Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca6-15-06042/USCOURTS-ca6-15-06042-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Djelimadou Diabate
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 16a0161n.06

No. 15-6042

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 ON APPEAL FROM THE

v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT

 COURT FOR THE EASTERN

 DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

DJELIMADOU DIABATE,

Defendant-Appellant. OPINION

__________________________

Before: KETHLEDGE, DONALD, and ROTH,* Circuit Judges.

JANE R. ROTH, Circuit Judge. 

Djelimadou Diabate, a native of Mali, appeals his conviction of hampering removal in 

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). Diabate argues the district court erred in (1) denying his 

motion to dismiss the indictment, and (2) refusing his request to instruct the jury regarding the

justification defense. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the conviction. 

I. Background

In 1998, Diabate legally entered the United States on a B-1 Visitor Visa, valid for ninety 

days. He failed to depart after the period expired. In 2005, Diabate applied for asylum, using the 

identity of a Mauritanian national, and based his application on violence and terrorism in 

Mauritania. The Immigration Judge denied Diabate’s petition and ordered his removal. Diabate 

 

* The Honorable Jane R. Roth, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for 

the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.

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appealed and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed the appeal. Diabate again did 

not depart. In 2011, Diabate, using his own identity, applied for lawful permanent residency and 

requested a stay of the removal order. Both petitions were denied. In 2012 the Immigration and 

Naturalization Service issued Diabate a warning for failure to depart that set forth penalties of 

noncompliance. Diabate signed the form acknowledging service. In 2013, the government 

issued four more warnings for failure to depart that also specified penalties for noncompliance. 

Diabate refused to acknowledge service of those warnings. Later in 2013, Diabate, using his 

own identity, petitioned the BIA to reopen the proceeding that resulted in the removal order, 

acknowledging he had used the identity of another individual in that proceeding. This time, he 

based his asylum application on the threat of terrorism and the potential Ebola virus outbreak in 

Mali. The BIA denied his petition. 

In 2014, federal agents took Diabate to the Cincinnati airport to board a flight to Mali. 

Diabate refused to board and struggled with agents at the gate. Subsequently, Diabate was 

indicted and convicted by a jury of hampering his departure following a removal order, in 

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). The district court sentenced him to fifteen months of 

imprisonment. Diabate appeals. 

II. Discussion 

Diabate challenges his conviction on two grounds. First, he argues the district court erred 

in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment because the Immigration Judge did not provide 

notice of penalties for noncompliance. Second, he contends the district court erred in refusing 

his request to instruct the jury regarding the justification defense. We have jurisdiction over this 

appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

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A. Denial of Motion to Dismiss the Indictment 

The offense of hampering removal criminalizes conduct directed at preventing or 

hampering departure pursuant to a removal order. 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). Because a removal 

order underlies the offense of hampering removal, an alien charged with hampering removal may 

challenge the validity of the removal order. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(7)(A). If the removal order is 

found to be invalid, the court must dismiss the indictment. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(7)(C). Diabate 

argues that his removal order was invalid because the Immigration Judge failed to notify him of 

the civil and criminal consequences of noncompliance with the order. We review de novo a 

district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment based on a collateral attack on a prior 

removal order. See United States v. Martinez-Rocha, 337 F.3d 566, 569 (6th Cir. 2003); In re 

Ford, 987 F.2d 334, 339 (6th Cir. 1992) (reviewing de novo a district court’s denial of a motion 

to dismiss an indictment on grounds that involve questions of law). 

Although § 1252(b)(7)(A) provides for judicial review of the validity of removal orders, 

the provision does not specify a standard of review. Some courts have adopted the due process 

analysis used when reviewing a collateral attack of a removal order. Under that standard, an 

alien may establish a due process violation in connection with a removal order by demonstrating

prejudice. See, e.g., United States v. Ayeni, 66 F. Supp. 2d 617, 621 (M.D. Pa. 1999) (quoting 

United States v. Zarate-Martinez, 133 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1998)), aff’d, 254 F.3d 1079 (3d 

Cir. 2001). Another approach is to apply a reasonable doubt standard, consistent with the 

principle that in a criminal trial no person is guilty until each fact alleged against him or her is 

proven beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Miszczuk, 847 F. Supp. 2d 227, 232-33 n. 6

(D. Mass. 2012) (citing In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363, (1970)). Here, the district court 

properly concluded, under either standard, the removal order was valid. 

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To be valid, a removal order must be “based upon reasonable, substantial, and probative 

evidence” that the alien is deportable. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). As relevant to the instant

petition, the statute designates as deportable those aliens who were inadmissible at the time of 

entry. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A). Diabate conceded at his removal hearing that at the time of 

entry, he was inadmissible because he entered the United States without proper documentation. 

However, Diabate contends that the removal order was invalid because the Immigration Judge 

did not warn him of the consequences of failing to depart, as required by statute. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1229a(c)(5). Even though the Immigration Judge did not inform Diabate of those 

consequences at the removal hearing or in his decision, the government served Diabate with five

written warnings that specified the penalties of noncompliance. Furthermore, the statute makes 

clear that a removal order is valid if based on “reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence” 

that the alien is deportable, and does not condition validity on notice of consequences of 

noncompliance. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). Therefore, we hold the removal order is valid

and reject Diabate’s arguments to the contrary. 

B. Denial of a Request for Jury Instruction 

Diabate argues that the district court improperly refused to give the jury a proffered 

instruction on the justification defense, which “allows a defendant to escape responsibility 

despite proof that his actions encompassed all the elements of a criminal offense.” United States 

v. Kemp, 546 F.3d 759, 765 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). This Court reviews de 

novo the district court’s determination that Diabate failed to established a prima facie case of 

justification, an issue of law. United States v. Ridner, 512 F.3d 846, 849 (6th Cir. 2008).

To be entitled to a justification instruction, a defendant must establish that (1) he was 

under an unlawful and imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury; (2) he had not 

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recklessly or negligently placed himself in the situation; (3) he had no reasonable, legal 

alternative to violating the law; (4) a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated 

between the criminal action and avoidance of the threatened harm; and (5) he did not maintain 

the illegal conduct longer than necessary. United States v. Singleton, 902 F.2d 471, 472 (6th Cir. 

1990). Although the burden in establishing these elements “is not a heavy one,” the evidence 

must not be speculative. Ridner, 512 F.3d at 849-850 (quoting United States v. Riffe, 28 F.3d 

565, 569 (6th Cir. 1994)); United States v. Newcomb, 6 F.3d 1129, 1132 (6th Cir. 1993). Diabate 

claims he feared being killed by Al-Qaeda members in Mali and contracting Ebola, pointing to 

country reports of Mali from 2013 and 2014 and travel warnings. However, those threats apply 

generally to anyone traveling in Mali, and a mere generalized fear of harm is insufficient to 

demonstrate imminence or immediacy. See United States v. Campbell, 675 F.2d 815, 821 (6th 

Cir. 1982); United States v. Sixty Acres, 930 F.2d 857, 860-61 (11th Cir. 1991). Diabate’s

assertion that two of his Malian friends who had returned from France might have been killed by 

the terrorist group is based on speculation. Equally unsupported is his claim that, if returned to 

Mali, he would be targeted because he would be perceived as wealthy for having lived in the 

United States. Accordingly, because Diabate failed to make out a prima facie case of 

justification, the district court properly omitted the instruction. 

III. Conclusion 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Diabate’s conviction.

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