Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca8-06-01995/USCOURTS-ca8-06-01995-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 555
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Prison Condition
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 06-1995

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Arthor C. Lewis, *

*

Plaintiff - Appellant, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Eastern District of Arkansas.

Margaret Jacks; Marie Linzy, *

*

Defendants - Appellees. *

___________

Submitted: December 14, 2006

Filed: May 11, 2007

___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, JOHN R. GIBSON and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

Arkansas inmate Arthor C. Lewis worked as a seamster in the garment factory

at the Maximum Security Unit of the Arkansas Department of Corrections. After

exhausting prison grievance remedies, Lewis commenced this damage action under

42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law, alleging that his factory supervisor, Margaret Jacks,

discriminated against him on the basis of race and then retaliated against him for filing

a grievance, and that Jacks’s supervisor, Assistant Program Manager Marie Linzy,

failed to take remedial action when Lewis complained about Jacks’s discrimination.

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The HONORABLE SUSAN WEBBER WRIGHT, United States DistrictJudge

for the Eastern District of Arkansas.

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The district court1

 granted defendants summary judgment. Lewis v. Jacks, 2006 WL

449260 (E.D. Ark. Feb. 23, 2006). Lewis appeals the dismissal of his federal equal

protection and retaliation claims and his companion state law claims. Reviewing the

grant of summary judgment de novo, we affirm.

Lewis alleged in his amended complaint and in deposition testimony that Jacks

told Lewis and two other black inmates to “shut up and stop laughing” about ten

minutes before break time on May 24, 2000. Lewis alleged that this was

discriminatory enforcement of a factory rule prohibiting excessive noise because, at

the same time, four white inmates who were loudly talking and joking with Jacks were

not also told to be quiet. Lewis complained to Linzy about the unequal treatment and

then filed a prison grievance alleging discrimination by Jacks. The grievance was not

made part of the summary judgment record. Lewis testified that the warden returned

his submission without addressing the grievance because it was submitted without the

grievance document. Lewis alleged that, after he filed this grievance, Jacks retaliated

“by making him do the same amount of work as three men.” Linzy ignored his

frequent complaints about this unfair work load.

Lewis further alleged that, more than two years later, he had a tooth pulled on

June 24, 2002. He was given two days off work, but Linzy commented, “you’ll have

to work twice as hard when you get back.” On July 12, Lewis complained to Jacks

and Linzy that he was overworked; Jacks said he would get no help. Lewis then

complained to Linzy’s boss, Program Manager Betty Green, who said, “just do what

you can and don’t worry about it.” On July 17, an inmate floor walker put a stack of

new work on Lewis’s work bench. Lewis yelled at the inmate, who said “Ms. Jacks

told me to put it on your bench.” Lewis then loudly confronted Jacks. He received

a major disciplinary “write-up” for the altercation. He filed three grievances against

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Jacks and Linzy and commenced this action when the grievances were denied on the

ground that his complaints of discrimination and retaliation were unsupported.

A. Equal Protection Claims. Lewis argues that supervisor Jacks violated his

Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection (1) by telling black inmates but not

white inmates to “shut up and quit laughing” on May 24, 2000, and (2) by requiring

Lewis to do more work than three white inmate seamsters. 

The first claim requires little discussion. Lewis alleges that Jacks told him to

“shut up.” Lewis was not injured, he was not disciplined, and he was not transferred

to another prison job or facility. Verbal abuse by correctional officials, even the use

of reprehensible racially derogatory language, is not by itself unconstitutional race

discrimination “unless it is pervasive or severe enough to amount to racial

harassment.” Blades v. Schuetzle, 302 F.3d 801, 805 (8th Cir. 2002); see Tajeddini

v. Gluch, 942 F. Supp. 772, 781 (D. Conn. 1996); Alnutt v. Cleary, 913 F. Supp. 160,

165-66 (W.D.N.Y. 1996). Telling admittedly noisy inmates to “shut up” on one

occasion did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, even if equally noisy inmates of

another race were not equally chastised. 

Turning to Lewis’s second claim of racially discriminatory work assignments,

unequal treatment of persons who are “entitled to be treated alike, is not a denial of

equal protection unless there is shown to be present in it an element of intentional or

purposeful discrimination.” Batra v. Bd. of Regents, 79 F.3d 717, 721 (8th Cir. 1996),

quoting Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 8 (1944). Therefore, Lewis must prove that

Jacks gave him more garment factory work on account of his race. To avoid summary

judgment on this claim, Lewis must “identify affirmative evidence from which a jury

could find [proof of] the pertinent motive,” race discrimination. Crawford-El v.

Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 600 (1998). Discriminatory purpose can be proved with

various kinds of direct and circumstantial evidence but is most often proved with

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evidence that similarly situated inmates were treated differently. See Giles v. Henry,

841 F. Supp. 270, 274-76 (S.D. Iowa 1993). 

We conclude that Lewis failed to present affirmative evidence that Jacks’s work

assignments were motivated by race discrimination. Lewis alleged that Jacks made

him sew all the right pockets on pants being assembled by the factory, while four

inmates were allowed to sew on the left pockets. But he acknowledged that one of the

four was black, and he offered no other evidence that Jacks or any other garment

factory supervisor assigned work on the basis of the inmates’ race. Lewis admitted

that he was given no personal production quota. He did not refute defendants’

evidence that each inmate was allowed to work at his own pace, that Lewis was a

particularly fast worker, and that Lewis complained to every supervisor that he

worked too hard but could have chosen to do less work. The record simply contains

no affirmative evidence from which a jury could find the requisite race discrimination

motive by Jacks or Linzy in assigning work to Lewis. 

B. Retaliation Claims. Alternatively, Lewis contends that Jacks increased his

work load after May 24, 2000, in retaliation for his filing a prison grievance against

her. To succeed on his § 1983 retaliation claim, Lewis must prove that he engaged in

protected activity and that defendants, to retaliate for the protected activity, took

adverse action against Lewis that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from

engaging in that activity. See Revels v. Vincenz, 382 F.3d 870, 876 (8th Cir. 2004),

cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 371 (2005). The filing of a prison grievance, like the filing of

an inmate lawsuit, is protected First Amendment activity. Dixon v. Brown, 38 F.3d

379, 379 (8th Cir. 1994). Retaliatory action that worsens an inmate’s working

conditions can be sufficiently adverse to be actionable under § 1983. See Madewell

v. Roberts, 909 F.2d 1203, 1204-06 (8th Cir. 1990). 

The district court concluded that Lewis was a fast worker by choice and failed

to show that Jacks pressured him or required him to perform more work than other

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inmates. On appeal, Lewis argues this overlooks his testimony that Linzy told him he

would have to work twice as hard after taking two days off to have a tooth pulled in

June 2002. But this argument is unrelated to his claim that Jacks retaliated after he

filed a grievance in May 2000. To avoid summary judgment, Lewis must submit

“affirmative evidence [of] a retaliatory motive.” Wilson v. Northcutt, 441 F.3d 586,

592 (8th Cir. 2006), quoting Crawford-El. 

Linzy testified that Lewis complained “to every supervisor down there” that he

had to do all the work. Lewis admitted that the factory manager, responding to his

July 2002 complaint, told him to “just do what you can.” The altercation on July 17

when another inmate put more work on his bench, which resulted in Lewis receiving

a disciplinary write-up and filing three more grievances, occurred more than two years

after he filed the grievance against supervisor Jacks. This lack of a temporal

connection between the protected activity and the alleged retaliation dispels any

inference of causal connection. See Kipp v. Mo. Highway & Transp. Comm’n, 280

F.3d 893, 897 (8th Cir. 2002). We conclude that summary judgment was proper

because the record contains insufficient evidence that Lewis’s work assignments

would chill an inmate of ordinary firmness from filing grievances, and no affirmative

evidence that Jacks imposed (or Linzy approved) work increases as retaliation for

Lewis’s May 2000 grievance. See Flittie v. Solem, 827 F.2d 276, 281 (8th Cir. 1987)

(broad and conclusory allegations insufficient to support a § 1983 retaliation claim).

C. State Law Claims. Lewis’s amended complaint alleged violations of his

“civil and constitutional rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Arkansas Civil Rights

Act.” He requested damages under those statutes “and under the United States and

Arkansas Constitutions.” The Arkansas Civil Rights Act provides a cause of action

for damages for “the deprivation of any rights . . . secured by the Arkansas

Constitution” by any person acting under color of state law. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-

123-105(a). The statute further provides that, in construing this section, “a court may

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look for guidance to state and federal decisions interpreting . . . 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”

Ark. Code Ann. § 16-123-105(c). 

In the district court, defendants moved for summary judgment dismissing all

claims. Their brief in support of this motion relied on federal cases applying § 1983

and the analogous Bivens doctrine. Under § 16-123-105(c), these federal cases were

persuasive authority in resolving Lewis’s state law claims. Thus, defendants’ motion

gave Lewis ample notice that his state law claims were at issue. In opposing that

motion, Lewis explicitly referred to his state law claims but likewise cited only federal

cases applying federal law. The district court dismissed all claims on the merits,

without separately discussing the state law claims. 

On appeal, Lewis argues that the district court erred in dismissing his pendent

state law claims, arguing for the first time that the Arkansas Constitution and the

Arkansas Civil Rights Act are more protective of a prisoner’s rights than § 1983. In

support, Lewis cites Shepherd v. Washington County, 962 S.W.2d 779 (Ark. 1998),

a case involving the unrelated issue of when a state custodian can be held liable for

failing to protect third parties from an inmate’s violence. This argument was not

raised in the district court, and we decline to consider it for the first time on appeal.

We note that the Supreme Court of Arkansas recently issued a decision limiting the

standard in Shepherd to the facts of that case. See Grayson v. Ross, _ S.W.3d _, 2007

WL 766333 (Ark. March 15, 2007). As Lewis did not argue to the district court that

his state law claims required separate analysis, the court did not err in dismissing the

state law claims as well as the § 1983 claims on the merits.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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