Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-1_17-cv-00858/USCOURTS-alnd-1_17-cv-00858-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 442
Nature of Suit: Civil Rights Employment
Cause of Action: 42:1981 Civil Rights

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

EASTERN DIVISION

DEMAR BENNETT,

Plaintiff,

v.

PIPE WORK SOLUTIONS, 

LLC, and RAYMOND STOVER

Defendants.

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Case No. 1:17-CV-858-CLM

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Demar Bennett is a homosexual, African-American man. Bennett sues his 

former employer, Pipe Work Solutions, LLC, and his former boss, Raymond Stover, 

under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII, alleging claims for hostile work environment 

and sexual harassment. Bennett also alleges state-law claims for assault, battery, and 

outrage. Defendants have moved for summary judgment on each claim. (Doc. 51). 

For the reasons explained within, the Court grants in part and denies in part 

Defendants’ motion. This case will move forward on Bennett’s §1981 hostile work 

environment claim (Count I) and his state-law battery claim (Count III). All other 

claims are summarily dismissed.

FILED

 2020 Mar-26 PM 04:24

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 1 of 24
FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Pipe Work Solutions, LLC (“Pipe Work”) is a water and sewer pipe company 

based in Anniston, Alabama. Raymond Stover founded Pipe Work in 2012. Stover 

is Pipe Work’s president and 50% owner.1

Stover hired Demar Bennett in December 2015. Bennett worked in various 

roles at Pipe Work, including administrative assistant, camera truck operator, project 

manager, and Chief Operating Officer. About 14 months into the job, Bennett 

resigned. In his resignation letter, Bennett cited Stover’s use of profanity, insults, 

degrading comments, and violent tantrums as deciding factors. 

Stover did, in fact, use derogatory and vulgar language when speaking to 

Bennett, including racial and homophobic slurs. While crass language appears to 

have been common around the Pipe Work workplace,

2 it appears that no one crossed 

the racial and homophobic line like Stover.

Specifically, Stover had a penchant for using the word “nigger.” One time, 

after Bennett told Stover that he needed sleep because he had worked all day and 

night, Stover told Bennett that he was “acting like a fucking nigger.” Another time, 

when reviewing Bennett’s work, Stover said, “here you go, doing that fucking nigger 

 1 Wei Zhoa owns the remaining 50% interest in Pipe Work. Zhoa is a silent partner; he lives in China and is not 

involved in Pipe Work’s day-to-day operations.

2 See Doc. 41, p. 6, ¶ 10.

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 2 of 24
work” and “looks like lazy nigger work.” On yet another occasion, during a work 

phone call between Stover, Bennett, and Stover’s daughter, Brandi, Stover called 

Bennett “a fucking nigger.” During the same phone call, Stover instructed his 

daughter, who was in the same room as Bennett, to take him off speaker phone and 

then called Bennett “that fucking nigger, that mother fucker, that mother fucking

nigger” so loudly that Bennett could hear each slur. 

Stover’s use of “nigger” seems to have had few, if any, contextual limits. For 

example, one time when Bennett told Stover that he was willing to accept additional 

work responsibilities, Stover called Bennett the “head nigger in charge” in front of 

several other Pipe Work employees. Bennett also alleges that Stover told him, 

“you’re a proper nigger because you were raised semi-right.”

Nor was Stover’s use of the word limited to Bennett; he used it when talking 

about other African-American employees too. For instance, Stover once told 

Bennett, “you better come get this fucking nigger,” referring to Deunte Cooley, 

another African-American employee.3 On another occasion, Stover told Bennett 

that Kevin Milton, another African-American employee, “did nigger work 

sometimes and . . . [would] give the nigger okay head,” and “[would] just do the 

nigger bobble.”

 3 At some point, Cooley dated Stover’s daughter, Brandi. During that time, Stover told Bennett several times that he 

“didn’t mind [Brandi] dating a black guy, but he didn’t want her dating a nigger and [Cooley] was a nigger.”

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 3 of 24
Not only did Stover insult Bennett based on his race, he also insulted Bennett

based on his sexual orientation. Early in Bennett’s employment, a rubber sex toy in 

the shape of a male genitalia fell out of a trash trap at the Pipe Work shop and Stover 

said to Bennett, “there goes your toy.” Twice, Stover referred to Bennett “swinging 

both ways.” Stover also told Bennett that his sexuality was “unnatural.” In addition, 

while on a job, Stover called a sewer plug a sexual object to Bennett’s liking, and 

allegedly tapped Bennett’s rear end with the plug and said, “this is something you 

are used to.”

Insults may not be the only thing that Stover hurled at Bennett. Bennett alleges 

that Stover threw a down-hole roller and a TV camera at him on separate occasions. 

The parties agree that Stover threw the equipment in Bennett’s direction, and that 

the down-hole roller hit Bennett, but Stover disputes that he intended to hit Bennett 

with the equipment. When Stover threw the down-hole roller, it hit Bennett’s right 

foot, causing it to swell. The swelling prevented Bennett from wearing boots or 

coming to work for two days. 

Bennett complained many times to Stover about his use of the word “nigger”

and his comments about Bennett’s sexual orientation. Bennett also complained about 

Stover’s race-based comments to Wei Zhao, the 50% co-owner of Pipe Work. 

Bennett ultimately resigned in April 2017. He then filed a complaint with the 

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (“OFCCP”). The OFCCP 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 4 of 24
investigated Bennett’s complaint and issued him a Right-to-Sue letter. Bennett 

timely filed this lawsuit.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), summary judgment is proper “if 

the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, 

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any 

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The party moving for summary 

judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis 

for its motion and identifying those portions of the pleadings or filings which it 

believes show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323. Once the 

moving party has met its burden, Rule 56(e) requires the non-moving party to go 

beyond the pleadings and by his own affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate specific facts showing there is a 

genuine issue for trial. Id. at 324. All factual inferences are resolved in favor of the 

nonmovant. See Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993).

A factual dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury 

could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

447 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 5 of 24
ANALYSIS

In his Amended Complaint (doc. 21), Bennett asserts claims under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1981 for a racially hostile work environment (Count I), under Title VII for sexual 

harassment (Count V), and under Alabama state law for assault, battery, and the tort 

of outrage (Counts II, III, IV). The Court addresses the claims in that order.

I. Bennett’s Hostile Work Environment Claim Survives Summary 

Judgment; His Constructive Discharge Claim Does Not.

Bennett labels Count 1 “Racial Discrimination pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981.” 

(Doc. 21, pp. 7). The majority of Count 1 alleges a hostile work environment. (Doc. 

21, ¶ 26-32). But the last sentence of the last paragraph states: “The plaintiff was 

forced to resign his employment in order to escape the physical and emotional abuse, 

and has therefore lost wages and other benefits.” In their briefs, the parties treat this 

sentence as a possibly distinct claim for constructive discharge, presumably under 

Title VII. So, in an abundance of caution, the Court addresses both of Count 1’s 

possible theories of relief: Hostile Work Environment and Constructive Discharge.

A. Bennett’s Hostile Work Environment claim survives summary dismissal.

To prove a hostile work environment claim, an employee must show that his

“workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult, that 

is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [his] employment and 

create an abusive working environment.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 6 of 24
21 (1993) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Shields v. Fort 

James Corp., 305 F.3d 1280, 1282 (11th Cir. 2002) (noting that Title VII and § 1981 

hostile work environment claims have the same elements and are subject to the same 

analytical framework). To establish a hostile work environment claim based on race, 

a plaintiff must prove five elements:

(1) that he is a member of a protected class; (2) that he was subjected 

to unwelcome racial harassment; (3) that the harassment was based on 

his race; (4) that the harassment was severe or pervasive enough to alter 

the terms and conditions of his employment and create a 

discriminatorily abusive working environment; and (5) that the 

employer is responsible for the environment under a theory of either 

vicarious or direct liability.

Adams v. Austal, USA, LLC, 754 F.3d 1240, 1248–49 (11th Cir. 2014). Defendants 

concede (for summary judgment only) that Bennett can establish the first, second, 

third, and fifth elements listed above. (Doc. 52, pp. 16, 17). So Bennett’s claim 

hinges on whether he can create a jury question that the harassment at Pipe Work 

was “severe or pervasive enough to alter the terms and conditions of his employment 

and create a discriminatorily abusive working environment.” Adams, 754 F.3d at 

1248–49. 

To satisfy the “severe or pervasive harassment” element, Bennett must show

that his work environment was both subjectively and objectively hostile. Mendoza 

v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1246 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). Bennett must first 

establish that he “subjectively perceive[d] the environment to be abusive.” Harris, 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 7 of 24
510 U.S. at 21. Bennett must then show that his work environment was one “that a 

reasonable person would find hostile or abusive.” Id.

Bennett easily clears the first hurdle (i.e. subjective perception). He repeatedly 

complained to Stover, privately and in front of other Pipe Work employees, about 

Stover’s racist remarks. (Doc. 53, p. 15, ¶ 10). Bennett also testified that he 

experienced racial hostility at Pipe Work and referenced Stover’s harassment in his 

resignation letter. Id. at p. 10, ¶ 31. Thus, a reasonable jury could conclude that

Bennett subjectively perceived his work environment as hostile and abusive.

In evaluating whether Bennett’s work environment was objectively hostile—

that is, whether another person would find the environment hostile—the Court must 

consider four factors: “(1) the frequency of the conduct; (2) the severity of the 

conduct; (3) whether the conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere 

offensive utterance; and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the 

employee’s job performance.” Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246. Although these factors 

help guide the inquiry, “the objective element is not subject to mathematical 

precision.” Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1297 (11th Cir.2009). Instead, the Court

must view the evidence “cumulatively and in the totality of the circumstances.” 

Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594 F.3d 798, 808 (11th Cir. 2010). With 

this in mind, the Court evaluates each factor in turn:

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 8 of 24
1. Frequency of conduct: Bennett provides sufficient evidence of frequent 

harassment. To start, Bennett testified that Stover used racial slurs, including the 

word “nigger,” weekly or daily, and that Stover’s use of the word “nigger” was so 

constant that it would be “impossible [for Bennett] to list every occasion.” (Doc. 41, 

pp. 16, 18, 21). The Eleventh Circuit has considered such testimony when 

determining the frequency of racial harassment. See, e.g., Smelter v. S. Home Care 

Servs., 904 F.3d 1276, 1285 (11th Cir. 2018) (considering plaintiff’s testimony that 

she heard racist comments “every day” as evidence of frequent racial harassment). 

Bennett also provides many specific examples of Stover using racial slurs. 

Stover does not dispute (at least for summary judgment) that he called Bennett and 

other African American Pipe Work employees “niggers”; accused Bennett and other 

African American employees of doing “nigger work”; accused Bennett of “acting 

like a fucking nigger”; called Bennett a “mother fucking nigger” and “the head 

nigger in charge”; and accused another African American employee of doing a 

“nigger bobble.”

Stover instead argues that his use of racial slurs was too sporadic to create a 

hostile work environment. Stover claims that, by his count,4 Bennett identifies only 

 4 The Court makes no finding that Stover’s count is accurate. Rather, the Court has identified additional instances, 

set forth in Bennett’s interrogatory and deposition testimony, when Stover allegedly used racial slurs. For example, 

Stover’s count omits Bennett’s testimony about an occasion when, upon learning that a piece of equipment had been 

damaged, Stover allegedly told Bennett, “he was tired of this half-ass nigger work.” See Doc. 41, p. 17. 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 9 of 24
four times that he called Bennett a “nigger,” only three times that he used the slur 

about other Pipe Work employees in front Bennett, and only two times that other

Pipe Work employees told Bennett that he used the slur. (Doc. 52, p. 16).

Stover relies heavily on the unpublished case Fortson v. Carlson, in which the 

Eleventh Circuit held that the plaintiff failed to create a fact question about the 

frequency of his harassment when he testified to only nine incidents involving

racially derogatory language (specifically, “black ass” or “black ass fool”) over his 

two-and-a-half-year employment period. 618 F. App’x 601, 607 (11th Cir. 2015). In 

Stover’s view, if the nine incidents in Fortson were not enough, then neither are the 

nine incidents Stover acknowledges here. 

Even if Fortson sets the bar, Bennett clears it, as he testified to at least the 

same number of incidents as Fortson (nine), in less than half the time (14 months). 

Fortson is also distinguishable in that Fortson’s coworkers, not his supervisor (as in 

this case), harassed him. See also Adams, 754 F.3d at 1251-57 (distinguishing 

harassment by supervisors and coworkers).

But this case is more like the published case Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, in 

which the Eleventh Circuit held that the plaintiff created a fact question on the 

pervasiveness of his harassment when he testified to seven racist incidents over a 

one-year period. 683 F.3d 1283, 1304 (11th Cir. 2012).

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 10 of 24
Caselaw aside, Bennett offers at least nine specific examples of Stover saying

“nigger,” and he testified that Stover used the slur daily over a 14-month period. 

This is ample evidence of frequent harassment. 

2. Severity of conduct: Bennett offers evidence of “severe” misconduct at 

Pipe Work, so this factor weighs heavily in his favor. The Eleventh Circuit has said

that “use of the slur ‘nigger’ is severe,” especially when, as here, the slur is (a) used 

by a supervisor and (b) directed at the plaintiff, not just overheard by the plaintiff. 

Adams, 754 F.3d at 1255. Indeed, the Eleventh Circuit has held that even one-time 

use of the word can constitute severe harassment. Smelter, 904 F.3d at 1286

(“Southern Home argues that Smallwood’s ‘one-time use’ of [‘nigger’] was 

insufficient to establish severity as a matter of law. We strongly disagree.”); see also

Adams, 754 F.3d at 1255 (holding that a supervisor’s “isolated act”—carving the 

slur “porch monkey” in front of the plaintiff—was severe); cf. Butler v. Alabama 

Dep't of Transp., 536 F.3d 1209, 1214 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that “the use of 

[‘nigger’] on one occasion by one co-worker away from the workplace” was not 

severe, particularly because it was not directed at the plaintiff).

Here, not only did Stover repeatedly say “nigger” around Bennett, he directed

the slur at Bennett and other African American Pipe Work employees to demean

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 11 of 24
them and to disparage their work.5 Stover’s use of uniquely offensive and racist 

language qualifies as severe harassment.

3. Physical Threat or Humiliation: The Defendants argue that Bennett has 

presented no evidence of physically threatening harassment, arguing that Bennett 

“points to no threats of physical violence” that accompanied Stover’s racist remarks. 

But this factor is established by conduct that is “physically threatening or

humiliating.” Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246 (emphasis added).

Bennett testifies that Stover used the slur “nigger” around him daily. A 

reasonable person could find that Stover intended for the slur to humiliate Bennett. 

See Cooler v. Layne Christensen Co., 710 F. App’x 842, 848 (11th Cir. 2017) (“Here, 

two of Cooler’s supervisors used the severe slur ‘nigger’ in an attempt to get a 

reaction out of him. A reasonable person could perceive their intent was to humiliate 

Cooler”). For example, a reasonable person could find it humiliating for Bennett to 

hear his supervisor call his work “lazy nigger work,” and to call him a “fucking 

nigger” and “the head nigger in charge.” 

4. Interference with Job Performance: Bennett offers little evidence that 

Stover’s harassment interfered with his day-to-day job performance, other than 

 5 The Defendants urge the Court to either ignore or afford diminished weight to Stover’s remarks that “were either 

made about other Pipe Work employees . . . or were relayed second-hand to Bennett and did not relate to Bennett.” 

(Doc. 51, p. 19). But in evaluating a plaintiff’s work environment in the totality of the circumstances, “we . . . 

include other employees’ experiences that the plaintiff was aware of at the time.” Cooler v. Layne Christensen Co., 

710 F. App'x 842, 847 (11th Cir. 2017).

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 12 of 24
forcing Bennett to spend time meeting with Stover and others to address Stover’s 

harassment. Accordingly, this factor does not weight in Bennett’s favor.

* * *

In summary, the only question here is whether a reasonable juror could find 

that Stover’s harassment was severe or pervasive enough to alter the terms and 

conditions of Bennett’s employment and create a discriminatorily abusive working 

environment. Bennett easily meets three of the four factors set forth by the Eleventh 

Circuit when judging the “severe or pervasive” element. Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246. 

And as the Supreme Court has made clear, “no single factor is required” to 

establish the objective component. Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. Instead, the court is to 

judge the totality of the circumstances. Reeves, 594 F.3d at 808. Viewed in that lens, 

the Court finds that the cumulative evidence presented by Bennett is enough to allow 

a reasonable person to find that Stover’s harassment was severe or pervasive enough 

to create an abusive work environment. Thus, Bennett’s hostile work environment 

claim survives summary judgment.

B. Bennett’s Constructive Discharge Claim Does Not Survive Summary 

Judgment. 

Bennett ends Count 1 with the following sentence: “The Plaintiff was forced 

to resign his employment in order to escape the physical and emotional abuse, and 

has therefore lost wages and other benefits.” (Doc. 21, p. 8, ¶ 33). If Bennett intends 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 13 of 24
this sentence to raise a distinct claim of constructive discharge (as the parties discuss 

in their briefs), it is summarily dismissed for two reasons.

1. Procedure: Placing one sentence about constructive discharge within a 

distinct §1981 claim of hostile work environment violates Rules 8(a)(2) and 10(b).

See Bickerstaff Clay Prods. Co. v. Harris Cnty., 89 F.3d 1481, 1485 n. 4 (11th Cir. 

1996) (“The complaint is a typical shotgun pleading, in that some of the counts 

present more than one discrete claim for relief.”); Cesnik v. Edgewood Baptist 

Church, 88 F.3d 902, 905 (11th Cir. 1996) (characterizing as a shotgun pleading a 

complaint that “was framed in complete disregard of the principle that separate, 

discrete causes of action should be plead in separate counts”); Novak v. Cobb Cnty. 

Kennestone Hosp. Auth., 74 F.3d 1173, 1175 & n. 5 (11th Cir. 1996) (referring to a 

complaint that pleaded multiple causes of action in a single count as “a quintessential 

‘shotgun pleading’”). Simply put, if Bennett intended to plead a distinct claim of 

constructive discharge, then he needed to plead that claim in its own count, with 

enough facts and law to meet the Rules’ pleading requirements.

2. Merits: Even if Bennett met the pleading requirements, his constructive 

discharge claim would fail as a matter of law. Constructive discharge entails a heavy 

burden. A plaintiff must show that “working conditions were so intolerable that a 

reasonable person in h[is] position would have been compelled to resign.” Poole v. 

Country Club of Columbus, Inc., 129 F.3d 551, 553 (11th Cir. 1997); see also Virgo 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 14 of 24
v. Riviera Beach Assocs., 30 F.3d 1350, 1363 (11th Cir. 1994). This is a “more 

onerous task than establishing a hostile work environment claim.” Bryant v. Jones, 

575 F.3d 1281, 1298 (11th Cir. 2009). Indeed, to prove constructive discharge, 

Bennett “must demonstrate a greater severity or pervasiveness of harassment than 

the minimum required to prove a hostile working environment.” Id.

In addition, constructive discharge typically requires an adverse change in the 

plaintiff’s work conditions. See, e.g., Poole v. Country Club of Columbus, 129 F.3d 

551, 553 (11th Cir. 1997) (reversing summary judgment for the employer where 

plaintiff was “[s]tripped of all responsibility, given only a chair and no desk, and 

isolated from conversations with other workers”); see also Morgan v. Ford, 6 F.3d 

750, 753 (11th Cir. 1993) (finding constructive discharge when the plaintiff prison 

guard’s supervisor reassigned her to “the more distasteful duties around the [prison] 

compound,” including assigning her “to the guard tower, although she did not have 

proper weapons certification, to the unit for AIDS patients, and to the housing ward 

for violent inmates.”).

Bennett does not allege that his job responsibilities were reduced or that his

work conditions were altered. On the contrary, at the time of his resignation, Bennett

continued to perform his typical work tasks. He experienced no pay cut or demotion, 

nor was he isolated from his coworkers. Thus, even though Bennett offers sufficient 

evidence of harassment to support his hostile work environment claim, he has failed 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 15 of 24
to establish that his working conditions were so intolerable that a reasonable person 

would have felt compelled to resign.

Furthermore, in his resignation letter, Bennett expressed that he was quitting

not only because of Stover’s harassment, but also because of “differences of opinion 

regarding the processes, work assignments, and goals for how [the parties’] original 

work agreement was supposed to play out.” (Doc. 41, p. 9). His resignation letter 

reads: “It is clear to me that you and I will not be able to resolve our differences. 

Therefore, I feel that resigning is the best option for me.” Id.

A resignation is considered voluntary if the plaintiff had a choice, even if the 

alternatives to resignation may be unpleasant. See Hargray v. City of Hallandale, 57 

F.3d 1560, 1568–69 (11th Cir. 1995). Bennett’s resignation letter shows that he 

voluntarily chose to resign. A reasonable person in Bennett’s shoes may have also

chosen to resign but would not have been compelled to do so. As a result, Bennett’s 

constructive discharge claim fails as a matter of law.

II. Bennett’s Sexual Harassment Claim Fails As A Matter Of Law.

Bennett titles Count V “Sexual Harassment in Violation of Title VII.” In it, 

Bennett alleges that he was “exposed to vulgar and degrading sexual comments and 

statements, and was subjected to discrimination based on his sexual orientation.” 

(Doc. 21, p. 12, ¶ 51) (emphasis added). Under Eleventh Circuit precedent, however, 

Title VII sexual orientation claims are invalid. Evans v. Georgia Reg'l Hosp., 850 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 16 of 24
F.3d 1248 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 557 (2017). See also Bostock v. 

Clayton Cty. Bd. of Commissioners, 723 F. App’x 964 (11th Cir. 2018), cert. 

granted, 139 S. Ct. 1599 (U.S. April 22, 2019) (No. 17-1618) (reaffirming Evans). 

In Evans, the Eleventh Circuit reaffirmed that sexual orientation is not a 

protected classification under Title VII. Id. at 1255-57; see also Fredette v. BVP 

Mgmt. Assocs., 112 F.3d 1503, 1510 (11th Cir. 1997); see also Blum v. Gulf Oil 

Corp., 597 F.2d 936, 938 (5th Cir. 1979). As a result, Bennett’s discrimination claim 

“based on his sexual orientation” as a male homosexual fails as a matter of law.

Despite unambiguously claiming in his Amended Complaint that he was 

discriminated against and harassed based on his sexual orientation, Bennett now

attempts to recast his claim as a same-sex sexual harassment claim. (Doc. 53, p. 28).

Bennett’s attempt fails for two reasons. 

First, Bennett cannot assert a new claim in response to summary judgment. 

See Flintlock Const. Services, LLC v. Well-Come Holdings, LLC, 710 F.3d 1221, 

1227–28 (11th Cir. 2013) (“This court's precedent foreclosed [plaintiff’s] attempt to 

amend its complaint at the summary judgment stage without seeking leave of court 

pursuant to Rule 15(a)(2).”); see also Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 

1312, 1315 (11th Cir.2004) (“At the summary judgment stage, the proper procedure 

for plaintiffs to assert a new claim is to amend the complaint in accordance with 

Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a).”).

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 17 of 24
Second, Bennett offers no evidence to support a same-sex harassment claim. 

To establish same-sex harassment, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the harasser is 

homosexual; (2) the harasser has a gender-based hostility towards a particular sex; 

or (3) the harasser treated members of one sex differently than the other sex. See

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 77 (1998) (requiring a 

plaintiff to “prove that the conduct at issue was not merely tinged with offensive 

sexual connotations, but actually constituted discrimination because of sex.”) 

(internal quotations omitted). Bennett offers no evidence that (1) Stover is 

homosexual, (2) Stover as a gender-based hostility towards men, or (3) Stover 

treated men differently then women in the workplace due to their sex. So even if 

Bennett could claim same-sex harassment, his claim would fail as a matter of law.

III. Bennett’s Battery Claim Survives Summary Judgment, But His Assault 

Claim Does Not.

Bennett raises a state-law claim of assault in Count II (doc. 21, pp. 8) and a 

state-law claim of battery in Count III (doc. 21, pp. 9). While they are distinct claims, 

assault and battery are often analyzed together because they involve overlapping 

elements and facts. The Court does so here.

1. The law: Under Alabama law, assault is “an intentional, unlawful, offer to 

touch the person of another in a rude or angry manner under such circumstances as 

to create in the mind of the party alleging the assault a well-founded fear of an 

Case 1:17-cv-00858-CLM Document 56 Filed 03/26/20 Page 18 of 24
imminent battery, coupled with the apparent present ability to effectuate the attempt, 

if not prevented.” Hester v. Brown, 512 F. Supp. 2d 1228, 1235 (N.D. Ala. May 25, 

2007) (internal citations omitted). 

When an assault is “successful,” it becomes a battery. Wright v. Wright, 654

So. 2d 542, 544 (Ala. 1995). The elements of battery are: (1) that the defendant 

touched the plaintiff; (2) that the defendant intended to touch the plaintiff; and (3) 

that the touching was conducted in a harmful or offensive manner. Wood v. Cowart 

Enters., 809 So. 2d 835, 837 (Ala. Civ. App. 2001). 

2. The incidents: Bennett’s assault and battery claims stem from two separate

incidents when Stover allegedly threw work equipment at him. (Doc. 21, pp. 9–10, 

¶¶ 35, 40). First, Bennett alleges that shortly after he began working for Pipe Work, 

Stover threw a piece of equipment called a “down-hole roller” at him, striking him 

in the foot. Because Bennett was hit, this is the battery claim. Second, Bennett 

alleges that on the day before he resigned, Stover threw a camera at him but did not 

strike him with it. This is the assault claim.

Bennett brings both claims not only against Stover, but also against Pipe Work

on a theory of vicarious liability, arguing that Stover was acting within the line and 

scope of his employment with Pipe Work when the incidents occurred.

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The Defendants argue that both claims fail as a matter of law because Bennett

has failed to provide sufficient evidence that Stover intended to hit or touch him. 

The Court agrees as to Bennett’s assault claim but disagrees as to his battery claim. 

3. Battery: With respect to his battery claim, Bennett testified that Stover was 

upset at him when the incident occurred. (Doc. 51, p. 186). Bennett also testified that 

he and Stover were communicating as the incident occurred and that Stover knew 

where Bennett was standing when he threw the equipment. (Doc. 51, p. 188). 

Bennett testified that Stover told him “you’re in the damn way” when he threw the 

equipment, and that he did not apologize afterwards:

(Doc. 51, p. 190). Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury could determine that 

Stover intended to hit Bennett with the down-hole roller. See Surrency, 489 So. 2d 

at 1104 (“[W]hen there is conflicting evidence . . . the issue of whether there was, in 

fact, an assault and battery at all is a question for the jury.”)

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4. Assault: The same cannot be said for Bennett’s assault claim. In Bennett’s 

brief testimony about the incident, he does not allege that Stover was angry with him 

at the time, that Stover knew where he was standing, or that Stover made any 

comments showing an intent to strike him. (Doc. 51, p. 189). Thus, Bennett has not 

created a jury question on Stover’s required intent. Bennett’s bare allegations, 

without more, are too speculative and conclusory to survive summary judgment. 

Ave. CLO Fund, Ltd. v. Bank of Am., N.A., 723 F.3d 1287, 1294 (11th Cir. 2013)

(speculative factual inferences are not reasonable for summary judgment purposes); 

Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324 (plaintiff must go “beyond the pleadings” to show a

genuine issue for trial).

Finally, although he asserted no such claim in his Amended Complaint, 

Bennett tries to assert another battery claim in his summary judgment response based 

on an incident when Stover allegedly “tapped Bennett on his rear end in a sexual 

nature.” (Doc. 53, pp. 24.) But as discussed in Part II, Bennett cannot assert new 

claims in his response to summary judgment. Flintlock, 710 F.3d at 1227–28. Thus, 

Bennett’s newly alleged claim fails as a matter of law.

IV. Bennett’s Outrage Claim Fails As A Matter Of Law.

Finally, in Count IV, Bennett alleges that the “racial discrimination and 

physical violence” described in his other claims amounts to the state-law tort of 

outrage. (Doc. 21, pp. 10). 

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Under Alabama law, to establish the tort of outrage, a plaintiff must prove that 

the defendant’s conduct: “(1) was intentional or reckless; (2) was extreme and 

outrageous; and (3) caused emotional distress so severe that no reasonable person 

could be expected to endure it.” Harrelson v. R.J., 882 So. 2d 317, 322 (Ala. 2003) 

(quoting Thomas v. BSE Indus. Contractors, Inc., 624 So. 2d 1041, 1043 (Ala. 

1993)). Alabama has further defined the tort of outrage as follows:

[O]ne who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or 

recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to 

liability for such emotional distress and for bodily harm resulting from 

the distress. The emotional distress thereunder must be so severe that 

no reasonable person could be expected to endure it. Any recovery must 

be reasonable and justified under the circumstances, liability ensuing 

only when the conduct is extreme. By extreme we refer to conduct so 

outrageous in character and so extreme in degree as to go beyond all 

possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly 

intolerable in a civilized society.

Harrelson, 882 So. 2d at 331-32 (citing Am. Rd. Serv. Co. v. Inmon, 394 So. 2d 361, 

365 (Ala. 1980)) (internal citations omitted); see also Thompson v. City of 

Birmingham, 5 F. Supp. 3d 1304, 1329 (N.D. Ala. 2014) (holding that the tort of 

outrage applies “only in flagrantly egregious circumstances”) (internal quotations 

omitted); see also Surrency, 489 So.2d at 1105 (recognizing the plaintiff's burden is 

a “heavy” one).

The tort of outrage is “extremely limited,” and the Alabama Supreme Court

“has recognized it in regard to only three kinds of conduct: (1) wrongful conduct in 

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the family-burial context, Whitt v. Hulsey, 519 So.2d 901 (Ala. 1987); (2) barbaric 

methods employed to coerce an insurance settlement, National Sec. Fire & Cas. Co. 

v. Bowen, 447 So.2d 133 (Ala. 1983); and (3) egregious sexual harassment, Busby 

v. Truswal Sys. Corp., 551 So.2d 322 (Ala. 1989).” Potts v. Hayes, 771 So. 2d 462, 

465 (Ala. 2000).

Indeed, both the Alabama Supreme Court and the Eleventh Circuit have been 

extremely reluctant to extend the tort of outrage to other categories of conduct. See, 

e.g., Stancombe v. New Process Steel LP, 652 F. App'x 729, 732 (11th Cir. 2016) 

(holding that the act of grabbing another’s head and making pelvic thrusts in his face 

is boorish, vulgar, and unacceptable, but was not outrageous enough to satisfy the 

requisite element of outrage); McIsaac v. WZEW-FM Corp., 495 So. 2d 649, 651 

(Ala. 1986) (holding that no extreme or outrageous conduct occurred when the 

defendant-supervisor stated that he wanted to have an affair with the plaintiff, 

attempted to kiss her, made suggestive remarks, touched her and put his arm around 

her, and then terminated her employment because she had refused his advances). 

Here, however, the Court need not determine whether the conduct at issue is

outrageous enough to justify expanding the tort, because Bennett has offered no

evidence on an essential element of the tort—i.e. that he suffered extreme emotional 

distress. In his brief, Bennett overlooks this element and instead focuses exclusively 

on nature of the conduct at issue. Because Bennett offers no evidence he suffered 

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“emotional distress so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure 

it,” Harrelson, 882 So. 2d at 322, his claim necessarily fails.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS the Defendants’ motion for 

summary judgment on Bennett’s Title VII sexual harassment claim (Count V) and 

his state-law assault and outrage claims (Counts II & IV). The Court DENIES the 

Defendants’ motion on Bennett’s §1981 hostile work environment claim (Count I) 

and state-law battery claim (Count III). The Court also finds that Bennett’s Amended 

Complaint does not state a claim for constructive discharge, and if it did, that claim 

would be summarily dismissed. The Court will issue a separate order carrying out

these findings.

DONE and ORDERED this 26th day of March, 2020. 

 _________________________________

 COREY L. MAZE

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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