Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_16-cv-01597/USCOURTS-casd-3_16-cv-01597-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 510
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Vacate Sentence
Cause of Action: 28:2255 Motion to Vacate / Correct Illegal Sentence

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 10CR4828-LAB

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO

VACATE SENTENCE UNDER 28

U.S.C. § 2255

vs.

GEORGE DJURA JAKUBEC,

Defendant.

Background

In 2011 George Jakubec plead guilty to two counts of knowingly carrying and

brandishing a firearm during the commission and attempted commission of bank robbery,

violations of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). As part of the plea bargain he negotiated, he explicitly

waived his rights to appeal or to collaterally attack his convictions, provided he was

sentenced to no more than 30 years in custody. Although Jakubec faced a sentence of up

to life imprisonment, the Court followed the plea bargain and imposed a 30 year sentence,

which happened to be the statutory minimum required sentence for the two offenses.

In 2016, Jakubec filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate his sentence. 

He argued that a subsequently decided case, Johnson v. United States, __ U.S. __, 135

S. Ct. 2551 (2015), rendered his sentence unconstitutional. Johnson invalidated the so-

- 1 - 10CR4828

Case 3:16-cv-01597-LAB Document 2 Filed 05/01/18 PageID.<pageID> Page 1 of 4
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

called residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), finding the

language of the clause was too vague to give adequate notice of what conduct was

prohibited. Section 924(c) also includes a residual clause with similar (but not exactly the

same) language. Jakubec argued in his motion that the language of the residual clause in

§ 924(c) is close enough to the language condemned in Johnson so as to also be

considered unconstitutional.

Around the same time Jakubec filed his motion to vacate, the Supreme Court agreed

to consider another case, Lynch v. Dimaya, __ U.S. __, 2016 WL 3232911 (Sept. 29, 2016),

raising a vagueness challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 16, which also contains a residual clause with

language similar to that in the Armed Career Criminal Act. This court stayed resolution of

Jakubec’s motion pending a decision in Dimaya. On April 17 of this year, the Supreme Court

decided Dimaya, and declared that the residual clause in Section 16 was also

unconstitutionally vague. In consideration of Dimaya, Jakubec renewed his motion to vacate

his convictions.

Analysis

Section 924(c) prohibits carrying or brandishing a firearm while committing a “crime

of violence.” The statute defines “crime of violence” two ways. Either the offense is a felony

that:

(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force

against the person or property of another, or

(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk of physical force against the

person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.

The first clause of the definition, clause (A), is known as the “force clause,” while

clause (B) is known as the “residual clause.” United States v. Dawson, __ F. Supp. __, 2018

WL 1082839 at *3 (D. Oregon, Feb. 27, 2018). Jakubec’s argument is that this court

implicitly relied on clause (B) when it found that armed bank robbery was “crime of violence,”

and that clause (B) is unconstitutionally vague. The record doesn’t support the assumption

that the court relied on clause (B) in accepting Jakubec’s guilty pleas. But it doesn’t matter

- 2 - 10CR4828

Case 3:16-cv-01597-LAB Document 2 Filed 05/01/18 PageID.<pageID> Page 2 of 4
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

in any event because armed bank robbery is categorically a “crime of violence” under clause

(A). United States v. Watson, 881 F.3d 782, 786 (9th Cir. 2017). 

During Jakubec’s plea colloquy, the court explained the nature of the § 924(c) charge

to him:

. . . . the plea agreement says you are going to be pleading guilty to using a

firearm during a bank robbery on November 13, 2009. Then, again, using a

firearm during a second bank robbery on – attempted bank robbery on

November 13, 2009 . . . .

Let me explain the nature of the charges to which you are pleading

guilty.

This crime of using a firearm during a crime of violence would require

the government to prove that you intended on, in the case of the completed

bank robbery, robbing a bank November 13.

It would have to be a federal crime, so they have to prove that it was a

federally insured bank and that you intended by force or intimidation or fear to

take money from that bank, and that in the course of the bank robbery that you

carried and brandished and used a firearm . . . .

The second charge, Mr. Jakubec, is the same. It lists a different

underlying crime. That is, attempted bank robbery. They say that that occurred

on November 27, 2009.

Again, if that were to go to trial, they’d have to prove the elements of

attempted bank robbery. They’d have to show it was a federally insured bank

and that you went in and by force, fear, and intimidation tried to get money that

didn’t belong to you. And then in the course of doing that, that you used a

firearm. You carried, brandished, and used a firearm, pointed it at a teller or

used it in some fashion . . . .

Reporter’s Transcript of Jakubec’s Guilty Pleas, March 14, 201, pp. 4-6 (emphasis added).

Jakubec’s contention of unconstitutionality focuses exclusively on the residual clause

of section 924(c) and ignores the force clause. That focus is inapt. The court told Jakubec

during the change of plea colloquy that the government had to prove that he committed an

underlying “crime of violence,” distinctly referring twice to the use of force in its explanation

of the nature of bank robbery. But even had the court relied on clause (B) of § 924(c) in

accepting Jakubec’s guilty pleas – and assuming that the language of clause (B) is

unconstitutional vague – any error was harmless because armed bank robbery is

categorically a “crime of violence” under clause (A). Dawson, 2018 WL 1082839 at *6 citing

Watson, 881 F.3 at 784-85. In other words, by admitting that he committed the crimes of

- 3 - 10CR4828

Case 3:16-cv-01597-LAB Document 2 Filed 05/01/18 PageID.<pageID> Page 3 of 4
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

bank robbery and attempted bank robbery, Jakubec explicitly admitted that he committed

“crimes of violence.” His convictions for violating § 924(c) were lawful and remain so under

clause (A), and he has failed to demonstrate any legal basis for vacating them. Because his

convictions aren’t “illegal,” United States v. Torres, 828 F.3d 1113, 1125 (9th Cir. 2016),

Jakubec’s valid waiver of collateral attack forecloses his challenge and compels the denial

of his motion. 

Jakubec’s motion to vacate his convictions is DENIED. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: May 1, 2018

HONORABLE LARRY ALAN BURNS

United States District Judge

- 4 - 10CR4828

Case 3:16-cv-01597-LAB Document 2 Filed 05/01/18 PageID.<pageID> Page 4 of 4