Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-00522/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-00522-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 480
Nature of Suit: Consumer Credit
Cause of Action: 15:1681 Fair Credit Reporting Act

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 Citations are to the Electronic Case File (“ECF”); pin cites are to the ECF-generated page

numbers at the tops of document; citations to depositions are to the deposition page numbers.

ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB)

UNITED 

STATES 

DISTRICT 

COURT

For the Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

Northern District of California

San Francisco Division

AMIT PATEL, on behalf of himself and all

others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TRANS UNION, LLC in its own name and t/a

TRANS UNION RENTAL SCREENING

SOLUTIONS, INC. and TRANSUNION

BACKGROUND DATA SOLUTIONS, and

TRANS UNION RENTAL SCREENING

SOLUTIONS, INC. in its own name and t/a

TRANSUNION BACKGROUND DATA

SOLUTIONS,

Defendants. ____________________________________

No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB

ORDER CERTIFYING RULE 23(b)(3)

CLASS

[ECF Nos. 56-4, 60]

INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Amit Patel applied to rent an apartment. Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions, Inc.

performed a background report, which reported (inaccurately) that Mr. Patel was on a terrorist watch

list. (Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶¶ 56-62.1

). The search function that generated the terrorist

“alert” used only Mr. Patel’s name (and not other identifying information such as a social security

number). (Id. ¶¶ 50-52.) Mr. Patel later requested his file from Trans Union, LLC, but the disclosure

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 The complaint named TransUnion Rental Background Data Solutions as a defendant and

also alleged that Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions traded under that name; it also claimed a

violation of the FCRA for (inaccurate) criminal records on the background check and several

violations of the California Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies Act (“CCCRAA”). (Amended

Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶¶ 1-2, 89-91, 94-97.) The class-certification motion discusses only the

parent Trans Union, LLC and the subsidiary Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions, and it limits

the relevant claims to the two willful violations of the FCRA alleged in claims one and claim six

(misnumbered five) in the complaint. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 6; see Amended Complaint, ECF

No. 41, ¶ ¶87-88; 98-99.)

ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 2

did not contain the background check or the alert. (Id. ¶ 74.) On behalf of himself and the class, Mr.

Patel sued Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions and its parent Trans Union, LLC, alleging that

they — operating as a single credit-reporting agency — violated the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act

(“FCRA”). (Id. at 1-22.) He moves for class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

23(b)(3) for two classes and two claims: (1) a national class challenging the defendants’ willful

failure to maintain and follow reasonable procedures to ensure the maximum possible accuracy of

their information, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b), and (2) a national subclass challenging the

defendants’ willful failure to provide consumers with all information in their files, in violation of 15

U.S.C. § 1681g. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 6, 18-26.2

) The court grants the motion and certifies the

two classes.

STATEMENT

I. MR. PATEL’S CREDIT REPORT

In July 2013, Mr. Patel applied to rent an apartment in Union City, California from CBC Realty.

(Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶ 56.) CBC contracted with Trans Union Rental Screening

Solutions to use the SmartMove background-check product to evaluate applicants for residential

leases. (Id. ¶ 57.) The product gives subscribers such as CBC a customized credit recommendation

and a national background search about the applicant. (Id. ¶ 58.) It also provides subscribers with (1)

a recommendation about the applicant (based on criteria provided by the subscriber) and (2) a letter

with reasons an applicant was or was not approved for a lease. (Id. ¶ 59.) 

As part of the rental-application process, CBC required Mr. Patel to access the SmartMove

website to provide information and authorization for CBC to obtain a SmartMove report about Mr.

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ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 3

Patel. (Patel Dep., ECF No. 56-25, at 31.) Then, on July 16, 2013, CBC applied “through

SmartMove” for information about Mr. Patel’s rental application (and paid a fee), and that same day,

it received “a Trans Union [SmartMove] consumer report purportedly about” Mr. Patel. (Amended

Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶¶ 60-61.) The report was inaccurate. (Id. ¶ 62.) It said that Mr. Patel had 17

criminal records from New Mexico and Rhode Island, but these records do not belong to him, and he

has never been to these states. (Id. ¶ 63.) It referred to Mr. Patel’s 2008 misdemeanor DUI, but a

California court vacated that offense by order dated July 24, 2012 (a year earlier). (Id.¶ 64.) It said

that Mr. Patel was a “Terrorist” from Charlotte, North Carolina, and he is not a terrorist and has never

been to North Carolina. (Id. ¶ 62.) The report does not identify the source of the terrorist alert about

Mr. Patel. (Patel Report, Ex.1 to Motion, ECF No. 56-7 at 4; Colaprete Dep., Ex. 5 to Motion, at 86-

87, 99-100). In fact, it came from a third-party data provider. (Id.) That provider obtained the data

from the U.S. Officer of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), which enforces federal banking

regulations such as the anti-money-laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, 31 U.S.C. §§

5311-5330, which are aimed at deterring and disrupting terrorist financing networks. (Id. at 87;

Motion, ECF No. 59–4 at 15-16.) The gist is that Trans Union, LLC can say only that the terrorist

alert about Mr. Patel came from an OCC data set. (ECF No. 59-4 at 16, citing Colaprete Dep. at 100.)

Through the SmartMove product’s “automated programing and process,” SmartMove notified

CBC that it should reject Mr. Patel’s rental application, and “[s]olely based on the inaccurate

information” in the report, CBC denied Mr. Patel’s rental application. (Amended Complaint, ECF

No. 41, ¶ 66.) Trans Union, LLC counters that CBC rejected Mr. Patel for reasons unrelated to the

credit report, including the length of his current job (two months) and inability to verify the length of

his previous job. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 13-14 (citing Lau Dep., ECF No.70-4 at 22-3; 46,

49).)

After CBC rejected his rental application, it gave Mr. Patel a copy of the SmartMove Report.

(Patel. Dep., ECF No. 56-25 at 74-76.) (It was not available to Mr. Patel through SmartMove. (See

Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶ 67.)) Mr. Patel identified and contacted Trans Union Rental

Screening Solutions to get a copy of the report, but he did not get it. (Patel Dep., ECF No. 56-25 at

64-65.) Specifically, on July 22, 2013, he sent an email saying, “I would like a full report of my

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ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 4

criminal background check. All of it is false . . . .” (ECF 56-17.) Trans Union Rental Screening

Solutions Customer Service (identified in the email’s “From” line as “TURSS Customer Service”)

responded with some information on how records were pulled, then told him (1) how to get his Trans

Union LLC credit report (via phone or at www.annualcreditreport.com) and (2) how to get his

background check (by submitting his government id and other identifying information to Trans Union

Rental Screening Solutions), and ended by saying “Thank you for choosing TransUnion

SmartMove.” (Id.) (Mr. Patel says that he sent the information for the background check, and Trans

Union Rental Screening Solutions says that it has no record of receiving it. (Patel Dep., ECF No. 70-5

at 68; Armbruster Dep., ECF No. 70-8 at 88-89.) On July 25, 2013, Mr. Patel’s lawyer wrote a letter

to Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions disputing the inaccurate information, and she asked for

the information that had been reported, but no one responded. (Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶

75; Letter, Ex.18 to Motion, ECF No. 56-30.) Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions says that it has

no record of receiving this letter either. (Armbruster Dep., ECF No. 70-8 at 88.) Mr. Patel obtained a

Trans Union, LLC credit report through “the online portal” on July 22, 2015, but it did not contain

the inaccurate information. (Request, ECF No. 16, ECF No. 56-28; Report, Ex. 17, ECF No. 56-29;

Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶ 73-74.) 

* * *

II. SMARTMOVE AND TRANS UNION, LLC REPORTS

The SmartMove reports include criminal-record information, other public-record information

(e.g., eviction records), and terrorist-alert information. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 12.) The

terrorist alerts on the SmartMove product come from different federal law-enforcement databases

(e.g., the FBI and Secret Service), the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) list, and other

international, U.S., and foreign government lists. (Id.; Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 12 & Ex.11.) As

described in the previous section, the source for the data is a third-party vendor, which in turn gets

the data from the government agencies; the data thereafter is stored on a database on a Trans Union,

LLC server. (Ex. 11; Colaprete Dep., Ex. 5 at 48-49; Klassen Dep., Ex. 3 to Motion, at 48-50, 52-53.)

To generate a SmartMove report about a person, a computer program queries databases for a

“match.” (Klassen Dep. at 67-68.) Until December 2013, the “matching criteria” for including a

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ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 5

terrorist alert on a SmartMove report were based only on the person’s first and last names. (Colaprete

Dep., Ex. 5 at 76, 81-82.) There are no steps beyond this “name only” logic to verify that the “hits”

from the records relate to the person who is the subject of the background check. (Motion, ECF No.

59-4 at 13.) At different times, different headings in the SmartMove report described the “alert”

records: (1) from February 2012 to August 2012, the heading was “Terrorist;” (2) starting in August

2012, the heading changed from “Terrorist” to “Potential OFAC Hit;” (3) sometime before July 2013

(the date of Mr. Patel’s report) the heading “inadvertently” reverted to the “Terrorist” heading; and

(4) from October 2013 to December 2013, the heading reverted to “Potential OFAC Hit.” (Colaprete

Decl., ECF No. 70-3, ¶¶ 5-10.)

A landlord reviews a SmartMove report online and can use hyperlinks to access additional pages

with more detail. (Opposition, ECF. No. 69-5 at 12-13 (record citations omitted).) A frequently asked

question on the SmartMove website is as follows:

Can I get a copy of the credit report provided to the landlord? 

No. Only the landlord is allowed access to the TransUnion SmartMove credit report. As an

alternative, we suggest the renter go to www.annualcreditreport.com to get a copy of their

TransUnion credit report. 

See https://www.mysmartmove.com/SmartMove-FAQs/renter-faq.html#q13. 

(Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶ 67.) If consumers request a credit report from Trans Union,

LLC, Trans Union LLC does not include the SmartMove report in the disclosure. (Litwa Dep., ECF

No. 56-19 at 116-117.)

* * *

III. THE TRANS UNION ENTITIES

The Amended Complaint alleges that Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions and its parent

Trans Union, LLC operate as a single consumer-reporting agency under the FCRA. (Amended

Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶ 1.) The defendants contend that each entity is a separate consumerreporting agency. (Opposition, ECF No 69-5 at 10.) 

A. The Plaintiff’s Version

 The complaint names the defendants: “Trans Union, LLC, in its own name and trading as Trans

Union Rental Screening Solutions, Inc., and Trans Union Background Data Solutions, as well as

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ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 6

Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions, Inc. in its own name and trading as Trans Union

Background Data Solutions (together, ‘Defendants’ or ‘Trans Union’)”. (ECF No. 41, ¶ 6.) It alleges

that “Trans Union, LLC has structured itself so as to warehouse its sale of credit[-]reporting consumer

reports in one entity and its sale of criminal history (employment and landlord-tenant purposed)

consumer reports in a second entity. However, it freely transfers data between units and operates

without any impediments of corporate structure. In almost every regard, the above Defendants

operate as if they are one and the same, a single ‘consumer reporting agency.’” (Id. ¶ 1.) 

“Trans Union claims that it can offer paying customers ‘[a] database of more than 200 million

files, which profile nearly every market-active consumer in the United States.’ 

http://www.Trans Union.com/corporate/business/solutionsbyneed.page?.” (Id. ¶ 7.) Its “best known

product is conventional credit[-]reporting,” and its “‘database contains information provided by more

than 85,000 credit-granting institutions and is updated, audited and monitored on a regular basis.’ 

http://www.Trans Union.com/corporate/business/solutionsbyneed/credit-reporting.page?” (Id. ¶ 8.)

The complaint elaborates that Trans Union, LLC markets the SmartMove product:

For its tenant screening business, Trans Union markets its services as follows: 

Whether you have a couple hundred units or just one, you now have access to the same

tenant screening used by the largest property management companies. It's all online in a

solution designed to fit your needs. 

Trans Union SmartMove gives you all the tenant screening tools you need with none of the

hassle including long approval processes or minimum use requirements. 

• Credit report and criminal history 

• Leasing recommendation 

• Suggested deposit amount 

• Joint recommendation for multiple tenants and co-signers 

• No paperwork or long approval process 

• Use it only when you need it and pay as you go 

• Landlord decides who pays for the service 

See http://www.Trans Union.com/corporate/business/propertymgt/independent-rentalowners.page 

(Id. ¶ 10.) It also markets its data reselling business: 

Background Data Resellers 

With one of the world’s largest privately maintained criminal databases, Trans Union

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Background Data Solutions helps you offer higher-quality data to expand your profit margin.

Access more than 1 billion criminal and eviction records updated weekly from more than 400

data sets across the country. 

See http://www.Trans Union.com/corporate/business/solutionsbyneed/data-resellers.page. 

(Id. ¶ 11.) The complaint further describes how on this web landing page (bearing the Trans

Union.com address), Trans Union, LLC explains and markets how customers can access instant

criminal and eviction history databases and promotes the business. (Id. ¶¶ 13-15.)

Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions is a wholly owned subsidiary of Trans Union, LLC, and

it produces and sells the SmartMove reports. (Ex. 2 to Motion, ECF No. 59-4.) 

At the class-certification stage, no merits discovery has been taken. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 8

n.9.) But so far, the plaintiff has identified Trans Union, LLC’s “substantial involvement” in Trans

Union Rental Screening Solution’s operations, including the following:

• Owning and maintaining the computers where public-record data and terrorist records are

stored. (Klassen Dep., Ex. 3, at 52-53.)

• Providing centralized technical support to all of its subsidiaries (including Trans Union Rental

Screening Solutions). (Id. at 12-13.)

• Marketing SmartMove as a Trans Union, LLC product and stamping its copyrights and

trademarks on documents related to SmartMove. (Exs. 1, 4; see Amended Complaint excerpts,

supra.)

• Providing compliance functions through Trans Union, LLC for Trans Union Rental Screening

Solutions (including auditing accuracy procedures, including analysis of SmartMove reports).

(Colaprete Dep., Ex. 5 to Motion, at 8-11.)

• Directing consumers to send correspondence regarding SmartMove reports to a Trans Union,

LLC facility, where Trans Union, LLC employees do an initial review, and exercising

continuous oversight. (Armbruster Dep., ECF No. 56-18 at 94-96; Litwa Dep., ECF No. 56-19

at 83-84, 113-114; Ex. 10 at TURSS00000324.).

(See Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 9-10 (making these points).)

* *

B. The Defendants’ Version

 The companies are separate companies with distinct products: Trans Union Rental Screening

Solutions sells background reports, including the SmartMove product, to landlords and other property

owners, and Trans Union, LLC sells traditional credit reports that primarily contain information from

credit grantors. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 10-11 (record cites omitted).) Trans Union Rental

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Screening Solutions is a separate but wholly owned subsidiary; the companies operate in different

facilities and locations; they maintain separate corporate, financial, and accounting records; and they

maintain their corporate data separately. (Id. at 10 n.2 (record cites omitted).) They maintain their

consumer data separately, and neither party has unrestricted access to the other’s data. (Id. at 11

(record cites omitted).) Trans Union, LLC provides limited data-hosting to Trans Union Rental

Screening Solutions but does not have access to data “beyond these narrow [] purposes.” (Id.) Trans

Union Rental Screening Solutions maintains access controls over who has access to its data, and that

prevents Trans Union, LLC from exporting the data or accessing it unless necessary for purposes

related to Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions. (Id.) They do not have common access to each

other’s documents and data. (Id.) Trans Union, LLC includes some alert information in its credit

reports, but it does not contain criminal records or criminal history. (Id.) Its third-party vendor for

alert information is Accuity, and Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions uses a different vendor

(identified in Ex. 11, Motion). (Id.)

The Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), the independent government agency with

primary authority to enforce the FCRA, publishes a list of consumer-reporting agencies (“CRA”). (Id.

at 10.) Its list as of January 1, 2015 lists Trans Union, LLC as one of the three largest nationwide

providers of consumer credit reports, and it lists Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions “among the

smaller CRAs” that provide “‘tenant screening services.’” (Id., citing the CFPB website.)

* * *

IV. THE CLAIMS 

The complaint asserts seven claims against the defendants: (1) willfully failing to provide

consumers with information in their files, in violation of the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681g, (2) failing to

provide California consumers, upon request, with a copy of their disclosure with all information on

the consumer, in violation of the CCCRAA, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1785.10 & 1785.15, (3) negligently

and willfully failing to maintain reasonable procedures to assure the maximum possible accuracy of

consumer reports by including inaccurate public records, in violation of the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. §

1681e(b), (4) failing to follow reasonable procedures to assure the maximum possible accuracy of the

reports it sold, in violation of the CCCRAA, Cal. Civ. Code § 1785.14(b), (5) reporting public

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3

 Starting in December 2013, the process required the social security number or date of birth

to match to the alert, which dramatically reduced terrorist alerts. (Colaprete Dep., Ex. 5, at 76-80).) 

ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 9

records without including the specific source of information and the date the information was

reported, in violation of the CCCRAA, Cal. Civ. Code § 1785.18, (6) negligently and willfully failing

to maintain reasonable procedures to establish the maximum possible accuracy of consumer reports

by selling background reports inaccurately identifying consumers as terrorists, in violation of the

FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b), and (7) negligently and willfully failing to conduct a reasonable

investigation into the completeness and accuracy of the information disputed by Mr. Patel, in

violation of the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681i. (Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, at 16-19.) Claims one

through six are class claims, claims three through six also are individual claims asserted by Mr. Patel,

and claim seven is an individual claim.(Id.)

The class-certification motion limits the claims to two “willful” FCRA claims: claims one and six

(misnumbered five) in the complaint. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 6, 24 (proposing a national class for

disclosure of terrorist “alert” information and a national subclass for persons who had an “alert” and

thereafter requested and were sent a file disclosure; limiting claims to willful violations); Reply, ECF

No. 76-2 at 6-7, 15 n.5 (subclass definition).) The gist of the facts underlying the claims is that the

SmartMove product used a faulty procedure (a “name-only” matching logic consisting of the rental

applicant’s first and last name) to determine whether to include a terrorist “alert” on a SmartMove

report sold to a third party. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 7, 12-13; Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶

50.) The SmartMove procedure could have used other identifying information that Trans Union

Rental Screening Solutions had (such as date of birth and social security information) but it did not

use that information until approximately December 2013.3

 (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 6, 12-13 & n.

13.) It persisted in this approach “despite clear Third Circuit precedent” directed to Trans Union,

LLC that the use of the name-only matching logic was a willful violation of the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. §

1681e(b). (Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶¶ 29-32 (citing Cortez v. Trans Union, LLC, 617 F.3d

688, 711-13 (3rd Cir. 2010)); Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 6-7.) The name-only logic is so flawed that

the terrorist alerts are always inaccurate. (Reply, ECF No. 76-2 at 6.) Trans Union, LLC’s standard

disclosure to consumers “uniformly fails to disclose terrorist records” even though the FCRA, 15

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4

 These definitions narrow those in the complaint to end the class period in December 2013

and limit the subclass to those who were sent a file disclosure. (Cf. Amended Complaint, ECF No.

41, ¶¶ 78(a), 78(g).) Courts regularly allow the class definitions to be adjusted to reflect the

developing realities of a lawsuit. See Brown v. The Hain Celestial Group, Inc., No. 3:11-cv-03082-

LB, 2014 WL 6483216, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2014) (collecting cases).

ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 10

U.S.C. § 1681g, requires that disclosure (Id.; Amended Complaint, ECF No. 41, ¶¶ 35, 88.)

V. THE PROPOSED CLASSES

The plaintiff asks to certify two national classes: an “accuracy” class and a “disclosure” subclass:

All natural persons residing in the United States who, from February 2012 until December

2013, were the subjects of Trans Union SmartMove reports containing at least one item of

“Alert List” information.

All natural persons residing in the United States who, from February 2012 until December

2013, were the subjects of Trans Union SmartMove reports containing at least one item of

“Alert List” information who requested a file disclosure from, and were sent a disclosure by,

Trans Union, LLC.

(Motion, ECF No.59-4 at 6; Reply, ECF No. 76-2 at 15 n.5 (adding refinement of “sent”).)4

The defendants identified 11,048 SmartMove reports sent to third parties from February 2, 2012

to July 1, 2014, with at least one item of information in the “Terrorist Record” section. (Response to

Interrogatory No. 3, ECF No. 56-24 at 7.) There are “at least 8,000 reports using the name-only

matching criteria” from February 2, 2012 to December 2013. (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 17.)

* * *

THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT 

The class-certification motion seeks certification of two classes based on two willful violations of

the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e(b) and 1681(g). The statutes are as follows:

15 U.S.C. § 1681e: Compliance procedures

(a) Identity and purposes of credit users

Every consumer reporting agency shall maintain reasonable procedures designed to avoid

violations of section 1681c of this title and to limit the furnishing of consumer reports to the

purposes listed under section 1681b of this title. These procedures shall require that prospective

users of the information identify themselves, certify the purposes for which the information is

sought, and certify that the information will be used for no other purpose. Every consumer

reporting agency shall make a reasonable effort to verify the identity of a new prospective user

and the uses certified by such prospective user prior to furnishing such user a consumer report.

No consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report to any person if it has reasonable

grounds for believing that the consumer report will not be used for a purpose listed in section

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1681b of this title.

(b) Accuracy of report

Whenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report it shall follow reasonable

procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual

about whom the report relates.

15 U.S.C. § 1681g: Disclosures to consumers

(a) Information on file; sources; report recipients 

Every consumer reporting agency shall, upon request ... clearly and accurately disclose to the

consumer: 

(1) All information in the consumer's file at the time of the request....”

The plaintiff seeks statutory damages only, which are as follows: (Motion, ECF No. 59-4 at 24.)

15 U.S.C. § 1681n: Civil liability for willful noncompliance

(a) In general

Any person who willfully fails to comply with any requirement imposed under this subchapter

with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of—

 (1)(A) any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure or damages

of not less than $100 and not more than $1,000; or 

 (B) in the case of liability of a natural person for obtaining a consumer report under

false pretenses or knowingly without a permissible purpose, actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure or $1,000, whichever is greater;

 (2) such amount of punitive damages as the court may allow; and

(3) in the case of any successful action to enforce any liability under this section, the

costs of the action together with reasonable attorney’s fees as determined by the court.

* * *

(c) Attorney’s fees

Upon a finding by the court that an unsuccessful pleading, motion, or other paper filed in

connection with an action under this section was filed in bad faith or for purposes of harassment,

the court shall award to the prevailing party attorney’s fees reasonable in relation to the work

expended in responding to the pleading, motion, or other paper. 

* * *

ANALYSIS

Class actions are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. A party seeking to certify a

class must prove that all the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) are met, as well as those of at least one

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subsection of Rule 23(b) (and the relevant subsection here is 23(b)(3)). Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. The

following are the prerequisites of Rule 23(a): numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of

representation. A court may certify a class under Rule 23(b)(3) if the court finds that questions of law

or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members,

and a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the

controversy. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).

“Certification is proper only if the trial court is satisfied, after a rigorous analysis,” that the

proposed class meets Rule 23’s demands. Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426, 1432 (2013).

“Such an analysis will frequently entail ‘overlap with the merits of the plaintiff's underlying claim.’” 

Id. (quoting in part Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011)). This is because

“the class determination generally involves considerations that are enmeshed in the factual and legal

issues [constituting] the plaintiff’s cause of action.” Id. Still, “Rule 23 grants no license to engage in

free-ranging merits inquiries at the certification stage. Merits questions may be considered to the

extent – but only to the extent – that they are relevant for determining whether the Rule 23

prerequisites for class certification are satisfied.” Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, 133

S. Ct. 1184, 1194-95 (2013).

Beyond Rule 23’s express demands, courts have implied an additional requirement under Rule

23(a): that the proposed class be ascertainable. See, e.g., Marcus v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 687 F.3d

583, 592-93 (3d Cir. 2012); Herrera v. LCS Fin. Servs. Corp., 274 F.R.D. 666, 671-72 (N.D.

Cal.2011); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(B) (“[a]n order that certifies a class action must define the

class and the class claims, issues, or defenses”). This preliminary requirement asks whether the class

is so defined that its individual members can be readily identified. A class should be sufficiently

definite and “clearly ascertainable” by reference to objective criteria “that it is administratively

feasible to determine whether a particular person is a class member.” Shepard v. Lowe’s HIW, Inc.,

No. C 12-3893 JSW, 2013 WL 4488802, *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2013).

If the class proponent meets his or her burden under Rule 23, then the court has broad discretion

to certify the class. Zinser v. Accuflix Res. Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d 1180, 1186, amended by 273 F.3d

1266 (9th Cir. 2001).

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I. ASCERTAINABILITY

The defendants challenge the class definitions on the ground that the classes are not ascertainable

because (A) the “accuracy class” cannot be defined by reference to objective criteria and instead

inaccurate information (in the form of an inaccurate “alert”) can be shown only by examining files

individually, and (B) cross-referencing SmartMove and Trans Union, LLC lists will not necessarily

produce a list of “disclosure”class members who requested a file disclosure, and even if it does, the

list will contain people who may or may not be entitled to their files (for different reasons), which

renders the class definition too broad. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 27-29, 43-45.) 

A. Accuracy Class

The defendants acknowledge that they have identified approximately 11,000 consumers (at least

8,000 in the class period) who were the subject of a SmartMove report with at least one “alert”, but

they point out that a customer is aggrieved (and thus part of the “accuracy” class) only if the “alert” is

false. (Id. at 44.) Limiting the class definition to members who were tagged with “inaccurate” alerts

does not fix the problem because (for example) an “inaccurate” alert cannot be established by

reference to objective criteria and instead requires proof on a class member-by-member basis. (Id.)

The issue of accuracy is a core issue for ascertainability and the predominance of common issues.

The defendants’ fundamental quarrel is with the plaintiff’s assertion that tagging the class members

as (for example) “terrorists” (via the name-only logic) is always inaccurate and thus is enough to

define the class (and establish the predominance of this common issue). The defendants counter that

the plaintiff cannot show, except file by file, that the SmartMove reports wrongly tagged the class

members as terrorists. They complain that the plaintiff cannot just assert that the terrorist tags were

inaccurate and then shift the burden to the defendants to prove that the tags were accurate. 

Normally, the defendants would be right. But this case presents a peculiar situation. The

defendants’ implied argument is that a significant number of the proposed class actually may have

been accurately tagged as potential terrorists. Absent some pretty significant proof to the contrary, the

court is willing to assume that no significant (read: certification-breaking) fraction of the tagged

proposed class was in fact accurately tagged as potential terrorists. The backdrop question is — as it

was in Ramirez v. Trans Union, LLC — whether the name-only logic ensures the maximum possible

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accuracy of reports. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b); Ramirez, 301 F.R.D. 408 (N.D. Cal. 2014). The

(undisputedly) problematic name-only logic and the sheer number of hits makes the court’s approach

tolerable unless, again, the court is to start from the working assumption that a predominant number

of class members tagged with alerts, based on their names only, were in fact accurately tagged as

potential terrorists. The court elaborates on this point in the section on common-issue predominance.

The defendants also argue that the variations in the “headings” during the class period defeat

ascertainability: (1) “Terrorist” until August 2012; (2) “Potential OFAC Hit” after that; (3)

“Terrorist” again at some point before July 2013 until October 2013; and (4) “Potential OFAC Hit”

until December 2013. (See supra Statement, discussing Colaprete Decl., ECF No. 70-3, ¶¶ 5-10.)

They analogize the name differences to rolling label changes on food products that preclude class

certification based solely on a class member’s self-identification as a purchaser of a product.

(Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 43, citing Bruton v. Gerbert Prods. Co., No. 12-cv-02412-LHK, 2014

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 86581 (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2014).) The holding in Bruton was that a teeming

variety of baby-food labels made it infeasible for class members to “accurately recall” whether they

bought a product, and thus they could not self-identify into the class by affidavit. Id. at *1-2. But that

holding does not compel any result here. The Northern District regularly certifies small-ticket

consumer classes based on subjective self-identification in cases where the consumers’ recall about

purchases is accurate. See Brown v. Hain Celestial Grp., Inc, No. 11-cv-03082 LB, 2014 WL

6483216, at *9-11 (analyzing cases). Moreover, this case is not about labels or header names: the

issue is the (in)accuracy of all the alerts, regardless of label. To extent that the Bruton analogy is even

useful, the court thinks that class members can accurately self-identify as to whether or not they are

terrorists. And as the court said at the hearing, there are methods (such as applying criteria beyond the

name-only matching logic) to winnow out less obviously false positives from the data set. When the

working assumption must be that a predominant number of the proposed class were not terrorists, the

court cannot accept “How can we find the positive hits in a field of 11,000” as blocking certification.

B. Disclosure Subclass

The defendants argue that cross-referencing SmartMove and Trans Union, LLC lists will not

necessarily produce a list of members who requested a file disclosure. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at

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27-28.) To support this argument, they say that the plaintiff’s evidence is only about the Trans Union

Rental Screening Solutions database and not about Trans Union, LLC’s actual database. (Id. at 21.) 

When a defendant is in the business of collecting, analyzing, and arranging consumer data for sale

or on-demand retrieval, when it has already identified over 11,000 people with “alerts,” and when all

tagged persons gave their contact information as part of the background-check process, the

defendants’ argument that the class is not ascertainable is not convincing. The plaintiff also points out

that in Ramirez, Trans Union, LLC produced records of class members that Trans Union, LLC

associated with the OFAC list and who requested disclosures from Trans Union, LLC in a specified

time. (Reply, ECF No. 76-2 at 26 (citing Ramirez, 301 F.R.D. at 417).) Trans Union, LLC maintained

detailed records regarding consumer requests for file disclosures. (See Patel Request, ECF No. 56-28,

Ex. 16 to Motion). At the hearing, the plaintiff’s counsel said that he will rely on these records.

Cross-referencing them to the SmartMove list will identify the “disclosure” subclass. 

The defendants next contend that the disclosure class is overbroad because Trans Union, LLC’s

obligation to provide a disclosure depends on whether the requester is entitled to it: a person might

fail to make a proper request, pay a required fee, or provide proper identification. (Opposition, ECF

No. 69-5 at 28-29.) In their reply, and as reflected in the modified definition in the Statement, supra,

the plaintiff refined the “disclosure class” definition from those who merely “requested” a file

disclosure to those who also were “sent” one. This eliminates the individual issues and solves any

problem with the class definition because the defendants presumably would not have sent a disclosure

unless the request was in order. It also resolves the similar argument that these individual issues

require an individual determination and defeat commonality. (See Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 32.)

Finally, the defendants argue that a consumer who has an alert on a SmartMove report might have

credit-only reasons for requesting a report from Trans Union, LLC (as opposed to the broader

background reasons implicated by the SmartMove report). That person is defined into the proposed

class and thus renders the class definition over broad. (Id. at 29.) The court disagrees. The point of

the lawsuit – discussed in more detail in the Commonality section below – is not the reason for the

request and instead is that the disclosure from Trans Union, LLC needs to include the full customer

file, including the background report with the “terrorist” alert. It is undisputed that the Trans Union,

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LLC reports do not disclose the background report with the alert. (See supra Statement.) 

II. RULE 23(a) PREREQUISITES

Rule 23(a) requires a class proponent to show four things: (1) the class is so numerous that

joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the

class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). These are usually termed the prerequisites of numerosity, commonality,

typicality, and adequacy. The court finds that the plaintiff has met all of the prerequisites to certify

both classes.

A. Numerosity — Rule 23(a)(1)

 The parties stipulated to numerosity. (ECF No. 56-31.) There is no dispute that the proposed

classes both are “so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” There is no absolute

minimum class size for establishing numerosity, but courts have held that classes as small as 40

satisfy the numerosity demand. Delarosa v. Boiron, 275 F.R.D. 582, 587 (C.D. Cal. 2011). The

defendants have identified over 11,000 persons with an “alert” on the SmartMove report (albeit for a

period that is slightly longer than the class period). (See supra.) The plaintiff has established that the

proposed classes each meet Rule 23(a)(1)’s numerosity requirement.

B. Commonality — Rule 23(a)(2)

Under Rule 23(a)(2), a class cannot be certified unless the class proponent establishes that “there

are questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). The named plaintiff need

not show that each class member’s factual and legal issues are identical: “To establish commonality,

‘[t]he existence of shared legal issues with divergent factual predicates is sufficient, as is a common

core of salient facts . . . .’” Parra v. Bashas’ Inc., 536 F.3d 975, 978 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Hanlon

v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 1998)). “Commonality requires the plaintiff to

demonstrate that class members have suffered the same injury. This does not mean merely that they

have all suffered a violation of the same provision of law.” Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2551. The common

question “must be of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution – which means that

determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of

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the claims in one stroke.” Id. “What matters to class certification . . . is not the raising of common

‘questions’ – even in droves – but rather the capacity of a classwide proceeding to generate common

answers apt to drive resolution of the litigation. Dissimilarities within the proposed class are what

have the potential to impede the generation of common answers.” Id. In that light, “even a single

common question will do.” Id. at 2556 (quotation and interpolation omitted); accord Stockwell v. San

Francisco, 749 F.3d 1107, 1111 (9th Cir. 2014).

Commonality exists here. Several common questions define and drive this lawsuit. The most

central questions include: (1) was there a disclosure?; (2) was the disclosure accurate?; (3) were there

reasonable procedures in place (here, the name-only logic) to ensure the maximum possible accuracy

of the information?; (4) did Trans Union, LLC control Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions

sufficiently that it can be held liable for Trans Union Rental Screening Solution’s conduct?; and (5)

did Trans Union, LLC include the alert information when it sent disclosures to consumers who had

“alerts” in the SmartMove reports? 

The defendants nonetheless argue that a central question is whether each class member requested

the “alert” information, and this is not susceptible to common proof. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at

25.) For example, one consumer might want a SmartMove report, and another might know nothing

about the report but instead wants a true credit report. (Id. at 25-26.) But the claim is not about the

form of the request and instead is about Trans Union, LLC’s failure to disclose “all information in the

consumer’s file at the time of the request.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681g(a)(1). Of course, a request matters:

there is no disclosure obligation without it. But it is the failure to disclose “all information” that is the

claim here. It is undisputed that Trans Union, LLC did not disclose any alert information to anyone.

This is a common issue. 

The defendants maintain that it matters what the consumers request and cite out-of-circuit cases to

support that conclusion. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 32-33 (citing Taylor v. Screening Reports,

Inc., 294 F.R.D. 680, 689 (N.D. Ga. 2013), and Campos v. Choicepoint, Inc., 237 F.R.D. 478, 485-

486 (N.D. Ga. 2006)).) These cases are different from this one.

In Taylor, the named plaintiff applied to rent an apartment, and the background check (prepared

by a credit-reporting agency called SRI) listed felony convictions when he had none. See 294 F.R.D.

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at 683. When the landlord rejected Taylor’s application, it notified him that he had a right to obtain a

copy of his “consumer report.” Id. Thereafter, he sent a request for his “report” to SRI, and SRI

disclosed the background report (with the criminal history) but not “all information” in the file. Id.

The dispute in Taylor was whether requesting a “report” was synonymous with requesting the “file”

(and thus whether SRI’s practice of differentiating between the requests violated 15 U.S.C. § 1681g).

Id. The court held that a consumer’s general request for his “report” triggered an obligation to

disclose all information in the file. Id. at 685. But because consumers could limit their requests to

specific portions of the file (e.g., a request for information leading to the adverse event as opposed to

a general request by a curious consumer), the court denied class certification on the ground that

Taylor (who asked for his entire file) was not typical of consumers who limited their requests to

precise information. Id. at 685, 689. 

Campos also involved a distinction between consumers who requested their files because they

were curious about what was in them and consumers who requested their files after an adverse event.

237 F.R.D. at 481. The named plaintiffs were “curious” consumers. The Campos court certified the

class only for “curious consumers” and denied certification for “adversely affected” consumers on the

ground that the “curious” plaintiffs submitted evidence only about requests by “curious” consumers

and did “not demonstrate[] that adversely affected consumers made similar requests.” Id. at 485

(observing that it was reasonable to assume that “adversely affected consumers” would make

substantially different requests targeted at specific information about the adverse event).

Taylor and Campos do not affect the analysis here. Trans Union, LLC did not tailor its disclosures

to specific consumer requests. At least, there is nothing in the record to suggest that. (See Reply, ECF

No. 76-2 at 15.) Instead, in response to consumer requests (whatever they were), Trans Union, LLC

disclosed its complete file (in the form of a Trans Union, LLC credit report). The dispute is about

Trans Union, LLC’s failure to also disclose Trans Union Rental Screening Solution’s file, meaning,

the SmartMove report with the terrorist alert. The claim, in other words, has nothing to do with any

unique characteristics of the various requests for disclosure;5

 it has to do only with the adequacy of

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the disclosure. That adequacy (again) does not turn on the consumer’s request; it rests on Trans

Union, LLC’s position that it did not have to disclose more because Trans Union Rental Screening

Solutions is a separate CRA. This, of course, is a central dispute in the case: are the defendants

separate entities or do they operate as one?

This is a core dispute: whether Trans Union, LLC has sufficient control (to use a convenient

word) over Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions so that under section 1681g(a)(1), it had to

include the Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions background report (e.g., the alerts) when it sent

disclosures to consumers. That common question is resolvable by common proof, and the claim

against Trans Union, LLC for the failure to disclose stands or falls on the resolution of it. The court

cannot resolve it now: the facts are disputed, discovery is open, and the plaintiff has plausibly alleged

that the Trans Union entities operate as one. (See Statement, supra, summarizing the parties’

positions on the relationship of the entities.) For example, Trans Union, LLC markets the SmartMove

product, and the SmartMove website tells consumers that they cannot get the SmartMove “credit

report” and directs them “as an alternative” to the Trans Union, LLC website to get their Trans

Union, LLC “credit report.” (Id.) This is a disputed merits issue that will be decided after the class is

certified. See Brown, 2014 WL 6483216, at *7-8 (discussing one-way intervention and the reasons

for avoiding pre-certification merits rulings). 

C. Typicality — Rule 23(a)(3)

Rule 23(a)(3) requires that “the claims or defenses of the class representatives [be] typical of the

claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). “Under the rule’s permissive standards,

representative claims are ‘typical’ if they are reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class

members; they need not be substantially identical.” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1011. “Typicality refers to

the nature of the claim or defense of the class representative, and not to the specific facts from which

it arose or the relief sought.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 984 (9th Cir. 2011).

“The test of typicality is whether other members have the same or similar injury, whether the action is

based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and whether other class members have

been injured by the same course of conduct.” Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th

Cir. 1992) (quotation omitted). “The purpose of the typicality requirement is to [en]sure that the

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interest of the named representative aligns with the interests of the class.” Id. “[C]lass certification is

inappropriate when a putative class representative is subject to unique defenses which threaten to

become the focus of the litigation.” Id. (citing cases).

The named plaintiff’s claims are typical of the class’s claims. He does more than allege “a

violation of the same provision of law.” See Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2551. The conduct he challenges

was not unique to any plaintiff; rather, the plaintiff and the class suffer injury from the “same course

of conduct.” Hanon, 976 F.2d at 508. There is moreover no real dispute that the named plaintiff is a

members of the class he would represent. See, e.g., Bautista-Perez v. Holder, No. 07-cv-4192 THE,

2009 WL 2031759, at *8 (N.D. Cal. July 9, 2009) (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S.

147, 156 (1982)). There appear to be no claims that the named plaintiff brings that class members

cannot bring, or vice versa.

The defendants’ argument to the contrary is not persuasive. The defendants contend that Mr. Patel

is not typical because he requested only his credit report from TransUnion, that is what he got, and

that is all he was entitled to. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 21.) But this is the argument that the court

just rejected. The claim does not turn on what the plaintiff requested but instead turns on whether

Trans Union, LLC had to provide the alert information because it stands in Trans Union Rental

Screening Solution’s shoes. Any steps that Mr Patel did or did not take to get the background report

from Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions are not relevant to this claim. (Reply, ECF No. 76-2 at

17-18 (affirming that the claims are about what Trans Union, LLC must disclose).) The claim is

typical of the class claims.

D. Adequacy — Rule 23(a)(4)

Rule 23(a)(4) requires that, before a court may certify a class, it must find that “the representative

parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” This requirement applies to the

class representative and class counsel and poses two questions: “(1) do the named plaintiffs and their

counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members, and (2) will the named plaintiffs and

their counsel prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class?” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020. The

defendants do not dispute the adequacy of class counsel or the willingness of the named plaintiff to

vigorously prosecute the class’s case. “Adequate representation is usually presumed in the absence of

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contrary evidence.” Californians for Disability Rights, Inc. v. California Dept. of Transp., 249

F.R.D. 334, 349 (N.D. Cal. 2008).

1. Adequacy of class counsel

Rule 23(g) provides further guidance for assessing the adequacy of class counsel. Rule 23(g)(4)

restates the demand that class counsel “must fairly and adequately represent the interests of the

class.” Under Rule 23(g)(1)(A), the court must consider the following criteria:

i. counsel’s work in identifying or investigating potential claims in the action; 

ii. counsel’s experience in handling class actions, other complex litigation, and the types of

claims asserted in the action; 

iii. counsel’s knowledge of the applicable law; and 

iv. the resources that counsel will commit to representing the class.

Rule 23(g)(1)(B) permits the court to “consider any other matter pertinent to counsel’s ability to

fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class.”

The court finds that class counsel is adequate in all these respects. They have extensive

experience in litigating similar cases (including Ramirez and Cortez), they have represented

consumer classes in many cases in many districts, they have shown their proficiency in this case, and

they acknowledge and accept their duties as class counsel. (See ECF No. 59-4 at 22-23.)

 2. Adequacy of the named plaintiff

Rule 23(a)(4)’s adequacy requirement evaluates whether “the named plaintiff’s claim and the

class claims are so interrelated that the interests of the class members will be fairly and adequately

protected in their absence.” Falcon, 457 U.S. at 158, n.13. To this extent the adequacy, commonality,

and typicality prerequisites “tend to merge.” Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2550-51 n.5.

The adequacy requirement is met here. The named plaintiff’s claims share core common issues

with those of the unnamed class, and there are no “conflicts of interest” between the named plaintiff

and the absent claimants whom they would represent. The defendants’ challenges mostly were about

the typicality of Mr. Patel’s claim regarding the disclosure class, but the court rejected those

challenges and found that both claims were typical of the class’s so that “the class claims [are] . . .

fairly encompassed by the named plaintiff[s’] claims.” Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2550 (quoting Falcon,

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457 U.S. at 156). The defendants pick at Mr. Patel’s characterizations of what he did and did not send

to Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions, but (as the court held) his interactions with Trans Union

Rental Screening Solutions are not relevant to the claims. The court does not think his clarification of

his deposition testimony renders him an unfit representative. 

III. RULE 23(b)(3) — PREDOMINANCE AND SUPERIORITY

In addition to proving the prerequisites of Rule 23(a), a plaintiff who seeks to certify a class must

show that the proposed class meets the requirements of at least one subsection of Rule 23(b). Here,

the plaintiff moves for certification under Rule 23(b)(3). To form a Rule 23(b)(3) class, the plaintiff

must show two things: “that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over

any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available

methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). 

The predominance inquiry involves weighing and evaluating the common and individual issues in

the case. See Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2556. It involves the same principles that guide the Rule 23(a)(2)

commonality analysis, but it “is even more demanding than Rule 23(a).” See Comcast, 133 S. Ct. at

1432. The predominance inquiry looks at a suit’s common questions, “focuses on the relationship

between the common and individual issues,” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1022, and requires the court to

weigh the common issues against the individual issues. See Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2556. Class

certification under Rule 23(b)(3) is proper when common questions represent a significant portion of

the case and can be resolved for all members of the class in a single adjudication. Hanlon, 150 F.3d at

1022. Finally, predominance is not a matter of merely toting up common and individual issues; the

inquiry is pragmatic and qualitative and focuses on whether common questions present the overriding

issues in a suit. See, e.g. Newberg on Class Actions, § 4.51; Butler v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 727 F.3d

796, 801 (7th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1277 (2014) (single, central issue of liability

supported a class action involving product defects; different specific defects and different damages

could be handled by forming subclasses, by individual damages hearings, or in settlement

negotiations).

The court finds that common issues of fact and law predominate and that the class device is the

superior method of handling this dispute. The next two sections address these subjects in turn.

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 The plaintiff notes that the burden for proving accuracy is not clear and it has shown

enough. (Reply, ECF No. 76-2 at 23 (citing Cortez, 617 F.3d at 710).) In Cortez, the court addressed

the different approaches that courts have taken in section 1681e cases to establish a triable issue for

a jury, including shifting the burden to a defendant to show the reasonableness of procedures after a

plaintiff shows an inaccuracy. See 617 F.3d at 710. The plaintiff’s point is that the burden of proof is

a merits issue, and it has shown enough for class certification.

ORDER (No. 3:14-cv-00522-LB) 23

A. Common-Issue Predominance

Several central common issues drive this case, including the following:

• Was there a disclosure?

• Was the disclosure accurate?

• Were there reasonable procedures in place (here, the name-only logic) to ensure the maximum

possible accuracy of the information?

• Did Trans Union, LLC control Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions sufficiently that it had

can be held liable for Trans Union Rental Screening Solution’s conduct?

• Did Trans Union, LLC include the alert information when it sent disclosures to consumers

who had “alerts” in the SmartMove reports? 

The defendants’ arguments against finding common-issue predominance do not change this

conclusion. The defendants’ main argument is that the class members can prove the inaccuracy of the

alerts only on an individual basis. The court rejected this argument in the section on Ascertainability:

given the record, it is reasonable to infer at this stage that there is not a fraction accurately tagged as

potential terrorists that destroys predominance.6 Accord Ramirez, 301 F.R.D. at 422.; see also Soutter

v. Equifax Infor. Servs., LLC, No. C 10-00107-REP, 2015 WL 1787236, at *6-8 (E.D. Va. April 15,

2015) (failure to report updated status of judgments does not require individualized proof).

To the extent that there are individual issues, they do not predominate over the several key shared

issues that dominate this case. Nor do they create an impermissibly “overbroad” class. See, e.g., In re

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Antitrust Litig., MDL No. 1917, 2013 WL 5429718, at *8-9 (N.D. Cal.

June 20, 2013)( report and recommendation adopted 2013 WL 5391159 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 2013).)

(“[A] class will often include persons who have not been injured by the defendant’s conduct but [this]

. . . does not preclude class certification.”); Nat’l Fed’n of the Blind v. Target Corp., No. C 06-01802

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MHP, 2007 WL 1223755, at *3 (N.D. Cal. April 25, 2007) (“an over-inclusive class definition need

not defeat certification entirely.”) If someone on the class list really is a terrorist, that person has no

claim, and the defendants will remain free to offer individual defenses.

The defendants nonetheless characterize Ramirez, which also found accuracy to be a predominate

common issue, as an outlier. (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 37.) In particular, they quarrel with the

Ramirez court’s grounding its conclusion on Trans Union, LLC’s inability “to identify any instance in

which a person it identified as a ‘potential match’ was in fact a match.” (Id. (citing 301 F.R.D. at

422).) The court understands the defendants’ perspective, but the conclusion that Ramirez reached is

understandable. There was evidence before it, none of which showed a potential match. And the

backdrop question on this point – Did the system in place ensure maximally accurate results – is more

uniform, focusing as much on the nature of Trans Union, LLC’s system as the discrete results it

reached. With that question hovering behind the individual matches, it makes sense that the Ramirez

court would decide that this can be handled on a predominately common basis. 

To illustrate their conclusion of “outlier,” the defendants cite FCRA cases that they say compel

the conclusion that “[t]he question of accurate attribution is necessarily individualized and precludes

a finding of both commonality and predominance.” (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 38-39 (collecting

cases).) Many of the cases involve the reporting of data that varies markedly by individual. This case

by contrast involves a terrorist alert that is demonstrably the result of the problematic name-only

logic. Again, absent some proof suggesting that a predominant part of the proposed class was in fact

accurately tagged as potential terrorists, the court cannot accept the defendants’ argument that

accuracy here is largely an individual question. 

In Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass’n, Inc., for example, the named plaintiffs were truck

drivers who challenged the gathering of their employment data by a provider called USIS. OwnerOperator Indep. Drivers Ass’n, Inc. v. USIS Commercial Servs., Inc., 537 F.3d 1184, 1186 (10th Cir.

2008). The Department of Transportation requires motor carriers to investigate drivers’ employment

history and driving records before hiring them. Id. USIS sells a service to help motor carriers comply

with this requirement. Id. USIS compiles information from subscribing companies, who submit a

termination form when a driver leaves. Id at 1187. The form has 17 sections (such as “eligible for

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rehire,” “reason for leaving,” and “work record”), and each section has several descriptions that

employers circle if applicable. Id. The work-record section for example has 28 descriptors, including

“superior,” “outstanding,” “excessive complaints,” “cargo loss,” “late pick up/delivery,” and “failed

to report accident.” Id. The plaintiffs brought a section 1681e(b) claim, challenging USIS’s failure to

follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy in generating employmenthistory reports from the compiled information. Id. The district court concluded that the accuracy of

each individual’s employment history necessarily required a particularized inquiry. Id. at 1194. The

court of appeals affirmed, finding no abuse of discretion. Id.

Other cases similarly involve data that is highly individual. See Harper v. Trans Union, LLC, No.

04-cv-03510, 2006 WL 3762035, at *8-9 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 20, 2006) (individual credit histories);

Pendleton v. Trans Union Sys. Corp., 76 F.R.D. 192, 197 (E.D. Pa. 1977) (same); Farmer v. Phillips

Agency, Inc., 285 F.R.D. 688, 703 (N.D. Ga. 2012) (criminal-history records). Gomez v. Kroll

Factual Data, Inc., 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51303, at *3 (D. Colo. Apr. 14, 2014), was a class-action

challenge to OFAC alerts, and the district court there denied class certification. It did so without

explaining its reasons, pointing only to the statement in Owner-Operator that “‘[w]hether a report is

accurate may involve an individualized inquiry.’” Id. (quoting Owner-Operator, 537 F.3d at 1194).

On this record, the court has already concluded that whatever small fraction is accurately tagged as

potential terrorists, it does not defeat common-issue predominance, especially because the defendants

may offer their individual defenses.

Moreover, the court already found that the several variations in the label (“Terrorist” or “OFAC

hit”) do not change this result: the issue is the (in)accuracy of all the alerts, regardless of label.

Accord Ramirez, 301 F.R.D. at 320. The defendants also point to the ability of subscribers to access

additional information (ECF No. 69-5 at 44-45), but that ability does not impact accuracy given the

court’s conclusion that no certification-breaking fraction of the class is accurately tagged as potential

terrorists. Whatever variations there are in the underlying records thus have no bearing on class

certification.

In sum, Ramirez did not rely on inapposite authority or stand apart from what most courts have

done in the same or similar areas. To the contrary, it drew upon Ninth Circuit law, and its reasons and

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conclusions are straightforward and seem in no way like outlier logic. The court finds its reasoning

sound and follows it.

B. The Class Action is the Superior Method of Handling This Dispute

The other main prong of Rule 23(b)(3) requires a class proponent to show that the class action is

the superior method for adjudicating the dispute. Factors to be considered in weighing this question

include: class members’ interest in individually controlling litigation; the nature of the litigation; the

desirability of concentrating the claims in one suit; and the likely difficulties in managing the class

action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)-(D); Leyva v. Medline Indus. Inc., 716 F.3d 510, 514 (9th Cir.

2013). 

Considering these factors, the court has no difficulty concluding that a class suit is superior to

individual lawsuits. The defendants’ main objection is that the issue of the alerts’ accuracy is an

individualized determination, and it also disputes the appropriateness of class treatment for a case that

it says “has nothing to do with reports issued by Trans Union.” (Opposition, ECF No. 69-5 at 4-5.)

The court has already addressed these objections. The defendants note that statutory attorney’s fees

allow individuals to vindicate their claims, and they point to the modification of the alert procedures

in December 2013 (the end of the class period here). Neither detracts from the court’s conclusion that

a class action is superior to individual litigation. Accord Ramirez, 301 F.R.D. at 423-24.

CONCLUSION

The court certifies the following class and subclass:

All natural persons residing in the United States who, from February 2012 until December

2013, were the subjects of Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions SmartMove reports

containing at least one item of “Alert List” information.

All natural persons residing in the United States who, from February 2012 until December

2013, were the subjects of Trans Union Rental Screening Solutions SmartMove reports

containing at least one item of “Alert List” information who requested a file disclosure from,

and were sent a disclosure by, Trans Union, LLC.

This resolves ECF Nos. 56-4 and 60.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: June 26, 2015 __________________________ 

LAUREL BEELER

United States Magistrate Judge

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