Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-4_19-cv-05789/USCOURTS-cand-4_19-cv-05789-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Fed. Question

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

OAKLAND DIVISION 

ROBERT W. JOHNSON, 

Plaintiff, 

 vs. 

PERFORMANT RECOVERY INC., et al., 

Defendants. 

Case No: 19-cv-05789 SBA 

ORDER DISMISSING ACTION

Plaintiff Robert W. Johnson (“Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis 

(“IFP”), brings the instant action against Defendants Performant Recovery Inc., State of 

New York Department of Taxation & Finance, New York State Assessment Receivables, 

and Adam Quintal (collectively, “Defendants”). The Court hereby DISMISSES the action, 

for the reasons set forth below. 

I. BACKGROUND

On September 16, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Complaint, Dkt. 1, along with an

application to proceed IFP, Dkt. 2. The Complaint alleges: 

Defendants have repeatedly called & mailed threatening letters to Plaintiff 

concerning an alleged debt. Defendants have no jurisdiction to threaten & 

garnish Plaintiff’s wages. Plaintiff Due Process Rights are being violated & 

Defendants have failed to disclose reasons for actions taken by Defendants. 

Defendants have breached consumer affairs rules & conduct. Plaintiff is 

being discriminated against & are in continuance of collection agency fraud. 

Dkt. 1 at 2. No additional substantive allegations are made. Id. Based on the foregoing, 

Plaintiff brings “Original Proceedings of discriminations [sic], due process violations, 

collection agency fraud, fair debt collection violations, civil rights violations,” and requests 

as relief “$100 Billion Dollars for Punitive Damages, $100 Million Dollars for Future 

Punitive Damages; Judicial Sanctions, All Relief Deemed Just & Proper by Courts.” Id. 

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On September 25, 2019, Magistrate Judge Sallie Kim—to whom the action was then 

assigned—summarily granted Plaintiff’s application to proceed IFP. Dkt. 4. On November 

18, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Default Judgment. Dkt. 13. On November 21, 2019, 

Magistrate Judge Kim issued a Referral for Reassignment and Report and Recommendation 

Regarding Motion for Default Judgment (“R&R”), recommending that the motion be 

denied without prejudice because default had not been entered and there was no evidence 

Defendants had been served. Dkt. 14 at 1.1 The action was then reassigned. Dkt. 15. 

On December 23, 2019, this Court issued an Order 1) Dismissing Complaint with 

Leave to Amend 2) Denying Motion for Default Judgment, and 3) Directing Plaintiff to 

File a Notice of Change of Address. Dkt. 22. The Court screened Plaintiff’s Complaint 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and found that it failed to state a claim. Id. at 3-4. The 

Court therefore dismissed the Complaint and granted Plaintiff leave to amend by January 

13, 2020. Id. at 4-5. Because the operative pleading was dismissed, the Court denied 

Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment without prejudice. Id. at 5. Finally, the Court 

ordered Plaintiff to file a notice of change of address. Id. The Court warned that the failure 

to timely file an amended complaint could result in the dismissal of the action. Id. 

Plaintiff did not file an amended complaint. Instead, on January 6, 2020, he filed a 

Notice of Appeal, which states as follows: 

1. Plaintiff was denied due process rights for Defendants violating & committing 

crimes against Plaintiff further conspiring to human rights & U.S. constitutional 

rights entitled to Plaintiff. 

2. Presiding judges are bias, conflicted interests & are in bad faith for meritorious 

matters on Plaintiff’s behalf. 

3. Plaintiff appeals and objects to all frivolous and criminal defenses & advocacy via 

judicial briberies. 

Dkt. 23 at 1. 

1 Magistrate Judge Kim also identified various other deficiencies in the pleading and 

moving papers. Id. at 1-2. She further noted that mail sent to Plaintiff had been returned as 

undeliverable and ordered him to update his contact information with the Court. Id. at 2. 

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On January 8, 2020, the Court issued an Order Re: Notice of Appeal, finding that 

Plaintiff’s notice of appeal is defective because the Court has not yet issued any final order 

and, consequently, that this Court has not been divested of jurisdiction. Dkt. 25 at 2-3. The 

Court advised Plaintiff that the deadline to file an amended complaint remains in effect and 

again warned him that the failure to timely file an amended complaint could result in the 

dismissal of the action. Id. The Court further advised that, if Plaintiff wishes to stand on 

the original complaint, he may, alternatively, file a notice of his intent not file an amended 

pleading, after which a final judgment could be entered. Id.2

The deadline set by the Court—January 13, 2020—has come and gone. To date, 

Plaintiff has filed neither an amended complaint nor a notice of his intent not to do so.3 

II. LEGAL STANDARD 

A court may authorize the commencement of an action without prepayment of fees 

by a litigant who demonstrates that he is unable to pay. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). The Court 

has a continuing duty to dismiss such an action, however, if it determines that the action 

“fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted.” Id. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); see also 

Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (“It is also clear that section 1915(e) 

not only permits but requires a district court to dismiss an in forma pauperis complaint that 

fails to state a claim.”). Dismissal of the action under section 1915(e)(2) may occur “at any 

time.” See also Burgess v. Cruz, 26 F.3d 129 n.2 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that a court may 

dismiss an IFP action after service of the complaint); Crosby v. Carona, No. SA CV 06-

622-SGL (CW), 2008 WL 11411547, at *3 & n.6 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2008), report and rec. 

adopted, 2008 WL 11411548 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2008), aff’d, 368 F. App’x 833 (9th Cir. 

2010) (dismissing IFP action after the defendant had answered the complaint). 

2 On January 24, 2020, the Ninth Circuit dismissed Plaintiff’s appeal for lack of 

jurisdiction, holding that the appeal did not challenge any final order. See Dkt. 26. 

3 The Court notes that Plaintiff also failed to file a notice of change of address, as 

ordered. However, it appears he is now receiving mail at his address of record, and no mail 

has been returned as undeliverable since November 12, 2019. See Dkt. 12. The Court 

therefore declines to dismiss the action for failure to file a notice of change of address. 

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“The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 

which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 

1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1122). “Dismissal under Rule 

12(b)(6) is proper when the complaint either (1) lacks a cognizable legal theory or (2) fails 

to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 

F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). “Rule 12(b)(6) is read in conjunction with Rule 8(a), which 

requires not only ‘fair notice of the nature of the claim, but also grounds on which the claim 

rests.’” Zixiang Li v. Kerry, 710 F.3d 995, 998-99 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting in part Bell Atl. 

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 n.3 (2007)). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief 

that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Because Plaintiff is pro se, the Court construes his pleadings 

liberally and affords him the benefit of any doubt. Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112. 

III. DISCUSSION 

Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to state a claim. As stated above, Rule 8(a) requires “a 

short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 8(a). It requires not only fair notice of the nature of a claim but also the grounds on 

which it rests. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Here, the Court is unable to discern the nature 

of Plaintiff’s claims or the grounds on which they rest. The Complaint alleges no distinct 

causes of action. Construing the Complaint with the utmost liberality, the Court finds that 

Plaintiff may be alleging a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. However, 

the Complaint provides insufficient facts to ascertain even the most basic contours of the 

claim. For example, Plaintiff fails to allege the date of the events in question, the nature of 

the alleged wrong, or the role of each defendant therein. He also alleges that his due 

process rights have been violated and that he has been discriminated against but fails to 

allege any facts whatsoever to support such claims. “Although a pro se litigant like 

[Plaintiff] may be entitled to great leeway when the court construes his pleadings, those 

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pleadings nonetheless must meet some minimum threshold in providing a defendant with 

notice of what it is that it allegedly did wrong.” Brazil v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 66 F.3d 193, 

199 (9th Cir. 1995). Plaintiff fails to meet this minimum threshold. 

Unless it is “absolutely clear” that amendment would be futile, “a pro se litigant is 

entitled to notice of the complaint’s deficiencies and an opportunity to amend prior to 

dismissal of the action.” Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995). 

Plaintiff was provided notice of the foregoing deficiencies and an opportunity to file an 

amended complaint. He failed to do so. “If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the 

opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint 

into dismissal of the entire action [under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b)].” Lira v. 

Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Yourish v. Cal. Amplifier, 191 F.3d 

983, 992 (9th Cir. 1999)). In deciding whether to dismiss an action under Rule 41(b), the 

Court must weigh: (1) the public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the 

need to manage its own docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants; (4) the public 

policy favoring disposition of cases on their merits; and (5) the availability of less drastic 

alternatives. Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1260 (9th Cir. 1992). 

Considering these factors, the Court finds that dismissal is appropriate. The public’s 

interest in the expeditious resolution of litigation and the Court’s need to manage its own 

docket weigh in favor of dismissal. The third factor—the risk of prejudice to defendants—

generally requires a showing that “plaintiff’s actions impaired defendant’s ability to 

proceed to trial or threatened to interfere with the rightful decision of the case.” Pagtalunan 

v. Galaza, 291 F.3d 639, 642 (9th Cir. 2002). At the same time, the Ninth Circuit has 

“related the risk of prejudice to the plaintiff’s reason for defaulting.” Id. Here, Plaintiff has 

offered no explanation for his default and none is apparent from the record. Finally, 

although the Court considers the public policy favoring a disposition on the merits, the 

merits cannot be reached without an amended complaint. The Court provided Plaintiff 

notice of the defects in his pleading and an opportunity to amend. It warned that the failure 

to timely file an amended complaint could result in the dismissal of the action. It also 

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reminded Plaintiff of the deadline to amend and alternatively provided him an opportunity 

to file a notice of his intent not to file an amended complaint. Plaintiff has not filed either 

an amended complaint or a notice of his intent not to do so. Although the deadline passed 

on January 13, the Court has waited an additional 16 days for Plaintiff to act. Accordingly, 

at this juncture, the Court declines to employ any less drastic alternative to dismissal. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT the instant action is

DISMISSED without prejudice to the filing of a paid complaint.4 The Clerk shall close the 

file and terminate any pending matters. The Court certifies that any appeal taken from this 

Order would not be in good faith within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3). 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

Dated: 1/30/20 ______________________________ 

SAUNDRA BROWN ARMSTRONG 

Senior United States District Judge 

4 A dismissal under Rule 41(b) operates as an adjudication on the merits unless 

stated otherwise. Given that Plaintiff is proceeding pro se and IFP, the Court finds it 

appropriate to dismiss the action without prejudice to the filing of a paid complaint, as is 

typical of dismissals under section 1915. See Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 34 (1992). 

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