Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_08-cv-02121/USCOURTS-azd-2_08-cv-02121-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 28:2254 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State)

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Dan Hayden Willoughby, 

Petitioner, 

vs.

Charles L. Ryan, et al., 

Respondents. 

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No. CV-08-2121-PHX-GMS

ORDER

Pending before this Court is the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, filed by Petitioner

Dan Willoughby. (Doc. 8). On October 1, 2010, Magistrate Judge Mark E. Aspey issued a

Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) in which he recommended that the Court deny the

Petition with prejudice. (Doc. 40). Petitioner filed an objection to the R & R (Doc. 41). For

the reasons stated herein, the Court accepts the R & R and denies the petition.

BACKGROUND

The Court briefly summarizes the facts, which are set out in the R & R in more detail.

In 1991, Petitioner was charged with one count of conspiracy to commit first degree murder

and one count of first degree murder. (Doc. 40). The charges involved the death of

Petitioner’s wife in Puerto Penasco (“Rocky Point”), Mexico, on February 23, 1991.

Petitioner was found guilty of both charges. State v. Willoughby, 181 Ariz. 530, 892 P.2d

1319 (1995). 

After Petitioner’s convictions and sentences were affirmed by the Arizona Supreme

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Court, Willoughby filed a post-conviction relief (“PCR”) action. During those proceedings,

the court determined that Petitioner’s trial counsel had been constitutionally ineffective.

Accordingly, Petitioner was retried on the charges of conspiracy to commit murder and

murder in 2001. Willoughby was convicted of both charges and sentenced to consecutive

terms of life imprisonment with no possibility of release for 25 years on both counts.

Petitioner now challenges aspects of his second trial and sentencing. (Doc. 8).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Federal district courts “‘may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings

or recommendations made by the magistrate [judge].’” United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328

F.3d 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)); Carrillo-Lozano v. Stolc,

669 F.Supp.2d 1074, 1076 (D. Ariz. 2009). Under § 636(b)(1) a “district judge must review

the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations de novo if objection is made, but not

otherwise.” Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d at 1121.

DISCUSSION

I. Illegal Sentence

Petitioner asserts that the consecutive sentences imposed by the trial court were illegal

because they were based on “the wrong statutory aggravators.” (Doc. 41). Petitioner also

asserts that this issue was raised “in his State PCR, before the Arizona Court of Appeals, in

his original Petition before this Court, and in his Reply”, but has never been addressed by any

court. Because he raised the claim several times and the claim has never been substantively

addressed, he believes the R & R incorrectly concluded that he had “procedurally defaulted”

on this claim, and as a result, it is not reviewable in habeas proceedings. (Id.). 

Judge Aspey thoroughly analyzed this issue in the R & R. (Doc. 40). As noted in the

R & R, although Petitioner raised the issue in his state action for post-conviction relief, Doc.

34, Ex. NN, he was required under Arizona law, ARIZ. R. CRIM. P. 32.2(a)(1), to first raise

the issue in his direct appeal. His direct appeal raised several issues pertaining to his claim

of an unlawful sentence, including that the trial judge had improperly imposed consecutive,

rather than concurrent, terms of imprisonment. (Doc. 33, Ex. II). However, in his Opening

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1

 In his Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 8), Petitioner marked that

he had presented this issue in his direct appeal. However, the record establishes that this issue

was not raised until he filed his PCR action. (Doc. 34, Ex. OO).

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Brief submitted to the Arizona Court of Appeals, Petitioner did not address the issue of

whether his sentence was unlawful because it was based on aggravating factors that were not

included in the relevant statute at the time of his offense. (Id.).1

 As a result, this claim is

procedurally defaulted, see Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729–30 (1991) (federal

courts will not review a claim that a state court declined to address “because the prisoner had

failed to meet a state procedural requirement” where the state procedural rule is “independent

and adequate”), and Petitioner was required to demonstrate cause for the procedural default

and actual prejudice, Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162 (1996) (“[T]he procedural bar

that gives rise to exhaustion provides an independent and adequate state-law ground for the

conviction and sentence, and thus prevents federal habeas corpus review of the defaulted

claim, unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice for the default.”); see also

Buffalo v. Sunn, 854 F.2d 1158, 1163 (9th Cir. 1988) (“If state remedies are not available

because the petitioner failed to comply with state procedures and thereby prevented the

highest state court from reaching the merits of his claim, then a federal court may refuse to

reach the merits of that claim as a matter of comity.”).

In his Objections, Petitioner included a footnote in which he simply cites State v.

Bennett, 213 Ariz. 562, 146 P.3d 63 (2006), for the proposition that when a defendant states

a colorable claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, certain issues may not be

“waived.” (Doc. 8). However, Plaintiff does not actually allege that his failure to raise this

sentencing issue was due to ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. He simply states that

the courts have failed to address the issue, the government has not denied that the trial court

improperly relied on certain aggravators, and therefore, he is entitled to a hearing on the

issue. The Court agrees with Judge Aspey’s analysis of the issue and conclusion that

Petitioner has neither established cause nor actual prejudice, and thus, this issue will not be

reviewed. 

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2 Strickland requires the defendant to show that (1) his counsel’s performance was

deficient to the point that “counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning

as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed” by the Sixth Amendment and (2) that the deficient performance

prejudiced the defense. 466 U.S. at 687.

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II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel–Failure to Call Expert Witness

In his petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner asserted a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel based on his defense attorney’s decision not to call expert Dr. Thomas

Streed to address the issue of coerced confessions. (Doc. 34, Ex. NN). He explained that the

State had filed a Motion in Limine to preclude Dr. Streed’s testimony, but defense counsel

did not respond to the motion or call Dr. Streed as a witness. The trial court rejected

Petitioner’s claim, concluding that he had not established either prong of the two-pronged

test set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984),2

 for assessing a defense

counsel’s performance. (Doc. 34, Ex. OO). Specifically, the PCR trial court noted that

defense counsel got the State’s witness, Yesenia Patino–Petitioner’s girlfriend–to admit to

killing the victim by herself, and therefore, “it was reasonable for defense counsel not to call

the expert because defense counsel had achieved the objective of having evidence to create

and argue reasonable doubt.” (Id.). Furthermore, “[n]ot calling the expert minimized the risk

of allowing the prosecutor the opportunity to spar with the expert regarding [Ms. Patino’s]

confession to the crime and running the risk that the expert would have undermined Ms.

Patino’s in-court confession.” (Id.). Petitioner now objects to Judge Aspey’s determination

that the state court did not apply the Strickland standard in an objectively unreasonable

manner. (Doc. 8).

As noted in the R & R, when, as in this case, the petitioner’s claim has been

adjudicated on the merits in state-court proceedings, it is the petitioner’s burden “to show that

the state court applied Strickland to the facts of his case in an objectively unreasonable

manner. An unreasonable application of federal law is different from an incorrect application

of federal law.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 25 (2002) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005) (a federal court may not grant

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relief “unless the state court’s adjudication of the claim ‘resulted in a decision that was

contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1))).

Petitioner asserts that under Arizona law, experts may testify to issues regarding a

confession and that defense counsel was essentially required to call that expert as a witness

to explain the behavior of Ms. Patino, the State’s main witness, who changed her testimony

on cross and again on re-direct. (Doc. 1). The fact that Arizona law may permit such expert

testimony does not establish that the failure to call such a witness constituted a performance

that is “‘outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.’” James v. Borg, 24

F.3d 20, 26 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). The trial court reviewing

Petitioner’s claim correctly noted that the court’s “‘scrutiny of [defense] counsel’s

performance must be highly deferential’ . . . [and as such] ‘disagreements in trial strategy will

not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, provided the challenged conduct had

some reasoned basis.’” (Doc. 34, Ex. OO (quoting State v. Vickers, 180 Ariz. 521, 526, 885

P.2d 1086, 1091 (1994))). The trial court reviewed the record and came to the conclusion that

the jury had observed the witness change her testimony several times and determined that it

would be reasonable for the defense attorney to conclude that the jury would question the

veracity of her testimony. The trial court also noted that there could be strategic reasons for

not calling the expert in light of the fact that the witness, Ms. Patino, had claimed on the

stand that she alone killed the victim. Given that this Court similarly must apply a “‘highly

deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings’ in the habeas context”, Moses v.

Payne, 555 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Woodford, 537 U.S. at 24), the Court

agrees with the R & R and concludes that the trial court’s decision was not an unreasonable

application of federal law.

III. Impasse Instruction

In his direct appeal, Petitioner argued that the guilty verdicts were coerced by the trial

judge’s use of an “impasse” instruction to deal with reported conflict between two jurors.

(Doc. 33, Ex. JJ). The Arizona Court of Appeals determined that the instruction had not

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coerced the jury into returning a guilty verdict, and therefore, the use of the instruction did

not constitute fundamental error. In the R & R, the magistrate judge determined that the court

of appeals’ decision was not clearly contrary to nor an unreasonable application of federal

law. (Doc. 40). Petitioner objects to that determination, stating that the magistrate judge

failed to consider certain facts, such as defense counsel’s objection to the “impasse”

instruction and that the jury had not indicated an impasse, but rather only one juror expressed

frustrations about another juror. (Doc. 41). Petitioner contends that the “trial court’s

premature giving of such an instruction is jury coercion.” (Id.). 

This issue was adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings, and therefore,

Petitioner must demonstrate that the decision made by the state court, in this case the Arizona

Court of Appeals, was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d). In his objection, Petitioner cites several cases, including a decision by the

Arizona Supreme Court and several from the Seventh Circuit, for the proposition that an

“impasse” instruction may not be provided to a non-deadlocked jury. (Doc. 41). He also

argues that the “Magistrate’s Report fails to discuss this specific fact [that the jury had not

indicated it was deadlocked] and corresponding law in its analysis of the ‘totality of the

circumstances.’” (Id.). 

Petitioner has not demonstrated, or even argued, that the Arizona Court of Appeals’

decision is contrary to established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. In this

case, the Arizona Court of Appeals reviewed the issue for fundamental error. The trial judge

was informed of a conflict between two jurors. The court of appeals noted that there was “no

evidence the jurors had cast any votes or were deadlocked. There was also no evidence

concerning the numerical division among the jurors or that the judge knew ‘which way the

jury was leaning.’” (Doc. 33, Ex. JJ). After discussing the matter with the parties and noting

that this was not an impasse situation, the judge agreed to instruct the jury at defense

counsel’s request. Although defense counsel appears to have initially raised concerns about

modeling the instruction on the standard impasse instruction under those circumstances,

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3

 Although Petitioner now asserts that defense counsel objected to the instruction

given by the court, the Arizona Court of Appeals noted in its decision that Petitioner

“acknowledges that counsel failed to object to the instruction”. (Doc. 33, Ex. JJ). 

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counsel agreed to the final instruction that was given.3

 The court of appeals emphasized that

the instruction explained the duty of the jurors to “consult with one another” and “deliberate

with a view to reaching an agreement if it can be done without violence to individual

judgment.” (Id.). The jury did not reach a verdict that day, but returned guilty verdicts on

both counts the following morning. Under these circumstances, the court of appeals

concluded that the instruction did not have a coercive effect. Cf. Jenkins v. United States, 380

U.S. 445, 446 (1965) (concluding that the judge’s statement–“You have got to reach a

decision in this case”–had a coercive effect).

After noting the above facts and reasoning, Judge Aspey concluded that the state

court’s determination, based on the totality of the circumstances, was not an unreasonable

application of the law. Petitioner has not met his burden of demonstrating otherwise, and

therefore the Court will not grant relief based on this issue.

IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel–Failure to Call Defendant to Testify

Petitioner objects to the R & R’s recommendation that Petitioner’s claim be denied

because the state court’s determination in the PCR proceedings was not contrary to federal

law. (Doc. 40). Petitioner asserts that Judge Aspey should have analyzed the trial court’s

findings to determine whether the trial court correctly concluded that defense counsel’s

strategy had a “reasoned basis.” (Doc. 41). In his objections, Petitioner reviews the facts from

the PCR proceedings and argues that because defense counsel’s decision not to have

Willoughby testify appears to have been based on a gut feeling, there could be no “reasoned

basis” for that decision. Further, he rejects the trial court’s conclusions that the decision

could have been based on defense counsel’s determination that it would have been worse to

put Willoughby on the stand given that what he would testify to would contradict the

testimony of a number of other witnesses and that he may have come across poorly on the

stand.

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As noted above, under Strickland, Petitioner had the burden of showing that defense

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable performance and that

such performance prejudiced him, meaning that “counsel’s errors were so serious as to

deprive the defendant of a fair trial.” 466 U.S. at 687. The trial court concluded that

Willoughby failed to prove either component of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

(Doc. 34, Ex. OO). In both his Petition as well as his objections, Petitioner focused on the

reasonableness of defense counsel’s performance, and in a conclusory fashion, stated that

such performance “deprived him of a fair trial.” (Doc. 41). Nowhere does Petitioner address

the following finding made by the trial court:

Defendant has also failed to prove the second prong of the Strickland test.

There is no evidence on which this Court can conclude beyond mere

speculation that the outcome of the trial would have been different if

Defendant had testified. Mr. Simpson’s post-verdict statements were simply

‘Monday morning quarterbacking.’ The disadvantages of Defendant testifying

(problems regarding credibility, calling so many other witnesses liars, the

potential of completely alienating the jurors, etc.), could and likely would have

reasonably outweighed any benefits of calling Defendant as a witness. In view

of all the evidence against Defendant, it is impossible to conclude that there is

a reasonable probability that Defendant’s testimony would have changed the

outcome of the case.

Even if the Court assumes that the trial court incorrectly concluded that defense counsel’s

performance was not unreasonable or deficient, Petitioner has not met his burden of

establishing that the trial court’s conclusion as to the prejudice component was based on an

unreasonable application of federal law. Petitioner had the burden of establishing that “there

is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. The trial court

determined that Willoughby had not met his burden, and Willoughby failed to challenge that

determination. Accordingly, the Court denies relief on this ground.

V. Admission of “Exemplar Mace”

In his direct appeal, Petitioner raised a state law claim that the trial court, over defense

counsel’s objection, improperly admitted into evidence a weapon unconnected to the murder,

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which resulted in great prejudice to Willoughby. (Doc. 33, Ex. II).The Arizona Court of

Appeals rejected Willoughby’s argument, concluding that the trial court had not abused its

discretion because the mace, or steel ball, was used to illustrate the type of weapon

Willoughby said he would use to kill his wife and there was some evidence connecting the

weapon to the crime, thereby making the facts of this case distinguishable from those in State

v. Poland, 132 Ariz. 269, 645 P.2d 784 (App. 1982), relied upon by Willoughby. Petitioner

raised the issue again in his Petition. (Doc. 8).

As the R & R noted, a federal court generally “may not issue the writ [of habeas

corpus] on the basis of a perceived error of state law. Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41

(1984); see Walters v. Maass, 45 F.3d 1355, 1357 (9th Cir. 1995). To be entitled to habeas

relief on a state law claim, the error of state law must be “sufficiently egregious to amount

to a denial of equal protection or of due process of law guaranteed by the Fourteenth

Amendment.”Pulley, 465 U.S. at 41; see Walters, 45 F.3d at 1357 (“A state court’s

procedural or evidentiary ruling is not subject to federal habeas review unless the ruling

violates federal law, either by infringing upon a specific federal constitutional or statutory

provision or by depriving the defendant of the fundamentally fair trial guaranteed by due

process.”); Butcher v. Marquez, 758 F.2d 373, 378 (9th Cir. 1985) (noting that even if the

admission of certain evidence was erroneous under state law, the argument is cognizable

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 only if defendant’s constitutional rights were violated). Petitioner

has the duty to show that the state court “committed an error which rendered the trial so

arbitrary and fundamentally unfair that it violated federal due process.” Jammal v. Van de

Kamp, 926 F.2d 918, 920 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting Reiger v. Christensen, 789 F.2d 1425,

1430 (9th Cir. 1986)).

Petitioner has not demonstrated that the admission of the exemplar mace constituted

a gross abuse of discretion. The Arizona Court of Appeals noted that Ms. Patino had testified

that Willoughby had a steel ball in his car and had told her that he would use it to kill his

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4

 When the exemplar mace was admitted, the trial judge clarified on the record for the

jury that this was not actually the murder weapon, but was an object similar to the one

observed in Willoughby’s car. 

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wife. (Doc. 33, Ex. JJ).4

 The medical examiner also testified that one of the victim’s head

wounds could have been caused by a spherical object, but that it was very unlikely that the

rest were a result of that object. Thus, this was not a case, as Petitioner suggests, in which

there was absolutely no connection between the weapon introduced and the murder. At best,

Petitioner argues that the prejudicial effect of the weapon outweighed any probative value,

and therefore, should not have been admitted into evidence. As the court of appeals

concluded, the evidence was to some degree probative on both the conspiracy and murder

charges. See Jammal, 926 F.2d at 920 (“Only if there are no permissible inferences the jury

may draw from the evidence can its admission violate due process.”). Although the

determination of whether the prejudicial effect outweighed the probative value may have

been a close call, Petitioner has not established that the trial court’s admission of the

evidence was so arbitrary and prejudicial as to render the trial fundamentally unfair. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED:

1. Magistrate Judge Aspey’s R&R (Doc. 40) is ACCEPTED.

2. Petitioner’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 8) is DISMISSED.

3. The Clerk of the Court shall TERMINATE this action.

/ / /

/ / /

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/ / /

/ / /

4. Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, in the event

Petitioner files an appeal, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability because

reasonable jurists would not find the Court’s procedural ruling debatable. See Slack v.

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McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). 

DATED this 31st day of May, 2011.

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