECLINE SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION 

OVER PLAINTIFF’S STATE LAW CLAIMS

(Docs. 1, 6) 

14-DAY DEADLINE

Background

On December 27, 2024, Plaintiff Joshua Cuevas filed this case against Defendant Louis E. 

Martinez, doing business as Meridan General Store, alleging violations of the American with 

Disabilities Act (ADA), California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act, and other state law causes of action.

(Doc. 1). These claims stem from alleged barriers Plaintiff encountered while visiting a facility 

owned, operated, or leased by Defendant. Id. at 3. Defendant has not appeared.

On December 30, 2024, the undersigned ordered Plaintiff to show cause why the Court 

should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his Unruh Act claim in light of the 

Ninth Circuit’s decision in Vo v. Choi. (Doc. 5); Vo v. Choi, 49 F.4th 1167 (9th Cir. 2022)

(affirming a district court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act 

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claim); see 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Plaintiff timely filed a response to the Court’s show cause order 

on January 13, 2025. (Doc. 6). For the reasons given below, the undersigned will recommend that 

the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims and 

dismiss these claims without prejudice to Plaintiff’s refiling in state court.

Governing Legal Standards

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), a court that has original jurisdiction over a civil action “shall 

have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action 

within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article 

III of the United States Constitution.” The Ninth Circuit has concluded that ADA and Unruh Act 

claims that derive from a common nucleus of operative fact “form part of the ‘same case or 

controversy’ for purposes of § 1367(a).” Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1209 (9th Cir. 2021).

However, even where supplemental jurisdiction over a claim exists under § 1367(a), the 

Court may decline jurisdiction over the claim if:

(1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law,

(2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the 

district court has original jurisdiction,

(3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original 

jurisdiction, or

(4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining 

jurisdiction.

§ 1367(c)(1)-(4). 

Pertinent here, a court deciding whether to apply § 1367(c)(4) must undertake “a two-part 

inquiry.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210. “First, the district court must articulate why the circumstances 

of the case are exceptional within the meaning of § 1367(c)(4).” Id. (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). “Second, in determining whether there are compelling reasons for 

declining jurisdiction in a given case, the court should consider what best serves the principles of 

economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine 

articulated in [United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966)].” Id. (citations and 

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internal quotation omitted).

After considering § 1367(c)(4) and California’s requirements for bringing Unruh Act 

claims, “numerous district courts in California ‘have declined to exercise supplemental 

jurisdiction over Unruh Act . . . claims brought alongside ADA claims.’” Block v. Cal.-Fresno 

Invest. Co., No. 1:22-cv-1419 JLT SAB, 2023 WL 8675398, at 4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) 

(quoting Rutherford v. Nuway Ins. Agency Inc., No. SACV 21-00576-CJC-JDE, 2021 WL 

4572008, at 1 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2021)). Underlying these decisions is “the recent confluence of 

several California-law rules [that] have combined to create a highly unusual systemic impact on 

ADA-based Unruh Act cases that clearly threatens to have a significant adverse impact on 

federal-state comity.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1211.

Notably, Congress adopted the ADA to address the discrimination encountered by persons 

with disabilities, providing a private cause of action to seek injunctive, but not monetary, relief. 

See id. at 1205 (discussing background and relief available under the ADA). And the Unruh Act 

likewise prohibits disability discrimination, containing a provision, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f), stating 

that a violation of the ADA also violates the Unruh Act. However, unlike the ADA, the Unruh 

Act allows a plaintiff to recover “up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage 

but in no case less than four thousand dollars.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a).

In response to perceived abuses of the Unruh Act, California has enacted requirements for 

bringing such claims, which requirements the Ninth Circuit has assumed, without deciding, 

“apply only in California state court.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1170. For example, provisions were added 

(1) regarding the contents of demand letters, Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31; (2) imposing heightened 

pleading requirements, Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); and (3) requiring an additional filing fee of 

$1,000 for so called “high-frequency litigants,” Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(b), see Cal. Civ. Code 

§ 425.55(b) (defining a high-frequency litigant to include “[a] plaintiff who has filed 10 or more 

complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility violation within the 12-month period 

immediately preceding the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related 

accessibility violation”). 

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All of these requirements1apply to claims alleging a construction-related accessibility 

violation, defined as involving “a provision, standard, or regulation under state or federal law 

requiring compliance with standards for making new construction and existing facilities 

accessible to persons with disabilities,” including those related to the ADA. Cal. Civ. Code 

§ 55.52(a)(1), (6); see Cal. Civ. Code § 55.3(a)(2). By enacting such restrictions, California has 

expressed a “desire to limit the financial burdens California’s businesses may face from claims 

for statutory damages under the Unruh Act.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1209 (internal quotations 

omitted). However, “Unruh Act plaintiffs have evaded these limits by filing in a federal forum in 

which [they] can claim these state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the state law’s 

requirements.” Id. at 1213 (internal quotation omitted). Consequently, “the procedural strictures 

that California put in place have been rendered largely toothless, because they can now be readily 

evaded.” Id.

Recently, the Ninth Circuit provided substantial guidance on this issue in Vo v. Choi in 

affirming a district court’s order denying supplemental jurisdiction over an Unruh Act claim 

under § 1367(c)(4). Vo, 49 F.4th at 1168. In that case, the district court declined supplemental 

jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim after giving the plaintiff the opportunity to respond and 

before addressing the merits of the case. Id. at 1168-69. In reviewing the district court’s decision, 

the Ninth Circuit held that the district court sufficiently explained why the circumstances of the 

case were exceptional under § 1367(c)(4), agreeing with the district court that “it would not be 

‘fair’ to defendants and ‘an affront to the comity between federal and state courts’ to allow 

plaintiffs to evade California’s procedural requirements by bringing their claims in federal court.” 

Id. at 1171. The Court also affirmed the district court’s finding that the balance of the Gibbs

values—economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to decline 

supplemental jurisdiction, stating that “the district court [properly] analyzed Vo’s situation under 

the Gibbs values and determined that the values of fairness and comity favored not retaining 

jurisdiction over the claim.” Id. at 1172. Accordingly, “[g]iven these very real concerns, in 

1 Cal. Civ. Code § 55.31(a); Cal. Civ. Code § 425.50(a); Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5(a).

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addition to the deferential standard of review, [the Ninth Circuit saw] no reason to hold that the 

district court abused its discretion in determining there were compelling reasons to decline 

jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim.” Id.

With these legal standards in mind, the Court addresses whether the relevant 

considerations of § 1367(c)(4) warrant declining the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over 

Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim.

Discussion

The Court begins with the first part of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4)—whether 

the circumstances here are exceptional. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171.

2

As discussed above, California has enacted various requirements that apply to claims 

alleging a construction-related accessibility violation. And if the Court were to exercise 

jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim, Plaintiff would be permitted to avoid these 

requirements. See Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1213 (noting that potential evasion of California’s 

requirements met exceptional-circumstances prong of § 1367(c)(4)). Further, such evasion would 

undermine California’s policy interests in enforcing its requirements—providing monetary relief 

but limiting burdens on small businesses and disincentivizing plaintiffs’ attorneys from obtaining 

“monetary settlements at the expense of forward-looking relief that might benefit the general 

public.” Id. In his response to the Court’s show cause order, Plaintiff and his counsel offer scant

argument for why such circumstances should not be deemed exceptional, and there is “little doubt 

that the first prong [under § 1367(c)(4)] is satisfied here.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171.

Turning to the second part of the inquiry—whether there are other compelling reasons for 

declining jurisdiction—the Court considers the Gibbs values of economy, convenience, fairness, 

2 The Court notes that Plaintiff’s filing and supporting declarations in response to the 

Court’s show cause order (Docs. 6, 6-1, 6-2) appear largely boilerplate (i.e., substantially 

identical) to filings Plaintiff and his counsel have made in response to similar orders to show 

cause in the Central District. See, e.g., Mena v. Ganahl Lumber Co. (8:24-cv-01819-SB-DFM) 

(Doc. 11); Ventura v. Tripact, Inc. (8:24-cv-01821-MEMF-KES) (Doc. 11); Gonzalez v. Roberts

(8:24-cv-01830-JLS-ADS) (Doc. 12); Mena v. Laguna Canyon Smog, Inc. (8:24-cv-01839-WLHDFM) (Doc. 13). Additionally, they are substantially identical to the response to similar orders in 

this Court. See, e.g., Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 6).

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and comity. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1171. Importantly, this case is an early stage of the litigation—no 

Defendant has appeared and Plaintiff’s claims have not been addressed. See Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 

1214 (noting that the Gibb’s values did not support declining supplemental jurisdiction where the 

case was at a “very late stage”). Thus, this is not a case “where it makes no sense to decline 

jurisdiction . . . over a pendent state law claim that that court has effectively already decided.” Id.

Notably, Plaintiff makes no argument that the stage of this case warrants exercising jurisdiction.

Moreover, in light of the above discussion of California’s requirements for Unruh Act 

claims, it would not be fair, nor would comity be served, by allowing Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim 

to proceed without the state court being able to enforce its policy interests as reflected in its 

various procedural requirements. Id. at 1213 (noting “comity-based concerns that California’s 

policy objectives in this area were being wholly thwarted” by plaintiffs being able to bring Unruh 

Act claims in Federal court). 

On this issue, Plaintiff and his counsel acknowledge in their accompanying declarations 

(Doc. 6-1 at 2; Doc. 6-2 at 2) that they would be considered high-frequency litigants and would 

otherwise have to meet certain California requirements, such as paying the $1,000 filing fee in 

state court.3 Plaintiff argues these requirements mean “little to the prosecution of a case,” and that 

the facts required by the heightened pleading requirement are “readily available in discovery” or 

“required under Federal Rule 26’s initial disclosure requirement.” (Doc. 6 at 8). Plaintiff also 

argues that the $1,000 fee is intended to relieve the workload of the trial courts but “[i]ronically, 

though, the workload of the trial courts would be massively increased if this Court were to decline 

supplemental jurisdiction.” Id. Lastly, Plaintiff argues the stay and early evaluation procedures 

required in state court for these cases are “almost identical in nature” as those available in the 

“Central District.”4Id. at 8-9.

3 While the Court acknowledges Plaintiff’s concession, it need not determine whether he 

is in fact a high-frequency litigant. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1174 (noting that court was not required to 

determine whether the plaintiff was in fact a high-frequency litigant). In all events, from a review 

of filings in this district and the Central District, it does not appear to be a close call whether 

Plaintiff and counsel are high-frequency litigants.

4 Further confirming the Court’s characterization of the filings of Plaintiff and his counsel 

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Notwithstanding that this action is in the Eastern District, the Court notes it need only 

determine whether California’s requirements are implicated, not whether they are in fact met. As 

the Ninth Circuit noted in Vo, whether a Plaintiff “has satisfied the heightened pleading 

requirements” imposed in California is a question for the state court because “[f]orcing the 

district court to determine if [this is] in fact true would itself run afoul of the Gibbs values—

especially comity,” and would deprive California of playing its “critical role in effectuating the 

policies underlying [its] reforms.” Vo, 49 F.4th at 1173-74 (internal citation omitted). 

Next, Plaintiff argues that requiring him to bring a second action in state court would be 

duplicative, would increase the cost as he would be subject to a $1,000 filing fee as a highfrequency litigant and, since “defendants take ADA cases filed in federal courts a lot more 

seriously,” it would result in them not focusing on “swiftly remediating any and all ADA barriers 

at issue,” thereby wasting time for all parties and the Court. (Doc. 6 at 5-7). 

As an initial matter, this argument improperly assumes that Plaintiff will be successful in 

this action. However, even accepting such an assumption, the fact that the litigation could prove 

duplicative or increase costs does not, in light of the other considerations, warrant retaining 

jurisdiction. As one court has concluded, “if plaintiff legitimately seeks to litigate this action in a 

single forum, plaintiff may dismiss this action and refile it in a state court in accordance with the 

requirements California has imposed on such actions.” Garibay v. Rodriguez, No. CV 18-9187 

PA (AFMX), 2019 WL 5204294, at 6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2019). Moreover, it is California’s 

prerogative to impose a heightened filing fee for high-frequency litigants in an effort to curb 

abuses of the Unruh Act at the risk of the fee being ultimately paid by defendants. It would 

undermine comity and fairness were Plaintiff permitted to proceed with his Unruh Act claim in 

light of California’s policy concerns. 

In his response to the Court’s order to show cause (Doc. 6), Plaintiff does not 

acknowledge Vo, but instead, cites and relies on cases predating this most recent published 

as “boilerplate,” the undersigned repeatedly has pointed out that counsel’s filings incorrectly refer 

to this Court as the “Central District.” See Acevedo v. Akari (1:24-cv-01199-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 5 

at 7); Cuevas v. Sonder (1:24-cv-1151-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 7 at 6); Cuevas v. HF & CG Holdings, et 

al. (1:24-cv-1175-JLT-CDB) (Doc. 7 at 6-7).

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pronouncement by the Ninth Circuit addressing a district court’s discretion to decline 

supplemental jurisdiction of Unruh Act claims.

For example, Plaintiff cites to Kohler v. Rednap, Inc. (794 F. Supp. 2d 1091 (C.D. Cal. 

2011)), for the proposition that state law claims do not substantially predominate in litigation 

involving both ADA and Unruh Act claims, as they are mostly based on ADA violations. (Doc. 6 

at 3-4 citing id. at 1096). Plaintiff also cites Kohler for the holding that “fairness favored keeping 

the Unruh claim in federal court ‘rather than a separate, and largely redundant, state-court suit.’” 

(Doc. 6 at 5 citing id.). Finally, Plaintiff cites this pre-Vo/Arroyo case to argue that plaintiffs’

“forum shopping” by filing ADA and Unruh Act cases in federal court “does not constitute a 

‘compelling reason’ for declining jurisdiction” and “[n]othing bars [p]laintiff from frequently 

invoking a federal forum to remedy ADA violations.” (Doc. 6 at 7-8 citing id.).

While Plaintiff acknowledges Arroyo (Doc. 6 at 5-6), he cites Gibbs for the unremarkable 

proposition that a district court retains discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state 

law causes of action that strongly implicate questions of federal policy. Id. But in Vo, the Ninth 

Circuit rejected this type of argument in affirming the district court’s finding that the balance of 

the Gibbs values—economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—provided compelling reasons to 

decline supplemental jurisdiction. Vo, 49 F.4th at 1172 (“the district court [properly] analyzed 

Vo’s situation under the Gibbs values and determined that the values of fairness and comity 

favored not retaining jurisdiction over the claim.”).

Accordingly, in light of the two-step inquiry under § 1367(c)(4), the Court concludes that 

the circumstances of this case are exceptional and there are other compelling reasons to decline 

supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Unruh Act and related state law claims. See, e.g., 

Orosco v. Monrroy Enters. LLC, No. 2:23-cv-07818-MEMF (KSx), 2023 WL 10407115, at *5 

(C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2023) (declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over and dismissing 

Plaintiff’s California Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence 

claims following Vo/Arroyo analysis); Kim v. Vegara, No. EDCV 22-281 JGB (SHKx), 2022 WL 

17080182, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 2022) (same); Benford v. Hall, No. CV 22-03337-RSWL-ASx, 

2022 WL 20273588, at *3 & n.3 (C.D. Cal. July 18, 2022) (same).

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Conclusion and Recommendation

For the reasons given above, IT IS RECOMMENDED as follows:

1. The Court DECLINE to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims arising 

under state law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4).

2. Plaintiff’s Unruh Act, Disabled Persons Act, Health & Safety Code and negligence claims

be dismissed without prejudice to Plaintiff’s filing of these claims in state court. 

These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District

Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within

14 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file written 

objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 

Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the 

specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 

838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 14, 2025 ___________________ _

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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