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Parties Involved:
Chinatown Hotel Corporation
Appellee
Jesus Gonzalez
Appellant

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-13798

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-21127-FAM

JESUS GONZALEZ, 

an individual, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

CHINATOWN HOTEL CORPORATION, 

a foreign corporation, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(April 14, 2020)

Before WILSON, HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Jesus Gonzalez appeals from the district court’s entry of an order of final 

judgment, arguing that the district court’s order imposes different terms than those 

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defendant Chinatown Hotel Corporation (“Chinatown”) offered under Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 68, and to which he agreed. After thorough review, we affirm in part and vacate 

and remand in part, with instructions to enter a final order consistent with 

Chinatown’s offer of judgment. 

The relevant background is this. Gonzalez sued Chinatown, which operates a 

hotel in Chicago, for violation of the Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42

U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and its implementing regulations, specifically 28 C.F.R. § 

36.302(e)(1), by failing to maintain a website with adequate information about the 

hotel’s accessibility to persons with disabilities. Chinatown’s counsel entered into 

settlement negotiations with Gonzalez, which culminated in its making an offer of 

judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 68 on June 17, 2019. That rule permits a defendant 

to make a non-revocable, non-negotiable offer for judgment against it to a plaintiff

that the plaintiff can either accept or reject; if the plaintiff rejects the offer but 

ultimately obtains a judgment less favorable than the terms of the offer, he must pay 

any costs incurred by the defendant after the offer was made. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 

68; see also Util. Automation 2000, Inc. v. Choctawhatchee Elec. Coop., Inc., 298 

F.3d 1238, 1240–41, 1244 (11th Cir. 2002) (explaining the mechanics of Rule 68).

Here, Chinatown made in writing an offer that would allow a judgment to be 

entered against it for six specified forms of relief: (1) a declaration that it maintains

its website in violation of the ADA; (2) an order requiring it, “by a date certain,” to 

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bring its website into compliance; (3) an order prohibiting it from accepting 

reservations on a website not in compliance with the ADA; (4) an award to plaintiff 

of reasonable attorney’s fees, costs and litigation expenses; (5) an award of 

compensatory damages deemed just and appropriate to the plaintiff, and (6) such 

other and further relief as the court deems just and equitable. Gonzalez immediately 

accepted the offer of judgment in writing, and the parties submitted the agreement 

to the district court. 

The district court entered an order administratively closing the case pending 

submission of a joint final judgment and retaining jurisdiction for six months to 

enforce the terms of the judgment. At that point, the parties’ negotiations broke 

down. The parties could not agree on the text of a joint final judgment and each

filed separate proposed final orders. The district court ultimately entered its own. 

Its order: (1) did not declare that Chinatown was in violation of the ADA, specifying

that the order would not constitute evidence against or an admission by Chinatown 

“with respect to any issue”; (2) ordered Chinatown to bring its website into 

compliance “within a reasonable period of time”; (3) prohibited the defendant from 

accepting reservations through a website that does not comply with the ADA; and 

(4) deemed Gonzalez the prevailing party for purposes of attorney’s fees, litigation 

expenses, and costs. The order did not award compensatory damages to the plaintiff. 

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Gonzalez appealed, challenging the district court’s order as inconsistent with 

the offer to which he agreed in three ways: (1) it provided that it did not constitute

evidence of Chinatown’s violation of the ADA, rather than declaring the website in 

violation; (2) it required compliance in a “reasonable time” rather than a date certain; 

and (3) it failed to award Gonzalez compensatory damages. This timely appeal 

followed, and we have jurisdiction. See Reynolds v. Roberts, 202 F.3d 1303, 1312 

(11th Cir. 2000) (noting that parties have standing to challenge judgments to which 

they consented where “the judgement [sic] allegedly deviates from the terms of the 

parties’ agreement.”) (citing 5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate Review § 619 (1995)). 

Typically, when a Rule 68 offer is accepted, the district court is left with 

nothing to do but enter the agreed-to judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 68(a) (“If . . . 

the opposing party serves written notice accepting the offer . . . [t]he clerk must then 

enter judgment.”); see also Collar v. Abalux, Inc., 895 F.3d 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 

2018) (“Rule 68(a) requires the clerk, as a ministerial act, to enter judgment . . . .”); 

Jordan v. Time, Inc., 111 F.3d 102, 105 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[T]he mandatory language 

of . . . [R]ule [68] leaves no room for district court discretion.”); Webb v. James, 147 

F.3d 617, 621 (7th Cir. 1998) (describing the court’s role after acceptance of a Rule 

68 offer as “ministerial rather than discretionary”).1

 We review the district court’s 

1 In this case, the district court’s final order diverged somewhat from the Rule 68 offer of 

judgment that was accepted by the plaintiff. To the extent our Court has suggested that district 

courts may have an inherent power to review Rule 68 judgments involving injunctive relief, see

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order de novo, as we do anytime a district court interprets a settlement agreement. 

See Reynolds, 202 F.3d at 1313 (“What a contract provision means, or whether it is 

ambiguous, are questions of law, which we review de novo.”). 

Where, as here, a court is required to interpret the terms of the Rule 68 offer, 

we apply traditional principles of contract law. See Johnson v. Univ. Coll. of Univ. 

of Ala., 706 F.2d 1205, 1209 (11th Cir. 1983). “When the parties have adopted a 

writing as a final expression of their agreement, interpretation is directed to the 

meaning of that writing in the light of the circumstances.” Restatement (2d) of 

Contracts, § 202 cmt. b (Am. Law Inst. 1981). Any ambiguity in the language of a 

Rule 68 offer is construed against the offeror. Util. Automation 2000, 298 F.3d at 

1244. While an offer “cannot be accepted . . . unless the terms of the contract are 

reasonably certain,” “[t]he terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide 

a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an appropriate 

remedy.” Restatement (2d) of Contracts, § 33(1)–(2) (Am. Law Inst. 1981). 

Util. Automation 2000, 298 F.3d at 1251 (Marcus, J., concurring) (“[T]he presence of injunctive 

relief in a Rule 68 offer renders it the functional equivalent of a proposed consent decree by 

requiring a court to review the terms of the offer.”), we have not explored the extent of the 

district court’s discretion under Rule 68 in binding precedent. Because defendant-appellee 

Chinatown has not filed a brief in this appeal, “we are without the benefit of argument to support 

the district court’s position,” Landsdale v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 430 F.2d 1341, 1342 (5th 

Cir. 1970), and it has abandoned any argument concerning the district court’s discretion in 

reviewing Rule 68 judgments. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th 

Cir. 2004) (“[T]he law is by now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that 

has not been briefed before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be 

addressed.”). Consequently, we do not consider whether and to what extent the court had 

discretion to deviate from the Rule 68 offer in this case.

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As we see it, the final order entered by the district court accurately 

incorporated most of the terms of Chinatown’s Rule 68 offer, including that the order

prohibited the defendant from accepting reservations through a website that does not 

comply with the ADA and that it deemed Gonzalez the prevailing party for purposes 

of attorney’s fees, litigation expenses, and costs. As for Gonzalez’s challenge to the 

order’s requirement that Chinatown bring its website into compliance within a 

“reasonable time,” while the offer contemplated an unspecified “date certain,” we 

are unpersuaded. It is an elementary principle of contract law that “when a contract 

does not expressly fix the time for performance of its terms, the law will imply a 

reasonable time.” Denson v. Stack, 997 F.2d 1356, 1361 (11th Cir. 1993) 

(discussing Florida contract law). In Chinatown’s offer, it agreed to fix its website 

“by a date certain,” but the offer did not specify a certain date. The parties were 

apparently unable to agree to one between themselves -- in their separate proposed 

judgments, Gonzalez proposed “[b]y the date on which this Order is entered,” while 

Chinatown proposed “a reasonable period of time.” Thus, the district court was 

presented with a contract that did not specify a time for performance, and it correctly 

applied the general law of contracts to impose a reasonable time. 

However, the district court’s final order differed from Chinatown’s offer of 

judgment in two meaningful ways, which the district court did not explain. First, 

Chinatown’s Rule 68 offer unambiguously conceded its violation of the ADA, 

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providing that “Defendant offers to allow judgment to be taken against it, and in 

favor of the Plaintiff for . . . [a] declaration that Defendant’s website . . . is owned, 

leased, operated, and/or controlled by Defendant in violation of the ADA.” 

(emphasis added). The final order entered by the district court did not include this 

declaration and, instead, declared that “Plaintiff has accepted Defendant’s offer of 

judgment . . . without this Final Judgment constituting any evidence against or an 

admission by Defendant with respect to any such issue.” Thus, the district court’s 

order directly conflicted with the Rule 68 agreement in this regard, and it offered no 

explanation for this difference. 

Similarly, Chinatown’s offer included “[a]n award of compensatory damages 

deemed just and appropriate to Plaintiff.” The court’s final offer made no mention 

of compensatory damages. But the failure of the offer to specify the precise amount

of damages was not fatal to the formation of a contract, because it provided that the 

amount would be that which “deemed just and appropriate.” See Restatement (2d) 

of Contracts, § 33(2) (Am. Law Inst. 1981). The contract thus expressly 

contemplated that the court deem an amount of compensatory damages “just and 

appropriate” if the parties could not agree on an amount. The parties could not agree 

on an amount, and the district court, rather than resolving the issue, simply dropped 

it. While it is possible that the just and appropriate amount of damages in this case 

is $0 (a possibility not outside the scope of the parties’ agreement, on its face), we 

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cannot assume that the district court was merely acting to enforce the offer agreed 

to by declining to award Gonzalez compensatory damages absent a factual finding 

that no damages were just and appropriate.

In short, we affirm the order in all respects except vacate and remand in part 

for the district court to declare that the defendant’s website presently violates the 

ADA and to enter an order awarding a just and appropriate amount of compensatory 

damages to Jesus Gonzalez, or to find that none are appropriate. 

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

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