Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca13-19-01154/USCOURTS-ca13-19-01154-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Collabo Innovations, Inc.
Appellant
Sony Corporation
Appellee
United States
Intervenor

Document Text:

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________

COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC.,

Appellant

v.

SONY CORPORATION,

Appellee

UNITED STATES,

Intervenor

______________________

2019-1152

______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2017-

00960.

------------------------------

COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC.,

Appellant

v.

SONY CORPORATION,

Appellee

UNITED STATES,

Intervenor

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2 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

______________________

2019-1154

______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2017-

00958.

______________________

Decided: February 25, 2020

______________________

DANIEL FLETCHER OLEJKO, Bragalone Conroy PC, Dallas, TX, argued for appellant. Also represented by PATRICK 

J. CONROY, MONTE BOND, TERRY SAAD. 

 ANDREW BALUCH, Smith Baluch LLP, Washington, DC, 

argued for appellee. Also represented by MATTHEW A.

SMITH, Menlo Park, CA. 

 DENNIS FAN, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, United 

States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for 

intervenor. Also represented by SCOTT R. MCINTOSH,

JOSEPH H. HUNT; THOMAS W. KRAUSE, FARHEENA YASMEEN 

RASHEED, Office of the Solicitor, United States Patent and 

Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA. 

______________________

Before PROST, Chief Judge, LOURIE and CLEVENGER,

Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed by Chief Judge PROST. 

Opinion dissenting in part filed by Circuit Judge 

CLEVENGER. 

PROST, Chief Judge.

Collabo Innovations, Inc. (“Collabo”) appeals from the 

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 3

final written decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal 

Board (“Board”) in two inter partes reviews, each finding 

claims 1–18 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,034 (“the ’034 patent”) 

unpatentable. Because we agree with the Board that Collabo did not present a timely claim construction argument, 

and because substantial evidence supports the Board’s 

findings regarding the prior art, we affirm. 

I

Collabo owns the ’034 patent, which is generally directed to a “solid-state imaging device in which a plurality 

of light-sensitive elements are arranged in a matrix form.” 

’034 patent col. 1 ll. 7–10. Relevant to this appeal, the ’034 

patent describes and claims a pair of “reflecting walls” that 

exist over each light-sensitive element (such as a photodiode), partitioning each element from neighboring light-sensitive elements. Light that approaches the photodiode at 

an oblique angle, which might otherwise be inadvertently 

received by an adjacent photodiode, instead reflects off of 

the reflecting walls onto the aperture of the desired photodiode, preventing color mixing and minimizing variation 

across the image. 

Sony Corporation (“Sony”) filed two petitions for inter 

partes review of the ’034 patent. The first petition alleged 

that each of claims 1–18 was either anticipated by Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-237404 (“Tomoda”), or obvious over Tomoda in view of various 

additional references including, inter alia, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11-087674 (“Abe”). Sony 

Corp. v. Collabo Innovations, Inc., No. IPR2017-00958, Paper 31, at 10 (PTAB Aug. 31, 2018) (“-958 Decision”). The 

second petition alleged that the same claims were rendered 

obvious by U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 

2001/0026322 (“Takahashi”) in view of various secondary 

references including Abe. Sony Corp. v. Collabo 

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4 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

Innovations, Inc., No. IPR2017-00960, Paper 31, at 10 

(PTAB Aug. 31, 2018) (“-960 Decision”).1

The Board instituted trial on both petitions, held a 

consolidated hearing, and issued separate final written 

decisions concluding that claims 1–18 are unpatentable 

under each set of grounds. The decisions were unanimous 

with respect to claims 1, 2, 4–11, and 13–18. With respect 

to claims 3 and 12, a majority of the Board concluded that 

Abe discloses the claim limitation “wherein a vertical cross 

section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose upper 

base is longer than a lower base.” Administrative Patent 

Judge Anderson dissented in each case and would have 

found claims 3 and 12 not unpatentable. -958 Decision at 

69; -960 Decision at 72.

Collabo timely appealed the Board’s decisions. We 

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).

II

Collabo presents two arguments on appeal. First, it argues that the Board erred by adopting an unreasonably 

broad construction of “reflecting walls,” and therefore its 

decision with respect to all claims must be reversed. Appellant’s Br. 32. Second, Collabo argues that the Board’s 

decision with respect to claims 3 and 12 must be reversed 

for the additional reason that the Board’s finding that Abe 

1 Sony’s two petitions are largely identical for the 

purposes of this appeal. For clarity, this opinion refers to 

the Board decisions, procedural history, briefing, and joint 

appendix of the -958 IPR (Appeal No. 19-1154) except 

where otherwise noted. 

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 5

discloses a trapezoidal reflecting wall is not supported by 

substantial evidence. Id. at 49. We address each in turn.2

A

During an inter partes review, claims are given their 

broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the 

specification. Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee, 136 S. Ct. 

2131, 2146 (2016).3 Applying that standard, the Board construed the term “reflecting walls” as “structures having approximately vertical surfaces that reflect light.” -958 

Decision at 16. Collabo now argues that this was unreasonably broad, and the Board should have given the term 

its “plain and ordinary meaning,” which it contends is “a 

wall that reflects oblique light from a micro lens onto a corresponding light-sensitive element.” Appellant’s Br. 43. 

Sony responds that Collabo waived its claim construction 

argument by failing to raise it before the Board in a timely 

2 In its opening brief, Collabo also argued that the 

Board’s application of inter partes review to patents issued 

before the passage of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act 

was an unconstitutional taking or a violation of due process. Appellant’s Br. 54–50. Prior to Collabo’s reply brief, 

however, this court issued Celgene Corporation v. Peter, 

concluding that such actions were not unconstitutional. 

931 F.3d 1342, 1362–63 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Collabo conceded 

on reply that its arguments were “foreclosed by the Court’s 

recent precedent in Celgene” and related cases. Appellant’s 

Reply Br. 28. We agree, and therefore do not further address Collabo’s constitutional argument.

3 Although this standard has changed, the broadest 

reasonable interpretation continues to apply to petitions, 

like those at issue here, filed before November 13, 2018. 

See Changes to the Claim Construction Standard for Interpreting Claims in Trial Proceedings Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board, 83 Fed. Reg. 51,340 (Oct. 11, 2018) (codified at 37 C.F.R. pt. 42).

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6 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

manner, and that in any case the Board’s construction was 

correct. It notes that Collabo did not raise any claim construction challenge until the hearing before the Board, and 

the Board found that untimely challenge “expressly or impliedly waived.” Appellee’s Br. 21 (quoting -958 Decision

at 16). 

Decisions related to compliance with the Board’s procedures are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” Intelligent 

Bio-Systems, Inc. v. Illumina Cambridge, Ltd., 821 F.3d 

1359, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The Board’s authority to consider timely arguments, and to find untimely arguments 

waived, is a matter of compliance with 37 C.F.R. § 42.5 and 

the Office Patent Trial Practice Guide, 77 Fed. Reg. 48,756, 

48,768 (Aug. 14, 2012), which states that “[n]o new evidence or arguments may be presented at the oral argument.” See Dell Inc. v. Acceleron, LLC, 884 F.3d 1364, 1369 

(Fed. Cir. 2018). Therefore, the Board’s decision to find an 

argument waived, as it did in this case, is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. See id. (applying abuse of discretion 

standard to Board’s refusal to consider “untimely argument”). 

In its IPR petition, Sony proposed that the term “reflecting walls” be construed as “structures having approximately vertical surfaces that reflect light.” J.A. 92. Collabo 

did not contest this construction in its patent owner preliminary response. J.A. 594 (“[F]or the purposes of this 

Preliminary Response, Patent Owner does not offer a construction for any of the claim terms in the ’034 patent.”). 

On that record, “and based on the [s]pecification,” the 

Board preliminarily adopted Sony’s construction in its institution decision. J.A. 779.

Following the Board’s institution decision, Collabo 

again declined to contest Sony’s construction or the Board’s 

adoption of that construction. In its patent owner response, Collabo stated that it had “applie[d] the Board’s 

construction for its analysis.” J.A. 874. Similarly, 

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 7

Collabo’s expert testified that he “applied the constructions 

recommended by the board,” but “doesn’t agree or disagree” 

with them. J.A. 1274. Collabo expressly reserved the right 

“to seek alternative constructions in other proceedings and 

matters,” but did not indicate that it was challenging the 

Board’s construction in this proceeding. J.A. 874 (emphasis added).

At the hearing before the Board, however, Collabo nevertheless attempted to challenge the Board’s claim construction. See J.A. 1500 (“disagree[ing]” with “the current 

construction that has been preliminarily adopted by the 

Board”). When pressed, Collabo conceded that it had not 

previously alerted the Board to its claim construction challenge, and that its claim construction challenge “is not in 

the record.” J.A. 1499. Following the hearing, Collabo filed 

a motion requesting additional briefing on the construction 

of reflecting walls. See J.A. 1465. The Board denied this 

motion, noting that Collabo “had ample opportunity to argue for an alternative construction” in its patent owner response but “did not do so.” J.A. 1466. 

In its final written decision, the Board reiterated that 

Collabo had not raised a timely claim construction argument and concluded that Collabo “expressly or impliedly 

waived any argument contrary to the preliminary construction from the Institution Decision.” -958 Decision at 

13. After further considering the claim language, the specification, and the prosecution history, the Board formally 

adopted Sony’s proposed construction of reflecting walls 

and performed its obviousness analysis under that construction. Id. at 15–16.

On this record, we agree with Sony that the Board did 

not abuse its discretion when it declined to consider Collabo’s claim construction argument. Collabo admitted at 

the hearing that it had not previously raised this argument. J.A. 1499. And neither Collabo’s patent owner preliminary response nor its patent owner response contain a 

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8 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

facial challenge to Sony’s proposed claim construction or 

the Board’s adoption of that construction. See J.A. 594, 

874. Accordingly, Collabo did not properly present its 

claim construction argument before the Board and is not 

entitled to present that argument before us. See In re Baxter Int’l, 678 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“Absent exceptional circumstances, we generally do not consider 

arguments that the applicant failed to present to the 

Board”) (internal citations omitted).

Collabo’s argument to the contrary is not persuasive. 

It primarily relies on our non-precedential opinion in Intertainer, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC, 660 F. App’x 943 (Fed. Cir. Sept. 

26, 2016) for the proposition that a party’s claim construction arguments on appeal are not waived so long as they 

are “consistent with those it made to the Board.” Appellant’s Br. 43–44. We disagree that Intertainer presents the 

same situation as this case. In Intertainer, this court concluded that a party’s claim construction challenge was not 

waived because, although framed differently, it took “the 

same position” before the Board that it took on appeal. 660 

F. App’x at 947. As we noted, the “original scope of Intertainer’s claim construction position” had not changed. Id.

at 948. 

The same cannot be said for Collabo’s position here. In 

its patent owner response and patent owner preliminary 

Response, Collabo acquiesced to Sony and the Board’s construction, and expressly applied that construction in its 

analysis. Now, on appeal, it argues that this construction 

was incorrect, and the term should be accorded its “plain 

and ordinary meaning.” Appellant’s Br. 28. And, for the 

first time, Collabo specifies that this plain and ordinary 

meaning is “a wall that reflects oblique light from a micro 

lens onto a corresponding light-sensitive element.” Appellant’s Br. 42–43. Because Collabo’s new claim construction 

argument on appeal does not present “the same position” it 

took below, Intertainer is inapplicable.

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 9

Because Collabo did not raise its claim construction argument below, that argument is waived, and we need not 

address its merits on appeal.

B

Independent of its claim construction argument, Collabo challenges the Board’s conclusion that the prior art 

renders claims 3 and 12 obvious. Claims 3 and 12 each 

recite the dependent limitation “wherein a vertical cross 

section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose upper 

base is longer than a lower base.” Collabo does not dispute 

that the Abe reference discloses a vertical cross section of a 

reflecting wall, but argues that substantial evidence does 

not support the Board’s conclusion that the cross section 

disclosed in Abe is a trapezoid. 

“We review the PTAB’s factual findings for substantial 

evidence and its legal conclusions de novo.” Redline Detection, LLC v. Star Envirotech, Inc., 811 F.3d 435, 449 (Fed. 

Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). While obviousness is ultimately a question of law, it is based on underlying findings 

of fact. In re Gartside, 203 F.3d 1305, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2000). 

As relevant here, the Board’s findings regarding “the scope 

and content of the prior art” are reviewed for substantial 

evidence. Id. at 1319 (internal quotation omitted). “Substantial evidence is something less than the weight of the 

evidence but more than a mere scintilla of evidence. It is 

such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept 

as adequate to support a conclusion.” In re NuVasive, Inc., 

842 F.3d 1376, 1379–80 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal citations 

and quotations omitted). “‘If the evidence in the record will 

support several reasonable but contradictory conclusions, 

we will not find the Board’s decision unsupported by substantial evidence simply because the Board chose one conclusion over another plausible alternative.’” Redline, 811 

F.3d at 449 (quoting In re Jolley, 308 F.3d 1317, 1320 (Fed. 

Cir. 2002)).

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10 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

In its petition, Sony relied primarily on Figure 3 of Abe 

and the accompanying description to teach the “is a trapezoid” limitation. Figure 3 of the English translation of Abe 

is reproduced below:

J.A. 461. Sony’s petition further explained that element 9 

is a “second light shielding film,” having “lateral faces 9a” 

that are approximately vertical surfaces, and upper extended portions 92. J.A. 122–123 (citing Abe ¶¶ 38, 47). 

Sony provided the following annotation of Figure 3 to support its contention that this figure discloses a trapezoidal 

reflecting wall:

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J.A. 122. As Sony explained:

Abe recites that “upper extended portions 92 may 

be extended so as to incline upwardly from the upper ends of the lateral faces 9a of the second light 

shielding film 9.” ([Abe], ¶0044)([Expert declaration], ¶146). This describes that the vertical cross 

section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose 

upper base is longer than a lower base, as seen in 

Fig. 3. ([Expert declaration], ¶146).

J.A. 123. Sony cited to the declaration of its expert, who 

opined that these passages of Abe, “as shown in Abe’s Figure 3 . . . disclose[] that the vertical cross section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose upper base is longer than 

a lower base.” J.A. 263–64. Based on this explanation, the 

Board correctly explained in its final written decision that 

Sony “has identified, through its annotations, what it contends are the boundaries of Abe’s trapezoidal reflecting 

wall, namely, the lateral faces of light shielding film 9, the 

bottom surface of light shielding film 9, and the top surface 

of second insulating film 14 within the interior of light 

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12 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

shielding film 9.” -958 Decision at 41 (citing Abe ¶¶ 38–

39).

The Board acknowledged Collabo’s counter-argument 

that Abe does not disclose a trapezoid. “Petitioner relies on 

Abe’s U-shaped design or the cup shape or bowl-shaped design of these walls . . . Patent Owner argues that there is 

no top to Abe’s structure and, because it is a cup, it is not a 

trapezoid.” -958 Decision at 43–44. Collabo provided the 

following annotation to represent its preferred reading of 

Abe:

-960 Decision at 46; see also -958 Decision at 44 (incorporating Collabo’s arguments from the ’960 IPR).4 As the 

Board noted, Collabo and its expert contended that the 

striped green lines “represent transparent insulation 14 of 

Abe.” -960 Decision at 46.

4 The 26 degree angle measurement depicted in this 

annotation correlates to an unrelated argument made below, which Collabo does not pursue on appeal.

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 13

After weighing both parties’ positions, the Board found 

that Abe does disclose a trapezoid. Citing Sony’s petition, 

as well as the same portions of Abe cited in Sony’s petition, 

the Board determined that “the entire cup shaped structure, including the material within, is the recited ‘reflecting wall.’” -958 Decision at 45. As a result, “Abe’s 

description [of Figure 3] . . . describes that the vertical cross 

section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid.” Id. (citing Abe 

¶ 44, Sony’s petition, and the declaration of Sony’s expert). 

Collabo argues that we must reverse the Board because 

this finding was not supported by substantial evidence. We 

disagree. The Board was presented with two alternative 

interpretations of Abe, both supported by citations to Figure 3, the text of the reference, and expert testimony. The 

question before us is not which of these interpretations we 

would find more compelling in a vacuum. “[I]t is not for us 

to second-guess the Board’s assessment of the evidence.” 

Velander v. Garner, 348 F.3d 1359, 1378–79 (Fed. Cir. 

2003). Rather, “[o]ur task is to determine whether substantial evidence supports the conclusion chosen by the 

Board.” Id. Here, we conclude that it does. 

Figure 3 of Abe, on its face, discloses a trapezoidal 

shape. As the Board described, it shows a quadrilateral 

bounded by the lateral faces of light shielding film 9, the 

bottom surface of light shielding film 9, and the top surface 

of second insulating film 14 within the interior of light 

shielding film 9. -958 Decision at 41 (citing Abe ¶¶ 38–39). 

The top surface, made of a portion of second insulating film

14, is longer than the bottom surface of light shielding film 

9. Abe undisputedly discloses that the lateral faces of the 

light shielding film 9 reflect light. See Appeal No. 19-1152 

J.A. 937 (Collabo’s expert referring to light shielding film 9 

as a “reflector”). Therefore, we hold that substantial evidence supports the Board’s conclusion that Abe discloses “a 

vertical cross section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid 

whose upper base is longer than a lower base.”

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14 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

None of Collabo’s arguments on appeal demonstrate

that the Board’s conclusion was not supported by substantial evidence. First, Collabo argues that it was “improper 

for the Board to conclude ‘that the entire cup shaped structure, including the material within, is the recited reflecting 

wall,” because Sony allegedly “never argued [this] in the 

petition.” Appellant’s Br. 51 (quoting -958 Decision at 45). 

We disagree. In its petition, Sony presented the annotation 

shown above, overlaying a solid brown trapezoid on top of 

light shielding film 9 and insulating film 14 as depicted in 

Figure 3 of Abe. This annotation could reasonably be 

read—indeed, could only credibly be read—as an argument 

by Sony that the trapezoidal reflecting wall includes both 

the light shielding film and the insulating film inside of it, 

as both were shown within the brown trapezoidal annotation. See also Appeal No. 19-1152 J.A. 992 (Sony’s expert 

referring to insulating film 14 as the “top of the structure 

comprising the reflecting walls” during his deposition). 

Thus, we are not persuaded by Collabo’s argument that the 

Board “changed the ‘thrust’ of Sony’s unpatentability theory,” Appellant’s Br. 51, when it concluded that the entire 

cup shaped structure, including the material within, is the 

reflecting wall.5

5 On appeal, Collabo does not argue that Abe fails to 

disclose a trapezoid merely because the trapezoid is made 

of two different materials. See Oral Arg. at 9:53–10:01, 

available at http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-argumentrecordings (“We’re not arguing that you can’t have a trapezoidal reflecting wall that’s made of multiple materials. 

That’s not our argument.”). Such an argument would be 

meritless. The Board’s construction of “reflecting walls” 

does not preclude a reflecting wall made of multiple materials. Nor could it, as the ’034 patent itself depicts a reflecting wall made of a cup-shaped metal layer filled with 

a second material. See ’034 patent at Fig. 5H.

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 15

Collabo further argues that, even assuming insulating 

film 14 was part of the reflecting wall in Abe, the resulting 

shape is not a trapezoid. Collabo presents numerous proposed annotations, shown below, to demonstrate what it 

contends are the shapes of the various structures in Abe. 

For example, it presents the following annotation of Abe’s 

Figure 3 purporting to show that “‘insulating film 14’ is not 

a trapezoid, it is a different shape entirely.”

Appellant’s Br. 52. Collabo presents another annotation of 

the same figure, shown below, to alternatively argue that 

Abe’s walls are not trapezoids because its “structures have 

at least eight edges or sides and vertices or corners.”

Appellant’s Br. 53. 

As an initial matter, this argument was not made before the Board and is therefore waived. See Baxter, 678 

F.3d at 1362. Collabo argued to the Board that Abe’s structure was “simply not a trapezoid.” J.A. 1508–09. But it 

made that statement only in the context of its argument 

that Abe discloses a “U-shaped design or [a] cup shape.” Id.

at 1509. The two new shapes argued by Collabo in its 

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16 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

opening brief, which are neither trapezoid nor cup, do not 

appear anywhere in the record before the Board, nor does 

any corresponding argument. 

Even if the argument were not waived, we agree with 

Sony that, at least as to the alleged “eight edges” annotation, no evidence supports requiring the level of geometric 

perfection that Collabo now advocates. Appellee’s Br. 61. 

That is especially true where, as here, both parties’ experts 

have conceded that the figures of Abe and the ’034 patent 

are rough approximations which do not necessarily reflect 

the detailed physical characteristics of the device. See J.A. 

934. Further, Collabo’s arguments improperly require us 

to perform fact finding. We are not in a position to evaluate 

the correctness of Collabo’s new annotations. “It is not our 

role to ask whether substantial evidence supports fact-findings not made by the Board, but instead whether such evidence supports the findings that were in fact made.” 

Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Broad Inst., Inc., 903 F.3d 1286, 

1294 (Fed. Cir. 2018). 

For the reasons discussed above, substantial evidence, 

including Abe’s figures and text, supports the Board’s conclusion that Abe discloses “a vertical cross section of the 

reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose upper base is longer 

than a lower base.” Although Collabo presents an alternative explanation of the Abe reference, that is insufficient 

for reversal under the substantial evidence standard. See 

AK Steel Corp. v. U.S., 192 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 

(“[O]ur analysis is not whether we agree with [the agency]’s

conclusions, nor whether we would have come to the same 

conclusions reviewing the evidence in the first instance, 

but only whether [the agency]’s determinations were reasonable.”).

III

We have considered Collabo’s remaining arguments 

and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we 

affirm the Board’s construction of “reflecting wall” and its 

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 17

conclusion that claims 3 and 12 are unpatentable as obvious. 

AFFIRMED

COSTS

The parties shall bear their own costs.

Case: 19-1154 Document: 67 Page: 17 Filed: 02/25/2020
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________

COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC.,

Appellant

v.

SONY CORPORATION,

Appellee

UNITED STATES,

Intervenor

______________________

2019-1152

______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2017-

00960.

------------------------------

COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC.,

Appellant

v.

SONY CORPORATION,

Appellee

UNITED STATES,

Intervenor

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2 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

______________________

2019-1154

______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2017-

00958.

______________________

CLEVENGER, Circuit Judge, dissenting-in-part.

I join Parts I and II.A of the majority’s opinion, but I 

respectfully dissent from Part II.B. The majority concludes, as did the Board, that JPA Publication No. H11-

87674 (“Abe”) discloses a “reflecting wall” having a vertical 

cross section that “is a trapezoid whose upper base is longer

than a lower base.” According to the majority, the Board’s 

finding that Abe satisfies this additional limitation of dependent claims 3 and 12 of U.S. Patent No. 7,023,034 (the 

“’034 patent”) was supported by substantial evidence because, when drawn together, light shielding film 9 and a 

portion of the insulating film 14 form a trapezoid whose 

upper base is longer than a lower base. But by blessing the 

Board’s analysis, the majority commits the same error. 

The question is not whether two structures (or portions 

thereof) form a trapezoid when combined, or even whether 

Fig. 3 of Abe, on its face, discloses a “trapezoidal shape.” 

The appropriate inquiry is whether substantial evidence 

supports the Board’s finding that Abe actually discloses 

combining multiple, separately-designated, structures 

such that their combination forms a trapezoidal “reflecting 

wall”—a structure having approximately vertical surfaces 

that reflects light? Because Abe does not disclose a trapezoidal “reflecting wall,” I respectfully dissent-in-part.

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COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION 3

I

Abe’s cup-shaped light shielding film 9, on its own, is a 

structure having approximately vertical surfaces that reflect light—in other words, it is, on its own, a “reflecting 

wall.” It is undisputed that this light shielding film, however, is not a trapezoid. Thus, in an attempt to conjure up 

a trapezoidal “reflecting wall” where one does not otherwise exist, Sony simply drew a trapezoid onto Fig. 3 of Abe 

encompassing both light shielding film 9 and the portion of 

the insulating film 14 sitting directly above it.

In its Final Written Decision, the Board relied on 

Sony’s annotated version of Fig. 3 of Abe in finding first 

that “Figure 3 of Abe shows a ‘pair of reflecting walls’ (i.e., 

a ‘plurality of reflecting walls,’ as claimed),” and second 

that “Abe’s description that ‘upper extended portions 92 

may be extended so as to incline upwardly from the upper 

ends of the lateral faces 9a of the second light shielding film 

9’ . . . ‘describe that the vertical cross section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid whose upper base is 

longer than a lower base.’” J.A. 47–48 (internal citations omitted) (bold in original). Thus, the Board held, and 

the majority affirms, that Abe discloses the trapezoidal “reflecting wall” of claims 3 and 12 of the ’034 patent.

II

In focusing solely on whether Abe discloses a “trapezoidal shape,” Maj. Op. at 13, the majority commits two errors. 

First, by focusing on whether Fig. 3 of Abe, on its face, generally “discloses a trapezoidal shape,” id., the majority 

reads out the requirement that it is specifically the “vertical cross section of the reflecting wall” that must be in the 

shape of a trapezoid. J.A. 179 (italics added). Second, the 

majority fails to consider whether the Board’s finding that 

Abe discloses the “reflecting wall” of claims 3 and 12, which 

was not based on the mere existence of a “trapezoidal 

shape,” was actually supported by substantial evidence. It 

is not. For example, according to Sony, the “Board’s finding 

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4 COLLABO INNOVATIONS, INC. v. SONY CORPORATION

was based on substantial evidence, in the form of Abe’s disclosure and Mr. Guidash’s declaration.” Appellee’s Br. at 

61 (citing Abe at ¶¶ 44, 46, corresponding to J.A. 458, Abe 

at Fig. 3, corresponding to J.A. 462, and Guidash Decl. at 

¶341, corresponding to J.A. 381).1 The cited portions of 

both Abe and the Guidash Decl., however, deal solely with 

the upwardly inclining portions of light shielding film 9

which, as mentioned above, is a non-trapezoidal “reflecting 

wall.” Abe and the Guidash Decl. are entirely silent on a 

light shielding film 9 / insulating film 14 combination resulting in a single trapezoidal “reflecting wall.” When 

pressed at the oral argument for any actual substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding that Abe discloses a 

trapezoidal “reflecting wall” comprising both light shielding film 9 and insulating film 14, counsel for Sony could 

only cite to paragraphs 38, 44, 48, and 49 of Abe. See, e.g., 

Oral Arg. at 36:40–37:06; 26:50–37:06, http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2019-1152.mp3. 

Again, these paragraphs only disclose the upwardly inclining portions of light shielding film 9. The mere fact that 

the lateral walls of the three-walled light shielding film 9 

upwardly incline over the sensor parts 6, however, is not 

substantial evidence of a trapezoidal “reflecting wall” comprising both light shielding film 9 and insulating film 14.

While the Board and majority are correct that the 

claimed “reflecting walls” do not require a uniform composition, and in fact are not uniform in Fig. 5 of the ’034 patent, there is no suggestion in Abe that the alleged 

combination of light shielding film 9 and portions of, but 

not all of, insulating film 14 is, or can be used as, a 

1 Sony also argues that Collabo’s expert admitted 

that the identified structure is a trapezoid. However, Dr. 

Afromowitz appears to have admitted only that the structure arbitrarily drawn by Sony in its petition, not any “reflecting wall” shown in Fig. 3 of Abe, looks like a trapezoid.

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“reflecting wall.”2 Nor does Abe, or Mr. Guidash,3 explain 

why a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) at the 

time of the invention would find it necessary to arbitrarily 

combine the light shielding film 9 with portions of the insulating film 14 so as to form a trapezoidal “reflecting 

wall.” Indeed, it appears unlikely that a POSITA would 

find such a combination necessary, as light shielding film 

9, on its own, allows Abe to derive the same benefits as 

those achieved by the ’034 patent’s trapezoidal reflecting 

walls. Compare J.A. 457–58, Abe at ¶¶ 38, 44 (disclosing 

that “the upper extended portions 92 may be extended so 

as to incline upwardly from the upper ends of the lateral 

faces 9a of the second light shielding film 9” to more readily

reflect “oblique light” towards the sensors) with J.A. 176, 

3:57–60 (“a cross section of the reflecting wall is a trapezoid 

whose upper base is longer than the lower base, whereby it 

is possible to cause the oblique light to be reflected toward 

the aperture more efficiently”).

2 With respect to Fig. 5, the ’034 patent explicitly 

states that the combination of Tugsten W film 121 and Titanium Ti film 122 (which are both reflective and not insulating) make up reflecting wall 62. See J.A. 178, 8:26–33. 

In Abe, to the contrary, there is no suggestion or disclosure 

of any structure formed through the combination of light 

shielding film 9 and insulating film 14. 

3 The Guidash declaration merely states that because the upper extended portions 92 may be extended so 

as to incline upwardly, as discussed in Abe ¶ 44, Fig. 3 discloses that the vertical cross section of the reflecting wall 

is a trapezoid whose upper base is longer than a lower base. 

This is conclusory and belied by the fact that Abe discloses 

efficiently reflecting oblique light onto the sensor parts 6 

using a three-sided U-shaped light shielding film 9 by itself, not a trapezoidal “reflecting wall.”

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Even though Sony was unable to point to any substantial evidence supporting the Board’s finding, the majority 

finds substantial evidence in the mere existence of a “trapezoidal shape” in Fig. 3 of Abe. As previously discussed, 

however, the relevant inquiry is not whether Abe discloses 

a “trapezoidal shape,” but whether substantial evidence 

supports a finding that Abe discloses a trapezoidal “reflecting wall.” It is clear, on the record before us, that it does 

not.

III

For the foregoing reasons, this court should reverse the 

Board’s finding of obviousness with respect to claims 3 and 

12 of the ’034 patent.

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