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Nature of Suit Code: 442
Nature of Suit: Civil Rights Employment
Cause of Action: 

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 15a0049n.06

Case No. 14-1696

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

SHAHEDA JENKINS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FOOT LOCKER INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, SUTTON, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Shaheda Jenkins claims that Foot Locker denied her a 

promotion and pay raises and chose not to rehire her based on her race. After discovery, the 

district court granted summary judgment for Foot Locker because Jenkins could not make out a 

prima facie case of discrimination on her failure-to-rehire claim, and because Jenkins failed to 

exhaust her other claims before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The 

court also denied Jenkins leave to amend her complaint. We affirm. 

I.

In May 2008, Shaheda Jenkins, an African American woman, began selling shoes on a 

part-time basis at a Foot Locker store in Dearborn, Michigan. Jenkins stopped working there

roughly a year and a half later. In February 2012, she reapplied for a sales job with the store and 

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to that end attended a company job fair. At that point, according to Jenkins, management said

she would be rehired (or at least that she was eligible for rehire), but no offer ever came.

In May 2012, Jenkins filed a charge of race discrimination with the EEOC based on Foot 

Locker’s failure to hire her after the job fair. Two months later, Jenkins filed this racediscrimination lawsuit under Title VII in federal court. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). 

Proceeding without an attorney, she reiterated her failure-to-rehire claim and added new claims 

for race discrimination surrounding Foot Locker’s denial of a promotion and pay raises during 

her 2008-2009 employment. The parties conducted some discovery, but the case remained 

largely dormant for over a year.

Things picked up in August 2013, when the district court, at Jenkins’ request, appointed 

pro bono counsel for her. Jenkins moved to amend her complaint to add three more claims: a 

federal disability claim based on an ankle injury she suffered in a car accident, see 42 U.S.C. 

§ 12112(a), and two state discrimination claims based on race and disability, see Mich. Comp. 

Laws §§ 37.2202, 37.1202. The magistrate judge denied the proposed amendment as futile.

Jenkins moved to amend her complaint again, this time adding similar but reworded disparate 

treatment claims premised on race and disability and a gender-based disparate impact claim, all 

based on a mix of federal and state law.

In October 2013, Foot Locker moved for summary judgment on all of the claims. 

Jenkins’ response was due on November 1. See E.D. Mich. L.R. 7.1(e)(1)(B). The district court 

referred the motion to the magistrate and reminded Jenkins about the deadline. The deadline 

came and went with no response, and six months later the magistrate issued a report and 

recommendation (R&R) that the court grant Foot Locker’s motion in its entirety and deny 

Jenkins’ second motion to amend as futile. Only then, in her objections to the R&R, did Jenkins 

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respond to Foot Locker’s arguments. The district court agreed with the magistrate’s analysis, 

adopted the R&R in full, and rejected all of Jenkins’ claims as a matter of law.

II.

Jenkins’ appeal faces several obstacles. First, Jenkins neglected to respond to Foot 

Locker’s motion for summary judgment, and accordingly forfeited any objection to the motion. 

Jenkins never sought an extension of time to respond or moved for leave to file late. Nor did she 

file an affidavit under Civil Rule 56(d) explaining that she needed more time for discovery to 

respond to Foot Locker’s motion. When Jenkins finally responded—long after the deadline and 

only in response to the R&R—that was too late. Arguments not presented to the magistrate are 

forfeited. See United States v. Waters, 158 F.3d 933, 936 (6th Cir. 1998). Under these 

circumstances, summary judgment was proper on this ground alone. See Turner v. Ky. Transp. 

Cabinet, 574 F. App’x 664, 666 (6th Cir. 2014). 

Jenkins claims that we should forgive her failure to respond to the motion because the 

magistrate suggested that Foot Locker refile its summary judgment motion. In her mind, this 

“unofficially set [the motion] aside,” so she was caught off guard when the magistrate suddenly 

granted it. Reply Br. at 4. Whatever Jenkins (or her counsel) allegedly heard, one thing is clear: 

The court never issued any such order. That leaves us where we started—without a timely 

response to a motion for summary judgment and with the consequences that flow from that 

failure: a forfeiture.

Second, even if we reached the merits of Jenkins’ belated arguments, that would not 

change the outcome. Foot Locker was entitled to summary judgment if, after giving Jenkins the 

benefit of all reasonable inferences from the record, “no genuine dispute as to any material fact” 

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remained and the company deserved judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see 

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587–88 (1986).

Start with the failure-to-rehire claim, in which Jenkins alleges that Foot Locker refused to

hire her after the job fair on account of her race. No direct evidence of discriminatory intent 

supports this claim. To determine whether circumstantial evidence supports it, we use the 

McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

411 U.S. 792, 802–06 (1973). Under that framework, Jenkins initially must show that she (1) is 

a member of a protected class; (2) applied for a job and did not receive it; (3) was qualified for 

the job; and (4) was rejected in favor of a similarly situated applicant outside her protected class,

or was otherwise treated differently than such an applicant. See Seay v. TVA, 339 F.3d 454, 463 

(6th Cir. 2003); see also Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 699 F.3d 884, 892–93 (6th Cir. 2012). If 

Jenkins can make out this prima facie case, the burden shifts to Foot Locker to offer evidence of 

a nondiscriminatory reason for failing to hire her. Seay, 339 F.3d at 463. If the company offers 

such evidence, the burden shifts back to Jenkins to show that this alleged reason was pretextual 

and that Foot Locker rejected her based on her race. Id.

Jenkins cannot establish a prima facie case of discrimination. She does not dispute that,

of the twenty-eight applicants hired from Foot Locker’s job fair, twenty-seven were African

American and one was multiracial. Nor does she point to any Caucasian applicant whom the 

company treated differently. On this record, no reasonable jury could infer that Foot Locker 

chose not to rehire Jenkins based on her race.

Jenkins’ appellate briefs are not a picture of clarity. Charitably reading those briefs, we 

discern two counterarguments. She suggests that the comparator prong of the prima facie 

showing does not apply because Foot Locker hired multiple employees. Jenkins cites no 

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authority for this proposition, and we know of none. What we do know cuts in the opposite 

direction. See Seay, 339 F.3d at 463 (“A prima facie case requires a plaintiff to show . . . that a 

similarly-situated person who was not in the plaintiff’s protected class received the job.”). 

Nothing in the record suggests Jenkins was treated differently than other applicants based on her 

race. To the contrary, 27 of the 28 chosen applicants from the job fair shared her race, a track 

record that makes it exceedingly difficult—indeed implausible—to infer (in the absence of direct 

evidence of discrimination) that she was “rejected under circumstances which give rise to an 

inference of unlawful discrimination.” Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 

(1981). 

In the alternative, Jenkins suggests there were comparators, noting that the company

treated her differently because she was improperly placed in a pool of first-time applicants, and 

applicants with less experience were hired over her. But Jenkins points to no specific individual 

hired, offers no citation to the record, and most importantly does not explain how any of this 

shows she was treated differently than similar nonprotected applicants. Without any nonAfrican-American comparators (or any other sign of racism), no jury could reasonably infer race 

discrimination based on the company’s decision not to hire her after the job fair.

Third, Jenkins failed to exhaust her 2008-2009 lack-of-promotion and lack-of-pay-raise 

claims before the EEOC. All that she alleged before the EEOC was that Foot Locker 

discriminated against her by failing to rehire her in 2012. Promotion and pay claims arising from 

2008 and 2009 simply do not “reasonably grow out of the facts and claims [Jenkins] asserted” in 

the EEOC charge. See Jones v. Sumser Ret. Vill., 209 F.3d 851, 853 (6th Cir. 2000). Nor can 

she tenably maintain that all three claims are part of the same continuing violation. Discrete acts 

such as a refusal to hire are readily separable from other unlawful employment practices. See 

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Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 114 (2002). Having failed to present her

promotion and pay claims to the EEOC, she may not raise them here.

Fourth, even if we were willing to forgive her failure to exhaust the promotion and pay

claims and even if we were willing to treat them as wrapped up in the 2012 EEOC charge, that 

would leave a time-bar problem. Jenkins brought her EEOC charge nearly 800 days after she 

last worked for Foot Locker. That is long past the 300-day deadline. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e5(e)(1). Jenkins briefly gestures toward equitable tolling, suggesting that, until recently, she was

oblivious to the company’s discriminatory practices. But she offers no further explanation, no 

caselaw, and no evidence to support the point. Such perfunctory, undeveloped arguments are 

forfeited—and doubly so here given the broader forfeiture noted above. See United States v. 

Phinazee, 515 F.3d 511, 520 (6th Cir. 2008).

III.

Jenkins separately appeals the district court’s two denials of her motions for leave to 

amend her complaint. If Jenkins’ new claims were indeed futile, the district court was free to 

deny the proposed amendments. See Yuhasz v. Brush Wellman, Inc., 341 F.3d 559, 569 (6th Cir. 

2003). Adding a new claim is futile if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted 

within the meaning of Civil Rule 12(b)(6). See Thiokol Corp. v. Dep’t of Treasury, State of 

Mich. Revenue Div., 987 F.2d 376, 382–83 (6th Cir. 1993).

No reversible error occurred. Her federal ADA claim fails because she did not exhaust 

that claim before the EEOC. See Parry v. Mohawk Motors of Mich., Inc., 236 F.3d 299, 309 (6th 

Cir. 2000). Her first attempt to add a state disability claim fails too because she expressly 

acknowledged that her injury did “not . . . limit[] a major life activity,” R. 21 at 3 (Page ID # 58), 

a prerequisite to being “disabled” within the meaning of the Michigan statute. See Mich. Comp. 

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Laws § 37.1103(d)(i)(A). The second attempt to add the same reworded claim fares no better

because Jenkins’ “[t]hreadbare” allegation that she was disabled is entirely conclusory and 

supported by no facts describing the impact of her ankle injury. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009). Jenkins’ disparate impact claims also go nowhere because she only alleges that 

Foot Locker’s job fair interview techniques disfavor “less assertive women,” not women as a 

class. “Less assertive women” are not a protected class. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a); Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 37.2202. As for Jenkins’ proposed race discrimination claim under state law, she 

offers no theory of prejudice—no explanation why that claim would have met a different fate 

from her claim under Title VII, either legally or factually. See Humenny v. Genex Corp., 390 

F.3d 901, 906 (6th Cir. 2004) (claims of discrimination under Michigan employment 

discrimination law are analyzed under the same framework used in Title VII cases). On this 

record, the district court permissibly denied both of Jenkins’ motions for leave to amend her 

complaint.

For these reasons, we affirm.

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