Document ID: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca7-14-01687/USCOURTS-ca7-14-01687-0/pdf.json

Parties Involved:
GreenLeaf Orthopedic Associates, S.C.
Appellee
Linda Miller
Appellee
Venita Miller
Appellant

Document Text:

In the 

United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 14‐1687

VENITA MILLER,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

GREENLEAF ORTHOPEDIC

ASSOCIATES, S.C.,

Defendant‐Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 10‐cv‐5867 — James B. Zagel, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED SEPTEMBER 22, 2015 — DECIDED JUNE 27, 2016

____________________

Before FLAUM, WILLIAMS, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. A growth was discovered on

Venita Miller’s pancreas and she was told that cancer could

not be ruled out without further testing. She told her supervi‐

sor, Linda Miller. (From here, we’ll use their first names to

avoid confusion.) One week later, Linda fired Venita. Venita

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2 No. 14‐1687

sued, claiming she was fired because Linda thought she had

a disability. A jury disagreed. Venita asks this court to order a

new trial, arguing the trial judge abused his discretion by ex‐

cluding important evidence, and that abuse of discretion prej‐

udiced Venita at trial. We find that, forthe most part, the judge

did not abuse his discretion. In one instance, the judge may

have erred, but he corrected his mistake and Venita has not

shown she was prejudiced. So we affirm the judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

Venita worked as a receptionist for Greenleaf Orthopae‐

dic, and Linda was her supervisor. The relevant events took

place in the autumn of 2009. On Wednesday, September 9,

Venita woke up in pain. She called in sick to work and went

to the emergency room, where she learned that she had a

growth on her pancreas and further testing was needed to de‐

termine whether she had pancreatic cancer. The next day, she

gave Linda the news. Because Venita did not have health in‐

surance and needed money for the testing and other medical

care, she asked if she could forgo taking a vacation and re‐

ceive extra pay instead. Linda agreed.

As Linda knew, Venita was scheduled to serve two weeks

of jury duty, starting the following Monday. But on Monday,

Venita again woke up in pain, and called in sick to jury duty.

For the rest of the week, she went neither to court nor work.

On Friday, she was fired.

Venita sued under the Americans with Disabilities Act, al‐

leging Greenleaf fired her because it thought she had a disa‐

bility. The trial was a credibility contest: Greenleaf’s story was

that Venita pretended she was at jury duty, instead of home

sick, so that she would get paid for the week (she had already

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No. 14‐1687 3

used all of her paid sick days for the year). Linda testified in

support of that story. She said she thought Venita was at jury

duty all week, until on Friday another employee reported see‐

ing Venita around town. At that point, Greenleaf called the

court and learned that Venita had not been there all week, and

Linda fired her for having skipped work without notice.

Venita called Linda a liar, testifying that she had told Linda

she was too sick to go to court orto work, and Linda had given

her the week off.1

Venita kept a personal diary, which contained entries that

could arguably have helped the jury decide who was telling

the truth. Specifically, entries from Monday, September 14,

and Tuesday, September 15, purport to document voicemail

messages and phone conversations between Venita and

Linda. Venita sought to introduce these diary entries at trial,

but the judge excluded the entry from the 14th and only ad‐

mitted the entry from the 15th during Venita’s rebuttal case

and through oral testimony (Venita read the entry aloud but

was not allowed to show it to the jury). On appeal, Venita

challenges these decisions. She also challenges the judge’s rul‐

ings concerning her multiple attempts to impeach Linda’s trial

testimony about the messages and conversations.

                                                  1 Greenleaf told the jury that it fired Venita for a host of other reasons

too. Still, if the trial judge abused his discretion in excluding evidence that

would likely have helped the jury decide who was telling the truth about

Venita’s week‐long absence, the error would not be harmless because

Greenleaf’s theory was that that week was “the straw that broke the

camel’s back.”

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4 No. 14‐1687

II. ANALYSIS

We review a trial judge’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse

of discretion and will not order a new trial if any errors, cu‐

mulatively, were harmless. Nelson v. City of Chicago, 810 F.3d

1061, 1066 (7th Cir. 2016).

A. No Abuse of Discretion in Barring Repetitive Im‐

peachment

At her deposition, Linda testified that she assumed Venita

attended jury duty all week. She made that assumption be‐

cause she knew jury duty had been scheduled and Venita

never said she would not attend. Venita’s lawyer suggested

that Venita informed Linda on Monday that she called in sick

to jury duty. Linda rejected that suggestion, testifying that she

did not think she spoke to or received a voicemail from Venita

at any time during the entire week, and that if the two did

speak, it was only about paying Venita for her vacation time.

Linda’s trial testimony was different. When called during

Venita’s case‐in‐chief, Linda testified that: (i) she remembered

receiving a voicemail, on Monday morning, in which Venita

said she would be at jury duty that day; and (ii) she remem‐

bered having a phone call with Venita, on Monday afternoon,

in which Venita said she was at jury duty. So Linda’s deposi‐

tion testimony was that she assumed Venita was at jury duty,

while her trial testimony was that Venita specifically said that

was so. Venita’s lawyer used Linda’s deposition testimony to

impeach her, pointing out the change in her story.

Linda was called again during Greenleaf’s case‐in‐chief.

On direct examination, she reiterated that until she learned

otherwise on Friday, she thought Venita had been at jury duty

all week. But she was not asked why she thought that, nor was

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No. 14‐1687 5

she asked specifically about Monday’s voicemail or phone

conversation. Nonetheless, on cross‐examination, Venita’s

lawyer attempted to impeach Linda a second time concerning

her changing testimony about Monday’s communications.

Greenleaf objected that the topic was beyond the scope of its

direct examination. The judge sustained that objection and

also noted that Venita’s lawyer was “going over old ground.”

Then, during Venita’s rebuttal case, her lawyer gave it an‐

other shot, asking to recall Linda to impeach her again. Revis‐

iting his ruling from Greenleaf’s case‐in‐chief, the judge noted

that even if the topic was not entirely beyond the scope of

Greenleaf’s direct examination, Venita’s lawyer had already

thoroughly addressed the issue, during Venita’s case‐in‐chief.

So the judge denied Venita’s request, rejecting what he called

an attempt “to bang away at a witness who has already been

adequately impeached.”

Having reviewed the trial transcript, it is clear to us that

during Venita’s case‐in‐chief, her lawyer fully explored the

changes in Linda’s testimony from deposition to trial. Under

the applicable deferential standard, see United States v. Bo‐

zovich, 782 F.3d 814, 816 (7th Cir. 2015), we have no trouble

holding that the trial judge was within his discretion to reject

a do‐over. See Fed. R. Evid. 611(a) (directing trial judges to

“exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of ex‐

amining witnesses” to, among other things, “avoid wasting

time” and “protect witnesses from harassment”).

B. Rulings on Diary Entries Do Not Warrant New Trial

Before trial, Venita moved the court to allow her to intro‐

duce entries from her diary at trial. That motion was denied

without prejudice and she renewed it twice during trial. The

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6 No. 14‐1687

entry from Monday was never admitted. The entry from Tues‐

day was eventually admitted, but only during Venita’s rebut‐

tal case, and only orally—she read it aloud but was not al‐

lowed to show it to the jury. Venita argues that the judge

abused his discretion in excluding Monday’s entry and in lim‐

iting the presentation of Tuesday’s entry.  

Monday’s entry reads as follows:2  

Called in sick today work & jury duty. Thank

you God for letting jury duty understand & be‐

lieve me. Who in the world would fake a sick‐

ness like this. Spoke w/ Dan he said call [illegi‐

ble] & fax over my ER papers & Doctor note.

Thank you Lord! I will not be in contempt of

court.

Left a msg for Linda to call back.

Called Linda said she got my msg. I reminded

her I had JD this week. She said our Doc’s

wouldn’t write an excuse for me. Hopefully my

ER papers will be enough.

* Call St. Therese for records. *

Thank you Dear Lord.  

[Illegible]

Tuesday’s entry reads:  

Called in sick today asked Linda if Dwight

could p/u my check instead of mom. She said

OK will leave at the front desk. Also OK to have

                                                  2 The diary is handwritten. For completeness and accuracy, images of

the relevant pages are included in the appendix to this opinion.

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No. 14‐1687 7

a few days off. I told her where I’d be for cover‐

age. She said that’s fine. Thank you Lord. God is

Good all the time!

[Illegible]

Called JD & told them I can’t get a Doc excuse

until I f/u w/ my Doc but will still fax ER stuff.

OK per Dan.

Called St. Therese — Reg Records I have to req

in person & pay a fee.

Venita first argues that these entries were admissible as

“present sense impressions” under Federal Rule of Evidence

803(1). We easily reject that argument because Venita offered

no evidence that the entries describe the relevant events with‐

out calculated narration, nor that they were made while she

was perceiving the events or immediately thereafter. See

United States v. Boyce, 742 F.3d 792, 797 (7th Cir. 2014).

Her second argument, however, merits greater discussion.

She contends that Greenleaf suggested her story—that Linda

gave her the week off—was a lie, fabricated to help her win

this lawsuit. She argues that her diary entries are admissible

to rebut that allegation, as they were created before the law‐

suit was filed—indeed, before she was fired—when she had

no motivation to lie. “Prior consistent statements that are of‐

fered to rebut a charge of recent fabrication or improper influ‐

ence or motive are not hearsay.” United States v. Alviar, 573

F.3d 526, 541 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(B);

Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150, 157–58 (1995)). “Such state‐

ments are admissible if they satisfy a four‐part test: (1) the de‐

clarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross‐examination; (2)

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[her] prior statement is indeed consistent with [her] trial tes‐

timony; (3) the statement is offered to rebut an explicit or im‐

plicit accusation of recent fabrication; and (4) the statement

was made before the declarant had a motive to fabricate.” Al‐

viar, 573 F.3d at 541. A prior statement does not fall within

Rule 801(d)(1)(B), even if it is consistent with the witness’s in‐

court testimony, unless it has some potential to rebut the al‐

leged link between the in‐court testimony and the witness’s

recent improper motive. Tome, 513 U.S. at 157–58 (“[T]he ques‐

tion is whether A.T.’s out‐of‐court statements rebutted the al‐

leged link between her desire to be with her mother and her

testimony, not whether they suggested that A.T’s in‐court tes‐

timony was true. The Rule speaks of a party rebutting an al‐

leged motive, not bolstering the veracity of the story told.”).

When a central witness’s in‐court testimony is attacked as

a recent fabrication, the precise contours of the attack may be

unclear. Rarely will the attack apply to the entirety of the wit‐

ness’s testimony. So determining whether a witness’s past

statement has any potential to rebut the allegation will neces‐

sarily involve an exercise of the trial judge’s discretion. Here,

Venita and Linda testified differently on both (1) whether

Linda knew Venita missed jury duty on Monday; and (2)

whether Linda knew Venita would miss both jury duty and

work for the rest of the week. The judge found that the key

dispute in the case concerned the rest of the week, not solely

or primarily Monday. There is some merit to that framing.

Venita’s lawyer tried to get Linda to say that she fired Venita

for lying about her whereabouts on Monday, but Linda re‐

sisted that characterization, saying that Venita’s infraction

was failing to tell Greenleaf where she was all week. Twice

during closing arguments, Venita’s lawyer stated that “the

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No. 14‐1687 9

key conversation” was the one Venita said happened on Tues‐

day, not Monday. Whether we would have reached the same

conclusion is irrelevant—an exercise of discretion was re‐

quired and we cannot say that the trial judge abused that dis‐

cretion. See United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 54 (1984) (noting

that a “district court is accorded a wide discretion in ...

[a]ssessing the probative value of [proffered evidence], and

weighing any factors counseling against admissibility”).

Venita’s diary entry for Monday says that Venita reminded

Linda that she had jury duty all week, Linda refused to get

Greenleaf’s doctors to write a note excusing Venita from jury

duty, and Venita was “hopeful[]” that the documents she al‐

ready had would suffice. The judge found the entry silent on

the key question: whether Venita told Linda that she would

not be attending jury duty for the rest of the week. That si‐

lence is not surprising—Venita testified that it was not until

Tuesday that she spoke with the jury department and was “ex‐

cused for the rest of the week.” The judge’s finding is sup‐

ported, so excluding Monday’s entry was not an abuse of dis‐

cretion.

Tuesday’s entry, on the other hand, is not silent on the key

question. That entry says that Venita and Linda spoke on

Tuesday and that Linda gave Venita “a few days off.” That’s

consistent with Venita’s version of the facts and relevant to the

material dispute. (Linda testified that she didn’t give Venita

any days off—indeed, the two did not speak on Tuesday). The

trial judge appears to have agreed. Although he initially ex‐

cluded the entry, he later revisited and reversed that ruling,

so the entry was admitted at trial. Nevertheless, Venita argues

that the judge’s handling of the entry prejudiced her, for sev‐

eral reasons.

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10 No. 14‐1687

First, Venita complains that because the judge initially ex‐

cluded the entry, she was only able to present it during her

rebuttal case, not her case‐in‐chief. But we cannot order a new

trial based on an error that does not affect a party’s “substan‐

tial rights,” Nelson, 810 F.3d at 1066; Fed. R. Civ. P. 61, and

Venita has not shown that her substantial rights were affected

by the order of the presentation.

Second, Venita complains that, although she was allowed

to read the entry, she was not allowed to display it. But the trial

judge noted that there was no benefit to displaying the entry

because Greenleaf was not suggesting that Venita read it

aloud incorrectly. Venita’s lawyer contended that Greenleaf

was suggesting that the entry was fraudulent—it was actually

created after Venita was fired. But as the judge noted, display‐

ing the entry would in no way help the jury determine when

it was written. On appeal, Venita offers no substantive re‐

sponse to that point, nor does she otherwise explain how her

substantial rights were affected by the judge’s decision.

Finally, Venita argues that she was harmed by the judge’s

decision to admit Tuesday’s entry while at the same time ex‐

cluding Monday’s. She argues that because the jurors learned

that a diary existed, but did not see (or hear) an entry from

Monday, they likely inferred that no entry was made that day.

Venita does not explain how that inference would have been

detrimental to her, but even assuming the inference was made

and it was detrimental, the argument is a loser. First, the ar‐

gument fails because we have already concluded that the

judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding Monday’s en‐

try. Further, Venita was not barred from introducing the fact

that a diary entry from Monday existed; the bar went only to

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No. 14‐1687 11

the entry’s content. Finally, any error was invited. Venita’s re‐

newed motion explicitly asked only to admit Tuesday’s entry,

not Monday’s. See United States v. Addison, 803 F.3d 916, 919

(7th Cir. 2015) (“It is well‐settled that where error is invited,

not even plain error permits reversal.”).

In sum, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in pre‐

venting multiple impeachment attempts on the same topic,

nor in excluding Monday’s diary entry. And Venita has not

shown that she was harmed by the limitations placed on her

presentation of her diary entry from Tuesday.

III. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

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12 No. 14‐1687

APPENDIX

September 14, 2009

   

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No. 14‐1687 13

September 15, 2009

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