Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca9-09-35133/USCOURTS-ca9-09-35133-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Kelly Fitzgerald
Appellee
Spokane County Washington
Appellee
Steve Tucker
Appellee
Robert Waggy
Appellant

Document Text:

FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT WAGGY, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, No. 09-35133

v. D.C. No.  2:07-cv-00264-FVS SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON;

STEVE TUCKER; KELLY FITZGERALD, OPINION

Defendants-Appellees. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Washington

Fred L. Van Sickle, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted

December 10, 2009—Seattle, Washington

Filed February 5, 2010

Before: Ronald M. Gould and Richard C. Tallman,

Circuit Judges, and Roger T. Benitez,* District Judge.

Opinion by Judge Tallman

*The Honorable Roger T. Benitez, United States District Judge for the

Southern District of California, sitting by designation. 

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COUNSEL

Richard D. Wall, P.S., Spokane, Washington, for the plaintiffapellant.

Hugh T. Lackie, Heather C. Yakely (argued), Evans, Craven

& Lackie, P.S., Spokane, Washington, for the defendantsappellees.

OPINION

TALLMAN, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-Appellant Robert Mark Waggy (“Waggy”), a convicted sex offender, was arrested on harassment charges while

serving part of his original sentence on community placement

in Spokane, Washington. The day after he posted bond and

was released, he was again arrested pursuant to a bench warrant issued due to his failure to progress in his court-imposed

sexual deviancy treatment program. Based on this latter arrest

for violation of his required supervision, he brought suit under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that the Spokane County prosecuting attorneys and the county violated his constitutional

right to be free from arrest without probable cause. The district judge awarded absolute immunity to the deputy prosecuting attorney and found that the plaintiff had failed to allege

sufficient facts to warrant trial against the county. We affirm.

I

On September 29, 2000, Waggy pled guilty to Third

Degree Rape of a Child and Second Degree Child Molestation. He was sentenced to 41 months of incarceration and an

additional 36 months of community placement supervision

following his release from prison. As a condition of his supervised placement, Waggy was ordered to attend a sexual devi2116 WAGGY v. SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON

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ancy treatment program, which progressed from individual

counseling sessions to peer support group classes once per

week. Though he affirmatively took responsibility for the

actions leading to his conviction, Waggy’s statements during

his counseling sessions evinced a fixation on having his children returned to his custody while he continually blamed others for the separation from his children.

During his group counseling session on March 19, 2004,

Waggy informed his counselor that if his children were not

returned to him by April 20, 2004, he planned to kill John

Traylor (“Traylor”), a Washington Department of Social and

Health Services (“DSHS”) caseworker, whom Waggy blamed

for removing his children from his custody. Waggy also stated

his intent to conduct a shooting rampage at a local elementary

school and made references to the upcoming anniversary of

the massacre at Columbine High School in Colorado. Pursuant to statutory reporting obligations, Waggy’s counselor

divulged these statements to Waggy’s Community Corrections Officer and to a supervisor at the Department of Corrections. The supervising corrections officer visited Waggy’s

home to investigate the reported threats and then imposed

additional conditions on Waggy’s community placement.

Under these new conditions, Waggy was (1) prohibited from

having contact with Traylor, (2) ordered to remain no less

than two blocks away from the DSHS building in Spokane

where Traylor worked, and (3) required to obey all laws.

Spokane Police Department Detective Jeffrey Holy

(“Detective Holy”) was assigned to investigate Waggy’s

threats against Traylor. On April 16, 2004, Detective Holy

drafted a report detailing his investigation into Waggy’s criminal threats. The detective also completed a charging sheet,

affidavit of probable cause, and a request for issuance of a

prosecutor’s complaint and arrest warrant. The documentation

was forwarded to Spokane County Deputy Prosecuting Attorney Kelly Fitzgerald (“DPA Fitzgerald”), the prosecutor hanWAGGY v. SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON 2117

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dling matters dealing with Waggy’s prosecution and

community placement.

On April 19, 2004, the day before the actions he threatened

were to commence, Waggy was arrested on one count of Felony Harassment. He posted bond later that day and was

released. Then, on April 20—the fourth anniversary of the

Columbine shootings—Todd Wiggs, a supervisor at the

Department of Corrections, had a telephone conversation with

DPA Fitzgerald where they discussed that Waggy’s behavior

and subsequent arrest could constitute a violation of the terms

of his supervision. In his deposition, Wiggs testified that he

and DPA Fitzgerald determined it would be best to secure

Waggy in police custody as soon as possible based on the violent threats he was making and because he had failed to make

progress in his deviancy treatment program.

DPA Fitzgerald submitted a request for a bench warrant,

attaching an order and a motion for an arrest warrant, as well

as the same affidavit of facts Detective Holy had submitted on

the harassment charge two days prior. A Spokane County

Superior Court judge issued a warrant for Waggy’s failure to

make satisfactory progress in his sexual deviancy treatment

program and Waggy was arrested that same day. He was held

in the Spokane County Jail for 67 days, at which time he was

placed on electronic home monitoring. He was released from

this monitoring around August 20, 2004.

Waggy then brought this civil rights action in the Eastern

District of Washington under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Spokane County, Spokane County Prosecutor Steve Tucker

(“Tucker”), and DPA Kelly Fitzgerald. He claimed civil rights

violations stemming from false arrest and imprisonment under

state law, a violation of his due process rights, and respondeat

superior liability against the county. The complaint also

alleged a failure by Tucker in his official capacity to adequately train and supervise DPA Fitzgerald in the perfor2118 WAGGY v. SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON

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mance of her duties as a prosecuting attorney.1 District Judge

Fred Van Sickle granted summary judgment to all defendants,

holding that DPA Fitzgerald was entitled to absolute immunity, and that Waggy had failed to point to any evidence that

the county either had an unconstitutional policy or practice, or

that it had failed to properly train DPA Fitzgerald. Waggy

then timely appealed.

II

Waggy presents three claims. First, he alleges that Judge

Van Sickle improperly granted absolute prosecutorial immunity to DPA Fitzgerald, shielding her from liability. Second,

he argues that the county maintained a constitutionally impermissible practice of securing bench warrants against persons

under supervision. Finally, he contends that even if the policy

was facially valid, Spokane County failed to adequately train

and supervise its prosecutors in such a way that they might

not violate his civil rights. 

We have jurisdiction to review a district court’s grant of

summary judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and our review

is de novo. Dietrich v. John Ascuaga’s Nugget, 548 F.3d 892,

896 (9th Cir. 2008). In doing so, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to Waggy, the non-moving party. Nurre

v. Whitehead, 580 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2009). A grant

of summary judgment is inappropriate if there is “any genuine

issue of material fact or the district court incorrectly applied

the substantive law.” Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485

1While Waggy brought this claim against Prosecuting Attorney Tucker

in the district court, it appears either that he has abandoned this argument

on appeal, see Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(5) & (a)(9)(A); Acosta-Huerta v.

Estelle, 7 F.3d 139, 144 (9th Cir. 1992), or that it has been subsumed into

his claim against the county. Nothing in the briefing before us indicates

that Waggy has brought the same claim against Tucker on appeal, though

Tucker remains listed as a party. To avoid any uncertainty, we affirm summary judgment in favor of Tucker as well. 

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F.3d 463, 470 (9th Cir. 2007). After reviewing the record

before us and the district court’s legal conclusions, we affirm.

A

[1] We first examine whether DPA Fitzgerald was entitled

to absolute immunity because she was acting as a criminal

prosecutor when she secured a warrant for Waggy’s arrest. “A

state prosecuting attorney enjoys absolute immunity from liability under § 1983 for [her] conduct in ‘pursuing a criminal

prosecution’ insofar as [s]he acts within [her] role as an

‘advocate for the State’ and [her] actions are ‘intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process.’ ” Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1068 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting

Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 410, 430-31 (1976)).

However, prosecutors are entitled to only qualified immunity

“when they perform investigatory or administrative functions,

or are essentially functioning as police officers or detectives.”

al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, 580 F.3d 949, 958 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing

Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273 (1993)). The burden rests on the prosecutor to show that she is entitled to

absolute immunity. Id.

“As the Supreme Court has acknowledged, the distinction

between the roles of ‘prosecutor’ and ‘investigator’ is not

always clear.” Id.; see also Imbler, 424 U.S. at 431 n.33

(“Drawing a proper line between these functions may present

difficult questions . . . .”). “To determine whether an action

is judicial, investigative, or administrative, we look at ‘the

nature of the function performed, not the identity of the actor

who performed it.’ ” Cousins, 568 F.3d at 1068 (quoting

Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 127 (1997)). We explained

further in al-Kidd: 

While the “duties of the prosecutor in his role as

advocate for the State involve actions preliminary to

the initiation of a prosecution and actions apart from

the courtroom,” absolute prosecutorial immunity will

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be given “only for actions that are connected with

the prosecutor’s role in judicial proceedings, not for

every litigation-inducing conduct.”

580 F.3d at 958 (internal citations omitted).

[2] The Supreme Court has held that absolute immunity

protects a prosecutor who is appearing in court in support of

a warrant application, presenting evidence at a hearing, or

preparing for either the initiation of judicial proceedings or

trial. Van de Kamp v. Goldstein, 129 S. Ct. 855, 861 (2009);

Kalina, 522 U.S. at 125. However, a prosecutor sheds absolute immunity when she acts as a “complaining witness” by

certifying that the facts alleged within an affidavit are true.

Kalina, 522 U.S. at 132 (Scalia, J., concurring). The analysis

is conducted on a “function-by-function basis,” al-Kidd, 580

F.3d at 959, and the question turns on whether the court at

common law would have provided protection for the specific

prosecutorial function, Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 897

(9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (citing Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc., 508 U.S. 429, 435-36 (1993)).

Here, Waggy alleges that DPA Fitzgerald was not acting in

a judicial capacity when she sought a bench warrant for his

arrest following a probation violation. Instead, he argues that

she was transformed into a “complaining witness” by attesting

to facts in support of the bench warrant. He likens the factual

scenario in the instant case to that presented to the Supreme

Court in Kalina.

In Kalina, the Court refused to shield the deputy prosecutor

from liability under a theory of absolute immunity. 522 U.S.

at 131. To satisfy a state requirement that an arrest warrant be

supported by either an affidavit or sworn testimony, Kalina,

the deputy prosecuting attorney, had submitted a “Certification for Determination of Probable Cause,” which summarized the evidence in support of a burglary charge. Id. at 121.

DPA Kalina went on to personally vouch, under penalty of

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perjury, for the veracity of the statements contained within the

certification. Id. After the superior court found that probable

cause existed and had issued an arrest warrant, it came to light

that Kalina’s certification contained factual inaccuracies. Id.

The Supreme Court compared Kalina’s certification under

penalty of perjury to statements that might be made by “any

competent witness.” Id. at 129-30. The function of the complaining witness was not protected by absolute immunity at

common law. Id. at 127. It was instead “the generally

accepted rule . . . that one who procured the issuance of an

arrest warrant by submitting a complaint could be held liable

if the complaint was made . . . without probable cause.” Id.

at 127 n.14 (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 340-341

(1986) (footnote omitted)). The Court concluded that

“[t]estifying about facts is the function of the witness, not of

the lawyer,” and therefore any person who makes such statements is not entitled to absolute immunity. Id. at 130-31. It

did not matter what title that person held.

Waggy points to the documents DPA Fitzgerald submitted

in support of the warrant application to prove that she was

acting outside her role as a judicial advocate and that she

instead became the functional equivalent of a complaining

witness. DPA Fitzgerald’s application for a bench warrant to

arrest Waggy included: (1) a motion and order requesting that

a bench warrant issue; (2) the supporting Affidavit of Facts

completed by Detective Holy for the felony harassment

charge; (3) an additional follow-up report from Detective

Holy dated April 16, 2004; and (4) a report from the Department of Corrections to the presiding judge regarding the

court’s specially-imposed conditions as of March 31, 2004.

Waggy argues that the only documentation attesting to his

supervision violation is DPA Fitzgerald’s motion and order.

He claims that the remaining documents are devoid of any

indication that he violated the terms of his restrictions. This,

he says, is evidence that DPA Fitzgerald’s actions were not

that of a lawyer, but instead those of a complaining witness.

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However, Waggy is mistaken and his reliance on Kalina

misplaced. We think this case is more akin to Tanner v. Heise,

879 F.2d 572, 578 (9th Cir. 1989), where the plaintiff, Steve

Tanner, alleged that the prosecutor for the City of Bonners

Ferry, Idaho, had conspired with a local magistrate judge to

issue an invalid bench warrant for his arrest. The district court

granted the prosecutor absolute immunity because he was

“acting in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity” when he

sought the bench warrant. Id. (quoting Tanner v. Heise, 672

F. Supp. 1356, 1359 (D. Idaho 1987), rev’d on other grounds,

879 F.2d 572 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted)). We agreed,

holding that the prosecutor acted within his authority because,

under the facts as alleged by Tanner, the prosecutor was

essentially being sued for instituting a prosecution. Id.

[3] Contrary to Waggy’s assertion, DPA Fitzgerald’s

motion for a bench warrant essentially constituted the initiation of new judicial proceedings against him for violating the

terms of his community placement, and was not an investigative act undertaken by DPA Fitzgerald. The motion explicitly

states that it “is based upon the records and files” attached as

exhibits. It explains to the court how Waggy violated the

terms of his supervision and directs the judge to the attached

documents as evidence of the supporting facts. While it is true

that DPA Fitzgerald was the only person to argue that the

facts alleged by Detective Holy constituted a violation of

Waggy’s conditions of supervision as directed by the Department of Corrections and the sentencing court, her actions

were those of an attorney and not of a sworn witness. Presenting a motion which states the law and attaching affidavits

averring to the facts “clearly involve[s] the prosecutor’s ‘role

as advocate for the State,’ rather than [her] role as ‘administrator or investigative officer.” Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478,

491 (1991) (quoting Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430-31). Further, the

act of procuring a bench warrant is one “intimately associated

with the judicial phase of the criminal process,” Imbler, 424

U.S. at 430, as it is normally part of the initiation of criminal

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proceedings, see Sweat v. Arkansas, 469 U.S. 1172, 1177

(1985) (Brennan, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari).

[4] Therefore, we conclude that where a prosecutor submits a motion for a bench warrant to the court applying the

law to facts alleged in supporting affidavits signed by witnesses, she is acting not in an investigative capacity, but

instead as a judicial advocate before the court. This entitles

her to absolute prosecutorial immunity from suit for civil

rights claims arising from the discharge of her duties.

B

[5] We turn next to Waggy’s two claims against Spokane

County. Municipalities are considered “persons” under 42

U.S.C. § 1983 and thus may be liable for causing a constitutional deprivation. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S.

658, 690 (1978). “[I]t is only when execution of a government’s policy or custom inflicts the injury that the municipality as an entity is responsible.” Long v. County of Los

Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Monell,

436 U.S. at 690). A policy has been defined as “a deliberate

choice to follow a course of action . . . made from among various alternatives by the official or officials responsible for

establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in

question.” Id. (additional citations omitted). 

[6] It is well established in our precedent that “[a] policy

can be one of action or inaction.” Id. (citing City of Canton

v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989)). Both types of claims

require that the plaintiff prove a constitutional violation. 42

U.S.C. § 1983; see also Long, 442 F.3d at 1186 (“To impose

liability against a county for its failure to act, a plaintiff must

show . . . that a county employee violated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights . . . .”); Erdman v. Cochise County, 926 F.2d

877, 882 (9th Cir. 1991) (“In order to establish [plaintiff’s]

right to proceed to trial on his municipal liability claim, the

court must first determine that a constitutional violation has

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occurred . . . .”). Additionally, in order to prove that an “action” policy is unconstitutional, the claimant “must . . . demonstrate that his deprivation resulted from an official policy or

custom established by a municipal policymaker possessed

with final authority to establish that policy.” Erdman, 926

F.2d at 882. Under an “inaction” policy claim, “a plaintiff can

allege that through its omissions the municipality is responsible for a constitutional violation committed by one of its

employees.” Long, 442 F.3d at 1185. In Canton, the Supreme

Court held that a municipality’s failure to train its employees

is one such claim of omission or inaction by the municipality.

489 U.S. at 392.

[7] Waggy asserts a claim under each type of policy. First,

he argues that Spokane County had a constitutionally impermissible policy, practice, or custom that was violative of his

rights. However, as the district court properly held, he failed

to allege any facts supporting this claim. He points us to no

express county policy or custom, and he provides no evidence

showing even an inference that such a procedure exists.

Because he has created no genuine issue of material fact as to

the county’s policies, practices, or customs, we hold that the

district court did not err in granting summary judgment on

this claim. See In re Joye, 578 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir.

2009) (“Summary judgment is appropriate where the evidence

demonstrates that there are no genuine issues of material fact

for trial and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”).

For the same reason the district court properly granted summary judgment to Spokane County on Waggy’s second claim

—that of inaction by the county. He insists that the county

violated his constitutional rights by conducting inadequate

training and supervision of its prosecutors in securing bench

warrants. Here, he fails to provide any facts indicating either

what training practices were employed by the county at the

time of the alleged constitutional violation, or what type of

constitutionally-mandated training was lacking. Summary

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judgment was properly granted on this claim because there is

no genuine issue of material fact created as to the county’s

procedures regarding the supervision or training of its prosecutors. See id.

III

We hold that the district court properly awarded absolute

immunity to DPA Fitzgerald for her actions because she was

acting as a judicial advocate for the State before the court, and

not as a complaining witness. Furthermore, summary judgment in favor of Spokane County was proper because on this

record there exist no triable issues of material fact as to Spokane County’s policies regarding how prosecutors secure

bench warrants for the arrest of an individual under supervision. 

AFFIRMED.

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