Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_12-cv-01380/USCOURTS-casd-3_12-cv-01380-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Fed. Question

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

KEVIN PARK,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 12cv1380-LAB (JMA)

ORDER GRANTING IN PART

MOTION TO DISMISS

[DOCKET NUMBERS 27 AND 28.]

vs.

WEBLOYALTY.COM, INC.,

Defendant.

Defendant Webloyalty.com, Inc. has filed a motion to dismiss. Because the motion

was over-length, Webloyalty also filed a motion for leave to file excessive pages. The

unopposed motion for leave to file excessive pages is GRANTED, and the motion to dismiss

is accepted as filed.

I. Introduction & Background

On May 19, 2009, Plaintiff Kevin Park purchased a gift certificate online from

Gamestop.com. After entering his credit card information, Park saw an offer for a coupon

to save on his next purchase. Park clicked on the offer, and was directed to a new window.

This new window provided the details of the coupon offer and explained that by providing an

email address the customer would be agreeing to a subscription to a membership-fee based

program known as Complete Savings. Park claims he was not aware of the membership

program he was signing up for, and assumed it was part of his GameStop purchase. The

enrollment page asked him to provide his email address twice and click an acceptance

- 1 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 1 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

button. By clicking this acceptance button, Park subscribed to a fee-based membership

program known as Complete Savings, operated by Webloyalty. Park never re-entered his

billing information for this subscription; rather, the data was shared by a method known as

“data pass.” The first charge by Webloyalty was made one month later, on June 19, 2009.

Park alleges that Webloyalty obtained his billing information directly from

Gamestop.com through the "data pass" process. Park claims that he never intended to join

any membership program, and was not even aware that he had been redirected away from

the website Gamestop.com. Park says that in April of 2011 he discovered unauthorized

charges to his bank account totaling $264. These were the charges made by Webloyalty.

He requested a refund, and Webloyalty granted him only a partial refund of $48.

Park has brought this putative class action, with the putative class consisting of all

persons who did not directly provide their billing information to Webloyalty, but who were

charged for a subscription based program at any time since December 29, 2010. A different

putative class action, Berry v. Webloyalty.com, Inc., 10cv1358-H (CAB) was filed in this

District on June 25, 2010, and Park says he was a member of the putative class in that case.

The Berry decision was vacated on appeal, because Webloyalty had given the plaintiff a full

refund, resulting in his lacking a cognizable injury. Berry v. Webloyalty.com, Inc., 517 Fed.

Appx. 581 (9 Cir. 2013). This deprived him of standing, and the court of jurisdiction. Id. at th

582.

The original complaint was dismissed for failure to allege jurisdictional facts. The

Second Amended Complaint (SAC) is the operative pleading. Webloyalty has moved to

dismiss the SAC for failure to state a claim. In support of its motion, Webloyalty asks the

Court to take judicial notice of web pages and disclosures referred to in the SAC. 

II. Discussion

A. Legal Standards

A Rule12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro v.

Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001). When determining whether a complaint states a

claim, the Court accepts all allegations of material fact in the complaint as true and construes

- 2 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 2 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Cedars–Sinai Medical Center v.

National League of Postmasters of U.S., 497 F.3d 972, 975 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).

But the Court is “not required to accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted

by documents referred to in the complaint,” and does “not . . . necessarily assume the truth

of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Warren

v. Fox Family Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir.2003) (citations and quotation

marks omitted).

Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing

that the pleader is entitled to relief,” is required, in order to “give the defendant fair notice of

what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 554–55 (2007). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level . . . .” Id. at 555. “[S]ome threshold of plausibility must be crossed

at the outset” before a case is permitted to proceed. Id. at 558 (citation omitted). The

well-pleaded facts must do more than permit the Court to infer “the mere possibility of

conduct”; they must show that the pleader is entitled to relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

679 (2009).

Generally, the scope of review on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is

limited to the contents of the complaint. See id. at 1141 n.5. But the Court may consider

judicially noticeable facts, see Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895,

899 (9th Cir. 2007), as well as “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and

whose authenticity no party questions,” even if they are not attached to the pleading. Branch

v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir.1994) overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v.

County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002). The court may treat such a document

as “part of the complaint, and thus may assume that its contents are true for purposes of a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.

2003).

/ / /

/ / /

- 3 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 3 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

B. Judicial Notice

Under Fed. R. Evid. 201(b), the Court can take judicial notice of facts not subject to

reasonable dispute. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 690 (9th Cir.2001). Under

Fed. R. Evid. 201(d), the Court must take notice if requested by a party and if supplied with

the necessary information. But Park has opposed the request, and seeks discovery to

confirm whether the documents are authentic and accurate. By their nature, the original

documents are not likely to be within Park's control. Because the documents Webloyalty

asks the Court to take notice of are not "capable of accurate and ready determination by

resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned," Fed. R. Evid. 201(b),

judicial notice is inappropriate here. Nor may the Court treat these documents as the ones

whose contents are alleged in the SAC.

Park asks the Court to take judicial notice of two staff reports prepared for the chair

of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation regarding

industry practices. Congressional acts and records are noticeable, and the reports may be

relevant to Congressional purpose in enacting the Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act,

or to show the government was concerned about the business practices the reports detail.

The facts and conclusions set forth in the reports, however, are subject to dispute; that

dispute is at the heart of this case. See In re Easysaver Rewards Litigation, 737 F. Supp. 2d

1159, 1171 (S.D.Cal., 2010) (taking notice of the Senate investigation and citing these same

committee reports, but declining to consider the findings within the reports). The Court

therefore takes notice of the reports, but only for purposes of showing that the Senate

conducted an investigation and considered these matters, and not for purposes of showing

whether the interaction between Webloyalty and Park—as well as the putative class

members—is actionable. The fact that a Senate committee conducted an investigation, in

other words, does not deprive Webloyalty of its day in court. 

The fact that the reports are alleged in the SAC, and the Court’s taking judicial notice

of the reports do not relieve Park of his obligation to plead facts to establish his claim. The

/ / /

- 4 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 4 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

reports speak of what the authors believe happened to consumers in general; they do not

purport to say what happened to Park. 

C. EFTA claim

Park claims that the charges made by Webloyalty were "unauthorized electronic funds

transfers," as that term is defined in the Electronic Funds Transfer Act 15 U.S.C.

§ 1693a(11). According the EFTA, "[a] preauthorized electronic fund transfer from a

consumer's account may be authorized by the consumer only in writing, and a copy of such

authorization shall be provided to the consumer when made." 15 U.S.C. § 1693e(a). Park

claims that the input of his email address was not a sufficient authorization under EFTA, and

therefore the charges made by Webloyalty were unlawful. 

Webloyalty responds with two main arguments. First, it argues that Park has failed

to state a claim for which relief may be granted because the enrollment page, which Park

referenced in the SAC, disclosed the financial details of the enrollment seven times, and

explicitly stated that by entering his email address twice he would be authorizing the charges,

and a valid authorization would preclude Park's EFTA claims. Second, they argue that Park's

EFTA claim is time-barred because it was brought after the expiration of the one-year statute

of limitations.

1. Failure to State a Claim

Webloyalty's first argument is that Park has failed to state a claim under EFTA

because Webloyalty's enrollment page fully disclosed all details of the financial transaction,

and Park provided a valid authorization by inputting his email address twice. Webloyalty

relies on Berry, in which it made almost identical disclosures and the court held that a

plaintiff's input of his email into a nearly identical form constituted a valid authorization under

the EFTA. Berry v. Webloyalty, 2011 WL 1375665 (S.D. Cal., Apr. 11, 2011). Park argues

that Berry lacks any precedential value because of its vacatur. But because it was vacated

on other grounds, it remains persuasive precedent.

In general, the question of whether a business practice is deceptive is a question of

fact. See Castagnola v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 2012 WL 2159385, at *7 (N.D.Cal., June 13,

- 5 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 5 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

2012). But a motion to dismiss can be granted if there is no likelihood a reasonable

consumer would be deceived. Id. (citing Freeman v. Time, Inc., 68 F.3d 285, 289–90 (9 Cir. th

1995)).

In Berry, the plaintiff was directed to an enrollment page operated by Webloyalty that

is similar to the one Webloyalty has asked the Court to notice. The only differences between

this page and the page Park was directed to were immaterial specifics, such as the value of

the coupon offered as an incentive to sign up. The court in Berry held that the plaintiff's input

of his email address constituted a valid authorization under the EFTA. Id. at *7 ("The Court

concludes that Plaintiff Berry's entry of his email address twice and clicking on ‘YES’

constitutes authorization given the several disclosures made on the enrollment page").

Courts in the past have come to the same conclusion that an email can serve as an

authorization as long as a clear disclosure of terms is made. See In re Vistaprint Corp

Marketing and Sales Practice Litigation, 2009 WL 2884727 at *9 (S.D. Texas 2009) (plaintiffs

typed their email addresses into the spaces provided on defendants' web pages, thereby

authorizing defendants to "charge/debit [their] account according to the Offer Details . . . [so]

the EFTA claim must be dismissed”), aff’d sub nom. Bott v. Vistaprint USA, Inc., 392 Fed.

Appx. 327 (5 Cir. 2010)). th

To be sure, enrolling consumers in such a program without their knowledge or

consent would be unlawful. See, e.g., Marsh v. First Bank of Delaware, 2014 WL 554553,

at *2 (N.D.Cal., Feb. 7, 2014). But, assuming the exhibit depicting the web page is authentic

and accurate, the core question is whether Webloyalty’s disclosures were sufficient to put

Park on notice both that he was subscribing to a fee-based membership and also that his

email would serve as an authorization to charge his debit card. They undoubtedly were. 

As noted above, the Court has not taken judicial notice of Webloyalty’s exhibits. But

a discussion of those exhibits is still helpful, because they provide tangible examples of

documents Webloyalty argues the SAC is (or could be) describing. The enrollment page

Webloyalty points to (Mot. to Dismiss, Pipkin Decl., Ex. A) discloses the fact that subscription

/ / /

- 6 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 6 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

will require a monthly fee; in fact, this is mentioned seven times. Also, the paragraph directly

above the box where the customer is to input his email address reads:

"By entering my email address as my electronic signature and clicking 

YES, I have read and agree to the Offer and Billing Details and authorize 

Gamestop to securely transfer my name, address and credit or debit card

information to Complete Savings for billing and benefit processing."

The details are posted directly to the left of this, and are labeled "Offer and Billing Details."

This is a clear and unambiguous statement that by entering an email address, the customer

is authorizing a charge to his or her debit card. Under Vistaprint and Berry, an email can

serve as an authorization for the purposes of the EFTA; therefore Webloyalty's charges were

not "unauthorized electronic fund transfers" under the Act. Park alleges Webloyalty's web

page is deceptive and misleading, but these allegations are conclusory, and he makes no

effort to explain how or why the page was misleading. It is also worth mentioning that

although Park alleges he did not see or notice the warnings in the exhibits, the real question

is whether they were there. It is not enough merely to show that he did not read them.

Park's other argument is that there can be deception even when express disclosures

are made, and thus the screenshot of the enrollment page is not dispositive. He cites various

cases for the principle that a motion to dismiss is improper when there are questions of fact

regarding the context of a web page that could be deceptive, even when express disclosures

are made. He has failed, however, in his pleadings to explain what deceptive practice

Webloyalty has used to trick customers into authorizing a debit funds transfer without

reading the express disclosures. Merely suggesting the hypothetical possibility that

something might have rendered the disclosures insufficient does not meet the pleading

standard. Nor would it meet the standard for pleading fraud under Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

The main helpfulness of this exhibit is that it points out how spotty and conclusory the

SAC's allegations are. Accepting as true all the SAC’s allegations, the exhibit Webloyalty

points to could still be the one Park looked at when he enrolled; Park himself is unsure

whether it is. But if it is, his claim fails. A well-pleaded complaint would foreclose that 

/ / /

- 7 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 7 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

possibility. Park is responsible for pleading facts that, if true, would show he is entitled to

relief, and not merely that it is possible he is entitled to relief. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.

2. Statute of Limitations

Webloyalty also argues that Park's EFTA claims are barred by the statute of

limitations. EFTA has a one-year statute of limitations. 15 U.S.C. § 1693m(g) ("[A]ny action

under this section may be brought . . . within one year from the date of the occurrence of the

violation.") Park's debit card was first charged on June 19, 2009. Ordinarily, this would mean

that the statute of limitations would have barred any claim brought after June 19, 2010. Park

argues, however, that Berry v. Webloyalty.com, another class action case that he was a

putative member of, tolled the statute of limitations under principles set forth in American

Pipe & Construction Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538 (1974). The problem, however, is that Berry

was filed June 25, 2010; thus, it began after the statute of limitations had already run, and

tolling would be of no help to him. He also cites a District of Connecticut case, L. S. v.

Webloyalty.com, Inc., et al., 10cv1372-CSH (D.Conn, filed August 27, 2010), but since that

was filed even later than Berry, it does not help him either.

Park argues that the discovery rule also applies to his claim, and prevented the

statute of limitations from running until he discovered the charge. He argues that

Webloyalty’s “deceptive practices” caused his delay in discovering both the misuse of his

billing information and the charges to his debit card. 

As discussed above, Park might have known all material facts on May 19, 2009 when

he first viewed the enrollment page. If he did not, the SAC has not adequately pleaded facts

to show how or why not. Even disregarding this, he at the very least had the opportunity to

see the charges on his first bank statement on June 19, 2010 when the first charge was

made. Park, however, argues that Webloyalty concealed its wrongdoing by “intentionally

charg[ing] only a small amount to his account each month so that the charges could easily

be overlooked.” (Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss, 21:18–20.) The charge, however, is alleged to be

$12.00, and there is no allegation that it was disguised in way or that he attempted to find

out what the charge was for and was somehow misled or thwarted in his efforts. 

- 8 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 8 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

As soon as Park received the first bank statement showing the $12.00 charge, he had

reason to know of the basis of his claim. That is when his EFTA claim accrued, and the

statute of limitations runs from that date. See Hexcel Corp. v. Ineos Polymers, Inc., 681 F.3d

1055, 1062–63 (9 Cir. 2012) (discussing discovery rule and fraudulent concealment th

doctrine). This is true even if he did not look at his bank statement or notice the $12.00

charge. Without any equitable tolling, the statute of limitations on Park's claims expired on

June 19, 2010, and thus his EFTA claims appear to be time-barred.

D. ECPA Claim

Park's second claim is for violation of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act

(EPCA) pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2510. (FAC ¶¶ 77–83.) The ECPA imposes liability on any

individual who "intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person

to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication." 18 U.S.C.

§ 2511(1)(a). Defendant Webloyalty argues that there was no "interception" because they

only receive the billing information from Gamestop after Park provided his authorization. 

As discussed above, if Webloyalty's exhibits are accurate and authentic, Park's entry

of his email address twice and clicking on "YES" constitutes authorization given the several

disclosures made on the enrollment page. The language of the enrollment page Webloyalty

points to says that, by inputting an email address, the customer would "agree to the Offer

and Billing Details and authorize Gamestop.com to securely transfer my name, address and

credit or debit card information to Shopper Discounts & Rewards for billing and benefit

processing." As with the EFTA claim, the SAC’s factual allegations do not plausibly show

there was an unauthorized interception (rather than a consented-to transfer of information). 

This claim is subject to dismissal. See In re Vistaprint, 2009 WL 2884727, at *9.

ECPA claims, however, are subject to a two-year statute of limitations. 18 U.S.C.

§ 2520(e). As with the EFTA claim, Park was on notice that his billing information had been

shared with Webloyalty as soon as he received his bank statement. Because Berry and L.

S. v. Webloyalty.com were pending during the limitations period, it appears equitable tolling

could render this claim timely.

- 9 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 9 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

E. Civil Theft 

Park's third claim is for civil theft under Connecticut General Statute § 52–564 and

§ 53(a)–119(2). (FAC ¶¶ 84–93.) Under this statute, "[a]ny person who steals any property

of another, or knowingly receives and conceals stolen property, shall pay the owner treble

his damages." Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52–564. "Any person who obtains property by false

pretenses when, by any false token, pretense or device, he obtains from another any

property, with intent to defraud him or any other person." Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53(a)–119(2).

As discussed, if Webloyalty's exhibits are accurate and authentic, Park's entry of his

email address twice and clicking on "YES" would constitute authorization given the

disclosures made on the enrollment page. Because Park has not pleaded sufficient facts to

show he did not give his authorization to be enrolled in the membership, his allegations fail

to show that property was obtained under "false pretenses" with the intent to defraud.

Accordingly, this claim will be dismissed as well.

F. Remaining State Law Claims

Park also has made claims for unjust enrichment, money had and received,

conversion, and a violation of privacy. These claims are nearly identical to those asserted

in Berry, and, as that court held, a finding that the transfer was authorized by the plaintiff

would be fatal to all of these claims. Berry, 2011 WL 1375665 at *8-10 (holding that the

plaintiff's ECPA, civil theft, unjust enrichment, money had and received, conversion, and

invasion of privacy claims lacked merit because the plaintiff consented to the transaction and

authorized it by email signature). As with the other claims, Park has not pleaded facts to

show the transfer was unauthorized.

With regard to the statute of limitations, Webloyalty’s motion argues that only claim

7, for “invasion into private matters” is subject to a one-year limitations period. For the same

reasons discussed earlier, it appears that claim, though not the other state claims, is timebarred.

/ / /

/ / /

- 10 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 10 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

G. ROSCA-based Claims

Park has brought claims arising from the Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act

(ROSCA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 8401. While ROSCA does not itself provide for private rights of

action, Park argues that Webloyalty’s violations of ROSCA give rise to claims under

California’s Unfair Competition Law and Unfair Trade Practices Act. The violation, Park

argues, consists of Webloyalty’s continuing to make charges based on the earlier consent

obtained through “data pass,” even after ROSCA’s enactment. Webloyalty argues both that

ROSCA does not apply to transactions validly authorized under EFTA, and also that applying

ROSCA here would amount to an improper retroactive application of that statute. 

Initially, it appears that by its terms ROSCA applies to any charges made after its

effective date, not just charges authorized after that date. But by its terms, ROSCA does not

purport to supersede, modify, or otherwise the effect the requirements of EFTA, 15 U.S.C.

§ 8402(c), and it does not appear to attempt to invalidate earlier, otherwise valid charge

authorizations. Although ROSCA prohibits the “data pass” method of sharing credit card

information with third-party sellers, and the practice of authorizing financial transactions by

email address alone, see Lee v. Intelius Inc., 737 F.3d 1254, 1261 (9 Cir. 2013), the sharing th

of Park’s data and obtaining of his authorization took place before ROSCA was effective.

H. Partial Refund

The SAC alleges Park was refunded $48 of the $264 he paid. (SAC, ¶ 15.) The fact

that the plaintiff in Berry received a refund was held, on appeal, to moot that his claims. As

the party invoking the Court’s jurisdiction, Park bears the burden of pleading facts to

establish that jurisdiction, see Gen. Atomic Co. v. United Nuclear Corp., 655 F.2d 968,

968–69 (9th Cir. 1981), and the court is obligated to confirm its jurisdiction, sua sponte if

necessary. See Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 954 (9th Cir.2011) (en

banc). 

As Berry made clear, Park cannot bring any claims arising from money he was

charged that was later refunded to him. See 517 Fed. Appx. at 582. Park must therefore

show to what extent his claims are based on charges that were not refunded. Although the

- 11 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 11 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Court did not take notice of it, Webloyalty’s Exhibit G suggests that Park’s membership fees

were refunded for December, 2010 through March, 2011. If Park agrees the refund is

attributable to these four months, any of his claims arising from unauthorized charges must

exclude claims that arose during those months. If he believes the refund is attributable to

some other period, or represents a small partial refund attributable to the entire period, he

must plead facts to show this.

III. Conclusion and Order

For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds the SAC does not state a claim.

Although it seems unlikely Park could plead facts to establish he is entitled to tolling

sufficient to rescue his time-barred claims, the Court cannot say with certainty that he could

not. He may also be able to plead additional facts to meet the pleading standards for his

other claims. More importantly, if the exhibits Webloyalty has proffered are authentic, Park’s

claims must fail. Although Park questions the authenticity of these documents, he does no

more than that; all he is able to say at this point is that he doesn’t know whether they

represent the web pages he was shown at the time he enrolled. There are ample reasons

to suspect that they are authentic, though. In Berry, where Park was a putative class

member, the web pages’ authenticity was unquestioned. Furthermore, Park knows his own

mind; he is in the best position to say whether he can or cannot in good faith plead facts

showing that the exhibits are not authentic. The fact that he has not done so suggests the

likelihood that he cannot.

Ordinarily when a complaint is dismissed for failure to state a claim, leave to amend

is granted, but it need not be granted if amendment would be futile or if the amended

complaint would not withstand a motion to dismiss. See Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143

F.3d 1293, 1298 (9th Cir. 1998). To amend successfully, Park would need to plead facts that

would show either that the exhibits Webloyalty has proffered cannot be accurate and

genuine, or that for some other reason the disclosures they contain were ineffective.

Because the issue of a time bar has been raised, any amended complaint would also need

to show why the claims it includes are timely; otherwise, it could not withstand a motion to

- 12 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 12 of 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

dismiss. It must also establish that the claims are not based on any charges that were

refunded.

The motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART. The SAC is DISMISSED, but without

prejudice and not with prejudice as requested in the motion. 

The Court is mindful of the importance of adjudicating this case in a timely manner,

without needless expenditure of resources. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. In other cases, allowing

disputes about document authenticity to stretch out instead of resolving them early has

resulted in needless delay and waste of resources. See, e.g., In re Interstate Steel Setters,

Inc., 65 B.R. 312, 316 (Bankrtcy.N.D.Ill., 1986). The Court therefore concludes that allowing

the case to go forward in the absence of any good faith dispute about the exhibits’

authenticity would be inappropriate. Rather, any dispute about the exhibits’ authenticity

should be resolved as early as practicable.

To that end, Park may not amend unless he first obtains leave to do so. He may seek

leave to amend by filing an ex parte motion showing that amendment would not be futile.

The motion should address all defects noted in this order. If he believes limited discovery

into the exhibits’ authenticity is appropriate, he may request that in the motion and must

show why it is appropriate. But if he is prepared to amend immediately, he should attach his

proposed third amended complaint as an exhibit to his motion. The ex parte motion must be

filed within 28 days from the date this order is entered; if it is not, the Court will assume

Park realizes he cannot successfully amend, and the complaint will be dismissed with

prejudice as to Park’s claims, and without prejudice as to the putative class claims. If Park

moves for leave to amend, Webloyalty may file a response within 14 calendar days. Neither

the motion or the response may exceed twenty pages, not counting any lodged or appended

material.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: September 29, 2014

HONORABLE LARRY ALAN BURNS

United States District Judge

- 13 - 12cv1380

Case 3:12-cv-01380-LAB-LL Document 37 Filed 09/29/14 PageID.<pageID> Page 13 of 13