Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca10-08-02037/USCOURTS-ca10-08-02037-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Attorney General For The State of New Mexico
Appellee
Gerald L. Hickam
Appellant
James Janecka
Appellee

Document Text:

1

As the magistrate noted, in earlier proceedings both parties referred to the action

as a § 2254 action, but because it is an attack on the execution of the sentence it is

properly characterized as a proceeding under § 2241. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 10, 2008

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

GERALD L. HICKAM,

Petitioner - Appellant,

v.

JAMES JANECKA, Warden;

ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE

STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

Respondents - Appellees.

No. 08-2037

(D. Ct. No. 1:06-CV-01132-JB-RLP)

(D. N. Mex.)

ORDER

DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Before TACHA, KELLY, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner-Appellant Gerald L. Hickam seeks a certificate of appealability

(“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of his petition for habeas relief pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 2241.1

 We DENY a COA and therefore dismiss this appeal.

In 1982, Mr. Hickam was convicted of felony murder in Colorado state court, a

class 1 felony, and sentenced to life in prison. He was subsequently granted an interstate

transfer to a New Mexico correctional facility. After 20 years of incarceration, Mr.

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Hickam first became eligible for and was denied parole in 2001. He was also denied

parole again in 2004 and 2007. After exhausting state court remedies, Mr. Hickam filed

this § 2241 petition for federal habeas relief in the United States District Court for the

District of New Mexico, arguing that his due process rights were violated when the

Colorado Parole Board did not sufficiently list the bases for his parole denial. The district

court denied the petition and his application for a COA. Mr. Hickam then filed this

appeal and renewed motion for a COA. 

A petitioner may not appeal the denial of habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2241

unless a COA is granted. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). We will issue a COA “only if the

applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id.

§ 2253(c)(2). This standard requires the petitioner to demonstrate “that reasonable jurists

could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been

resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)

(quotation marks omitted). 

Under Colorado law, for crimes committed on or after July 1, 1979 but before July

1, 1985, there is mandatory parole with the exception of a few types of convictions. See

Jackson v. Zavaras, 963 P.3d 1118, 1118–19 (Colo. 1998). Specifically, for a “class 1

felony” the parole board has “the sole power to grant or refuse to grant parole and to fix

the condition thereof and has full discretion to set the duration of the term of parole

granted.” See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 17-2-201(5)(a) (1986); Jackson, 963 P.3d at 1119.

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Mr. Hickam argues that he has a liberty interest in the expectancy of parole, and

that he was denied procedural due process when the board failed to adequately list the

evidence relied on and basis for refusing to grant parole. There is generally no

constitutional right to release before the expiration of a valid sentence. See Greenholtz v.

Inmates of Neb. Penal and Corr. Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7 (1979). A state statute may,

however, “create a liberty interest when the statute’s language and structure sufficiently

limits the discretion of a parole board.” Boutwell v. Keating, 399 F.3d 1203, 1213 (10th

Cir. 2005). 

While Colorado’s parole scheme limits the board’s discretion to grant parole for

most offenses committed between 1979 and 1985, with respect to class 1 felonies the

board has “the sole power to refuse or grant parole.” For those offenses the board’s

discretion is in no way limited. The statute therefore fails to create a liberty interest in the

expectancy of parole. Because there is no liberty interest in the parole hearing, we need

not address Mr. Hickam’s claim that the board did not give sufficient reasons to support

its decision. 

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Reasonable jurists could not debate that Mr. Hickam has failed to present a claim

that he was denied procedural due process. We therefore DENY his application for a

COA on this issue. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT,

Deanell Reece Tacha

Circuit Judge

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