Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-4_16-cv-01276/USCOURTS-cand-4_16-cv-01276-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Contract Dispute

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United States District Court 

Northern District of California 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

GEC US 1 LLC, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

 v. 

FRONTIER RENEWABLES, LLC,

 Defendant. 

Case No.: 16-cv-1276 YGR

ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR 

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND FOR 

EXPEDITED HEARING 

Re: Dkt. No. 21 

Plaintiffs GEC US 1 LLC, AS (Wright) LLC, and Activ Solar Holdings (US) Inc. 

(collectively, “plaintiffs”) bring this action against defendant Frontier Renewables LLC (“defendant” 

or “Frontier”) arising out of the parties’ contractual relationships with respect to their jointly owned 

venture, Wright Solar, LLC, which was formed to develop a power generation project (the “Wright 

Project”). Plaintiffs allege that defendant breached its contractual obligations under the various 

agreements among the parties related to the Wright Project. Defendant brings counterclaims arising 

out of alleged breaches of the same agreements against plaintiffs and Activ Solar GmbH, Activ Solar 

(UK) Ltd., Green Evolution Capital LLP, Colin Bent, Kaveh Ertefai, and Kim Koehler (collectively, 

“counterclaim defendants”). Based thereon, plaintiffs and defendant seek declaratory and injunctive 

relief resolving their respective contractual obligations. Plaintiffs additionally seek a speedy hearing 

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57 and specific performance, while defendant seeks 

compensatory and punitive damages as well as attorney’s fees from counterclaim defendants. 

Currently pending before the Court is plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction under Rule 

65 and for expedited hearing under Rule 57. (Dkt. No. 21.) Plaintiffs seek a preliminary injunction 

that, in their view, would allow “[e]nforcement of the parties’ expectations.” (Dkt. No. 44 at 11:5-6.) 

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Specifically, plaintiffs seek an order enjoining defendant from: (1) violating its obligations to provide 

access to Wright Solar’s books and records; (2) violating its obligation to account and report for 

Wright Solar and consult plaintiffs on bid submissions for third-party power purchase agreements; (3) 

violating its obligation to act at the direction of plaintiffs; and (4) marketing and selling the Wright 

Project without plaintiffs’ involvement. Defendant opposes. Having carefully considered the papers 

submitted and the pleadings in this action, oral argument held on May 17, 2016, and for the reasons 

set forth below, the Court hereby DENIES plaintiffs’ motion. However, as described herein, the Court 

does order ongoing disclosures. 

I. BACKGROUND

This case centers on the contractual relationships between plaintiffs and defendant with 

respect to the Wright Project. Defendant allegedly began to breach its contractual obligations to 

plaintiffs in November 2015. (Dkt. No. 1, “Compl.” ¶¶ 46-47.) Since that time defendant has failed 

to provide status updates to plaintiffs regarding the Wright Project (id. ¶ 46), denied plaintiffs access 

to Wright Solar’s books and records (id. ¶¶ 31-42), and declined plaintiffs’ requests for reports and 

accounting on the Wright Project (id. ¶¶ 43-47). Defendant admits its failure to comply with the 

contractual provisions cited by plaintiffs in their complaint. Defendant, however, asserts it no longer 

has such obligations because plaintiffs have failed to make required payments, constituting material 

breaches of the agreements (see Dkt. No. 25, “Counter Compl.” ¶ 97), and plaintiffs otherwise have 

defaulted by virtue of their parent company’s insolvency proceedings in Austria (id. ¶ 131). 

The Court recounts the salient allegations and facts establishing the history of the 

relationships among the parties relevant to the instant motion: 

In March 2012, defendant formed Wright Solar as its sole member to develop the Wright 

Project. (Id. ¶ 21.)1

 In April 2012, plaintiffs and defendant entered into three agreements: (1) a 

membership interest purchase agreement (“MIPCA”) by which defendant sold seventy-five (75) 

percent of its interest in Wright Solar to plaintiffs; (2) an LLC Agreement, inter alia, appointing 

defendant as the initial manager of Wright Solar and vesting decision-making authority in the 

 1

 The Court recognizes an inconsistency insofar as plaintiffs’ complaint states that defendant 

formed Wright Solar in March 2011, not March 2012. (Compl. ¶ 11.) 

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majority owner; and (3) a development services agreement (“DSA”) setting forth the development 

services defendant would provide to Wright Solar as its manager. (See Dkt. Nos. 22-2, 22-3, 22-4.) 

In June 2014, defendant sued plaintiffs for their alleged failure to make payments under the 

MIPCA and LLC Agreement. (Dkt. No. 22-5.) Defendant dismissed that lawsuit in July 2014 when 

the parties entered into an omnibus agreement and waiver (the “Omnibus Agreement”). (See Compl. 

¶ 21; Dkt. No. 22-1.) The Omnibus Agreement reflects the parties’ desire to cooperate and enter into 

a joint sale process to sell all membership interests in Wright Solar.2 (Dkt. No. 22-1 at 2.) Under the 

Omnibus Agreement, defendant remained the manager of the Wright Project and plaintiffs were to 

pay defendant a monthly development and management fee until the sale of the Wright Project. (Id. 

at 4-6.) The parties thereafter extended the joint sale period several times through amendments to the 

Omnibus Agreement. (Compl. ¶ 24.) The fourth – and latest – amendment to the Omnibus 

Agreement revises the services fee plaintiffs must pay defendant during the joint sale period as 

extended thereby. (Dkt. No. 22-6 at 4.) 

The instant dispute arose out of the parties’ differing views on the bounds of plaintiffs’ 

ongoing payment obligations as defined in the fourth amendment, paragraph 2.2(b). Defendant 

alleges that plaintiffs have defaulted on the Omnibus Agreement by failing to pay monthly 

development services fees since September 2015. (Counter Compl. ¶ 39.) Defendant sent plaintiffs a 

notice of default outlining their failure to (i) pay defendant the $39,000 monthly services fee and (ii) 

reimburse defendant for expenses it incurred on behalf of Wright Solar. (Id. at ¶¶ 39-41.) As of the 

date of the counter-complaint, defendant alleged that plaintiffs owe $253,000 under the fourth 

amendment to the Omnibus Agreement. (Id. at ¶ 97.) By contrast, plaintiffs allege they have made 

all required payments because the fourth amendment requires them only to pay defendant services 

fees in May and June 2015. (Compl. ¶ 26.) 

On February 10, 2016, the alleged parent company of plaintiffs, Activ GmbH, initiated 

insolvency and reorganization proceedings in the European Union. (Counter Compl. ¶ 55.) 

Defendant alleges the insolvency proceedings qualify as an “Insolvency Event” as defined in the LLC 

 2

 The Omnibus Agreement also addresses other joint ventures and projects not at issue in this 

litigation. (See Dkt. No. 22-1.) 

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Agreement, rendering plaintiffs a “Defaulting Member” under the MIPCA. (See id. ¶¶ 72-75.) 

Defendant further alleges that MIPCA section 11.3(b) allows it, as the non-defaulting member of 

Wright Solar, to take possession of plaintiffs’ seventy-five (75) percent interest in Wright Solar. (Id.) 

 As a result of these disputes defendant has effectively shut plaintiffs out of Wright Solar. (See 

Compl. ¶¶ 49-51.) Plaintiffs now seek a preliminary injunction from this Court compelling defendant 

to comply with its obligations to plaintiffs under the agreements. 

II. MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

 Plaintiffs move for preliminary injunctive relief under Rule 65 on its claims for (i) declaratory 

judgment and (ii) specific performance of the agreements. In a diversity case such as this one the 

Court must first determine whether plaintiffs would be entitled to injunctive relief under applicable 

state law; in this case the law of Delaware controls. See Sims Snowboards, Inc. v. Kelly, 863 F.2d 

643, 647 (9th Cir. 1988) (under the Eerie doctrine, a district court sitting in diversity should first 

determine whether a preliminary injunction would be available under state law); LLC Agreement § 

20.7 (Dkt. No. 22-3 at 36-37). Only if injunctive relief is available under Delaware law will the 

Court apply the standards of Rule 65. See Sims Snowboards, 863 F.2d at 647; Int’l Medcom, Inc. v. 

S.E. Int’l, Inc., 2015 WL 7753267, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2015). 

 To obtain a preliminary injunction under Delaware law, plaintiffs must demonstrate: (1) they 

have a reasonable probability of success on the merits of their claims; (2) they will suffer imminent, 

irreparable harm if an injunction does not issue; and (3) the harm to plaintiffs without the requested 

injunction outweighs the harm to defendant that will result from the injunction.3

 C & J Energy Svcs., 

Inc. v. City of Miami Gen. Employees, 107 A.3d 1049, 1066 (Del. 2014). While plaintiffs must 

demonstrate all three elements, “[a] strong showing on one element may overcome a weak showing 

on another element,” under the three-part test. In re the New Maurice J. Moyer Academy, Inc., 108 

 3

 Defendant argues that the Court should use a heightened standard applicable to a mandatory 

injunction because plaintiffs’ requested injunction would compel defendant to act. See C & J Energy 

Svcs., supra, 107 A.3d at 1053-54 (“Mandatory injunctions should only issue with the confidence of 

findings made after a trial or on undisputed facts.”) The Court need not resolve this issue. As 

discussed herein, plaintiffs have not demonstrated they are entitled to injunctive relief even under the 

less stringent standard set forth above. 

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A.3d 294, 311 (Del. Ch. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P. v. Cantor, 724 

A.2d 571, 579 (Del. Ch. 1998)). The Court addresses these three elements below. 

1. Reasonable Probability of Success on the Merits 

To satisfy the first element, a party must “demonstrate that it will prove that it is more likely 

than not entitled to relief.” C & J Energy Svcs., 107 A.3d at 1067 (internal quotations omitted). Said 

otherwise, the Court must be convinced that plaintiffs have a more than fifty-percent chance of 

success on the merits of their claims for breach of contract to find in plaintiffs’ favor on the first 

element. This standard applies “in cases where the improbability of ultimate success is because of a 

question of law, but as well where it appears from an examination of evidence upon a disputed 

question of fact.” Gimbel Signal Cos., Inc., 316 A.2d 599, 602 (Del. Ch. 1974), aff’d, 316 A.2d 619 

(Del. 1974). 

In addition to proving they are more likely than not to prevail by showing defendant’s 

breaches, plaintiffs must also show they are likely to establish that specific performance is the 

appropriate remedy. To do so, plaintiffs must “establish that (1) a valid contract exists, (2) [they are] 

ready, willing, and able to perform, and (3) that [sic] the balance of equities tips in favor of [plaintiffs 

as] the party seeking performance.” Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1158 (Del. 2010). “Under 

Delaware law, specific performance is an extraordinary remedy,” and a “‘party is never entitled to 

specific performance; the remedy is a matter of grace and not of right, and the appropriateness rests in 

the sound discretion of the court.’” LocusPoint Networks, LLC v. D.T.V. LLC, 2015 WL 5043261, at 

*18 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2015) (quoting West Willow-Bay Ct., LLC v. Robino-Bay Ct. Plaza, LLC, 

2007 WL 3317551, at *13 (Del. Ch. June 19, 2007)). In analyzing whether it should provide 

preliminary relief in the form of specific performance, the “the court must keep in mind, in assessing 

the reasonable likelihood of success, that [plaintiffs] will bear the burden of establishing [their] case 

by clear and convincing evidence.” Cirrus Holding Co. Ltd. v. Cirrus Industries, Inc., 794 A.2d 

1191, 1201-02 (Del. Ch. 2001) (internal quotations omitted). 

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Here, plaintiffs fail to show they are entitled to specific performance at this juncture.4 It is 

undisputed that valid contracts exist (prong one). Whether plaintiffs are ready, willing, and able to 

perform their own obligations thereunder (prong two) is vigorously disputed. As discussed above, 

defendant claims that plaintiffs have breached payment obligations, owing $253,000 at the time of the 

filing of their counter-complaint. Defendant also presents evidence showing that plaintiffs are likely 

a Defaulting Member under the terms of the MIPCA by virtue of their parent company Activ 

GmbH’s insolvency proceedings in the European Union. In light of defendant’s evidence tending to 

show plaintiffs’ own breaches and default, plaintiffs are unable to show by clear and convincing 

evidence that they are ready, willing, or able to perform under the terms of the agreements. Finally, 

as addressed in detail in Section II.3, infra, plaintiffs are similarly unable to show that a balance of 

the equities tips in their favor (prong three). Consequently, they have not established they are more 

likely than not entitled to the relief they seek under element one, i.e. specific performance. 

2. Imminent and Irreparable Harm 

 A party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must establish that it will suffer irreparable 

harm absent the immediate relief it requests. Bertucci’s Rest. Corp. v. New Castle Cty., 836 A.2d 515, 

521 (Del. Ch. 2003) (preliminary injunction “is granted only sparingly and only upon a persuasive 

showing that it is urgently necessary....”) (quoting Cantor Fitzgerald, supra, 724 A.2d at 579). The 

party must show that the alleged injury is “imminent and genuine, as opposed to speculative.” Aquila, 

Inc. v. Quanta Svcs., Inc., 805 A.2d 196, 208 (Del. Ch. 2002). Thus, a mere possibility of harm is not 

sufficient to warrant the extreme remedy of a preliminary injunction. See id.; Alliance for the Wild 

Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011). 

 4

 Defendant additionally argues that plaintiffs failed to establish they are “more likely than 

not” to prevail on their underlying breach of contract claims. As discussed above, defendant does not 

dispute that it has failed to comply with certain obligations, but instead argues it has not breached its 

contractual obligations insofar as (i) its own breaches are excused by plaintiffs’ material breaches of 

the same agreements (i.e. failure to make payments), and (ii) plaintiffs are a Defaulting Member of 

Wright Solar and no longer have any interest therein by operation of the MIPCA’s insolvency 

provision, section 11.3(b). Finding that plaintiffs fail to establish they are entitled to the specific 

performance they seek, the Court declines to reach whether plaintiffs have established they are more 

likely than not to prevail on their underlying claims. 

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 Plaintiffs contend that their current inability to govern Wright Solar jointly with defendant 

“even if the [company] is purportedly prospering” constitutes irreparable injury. (Dkt. No. 21-1 at 

18:20-21) (citing In re Shaw & Elting LLC, 2015 WL 4874733, at *28 (Del. Ch. Aug. 13, 2015) 

(addressing irreparable injury under the Delaware Corporate Code, section 226)). In that regard, 

plaintiffs contend that the loss of their opportunity to oversee bid submissions for the purchase of the 

Wright Project, the expiration of land purchase and lease agreements, and the inability to obtain 

proper permitting collectively constitute irreparable harm. As defendant argues, however, all of these 

alleged harms are purely speculative. Plaintiffs present no evidence that defendant has foregone any 

business opportunities or will cause any harm to Wright Solar. By contrast, defendant submits 

evidence tending to show that plaintiffs drained Wright Solar’s bank account and improperly have 

attempted to gain access to Wright Solar’s various accounts on multiple occasions. 

 The potential harm plaintiffs posit is also not of the type that supports injunctive relief to take 

control of a prospering company. Plaintiffs primarily rely on the Delaware Chancery Court’s opinion 

in In re Shaw, supra, for the proposition that loss of control of a company can constitute irreparable 

harm. In that case, the court began with the notion that “irreparable harm to a corporation has been 

found to include harm to a corporation’s reputation, goodwill, customer relationships, and employee 

morale.” In re Shaw, 2015 WL 4874733, at *28 (internal quotations omitted) (collecting cases). The 

Delaware Chancery Court went on to find on the record before it that the company’s “governance 

structure is irretrievably dysfunctional,” and that dysfunction threatened “grievous harm” to the 

corporation’s morale, goodwill, and reputation. Id. Here, by contrast, plaintiffs present no evidence 

of dysfunction that could lead to long-term harm to Wright Solar. Plaintiffs’ reliance on In re Shaw is 

therefore misplaced. 

Plaintiffs fundamentally fail to establish that the losses they might incur are not compensable 

at law, i.e. with money damages. A conclusory statement that the Wright Project is a “unique asset” 

does not suffice. (See Dkt. No. 44 at 11:1-2.) Plaintiffs have not established irreparable harm absent 

a showing that, should plaintiffs prevail, a future attempt to calculate money damages would involve 

speculation. Accordingly, plaintiffs have not met their burden to demonstrate imminent or irreparable 

harm. 

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3. Relative Harms to Plaintiffs and Defendant 

Under the third element the Court must consider and balance the equities among the parties. 

The Court easily concludes that this element tips sharply in favor of denying a preliminary injunction. 

Defendant presented evidence that plaintiffs: are owned by an ultimate parent company that is 

insolvent; are themselves underfunded companies; and transferred assets amongst the plaintiff 

companies in part to avoid their obligations under the agreements. Moreover, defendant takes the 

position that plaintiffs have lost their ownership interest in Wright Solar by virtue of the insolvency 

provisions. If any of defendant’s allegations is true, defendant risks handing control of Wright Solar 

over to companies that have no incentive to market and sell the Wright Project adequately. Plaintiffs, 

by contrast, have not presented any evidence indicating defendant will not run Wright Solar in a 

responsible and profitable manner. As such, the equities tip sharply in favor of defendant.

*** 

For the reasons set forth above the Court finds that plaintiffs have not established any of the 

necessary three elements to entitle them to a preliminary injunction under Delaware law. Finding at 

the outset that plaintiffs have not met their burden under state law, the Court need proceed with an 

analysis under the federal standard for a preliminary injunction under Rule 65. Plaintiffs’ motion for 

preliminary injunction is DENIED. 

III. MOTION FOR EXPEDITED HEARING

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57 grants district courts authority to “order a speedy hearing 

of a declaratory-judgment action.” Whether to exercise that authority is discretionary. Fed.R.Civ.P. 

57 (“The court may order...”) (emphasis supplied); Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 282 

(1995) (“district courts possess discretion in determining whether and when to entertain an action 

under the Declaratory Judgment Act”). A speedy hearing on a declaratory judgment action is 

appropriate when it will “terminate the controversy or at least substantially narrow the issues.” 

Allergan, Inc. v. Valeant Pharm. Int’l, Inc., 2014 WL 4181457, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 21, 2014). 

“Other factors [for the district court to consider] include whether there is a pending state court 

proceeding; whether the facts are relatively undisputed; and whether the plaintiff shows the need for 

urgency.” Id. at *3 (internal citations omitted). 

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Plaintiffs argue that a speedy hearing is appropriate here to resolve its declaratory judgment 

and specific performance claims. Specifically, plaintiffs argue that a comprehensive hearing and 

determination of the parties’ contractual obligations will resolve the parties’ interests in Wright Solar. 

“Only then will [plaintiffs] be allowed to safeguard [their] substantial investment and assure the 

progress of an actual sale of the Wright Project.” (Dkt. No. 44 at 11:17-18.) 

In opposition, defendant contends that plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim is not worthy of 

speedy adjudication for three reasons. First, defendant contends that adjudication of the declaratory 

judgment claim would not resolve defendant’s counterclaims for breach of contract and violation of 

the California Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act. In that regard, litigation as to these remaining 

claims would continue at the normal pace. Second, defendant argues the facts are complex and 

disputed, especially with respect to its defenses to breach and its counterclaims. For example, given 

the need for extensive international discovery, motion practice may be necessary prior to ruling on 

plaintiffs’ claims that defendant breached its contractual obligations. Finally, defendant emphasizes 

that no need for urgency exists given its view that plaintiffs forfeited their interest in Wright Solar 

under the insolvency provision. 

A speedy hearing under Rule 57 is not warranted under the circumstances. Even accepting 

plaintiffs’ view that their breach claims are relatively straightforward, the Court cannot adjudicate 

those claims without considering Frontier’s defenses to the same. Given that Frontier’s defenses 

largely depend upon vigorously contested issues of fact, a speedy hearing on contractual 

interpretation alone will not terminate the controversy. See Allergan, 2014 WL 4181457, at *4-5 

(denying Rule 57 motion for expedited proceedings in part based on the court’s concern “that the 

facts in this case are complex and ‘vigorously’ disputed,” and noting that the ultimate inquiry “is 

likely a fact-intensive question that would benefit from more than limited discovery.”) Plaintiffs’ 

motion under Rule 57 is DENIED. 

 However, the Court finds it appropriate that defendant provide plaintiffs with ongoing 

disclosures related to Wright Solar during the pendency of this action. Thus, until the Court can hear 

the action on the merits, Frontier is directed to provide plaintiffs with monthly updates by 5:00 p.m. 

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PST/PDT on the first day of each month in a format consistent with the disclosures required by 

section 2.4 of the Omnibus Agreement as restated in the fourth amendment thereto. 

IV. CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction is DENIED. 

Plaintiffs’ request for an expedited hearing under Rule 57 is similarly DENIED. Until the Court can 

hear the action on the merits, Frontier is directed to provide plaintiffs with monthly updates by 5:00 

p.m. PST/PDT on the first day of each month in a format consistent with those required by section 2.4 

of the Omnibus Agreement as restated in the fourth amendment thereto. 

 This Order terminates Docket Number 21. 

 IT IS SO ORDERED. 

Dated: June 16, 2016 

____________________________________ 

 YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE

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