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Parties Involved:
United States of America
Appellee
Yolanda Villarreal
Appellant

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 15a0289n.06

No. 14-6116

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

YOLANDA VILLARREAL,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

KENTUCKY

BEFORE: KETHLEDGE and WHITE, Circuit Judges; LUDINGTON, District Judge.

PER CURIAM. Yolanda Villarreal challenges her above-guidelines sentence as 

procedurally and substantively unreasonable. We affirm.

Villarreal pleaded guilty without a plea agreement to conspiracy to distribute alprazolam, 

a Schedule IV controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. (RE 164, Order Accepting 

Guilty Plea, Page ID # 858-59; RE 255, Rearraignment Tr. 38, Page ID # 1221). The district 

court calculated Villarreal’s guidelines range as zero to six months of imprisonment based on an 

offense level of 8 and a criminal history category of I. (RE 245, Presentence Report 11, Page ID 

# 1123; RE 259, Sentencing Tr. 95, Page ID # 1333). Varying upward from that range, the 

district court sentenced Villarreal to twelve months and one day of imprisonment, followed by 

 



The Honorable Thomas L. Ludington, United States District Judge for the Eastern 

District of Michigan, sitting by designation. 

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United States v. Villarreal

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three years of supervised release. (RE 238, Judgment 2-3, Page ID # 1082-83; RE 259, 

Sentencing Tr. 95-101, Page ID # 1333-39). 

We review Villarreal’s sentence for reasonableness under a deferential abuse-ofdiscretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007); United States v. Battaglia, 

624 F.3d 348, 350 (6th Cir. 2010). Reasonableness review has both procedural and substantive 

components. United States v. Adkins, 729 F.3d 559, 571 (6th Cir. 2013). 

We “must first ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, 

such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the 

Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a 

sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—

including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. 

Villarreal contends that her sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court 

(1) failed to state specific reasons for the upward variance and (2) ignored the impending 

amendment to the guidelines reducing by two levels the base offense level for most drug 

offenses. See USSG App. C, amend. 782 (Nov. 1, 2014).

“For a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, a district court must explain its reasoning 

to a sufficient degree to allow for meaningful appellate review.” United States v. Zobel, 

696 F.3d 558, 566 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). If the sentence is outside 

the guidelines range, as in this case, the district court must state in open court and in a written 

statement of reasons the specific reasons for the departure or variance. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2); 

Zobel, 696 F.3d at 566. 

After reviewing the § 3553(a) factors, the district court concluded that the nature and 

circumstances of Villarreal’s offense warranted “a very small variance.” (RE 259, Sentencing Tr. 

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United States v. Villarreal

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99, Page ID # 1337). According to the presentence report, members of a drug trafficking 

organization travelled to Texas to obtain large amounts of alprazolam (a conservative estimate of 

200,000 dose units) from Villarreal and her boyfriend and transported those pills to southeastern 

Kentucky and eastern Tennessee. (RE 245, Presentence Report 3-4, Page ID # 1115-16). When 

defense counsel requested specific findings as to the upward variance, the district court stated:

The problem with this crime is it is a rather complicated drug conspiracy. It is a 

drug conspiracy that involves a drug that without question is viewed less seriously 

than others, but when it’s related to a community in which there is such a serious 

drug problem, and particularly on this record as it relates to the relationship to 

even more serious drugs which are being abused in this particular community, I 

think a modest variance is appropriate in this particular case.

(RE 259, Sentencing Tr. 103-04, Page ID # 1341-42). The district court’s written statement of 

reasons reiterated:

There are no illusions that this crime is not a serious crime; it is a serious crime 

and requires a restriction of liberty to reflect the seriousness of the crime, but to 

also promote respect for the law and deter future criminal conduct. Crimes of this 

nature (diversion of drugs) are crimes which have an adverse impact on the 

community, a community which is already reeling from this type of offense. 

Crimes that harm the community must receive a just punishment. As a result, the 

Court believes the defendant must feel the sting of her liberty being taken away. 

An upward variance is appropriate based on the nature of the offense. It is a 

complicated drug conspiracy and a drug (Schedule IV) that is not viewed by many 

as a drug that is as dangerous as others that are being introduced into a 

community that is already reeling from drug diversion. All of these factors result 

in the need for a sentence with a slight upward variance from the guideline range.

(RE 245-1, Statement of Reasons, Page ID # 1132). The district court provided an adequate 

explanation for the upward variance.

Villarreal asserts that the district court discussed the general nature and circumstances of 

the offense without addressing her specific conduct and points out that her co-defendant Sherrill 

King had the same offense level, criminal history category, and guidelines range but received a 

within-guidelines sentence of six months. The district court, however, found that King was a 

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minor participant. (RE 259, Sentencing Tr. 26, Page ID # 1264). As the government stated at 

sentencing: “Sherrill King’s role was making travel arrangements and assisting his brother. Ms. 

Villarreal is part of the source of supply, the chain of supply for these pills coming in.” (Id. at 

56, Page ID # 1294). Contrary to Villarreal’s argument, King was differently situated. 

Villarreal also contends that her sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the 

district court failed to consider the policy implications of an impending guidelines amendment 

that would have reduced her offense level by two. We review for plain error, because Villarreal 

did not preserve this argument by raising it at the district court after the court gave her the 

opportunity to raise any objections to her sentence. R. 259 at 103-04; United States v. Vonner, 

516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Under plain-error review Villarreal must show, 

among other things, that any error affected her substantial rights. Id. at 386. Here, Villarreal’s 

guidelines range would have been the same under either the old or new guidelines, as the district 

court noted. R. 259 at 33-34. And given the court’s extensive explanation for varying upwards, 

Villarreal suffered no prejudice from the court’s failure to address the policy implications of the 

pending drug-offender amendments. 

“For a sentence to be substantively reasonable, it must be proportionate to the seriousness 

of the circumstances of the offense and offender, and sufficient but not greater than necessary, to 

comply with the purposes of § 3553(a).” United States v. Vowell, 516 F.3d 503, 512 (6th Cir. 

2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Where, as in this case, the district court imposes a 

sentence outside the guidelines range, we “may consider the extent of the deviation, but must 

give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify 

the extent of the variance.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. “A sentence may be considered substantively 

unreasonable when the district court selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on 

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United States v. Villarreal

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impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable 

amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th 

Cir. 2008). Villarreal contends that her sentence is substantively unreasonable because the 

district court (1) gave an unreasonable amount of weight to the nature and circumstances of the 

offense and (2) created an unwarranted sentencing disparity between her and King.

Villarreal asserts that the district court based the upward variance on the nature and 

circumstances of the offense, specifically the harmful effects of the unlawful distribution of 

alprazolam on the community, which she contends were already taken into account by the 

guidelines. “That a circumstance was addressed in the Guidelines, however, does not prevent the 

district court from considering it under section 3553(a), so long as the court explains why the 

circumstance warrants additional weight with regard to that particular defendant’s sentence.” 

United States v. Nixon, 664 F.3d 624, 626 (6th Cir. 2011); see United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 

601 F.3d 629, 635 n.1 (6th Cir. 2010). Villarreal argues that the district court could not impose 

an above-guidelines sentence based on a disagreement with the guidelines for alprazolam 

offenses. But district courts may vary from the guidelines based on a policy disagreement. See 

United States v. Camacho-Arellano, 614 F.3d 244, 250 (6th Cir. 2010); United States v. HerreraZuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 585 (6th Cir. 2009). According to Villarreal, the district court gave too 

little weight to her minor role in the offense and her lack of danger to the public. Villarreal 

essentially argues that the district court should have weighed the § 3553(a) factors differently. 

But we look to whether a district court’s sentence is reasonable, not whether we would have 

imposed the same sentence in the first instance. United States v. Sexton, 512 F.3d 326, 332 (6th 

Cir. 2008). Here, it was reasonable for the court to conclude that the seriousness of Villarreal’s 

offense—she participated in a conspiracy that transported several hundred thousand pills across 

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state lines—warranted a slight upward variance, regardless of whether we would have weighed 

the § 3553(a) factors differently.

Villarreal finally contends that the upward variance created an unwarranted disparity with 

King’s six-month sentence. “We have explained, however, that [the need to avoid unwarranted 

sentence disparities] concerns national disparities between defendants with similar criminal 

histories convicted of similar criminal conduct—not disparities between codefendants.” 

Conatser, 514 F.3d at 521. The district court specifically found that King was a minor 

participant and did not make such a finding with respect to Villarreal. (RE 259, Sentencing Tr. 

26, Page ID # 1264). The different roles that Villarreal and King played in the conspiracy—

supplier versus travel agent—justified the disparity between their sentences. (Id. at 56, Page ID 

# 1294).

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Villarreal’s sentence as procedurally and 

substantively reasonable.

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