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Parties Involved:
Easton Technical Products, Inc.
Appellee
North American Stainless

Darcy Yonts
Appellant

Document Text:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 17a0032n.06

No. 16-5437

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DARCY YONTS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

NORTH AMERICAN STAINLESS,

Intervenor,

v.

EASTON TECHNICAL PRODUCTS, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

BEFORE: NORRIS, GIBBONS, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

ROGERS, Circuit Judge. A second-hand carbon fiber arrow manufactured by Easton 

Technical Products broke and impaled the webbing of Darcy Yonts’s hand after he drew and 

released the arrow from his bow. Yonts sued Easton over the incident for strict and negligent 

products liability, breach of warranty, and a violation of Kentucky’s Consumer Protection Act. 

His primary contention was based on the manufacturer’s allegedly inadequate warning of the 

danger. Yonts had seen a warning that was on the arrow itself, which referred to a website with 

more extensive warnings. After excluding Yonts’s proffered expert testimony, the district court 

granted summary judgment in favor of Easton on all of Yonts’s claims, which he now appeals. 

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The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the expert testimony, and Easton was

entitled to summary judgment on each of Yonts’s substantive claims.

I.

The incident at issue in this case occurred about a year after Yonts began practicing 

archery. On August 26, 2010, Yonts was target-shooting with Easton-manufactured carbon fiber 

arrows in the yard with his son. Upon drawing and releasing one of the arrows, it broke and 

impaled Yonts’s left hand. Yonts had previously purchased the arrow in question second-hand 

from a friend.

Because Yonts did not receive the arrow in its original packaging, the only warning 

message he had access to was on the arrow’s shaft. The on-arrow message stated: “SEE 

WARNINGS & USE at www.bsafe.ws or 877-INFO-ETP.” Yonts admitted in response to 

Easton’s interrogatories that he was “aware of the information” on the arrow before the incident 

occurred. He also stated in his deposition that he “noticed” and “s[aw] the warning on the arrow 

before the incident.” The website reads, and the phone line states:

WARNING FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS TO AVOID PERSONAL 

INJURY. SEE WARNINGS AND USE @ www.bsafe.ws or 877-INFO-ETP

Warnings and Use

ARROW BREAKAGE

An arrow shaft can become damaged from impacts with hard objects or other 

arrows, or after being shot into a game animal. A damaged arrow could break 

upon release and injure you or a bystander. You must carefully inspect each 

arrow shaft, nock and other components before each shot to see that they have not 

been damaged. Before shooting, place the arrow between your thumb and 

fingers, and using your other hand to slowly rotate the shaft, run your fingertips 

along the entire arrow length, feeling and looking closely for nicks, cracks, splits, 

dents, or other marks that could indicate the shaft has been damaged. When 

checking carbon arrows, perform the following additional tests:

1. Grasp the shaft just above the point and below the nock, then 

flex the arrow in an arc (bending it away from you and others) 

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with a deflection of 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm), and listen for 

cracking noises. Perform this test four to six times, rotating the 

arrow slightly between each flex until you have gone around 

the entire arrow. If you hear or feel cracking, the carbon has 

been damaged.

2. While still holding the point and fletching ends, twist the shaft 

in both directions. If the arrow “relaxes” or twists easily, the 

carbon has been damaged.

If an arrow has been damaged, or if you believe it has been damaged, do not shoot 

it again, as it could break on release, and sharp arrow pieces could hit and injure 

you or someone nearby.

Despite being aware of the on-arrow message, Yonts never followed the URL or called the 

phone number. So he never read or heard this warning.

Yonts sued Easton over the incident, alleging strict and negligent products liability—

including design-defect, manufacturing-defect, and failure-to-warn theories—breach of express 

and implied warranty, and a violation of Kentucky’s Consumer Protection Act (KCPA). During 

discovery, Yonts asked Easton to produce information related to “each incident . . . in which 

someone reportedly was injured in any manner by an arrow manufactured, distributed or sold by 

your company.” Easton objected to the request as overly broad and supplied only information 

for incidents that occurred between 2005 and 2012 and involved the same type of shaft that 

caused Yonts’s injury, which included two product lines. Yonts then filed a motion to compel 

Easton to provide incident reports for all fifty of its carbon-arrow product lines, which the district 

court denied.

By the time the case reached the summary judgment stage, Yonts conceded that he had 

no expert testimony to support his manufacturing- and design-defect theories, and the district 

court dismissed those claims accordingly. That left only a failure-to-warn theory of strict and 

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negligent products liability. In support of his failure-to-warn claims, Yonts offered four opinions 

from human-factors expert Dr. Carol Pollack-Nelson:

1. It is reasonable and foreseeable that a consumer will not notice the on-arrow 

“warning message” as it is entirely inconspicuous, particularly in contrast to 

other messages found on the Arrow.

2. Easton’s website instructions were important but not adequate to effectively 

communicate the message to the user.

3. Easton should have made efforts to mitigate the arrow breakage hazard in the 

design of its arrows. Because Easton relies entirely on warnings and 

instructions to mitigate this hazard, it was imperative that Easton monitor and 

measure consumer awareness, understanding, and compliance with warning 

messages and make adjustments to the communication scheme, as necessary.

4. The content of the on-arrow message fails to adequately alert users to the 

hazard and draw them to the website. Mr. Yont’s [sic] failure to pursue the 

warning referred to on the Arrow by going to the website or the toll-free 

number was reasonable and foreseeable.

Yonts v. Easton Technical Prods., Inc., No. 3:11-cv-535-DJH, 2015 WL 3408937, at *4 (W.D. 

Ky. May 27, 2015) (alteration in original). A fifteen-page report accompanied Pollack-Nelson’s 

opinions.

Pursuant to Easton’s Rule 702 and Daubert challenge, the district court rejected each of 

Pollack-Nelson’s opinions as inadmissible. The court reasoned that the first two opinions are

irrelevant to Yonts’s failure-to-warn claims, id.; Pollack-Nelson is not qualified to give the third, 

id. at *5; and the fourth is unreliable, id. Having left no expert testimony to support Yonts’s 

failure-to-warn theory, the district court granted Easton summary judgment on Yonts’s 

remaining strict and negligent products liability claims. See id. at 6. The court reasoned: 

“[Yonts] offers no evidence to support his conclusion that the Arrow was ‘unreasonably’ and 

‘inherently dangerous.’ . . . Yonts says the warnings were inadequate, but he has no evidence of 

a dangerous condition that required a warning in the first place. . . . Moreover, Yonts offers no 

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causation evidence.” Id. at *5–6. The district court also granted summary judgment to Easton 

on Yonts’s breach of warranty and KCPA claims, reasoning that second-hand purchasers may 

not sue a product’s manufacturer under either cause of action.

Yonts now appeals the district court’s decision to exclude Pollack-Nelson’s expert 

testimony and to grant summary judgment in favor of Easton on his strict and negligent products 

liability, breach of express warranty, and KCPA claims. Yonts also challenges the district 

court’s dismissing his motion to compel and rejecting his claim to punitive damages.

II. Expert Testimony

The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Dr. Pollack-Nelson’s expert 

opinions. This court overturns a district court’s evidentiary ruling only when no reasonable court 

could agree with the district court’s decision. Rye v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co., 889 F.2d 100, 

101 (6th Cir. 1989). Here, after finding that Yonts “saw and read” the on-arrow message, the 

district court reasonably concluded that the first expert opinion—stating that the on-arrow 

message is “entirely inconspicuous”—is irrelevant to Yonts’s claims. Given that the current onarrow message was enough to attract Yonts’s attention, a bolder, flashier statement would not 

have made a difference.

The district court was also reasonable in deciding that the second expert opinion—

concluding that Easton’s website instructions are inadequate—is irrelevant. Yonts’s failure-towarn claims begin and end with the on-arrow message. If Yonts proves that the on-arrow 

message is inadequate—either because the text is inconspicuous or because the message fails to 

convey the urgency necessary to motivate users to visit the website or call the phone number—

and that inadequacy caused his failure to visit the website or call the number, his claim succeeds. 

The analysis has nothing to do with the website’s warning. On the other hand, if the on-arrow

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message is adequate, or if the message’s inadequacy did not cause Yonts’s failure to visit the 

website or call the number, the claim fails regardless of whether the website message is effective. 

In that case, Yonts’s own indifference prevented him from visiting the website, so its content 

does not matter. Either way, the website and phone message is irrelevant, so the district court 

did not abuse its discretion when it held that Pollack-Nelson’s second opinion makes no 

difference to Yonts’s case.

Furthermore, the district court reasonably concluded that Pollack-Nelson is not qualified 

to give her third expert opinion—that Easton should have taken other steps to make its carbon 

arrows safe. Pollack-Nelson describes her role as a human-factors expert as follows: “I look at 

product designs and talk to [clients] about hazards that the product presents and the best way of 

dealing with that. So, whether that’s through an engineering design fix which I would then pass 

off to an engineer, the warnings, the instructions; I talk about warning effectiveness, consumer 

perception of warnings.” Pollack-Nelson may be qualified to testify about how the arrow’s 

warning interacts with the product’s overall safety. However, a large portion of her third opinion 

focuses on Easton’s failure to pursue engineering modifications, such as a protective covering on 

the arrow’s shaft. But Pollack-Nelson admits she is not qualified to give any opinion on the 

feasibility of such design alternatives. Furthermore, Pollack-Nelson never investigated, outside 

of deposition testimony, Easton’s efforts to make its carbon arrows safe. It is misleading to put 

so much weight on potential design alternatives when there is no evidence that feasible 

alternatives exist and minimal evidence that Easton has not pursued any. Given this shaky basis 

for Pollack-Nelson’s third opinion, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to reject 

it as inadmissible.

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Finally, the district court reasonably concluded that Pollack-Nelson’s fourth opinion—

stating that the on-arrow message “fails to adequately alert users to the hazard and draw them to 

the website”—is inadmissible. Under Kentucky products liability law, a warning is adequate if it

conveys the product’s underlying risk to a reasonable consumer. Post v. Am. Cleaning Equip. 

Corp., 437 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Ky. Ct. App. 1968). In turn, determining whether a particular 

warning sufficiently conveys the product’s underlying danger requires examining the likelihood 

and seriousness of the risk involved. Edwards v. Hop Sin, Inc., 140 S.W.3d 13, 16 (Ky. Ct. App. 

2003). It follows, then, that to comment on a warning’s effectiveness, an expert must put the 

warning in context with a thorough understanding of the underlying risk.

The problem with Pollack-Nelson’s fourth opinion is that she attempts to comment on the 

adequacy of the on-arrow message, and goes further to say what changes should be made to the 

message, with no qualifications or background knowledge to comment on the nature of the risk 

carbon fiber arrows pose. She is not an engineering expert, and she has never claimed to have 

any technical knowledge about carbon fiber arrows or the material itself. Furthermore, PollackNelson’s only attempt to learn about the hazard, which she describes as the “potential for the 

arrow to sort of forcefully shatter and puncture the hand,” involved informal interviews with

archery retailers over the phone and employees at a Dick’s Sporting Goods location. PollackNelson’s opinions about certain warning characteristics being more effective than others—e.g., 

pictograms are bolder than text—may be reliable in the Daubert sense, because she uses peerreviewed literature to support them. However, she has no reliable basis for connecting the form 

of the on-arrow message with its adequacy to convey to a reasonable user an understanding of 

the underlying risk. Pollack-Nelson’s fourth opinion therefore would not help a jury understand 

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the on-arrow message’s adequacy, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding 

it.

III. Summary Judgment

Easton was entitled to summary judgment on Yonts’s strict liability and negligent failureto-warn claims, because there is not enough evidence in the record of an unreasonably dangerous 

condition to create a question of fact for the jury. Kentucky follows the Second Restatement of 

Torts approach to products liability, which requires a “defective condition unreasonably 

dangerous” to impose liability. Montgomery Elevator Co. v. McCullough, 676 S.W.2d 776, 780 

(Ky. 1984). For strict liability, proving an unreasonably dangerous condition is enough; the 

doctrine presumes that the manufacturer knows about the condition. Ostendorf v. Clark Equip. 

Co., 122 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Ky. 2003). For negligence, the plaintiff must also prove that the 

manufacturer could “foresee the harm” and did not “act reasonably to prevent” it. Id. Whether 

the product adequately warns consumers of an inherent danger is a “factor[] bearing on the 

principal question” of whether the product is unreasonably dangerous “rather than [a] separate 

legal question[].” Id. at 780–81. An inadequate warning, alone, is not enough to make a product 

unreasonably dangerous; there must be some dangerous condition to warn about in the first 

place. The district court held that Yonts’s failure-to-warn claims failed because he had “no 

evidence of [such] a dangerous condition.” Yonts, 2015 WL 3408937, at *5.

Yonts wrongly tries to recast the district court’s reasoning as confusing the defectivedesign and failure-to-warn theories of products liability. He cites Clark v. Hauck Manufacturing 

Co., 910 S.W.2d 247 (Ky. 1995), overruled on other grounds by Martin v. Ohio County Hospital 

Corp., 295 S.W.3d 104 (Ky. 2009), and Shea v. Bombardier Recreational Products, Inc., No. 

2011-CA-000999-MR, 2012 WL 4839527 (Ky. Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2012), in support. Neither case 

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supports his position, however. In Clark, the Kentucky Supreme Court rejected a jury 

instruction that required the jury to find both a defective design and an inadequate warning to 

sustain a strict products liability claim. See 910 S.W.2d at 250–51. Nothing in the court’s 

holding or reasoning suggests, however, that a consumer does not have to prove an underlying 

danger to support her products liability action. Shea is also unhelpful to Yonts’s position. In 

Shea, the Kentucky Court of Appeals approved of a jury instruction that described failure-towarn strict liability: “As marketed and distributed by Defendant . . . the [product] was 

unreasonably dangerous, without reasonable notice or warning of danger, and the owner’s 

manual or labeling of the [product] was not reasonably adequate to warn an ordinary prudent 

person that she might be injured.” 2012 WL 4839527, at *3. This instruction explains that a 

manufacturer can be liable if its product lacks an adequate warning of danger. Again, Shea

reinforces that a successful failure-to-warn claim requires an underlying dangerous condition. 

The district court therefore did not err by reasoning that the arrow must have such a condition 

before the adequacy of the arrow’s warning even becomes relevant to Yonts’s failure-to-warn 

theory.

Without evidence connecting the carbon arrow’s propensity to break with the 

effectiveness of Easton’s on-arrow message, there is not enough evidence of a “defective 

condition unreasonably dangerous” for Yonts’s failure-to-warn claims to survive summary 

judgment. Easton acknowledges several times in the record that worn or misused carbon fiber 

arrows can break and cause injury. Arguably this evidence of the arrow’s propensity to break is 

enough to show an underlying dangerous condition, which the district court found missing. 

However, Yonts’s failure-to-warn claims still fail, because there is no evidence in the record 

about what warning is required to alert the reasonable user to this risk. As discussed above, Dr. 

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Pollack-Nelson is not qualified to opine on the seriousness and likelihood of the risk, and no 

other record evidence purports to do so. Easton was therefore entitled to summary judgment on 

Yonts’s failure-to-warn theory.

Easton was also entitled to summary judgment on Yonts’s breach of express warranty

and KCPA claims, because Yonts was not in a contractual relationship with Easton. Under 

Kentucky Revised Statutes § 355.2-318, express warranties only extend “to any natural person 

who is in the family or household of his buyer or who is a guest in his home if it is reasonable to 

expect that such person may use, consume or be affected by the goods.” Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. 

§ 355.2-318 (LexisNexis 2008). The Kentucky Supreme Court has interpreted this provision to 

mean what it says; only the original purchaser and the members of her household mentioned in 

the statute may maintain a cause of action for breach of warranty. Williams v. Fulmer, 

695 S.W.2d 411, 414 (Ky. 1985). Similarly under the KCPA, “a subsequent purchaser may not 

maintain an action against a seller with whom he did not deal.” Skilcraft Sheetmetal, Inc. v. Ky. 

Mach., Inc., 836 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Ky. Ct. App. 1992); see Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 367.220. It is 

undisputed that Yonts is not the original purchaser of the Easton arrow that injured him; he 

bought the arrow second-hand. Therefore, under Kentucky law, Yonts does not have a cause of 

action against Easton for breach of express warranty or under the KCPA.

The two cases Yonts relies on for the proposition that consumers do not have to be in 

privity with the manufacturer to sue the manufacturer for these claims are unpersuasive and 

distinguishable. The first is Levin v. Trex Co., Inc., No. 3:10-cv-692-CRS, 2012 WL 7832713 

(W.D. Ky. Mar. 5, 2012). In Levin, a consumer sued the manufacturer of a particular decking 

material, which the consumer had purchased through a retailer, alleging breach of express 

warranty. The warranty at issue stated that it ran to the “‘individual residential homeowner’ 

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purchasing the product.” Id. at *2. The federal district court held that, while Kentucky law 

normally requires buyer–seller privity to maintain a cause of action for breach of warranty, the 

Kentucky Supreme Court would give the consumer standing in the case because the “express 

limited warranty was intended to benefit the residential homeowners and not the distributors who 

sold [the] product.” Id. at *4. In the second case, Naiser v. Unilever U.S., Inc., 975 F. Supp. 2d 

727 (W.D. Ky. 2013), the same court expanded this rationale to include scenarios where the 

“express warranties were clearly intended for the product’s consumers,” even if the warranties 

did not “expressly state that they run directly to the intended consumers.” Id. at 739–40.

Yonts’s case is factually distinguishable from Levin and Naiser. In Levin and Naiser, the 

consumer purchased the defective product directly from a retailer; there was only one 

middleman. In contrast, because Yonts purchased the Easton arrow second-hand, at least one 

other consumer separates him from any retailer or distributor, let alone the actual manufacturer. 

If a consumer so far removed from the manufacturer could claim express-warranty or KCPA 

protection, §§ 355.2-318’s and 367.220’s limitations would be meaningless. Thus, the rationale 

of Levin and Naiser does not apply to Yonts’s breach of warranty and KCPA claims, and Easton 

was entitled to summary judgment on both.

IV. Motion to Compel

Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Yonts’s motion to 

compel production of the accident history for all of Easton’s carbon-arrow product lines. The 

standard of review of the district court’s decision is highly deferential; “the trial judge’s decision

is to be given ‘great latitude.’” Rye, 889 F.2d at 102. While Yonts asserts that incident reports 

from all of Easton’s carbon-arrow product lines could have been relevant—given all carbon 

arrows’ propensity to break and Easton’s uniform warning—Yonts has not shown that it was 

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unreasonable for the district court to limit discovery to two product lines. The district court 

could have easily determined that requiring Easton to come forward with information for each of 

its fifty carbon-arrow lines would have been overly burdensome and unnecessary in light of the 

information Easton had already given. Such a determination is within the sound discretion of the 

district court.

V. Punitive Damages

Because Yonts has no successful cause of action to entitle him to punitive damages, this 

court has no occasion to reach the merits of his argument that his case warrants punitive 

damages.

VI.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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