Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca7-13-02709/USCOURTS-ca7-13-02709-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 555
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Prison Condition
Cause of Action: 

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In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 13-2709

WALTER D. HILL,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

JOSEPH R. MURPHY, Special Agent, individually, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Illinois.

No. 11 C 172 — Michael J. Reagan, Chief Judge.

____________________

SUBMITTED MARCH 12, 2015 — DECIDED MAY 4, 2015

____________________

Before POSNER, EASTERBROOK, and TINDER, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge. In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 

487 (1994), the Supreme Court held (so far as relates to this

case) that a person who has been convicted of a crime cannot 

seek damages or other relief under federal law (as in a suit 

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or Bivens v. Six Unknown Named 

Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971)) for 

violation of his rights by officers who participated in the investigation or prosecution of the criminal charge, if “a judgCase: 13-2709 Document: 39 Filed: 05/04/2015 Pages: 17
2 No. 13-2709

ment in favor of the plaintiff [in the civil suit] would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence.” The 

district judge held that a judgment in Hill’s favor would, 

and so dismissed Hill’s suit (a Bivens action), precipitating 

this appeal.

Hill had pleaded guilty in the criminal case to attempted 

extortion, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951, and to making a 

false statement to federal investigators concerning his extortionate activities, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2). (He 

was the Deputy Liquor Commissioner of East St. Louis, Illinois, and was alleged to have extorted bribes from liquor licensees.) He was sentenced to 60 months in prison. We affirmed the judgment in United States v. Hill, 645 F.3d 900 (7th 

Cir. 2011).

The two defendants in this civil suit, an FBI agent and an 

IRS agent, had interviewed the plaintiff at his home before 

he was indicted and had gotten him to make damaging admissions. In this civil suit for damages he claims that the defendants forced their way into his house with drawn weapons, searched the house, seized and kept his lawfully owned 

handgun, and twirled a loaded gun in “John Wayne” fashion, making Hill “so scared” that he was “in tears.” He felt 

“like a hopeless prisoner” in his own home when he tried to 

answer his phone and was “placed at gunpoi[n]t.” While being questioned he felt disoriented, was crying from the pain 

in his head, and blacked out, but the agents did not call for 

medical assistance—he later learned that he had suffered a 

stroke. He was “under the gun, literally,” he says, and “felt 

pressured and under duress” to answer the defendants’ 

questions. We accept these allegations as true for purposes 

of this appeal.

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No. 13-2709 3

He argues that by detaining him against his will, searching his home, and seizing his gun, all without his consent,

plus using excessive force, ignoring his medical needs, and 

coercing him to answer their questions, the defendants violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure and his Fifth Amendment right 

to due process of law.

His specific Fourth Amendment claims are illegal entry,

unlawful detention, unlawful seizure of a gun of which he 

was the lawful owner, deliberate indifference to his medical 

needs, and use of excessive force. These claims were properly brought under the Fourth Amendment because the injuries complained of were inflicted before there had been a judicial determination of probable cause. Currie v. Chhabra, 728 

F.3d 626, 629--30 (7th Cir. 2013); Lopez v. City of Chicago, 464 

F.3d 711, 719 (7th Cir. 2006).

His Fifth Amendment claim concerns three statements 

that he made to the officers—statements that he alleges were

extracted from him by the tactics of intimidation described 

above. The statements are his denial to the officers that he 

had sent a bagman to collect bribes for him (this lie was the 

basis of the false-statement charge against him); his admission minutes later that the denial was indeed a lie; and his 

acknowledging that the mayor, who doubled as the Liquor 

Commissioner of East St. Louis (the plaintiff was as we noted the Deputy Liquor Commissioner), had failed to exercise 

proper supervision over him, a failure that facilitated his 

bribe taking.

The Fourth Amendment claims that we have listed are 

not barred by the principle of Heck v. Humphrey (such claims 

rarely are, see Wallace v. City of Chicago, 440 F.3d 421, 426–28

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4 No. 13-2709

(7th Cir. 2006), affirmed under the name Wallace v. Kato, 549 

U.S. 384 (2007); VanGilder v. Baker, 435 F.3d 689, 692 (7th Cir. 

2006); Covey v. Assessor of Ohio County, 777 F.3d 186, 197 (4th 

Cir. 2015); Hooper v. County of San Diego, 629 F.3d 1127, 1133–

34 (9th Cir. 2011); Hughes v. Lott, 350 F.3d 1157, 1160–61 (11th 

Cir. 2003)). If the police roughed up Hill, seized his gun 

without justification, waved a loaded gun in his face, and so 

on, these outrages, constituting violations of his Fourth 

Amendment right not to be subjected to an unreasonable 

search and seizure, would entitle him to damages for physical and psychological injury resulting from the search and 

seizure and for the expropriation of his gun. That would be 

true even if he‘d never been prosecuted. But such violations 

of his rights would not exonerate him from the false statement and attempted-extortion charges that were the only

grounds of his convictions.

One of Hill’s due process claims, in contrast, challenges 

his false-statement conviction head on. That is the claim that 

he was coerced to answer the officers’ question whether he 

used a bagman. Coerced to speak, he lied, and the lie was

the basis of his conviction for making a false statement to the 

officers. The point was not that he was coerced to lie; doubtless the officers would have preferred a truthful answer, 

which would have nailed down his guilt of extortion but left 

no room for his also being convicted of making a false 

statement to the government. But had he not been coerced to 

speak, and as a result had remained silent, or (perhaps in response to noncoercive questioning, told the truth), he could 

not have been convicted of making a false statement. Therefore proof in this civil case that the conviction was based on 

a violation of his constitutional rights would be inconsistent 

with the conviction and so is barred by Heck.

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No. 13-2709 5

This sounds not like a due process claim, but rather like a 

self-incrimination claim. Hill was forced to speak, and in 

speaking he incriminated himself by making a false statement. He doesn’t mention self-incrimination, but since we 

are vacating much of the judgment and remanding, he may 

on remand decide to add a self-incrimination claim and the 

judge might let him do so. Furthermore, as we’ll note at the 

end of this opinion, he might argue that his false statement 

was the product of the excessive-force violation of the 

Fourth Amendment that he alleges. In an effort to stave off a 

further appeal, we shall consider whether such an addition 

to the plaintiff’s suit would be barred by Heck v. Humphrey.

A Fourth Amendment claim based on violence or threats 

used to extract the statement (conduct that violates the 

Fourth Amendment “right of the people to be secure in their 

persons ... against unreasonable searches and seizures”)—a 

claim unrelated to the truth or falsity of the statement—is 

very different from a Fifth Amendment self-incrimination 

claim based on the use of the statement to convict him of 

making a false statement. The first claim, a Fourth Amendment excessive-force claim that the plaintiff could press in 

this civil case even if his lie about the bagman had not been 

used in the criminal case, is unproblematic; a selfincrimination claim, in contrast, would be deeply problematic, as we’re about to see.

But the fact that Hill admitted the lie—the admission being his second statement—along with the further fact that he 

admitted that the mayor hadn’t supervised him effectively

(the third statement), were not grounds for the falsestatement charge: neither telling the truth nor committing 

extortion is making a false statement. The lie was the falseCase: 13-2709 Document: 39 Filed: 05/04/2015 Pages: 17
6 No. 13-2709

statement crime of which he was convicted; the admission 

was merely evidence of the lie, and as explained in Heck “a 

suit for damages attributable to an allegedly unreasonable 

search may [be maintained] even if the challenged search 

produced evidence that was introduced in a state criminal 

trial that resulted in the plaintiff’s still-outstanding conviction. Because of doctrines like independent source and inevitable discovery, and especially harmless error, such a § 1983 

action, even if successful, would not necessarily imply that 

the plaintiff’s conviction was unlawful.” Heck v. Humphrey, 

supra, 512 U.S. at 487 n. 7 (emphasis in original and citations 

omitted); see also Apampa v. Layng, 157 F.3d 1103, 1105 (7th 

Cir. 1998).

These observations are pertinent because we know from 

the presentence report that the government had ample evidence, even without Hill’s confession, to prove that he had 

lied—it had video and audio surveillance of his bagman collecting payments on his behalf. The use against Hill of his 

admission of having lied (the use consisting of including the 

statement in the stipulation of facts as a factual basis for the 

plea—had Hill’s statements never been “used” against him 

he wouldn’t have a Fifth Amendment claim, Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760, 767 (2003)) was thus a harmless error.

The same is true of Hill’s statement about the absence of 

mayoral oversight, which earned him an increase in his sentence for being a “public official in a high-level decisionmaking or sensitive position.” U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(b)(3). The absence of oversight amounted to a de facto delegation of 

mayoral authority to him; his statement that “the [m]ayor 

does not really know what he is doing in reference to liquor 

licenses” revealed that Hill occupied a high-level decisionCase: 13-2709 Document: 39 Filed: 05/04/2015 Pages: 17
No. 13-2709 7

making position. Other evidence pointed in the same direction. Hill and the mayor had been friends since college; Hill 

stood in for the mayor at public events; and the mayor had 

created the position of Deputy Liquor Commission just for 

Hill. United States v. Hill, supra, 645 F.3d at 907. The presentence report, moreover, reveals that local business owners 

provided statements to the government about the extent of 

Hill’s authority. One of the statements was that the mayor 

had “referred [the business owner in question] to Hill, 

whom [the mayor] identified as the individual who could 

renew [the business owner’s] liquor license.”

So even if the second and third statements were coerced, 

Hill’s false-statement and attempted-extortion convictions 

and sentences would not be undermined. In contrast, his response to the question whether he had sent a bagman to collect bribes from liquor licensees was not only a ground but 

the ground of his conviction for making a false statement. As 

we noted earlier, had he remained silent—made no statement—he could not have been convicted of making a false 

statement. That makes this case like Okoro v. Callaghan, 324 

F.3d 488, 490 (7th Cir. 2003), in which, as we explained in 

McCann v. Neilsen, 466 F.3d 619, 621 (7th Cir. 2006), “specific 

factual allegations in the complaint [in this case, that Hill 

was forced to speak, and in speaking lied] are necessarily 

inconsistent with the validity of the conviction.”

Now one might be inclined to think that a lie is a lie; if 

the officers had asked Hill politely whether he used a bagman, he would have lied and been convicted; how then 

could the use of force have affected the outcome of his criminal trial? But we can have no idea what he would have said 

had they asked him politely. He might have told the truth, 

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but instead he might have lied in terror—he might have 

feared that if he admitted using a bagman, the officers, convinced now of his guilt, would really have beaten him up. 

Had they asked him politely he might have ‘fessed up to his 

use of a bagman, as indeed he did shortly afterward.

We can make this point a little clearer by reference to the 

venerable distinction between “actus reus” and “mens rea.” 

The former is the guilty act, the latter the guilty mind that 

decided to do the guilty act. An act, Holmes explained, “is 

always a voluntary muscular contraction, and nothing else.” 

O. W. Holmes, Jr., The Common Law 91 (1881). In this case the 

voluntary muscular contraction was Hill’s mouthing a denial that he used a bagman. But was there a guilty mind? If 

terror caused him to lie, the lie was not willful, which would 

distinguish this case from such cases as Bryson v. United 

States, 396 U.S. 64, 69--70 (1969), where we read that “the jury’s verdict reflects a determination that petitioner’s false 

statement was knowingly and willfully made. This negates 

any claim that petitioner did not know the falsity of his 

statement at the time it was made, or that it was the product 

of an accident, honest inadvertence, or duress”; see also

United States v. Knox, 396 U.S. 77, 83--84 (1969); Kay v. United 

States, 303 U.S. 1 (1938); United States v. Kapp, 302 U.S. 214 

(1937). If the lie was intentional rather than a mere terror reflex, there would be a guilty mind but a defense of duress, 

see Dixon v. United States, 548 U.S. 1, 6–7 (2006), so the consequence—a challenge in the civil proceeding to the correctness of his conviction of making a false statement—would be 

the same. If the agents were torturing him to speak and Hill 

thought they’d brutalize him further if he implicated himself, lying would have been his only recourse to avoid further brutalization.

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No. 13-2709 9

Against concluding that basing a civil suit on coercion to 

speak is barred by Heck it can be argued that Hill’s guilty 

plea was the entire basis for the false-statement conviction, 

as in Lockett v. Ericson, 656 F.3d 892, 896–97 (9th Cir. 2011), 

that the plea was voluntary even if the lie may not have 

been, that the civil suit does not challenge the plea, and that 

anyway a conviction based on a guilty plea can rarely be collaterally attacked. United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 574

(1989); Connors v. Graves, 538 F.3d 373, 378 (5th Cir. 2008).

Although rarely is not never—see United States v. Broce, supra, 488 U.S. at 574–76, citing Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61 

(1975), and Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21 (1974)—the exceptions authorized by those cases are not applicable to this 

case.

But the Supreme Court in Heck was concerned not only 

with limiting collateral attacks on criminal judgments, but 

also with the unseemliness of conflicting judicial outcomes, 

see 512 U.S. at 484–85, as when “a judgment in favor of the 

plaintiff [in his civil suit] would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint 

must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that 

the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. But 

if the district court determines that the plaintiff’s action, 

even if successful, will not demonstrate the invalidity of any 

outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed to proceed.” Id. at 487 (emphasis in 

original).

“Imply” is not synonymous with “invalidate.” A judgment in favor of Hill’s claim in this civil suit that his conviction of making a false statement was unconstitutional because it rested on police coercion would not invalidate the 

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conviction, or provide a ground for a suit for postconviction 

relief (release from prison), but it would cast a shadow over 

the conviction. It would allow Hill to argue that he had been 

determined by a court to have been unjustly convicted and 

sentenced but was forbidden to obtain relief on the basis of 

that finding. It would thus enable him to indict the legal culture. This Heck forbids. As we put it in Dominguez v. Hendley, 

545 F.3d 585, 588 (7th Cir. 2008), “a § 1983 claim for a due 

process violation based on the denial of a fair criminal trial 

may be brought only after the conviction is set aside. Otherwise, that civil claim would imply the invalidity of the outstanding conviction and would thus constitute a collateral 

attack on the conviction through an impermissible route.” It 

would not be a collateral attack in the literal sense, because a 

judgment in favor of the plaintiff would not invalidate his 

conviction. But the implication of invalidity would be

enough to establish the impropriety of the civil suit. Hill 

thus can’t be permitted in his civil suit to prove that his first 

statement was coerced, though he can complain about the 

beating or threats or other brutalities that induced the three

statements to the extent the brutalities inflicted injuries 

(whether physical or mental) for which tort damages can be 

awarded.

All that matters, in short, is that Hill be forbidden to assert on remand that the statement on which his conviction of 

making a false statement to the government was predicated

was coerced, for if it was coerced then an element of his conviction would be negated. See id. at 589. (There are even 

hints in his complaint, which Hill might try to amplify on 

remand, that he made no false statement to the officers, coerced or otherwise—that their report of the interview is an 

attempt, that worked, to frame him for a false-statement 

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No. 13-2709 11

crime that he did not commit. To allow him to present that 

argument in this civil case would be an even clearer violation of Heck.)

We are not suggesting that there is a privilege to lie in response to an improper interrogation. “[I]t cannot be thought 

that as a general principle of our law a citizen has a privilege 

to answer fraudulently a question that the Government 

should not have asked. Our legal system provides methods 

for challenging the Government’s right to ask questions—

lying is not one of them. A citizen may decline to answer the 

question, or answer it honestly, but he cannot with impunity 

knowingly and willfully answer with a falsehood." Bryson v. 

United States, supra, 396 U.S. at 72; see also United States v. 

Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 583–84 (1976); and the Knox, Kay, 

and Kapp cases cited earlier. We add that Brogan v. United 

States, 522 U.S. 398, 404–05 (1998), rejected a claim that the

Fifth Amendment barred a false-statement conviction under 

18 U.S.C. § 1001 (the ground of Hill’s false-statement conviction as well) merely because “it places a ‘cornered suspect’ in

the ‘cruel trilemma’ of admitting guilt, remaining silent, or 

falsely denying guilt.”

But this is not a case in which the government “should 

not have asked” the critical question (the question whether 

Hill used a bagman). There would have been nothing wrong 

with the government’s asking him that question. The wrong 

lay in beating or terrorizing him into answering. “The use of 

coerced confessions, whether true or false, is forbidden because the method used to extract them offends constitutional 

principles.” Lego v. Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 624 (1972); see also 

Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 163 (1986); Brown v. MissisCase: 13-2709 Document: 39 Filed: 05/04/2015 Pages: 17
12 No. 13-2709

sippi, 297 U.S. 278, 286 (1936) (“the rack and torture chamber 

may not be substituted for the witness stand”).

Had the officers, foregoing brutality, merely said to Hill

“we want to ask you a question but of course you don’t have 

to answer it,” and he had lied, he would be guilty of making 

a false statement to the government. But as far as anyone can 

know, had they said that, he would not have answered the 

question at all—in other words, he would have said nothing—or he might even have answered it truthfully; but in 

either case he could not have been convicted of making a 

false statement. Were he allowed to prove this in this civil 

suit, he would be denying the validity of his conviction. And 

that Heck forbids.

For completeness we note that while we have characterized Hill’s claims regarding the three statements as Fifth 

Amendment claims, they would fare the same as Fourth 

Amendment claims based on the defendants’ alleged use of 

excessive force to extract an incriminating statement from 

him (his denial that he used a bagman). In Evans v. Poskon, 

603 F.3d 362, 364 (7th Cir. 2010), in which the defendant was 

convicted of attempted murder and resisting arrest, we said

that

a fourth-amendment claim can coexist [that is, without violating the Heck principle] with a valid conviction. [Evans]

contends three things: (1) that he did not resist being taken 

into custody; (2) that the police used excessive force to effect custody; and (3) that the police beat him severely even 

after reducing him to custody. (Evans says that his skull 

was fractured and his face mangled, leading to three surgeries and bone grafts. He also contends that his vision has 

been permanently impaired. These are not normal consequences of arrest.) Proposition (1) is incompatible with his 

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No. 13-2709 13

conviction; any proceedings based on this contention must 

be stayed or dismissed under Wallace [v. Kato] or Heck. But 

propositions (2) and (3) are entirely consistent with a conviction for resisting arrest. See Gilbert v. Cook, 512 F.3d 899 

(7th Cir. 2008); VanGilder v. Baker, 435 F.3d 689, 692 (7th 

Cir. 2006); Dyer v. Lee, 488 F.3d 876, 881 (11th Cir. 2007) 

(collecting similar decisions in other circuits). These aspects of the suit can proceed.

Evans’s first contention, like Hill’s first, implicitly challenged

his conviction; his second and third contentions, like Hill’s 

second and third contentions, did not—Evans’s because 

there was no inconsistency between his second and third 

contentions and the conviction, Hill’s because his convictions rested comfortably on evidence unrelated to his second 

and third contentions.

Wallace v. City of Chicago, supra, which emphasizes that 

most Fourth Amendment claims survive Heck, thus coexists 

with Evans v. Poskon, supra, which points out that a few do 

not. We remarked that coexistence in Parish v. City of Elkhart, 

614 F.3d 677, 681–82 (7th Cir. 2010); see also Walden v. City of 

Chicago, 755 F. Supp. 2d 942, 954–55 (N.D. Ill. 2010).

In summary, the only one of Hill’s claims that is barred 

by Heck v. Humphrey from being asserted in this civil case is 

his claim that his false statement to the officers was coerced.

The district court’s judgment (which dismissed the entire 

suit) is therefore affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part.

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14 No. 13-2709

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with my 

colleagues’ conclusion that Hill can proceed with his claims 

under the Fourth Amendment. This enables him to recover 

damages for any improper entry, force, or threats the agents 

employed. It also makes it unnecessary for us to discuss his 

Fifth Amendment theories. If he were seeking compensation 

for his incarceration, then we would have a difference between the implications of the Fourth and Fifth Amendment 

theories. But I do not understand Hill’s complaint, or his 

brief, to seek compensation for anything other than the 

rough treatment that he says he received at the agents’ 

hands. A claim so limited is independent of what he said in 

response and can proceed under the rationale of Wallace v. 

Kato, 549 U.S. 384 (2007), without any problem under Heck v. 

Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).

I do not join the portions of the majority opinion that see 

a potential Heck problem (as applied to one aspect of Hill’s 

Fifth Amendment theory) in the fact that Hill lied in response to one question, then pleaded guilty to violating 18 

U.S.C. §1001. My colleagues assert that a person who lies in 

response to implied threats of physical force lacks the mental 

state required for a conviction under §1001. Whether that is 

so is not an issue discussed in the parties’ briefs, and I am 

not at all sure that it is so. A person who tells a material 

falsehood, knowing it to be false and knowing that his audience includes agents of the FBI or IRS, violates §1001; no 

other mental state need be shown. See Brogan v. United 

States, 522 U.S. 398 (1998) (holding that false exculpations 

violate §1001 and rejecting an invitation to add requirements 

or defenses in common-law fashion).

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No. 13-2709 15

The law has ways to resist wrongful coercion to speak, 

but lying is not among them. “[O]ur cases have consistently—indeed without exception—allowed [criminal] sanctions 

for false statements or perjury; they have done so even in instances where the perjurer complained that the Government 

exceeded its constitutional powers in making the inquiry. 

See, e.g., United States v. Knox, 396 U.S. 77 (1969); Bryson v. 

United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969); Dennis v. United States, 384 

U.S. 855 (1966); Kay v. United States, 303 U.S. 1 (1938); United 

States v. Kapp, 302 U.S. 214 (1937).” United States v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 577 (1976). My colleagues treat these 

cases as if they stand for no more than the proposition that 

one cannot defend against a perjury or §1001 prosecution by 

contending that the question should not have been asked. 

They say that, all right, but they say more too.

For example, the defendants in Dennis contended that 

they could not be convicted of lying, in affidavits denying 

any connection to the Communist Party, because a statute 

had made an unconstitutional threat: any labor official who 

failed to execute a non-Communist affidavit forfeited for 

himself and his entire union all benefits of federal labor law. 

Defendants did not contend that the government was forbidden to ask about their political affiliations; they contended, rather, that the government was forbidden to coerce 

them to answer, and that because the coercion violated the 

Constitution they were entitled to give false answers. The 

Court rejected that contention, as it has also rejected the contention that a witness wrongly threatened with imprisonment for remaining silent (a threat that violates the SelfIncrimination Clause) may respond to the threat by lying.

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16 No. 13-2709

In Knox the Court sustained a conviction for violating 

§1001 by filing a false wagering-tax return, even though it 

had earlier held that the statute requiring such a return violated the Self-Incrimination Clause. That statute made silence a crime. People who had gambling income were coerced to speak on pain of imprisonment—and it was this 

wrongful coercion that Knox tried to raise as a defense to the 

charge of lying. But the Court had none of it and concluded 

that remaining silent and facing jail for that silence, or telling 

the truth, were the only allowed responses.

Maybe there is, or should be, a difference for the purpose 

of §1001 between coercion characterized by unconstitutional 

threats of imprisonment and unconstitutional threats of 

force. But my colleagues do not identify a case in which the 

Supreme Court has drawn that line, and as I’ve mentioned 

the parties have not briefed the subject. At page 7 the majority cites Okoro v. Callaghan, 324 F.3d 488, 490 (7th Cir. 2003), 

and McCann v. Neilsen, 466 F.3d 619, 621 (7th Cir. 2006), for 

the proposition that a person who lies when forced to speak 

cannot be convicted of any crime (which if so would make

Hill’s contentions inconsistent with his conviction’s validity), 

but neither decision deals with a person wrongfully induced 

to speak; the majority has added in brackets vital language 

that does not appear in Okoro or McCann. The issue I have 

flagged is open to full consideration in a case that presents it.

My colleagues also suggest (slip op. 8) that Hill would 

have had a duress defense. Dixon v. United States, 548 U.S. 1, 

6–7 (2006), the sole cited authority, says no such thing; it 

acknowledges the existence of duress as a doctrine but does 

not consider when it blocks a conviction. United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394 (1980), which my colleagues do not cite, 

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No. 13-2709 17

does address that question—for a “necessity” defense, to be 

sure, but duress and necessity are fraternal doctrines. Bailey

holds that an accused cannot assert the defense if he had “a 

chance both to refuse to do the criminal act and to avoid the 

threatened harm.” 444 U.S. at 410–11. Hill does not contend 

that he was mistreated to get him to lie; he maintains that he 

was mistreated to get him to speak. He could have avoided 

the threatened harm by telling the truth, so under Bailey he 

could not have prevailed on a defense of duress or necessity.

(My colleagues’ suggestion that Hill might have thought that

he needed to lie is inconsistent with the fact that he fessed 

up immediately after lying; this scotches any contention—

which Hill himself does not advance—that the interrogators 

compelled him to lie.)

Hill does not contend that he was under duress. The defendants likewise do not maintain that Hill’s theories imply 

(or even could imply) that the §1001 conviction is invalid because he lacked the mens rea needed for conviction or was 

subject to duress. Instead they maintain that Heck bars the 

whole suit because an illegal entry (a violation of the Fourth 

Amendment) would have supported a motion to suppress 

evidence. The panel unanimously rejects that contention, 

which is inconsistent with Wallace. We should have stopped 

with that conclusion. There are good reasons why courts 

should confine themselves to issues raised and briefed by 

the parties; this case illustrates them. The majority’s unguided journey through theories of criminal responsibility may 

make it unduly hard to enforce §1001, which isn’t remotely 

what the Supreme Court set out to accomplish in Heck. I 

hope that the court will have an open mind when, in some 

future case, these subjects matter and the litigants join issue.

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