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Parties Involved:
Duwane Gilmore
Appellant
United States of America
Appellee

Document Text:

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-15742

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 6:14-cr-00183-GKS-TBS-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

DUWANE GILMORE, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(November 9, 2015)

Before JORDAN, JULIE CARNES and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Duwane Gilmore appeals his 120 month sentence that the district court 

imposed based on his career offender status after he pled guilty to two counts of 

bank robbery by force or violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). For the 

reasons set forth below, we affirm.

I.

After Mr. Gilmore pled guilty to two counts of bank robbery by force or 

violence, the probation office prepared a presentence investigation report (“PSI”). 

The PSI assigned Mr. Gilmore an offense level of 32 because it designated him as 

a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. That enhancement applies if the 

defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time he committed the instant 

offense of conviction; the instant offense is either a violent felony or a felony 

controlled substance offense; and the defendant has at least two prior felony 

convictions either of a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. 

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). The PSI stated that Mr. Gilmore was twenty-seven when he 

committed the robberies (which were crimes of violence), and that he had at least 

two prior predicate felony offenses. See id. § 4B1.1(b). 

The PSI listed four predicate offenses: a 2005 conviction for possession 

with intent to sell cannabis within 1000 feet of a place of worship; a 2009 

conviction for possession with intent to sell cannabis within 1000 feet of a school; 

a 2010 conviction for sale of cannabis within 1000 feet of a place of worship; and a 

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2012 conviction for recidivist battery. After a three-level reduction for acceptance 

of responsibility, Mr. Gilmore’s total offense level was 29. His criminal history 

category was VI, which yielded a guidelines range of 151 to 188 months’ 

imprisonment. 

Mr. Gilmore objected to the PSI’s use of his battery conviction as a 

predicate offense, acknowledging that binding circuit precedent established that 

battery was a violent felony under the career offender enhancement’s residual 

clause but preserving the argument for appeal. He also objected to the use of his 

drug convictions as predicate offenses because they did not necessarily involve an 

exchange of money, analogizing to cases holding that remuneration is required for 

an offense to qualify as “trafficking” under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, the guidelines 

provision governing unlawful reentry enhancements.

The district court overruled Mr. Gilmore’s objections, noting that “there’s 

ample convictions here to put him in the career offender category.” Doc. 53 at 9.1

 

The district court nonetheless varied downward from the guidelines range and 

sentenced Mr. Gilmore to 120 months’ imprisonment.

This is Mr. Gilmore’s appeal.

II.

 1 “Doc.” refers to the docket entry in the district court record in this case. 

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We review the district court’s determination that Mr. Gilmore qualified as a 

career offender de novo. United States v. Gibson, 434 F.3d 1234, 1243 (11th Cir. 

2006). For any challenge he raises for the first time on appeal, however, we 

review only for plain error. United States v. Ramirez-Flores, 743 F.3d 816, 821 

(11th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 948 (2015). We may reverse on that 

ground only if we find (1) error (2) that is plain and (3) affected the defendant’s 

substantial rights, and then only if (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, 

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. at 822. We review de 

novo issues of statutory interpretation, looking first to the plain language of the 

statute at issue. United States v. Segarra, 582 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 2009).

III.

To qualify as a career offender, a defendant must have at least two prior 

felony convictions for either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. 

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a)(3). As used in section 4B1.1, “controlled substance offense” 

is defined as:

an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for 

a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, 

export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance . . . or the 

possession of a controlled substance . . . with intent to manufacture, 

import, export, distribute, or dispense.

Id. § 4B1.2(b). The Florida statute under which Mr. Gilmore was convicted in 

2005, 2009, and 2010 provides that “a person may not sell, manufacture, or 

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deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled 

substance.” Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a). The possession with intent to sell or the sale 

of a controlled substance in violation of this statute within 1000 feet of a school or 

church is a felony punishable by up to fifteen years’ imprisonment. Id.

§ 893.13(1)(c)(2).

Mr. Gilmore contends that, because his prior convictions under Fla. Stat. 

§ 893.13(1)(a) did not necessarily require remuneration, the convictions cannot 

properly be classified as controlled substance offenses under the career offender 

enhancement. He contends that our holding in Young v. United States, 936 F.2d 

533 (11th Cir. 1991), established that a state crime qualifies as a “controlled 

substance offense” under section 4B1.2(b) only if it is substantially similar to a 

federal drug trafficking crime which, he urges, requires an exchange of money for 

drugs. See Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1686-87 (2013) (holding that a 

conviction under Georgia’s statute criminalizing possession with intent to 

distribute marijuana, which does not require remuneration, does not constitute 

“illicit trafficking in a controlled substance” under the Immigration and Nationality 

Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(43)(B), 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)).

But, the plain language of the “controlled substance offense” definition in 

the guidelines when Mr. Gilmore was sentenced, which includes “possession of a 

controlled substance . . . with intent to . . . distribute[] or dispense,” illustrates that 

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remuneration is not required. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.2(b). Mr. Gilmore’s contention 

otherwise is based on this Court’s interpretation of the guidelines definition before 

it was amended in 2013. We discussed this change in United States v. Smith, 775 

F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2014), in which we rejected the applicability of Young to the 

guidelines as amended. In Smith, we concluded that the appellant’s “reliance on 

Young is misplaced because the definition of ‘controlled substance offense’ that we 

interpreted in Young is distinct from the definition at issue in this appeal.” Id. at 

1268. “When we decided Young, ‘controlled substance offense’ was defined as an 

enumerated list of federal drug trafficking crimes and ‘similar offenses.’” Id.

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(2) (1988)). “But the definition of ‘controlled substance 

offense,’ in this appeal, does not reference drug trafficking or a class of ‘similar 

offenses.’” Id. (quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b) (2013)). Mr. Gilmore was sentenced 

under the amended definition of “controlled substance offense.” Thus, Mr. 

Gilmore’s reliance on Young similarly is misplaced. The district court did not err 

in overruling Mr. Gilmore’s objection on this ground.

For the first time on appeal, Mr. Gilmore additionally argues that his 

convictions under Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a) cannot be classified as predicate 

controlled substances offenses for purposes of the career offender enhancement 

because that statute contains no mens rea requirement, whereas the enhancement 

does. As Mr. Gilmore acknowledges, however, we also rejected this challenge in 

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Smith. See 775 F.3d at 1268 (“Section 893.13(1) of the Florida Statutes is . . . a 

‘controlled substance offense,’ U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). Neither [that] definition [nor 

the related ‘serious drug offense’ definition in the Armed Career Criminal Act] 

requires that a predicate state offense includes an element of mens rea with respect 

to the illicit nature of the controlled substance.”). We are bound to follow Smith

unless and until it is overruled by the Supreme Court or this Court sitting en banc. 

See United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2008). 

Accordingly, there was no error, plain or otherwise, in the imposition of the 

enhancement.

Mr. Gilmore had three prior convictions under Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a), each 

of which qualified as a predicate offense for the career offender enhancement. The 

enhancement requires only two prior convictions; thus, the district court properly 

applied it to Mr. Gilmore’s guidelines range. And, because we conclude that Mr. 

Gilmore had the requisite predicate offenses to qualify as a career offender, we 

need not discuss any impact that Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), 

may have on the status of Mr. Gilmore’s battery conviction as a qualifying offense. 

IV.

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm.

AFFIRMED. 

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