Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-akd-3_15-cv-00027/USCOURTS-akd-3_15-cv-00027-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
Country Mutual Insurance Company
Plaintiff
Ashley E. Leffler
Defendant

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF ALASKA

Country Mutual Insurance Company, )

)

Plaintiff, ) 3:15-cv-00027 JWS

)

vs. ) ORDER AND OPINION

)

Ashley E. Leffler, ) [Re: Motions at Docket 36 and 39]

)

Defendant. )

)

I. MOTIONS PRESENTED

Before the court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment filed under

Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Defendant Ashley E. Leffler (“Leffler”)

moves for summary judgment at docket 36. Plaintiff Country Mutual Insurance

Company (“Country”) opposes at docket 40 and cross-moves for summary judgment at

docket 39. Leffler opposes Country’s motion at docket 44 and replies in support of her

motion at docket 43. Country replies in support of its motion at docket 45.

Oral argument was heard on May 18, 2016.

II. BACKGROUND

Leffler suffered injuries as a passenger in an all-terrain vehicle (“ATV”) that

flipped over and crashed while driving alongside Badger Road in North Pole, Alaska. 

The ATV’s driver, Jacob Wegner (“Wegner”), was not insured, but Leffler was covered

by a policy issued by Country that included uninsured motorist (“UM”) and medical

payments coverage. In pertinent part, Leffler’s UM coverage provides that Country will

pay Leffler for injuries caused by the operator of an uninsured “motor vehicle.”1

1Doc. 36-4 at 5 (emphasis added).

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Similarly, Leffler’s medical payments coverage will pay Leffler reasonable medical

expenses related to bodily injuries she sustains while occupying “a non-owned

vehicle.”2

 Thus, Leffler’s eligibility for coverage under both sections depends on

whether the ATV is a “motor vehicle” or “vehicle,” as those terms are used in the policy. 

Country’s amended complaint seeks a declaratory judgment that the ATV is not

a vehicle and, therefore, Leffler is not entitled to either UM or medical expenses

coverage.3

 Both parties move for summary judgment.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”4

 The

materiality requirement ensures that “only disputes over facts that might affect the

outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary

judgment.”5 Ultimately, “summary judgment will not lie if the . . . evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”6 However, summary

judgment is mandated under Rule 56(c) “against a party who fails to make a showing

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on

which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”7

 The moving party has the burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact.8 Where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial

2Doc. 34-4 at 9 (emphasis added).

3Doc. 35 at 7 ¶¶ 19-21.

4Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

5Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

6

Id.

7Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

8

Id. at 323.

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on a dispositive issue, the moving party need not present evidence to show that

summary judgment is warranted; it need only point out the lack of any genuine dispute

as to material fact.9

 Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party

must set forth evidence of specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for

trial.10 All evidence presented by the non-movant must be believed for purposes of

summary judgment and all justifiable inferences must be drawn in favor of the

non-movant.11

 However, the non-moving party may not rest upon mere allegations or

denials, but must show that there is sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual

dispute to require a fact-finder to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at

trial.12

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Principles of Insurance Policy Interpretation 

Interpreting insurance policy language is a matter of law for the court.13 Because

insurance policies are contracts of adhesion, the court’s goal is to honor the “lay

insured’s reasonable expectations.”14 “In other words, ‘[t]he objectively reasonable

expectations of applicants and intended beneficiaries regarding the terms of insurance

contracts will be honored even though painstaking study of the policy provisions would

have negated those expectations.’”15

9

Id. at 323-25.

10Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49.

11

Id. at 255.

12

Id. at 248-49.

13See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Dowdy, 192 P.3d 994, 998 (Alaska 2008).

14

Id. See also C.P. ex rel. M.L. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 996 P.2d 1216, 1222 (Alaska 2000).

15C.P. ex rel. M.L., 996 P.2d at 1222 (quoting Jones v. Horace Mann Ins. Co., 937 P.2d

1360, 1362 n.3 (Alaska 1997)).

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When determining the insured’s reasonable expectations, courts look to “(1) the

language of the disputed provisions in the policy, (2) other provisions in the policy,

(3) extrinsic evidence, and (4) case law interpreting similar provisions.”16

 “Policy

language is construed in accordance with ordinary and customary usage.”17 Where the

plain language of the policy limits coverage, courts must honor those limitations.18

 Such

limitations are interpreted narrowly, whereas grants of coverage are interpreted

broadly.

19

 If there are two or more reasonable interpretations of particular policy

language, the court applies the interpretation that most favors the insured.20 

B. UM Coverage

As set out above, Leffler’s entitlement to UM coverage depends on whether the

ATV is a “motor vehicle” under the policy.

21

 The policy defines “motor vehicle” in two

places, first, in the general “definitions” section and second, in the UM coverage section

(Section 2) specifically. The general definition of “motor vehicle” would preclude

coverage because it defines “motor vehicle” as “a land motor vehicle designed for use

principally on public roads.”22 The parties agree that the ATV was not designed for use

principally on public roads.23

16Allstate Ins. Co. v. Teel, 100 P.3d 2, 4 (Alaska 2004).

17Allstate Ins. Co. v. Falgoust, 160 P.3d 134, 139 (Alaska 2007).

18C.P. ex rel. M.L., 996 P.2d at 1222.

19

Id.

20Falgoust, 160 P.3d at 138.

21Doc. 36-4 at 5.

22

Id. at 2.

23See the ATV’s user manual. Doc. 40-11 at 6 (“Never operate this vehicle on a public

road, even a dirt or gravel one, because you may not be able to avoid colliding with other

vehicles.”) (emphasis in original).

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But the parties also agree that the UM-coverage-specific definition, not the

general definition, controls. This specific definition lists various types of motor vehicles

that are not “motor vehicles” for UM coverage purposes.24

 Included on this list is a

motor vehicle described as “self-propelled equipment designed principally for use off

public roads,” but only when such equipment is not “on public roads.”25

 The parties

agree that, under this definition, Leffler is entitled to UM coverage if the ATV accident

occurred “on a public road.”26

The policy does not define “public road.” The Alaska Supreme Court has

defined this term generally as “a road that the public may freely use,”27 but that

definition is not helpful here because it only expands on the meaning of the word

“public,” which is not in dispute here. Instead, the parties dispute the m eaning of the

word “road.”

Leffler argues that, based on the Alaska Supreme Court’s decision in Sowinski,

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“road” is ambiguous and, therefore, the court should adopt the reasonable interpretation

of that term that is most in her favor. Leffler argues that the court should adopt a

24Doc. 36-4 at 6.

25

Id.

26Doc. 40 at 2. See also Hillman v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 758 P.2d 1248, 1250

(Alaska 1988) (“We find that the only reasonable interpretation of the ‘motor vehicle’ definition is

that advanced by Nationwide, i.e., that . . . motorized vehicles designed mainly for use off public

roads, such as an ATV, are ‘motor vehicles’ within the policy definition when they are used on

public roads.”) (emphasis in original).

27Sowinski v. Walker, 198 P.3d 1134, 1144 (Alaska 2008).

28Sowinski, 198 P.3d at 1144 (“[W]e agree with the . . . plaintiffs that the language of the

agreement is ambiguous. The State promised that the access road would be a ‘public road.’

. . . . The term ‘public road’ does not appear to have any particular meaning in Alaska law—it is

not defined either in Alaska statutes or regulations. While there are numerous roads in Alaska

that are accessible to the public that the State does not maintain, there are also a vast number

of roads used by the public that the State does maintain. Given these contradicting facts, it

would be possible based on the settlement’s language—though not necessary—for the State or

Carl Bingham to construe the settlement as obligating the State to maintain the access road.”).

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dictionary definition of “public road” that defines the term as a “way established and

adopted . . . for the use of the general public . . . for all purposes of travel or

transportation to which it is adopted and devoted.”29

 Country disagrees that “road” is an

ambiguous word, but it contradicts its own argument by supplying an alternative

definition of road that differs from Leffler’s definition.30

Leffler reads too much into Sowinski. There, the Alaska Supreme Court was

focusing on the “public” nature of the road in question, as the parties disputed whether

the state or a private property owner was responsible for maintaining an access road.31

The court did not conclude, as Leffler suggests, that the word “road” is an ambiguous

term. Regardless, even if “road” is ambiguous and, therefore, Leffler’s definition of the

term applies, her claim for UM benefits still fails.

The court’s task is not to interpret the phrase “public roads” in the abstract, but

rather to determine the objectively reasonable expectation of a lay insured regarding

the meaning of that phrase in the context of the coverage exclusion in Leffler’s policy. 

Courts that have considered similar exclusions have held that a reasonable insured

would understand that the phrase “public roads” is used to distinguish between public

roads, on one hand, and terrain that is suitable only for specially designed vehicles, on

the other.32 In other words, if one is using a farming tractor or an off-road vehicle in a

29Doc. 37 at 5 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary at 1492 (4th ed. 1968)).

30Doc. 40 at 23 (arguing that “road” and “roadway” from AS 28.90.990(24) are

synonymous).

31Sowinski, 198 P.3d at 1143 (“The plaintiffs contend that the term ‘public road’ is

ambiguous, both in legal and common usage, and thus should be construed in their favor on

summary judgment to include a promise by the State to protect and maintain the access road

for the benefit of the traveling public.”).

32See Hale v. Allied Ins., 465 F. App’x 757, 759 (10th Cir. 2012) (“Even though Hale’s

policy does not define ‘public road,’ it nevertheless distinguishes between public roads and

terrain suitable only for specially designed vehicles. . . . . Necessarily excluded from the

category of ‘public roads’ are many of the paths and trails for which ATVs are especially suited,

by design and, in this case, use.”); Gittings v. Am. Family Ins. Co., 888 P.2d 1363, 1369 (Ariz.

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location where one ordinarily uses such a vehicle, coverage is excluded. But, if such a

vehicle is instead being used on a public road, coverage exists. Given this context,

even if an ATV trail could be considered to be a “road” in some general sense, the

policy excludes coverage if vehicular travel on that road is suitable only for specially

designed vehicles.

According to Leffler, it is undisputed that the ATV accident occurred “between a

paved parallel bike path and the paved portion of Badger Road itself.”33

 Leffler

supports this statement by her own affidavit

34

 and Wegner’s affidavit.35 It is also

confirmed by the Alaska State Troopers’ collision report;36 Alaska Department of Public

Safety’s incident report;37

 Leffler’s deposition testimony;

38 Wegner’s deposition

Ct. App. 1994) (“[T]he only evidence presented was that this off-road vehicle was being

operated in exactly the manner for which it was designed—off the public roads, on an unpaved

portion of the shoulder, in the opposite direction from the traffic of the road. We therefore

conclude that there is no factual dispute that the vehicle was not being operated on a ‘public

road,’ as that term has been defined in this opinion.”); Leski v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,

116 N.W.2d 718, 721 (Mich. 1962) (holding that such an exclusion covers the operation of an

off-road tractor only where it is being used “in other than its ordinary place of usage; in other

words, in a type of operation in which the tractor would be used on the road going to and from

farms or when used on the road for hauling.”).

33Doc. 36 at 2. See also Doc. 37 at 5.

34Doc. 36-1 at 1 ¶ 4 (stating that she perceived that the accident occurred “between the

Badger Rd. bike path and Badger Rd. itself”).

35Doc. 36-3 at 1 ¶ 5 (stating the same).

36Doc. 40-2 at 1 (“Vehicle 1 was traveling in between Badger Road and the bike path

riding through the ditches, when vehicle 1 rolled over.”).

37Doc. 40-3 at 6 (“I observed tracks from what appeared to be a side by side from

Badger Road in between the paved side walk into the ditch, where the side by side appeared to

have rolled over.”); id. (“Jessica advised they were driving through the [puddles] in between the

road and sidewalk when the side by side rolled over.”).

38Doc. 40-6 at 59 (“[W]e were off of Badger Road—Badger Road and the bike path.”);

id. at

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testimony;

39

 and photos from the scene of the accident.40 Because this terrain is

undoubtedly suitable only for specially designed vehicles like ATVs, Leffler is not

entitled to UM coverage as a matter of law.

C. Medical Payments Coverage

The medical payments coverage section of Leffler’s policy differs from the UM

section because it uses the phrase “non-owned vehicle” instead of “motor vehicle” and

does not provide a more specific definition of that phrase.41

 The policy’s general

definitions section, however, defines “non-owned vehicle” as “a land motor vehicle you

or your relatives do not own and which is not available for regular use by you or a

relative.”42

 Country argues that words “motor vehicle” in this definition have the same

meaning that they have in the policy’s general definition of “motor vehicle,” and

precludes coverage of ATVs. Leffler disagrees, arguing that the phrase “land motor

vehicle” is undefined by the policy43 and proposes the following definition: “any motor

vehicle that operates . . . on land.”44

Leffler’s argument lacks merit. Even under her proposed definition of “land

motor vehicle,” she cannot avoid the term “motor vehicle,” which the policy clearly

defines as a vehicle designed for use principally on public roads. No reasonable

insured would think that a “motor vehicle” (which is defined as a “land motor vehicle”)

means something different than a “motor vehicle that operates on land.” Because she

39Doc. 40-7 at 60-62 (describing the four-wheeler path where he was driving as being

located in a “ditch” on the side of Badger Road); id. at 66 (“[I]f you were to come off the

pavement, the downhill part, I guess, what I would assume is what caught the tire and caused

the roll.”); id. at 69 (“Q: And you were riding on the path where four-wheelers ride? A: Yes.”).

40See Doc. 40-9 at 3-5, 9, 22-23.

41Doc. 34-4 at 9 (emphasis added).

42Doc. 36-4 at 2.

43Doc. 43 at 5.

44

Id. at 6.

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was occupying a vehicle that was designed for off-road use, Leffler is not entitled to

medical payments coverage. 

V. CONCLUSION

Based on the preceding discussion, defendant’s motion at docket 36 is DENIED,

and plaintiff’s motion at docket 39 is GRANTED. Judgment shall be entered in

plaintiff’s favor. 

DATED this 19th day of May 2016.

/s/ JOHN W. SEDWICK

SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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