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Parties Involved:
Peter Graves
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0168n.06

No. 19-5268

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

PETER GRAVES,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

OPINION

BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Peter Graves appeals his 82-month sentence, imposed 

after a jury convicted him of attempted witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1512(b)(2)(A). Graves argues that the sentence imposed by the district court was procedurally 

unreasonable and that there was insufficient evidence to convict. For the following reasons, we 

AFFIRM Graves’s sentence and the judgment of the district court denying Graves a new trial. 

I. 

In 2016, a federal grand jury indicted Graves for being a felon knowingly in possession of 

a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Graves pleaded not guilty. While awaiting trial, 

Graves addressed a letter to Jeni Hill, a potential witness, urging her to check herself into a mental 

health treatment facility to avoid being compelled to testify at trial. He wrote, in part: “hey, baby, 

by any chance when you get this letter, when the day comes go check yourself into Pathways [a 

mental health facility]. Tell them you are stressed and you have a lot going on with yourself, so 

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United States v. Graves

2

they may not be [able to] go through with this.” (R. 98 at PageID 379) Graves also placed 

telephone calls to Hill on a recorded line from the detention facility. During the calls, Graves 

again encouraged Hill to check herself into a mental institution, suggested that she go stay with 

his cousin in Nashville, and asked that they rehearse Hill’s testimony. 

In 2017, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment against Graves, adding a count 

of “knowingly attempt[ing] to corruptly persuade Jeni Hill by corrupt persuasion with the intent 

to cause or induce Jeni Hill to withhold testimony from trial,” in violation of the federal witness 

tampering statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A). Following two days of the government presenting 

proof in a jury trial, at which the letter and phone call between Graves and Hill were admitted as 

exhibits, the jury found Graves not guilty of the firearms offense and guilty of the witness 

tampering charge. Graves filed a motion for a new trial, challenging, among other things, the 

sufficiency of the evidence for the conviction on the witness tampering charge. The district court 

denied that motion.

At sentencing, the district court applied enhancements under U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) 

and 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) to the base offense level, and it determined the Guideline range to be 51 to 63 

months. The court then granted the government’s motion for an upward departure and sentenced 

Graves to 82 months of imprisonment. Graves timely appealed.

On appeal, Graves argues that the sentence imposed by the district court was procedurally 

unreasonable, and that the government did not present evidence sufficient to prove the witness 

tampering offense. We address each argument in turn. 

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II.

A. Procedural Reasonableness of the Sentence

The only argument that Graves makes with respect to the procedural reasonableness of his 

sentence is that the district court improperly applied an obstruction-of-justice enhancement under 

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. However, the Presentence Investigation Report did not impose any 

enhancements under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, and neither did the district court at sentencing. Graves did 

not challenge the enhancements that the district court did apply, nor did he challenge the upward 

departure. Accordingly, Graves forfeited any such arguments. United States v. Wooden, 945 F.3d 

498, 506 (6th Cir. 2019) (citing Island Creek Coal Co. v. Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 257 (6th Cir. 

2018) (“[W]e have long held that a party forfeits any claim that is not set forth in the party’s 

opening brief.”). 

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

With respect to the sufficiency of the evidence for the witness tampering conviction, 

Graves submits, without any further argument, that “there was insufficient proof present [sic] to 

the Jury upon which could be the foundation for a conviction.” (Appellant Br. at 16) That barebones assertion, which does not even address the evidence the government presented, also 

constitutes a forfeiture of Graves’s argument. See McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995 (6th 

Cir. 1997) (citations omitted) (first and third alterations in original) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a 

perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed 

[forfeited]. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, 

leaving the court to . . . put flesh on its bones.”). 

But, even assuming Graves did not forfeit his argument, the jury had more than sufficient 

evidence to convict Graves. We must uphold a conviction “if the evidence, viewed in the light 

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United States v. Graves

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most favorable to the government, would allow a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Solorio, 337 F.3d 580, 588 (quotation omitted) (6th 

Cir. 2003). We “neither independently weigh[] the evidence, nor judge[] the credibility of 

witnesses who testified at trial.” United States v. Talley, 164 F.3d 989, 996 (citation omitted) (6th 

Cir. 1999). 

Graves was convicted under the federal witness tampering statute, which makes it a crime 

to “knowingly use[] intimidation, threaten[], or corruptly persuade[] another person, or attempt[] 

to do so, or engage[] in misleading conduct toward another person, with intent to . . . cause or 

induce any person to . . . withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or other object, from 

an official proceeding.” 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A). We have held that a defendant urging a 

witness in an official proceeding to lie is sufficient evidence of witness tampering. See United 

States v. Burns, 298 F.3d 523, 540 (6th Cir. 2002) (“[Defendant] attempted to ‘corruptly persuade’ 

[the witness] by urging him to lie about the basis of their relationship”); United States v. Lavictor, 

848 F.3d 428, 458–59 (6th Cir. 2017) (“[Defendant’s] conduct in this case was tantamount to an 

encouragement to lie” because “[h]e wrote out an affidavit and requested that [the witness] copy 

it in her own handwriting and present it to the court.”). 

Here, Graves’s letter and subsequent call to Hill show that he encouraged Hill to feign 

mental stress and check herself into a hospital for the purpose of making herself unavailable to 

testify against him. In other words, he urged Hill to engage in fraud to resist a lawful subpoena to 

testify, and he thereby “induce[d] [Hill] to . . . withhold testimony . . . from an official proceeding.” 

18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A). This proof was sufficient to sustain Graves’s conviction of witness 

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tampering under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A). See Burns, 298 F.3d at 540; Lavictor, 848 F.3d at 

458–59.

III. 

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Graves’s sentence and the district court’s 

judgment denying Graves a new trial.

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