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Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 09-2798

_____________

PAUL ARCHER, 

 

 Appellant,

v.

CARIBBEAN AUTO MART, INC.

_____________

On Appeal from the District Court of the Virgin Islands 

(D.C. No. 06-cv-088)

District Judge: Curtis V. Gomez

_______________

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

May 6, 2010

Before: SMITH, CHAGARES and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: May 11, 2010)

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OPINION OF THE COURT

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JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

Paul Archer appeals from a November 21, 2008 order of the Appellate Division of

the District Court of the Virgin Islands of the United States (the “Appellate Division”)

dismissing, sua sponte, Archer’s appeal to that court from the Superior Court of the

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 On January 29, 2007, the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands assumed the District 1

Court’s appellate jurisdiction. See Hypolite v. People of the V.I., S. Ct. Crim. No.

2007-135, 2009 WL 152319, at *2 (V.I. Jan. 21, 2009) (“The Supreme Court officially

assumed appellate jurisdiction over appeals from the Superior Court on January 29,

2007.”); see also Supreme Court of the United States Virgin Islands, History of the Court,

at http://www.visupremecourt.org/Know_Your_Court/History_of_the_Court/index.asp

(last accessed Apr. 7, 2010). However, because Archer appealed from the Superior Court

before the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands had assumed jurisdiction, his appeal

remains with the Appellate Division of the District Court. See 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(d)

(“The establishment of the [Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands] shall not result in the

loss of jurisdiction of the district court over any appeal then pending in it. The rulings of

the district court on such appeals may be reviewed in the United States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit and in the Supreme Court notwithstanding the establishment of the

[Supreme Court].”). 

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Virgin Islands because his notice of appeal was filed four days late. For the following

reasons, we will vacate and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Background

In 2002, Paul Archer was employed by Caribbean Auto Mart, Inc. (“CAM”) as a

sales associate. After CAM fired Archer, Archer filed a wrongful discharge action

against CAM in the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands. CAM moved for summary

judgment on January 24, 2005. The Superior Court granted that motion, and the clerk

entered judgment against Archer on April 7, 2006. Archer appealed to the Appellate

Division on May 12, 2006, 34 days after the entry of judgment. In a sworn declaration, 1

Archer’s counsel explained that the notice of appeal was filed four days late because his

legal assistant had mistakenly calculated the deadline from April 12, 2008, the day the

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 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(a), which provides 2

that “the District Court of the Virgin Islands shall have such appellate jurisdiction over

the courts of the Virgin Islands established by local law to the extent now or hereafter

prescribed by local law.” We have jurisdiction under 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c), which states

that our circuit “shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district

court on appeal from the courts established by local law.”

“The standard of review is plenary where the District Court dismisses for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.” Gould v. Elecs., Inc. v. United States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d

Cir. 2000). 

 Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4 provides that, “[i]n a civil case ... the notice of 3

appeal ... must be filed with the district clerk within 30 days after the judgment or order

3

judgment was received by his office. After Archer’s notice was filed and received, the

Appellate Division issued a briefing schedule, and the parties fully briefed the appeal. 

The Appellate Division dismissed the appeal sua sponte. According to the

Appellate Division, because Archer’s appeal was filed four days late, and given the

strictures of Virgin Islands Rule of Appellate Procedure 5 (“V.I. Appellate Rule 5”), the

Court lacked jurisdiction to consider it. V.I. Appellate Rule 5 provides that appeals from

the Superior Court to the Appellate Division must be filed with the clerk of the Superior

Court “within thirty days after the date of entry of the judgment or order appealed

from[.]” V.I. R. APP. P. 5(a). Archer filed a timely notice of appeal to our Court. 

II. Discussion2

In Bowles v. Russe1l, the United States Supreme Court held that “the timely filing

of a notice of appeal in a civil case [, governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure

4,] is a jurisdictional requirement.” 551 U.S. 205, 214 (2007). The Court grounded its

holding in the fact that the “time limitation [in Rule 4] is set forth in a statute.” Id. at 3

Case: 09-2798 Document: 003110138304 Page: 3 Date Filed: 05/11/2010
appealed from is entered.” FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(1)(A). The thirty-day language contained

in the rule is also found in the United States Code, which provides that “no appeal shall

bring any judgment, order or decree in an action, suit or proceeding of a civil nature

before a court of appeals for review unless notice of appeal is filed, within thirty days

after the entry of such judgment, order or decree.” 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a). 

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210. The Court emphasized that it has “repeatedly held that this statute-based filing

period for civil cases is jurisdictional.” Id. at 212. However, the Court explicitly

recognized “the jurisdictional distinction between court- promulgated rules” and rules like

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4, which, because it is based upon a statutorilyimposed time constraint, is a “limit[] enacted by Congress.” Id. at 212-13.

Unlike Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4, the time limit contained in V.I.

Appellate Rule 5 is not set forth in a statute. Rather, it is a rule promulgated by the

District Court. See 4 V. I. CODE ANN. TIT. 4 § 33 (2004) (“The time within which an

appeal must be taken, the manner of taking an appeal, and the procedure on appeal shall

be prescribed by rules adopted by the district court.”); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2071(a) (“The

Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may from time to time

prescribe rules for the conduct of their business.”); 48 U.S.C. § 1612(a) (“The District

Court of the Virgin Islands shall have the jurisdiction of a District Court of the United

States.”).

Because V.I. Appellate Rule 5 is not jurisdictional, it may be waived. See Bowles,

551 U.S. at 216 (“While a mandatory but nonjurisdictional [time] limit is enforceable at

the insistence of a party claiming its benefit [], it may be waived ... . But if a limit is taken

Case: 09-2798 Document: 003110138304 Page: 4 Date Filed: 05/11/2010
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to be jurisdictional, waiver becomes impossible ... .”). Here, CAM waived its defense

that Archer’s appeal was untimely, as the parties had fully briefed the appeal before the

Court’s sua sponte dismissal, and the Appellate Division’s dismissal was based solely on

that already-waived defense.

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure affirmatively authorize sua sponte dismissal

only for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and not for a party’s failure to raise a defense

available to it, such as affirmative defenses. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (“If the court

determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the

action.” ). As a result, courts have generally found it to be error when a Court dismisses a

claim sua sponte based on a defense that has already been waived. See, e.g., Haskell v.

Wash. Twp., 864 F.2d 1266, 1273 (6th Cir. 1988) (“Since it is a waivable defense, it

ordinarily is error for a district court to raise the issue sua sponte.”); Sinwell v. Shapp, 536

F.2d 15, 19 (3d Cir. 1976) (“In the absence of any such statutory authority, it is

inappropriate for the trial court to dispose of the case sua sponte on an objection to the

complaint which would be waived if not raised by the defendant(s) in a timely manner.”);

Wagner v. Fawcett Publ’ns, 307 F.2d 409, 412 (7th Cir. 1962) (holding that the district

court “had no right to apply the statute of limitations sua sponte” because it had been

“waived”).

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 A party might purposely waive a particular defense for strategic reasons. Cf. United 4

States v. Konigsberg, 336 F.2d 844, 851 (3d Cir. 1964) (discussing how “an accused

represented by counsel [may] waive[] a right for strategic purposes”). In those situations,

were a court to dispose of a claim sua sponte based on a waiveable defense, it would be

intervening after a party had been faced with a choice about whether to raise a defense

and had already exercised its choice not to do so. 

 We vacate rather than reverse because, on remand, the Appellate Division may 5

conclude that Archer’s four-day delay in filing was inexcusable, under the doctrine of

excusable neglect. See Pioneer Inv. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P’ship., 507 U.S. 380,

395 (1993) (establishing a four-part balancing test for determining whether neglect is

excusable, examining “the danger of prejudice to the debtor, the length of the delay and

its potential impact on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay, including whether it

was within the reasonable control of the movant, and whether the movant acted in good

faith”). We emphasize, however, that we imply nothing as to whether Archer’s neglect is

excusable or not.

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III. Conclusion

Accordingly, we hold that the Appellate Division erred in dismissing Archer’s

appeal sua sponte, based on lack of jurisdiction, since timeliness under V.I. Appellate

Rule 5 is a waiveable defense and it was waived by CAM in the present case. We thus 4

vacate and remand to the Appellate Division for proceedings consistent with this

opinion.5

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