Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-00812/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-00812-2/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Arsh & Jot LLC
Defendant
Hendrik Block
Plaintiff

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

HENDRIK BLOCK,

Plaintiff,

v.

ARSH & JOT LLC,

Defendant.

Case No. 1:24-cv-0812 JLT SAB

ORDER ADOPTING IN PART THE 

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 

GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S 

MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT, 

DISMISSING PLAINTIFF’S STATE LAW 

CLAIMS WITHOUT PREJUDICE, AND 

DIRECTING THE CLERK OF COURT TO 

CLOSE THE CASE 

(Docs. 8, 13)

Hendrik Block seeks default judgment against Arsh & Jot LLC, for violating Title III of 

the Americans with Disabilities Act and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. (See Docs. 1, 8.)

For the reasons set forth below, the motion for default judgment is granted in part. The Court 

finds default judgment is appropriate for the claim arising under the ADA but declines to exercise 

supplemental jurisdiction and dismisses the claims arising under state law without prejudice.

I. Relevant Background

Block reports he “is substantially limited in his ability to walk, and must use a cane, 

walker, wheelchair or electric scooter for mobility.” (Doc. 1 at 2, ¶ 8.) He asserts he visited the 

facility known as “1 Stop Liquor” to purchase water and snacks on November 30 and December 

6, 2023. (Id., ¶ 10.) Block alleges he “personally encountered barriers (both physical and 

intangible)” at 1 Stop Liquor that interfered with his ability to use and enjoy the services. (Id. at 

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2, ¶ 10.) Specifically, Block asserts that “[i]t was difficult ... to locate the designated accessible 

parking” in the parking lot, because “[t]he accessible parking lacks signage and proper pavement 

markings, and the existing pavement markings are extremely faded.” (Id. at 3, ¶ 10.) Block

contends he tripped “and almost fell” over a loose mat at the entrance during his November visit. 

(Id.) Further, Block reports that the aisles “lack sufficient clear width and contain 

missing/damaged floor tiles that create excessive slopes and height changes,” which caused 

difficulty when he used a cane in November 2023 and a wheelchair in December 2023. (Id.)

Block reports he is a resident of California and “regularly travels to the area” where 1 

Stop Liquor is located. (Doc. 1 at 2, ¶ 10.) Block asserts that he “was, and continues to be, 

deterred from visiting” 1 Stop Liquor because he knows the “goods, services, facilities, 

privileges, advantages, and accommodations were and are unavailable to [him] due to [his] 

physical disabilities.” (Id. at 3, ¶ 12.) According to Block, he will return to 1 Stop Liquor “once 

the barriers are removed” because he “enjoys the goods and services offered.” (Id.) 

On July 12, 2024, Block initiated this action by filing a complaint Arsh & Jot LLC, 

alleging: (1) violations of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, (2) violations of 

California’s Unruh Act, and (3) denial of full and equal access to public facilities under 

California’s Health and Safety Code. (Doc. 1 at 4-8.) Block asserted the defendant “possessed 

and enjoyed sufficient control and authority” to remove the barriers and ensure 1 Stop Liquor

complied with the 1991 ADA Accessibility Guidelines and/or the 2010 ADA Standards for 

Accessible Design. (Id. at 4, ¶ 14.) In addition, Block contends the defendant has “the financial 

resources to remove the [] barriers ... without much difficulty or expense[], and make the Facility 

accessible.” (Id. at 3, ¶ 13.)

Block served Arsh & Jot LLC with the summons and complaint on August 18, 2023. 

(Doc. 4.) After the defendant failed to respond to the complaint, Block requested the Court enter 

default. (Doc. 5.) The Clerk of Court entered default on September 10, 2024. (Doc. 5.) Block 

now seeks default judgment, requesting injunctive and declaratory relief, statutory damages under 

the Unruh Act, attorneys’ fees, and costs.

1

 (Doc. 8.)

1 Block does not seek default judgment over his claim arising under the California Health and Safety Code.

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II. Findings and Recommendations 

As an initial matter, the magistrate judge determined the Court has original jurisdiction 

over the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, based upon Block’s claim for violations of the 

ADA. (Doc. 13 at 6.) In addition, the magistrate judge noted that “the Court may exert 

supplemental jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, over [the] related state law claims under 

the Unruh Act, California Civil Code §§ 51, et seq.” (Id.)

The magistrate judge evaluated the factors set forth by the Ninth Circuit in Eitel v. 

McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1472 (9th Cir. 1986), and found the factors weighed in favor of granting 

the motion for default judgment. (Doc. 13.) Specifically, the magistrate judge found default 

judgment was appropriate for Block’s claim arising under the ADA, and recommended the 

requested injunctive relief be granted. (Id. at 9-18.) The magistrate judge also found default 

judgment was appropriate for the claim arising under the Unruh Act, and recommended awarding 

statutory damages in the amount of $4,000.00. (Id. at 15, 18.) Finally, the magistrate judge 

recommended Block be awarded attorneys’ fees in the modified amount of $1,562.50 and 

litigation expenses and costs in the amount of $765.75, for a total of $2,328.25. (Id. at 18-22.)

The Findings and Recommendations were served on Plaintiff, who mailed a copy to 

Defendant. (Doc. 14.) The Court informed the parties that any objections must be filed within 

14 days of the date of service. (Doc. 13 at 22.) In addition, the Court advised the parties that the 

“failure to file objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal.” 

(Id. at 23, citing Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014), Baxter v. Sullivan, 

923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991).) No objections were filed, and the time to do so expired.

III. Supplemental Jurisdiction

While noting the Court could take supplemental jurisdiction, the magistrate judge did not 

make any findings as to whether the Court should exercise jurisdiction over Block’s claims 

arising under state law, or whether exceptional circumstances exist to decline jurisdiction. As the 

magistrate judge observed, a court that has original jurisdiction over a civil action “shall have 

supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within 

such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of 

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the United States Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). State claims are part of the same case or 

controversy as federal claims “when they derive from a common nucleus of operative fact and are 

such that a plaintiff would ordinarily be expected to try them in one judicial proceeding.” Kuba v. 

1-A Agric. Assoc., 387 F.3d 850, 855-56 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks, citation 

omitted). Notably, the Ninth Circuit concluded ADA and Unruh Act claims that derive from a 

common nucleus of facts “form part of the ‘same case or controversy/ for purposes of § 1367(a).”

Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1209 (9th Cir. 2021).

Supplemental jurisdiction “is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff’s right” and district 

courts “can decline to exercise jurisdiction over pendent claims for a number of valid reasons.”

City of Chicago v. Int’l College of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 172 (1997) (internal quotation marks, 

citations omitted). A district court may “decline supplemental jurisdiction over a claim” if:

(1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, (2) the 

claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over 

which the district court has original jurisdiction, (3) the district court 

has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or (4) 

in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for 

declining jurisdiction.

28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). This provision is “a codification of the principles of economy, convenience, 

fairness, and comity that underlie the Supreme Court’s earlier jurisprudence concerning pendent 

jurisdiction.” Whitaker v. Mac, 411 F.Supp.3d 1108, 1113 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (citing Int’l Coll. of 

Surgeons, 522 U.S. at 172-73; see also United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966) 

(identifying the following as relevant factors: judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and 

comity, which together are the “Gibbs values”).

The Ninth Circuit does not require an “explanation for a district court’s reasons [for 

declining supplemental jurisdiction] when the district court acts under the first three provisions.”

San Pedro Hotel Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 159 F.3d 470, 478 (9th Cir. 1998). However, the 

Court is required to identify why circumstances may be “exceptional” when declining jurisdiction 

under Section 1367(c)(4). Arroyo v. Rosas, 19 F.4th 1202, 1210 (9th Cir. 2021). “A district 

court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over a state-law claim is reviewed for abuse 

of discretion.” Vo v. Choi, 49 F.4th 1167, 1171-72 (9th Cir. 2022).

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A. Jurisdiction under Section 1367(c)(4)

A court’s inquiry as to whether decline jurisdiction under Section 1367(c)(4) involves a 

two-part inquiry. Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210. First, the Court must identify “why the circumstances 

of the case are exceptional within the meaning of § 1367(c)(4).” Id. (citation omitted); see also 

San Pedro Hotel, 159 F.3d at 478-79. Second, to evaluate if “there are ‘compelling reasons for 

declining jurisdiction’ in a given case, the court should consider what ‘best serves the principles 

of economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine’

articulated in Gibbs.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1210 (citing Int'l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. at 172-73). 

These “inquiries are not particularly burdensome.” Id. (citation omitted.)

1. Exceptional circumstances

Significantly, “California adopted heightened pleading requirements for Unruh Act 

accessibility claims in an attempt to deter baseless claims and vexatious litigation” in 2012. 

Machowski v. Auburndale Props., 574 F.Supp.3d 776, 779 (C.D. Cal. 2021); see also Vo, 49 F.4th 

at 1170 (noting the state “imposed heightened pleading requirements” following the abuse of 

remedies under the Unruh Act). The state adopted further restrictions in 2015, after the 

heightened pleading requirements alone “did not substantially reduce vexatious filings.” Id.

(citing Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.50). The state targeted “high-frequency litigants,” which were 

defined as plaintiffs who “filed 10 or more complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility 

violation within the 12-month period immediately preceding the filing of the current complaint 

alleging a construction-related accessibility violation.” Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 425.55(b)(1). The 

Court’s review of its records indicates that Block may be subject to the heightened pleading and 

procedural standards that now apply to the high-frequency litigants.2 

Under California law, high-frequency litigants are now required to comply with the 

2 Previously, this Court found Block qualified as a high-frequency litigant. See Block v. Salem, 2023 WL 2938407, at 

*3 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2023) (noting that Block acknowledged in response to an order to show cause “that he would 

be considered a high-frequency litigant under California law”); see also Block v. Cal.-Fresno Investment Co., 2023 

WL 8675398, at *3 n.4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) (finding “Block filed 10 other disability access actions prior to this 

case in the Fresno Division of the Eastern District within 12 months”). Nevertheless, the Court is not required to 

determine whether Block currently qualifies as a high-frequency litigant. See Vo, 49 F.4th at 1174 (finding a district 

court is not required to determine whether a plaintiff is a high-frequency litigant or satisfied the heightened pleading 

requirements, because “[f]orcing the district court to determine if these two assertions are true would itself run afoul 

of the Gibbs values”). 

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following requirements:

(1) the complaint must allege whether it is filed by or on behalf of a 

high-frequency litigator; (2) the number of complaints alleging a 

construction related accessibility claim that were filed by the high 

frequency litigator in the past twelve months; (3) the reason the high 

frequency litigator was in the region of the defendant’s business; and 

(4) the specific reason that the high frequency litigator desired access 

to the defendant’s business.

Machowski, 574 F.Supp.3d at 779 (citation omitted, modifications adopted); see also Cal. Civ. 

Proc. Code § 425.50(a)(4)(A)). The high-frequency litigants must also pay an additional $1,000 

filing fee. Cal. Gov't. Code § 70616.5(a), (b). Importantly, these additional requirements apply 

only in the state court, and “plaintiffs can circumvent the restrictions on high-frequency litigants 

by filing their complaints in federal court, asserting federal question jurisdiction over the ADA 

claim and supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims.” Shayler v. 1310 PCH, LLC, 51 

F.4th 1015, 1018 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1207); see also Vo, 49 F.4th at 1170 

(“we assume ... these new requirements apply only in California state court”).

The Ninth Circuit—and district courts within the circuit—recognized an increase in 

disability access claims brought in federal court by the “high-frequency litigants” who would be 

subject to the additional requirements before the state. See, e.g., Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1211; 

Shayler, 51 F.4th at 1017-18 (observing that in the Central District alone, “the number of ADA 

cases has ballooned from 3 percent of its civil docket to roughly 20 percent in recent years”); 

Gilbert v. Bonfare Markets, Inc., 2023 WL 1803398, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2023) (noting “the 

burden the ever-increasing number of [accessibility] cases poses to the federal courts”); Arroyo v. 

Quach, Inc., 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18721, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2023) (“California federal 

courts have recently experienced a large influx of cases involving a federal claim under the ADA 

for failure to ensure that businesses are accessible to customers with disabilities, accompanied by 

a state-law claim under the Unruh Act”) (citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit attributed this 

increase to Unruh Act plaintiffs who sought to avoid the California requirements, “by filing in a 

federal forum in which [they] can claim these state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the 

state law’s requirements.” Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1211. As a result, the Ninth Circuit opined "the 

procedural strictures that California put in place have been rendered largely toothless...” Id.

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Having acknowledged the apparent avoidance by litigants who pursue their state claims in 

federal courts, the Ninth Circuit had “little difficulty” reaching the conclusion that “the legal 

landscape” concerning Unruh Act cases constitutes an exceptional circumstance within the 

meaning of Section 1367(c)(4). Vo, 49 F.4th at 1169 (citing Arroyo, 19 F.4th at 1214). Thus, 

numerous district courts in California “have declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 

Unruh Act ... claims brought alongside ADA claims.” Rutherford v. Nuway Ins. Agency Inc., 

2021 WL 4572008, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2021).

2. Compelling reasons to decline jurisdiction

The Court finds the Gibbs values of judicial economy and convenience weigh in favor of 

declining supplemental jurisdiction. Although the Court addressed the merits of the ADA claim

to the extent necessary to address the motion for default judgment, it has not been required to 

expend a significant amount of time and resources on the action as the claims were uncontested. 

See Whitaker v. Eye Phone City, 2020 WL 7065831, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2020) (finding 

judicial economy did not weigh in favor of supplemental jurisdiction where the parties had not yet 

engaged in discovery); see also Brooke v. Shelby Hosp. LLC., 2023 WL 5017996, at *2-3 (C.D. 

Cal. July 24, 2023) (declining supplemental jurisdiction and dismissing the state law claims when 

addressing a motion for default judgment brought by a high-frequency litigant, finding any 

concerns of judicial economy were outweighed by concerns of comity). Moreover, any 

inefficiencies created by the Court’s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction “are problems

ultimately that resulted from [the] plaintiff’s decision to file this [a]ction in federal, rather than 

state court.” See Whitaker v. Aftaliion, 2020 WL 5845724, at *4 (C.D. Cal. July 23, 2020).

Fairness also weighs in favor of declining supplemental jurisdiction over the Unruh Act 

claim. Block has not been prevented from receiving injunctive relief to remove the encountered 

accessibility barriers —the only relief available—under his ADA claim before the federal court. 

On the other hand, it would be unfair to permit Block to evade the limitations California imposed 

on his accessibility claims. See Schutza v. Cuddeback, 262 F. Supp. 3d 1025, 1031 (S.D. Cal. 

2017); see also Brooke v. Yang & Chang Int’l, 2024 WL 4003180, at *4 (C.D. Cal. July 30, 2024) 

(finding fairness weighed in favor of declining supplemental jurisdiction because “permitting a 

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plaintiff to pursue construction-related accessibility claims in this Court while evading the 

limitations California has imposed on such claims is unfair to defendants”).

Finally, comity weighs in favor of declining jurisdiction, particularly in light of the state’s 

efforts to thwart abuse of the legal system through the filing of unverified disability access 

claims. See, e.g., Marquez v. KBMS Hospitality Corp., 492 F. Supp. 3d 1058, 1064 (C.D. Cal. 

2020) (“To allow federal courts to become an escape hatch that allows high-frequency litigants to 

pursue such claims without satisfying California’s requirements is an affront to the comity 

between federal and state courts”); Block v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 2024 WL 333891, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 

Jan. 29, 2024) (comity weighed in favor of declining supplemental jurisdiction, because 

permitting the plaintiff to proceed before the district court would permit evasion of requirements 

imposed by the California legislature); Schutza v. Alessio Leasing, Inc., 2019 WL 1546950, at *4 

(S.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2019) (“By being ‘inefficient’ and declining to exercise supplemental 

jurisdiction ..., this Court is simply recognizing that California has a strong interest in 

interpreting and enforcing its own rules without federal courts serving as a convenient end-around 

for creative litigants. If that results in occasional inefficiency, it’s a worthwhile tradeoff.”).

IV. Conclusion and Order

According to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C), the Court performed a de novo review of this 

case. Having carefully reviewed the entire matter, the Court concludes the Findings and 

Recommendations are supported by the record and by proper analysis related to Block’s claim 

under the ADA, and he is entitled to receive the injunctive relief requested. An award of 

attorneys’ fees and costs is also appropriate, subject to the recommended modifications. However, 

as described above, there are “exceptional circumstances” and “compelling reasons” to decline 

supplemental jurisdiction over Block’s claims for violations of the Unruh Act and California 

Health & Safety Code. Accordingly, the Court declines to adopt the recommendations related to 

the claims arising under state law and exercises its discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction. 

Based upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS:

1. The Findings and Recommendations filed on November 22, 2024 (Doc. 13) are 

ADOPTED in part.

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2. The Court DECLINES to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s 

claims arising under state law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4).

3. Plaintiff’s claims for violations of the Unruh Act and the California Health & 

Safety Code are DISMISSED without prejudice.

4. Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment (Doc. 8) is GRANTED IN PART.

5. Judgment SHALL be entered in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendant.

6. Plaintiff’s request for statutory damages under California’s Unruh Act is DENIED.

7. Plaintiff’s request for fees, costs, and expenses is GRANTED IN PART, in the 

modified amount of $2,328.25.

8. Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief under the ADA is GRANTED.

9. Defendant SHALL make modifications within six months to the facility known as 

“1 Stop Liquor,” located at 407 East Cleveland Avenue, Madera, California 93638

to bring the property into compliance with the accessibility requirements of the 

Americans with Disabilities Act as follows:

a. Provide a properly configured and identified accessible parking stall with 

adjacent access aisle;

b. Properly secure or attach the floor mat at the Facility entrance; and

c. Provide and maintain accessible routes of travel down merchandise aisles 

in the Facility.

10. The Clerk of Court shall terminate any pending motions and close this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 22, 2024 

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