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Nature of Suit Code: 480
Nature of Suit: Consumer Credit
Cause of Action: 

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 15-10038

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 0:13-cv-62338-BB

KEVIN PRESCOTT, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

SETERUS, INC., 

 Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(December 3, 2015)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, WILSON, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit 

Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Kevin Prescott appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Seterus, Inc. on his claims alleging violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices 

Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq., and the Florida Consumer Collections 

Practice Act (FCCPA), Fla. Stat. § 559.55 et seq. We reverse and remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

I.

In April 2004 Prescott purchased real property in Pembroke Pines, Florida. 

To fund the purchase, he obtained a $160,000 loan from Bank of America secured 

by a mortgage on the property.

1

 A few sections of the security agreement that 

Prescott signed are relevant to his appeal.

Section 9 provides, in pertinent part, that 

[i]f [] Borrower fails to perform the covenants and agreements 

contained in this Security Instrument, ... then Lender may do and pay 

for whatever is reasonable or appropriate to protect Lender’s interest 

in the Property and rights under this Security Instrument, including ... 

(c) paying reasonable attorneys’ fees to protect its interest in the 

Property and/or rights under this Security Instrument, including its 

secured position in a bankruptcy proceeding ... Any amounts 

disbursed by Lender under this [section] shall become additional debt 

of Borrower secured by this Security Instrument. These amounts shall 

bear interest at the Note rate from the date of disbursement and shall 

be payable, with such interest, upon notice from Lender to Borrower 

requesting payment. 

Section 14 provides that

 1 Prescott actually obtained that mortgage jointly with his wife Debby Ann. As far as we 

can tell, however, Prescott has pursued this lawsuit on his own, so we refer to him individually.

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Lender may charge Borrower fees for services performed in 

connection with Borrower’s default, for the purpose of protecting 

Lender’s interest in the Property and rights under this Security 

Instrument, including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees, property 

inspection and valuation fees. In regard to any other fees, the absence 

of express authority in this Security Instrument to charge a specific 

fee to Borrower shall not be construed as a prohibition on the charging 

of such fee. Lender may not charge fees that are expressly prohibited 

by this Security Instrument or by Applicable Law.

Prescott defaulted on his mortgage on August 1, 2012. Seterus began 

servicing the mortgage on October 1, 2012.2

 Because Prescott was in default, 

Seterus prepared to initiate foreclosure proceedings against him. Seterus retained 

the law firm of Kahane and Associates to provide legal services associated with the 

foreclosure.

Prescott asked Seterus to reinstate his mortgage in August 2013. Under 

Section 19 of the security instrument, he was entitled to reinstatement if he

satisfied “certain conditions,” including 

(a) pay[ing] Lender all sums which then would be due under this 

Security Instrument and the Note as if no acceleration had occurred; 

(b) cur[ing] any default of any other covenants or agreements; (c) 

pay[ing] all expenses incurred in enforcing this Security Instrument, 

including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, property 

inspection and valuation fees, and other fees incurred for the purpose 

of protecting Lender’s interest in the Property and rights under this 

Security Instrument; and (d) tak[ing] such action as Lender may 

reasonably require to assure that Lender’s interest in the Property and 

rights under this Security Instrument, and Borrower’s obligation to 

 2 Bank of America assigned Prescott’s mortgage to the Federal National Mortgage 

Association on October 26, 2012. Seterus remained the loan servicer after the assignment.

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pay the sums secured by this Security Instrument, shall continue 

unchanged... 

On September 4, 2013, Seterus sent Prescott a letter showing the total 

amount he needed to pay for his loan to be reinstated. The letter stated that the

reinstatement balance — $15,569.64 — was “good through 9/27/2013.” That 

balance included property inspection and legal fees, among other charges. 

Specifically, it included $165 in incurred property inspection fees and $15 in 

“estimated” property inspection fees. It also included $1,125 in incurred attorney’s

fees and $3,175 in “estimated” attorney’s fees.3

 The estimated fees were marked

“estimated” and were listed in a separate section of the letter labeled “Estimated 

Charges Through 9/27/2013.” The letter also included the following language: 

“This communication is from a debt collector as we sometimes act as a debt 

collector. We are attempting to collect a debt and information obtained will be 

used for that purpose.”

Prescott paid the full reinstatement balance on September 26, 2013, and 

Seterus reinstated his mortgage loan. On November 14, 2013, Seterus refunded 

Prescott the $3,175 in estimated legal fees because those fees were not incurred

before Seterus reinstated the mortgage. Seterus did not refund Prescott the 

 3 Seterus obtained this estimate from Kahane and Associates. Kahane and Associates 

billed Seterus for each “step” in the foreclosure process. The firm charged $1,125 for the first 

step and would have charged $3,175 for the second. 

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estimated property inspection fees, however, because those fees were incurred 

before reinstatement.4

 

About a week after his loan was reinstated, Prescott filed a lawsuit against 

Seterus in Florida state court, asserting that the inclusion of estimated attorney’s

fees in his reinstatement balance violated §§ 1692e(2) and 1692f(1) of the FDCPA

and § 559.72(9) of the FCCPA. Seterus removed the case to federal court, and the 

parties filed motions for summary judgment. The district court granted summary 

judgment for Seterus on all of Prescott’s claims. He appealed. We review the 

district court’s judgment de novo. See LeBlanc v. Unifund CCR Partners, 601 

F.3d 1185, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010). 

II.

Prescott first contends that Seterus violated §§ 1692e(2) and 1692f(1) of the 

FDCPA by including estimated attorney’s fees in his reinstatement balance. We

agree.

The FDCPA “regulates what debt collectors can do in collecting debts.” 

Miljkovic v. Shafritz and Dinkin, P.A., 791 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2015).

Because Congress enacted the statute primarily to protect consumers, we evaluate 

the circumstances giving rise to an alleged FDCPA violation from the perspective 

 4 Because Prescott does not address the property inspection fees in his briefs to this 

Court, he has abandoned any challenge to them. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Swann, 27 F.3d 1539, 

1542 (11th Cir. 1994). 

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of the least sophisticated consumer. See Crawford v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 758 

F.3d 1254, 1258–59 (11th Cir. 2014); Jeter v. Credit Bureau, Inc., 760 F.2d 1168, 

1175 (11th Cir. 1985). The least sophisticated consumer “possess[es] a 

rudimentary amount of information about the world and a willingness to read a 

collection notice with some care.” LeBlanc, 601 F.3d at 1194; see also Jeter 760 

F.3d at 1175 n.6 (the least sophisticated consumer is “on the low side of reasonable 

capacity”). That standard protects “naïve consumers” and “prevents liability for 

bizarre or idiosyncratic interpretations of collections notices by preserving a 

quotient of reasonableness.” LeBlanc, 601 F.3d at 1194. 

Section 1692f of the FDCPA provides that “[a] debt collector may not use 

unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt,” including 

“[t]he collection of any amount (including any interest, fee, charge, or expense 

incidental to the principal obligation) unless such amount is expressly authorized 

by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1). 

Prescott contends that he was not expressly obligated under the security agreement 

to pay for estimated attorney’s fees. We agree. 

The security agreement does obligate Prescott to pay for attorney’s fees and 

other expenses that Seterus actually incurred as a result of his default, but nothing 

in it explicitly states that Prescott must pay estimated fees for future legal services. 

The question is whether the least sophisticated consumer would have nonetheless 

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understood the agreement to obligate Prescott to pay such fees. See LeBlanc, 601 

F.3d at 1200–01. The answer is no.

In order to reinstate his loan, Section 19 of the security agreement required

that Prescott pay all past-due amounts, including the fees and costs incurred as a 

result of his default; completely cure any defaults; and “take such action as Lender 

may reasonably require to assure that Lender’s interest in the Property and rights 

under the Security Instrument and [Prescott’s] obligation to pay the sums secured 

by [the] Security Instrument shall continue unchanged.” According to Seterus and 

the district court, that quoted language allowed Seterus to charge Prescott 

estimated attorney’s fees to cover any legal expenses that it might have incurred

between September 4 (when it mailed the reinstatement letter) and September 27 

(when the reinstatement quote expired). 

The least sophisticated consumer would not have understood the language of

Section 19 of the agreement to reach so broadly. The remainder of the agreement 

obligated the borrower to pay only those fees “incurred” or “disbursed” by the 

lender for “services performed in connection with [his] default.” That past-tense 

language does not encompass forward-looking estimated fees. See Kaymark v. 

Bank of Am., 783 F.3d 168, 175 (3d Cir. 2015) (finding that the “most natural 

reading” of similar language, when viewed “through the lens of the leastsophisticated consumer,” was “that [the lender] was not authorized to collect fees 

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for not-yet-performed legal services and expenses”); see also Bradley v. Franklin 

Collection Serv., Inc., 739 F.3d 606, 609–10 (11th Cir. 2014) (holding that a debt 

collector violated § 1692f by charging the debtor a 33-and-1/3% “collection fee” 

where the agreement at issue only demanded that he pay “all costs of collection”).

Because the least sophisticated consumer would not have understood that the

security agreement “expressly authorized” Seterus to charge estimated fees for 

legal services not yet rendered, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment on Prescott’s § 1692f(1) claim. 

Prescott also contends that the estimated attorney’s fees charged by Seterus 

violated § 1692e of the FDCPA. We agree. That section provides that “[a] debt 

collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means 

in connection with the collection of any debt,” including “[t]he false representation 

of (A) the character, amount, or legal status of any debt; or (B) any services 

rendered or compensation which may be lawfully received by any debt collector 

for the collection of a debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2).

In granting summary judgment to Seterus on that claim, the district court 

focused on the fact that Seterus had not misrepresented the nature of the estimated 

fees in the reinstatement letter. It is true that Seterus clearly separated the 

estimated fees from those already incurred and conspicuously marked those 

charges as “estimated.” Even the least sophisticated consumer would have 

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understood that the estimated fees were just that — estimates. See Elyazidi v. 

Suntrust Bank, 780 F.3d 227, 235 (4th Cir. 2015). So it is clear that Seterus did 

not falsely misrepresent the character of those fees as prohibited by § 1692e(2)(A). 

But § 1692e(2) also prohibits the false representation of any “compensation 

which may be lawfully received by any debt collector for the collection of a debt.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(B). Seterus violated that provision when it demanded that 

Prescott pay estimated attorney’s fees before it would reinstate his loan, because 

Seterus could not “lawfully receive” those fees under the terms of the security 

agreement.5

 That is true even if Seterus believed it was entitled to those fees. See

Wise v. Zwicker & Assocs., P.C., 780 F.3d 710, 713 (6th Cir. 2015) (noting that, 

under § 1692e, “if a debt collector seeks fees to which it is not entitled, it has 

committed a prima facie violation of the Act, even if there was no clear prior 

judicial statement that it was not entitled to collect the fees”); Stratton v. Portfolio 

Recovery Assocs., LLC, 770 F.3d 443, 449 (6th Cir. 2014) (describing the FDCPA 

as “plac[ing] the risk of penalties on the debt collector that engages in activities 

which are not entirely lawful, rather than exposing consumers to unlawful debtcollector behavior without a possibility for relief”). We therefore reverse the 

 5 In its brief to this Court, Seterus insists that it included the estimated attorney’s fees in 

the reinstatement balance as a “convenience” to Prescott, so that he could be certain that his 

payment would satisfy his reinstatement obligations even if Seterus incurred additional fees 

during the period covered by the reinstatement letter. Had he paid less, Seterus argues, it may 

have nonetheless reinstated his loan. But the least sophisticated consumer could not have 

gleaned that from the reinstatement letter, which clearly said that “[t]he amount required to 

reinstate [the] loan” was $15,569.64 — an amount including $3,175 in estimated attorney’s fees. 

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district court’s grant of summary judgment to Seterus on Prescott’s § 1692e(2) 

claim. 

Finally, Prescott contends that the inclusion of estimated legal fees in the 

reinstatement letter violated the FCCPA, a Florida law under which individuals 

collecting consumer debts cannot “[c]laim, attempt, or threaten to enforce a debt 

when such person knows that the debt is not legitimate, or assert the existence of 

some other legal right when such person knows that the right does not exist.” Fla. 

Stat. § 559.72(9). The district court’s summary judgment order stated that it

“reached the same conclusion” with respect to this claim as it did on Prescott’s 

FDCPA claims. Because Seterus is not entitled to summary judgment on 

Prescott’s FDCPA claims, the summary judgment against him on his FCCPA 

claim cannot stand either, at least not on the grounds stated.

Although the Florida statute is modeled after the FDCPA, see Fla. Stat. 

§ 559.77(5), the two statutes are not identical. For example, the FCCPA “requires 

a plaintiff to demonstrate that the debt collector defendant possessed actual 

knowledge that the threatened means of enforcing the debt was unavailable.” 

LeBlanc, 601 F.3d at 1192 n.12. Some evidence in the record suggests that Seterus 

may not have known that it could not charge estimated fees under the security 

agreement. Because the district court based its FCCPA ruling solely on its FDCPA 

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rulings, however, we will allow the district court to consider that issue in the first 

instance on remand. 

III.

Seterus contends that even if we reach the result that we have, it should 

nonetheless prevail because it is entitled to summary judgment on other grounds. 

It is true that we “may affirm for any reason supported by the record, even if not 

relied on by the district court.” Cochran v. U.S. Health Care Fin. Admin., 291 F.3d 

775, 778 n.3 (11th Cir. 2002). But Seterus is not entitled to summary judgment on 

either of the alternative grounds it suggests. 

Seterus first argues that we should affirm the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment in its favor because Prescott failed to present sufficient 

evidence that it is a “debt collector,” as defined by the FDCPA and the FCCPA. 

See 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6) (defining a debt collector as one whose “principal 

purpose . . . is the collection of debts” or one “who regularly collects or attempts to 

collect . . . debts owed . . . to another”); Fla. Stat. § 559.55(7) (same). The district 

court did not directly address this issue, noting only that the parties had stipulated 

that Seterus “acquired [Prescott’s] mortgage after it was in default.” 

Although Seterus denied being a debt collector in its answer to Prescott’s 

complaint, it did not move for summary judgment on that ground. We decline in 

this instance to affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on a ground

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that Seterus failed to raise before that court. See Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest 

Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A]n issue not raised in the 

district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this 

court.”).

Seterus also argues that its actions resulted from “bona fide error,” relieving 

it of liability under the FDCPA and the FCCPA. The FDCPA “typically subjects 

debt collectors to liability even when violations are not knowing or intentional,”

but it “affords a narrow carve-out to the general rule of strict liability, known as the 

‘bona fide error’ defense.” Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629 F.3d 1263, 1270–71 (11th 

Cir. 2011). Section 1692k(c) insulates debt collectors from liability “if the debt 

collector shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the violation was not 

intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of 

procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c); see

Fla. Stat. § 559.77(3) (same). The Supreme Court has held that the FDCPA’s bona 

fide error defense does not encompass “mistakes of law” or “misinterpretations of 

the requirements of the Act.” Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich 

LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 581, 587, 130 S. Ct. 1605, 1611, 1615 (2010). Instead, the

bona fide error defense protects against liability for “errors like clerical or factual 

mistakes.” Id. at 587, 130 S. Ct. at 1614.

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Seterus violated the FDCPA and FCCPA by charging Prescott estimated 

attorney’s fees that he had not agreed to pay in the security agreement. That

violation may have resulted from a “mistaken interpretation of the legal 

requirements of the FDCPA” or from a mistaken interpretation of the agreement 

itself. See id. at 576, 130 S. Ct. at 1608. Either way, the violation did not result 

from a factual or clerical error. Because under Jerman the bona fide error defense 

does not excuse Seterus’ faulty legal reasoning, we cannot affirm the district 

court’s grant of summary judgment to Seterus on that basis. 

The district court’s judgment is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

6

 6 Seterus’ motion to strike certain portions of Prescott’s reply brief is DENIED as moot. 

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