Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca8-09-01695/USCOURTS-ca8-09-01695-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Joseph Allen Akens
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

1

The Honorable Rodney W. Sippel, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 09-1695

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Eastern District of Missouri.

Joseph Allen Akens, *

*

Appellant. *

___________

Submitted: December 16, 2009

Filed: March 11, 2010

___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, ARNOLD and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

Joseph Allen Akens and the government agreed to waive their rights to appeal

if the district court1

 sentenced him to 140 months. Akens pled guilty to being a felon

in possession of a firearm, and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute. Akens

moved (unsuccessfully) to withdraw his plea, and was later sentenced to 140 months.

He appeals, claiming the district court should have allowed him to withdraw his guilty

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plea, and asserting other sentencing errors. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, this court affirms.

I.

A confidential informant called Hank Hurt to buy marijuana; Hurt said he was

getting more soon. Police placed Hurt under surveillance, following him as he drove

with his girlfriend to defendant Akens’s house. Leaving there minutes later, Hurt

called the informant, saying he had marijuana. Surveillance officers pulled him over

and found marijuana. Both Hurt and his girlfriend stated they bought it from Akens.

A state judge issued a search warrant for Akens’s house based on the affidavit of one

of the surveillance officers.

Police searching Akens’s house seized 877.9 grams of marijuana from his

freezer, 15.9 grams of marijuana from a kitchen drawer, digital scales from the living

room, and two loaded firearms from his bedroom. After receiving Miranda warnings,

Akens admitted all the items were his, and that he was selling the marijuana.

An indictment charged him with being a felon in possession of a firearm (Count

I), possessing marijuana with intent to distribute (Count II), and possessing a firearm

in furtherance of drug trafficking (Count III). See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1); 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1).

Akens moved to suppress the evidence seized from his house, arguing the

search warrant lacked probable cause. Akens contended that the officer’s affidavit did

not specify the distance from the surveillance officers, and did not discuss the

reliability of the confidential informant. The district court denied the motion to

suppress. Akens parted ways with his first attorney, and later entered into a plea

agreement.

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By the plea agreement, Akens would plead guilty to Counts I and II, and in

exchange the government would move to dismiss Count III. Both parties agreed to

recommend a sentence of 140 months imprisonment, and if that was not within the

guideline range, a variance. Both parties also agreed not to appeal if the district court

sentenced Akens to 140 months. The plea agreement states:

C. Waiver of Post-Conviction Rights:

(1) Appeal: The defendant has been fully apprised by defense counsel of

the defendant’s rights concerning appeal and fully understands the right

to appeal the sentence under Title 18, United States Code, Section 3742.

. . . .

(b) Sentencing Issues: In the event the Court accepts the plea and, in

sentencing the defendant, 1) applies the recommendations agreed to by

the parties herein, and 2) after determining a Sentencing Guideline range,

sentences the defendant within that range, then, as part of this agreement,

both the defendant and the government hereby waive all rights to appeal

all sentencing issues, including any issues relating to the determination

of the Total Offense Level, the Criminal History Category, Career

Offender status and Armed Career Criminal Status. 

The district court accepted the guilty plea. Three days before sentencing, Akens

moved pro se to discharge his second attorney (who was later allowed to withdraw).

Akens hired his present attorney, and moved to withdraw his guilty plea. The district

court denied this motion. 

At sentencing, the district court adopted a guideline range of 140 to 175

months. This range was based on a total offense level of 28 – including a four-level

enhancement for possessing firearms in connection with another felony offense – and

a criminal history category of VI, due to the career offender provisions of U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.1. The court sentenced Akens to 140 months pursuant to the plea agreement.

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II.

Akens contends the district court erred by denying his motion to withdraw his

guilty plea. He further asserts the court erred in assessing the four-level firearm

enhancement, and in finding he was a career offender.

A.

“A guilty plea is a solemn act not to be set aside lightly.” United States v.

Maxwell, 498 F.3d 799, 801 (8th Cir. 2007). “A defendant may withdraw a guilty

plea after the court accepts the plea, and before sentencing if he demonstrates a fair

and just reason for the withdrawal.” Id. at 800 (internal quotations omitted). See also

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B). “The district court may also consider any assertions

of legal innocence, the amount of time between the plea and the motion to withdraw,

and the prejudice to the government in granting the motion,” but need not consider

additional factors if the defendant fails to show a fair and just reason. Maxwell, 498

F.3d at 801. This court reviews the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea for

abuse of discretion. See id.; United States v. Mugan, 441 F.3d 622, 630 (8th Cir.

2006).

Akens maintains the district court abused its discretion because two fair and just

reasons exist for withdrawing his plea: as to Count I, he was not previously convicted

of a felony, and as to Count II, he did not receive a Franks hearing.

1.

Akens asserts he was not convicted of a felony for purposes of § 922(g)(1). He

observes that his Oklahoma felony conviction was expunged. As for his Missouri

felony conviction, he claims his civil rights were restored.

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Akens was convicted in Missouri of possession of controlled substance with the

intent to distribute. See Mo. Rev. Stat. 195.211. Any person “who has been convicted

in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year

[shall not] ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or

affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or . . . receive any firearm or

ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.”

18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

What constitutes a conviction of such a crime shall be determined in

accordance with the law of the jurisdiction in which the proceedings

were held. Any conviction which has been expunged, or set aside or for

which a person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored shall

not be considered a conviction for purposes of this chapter, unless such

pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides

that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.

18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). Akens argues that Missouri restored his civil rights,

eliminating his Missouri drug conviction as a predicate for § 922(g)(1).

This court rejected Akens’s argument in United States v. Brown, 408 F.3d 1016,

1017 (8th Cir. 2005):

Missouri automatically restores some civil rights, such as voting (upon

release from confinement) and holding office (upon completion of

sentence). See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 561.016, 561.026(1), 561.021.2.

However, felons may not serve as jurors, sheriffs, highway patrol

officers, state fire investigators or employees, state lottery licensees or

employees, or manage, conduct or operate bingo games. See Mo. Rev.

Stat. §§ 494.425(4), 540.045(1), 561.026(3), 57.010.1, 43.060.1,

320.210, 313.245, 313.255.6(2), 313.035.1(1); Mo. Const. Art. III, sec.

39(a)(3)(e). Moreover, felons face statutory hurdles to being licensed in

many occupations and professions. See Appendix A to this opinion [408

F.3d at 1019]. 

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2

Because the Missouri felony conviction is sufficient, this court need not

address the Oklahoma felony conviction.

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Because Missouri withholds substantial civil rights, Brown has not been

restored to sufficient civil rights in order to invoke section 921(a)(20).

Under Brown, Akens’s Missouri conviction is a sufficient predicate for his § 922(g)(1)

conviction.2

2.

Akens stresses that he never received a Franks hearings. “[W]here the

defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly

and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant

in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding

of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the

defendant’s request.” Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978).

Akens was not entitled to a Franks hearing because he did not make a

substantial preliminary showing. After pleading guilty, Akens filed a memorandum

of law broadly alleging the “warrant affidavit was defective due to misrepresentations

and omissions,” but did not identify any false statements by the officer that require a

Franks hearing. Akens had already challenged the officer’s affidavit – arguing it did

not establish probable cause – in his motion to suppress, which was denied.

Neither of Akens’s reasons for withdrawing his plea is fair and just. Thus, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to withdraw the plea.

See Maxwell, 498 F.3d at 800-02.

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B.

Akens contends that the district court erred in assessing a four-level sentencing

enhancement for possession of firearms in connection with another felony offense,

and in finding he was a career offender. The government asserts Akens waived his

right to appeal these issues.

A defendant may waive his right to appeal. See, e.g., United States v.

McIntosh, 492 F.3d 956, 959 (8th Cir. 2007). This court “will generally enforce such

a waiver as long as the appeal falls within the scope of the waiver, and the defendant’s

accession to the plea agreement and the waiver was knowing and voluntary.” United

States v. Azure, 571 F.3d 769, 772 (8th Cir. 2009). This court reviews de novo the

interpretation and enforcement of plea agreements. See United States v. Has No

Horses, 261 F.3d 744, 750 (8th Cir. 2001). This court also reviews de novo the

waiver of the right to appeal a sentence. See Azure, 571 F.3d at 772.

Akens’s sentencing appeals are within the scope of the waiver. He waived his

right to appeal “all sentencing issues, including any issues relating to the

determination of the Total Offense Level, the Criminal History Category, Career

Offender status and Armed Career Criminal status” if he received a 140-month

sentence. 

Akens’s waiver was knowing and voluntary. The plea agreement stated he had

“been fully apprised by defense counsel of the defendant’s rights concerning appeal

and fully understands the right to appeal the sentence under Title 18, United States

Code, Section 3742.” The district court carefully explained the waiver at the plea

hearing, and Akens repeatedly confirmed he understood. 

This court “recognizes a narrow exception to the enforcement of waivers when

enforcement would result in ‘a miscarriage of justice.’” Azure, 571 F.3d at 772.

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Enforcing Akens’s plea agreement is not a miscarriage of justice. Akens received a

sentence of 140 months. Had he gone to trial, he could have received ten-year

sentences on Counts I and II, and a life sentence on Count III.

Akens knowingly and voluntarily waived his rights to appeal the firearm

enhancement and the career offender status in exchange for the 140-month sentence.

Plea agreements are contractual; the parties generally must fulfill their obligations.

See United States v. Fowler, 445 F.3d 1035, 1037 (8th Cir. 2006). Accordingly, these

sentencing issues are dismissed.

III.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

______________________________

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