Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-04050/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-04050-9/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 840
Nature of Suit: Trademark
Cause of Action: 15:1114 Trademark Infringement

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

UNITED TACTICAL SYSTEMS, LLC,

Plaintiff,

v.

REAL ACTION PAINTBALL, INC., et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 14-cv-04050-MEJ 

ORDER RE: MOTION TO SEAL

Re: Dkt. No. 118

BACKGROUND

Before the Court is Defendants‟ Motion to Seal “Amended Document,”

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originally filed by 

Plaintiff UTS. Dkt. No. 118 (“Mot.”). The Court previously granted another motion to seal by 

Defendants, finding good cause to seal portions of UTS‟s Preliminary Injunction Motion2

(originally filed at Dkt. No. 27, now available in its redacted form at Dkt. No. 76-1). Dkt. No. 83 

(“Dec. 2 Order”). The information in the Amended Document is substantially similar to the 

information the Court sealed in the Dec. 2 Order. Defendants thus seek an order sealing those 

similar portions of the Amended Document as well.

UTS opposes Defendants‟ Motion, arguing that Defendants have not met their burden to 

show compelling reasons for sealing the Amended Document, because, among other things,

 

1

The “Amended Document” is Exhibit A to UTS‟s Request for Judicial Notice in support of 

Counter-Defendants‟ Motion to Dismiss. Dkt. No. 105. Exhibit A is Advanced Tactical 

Ordnance Systems‟ Memorandum in Support of Second Amended Motion for a Preliminary

Injunction (Doc. 323), filed July 12, 2013 in Advanced Tactical Ordnance Systems LLC v. Real 

Action Paintball, Inc. (Case No. 1:12-cv-00296-JVB-RBC (N.D. Indiana) (the “Indiana 

Litigation”).

2 UTS filed this document as an Ex Parte Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order; however, the 

Court denied UTS‟s request and construed this motion as a Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. 

See Dkt. No. 34. Accordingly, the Court will refer to this motion as “UTS‟s Preliminary 

Injunction Motion.”

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United States District Court

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Defendants left this information unsealed in the earlier Indiana Litigation since July 12, 2013

(Dkt. No. 120, Ex. A (the Indiana Docket)), and likewise left the information unsealed in this case 

for approximately two months. Apparently, Defendants made a similar motion to seal in the 

Indiana Litigation on January 9, 2015. See Dkt. No. 120, Ex. B.

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 UTS also asserts that 

Defendants themselves have submitted unsealed documents that contain similar, if not more 

sensitive, information than what they now seek to seal. Finally, UTS raises two issues with the 

Dec. 2 Order: (1) UTS asserts the Dec. 2 Order applied the wrong standard to the motion to seal, 

specifically only finding “good cause” to seal, rather than “compelling reasons” to seal; and (2) 

UTS notes that while originally it was given the opportunity to respond to Defendants‟ First 

Motion to Seal (see Dkt. No. 79, UTS‟s Opposition to Dkt. No. 76), it did not have the opportunity 

to respond to Defendants‟ revised motion (Dkt. No. 82). Defendants have objected to UTS‟s 

request that the Court reconsider the Dec. 2 Order (see Dkt. No. 121), and UTS has objected to 

Defendants‟ objection as it came in the form of a Reply brief, which is not expressly permitted by 

the Local Rules. See Dkt. No. 122. 

DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard 

A “compelling reasons” standard applies to a motion to seal most judicial records. See 

Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that “[a] 

party seeking to seal a judicial record . . . bears the burden of . . . meeting the „compelling reasons‟

standard”). This standard derives from the common law right “to inspect and copy public records 

and documents, including judicial records and documents.” Id. (citation and internal quotation 

marks omitted). To limit this common law right of access, a party seeking to seal judicial records 

must generally show that “compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings . . . outweigh 

the general history of access and the public policies favoring disclosure.” Id. at 1178-79 (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted).

The strong presumption of public access to judicial documents applies fully to dispositive 

 

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The Court takes judicial notice of both the Docket text and the Defendants‟ motion to seal in the 

Indiana Litigation pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b). 

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United States District Court

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motions because the resolution of a dispute on the merits is at the heart of the interest in ensuring 

that the public understands the judicial process. Id. at 1179. The presumption does not apply in 

the same way to non-dispositive motions, “such that the usual presumption of the public‟s right of 

access is rebutted.” Id. (citing Phillips v. General Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir.

2002). “Good cause” is the proper standard when parties wish to keep records attached to a nondispositive motion under seal. Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 (9th Cir. 2010). 

Simply put, records attached to dispositive motions require the court to apply the compelling 

reasons standard, whereas records attached to non-dispositive motions require the court to apply 

the “good cause” standard. See id. at 678-79. 

Under the “compelling reasons” standard, a court must weigh “relevant factors,” base its 

decision “on a compelling reason,” and “articulate the factual basis for its ruling, without relying 

on hypothesis or conjecture.” Id. at 679 (quoting Hagestad v. Tragesser, 49 F.3d 1430, 1434 (9th 

Cir. 1995)). “Relevant factors” include the “public interest in understanding the judicial process 

and whether disclosure of the material could result in improper use of the material for scandalous 

or libelous purposes or infringement upon trade secrets.” Id. at 679 n.6 (citation omitted). In 

general, “compelling reasons” sufficient to outweigh the public‟s interest in disclosure and justify 

sealing court records exist when such “court files might have become a vehicle for improper 

purposes,” such as the use of records to gratify private spite, promote public scandal, circulate 

libelous statements, or release trade secrets. Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179.

Under the “good cause” standard, the party seeking protection bears the burden of 

showing specific prejudice or harm will result if no protective order is granted. If a court finds 

particularized harm will result from disclosure of information to the public, then it balances the 

public and private interests to decide whether a protective order is necessary. See Phillips, 307 

F.3d at 1210-11.

B. Application to the Case at Bar

1. Dec. 2 Order to Seal

The Court agrees that UTS should have been given the opportunity to respond to 

Defendants‟ revised motion to seal prior to issuing the Dec. 2 Order. See Civ. L.R. 7-11. Thus, 

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the Court will now sua sponte reconsider the Dec. 2 Order. See United States v. Smith, 389 F.3d 

944, 949 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that a district court may sua sponte reconsider a prior, 

interlocutory ruling over which it has continuing jurisdiction); Amarel v. Connell, 102 F.3d 1494, 

1515 (9th Cir. 1996), as amended (Jan. 15, 1997) (“the interlocutory orders and rulings made pretrial by a district judge are subject to modification by the district judge at any time prior to final 

judgment” (citation and internal marks omitted)). 

The information sealed by the Dec. 2 Order relates to UTS‟s Preliminary Injunction 

Motion, a non-dispositive motion. See Helio, LLC v. Palm, Inc., 2007 WL 1063507, at *2 (N.D. 

Cal. Apr. 9, 2007) (“A ruling on a preliminary injunction, is not of course, a ruling on a dispositive 

motion. It is a preliminary assessment of the likelihood of success where there is a danger of an 

irreparable injury.”). However, while not a dispositive motion, the Court agrees with the line of 

cases that treats preliminary injunctions as dispositive motions for the purpose of sealing, because

preliminary injunctions go to the merits of the case and are not merely “tangentially related” to the 

cause of action. See F.T.C. v. AMG Servs., Inc., 2012 WL 3562027, at *1 (D. Nev. Aug. 15, 2012)

(collecting cases). The Court thus finds that the “compelling reasons” standard applies to the 

information Defendants seek to seal in UTS‟s Preliminary Injunction Motion.

Even under the compelling reasons standards, sealing of UTS‟s Preliminary Injunction 

Motion is appropriate at this time. The Court finds that the relevant factors under the compelling 

reasons standard support the conclusion that the document should remain sealed. While the 

“public interest in understanding the judicial process” is paramount, here the information sealed by 

the Dec. 2 Order is not of great significance to UTS‟s Motion, nor does it play any role in the 

Court‟s Order on UTS‟s Motion. See Dkt. No. 85 (Order re: Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary 

Injunction). Thus, the public‟s interest in understanding the judicial process is not particularly

threatened by sealing the document at this time. 

Furthermore, the Court must also consider “whether disclosure of the material could result 

in improper use of the material for scandalous or libelous purposes or infringement upon trade 

secrets.” Pintos, 605 F.3d at 679 n.6. UTS argues that Defendants have not shown that the 

substance of the information Defendants seek to seal amounts to a trade secret. Importantly, one 

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of Defendants‟ counterclaims against UTS and related counter-defendants is that they allegedly

misappropriated Defendants‟ trade secrets, including data quantifying sales. See Dkt. No. 51 

(Defendants‟ Counterclaims), ¶¶ 47-59. However, the Court finds it unnecessary to decide this 

matter before both they and the Court engage in a full analysis of the law and merits related to this 

claim; a motion to seal is not the proper vessel to explore this issue. Nor does the compelling 

reasons standard require an absolute finding of infringement on trade secrets; rather, it requires 

only that disclosure “could result” in the improper use of the material for infringement. Based on 

the declarations submitted by Defendants in their earlier motion, the Court finds the information 

they seek to seal could be used for improper purposes if not sealed. The declarations show that 

this information relates to data Defendants have made at least some effort to keep secret, and its 

release to the public could potentially harm their business if misappropriated by competitors. This 

finding is in no way a forecast of the Court‟s future determination as to Defendants‟ counterclaim. 

Accordingly, based on the record before it, the Court finds it appropriate for UTS‟s Motion for 

Preliminary Injunction to remain sealed at this time. 

2. Motion to Seal Amended Document

The Amended Document is attached to a motion to dismiss, wherein UTS challenges 

Defendants‟ counterclaim for misappropriation of trade secrets. Motions to dismiss are typically 

treated as dispositive. See In re PPA Prods. Liability Litig., 460 F.3d 1217, 1231 (9th Cir. 2006). 

The compelling reasons standard thus applies to sealing documents attached in support of such a 

motion. 

Defendants submitted substantially similar motions and declarations in support of their 

motion to seal the Amended Document. The Court finds that the public‟s interest in this 

information is heightened, as it relates to the substance of UTS‟s motion to dismiss. However, its 

motion to dismiss, UTS does not reference the substance of what is described in those portions of 

the Amended Document that they now seek to seal. Thus, while the public‟s interest is somewhat 

heightened here, that interest may be outweighed when such “court files might have become a 

vehicle for improper purposes[.]” Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179. As described above, Defendants 

have submitted declarations supporting that the information could be used for improper purposes 

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such as infringing upon their trade secrets. Thus, without determining that the information 

constitutes a trade secret, the Court finds that release of the information “could result” in improper 

purposes, justifying compelling reasons for sealing at this time. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS as follows:

1. The Dec. 2 Order, Dkt. No. 83, is hereby STRICKEN and replaced with this Order;

2. UTS‟s Preliminary Injunction Motion, Dkt. No. 27, is hereby SEALED, and the 

redacted version of UTS‟s Motion, Dkt. No. 76-1, is accepted as filed;

3. UTS‟s Amended Document, Dkt. No. 105, is hereby SEALED; and

4. UTS shall file a redacted version of Dkt. No. 105, in accordance with this Order, by 

January 27, 2015.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 21, 2015

______________________________________

MARIA-ELENA JAMES

United States Magistrate Judge

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