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Parties Involved:
Akbar Ghaneh Fard
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-13621

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00131-VMC-SPF-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

AKBAR GHANEH FARD, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(February 4, 2020)

Before GRANT, TJOFLAT and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Akbar Fard appeals his convictions and 36-month total sentence for six 

counts of wire fraud, along with the district court’s forfeiture and restitution orders. 

Fard contends the Government failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain his 

convictions for wire fraud, specifically that it failed to show he made material 

misrepresentations to government agencies when applying for research funding. In 

addition, Fard asserts the district court erred in calculating the loss suffered by 

government agencies because he performed under the contracts, and thus, the

agencies suffered no pecuniary loss. Fard argues this lack of harm to the agencies

also results in the court’s orders of forfeiture and restitution being in error. After 

review, we affirm the district court.

I. DISCUSSION

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

To prove wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343, the government must establish 

that the defendant (1) intentionally participated in a scheme to defraud and (2) used 

the interstate wires in furtherance of the scheme. United States v. Langford, 647 

F.3d 1309, 1320 (11th Cir. 2011). “A scheme to defraud requires proof of material 

misrepresentations, or the omission or concealment of material facts, . . . 

reasonably calculated to deceive persons of ordinary prudence.” United States v. 

Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1270-71 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal citation omitted). A 

material misrepresentation is one having a natural tendency to influence the 

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decision maker. Id. at 1271. We held that a “scheme to defraud” requires the 

intention to harm the victim, distinguishing it from a “scheme to deceive” the 

victim, but not harm them. United States v. Takhalov, 827 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 

2016), abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Takhalov, 838 F.3d 1168 

(11th Cir. 2016). 

The district court did not err in denying Fard’s motion for judgment of 

acquittal as sufficient evidence supports his convictions. See United States v. 

Browne, 505 F.3d 1229, 1253 (11th Cir. 2007) (stating we review de novo the 

denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal on sufficiency grounds, viewing the 

evidence “in the light most favorable to the Government, drawing all reasonable 

inferences and credibility choices in the Government’s favor”). Throughout the 

trial, the jury heard how Fard was warned that lying in the proposals was illegal, 

and how the contracting officers relied on the statements made by Fard, they 

negotiated with Fard to ensure the budgets and research met the agencies’ needs, 

and entered a final agreement, which required modifications to be made with the 

contracting officers. See id. (stating we will affirm a district court’s denial of a 

motion for judgment of acquittal if a reasonable jury could conclude that the 

evidence establishes the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and this 

standard does not require the evidence to be inconsistent with every reasonable 

hypothesis other than guilt, but rather, the jury may choose between reasonable 

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conclusions based on the evidence). Further, the jury heard from Special Agent 

Mazzella about how the awards were Advanced Material Technology, Inc.’s 

(AMTI’s) only source of income, Fard’s spending was inconsistent with the 

information in the budgets, and Fard diverted approximately 70 percent of the 

funds awarded to AMTI. From the combination of Fard’s obligations and actual 

spending, the Government presented sufficient evidence to show that Fard had 

made material misrepresentations to the agencies. See Hasson, 333 F.3d at 1270-

71. From his success in obtaining the awards, the jury could also conclude that 

Fard’s statements had the natural tendency of influencing those in charge of 

granting the awards. See id. at 1271. Additionally, the jury could conclude the 

agencies were harmed and did not receive the benefits of their bargaining with 

Fard. From both NASA and the Navy representatives, the jury heard how Fard’s 

intentional misrepresentations resulted in the agencies awarding funds they 

otherwise would not have, thereby undermining the purpose of the programs to 

stimulate innovation and economic growth. See Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1312-13. 

Accordingly, the district court did not err in denying Fard’s motion for judgment of 

acquittal. See Browne, 505 F.3d at 1253; Langford, 647 F.3d at 1320. 

B. Loss Amount

The 2016 Sentencing Guidelines specifies a 14-level enhancement to a base 

offense level for a fraud offense involving a loss amount of more than $550,000, 

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but less than $1.5 million. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(H). Although the government 

must support its loss calculation, the guidelines do not require a precise 

determination of loss. United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1197 (11th Cir. 

2011). When the case involves government benefits, such as grants, loans, or 

entitlement program payments, the guidelines require the loss be considered “not 

less than the value of the benefits obtained by unintended recipients or diverted to 

unintended uses.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(F)(ii)). In determining the 

scope of a “government benefit,” we have reasoned that programs that focus 

mainly on who is doing the work, rather than on the work being produced 

constitute “entitlement programs.” See United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282,

1306 (holding affirmative action municipal programs constituted government 

benefits under the sentencing guidelines).

The district court did not err in its application of the government benefit 

provision or clearly err in its loss calculation. See id. at 1305 (reviewing a district 

court’s interpretation of the sentencing guidelines de novo, and the determination 

of the amount of loss involved in the offense for clear error). The district court 

concluded that Maxwell governed the issues discussed in sentencing and found that 

the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Transfer Technology 

Research programs constituted government benefits. Regarding whether Fard’s 

conduct fell within the scope of the provision, the district court applied the loss 

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calculation for the amount Fard diverted. Though not explicit in its finding of 

whether Fard was an unintended recipient or only used the funds for unintended 

purposes, the court heard reasonable grounds for either as the Government 

distinguished awarding funds to AMTI, not Fard, and Fard’s conduct demonstrated 

the awards were used for unintended purposes. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. 

(n.3(F)(ii)). Regardless of which justification the court relied on, the court’s 

determination of loss on either basis was not clearly erroneous. See Maxwell, 579 

F.3d at 1305. The district court heard from both the Navy and NASA how Fard’s 

conduct undermined the purpose of providing the research funding to small 

businesses and, in the case of the Navy, created a question as to the veracity of 

Fard’s work. Accordingly, the district court did not err in interpreting the 

Guidelines or make a mistake indicative of a clear error in calculating the loss. See 

United States v. Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010) (stating we will 

conclude a finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if left with a “definite and firm 

conviction that a mistake has been committed”); U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. 

(n.3(F)(ii)).

C. Forfeiture and Restitution

We have recognized that forfeiture and restitution are separate concepts 

serving different goals. See United States v. Hoffman-Vaile, 568 F.3d 1335, 1344 

(11th Cir. 2009) (rejecting the argument that appellant’s forfeiture amount should 

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be reduced because she had already paid restitution to the other victims). 

Similarly, we treat loss calculations distinct from restitution because “a defendant’s 

culpability will not always equal the victim’s injury.” United States v. Huff, 609 

F.3d 1240, 1247 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotations omitted).

The district court did not err in issuing the forfeiture and restitution orders.

See United States v. Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 1330 (11th Cir. 2007) (reviewing

“the legality of an order of restitution” de novo and the sentencing court’s 

determination of restitution value for abuse of discretion); United States v. Puche, 

350 F.3d 1137, 1153 (11th Cir. 2003) (reviewing the district court’s legal 

conclusions regarding forfeiture de novo, and its findings of fact for clear error). 

Fard’s arguments challenging the orders are contingent upon the success of his loss 

arguments, but the district court did not err in calculating the loss and the court’s 

loss calculation does not have a direct correlation to the forfeiture and restitution 

the court ultimately ordered. See Hoffman-Vaile, 568 F.3d at 1344; Huff, 609 F.3d 

at 1247. Therefore, Fard’s grounds for challenging the forfeiture and restitution 

orders are meritless. 

II. CONCLUSION

The district court did not err in denying Fard’s motion for judgment of 

acquittal on sufficiency grounds because the Government presented sufficient 

evidence that Fard made intentional misrepresentations in his proposals and the 

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agencies suffered harm because of those misrepresentations. Additionally, the 

district court did not err in calculating the loss resulting from Fard’s actions as the 

harm Fard caused outweighed any benefit he provided the agencies. Because the 

loss calculation was the only basis on which Fard challenged the forfeiture and 

restitution orders, his arguments are meritless. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

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