Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_12-cv-00567/USCOURTS-azd-2_12-cv-00567-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 820
Nature of Suit: Copyright
Cause of Action: 17:101 Copyright Infringement

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

The ACT Group, Inc., 

Plaintiff, 

vs.

James Hamlin, et al., 

Defendants.

James Hamlin, et al., 

Counter-Claimant, 

vs.

The ACT Group, Inc., 

Counter-Defendant.

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No. CV-12-567-PHX-SMM

ORDER

Pending before the Court is Counter-Defendant The ACT Group, Inc.’s (“ACT”)

motion for summary judgment against Counter-Claimant James Hamlin (“Hamlin” or “Mr.

Hamlin”), which is fully briefed. (Docs. 107-08, 111-12, 114.) Also pending is Defendant

WaterFurnace International Inc.’s (“WaterFurnace”) motion for summary judgment, which

is fully briefed. (Docs. 115-16, 118-19, 124-25.) After reviewing and considering the briefs,

the Court will deny WaterFurnace’s motion for summary judgment and grant ACT’s motion

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ACT’s request for oral argument on both motions is denied because the parties have

had an adequate opportunity to present their written arguments, and oral argument will not

aid the Court’s decision. See Lake at Las Vegas Investors Grp., Inc. v. Pac. Malibu Dev.,

933 F.2d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 1991).

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for summary judgment.1

I. WATERFURNACE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Background and Procedural History

The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. ACT provides training

and education services to Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (“HVAC”) distributors,

dealers and their representatives nationwide. (Doc. 47.) In the course of its business, ACT

developed copyrighted sales training materials, which it labeled “The Works,” containing

both sales training materials and written hand-outs. (Docs. 100-4 at 1-6, 90-1, 90-2.) The

Works consists of the titles “No Pressure Selling” and “Trane Boot Camp: A Comprehensive

Study Guide to In-Home Sales.” (Id.) 

ACT owns a federal copyright issued by the United States Copyright Office,

Certificate of Registration No. TX 000479930 dated June 9, 1998, for the materials entitled

“No Pressure Selling.” (Doc. 100-4.) ACT owns a federal copyright, Certificate of

Registration No. TX 7-489-546 dated February 29, 2012, also for “No Pressure Selling.”

(Id.) ACT owns a federal copyright, Certificate of Registration No. TX 7-489-595 dated

February 29,2012, for the materials entitled “Trane Boot Camp: A Comprehensive Study

Guide to In-Home Sales.” (Doc. 116-4.) The Works is comprised of three valid copyright

registrations owned by ACT, Certificate of Registration numbers TX 7-489-546, TX

7-489-595, and TX 4-799-830. (Doc. 100-4.)

In 2002, ACT entered into an non-exclusive independent contract with Mr. Hamlin

for Hamlin to serve as one of its national sales trainers. (Doc. 108-1 at 2-3.) In December

2010, WaterFurnace independently contracted with Mr. Hamlin, also as a sales trainer. (Doc.

115 at 4.) WaterFurnace is a geothermal manufacturer and distributor of HVAC systems that

provides its own sales training to HVAC dealers and representatives. (Id.) Subsequently,

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in May 2011, Mr. Hamlin left ACT informing them that he had decided to work exclusively

for WaterFurnace. (Doc. 108-1 at 3.) 

 It is undisputed that Mr. Hamlin had access to The Works while he worked as a sales

trainer for ACT. (Doc. 108-1.) According to ACT, Mr. Hamlin utilized ACT Group’s

proprietary sales training concepts and materials when he left ACT to perform similar sales

training services for WaterFurnace, making a sales training presentation for WaterFurnace

entitled “Smarter Sales Training.” (Doc. 90-3.) In ACT’s FAC (Doc. 47), it alleged that Mr.

Hamlin copied ACT’s copyrighted materials and now uses materials that are, as a whole

substantially similar to The Works, and that some of the materials used by Mr. Hamlin are

identical to The Works. (Compare Doc. 90-1 and 90-2 with 90-3.) ACT further alleged that

WaterFurnace directly infringed its copyright of The Works for its own advantage. (Doc. 47

at 7-9.)

Following discovery, Mr. Hamlin moved for summary judgment on ACT’s direct

copyright infringement claim. (Doc. 89.) Mr. Hamlin first argued that The Works is not

entitled to copyright protection because it only used common ideas, techniques, and phrases

of the sales industry and that there was nothing unique or original about The Works that

would entitle it to copyright protection. (Id. at 5-6.) Next, Mr. Hamlin claimed that even if

The Works was entitled to copyright protection, he did not infringe on the copyright because

substantially all of the portions of The Works that ACT claimed he copied are just common

phrases in the public domain, and not subject to copyright protection. (Id.) 

The Court disagreed, denying Mr. Hamlin’s motion for summary judgment. (Doc.

126.) The Court first found that The Works was entitled to copyright protection. (Id.) As to

Mr. Hamlin’s contention that ACT could not establish direct infringement, the Court applied

the Ninth Circuit’s two-part substantially similar test from Smith v. Jackson, 84 F.3d 1213,

1218 (9th Cir. 1996). (Id.) The Court made an “objective comparison of specific expressive

elements” focusing on the “articulable similarities” between the two works. (Id.) The Court

found that Mr. Hamlin had access to The Works and that The Works and Smarter Sales

Training were “substantially similar in idea and in expression of the idea.” (Id.) The Court

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found that ACT established the “extrinsic test.” (Id.) Regarding application of the second

prong, the “intrinsic test,” the Court found that such a determination was for the jury, and

denied Mr. Hamlin’s motion for summary judgment on direct infringement. (Id.); see Shaw

v. Lindheim, 919 F.2d 1353, 1358 (9th Cir. 1990).

In the same order, the Court denied ACT’s motion for leave to file a second amended

complaint alleging two indirect copyright infringement claims, a claim for “vicarious

infringement” and a claim for “contributory infringement.” (Id.) WaterFurnace now moves

for summary judgment contending that ACT lacks evidence that it directly infringed The

Works copyright; ACT moves for summary judgment on Mr. Hamlin’s counterclaim for

invasion of privacy.

Standard of Review

Summary Judgment

A court must grant summary judgment if the pleadings and supporting documents,

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show “that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986); Jesinger v.

Nevada Fed. Credit Union, 24 F.3d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir. 1994). Substantive law determines

which facts are material. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); see also

Jesinger, 24 F.3d at 1130. “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit

under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson,

477 U.S. at 248. The dispute must also be genuine, that is, the evidence must be “such that

a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.; see Jesinger, 24 F.3d

at 1130.

A principal purpose of summary judgment is “to isolate and dispose of factually

unsupported claims.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323-24. Summary judgment is appropriate

against a party who “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an

element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof

at trial.” Id. at 322; see also Citadel Holding Corp. v. Roven, 26 F.3d 960, 964 (9th Cir.

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§ 106. Exclusive rights in copyrighted works

. . . the owner of a copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and

to authorize any of the following:

1. to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;

2. to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;

3. to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public

by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending; . . . 

5. in the case of literary . . . works . . . to display the copyrighted work

publically; . . . 

17 U.S.C. § 106 (2012).

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1994). The moving party need not disprove matters on which the opponent has the burden

of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The party opposing summary judgment may

not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the party’s pleadings, but must set forth

“specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” See Matsushita Elec. Indus.

Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) (1963)

(amended 2010)) ; Brinson v. Linda Rose Joint Venture, 53 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 1995).

The non-movant’s bare assertions, standing alone, are insufficient to create a material issue

of fact and defeat a motion for summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247–48.

Discussion

Direct Infringement

In order to prove direct copyright infringement, ACT must prevail on both prongs:

“(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that

are original.” Feist Publ’n, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991); 17

U.S.C. §§ 106, 501 (2012). The word “copying” is shorthand for the infringing of any of the

copyright owner’s exclusive rights under 17 U.S.C. § 106 (2012).2

 See S.O.S. Inc. v.

Payday, Inc., 886 F.2d 1081, 1085 n.3 (9th Cir. 1989). The Court only reaches the issue of

direct infringement if ACT establishes that The Works is entitled to copyright protection. 

 WaterFurnace alleges that The Works is not entitled to copyright protection. (Doc.

115 at 2.) As the Court has already discussed and summarized, Mr. Hamlin presented this

same argument in his motion for summary judgment, which the Court rejected. (Docs. 89,

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126.) The Court again finds as a matter of law that The Works is entitled to copyright

protection. (See Doc. 126.)

 Next, “[i]f ownership of a valid copyright is established, then to avoid summary

judgment a plaintiff asserting a claim for copyright infringement need only demonstrate a

triable issue of fact as to whether the defendant ‘copied anything that was original to their

work.’” Honeywell Intern., Inc. v. Western Support Group, Inc., 947 F. Supp.2d 1077, 1086

(D. Ariz. 2013) (quoting Funky Films, Inc. v. Time Warner Entertainment Co., L.P., 462

F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2006)). Thus, at issue is whether WaterFurnace copied elements

of The Works that are original and thus directly infringed upon ACT’s copyright. 

Pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 106(5), as a copyright owner, ACT had the exclusive right “to

display the copyrighted work publicly.” “Display” means “to show a copy of it, either

directly or by means of a film, slide, television image, or any other device or process. . . .”

Id. at § 101. Section 101 defines “copies” as “material objects . . . in which a work is fixed

by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived,

reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or

device.” 

Where there is direct evidence of copying, a plaintiff need not address defendant’s

access to the copyrighted work and substantial similarity. However, because direct evidence

of copying is generally not available, plaintiffs seek to prove direct infringement by copying

by showing that defendants had access to the copyrighted work and that the two works are

substantially similar. See B2B CFO Partners, LLC v. Kaufman, 787 F. Supp.2d 1002, 1007

(D. Ariz. 2011). According to circuit precedent, a two-part extrinsic/intrinsic test is used to

determine whether two works are substantially similar. See Smith, 84 F.3d at 1218. In

motions for “summary judgment, only the extrinsic test is relevant. If plaintiff satisfies the

extrinsic test, the intrinsic test’s subjective inquiry must be left to the jury and summary

judgment must be denied.” Id.

WaterFurnace alleges that ACT cannot establish that The Works, when reviewed in

its entirety, is substantially similar to Mr. Hamlin’s Smarter Sales Training. (Doc. 115 at 2.)

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Mr. Hamlin presented this same argument to the Court. (Doc. 89.) Given that Mr. Hamlin

had a high degree of access to The Works, the Court applied a lower standard of proof

regarding substantial similarity. See B2B CFO Partners, 787 F. Supp.2d at 1007-08. Under

the applicable two part test, the Court found that ACT established the “extrinsic test”, and

that a determination of the “intrinsic test” was a question properly left for the jury. (Doc.

126.) 

Finally, WaterFurnace argues that even if allegations remain regarding whether Mr.

Hamlin directly infringed on The Works, ACT still must prove that WaterFurnace’s actions,

separate and apart from Mr. Hamlin, directly infringed on The Works. (Doc. 115 at 2.)

WaterFurnace acknowledges that it contracted with Mr. Hamlin to present HVAC sales

training materials at its seminars, but claims to have had no part in creating, deciding or

authorizing what sales-training materials Mr. Hamlin would use or did use. (Id. at 3.)

According to WaterFurnace, Mr. Hamlin testified as follows at his December 17, 2012

deposition:

Q. Did you create the Smarter Sales Training program yourself?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did anybody from WaterFurnace assist you in creating the Smarter Sales

Training program?

A. No, sir.

(Doc. 116-7 at 6.)

In response, ACT argues that it remains a disputed material question of fact and law

whether Mr. Hamlin, regardless of his independent contractor status, was an agent of

WaterFurnace or a nonagent service provider for WaterFurnace when he copied the Works,

citing Ochoa v. J.B. Martin & Sons Farms, Inc., 287 F.3d 1182, 1189 (9th Cir. 2002). (Doc.

118 at 9.) ACT contends that it has direct evidence that Mr. Hamlin copied The Works to

create the Smarter Sales Training Materials because Mr. Hamlin left ACT’s title (“Trane

Boot Camp”) and other references to “Trane” in the slides and the notes on the presentation

slides. (Id. (citing Doc. 119-8 at 6).) 

ACT further contends it is undisputed that Mr. Hamlin’s wife, Jodi, was a Territory

Manager for WaterFurnace during times relevant to this litigation. (See, e.g., Doc. 119-8 at

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7.) ACT contends that WaterFurnace directly infringed upon its copyright in The Works

because in Mr. Hamlin’s subsequent July 10, 2013 deposition, he clarified that WaterFurnace

employee Jodi Hamlin assisted him in preparation of the training materials. (Doc. 119-10

at 2, (“Q: Did anyone assist you in the preparation of those materials? A: My wife.”).) ACT

maintains that Jodi assisted and was integral in copying and distributing the Smarter Sales

Training Materials to WaterFurnace personnel. (Doc. 118 at 9.) 

Finally, and in addition, ACT contends that other WaterFurnace personnel participated

and provided guidance and oversight to Mr. Hamlin in creating and promoting the Smarter

Sales Training Materials. (Id. at 8-9.) Citing WaterFurnace emails that occurred during the

creation and distribution of the Smarter Sales Training Materials, ACT contends that these

WaterFurnace personnel had knowledge that the Smarter Sales materials included ACT

content and that WaterFurnace provided Mr. Hamlin substantial assistance and

encouragement in using The Works for WaterFurnace’s benefit. (Id.). 

In this case, to avoid summary judgment in favor of WaterFurnace, ACT need only

demonstrate a triable issue of material fact as to whether WaterFurnace copied anything that

was original to ACT’s work. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to ACT, the

non-movant, the Court finds that ACT has created a triable issue of material fact whether Mr.

Hamlin was an agent for WaterFurnace at the time that he created the Smarter Sales Training

Materials and allegedly copied The Works. See Wiggs v. City of Phoenix, 198 Ariz. 367,

369, 10 P.3d 625, 627 (2000) (holding that an independent contractor is an agent of the

principal when the principal instructs the independent contractor agent on what to do but not

how to do it). The Court has reviewed the email correspondence between WaterFurnace

executives/employees and Mr. Hamlin. (Docs. 119-9, 119-10 and 119-11.) WaterFurnace

treated Mr. Hamlin as its agent as WaterFurnace exercised control and oversight in what it

wanted to see in the Smarter Sales Training Materials. (See id.) 

Further, after reviewing WaterFurnace’s emails, the Court finds that ACT has created

an issue of material fact whether Mr. Hamlin directly copied The Works to create the Smarter

Sales Training Materials. The email documents show that Mr. Hamlin, in his preparation of

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the Smarter Sales Training Materials left ACT’s title (“Trane Boot Camp”) and other

references to “Trane” in the slides and the notes on presentation slides. (See Doc. 119-8.)

These issues of material fact in and of themselves preclude the Court from granting

WaterFurnace’s motion for summary judgment. 

Moreover, the Court finds that ACT has created an issue of material fact whether

WaterFurnace employee Jodi Hamlin assisted her husband and directly copied The Works

to help create the Smarter Sales Training Materials. Mr. Hamlin admitted that his wife

assisted him in his preparation of these materials in his July 10, 2013 deposition. (See Doc.

119-10.) 

Finally, the Court finds that there is an issue of material fact whether WaterFurnace

personnel had knowledge that the Smarter Sales materials included ACT content and whether

WaterFurnace personnel provided Mr. Hamlin substantial assistance and encouragement in

using The Works for WaterFurnace’s benefit. (Docs. 119-8, 119-9, 119-10 and 119-11.)

These issues of material fact also preclude the Court from granting WaterFurnace’s motion

for summary judgment. 

On these numerous bases, the Court finds that material facts in the non-movant ACT’s

favor preclude granting WaterFurnace’s motion for summary judgment. It is for the jury to

assess the facts of these issues at trial. 

Aid and Abet Breach of Loyalty

WaterFurnace alleges that in order to prove this claim, ACT must prove the following

elements: (1) that Mr. Hamlin engaged in conduct for which he is liable to ACT (i.e., breach

of duty of loyalty); (2) that WaterFurnace was aware that Mr. Hamlin was going to engage

in such conduct; and (3) that WaterFurnace provided substantial assistance or encouragement

to Mr. Hamlin with the intent of promoting the infringing conduct. (Doc 115 at 10 (citing

Ramirez v. Chavez, 71 Ariz. 239; 226 P.2d 143 (1951); Restatement (Second) of Torts §

876(b) (1979)).)

ACT agrees with WaterFurnace that it must prove each of those elements in order to

prevail on its aiding and abetting claim. (Doc. 118 at 14-15.). ACT argues that prior to May

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2011, while Mr. Hamlin was an independent contractor for ACT, he had a duty of loyalty to

ACT, that he breached his duty, and that WaterFurnace assisted and encouraged Mr. Hamlin

with the intent of promoting the infringing conduct. (Id.) ACT cites WaterFurnace’s emails

in support of WaterFurnace’s assistance and encouragement to Mr. Hamlin to copy The

Works and use the training materials to WaterFurnace’s advantage. (Id.) 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to ACT, the non-movant, the Court

finds that ACT has created a triable issue of material fact whether Mr. Hamlin was an agent

for ACT at the time that he created the Smarter Sales Training. 

Before May 2011, when Mr. Hamlin left ACT for WaterFurnace, at issue is whether

Mr. Hamlin breached a duty of loyalty to ACT by copying The Works and whether

WaterFurnace assisted and encouraged Mr. Hamlin’s conduct. The Court has reviewed

WaterFurnace’s emails during this time period and, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to ACT, finds that they create an issue of material fact whether WaterFurnace

personnel substantially assisted and encouraged Mr. Hamlin’s copying of the The Works.

(See, e.g., Doc. 119-5 at 2, 119-8 at 2-4, 6, 17-18, 119-11 at 3-11.) The emails document the

Hamlins, Jim and Jodi, knowingly using ACT’s training materials for WaterFurnace’s

purposes, that WaterFurnace personnel were aware that ACT’s training materials were being

utilized, and encouraged their use for WaterFurnace’s benefit.

The WaterFurnace emails document the elements that ACT must prove in order to

prevail on this claim, that Mr. Hamlin was an agent of ACT when he was creating the

Smarter Sales program by copying The Works, which are material facts in support of a

breach of Mr. Hamlin’s duty of loyalty to ACT; that WaterFurnace was aware that Mr.

Hamlin was engaging in such conduct; and that WaterFurnace provided substantial assistance

or encouragement to Mr. Hamlin with the intent of promoting the infringing conduct.

Again, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to ACT, the Court finds that

material facts in the non-movant ACT’s favor preclude granting WaterFurnace’s motion for

summary judgment on ACT’s aiding and abetting the breach of the duty of loyalty claim.

It is for the jury to assess the facts of these issues at trial. 

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II. ACT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Background

In 2002, the ACT contracted with Mr. Hamlin to become one of its national sales

trainers. (Doc. 108-1 at 2.) Sometime before 2006, James Hamlin was photographed at an

ACT Group meeting and Mr. Hamlin knew those photographs were taken for marketing

purposes and for use in ACT’s website and marketing materials. (Doc. 108-2 at 2-3.) Mr.

Hamlin did not object to these photographs being taken for that purpose. (Id.) In May 2011,

Mr. Hamlin ceased working for ACT and went to work for WaterFurnace as a national sales

trainer. (Doc. 108-1 at 3.) ACT removed Mr. Hamlin’s trainer profile from its website on

the same day as his departure. (Doc. 108-4 at 3.) 

In a June 9, 2011 letter to ACT, Mr. Hamlin requested that ACT remove his image

from its website and its marketing materials. (Doc. 108-2 at 8.) In response, on July 28,

2011, ACT advised Mr. Hamlin that it had removed his images from its website, but

requested that Mr. Hamlin notify ACT of any images still remaining, and that it would

remove them immediately. (Doc. 108-3.)

 In February 2013, Mr. Hamlin filed a counter-claim alleging that ACT violated his

privacy for its commercial advantage by continuing to use his image in its marketing

materials. (Doc. 64.) Subsequently, ACT moved for summary judgment on Mr. Hamlin’s

counterclaim. (Doc. 107.)

Discussion

ACT acknowledges that it displayed Mr. Hamlin’s image on its website and in its

marketing materials prior to Hamlin leaving to join WaterFurnace in May 2011. (Doc. 107

at 2-3.) Mr. Hamlin consented to such use. (Id.) ACT contends that in June 2011 when it

received Mr. Hamlin’s letter asking that ACT not use his image, ACT made a good faith

effort to remove Mr. Hamlin’s image from its website and marketing materials. (Id. at 5.)

ACT claims that if any image remained, it was just an unintentional oversight. (Id.) ACT

argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because Mr. Hamlin’s letter requesting

removal of his image did not properly revoke consent and, regardless, Mr. Hamlin sustained

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no commercial injury or economic damages. (Id. at 6-7.)

Mr. Hamlin alleges that ACT’s appropriation of his likeness for its commercial

purposes was not unintentional or inadvertent. (Doc. 112 at 4.) According to Mr. Hamlin,

ACT received sufficient notice to remove his image from its website and marketing materials

yet Mr. Hamlin’s image prominently remained. (Id.) Mr. Hamlin further argues that his

letter requesting image removal was adequate notice that he withdrew consent regarding his

image being used by ACT on its website and marketing materials. (Id. at 6-7.) Finally, Mr.

Hamlin disagrees that he has failed to properly allege damages since substantial damages

may be recovered upon proof of wrongful appropriation of his image, citing Reed v. Real

Detective Publishing Co., 63 Ariz. 294, 162 P.2d 133 (1945). (Id. at 5.) 

Mr. Hamlin brought his counterclaim under the principle of supplemental jurisdiction,

citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Section 1367(a) grants supplemental jurisdiction over state law

counterclaims “that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that

they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States

Constitution.” Sparrow v. Mazda American Credit, 385 F. Supp.2d 1063, 1066 (E.D. Cal.

2005. Thus, the Court will apply Arizona substantive law to Mr. Hamlin’s state law

counterclaim for invasion of privacy, which alleged the wrongful appropriation of his

likeness for ACT’s commercial advantage. (Doc. 64.)

As a general matter, “a court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its

decision[.]” Landgraf v. USI Film Prod., 511 U.S. 244, 264 (1994) (further citation omitted).

Under Arizona law, in Estate of Reynolds v. Reynolds, 235 Ariz. 80, 82 n.2, 327 P.3d 213,

215 n.2 (App. 2014), the court discussed whether the right of publicity (shorthand for

wrongful appropriation of a party’s likeness) existed under Arizona law. The court stated:

Arizona long has recognized a common-law right of privacy, see Reed v. Real

Detective Publ’g Co., 63 Ariz. 294, 305, 162 P.2d 133, 138 (1945), allowing

claims based on each of the three other forms of invasion of privacy. See id.

(publication of private facts); Hart v. Seven Resorts Inc., 190 Ariz. 272, 279,

947 P.2d 846, 853 (App.1997) (intrusion upon seclusion); Godbehere v.

Phoenix Newspapers, Inc., 162 Ariz. 335, 342, 783 P.2d 781, 788 (1989) (false

light).

Id. at 82, 327 P.3d at 215. The court then went on to recognize the right of publicity. Id. at

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83, 327 P.3d at 216 (stating that we “hold that an individual has a right of publicity that

protects his or her name and/or likeness from appropriation for commercial or trade

purposes.”); see also Carson v. Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets, Inc., 698 F.2d 831, 838 (6th

Cir. 1983) (stating that the right to publicity protects pecuniary not emotional interests). The

Reynolds court further defined the right utilizing the Restatement (Third) of Unfair

Competition (“Restatement Third”) § 46 (1995). Id. Under the Restatement Third, “[o]ne

who appropriates the commercial value of a person’s identity by using without consent the

person’s name, likeness, or other indicia of identity for purposes of trade is subject to liability

for resulting damages.” Id. (further quotation omitted). Thus, under the Restatement (Third)

definition, absent resulting economic damages, a plaintiff does not state a prima facie right

to publicity claim. See Reynolds, 235 Ariz. at 85, 327 P.3d at 218. The Restatement (Third),

also clarifies that use ‘for purposes of trade’ does not ordinarily include the use of a person’s

identity in news reporting, commentary, entertainment, works of fiction or nonfiction, or in

advertising that is incidental to such uses. Restatement (Third) § 47. 

In application of these principles to the relevant facts of Mr. Hamlin’s counterclaim,

the Court finds that ACT is entitled to summary judgment. Initially, it is undisputed that Mr.

Hamlin is relying on injury to the person to sustain his privacy claim for damages, rather than

resulting economic damages as defined by the Restatement (Third) §§ 46, 47. Absent a claim

for resulting economic damages, Mr. Hamlin fails to state a prima facie right to publicity

claim. See Reynolds, 235 Ariz. at 85, 327 P.3d at 218. Furthermore, under the Restatement

(Third)’s clarification that use ‘for purposes of trade’ does not ordinarily include the use of

a person’s identity in news reporting, commentary, entertainment, works of fiction or

nonfiction, or in advertising that is incidental to such uses, the fact that Mr. Hamlin’s image

was used in ACT’s marketing materials is merely incidental use as defined by the

Restatement (Third) § 47. 

Under Estate of Reynolds and the Restatement (Third), the Court concludes that Mr.

Hamlin’s counterclaim fails to state a prima facie right of publicity claim and that ACT is

entitled to summary judgment on the counterclaim.

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CONCLUSION

Accordingly, on the basis of the foregoing,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED granting ACT’s motion for summary judgment on Mr.

Hamlin’s counterclaim. (Doc. 107.) Mr. Hamlin’s counterclaim (Doc. 64) is denied with

prejudice and dismissed.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying WaterFurnace’s motion for summary

judgment. (Doc. 115.) 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying as moot the parties’ inquiry regarding the

status of their motions for summary judgment. (Docs. 128, 129.)

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED setting this matter for a status conference on

Wednesday, October 15, 2014 at 2:30 p.m. in Courtroom 401, on the fourth floor of the

Sandra Day O’Connor U.S. Federal Courthouse, 401 W. Washington St., Phoenix, Arizona

85003. 

DATED this 17th day of September, 2014.

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