Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-03115/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-03115-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition For Removal--Other Contract

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

O'KEEFFE‟S INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

ACCESS INFORMATION 

TECHNOLOGIES INC., et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 15-cv-03115-EMC 

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S 

MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE

Docket No. 13

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff O‟Keeffe‟s, Inc. (“O‟Keeffe‟s”), entered into a contract with Access Information 

Technologies, Inc. (“AIT”), which sells software programs. The contract included a forumselection clause mandating that all suits be brought in New York. Notwithstanding the forumselection clause, Plaintiff filed this breach of contract suit in California, and AIT moves to transfer 

or, in the alternative, to dismiss for a failure to state a claim. Since the forum-selection clause is 

valid and there is no prejudice to make transfer inappropriate, the Court GRANTS AIT‟s motion 

to transfer.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff O‟Keeffe‟s is a manufacturer and distributor of safety-rated and fire-rated 

architectural glazing products with its principal place of business in California. Compl. ¶ 1. 

Defendant AIT is a Delaware business management software company with its principal place of 

business in New York. See Compl. ¶ 2. On December 12, 2011, O‟Keeffe‟s purchased an ERP 

software program from AIT. Vineberg Decl., Ex. 1 at 2. 

O‟Keeffe‟s alleges that AIT failed to provide fully functional software and charged for 

license fees for a product that Plaintiff “never used, and was not able to use.” See Compl. ¶¶ 19, 

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21. O‟Keeffe‟s asserts the following causes of action: (1) breach of contract; (2) fraud and deceit; 

and (3) violation of UCL section 17200 et seq.

The contract between O‟Keeffe‟s and AIT contained forum-selection and choice-of-law 

clauses. The agreement states: “[t]his Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in 

accordance with, the laws of the State of New York. The parties consent to the exclusive 

jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and any of the 

courts of the State of New York in any dispute arising under this agreement.” Id. at 10, ¶ 6. The 

limitation of liability and indemnification provision provides that “[n]o action, regardless of form, 

arising out of the transactions and services under this Agreement may be brought by [O‟Keeffe‟s] 

more than one (1) year after the date of this Agreement.” Id. at 11. 

III. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

“For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may 

transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to 

any district or division to which all parties have consented.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).

Normally, a district court considering a section 1404(a) motion must evaluate both the 

private interests of the parties and public interest considerations. Atlantic Marine Const. Co., Inc. 

v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. Of Tex., 134 S.Ct. 568, 581 (2013). But when the parties‟ 

agreement contains a valid forum-selection clause, that clause “represents [their] agreement as to 

the most proper forum” and should be given “controlling weight in all but the most exceptional 

cases.” Id.

The presence of a valid forum-selection clause requires a district court to adjust its usual 

section 1404(a) analysis in three ways. First, the plaintiff‟s choice of forum merits no weight. Id. 

Second, the court cannot consider parties‟ private interests since the parties stipulated to a 

particular forum. Id. at 582. Finally, when “a party bound by a forum-selection clause flouts its 

contractual obligation and files suit in a different forum, a § 1404(a) transfer of venue will not 

carry with it the original venue‟s choice-of-law rules.” Plaintiff must show either that the forumselection clause is not valid or that the section 1404(a) public interest factors make transfer 

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inappropriate. Id. at 579, 582. 

B. Validity of the Forum-Selection Clause

“A forum selection clause is presumptively valid”; a party challenging the clause bears a 

“heavy burden of proof” and must “clearly show that enforcement would be unreasonable and 

unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching.” M/S Bremen v. 

Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972); Doe 1 v. AOL LLC, 552 F.3d 1077, 1083 (9th Cir. 

2009). In Bremen, the U.S. Supreme Court distinguished between the contractual provision itself 

being “invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching,” as opposed to unenforceable because it 

is “unreasonable and unjust.” Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15. The Eleventh Circuit has similarly stated: 

“[t]he validity of a forum selection clause is determined under the usual rules governing the 

enforcement of contracts in general.” P & S Bus. Machines, Inc. v. Canon USA, Inc., 331 F.3d 

804, 807 (11th Cir. 2003). If a forum-selection clause is valid under general contract law, the 

court must determine whether the clause is enforceable. Atlantic Marine sets an “extremely high 

bar” to unenforceability. Guest Assocs, Inc. v. Cyclone Aviation Prods, Ltd., 30 F. Supp. 3d 1278, 

1281 (N.D. Ala. 2014).

Neither O‟Keeffe‟s complaint nor its opposition to the motion to transfer contain any 

allegations of fraud, duress, misrepresentation, or other misconduct on behalf of AIT regarding the 

forum-selection clause. See Docket No. 1-1; Docket No. 18. Furthermore, the Complaint 

describes O‟Keeffe‟s as a California company, “manufactur[ing] and distribut[ing] safety-rated 

and fire-rated architectural glazing products,” who contracted with a business management 

software company headquartered in New York. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 2. These undisputed facts tend to 

show both companies are sophisticated corporate entities with equal bargaining positions. Kelly 

O‟Keeffe, the Vice President of O‟Keeffe‟s, signed the AIT Agreement. Vineberg Decl., Ex. 1 at 

10. As in Bremen, “[t]here are compelling reasons why a freely negotiated private . . . agreement, 

unaffected by fraud, undue influence, or overweening bargaining power, such as that involved 

here, should be given effect.” Bremen, 407 U.S. at 12-13.

Because there is no indication that the forum-selection clause is invalid under general 

contract law, Atlantic Marine applies to determine the enforceability of the forum-selection clause 

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in this case.

C. Enforceability of the Forum-Selection Clause

Once a court finds that the forum-selection clause is valid, the clause “should be given 

controlling weight in all but the most exceptional cases.” Atlantic Marine, 134 S.Ct. at 582. 

Bremen recognized two grounds that would make enforcement of a forum-selection clause 

unreasonable. First, “[a] contractual choice-of-forum clause should be held unenforceable if 

enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought.” 

Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15. Second, “[c]ourts have also suggested that a forum clause even though it 

is freely bargained for and contravenes no important public policy of the forum, may nevertheless 

be „unreasonable‟ and unenforceable if the chosen forum is seriously inconvenient for the trial of 

the action.” Id. at 16.1 Plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that relevant factors weigh 

against transfer and “a district court may consider arguments about public-interest factors only.”

Id. at 581-82. These factors include “the administrative difficulties flowing from court 

congestion; the local interest in having localized controversies decided at home; [and] the interest 

in having the trial of a diversity case in a forum that is at home with the law.” Id. at 581, n.6 

(internal quotation omitted). Public interest factors “will rarely defeat a transfer motion, [thus] the 

practical result is that forum-selection clauses should control except in unusual cases.” Id. at 582. 

In opposing transfer, O‟Keeffe‟s identifies two public interest considerations – local 

interest in the controversy and familiarity of this Court with applicable law. With respect to the 

familiarity of the New York court with California law, as the Supreme Court has recognized, 

“federal judges routinely apply the law of a State other than the State in which they sit.” Id. at 

584. Plaintiff here does not identify any “exceptionally arcane features” of California‟s 

Commercial Code “that are likely to defy comprehension by a federal judge” sitting in New York. 

Id. Moreover, as discussed below, whether the case is in New York or California, there is a high 

likelihood that New York law will apply in any event because of the parties‟ agreement on New 

 

1

Bremen remains good law after Atlantic Marine. See Allianz Global Risks U.S. Ins. Co. v. 

Ershigs, Inc., No. C14-1255JLR, 2015 WL 5837543, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 6, 2015) (citing 

Bremen in its discussion whether the forum-selection clause is unreasonable).

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York law as their choice of law.

Likewise, any local interest in the controversy does not prevent transfer in this case for 

three reasons. First, local interests generally do not outweigh the controlling weight of the forumselection clause. Id. at 581. Second, the private-interest factors “weigh entirely in favor of the 

preselected forum.” Id. at 582. Third, there are New York as well as California interests at play;

AIT is a corporation headquartered in New York that negotiated the contract. O‟Keeffe‟s interests 

in having the dispute decided in California does not make this dispute an “exceptional case” that 

defeats application of a valid forum-selection clause. Id. at 581. O‟Keeffe‟s failed to meet the 

substantial burden of showing that the public interest factors “overwhelmingly disfavor” 

enforcement of the forum-selection clause. Id. at 583. 

O‟Keeffe‟s contends it would lose its day in court, Bremen, 407 U.S. at 17-18, were the 

case transferred to New York because it would not have the protection of California Commercial 

Code section 2725, which states that “[a]n action for breach of any contract for sale must be 

commenced within four years after the cause of action has accrued.[] A cause of action accrues 

when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party‟s lack of knowledge of the breach.” See

Opp‟n to AIT at 8; Cal. Com. Code § 2725 (emphasis added). New York, on the other hand, 

allows to commence an action within “a shorter time . . . prescribed by written agreement.” N.Y. 

C.P.L.R 201 (McKinney 2007) (emphasis added). In this case, the contract provides for a one 

year limitation period after date of the Agreement, not the date of the breach. The effect would be 

to time bar the instant suit. Even assuming this contract provision is more likely enforceable 

under New York law than under California law, New York law is likely to apply regardless of 

where this case is tried because the parties stipulated to choice of New York law. The parties‟ 

choice of law is entitled to deference both under California as well as New York choice of law 

rules. See Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal. 4th 459, 464-65 (1992); American Fuel 

Corp. v. Utah Energy Dev. Co., Inc., 122 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir.1997) (“where the parties have 

agreed to the application of the forum law, their consent concludes the choice of law inquiry.).” 

Thus, there is no real prejudice to O‟Keefe if the case is transferred to New York. Numerous

courts have held that the choice-of-law analysis is irrelevant to determining whether enforcement 

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of a forum-selection clause contravenes a strong public policy. See, e.g., Marcotte v. Micros Sys., 

Inc., No. C 14-01372 LB, 2014 WL 4477349, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2014) (“[A] party 

challenging enforcement of a forum selection clause may not base its challenge on choice of law 

analysis.”); Besag v. Custom Decorators, Inc., No. C 08-05463 JSW, 2009 WL 330934, at *4 

(N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2009) (called into question on other grounds by Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 

F.3d 895, 899, 904 (9th Cir. 2010)) (enforcing a forum-selection clause in an employment 

agreement and characterizing as speculative the employee‟s argument that the Oregon court would 

apply Oregon substantive law in a manner that would foreclose certain remedies). 

Moreover, the parties‟ contractual stipulation to the one year limitations period is itself 

likely subject to deference even under California law; California courts give contracting parties 

“substantial freedom to modify the length of the statute of limitations.” Hambrecht & Quisti 

Venture Partners v. Am. Med. Int’l, Inc., 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 33, 43 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995).2 

In sum, this is not an exceptional case where a valid choice of venue clause is 

unenforceable. 

D. Tort Claims

O‟Keeffe‟s asserted fraud and UCL claims against AIT; together with the breach of 

 

2 During the hearing, O‟Keeffe‟s counsel relied on Verdugo v. Alliantgroup, L.P. 237 Cal.

App. 4th 141 (Cal. Ct. App. 2015). In Verdugo, an employee based her wage and hour claims on 

important California Labor Code unwaivable statutory rights. 237 Cal. App. 4th at 157-58. The 

express antiwaiver provision furthered California‟s fundamental public policy of requiring state 

employers to fully and promptly pay all wages due to their employees. Id. at 150 (citing Cal. Lab. 

Code sections 219(a) and 1194(a)). The forum-selection clause required the employee to litigate 

her Labor Code wage claims in Texas, where the employment agreement‟s choice-of-law clause 

would have required the court to apply Texas law unless a Texas court decided not to enforce the 

choice-of-law clause. Id. at 151. Texas does not have a comparable antiwaiver provision. Id. at 

158. Although the employer contended that Texas court would most likely apply California law to 

employee‟s claims, employer preserved its ability to argue to Texas court that Texas law should 

apply. Because the defendant declined the opportunity to eliminate any doubt by refusing to 

stipulate that California law applied, the Court of Appeal held that the forum-selection clause was 

unenforceable. Id. at 160. Verdugo is distinguishable from the case at bar for several reasons. 

First, Verdugo does not purport to apply 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) and the rule of Atlantic Marine. 

Second, Verdugo involved a statute with a strong anti-waiver provision; no such statute is 

involved here. 

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contract action, O‟Keeffe‟s tort claims are: (1) fraudulent inducement - AIT made a material 

omission with the intent to induce Plaintiff to enter into the written agreement with AIT. Compl. ¶ 

30; (2) unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice - AIT engaged in a pattern and 

practice of misrepresenting the capabilities of the ERP and failing to disclose that the ERP could 

not function fully and properly unless another software had been fully implemented. Compl. ¶ 38. 

The Court must address whether this forum-selection clause applies to these claims. 

Plaintiff points out that the phrase “arising under” limits the scope of the forum- selection 

clause. Opp‟n to AIT at 5; Vineberg Decl., Ex. 1 at 10, ¶ 6. See Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr. v Global 

Excel Mgmt., Inc., No. CV 09-3627 PSG AJWX, 2010 WL 5572079 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2010) 

and Mediterranean Enters. Inc. v Ssangyong Corp., 708 F.2d 1458, 1461 (9th Cir. 1983). In 

Mediterranean, the arbitration clause stated that “[a]ny disputes arising hereunder . . . shall be 

settled through binding arbitration pursuant to the Korean-U.S. Arbitration Agreement, with 

arbitration to take place in Seoul, Korea.” 708 F.2d at 1461. The Ninth Circuit interpreted 

“arising hereunder” as synonymous with “arising under the Agreement.” Id. at 1464. The court

held that the phrase “arising under” in an arbitration agreement should be interpreted narrowly 

explaining that the phrase is intended “to cover much narrower scope of disputes, i.e., only those 

relating to the interpretation and performance of the contract itself.” Id. Cf. Cape Flattery Ltd. v. 

Titan Maritime, LLC, 647 F.3d 914, 922 (9th Cir.2011), (arbitration provision using the phrases 

“arising under,” “arising out of,” and “arising hereunder” should be “narrowly construed” to 

encompass disputes “relating to the interpretation and performance of the contract itself,” whereas

the phrase “relating to” should lead to a “broad[er]” interpretation). 

Here, the forum-selection clause uses the term “arising under.” Vineberg Decl., Ex. 1 at 10. 

Accordingly, the clause appears to apply only to contract claims. 

Nonetheless, this Court exercises its discretion to transfer related tort and statutory claims 

to the Eastern District of New York under § 1404(a). Title 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) provides: “For the 

convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any 

civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to any district or 

division to which all parties have consented.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). See Ventress v. Japan 

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Airlines, 486 F.3d 1111, 1118 (9th Cir. 2007) (stating that a “district court‟s decision to change 

venue is reviewed for abuse of discretion”; adding that “„[w]eighing of the factors for and against 

transfer involves subtle considerations and is best left to the discretion of the trial judge‟”). In 

deciding whether to transfer under § 1404(a), a court may consider factors such as:

(1) plaintiffs‟ choice of forum, (2) convenience of the parties, (3) 

convenience of the witnesses, (4) ease of access to the evidence, (5) 

familiarity of each forum with the applicable law, (6) feasibility of 

consolidation with other claims, (7) any local interest in the 

controversy, and (8) relative court congestion and time of trial in 

each forum.

Vu v. Ortho–Mcneil Pharm., Inc., 602 F.Supp.2d 1151, 1156 (N.D.Cal.2009) (Illston, J.). The 

party moving for transfer has the burden of showing that transfer is appropriate. See Commodity 

Futures Trading Comm’n v. Savage, 611 F.2d 270, 279 (9th Cir.1979); Winningham v. Biomet 

Orthopedics, LLC, No. C 12-00503 JSW, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 129542, at *3-4, 2012 WL 

3860806 (N.D. Cal. Aug.31, 2012).

Important factors weigh strongly in AIT‟s favor. First, all the claims are related. 

Plaintiff‟s tort claims rely on alleged misrepresentations and omissions made by AIT in the 

contract. AIT‟s Reply at 3. “There is a strong policy favoring the litigation of related claims in 

the same tribunal in order that pretrial discovery can be conducted more efficiently, duplicitous 

litigation can be avoided, thereby saving time and expense for both parties and witnesses, and 

inconsistent results can be avoided.” Wald v. Bank of Am. Corp., 856 F. Supp. 2d 545, 550 

(E.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Wyndham Assocs. v. Bintliff, 398 F.2d 614, 619 (2d Cir.1968)). Second, 

the factors of convenience of the parties and convenience of the witnesses in this case counsel in 

favor of transfer to New York. Taking into account these considerations, the Court concludes that 

a transfer of tort and UCL claims to the Eastern District of New York along with the contract 

claim is appropriate.

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IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Defendant‟s motion to transfer venue to the 

Eastern District of New York.

The Clerk of the Court is instructed to transfer the case to the Eastern District of New York 

in accordance with this opinion.

This order disposes of Docket No. 13.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: October 16, 2015

______________________________________

EDWARD M. CHEN

United States District Judge

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