Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca2-13-04179/USCOURTS-ca2-13-04179-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 

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13‐4179‐cv

Barrows v. Burwell

In the 

United States Court of Appeals 

for the Second Circuit    

AUGUST TERM 2014

No. 13‐4179‐cv

LEE BARROWS, ET AL.,

individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

v.

SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL,

Secretary of Health and Human Services,

Defendant‐Appellee.

   

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Connecticut.

No. 3:11‐cv‐1703―Michael P. Shea, Judge.

   

ARGUED: OCTOBER 23, 2014

DECIDED: JANUARY 22, 2015

   

Before: WINTER, WALKER, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.

   

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In this putative class action lawsuit, plaintiffs‐appellants sue

the Secretary of Health and Human Services (“Secretary”) on behalf

of Medicare beneficiaries who were placed into “observation status”

by their hospitals rather than being admitted as “inpatients.”

Because “inpatients” are covered by Medicare Part A, while patients

in “observation status” are covered by Medicare Part B, placement

into “observation status” allegedly caused these beneficiaries to pay

thousands of dollars more for their medical care than they would

have had they formally been admitted as “inpatients” to their

hospitals.  

The United States District Court for the District of Connecticut

(Michael P. Shea, Judge) granted the Secretary’s motion to dismiss

the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiffs now appeal the dismissal of

two of their nine claims, which together assert that the Secretary

violated the Medicare Act and the federal Due Process Clause by

failing to provide expedited notice of the decisions to place them

into “observation status,” or an expedited opportunity to challenge

these decisions.   

For the reasons that follow, the District Court’s judgment is

affirmed in part and vacated in part. Specifically, we affirm the

dismissal of plaintiffs’ Medicare Act claims for substantially the

reasons stated in the District Court’s opinion; we vacate, however,

the dismissal of plaintiffs’ Due Process claims. The District Court

erred in concluding that plaintiffs lacked a property interest in being

treated as “inpatients,” because, in so concluding, the District Court

accepted as true the Secretary’s assertion that a hospital’s decision to

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formally admit a patient is “a complex medical judgment” left to the

doctor’s discretion. That conclusion, however, constituted an

impermissible finding of fact, which in any event is inconsistent

with the complaint’s allegations that the decision to admit is, in

practice, guided by fixed and objective criteria set forth in

“commercial screening guides” issued by the Centers for Medicare

& Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Treating the complaint’s allegations

as true, as we must at this stage, plaintiffs‐appellants have arguably

asserted a property interest protected by the federal Due Process

Clause.

Accordingly, the District Court’s judgment is AFFIRMED in

part, insofar as it dismissed plaintiffs’ Medicare Act claims, and

VACATED in part, insofar as it dismissed plaintiffs’ Due Process

Clause claims. The cause is REMANDED to the District Court, with

instructions to permit a period of limited discovery, focused on

whether plaintiffs in fact possessed a property interest in being

admitted to their hospitals as “inpatients.” In the interest of judicial

economy, any future appeals taken from the District Court’s

decisions shall be referred to this panel.

   

ALICE BERS (Gill Deford, Center for

Medicare Advocacy, Inc., Willimantic, CT;

Anna Rich, National Senior Citizens Law

Center, Oakland, CA, on the brief), Center

for Medicare Advocacy, Inc., Willimantic,

CT, for Barrows, et al., Plaintiffs‐Appellants.

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JEFFREY A. CLAIR (Stuart F. Delery,

Assistant Attorney General, Adam C. Jed,

Michael S. Raab, United States Department

of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate Staff,

Washington, DC; Deirdre M. Daly, United

States Attorney for the District of

Connecticut, on the brief), United States

Department of Justice, Civil Division,

Appellate Staff, Washington, DC, for

Burwell, Defendant‐Appellee.  

Mark G. Arnold, Husch Blackwell LLP,

Clayton, MO, for Amicus Curiae American

Health Care Association.

Edith M. Kalls, Whatley Kallas, LLP, New

York, NY, for Amici Curiae American

Medical Association, et al.

Catherine E. Stetson, Hogan Lovells US

LLP, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae

American Hospital Association.

   

JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

In this putative class action lawsuit, plaintiffs‐appellants sue

the Secretary of Health and Human Services (“Secretary”) on behalf

of Medicare beneficiaries who were placed into “observation status”

by their hospitals rather than being admitted as “inpatients.”

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Because “inpatients” are covered by Medicare Part A, while patients

in “observation status” are covered by Medicare Part B, placement

into “observation status” allegedly caused these beneficiaries to pay

thousands of dollars more for their medical care than they would

have had they formally been admitted as “inpatients” to their

hospitals.  

The United States District Court for the District of Connecticut

(Michael P. Shea, Judge) granted the Secretary’s motion to dismiss

the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiffs now appeal the dismissal of

two of their nine claims, which together assert that the Secretary

violated the Medicare Act and the federal Due Process Clause by

failing to provide expedited notice of the decisions to place them

into “observation status,” or an expedited opportunity to challenge

these decisions.   

For the reasons that follow, the District Court’s judgment is

affirmed in part and vacated in part. Specifically, we affirm the

dismissal of plaintiffs’ Medicare Act claims for substantially the

reasons stated in the District Court’s opinion; we vacate, however,

the dismissal of plaintiffs’ Due Process claims. The District Court

erred in concluding that plaintiffs lacked a property interest in being

treated as “inpatients,” because, in so concluding, the District Court

accepted as true the Secretary’s assertion that a hospital’s decision to

formally admit a patient is “a complex medical judgment” left to the

doctor’s discretion. That conclusion, however, constituted an

impermissible finding of fact, which in any event is inconsistent

with the complaint’s allegations that the decision to admit is, in

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practice, guided by fixed and objective criteria set forth in

“commercial screening guides” issued by the Centers for Medicare

& Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Treating the complaint’s allegations

as true, as we must at this stage, plaintiffs‐appellants have arguably

asserted a property interest protected by the federal Due Process

Clause.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Framework

Medicare is “the federal government’s health‐insurance

program for the elderly.”1 It contains four distinct programs, of

which two are relevant here.  

The first, Medicare Part A, is titled “Hospital Insurance

Benefits for Aged and Disabled.”2 It “provides basic protection

against the costs of hospital, related post‐hospital, home health

services, and hospice care for, among others, eligible people over 65

years of age.”3 Most relevant to this case, Part A creates an

entitlement to coverage for “inpatient hospital services” and “post‐

hospital extended care services.”4 The term “inpatient” is undefined

 1 Conn. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Leavitt, 428 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing

Medicare Act (Title XVIII of the Social Security Act), 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq.).

2 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c–1395i‐5.

3 Estate of Landers v. Leavitt, 545 F.3d 98, 103 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

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in the statute, but the Secretary, through CMS—an office within the

Department of Health and Human Services that administers

Medicare—has defined an inpatient as “a person who has been

admitted to a hospital for bed occupancy for purposes of receiving

inpatient hospital services.”5 In Estate of Landers, we treated the CMS

definition as “persuasive” under Skidmore v. Swift & Co.,

6 and held

that “a Medicare beneficiary is not an inpatient within the meaning

 4 42 U.S.C § 1395d(a).

5 Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, CMS Pub. No. 100‐02, (“Medicare

Policy Manual”) Ch. 1, § 10; see also id. (“Generally, a patient is considered an

inpatient if formally admitted as inpatient with the expectation that he or she

will remain at least overnight and occupy a bed even though it later develops

that the patient can be discharged or transferred to another hospital and not

actually use a hospital bed overnight.”).

6 In Estate of Landers, we explained that under so‐called “Skidmore

deference,” we give effect to an agency’s non‐legislative interpretation of a

statute “to the extent we find it persuasive.” 545 F.3d at 105 (citing Skidmore v.

Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944)); see also id. at 107 (“An agency interpretation that

does not qualify for Chevron deference is still entitled to ‘respect according to its

persuasiveness,’ . . . as evidenced by ‘the thoroughness evident in [the agency’s]

consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later

pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade[.]’”

(quoting United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 221 (2001))). By contrast,

“Chevron deference” is given to an administrative implementation of a statute

“’when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency generally to

make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming

deference was promulgated in the exercise of that authority.’” Rotimi v. Gonzales,

473 F.3d 55, 57 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting Mead, 533 U.S. at 226–27); see Chevron,

U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).

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of § 1395x(i) unless he or she has been formally admitted to a

hospital.”7  

The second program, Medicare Part B, is titled

“Supplementary Medical Insurance Benefits for Aged and

Disabled.”8 It is “a voluntary program offering supplemental

insurance coverage for those persons already enrolled in the

Medicare ‘Part A’ program.”9 Part B “covers visits to doctors and

certain other outpatient treatment.”10 Because patients who are

placed into “observation status” are treated as “outpatients” by

CMS, their care is covered by Medicare Part B.11 Therefore, a

Medicare beneficiary’s coverage under Part A or Part B turns on

 

7 545 F.3d at 111 (emphasis supplied).

8 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395j–1395w‐5.

9 Furlong v. Shalala, 238 F.3d 227, 229 (2d Cir. 2001).

10 Matthews v. Leavitt, 452 F.3d 145, 146 n.1 (2d Cir. 2006) (emphasis

supplied).

11 42 U.S.C. § 1395k; see also Medicare Policy Manual, Ch. 6, § 20.6(B)

(“When a physician orders that a patient receive observation care, the patient’s

status is that of an outpatient.”); id. § 20.6(A) (defining “Outpatient Observation

Services” as a “set of specific, clinically appropriate services, which include

ongoing short term treatment, assessment, and reassessment before a decision

can be made regarding whether patients will require further treatment as

hospital inpatients or if they are able to be discharged from the hospital”); id.

§ 20.2 (“A hospital outpatient is a person who has not been admitted by the

hospital as an inpatient but is registered on the hospital records as an outpatient

and receives services (rather than supplies alone) from the hospital . . . .”).

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whether hospital services were provided on an “inpatient” or

“outpatient” basis. And as noted above, this distinction turns

entirely on whether the patient was “formally admitted” to the

hospital. It is possible for a patient to spend several days and nights

in a hospital without ever being formally admitted; such a patient,

for Medicare purposes, would be treated as an “outpatient” and his

or her care would be covered by Part B.  

The amount that a Medicare beneficiary pays out of pocket

varies significantly based on whether the services provided were

covered under Part A or Part B. For instance, if a beneficiary receives

hospital services as an inpatient under Part A, there is a one‐time

deductible for the first 60 days in the hospital.12 By contrast, if a

beneficiary receives hospital services as an outpatient under Part B,

he or she will owe a co‐payment for each service received.13

Moreover, Medicare will only cover the cost of post‐hospitalization

care at a skilled nursing facility (“SNF”) if such treatment is

provided “after transfer from a hospital in which [the individual]

was an inpatient for not less than 3 consecutive days before his

discharge.”14 Therefore, patients who are placed into “observation

status” and never formally admitted to the hospital will not qualify

 

12 42 U.S.C. § 1395e.

13 See id. § 1395cc(a)(2)(A).

14 Id. § 1395x(i) (emphasis supplied).

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for Medicare‐covered SNF care, even if they are hospitalized for

three or more consecutive days.15

B. Facts and Procedural History

On November 3, 2011, plaintiffs filed this putative class action

complaint, which asserts, inter alia, that the Secretary’s use of

“observation status” deprived them of the Part A coverage to which

they were entitled. Each named plaintiff alleges that they were

charged hundreds of dollars in co‐payments under Medicare Part B,

as well as thousands of dollars more for their post‐hospitalization

SNF care, despite the fact that they received hospital services

substantially similar to those provided to “inpatients” for three or

more consecutive days. For example, plaintiff Sarah Mulcahy alleges

that, in June 2010 (when she was 96 years old), she was taken to the

emergency room after suffering severe pain, urinary incontinence,

and nausea resulting from a fall.16 She was hospitalized in

“observation status” for five days, during which time she received

intravenous medications, chest and rib X‐rays, and a CT scan of her

head. She later received a Medicare Summary Notice (“MSN”)

 

15 See also Estate of Landers, 545 F.3d at 112 (“[I]n determining whether a

Medicare beneficiary has met the statutory three‐day hospital stay requirement

needed to qualify for post‐hospitalization SNF benefits under Part A, the time

that the patient spends in the emergency room or on observation status before

being formally admitted to the hospital does not count.”) (emphasis supplied).

16 See Joint App’x 38–39 (Compl. ¶¶ 78–82).

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stating that she owed approximately $335 in Part B co‐insurance

payments.17 Moreover, because the hospital never formally admitted

her, she bore the entire cost of her subsequent SNF care from June 29

to October 7, 2010—a total of approximately $30,000.  

Plaintiffs also allege that the Secretary is, at a minimum,

indirectly responsible for these harms. First, plaintiffs assert that the

frequency with which Medicare beneficiaries are placed on

observation status, as well as the average time spent on observation

status, have both increased “dramatically” in recent years.18

Plaintiffs attribute these increases, in part, to the financial incentives

created by a Medicare billing rule—namely that, “[i]f a beneficiary is

admitted but that admission is later found to be improper, the

 17 As the District Court noted,

[p]laintiffs received notice of Part B coverage and

coinsurance charges via [MSNs], which they

typically received several weeks or months after

being discharged from the hospital. It is a fair

inference from the Complaint that many of the

Plaintiffs were not aware, during their period of

hospitalization, that they were on observation

status rather than admitted inpatients. For most, if

not all, of the Plaintiffs, the MSN was the first

indication that the services would be covered

under Part B, not Part A.

Bagnall v. Sebelius, No. 11 Civ. 1703, 2013 WL 5346659, at *4 n.2 (D. Conn. Sept. 23,

2013).

18 See Joint App’x 20 (Compl. ¶ 5).

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hospital must refund the Part A payment to Medicare but cannot

rebill under Part B.”19 This rule allegedly gives hospitals “an

incentive to place patients on observation status because that

placement at least ensures that the hospital will receive some

payment for the stay in the hospital.”20 Moreover, according to

plaintiffs, hospitals have become increasingly concerned with post‐

payment reviews, because “Recovery Audit Contractors have been

carefully reviewing admissions, especially short‐term admissions.”21

Based on these and other factual allegations, the complaint

pleads nine causes of action against the Secretary, including

violations of the Medicare Act,22 the Administrative Procedure Act,23

the Freedom of Information Act,24 and the Due Process Clause.25 The

 19 Joint App’x 30 (Compl. ¶ 46). After this complaint was filed, the

Secretary promulgated a rule designed to curb this financial incentive. See 42

C.F.R. § 414.5. Under the new rule, if a hospital determines that the beneficiary’s

inpatient admission was not reasonable and necessary, and that the beneficiary

should have been treated as an outpatient, hospitals may nonetheless seek

reimbursement under Part B, provided that the beneficiary is enrolled in

Medicare Part B and the hospital timely submits a Part B claim.

20 Id.

21 Id.

22 See Joint App’x 44–46 (Compl. ¶¶ 99, 101, 104–07) (citing 42 U.S.C.

§§ 1395, 1395d(a), 1395hh(a)(2), 1395ff & 1395w‐22(g)).

   

23 See Joint App’x 44–45 (Compl. ¶¶ 100, 103) (citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 553 &

706(2)(A)).

24 See Joint App’x 45 (Compl. ¶ 102) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(1)(D)).

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principal relief sought is a permanent injunction that would:

(1) prohibit the Secretary “from allowing Medicare beneficiaries to

be placed on observation status and thus to deprive them of

Medicare Part A coverage to which they are entitled”; (2) direct the

Secretary “to provide written notification, or to ensure that written

notification is provided, to any Medicare beneficiary who is placed

on observation status of the nature of the action, of the consequences

for Medicare coverage, and of the right to administrative and

judicial review of that action”; and (3) direct the Secretary “to

establish a procedure for administrative review of a decision to place

a Medicare beneficiary on observation status, including the right to

expedited review.”26  

On January 9, 2012, the Secretary moved to dismiss the

complaint in its entirety, and on September 23, 2013, the District

Court granted the motion. On October 10, 2013, the District Court

entered final judgment for the Secretary.   

Plaintiffs timely appealed the District Court’s dismissal of

claims six and seven of the complaint.27 Claim six asserts that the

Secretary’s “failure to provide written notification to Medicare

 

25 See Joint App’x 46 (Compl. ¶¶ 104–05) (citing the “Due Process Clause

of the Fifth Amendment,” which states “[n]o person shall be . . . deprived of life,

liberty, or property, without due process of law”).

26 Joint App’x 47.

27 Plaintiffs did not appeal the dismissal of their other seven claims.   

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beneficiaries, or to require that they receive written notification, of

their placement on observation status, of the consequences of that

placement for their Medicare coverage, and of their right to

challenge that placement[,] violates the Medicare statute, 42 U.S.C.

§§ 1395ff and 1395w‐22(g), and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment.”28 Claim seven asserts that the Secretary’s “policy of

not providing Medicare beneficiaries with the right to

administrative review, including expedited review, of their

placement on observation status violates the Medicare statute, 42

U.S.C. §§ 1395ff and 1395w‐22(g), and the Due Process Clause of the

Fifth Amendment.”29

Therefore, considered together, the two claims appealed by

plaintiffs allege that the Secretary’s failure to provide an expedited

system of notice and administrative review regarding the placement

of Medicare beneficiaries into “observation status” violated: (1) the

Medicare Act and (2) the Due Process Clause. The sole question on

appeal is whether the District Court erred in dismissing these two

claims.

II. DISCUSSION

We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), accepting as

 

28 Joint App’x 46 (Compl. ¶ 104).

29 Id. (Compl. ¶ 105).

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true all factual allegations in the complaint, and drawing all

reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.30 To survive a Rule

12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the complaint must plead “enough facts

to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”31  

A. Medicare Act Claims

As to the District Court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ Medicare Act

claims, we affirm substantially for the reasons articulated in the

District Court’s thorough opinion. First, plaintiffs lack standing to

challenge the adequacy of the notices they received. Second, nothing

in the statute entitles plaintiffs to the process changes they seek—i.e.,

expedited notice of their placement into observation status, and an

expedited hearing to challenge this placement.  

As the District Court explained, the Medicare Act only

requires that beneficiaries receive written notice of the receipt of a

claim for benefits, which must state whether the beneficiary is

entitled to Medicare coverage, and whether such coverage will be

provided under Part A or Part B.32 This written notice is called a

 30 Carpenters Pension Trust Fund of St. Louis v. Barclays PLC, 750 F.3d 227,

232 (2d Cir. 2014).

31 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

32 See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(1) (stating in relevant part that “[t]he Secretary

shall . . . make initial determinations with respect to benefits under part A of this

subchapter or part B of this subchapter in accordance with those regulations for

the following: (A) [t]he initial determination of whether an individual is entitled

to benefits under such parts[;] (B) [t]he initial determination of the amount of

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Medicare Summary Notice (“MSN”), and it summarizes the

patient’s Medicare activity for the most recent three‐month period. If

an MSN states that benefits have been denied, then it must state:

(1) the reasons for the denial; (2) the procedures for obtaining

additional information concerning the denial; and (3) notification of

the right to seek a redetermination or to otherwise appeal the

determination.33 The MSN also informs beneficiaries of their right to

challenge the determination that they received observation services

covered under Part B. It is undisputed that the Secretary has

complied with these and other requirements.  

Plaintiffs’ sole argument on the merits is that 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395ff(b)(1)(F) entitles a beneficiary who is placed on “observation

status” to expedited notice or administrative review. This provision,

however, only applies when a hospital seeks “to terminate services”

or “to discharge the individual from the provider of services.”34 It is

clear from both the statute and our precedent that a beneficiary who

is in “observation status” has not yet been formally admitted to the

hospital.    He or she has therefore not experienced a termination of

services or a discharge.

35 Accordingly, § 1395ff(b)(1)(F) does not

 

benefits available to the individual under such parts[; and] (C) [a]ny other initial

determination with respect to a claim for benefits under such parts . . . .”).

33 See id. § 1395ff(a)(4)(A).

34 See id. § 1395ff(b)(1)(F) (providing expedited proceedings to individuals

who have received notice that their provider of services plans “to terminate

services” or “to discharge” them).  

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entitle beneficiaries who are immediately or initially placed into

“observation status” to any form of expedited process or

administrative review.36

Because plaintiffs have failed to allege a plausible statutory

violation, we affirm the District Court’s dismissal of claims six and

seven, to the extent that these claims assert violations of the

Medicare Act.

B. Due Process Claims

Claims six and seven also allege that the Secretary violated

plaintiffs’ rights under the federal Due Process Clause by: (1) failing

to provide, or to require hospitals to provide, written notification

informing beneficiaries that they were placed on “observation

status”; and (2) failing to provide Medicare beneficiaries with the

right to expedited administrative review of their placement on

 35 See 42 C.F.R. § 405.1205(a)(2) (defining “discharge” as the “formal

release of a beneficiary from an inpatient hospital”).

36 The Secretary concedes that beneficiaries who are downgraded from

“inpatient” to “observation status” are entitled to expedited process under 42

C.F.R. § 405.1206(a). As to this requirement, however, the complaint only alleges

that: (1) a plaintiff who had his status changed did not receive the requisite

notice; and (2) another plaintiff who received such notice was not informed of

her appeal rights. As the District Court correctly noted, however, “these

allegations do not state claims against the Secretary,” because the hospitals are

charged with providing the requisite notice. Bagnall, 2013 WL 5346659, at *19 .

Accordingly, plaintiffs have failed to allege a plausible claim that, in these two

cases, the Secretary violated the Medicare Act or any implementing regulation by

providing inadequate notice.  

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“observation status.” The District Court dismissed these claims on

the sole ground that plaintiffs did not possess a property interest in

being admitted to their hospitals as “inpatients.” Because this

determination relied upon a factual finding that could not be made

on a motion to dismiss, we vacate the District Court’s dismissal of

plaintiffs’ Due Process claims and remand for limited discovery.   

1. Legal Standards

The Due Process Clause “imposes constraints on

governmental decisions which deprive individuals of ‘liberty’ or

‘property’ interests within the meaning” of the Fifth Amendment.37

To state a Due Process claim, a plaintiff must show that: (1) state

action (2) deprived him or her of liberty or property (3) without due

process of law.38 Here, the District Court solely focused on whether

plaintiffs were deprived of a protected interest in property or

liberty.39  

We have long held that procedural due process protections

“attach where state or federal law confers an entitlement to

benefits.”40 A “mere ‘unilateral expectation’” of receiving a benefit,

 37 Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 332 (1976).

38 See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 59 (1999).   

39 Because the District Court concluded that plaintiffs lacked a property

interest sufficient to support their Due Process claim, it did not address the other

two prongs of the analysis—i.e., state action and due process.

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however, is not enough—“a property interest arises only where one

has a ‘legitimate claim of entitlement’ to the benefit.”41 In

determining whether a given benefits regime creates a “legitimate

claim of entitlement” to such benefits, we ask whether the statutes

and regulations governing the distribution of benefits

“’meaningfully channel[] official discretion by mandating a defined

administrative outcome.’”42 If official discretion is so limited, then

the beneficiaries of the governmental program may possess a

property interest protected by the Due Process Clause.   

For example, in Kapps, applicants for New York’s Home

Energy Assistance Program (“HEAP”) claimed that the

administrators of HEAP violated their procedural due process rights

when they denied their applications for HEAP benefits without a

hearing. We found that New York law set “fixed” and “objective”

eligibility criteria for the receipt of HEAP benefits—such as income,

 40 Kapps v. Wing, 404 F.3d 105, 113 (2d Cir. 2005) (citation omitted); see also

Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 262 (1970) (procedural due process applies to the

termination of welfare benefits because they are “a matter of statutory

entitlement for persons qualified to receive them”); Kraemer v. Heckler, 737 F.2d

214, 222 (2d Cir. 1984).

   

41 Kapps, 404 F.3d at 113 (quoting Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth,

408 U.S. 456, 577 (1972)).   

42 Id. (quoting Sealed v. Sealed, 332 F.3d 51, 56 (2d Cir. 2003)); see also Ky.

Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460, 462 (1989) (a “legitimate claim of

entitlement” is created by “placing substantive limitations on official discretion”

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

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household size, and enrollment in other welfare programs—and that

anyone who met these eligibility criteria was entitled to receive

HEAP benefits. Because these criteria were “precisely the type of

discretion‐limiting ‘substantive predicates’ that are the hallmarks of

protected property rights,” we held that plaintiffs possessed “a valid

property interest in the receipt of regular HEAP benefits.”43  

2. Analysis

Here, the District Court held that plaintiffs lacked a property

interest in being admitted to a hospital as “inpatients,” because that

decision—whether to admit a patient—is “a complex medical

judgment” left to the doctor’s discretion. In so concluding, the

District Court relied primarily on the Medicare Policy Manual,

which states that:

The physician or other practitioner

responsible for a patient’s care at the

hospital is also responsible for deciding

whether the patient should be admitted as

an inpatient. Physicians should use a 24‐

hour period as a benchmark, i.e., they

should order admission for patients who

are expected to need hospital care for 24

hours or more, and treat other patients on

an outpatient basis. However, the decision

to admit a patient is a complex medical

 43 Kapps, 404 F.3d at 113, 118.

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judgment which can be made only after the

physician has considered a number of

factors, including the patient’s medical

history and current medical needs, the

types of facilities available to inpatients and

to outpatients, the hospital’s by‐laws and

admissions policies, and the relative

appropriateness of treatment in each

setting.44    

The District Court therefore accepted as true the Secretary’s

assertion that a hospital’s decision whether to admit a Medicare

beneficiary as an “inpatient” was left to the discretion and “medical

judgment” of the treating physician.  

However, plaintiffs’ complaint contains plausible allegations

that, increasingly, admission decisions are not left to the discretion

or judgment of treating physicians. Specifically, the complaint

alleges that the decision to admit a patient to a hospital is—in

practice—made through rote application of “commercially available

screening tools,” as directed by the centers for Medicare and

Medicaid Services (“CMS”), which substitutes for the medical

judgment of treating physicians.45 Plaintiffs also allege that CMS

exerts pressure on hospitals through its billing policies and through

its retroactive “Recovery Audit Contractor” reviews, which give

hospitals the incentive—as a cost‐saving or compliance measure—to

 44 Medicare Policy Manual, Ch. 1, § 10.

45 Joint App’x 28 (Compl. ¶ 40).

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place more Medicare beneficiaries into “observation status” for

longer periods of time.46 Therefore, drawing all reasonable

inferences in favor of plaintiffs,47 these allegations show that the

Secretary—acting through CMS—has effectively established fixed

and objective criteria for when to admit Medicare beneficiaries as

“inpatients,” and that, notwithstanding the Medicare Policy

Manual’s guidance, hospitals apply these criteria when making

admissions decisions, rather than relying on the judgment of their

treating physicians.  

Therefore, the dispositive issue—whether plaintiffs possess a

property interest sufficient to state a Due Process claim—turns on

facts that are, at this stage, contested. If plaintiffs are able to prove

their allegation that CMS “meaningfully channels” the discretion of

doctors by providing fixed or objective criteria for when patients

should be admitted, then they could arguably show that qualifying

Medicare beneficiaries have a protected property interest in being

treated as “inpatients.” However, if the Secretary is correct and, in

fact, admission decisions are vested in the medical judgment of

treating physicians, then Medicare beneficiaries would lack any such

 

46 Joint App’x 30 (Compl. ¶¶ 45–50).

47 See Carpenters Pension Trust, 750 F.3d at 232; see also Leeds v. Meltz, 85

F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 1996) (“We take all well‐plead factual allegations as true, and

all reasonable inferences are drawn and viewed in a light most favorable to the

plaintiffs.”).

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property interest.48 At this stage, it is simply unknown how, in

practice, the relevant admissions decisions are made.  

The District Court therefore erred in dismissing plaintiffs’ Due

Process claims at the motion‐to‐dismiss stage on the sole ground

that plaintiffs had failed to satisfy the “property interest” prong of

the due process analysis.  

To be clear, we take no position on whether plaintiffs

ultimately will be able to establish that these hospitals, at the behest

of CMS, admitted patients using “fixed” criteria, or that, if they did,

these plaintiffs in fact met those criteria. Moreover, we take no

position regarding whether plaintiffs have pleaded facts sufficient to

establish the other two prongs of the due process analysis which the

District Court did not address and are not challenged on appeal—

i.e., that the “inpatient” decision constituted state action, and that the

process provided to challenge the “inpatient” decision was

inadequate. Finally, we take no position regarding what form of

notice or administrative review, expedited or otherwise, would be

required if Medicare beneficiaries who satisfy the “fixed” criteria are

denied admission to a hospital as an “inpatient.” However, because

plaintiffs have stated a plausible claim that they possessed a

property interest in being admitted to their hospitals as “inpatients,”

they are entitled to test these factual allegations in discovery.

 48 See Sealed, 332 F.3d at 56 (if the administrative scheme “does not require

a certain outcome, but merely authorizes particular actions and remedies, the

scheme does not create ‘entitlements’ that receive constitutional protection”).

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Accordingly, we vacate the District Court’s dismissal of claims six

and seven, to the extent that these claims assert violations of the Due

Process Clause.  

On remand, the District Court is directed to supervise a

limited period of discovery. This discovery period will be focused

on the sole issue of whether plaintiffs possessed a property interest

in being admitted to their hospitals as “inpatients,” which, as stated

above, turns on a factual determination—namely, whether the

decision to admit these patients to these hospitals was a “complex

medical judgment” left to the treating physicians’ discretion, or

whether, in practice, the decision was made by applying fixed

criteria set by the federal government. The District Court will then,

in the first instance, determine whether the evidence adduced in

discovery establishes that Medicare beneficiaries possess a property

interested in being admitted to their hospitals as “inpatients.”  

In the interest of judicial economy, any renewed appeal in this

case will be assigned to this panel. We will, however, only authorize

the appeal of a final judgment. If, after this period of discovery, the

District Court grants summary judgment to the Secretary on the

ground that the evidence fails to establish a property interest, an

appeal will then be authorized in the normal course.49 However, if

 49 See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (“The courts of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction of

appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States . . . .”).  

However, an exception to the final judgment rule is provided by the “collateral

order doctrine,” under which there can be an interlocutory appeal of an order

that: (1) conclusively determines the disputed question; (2) resolves an important

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the District Court concludes that the evidence establishes that

plaintiffs do have a property interest, or that there are material

issues of fact that preclude summary judgment as to that issue, it is

directed to analyze whether the complaint is properly dismissed on

the other two prongs of the due process analysis—i.e., “state action”

and “due process.” If this analysis leads the District Court to dismiss

the complaint on either of those two prongs, plaintiffs may also

renew their appeal in the normal course.  

However, if material issues of disputed fact preclude the grant

of summary judgment to either party on the “property interest”

prong, and if dismissal is not appropriate on either of the other two

prongs, the District Court may permit the parties, to the extent

necessary, to engage in additional discovery regarding “state action”

and “due process.” At the completion of this discovery period, the

case shall return to us only upon a final judgment entered by the

District Court—either in response to a motion for summary

judgment or at the conclusion of whatever trial proceeding is

deemed appropriate by the District Court.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the District

Court’s judgment of October 10, 2013 in part, insofar as it dismissed

 

issue completely separate from the merits of the action; and (3) is effectively

unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. MasterCard Int’l Inc. v. Visa Int’l

Serv. Ass’n, Inc., 471 F.3d 377, 383–84 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Coopers & Lybrand v.

Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468 (1978).

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plaintiffs’ Medicare Act claims, and VACATE in part, insofar as it

dismissed plaintiffs’ Due Process Clause claims, and REMAND the

cause to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion. In the interest of judicial economy, any future appeals

taken from the District Court’s decisions shall be referred to this

panel.

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