Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-00079/USCOURTS-caed-1_24-cv-00079-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 360
Nature of Suit: Other Personal Injury
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Personal Injury

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

DELLA ORTIZ,

Plaintiff,

v.

P.F. CHANG’s CHINA BISTRO, INC., a 

Delaware Corporation,

Defendant.

No. 1:24-CV-00079-KES-HBK

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO FILE 

AMENDED COMPLAINT AND TO 

REMAND 

Doc. 7

Plaintiff Della Ortiz (“Ortiz”) moves for leave to file a first amended complaint and to 

remand this action to Fresno County Superior Court. Doc. 7-7 (“FAC”); Doc. 7-1 (“MTR”). 

Defendant P.F. Chang’s China Bistro, Inc. (“P.F. Chang’s”) filed an opposition, Doc. 9

(“Opp’n”). Ortiz did not file a reply. The Court took the motion under submission. Doc. 8. For 

the reasons set forth below, Ortiz’s motion is denied.

I. Background

On November 15, 2023, Ortiz brought this case in Fresno County Superior Court alleging 

that defendant P.F. Chang’s negligently failed to maintain a safe condition at its restaurant in 

Fresno, California, and that she was injured when she slipped and fell in the restaurant. Doc. 1-2

Case 1:24-cv-00079-KES-HBK Document 21 Filed 01/16/25 Page 1 of 9
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(“Compl.”). The complaint asserts causes of action under California law for negligence and 

premises liability against P.F. Chang’s and Doe defendants. Id. P.F. Chang’s removed the action 

to this Court on January 17, 2024, based on diversity jurisdiction. Doc. 1 (“Notice of Removal”).

In its notice of removal, P.F. Chang’s asserted that this Court has subject matter 

jurisdiction because the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and the parties are completely 

diverse. Id. at 4–6. Ortiz is a resident of Fresno County, California, and P.F. Chang’s is a 

corporation registered in the state of Arizona with its principal place of business in Arizona. Id.

¶¶ 18, 20. 

On February 14, 2024, Ortiz filed the pending motion for leave to file a first amended

complaint to join Connor O’Neal (“O’Neal”), a resident of Fresno, California. See FAC ¶ 3. In 

her motion, Ortiz also moved to remand the case to state court. MTR. Ortiz argues that remand 

is required because P.F. Chang’s notice of removal was untimely and because complete diversity 

will not exist if Ortiz is given leave to file her FAC as O’Neal is a California resident, depriving 

this Court of jurisdiction.1Id.

II. Timeliness of Removal

The Court first turns to Ortiz’s argument that defendant’s removal was untimely and 

therefore defective. 

A. Legal Standard

“The notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within 30 days after 

the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting 

forth the claim for relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1). “[I]f the case stated by the initial pleading is 

not removable, a notice of removal may be filed within thirty days after receipt by the defendant, 

through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper 

from which it may be first ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.” 

28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3). 

1

 Due to the elevation of the prior district judge, no district judge was assigned to this matter 

from January 17, 2024, the date the action was filed, to March 13, 2024. See Doc. 10. The case 

was reassigned to the undersigned on March 14, 2024. See id.

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“A removal notice filed after the 30-day time period constitutes a procedural defect. . . . 

Thus, a case removed after this time period may be remanded on procedural grounds upon a 

motion by plaintiff filed within 30 days of removal [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c)].” Id. 

(citing Kelton Arms Condo. Owners Ass’n v. Homestead Ins. Co., 346 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2003)). 

B. Discussion

Ortiz argues that the thirty-day removal period under section 1446(b) began on November 

15, 2023, when P.F. Chang’s received the initial pleading, and that defendant’s notice of removal, 

filed January 17, 2024, was therefore untimely. MTR at 8. Ortiz acknowledges that her

complaint did not allege the amount in controversy. However, Ortiz argues that pre-filing 

correspondence between her and P.F. Chang’s constitutes “other paper[s],” contemplated by 

1446(b)(3), that provide “context” regarding the amount in controversy to be considered with the 

initial complaint filed on November 15, 2023. Id. Specifically, Ortiz asserts that she sent a prefiling demand letter to P.F. Chang’s insurer on October 11, 2023, demanding $1 million to 

resolve her claims. Id. at 4. She argues that a response letter from P.F. Chang’s counsel reflected 

that P.F. Chang’s was aware of plaintiff’s demand, which was in excess of the $75,000 amount in 

controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction. Id. at 9. Ortiz’s argument that such 

correspondence provides sufficient context to trigger the thirty-day removal period fails. 

“[R]emovability under § 1446(b)[1] is determined through examination of the four corners 

of the applicable pleadings, not through subjective knowledge or duty to make further inquiry.” 

Harris v. Bankers Life and Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 689, 694 (9th Cir. 2005); see also Carvalho v. 

Equifax Information Services, LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 886 (9th Cir. 2010) (confirming holding in 

Harris, 425 F.3d 689). Moreover, the Ninth Circuit has held that “any document received prior to 

receipt of the initial pleading cannot trigger the second thirty-day removal period” given that the 

thirty-day period cannot begin before the filing of the initial pleading. Carvalho, 629 F.3d at 886. 

Nor can a “pre-complaint document containing a jurisdictional clue . . . operate in tandem with an 

indeterminate initial pleading to trigger some kind of hybrid of the first and second removal 

periods” in which the removal period would begin on the date the initial pleading was filed based 

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on the receipt of a pre-complaint document. Id. 

Therefore, Ortiz cannot rely on any correspondence preceding her initial pleading to 

trigger the thirty-day removal period under section 1446(b)(3). Rather, Ortiz’s statement of 

damages, alleging damages exceeding the $75,000 amount-in-controversy requirement, filed on 

January 3, 2024 (Notice of Removal, Ex. C), triggered the thirty-day removal period. 

P.F. Chang’s filed its notice on January 17, 2024, within the thirty-day removal period under 

section 1446(b)(3). Notice of Removal. Accordingly, P.F. Chang’s timely filed its notice of 

removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b).

III. Joinder of O’Neal as Defendant

The Court next turns to Ortiz’s motion for post-removal joinder of O’Neal, and to 

defendant’s fraudulent joinder argument. 

A. Legal Standard

“If after removal the plaintiff seeks to join additional defendants whose joinder would 

destroy subject matter jurisdiction, the court may deny joinder, or permit joinder and remand the 

action to the State court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e). “The language of § 1447(e) is couched in 

permissive terms,” and “the decision regarding joinder of a diversity destroying-defendant is left 

to the discretion of the district court.” Newcombe v. Adolf Coors Co., 157 F.3d 686, 691 (9th Cir. 

1998). District courts generally consider the following factors when exercising their discretion to 

permit or deny joinder of non-diverse defendants:

(1) whether the new defendants should be joined under Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 19(a) (“Rule 19”) as “needed for just adjudication”; 

(2) whether the statute of limitations would preclude an original 

action against the new defendant[] in state court; (3) whether there 

has been unexplained delay in requesting joinder; (4) whether 

joinder is intended solely to defeat federal jurisdiction; (5) whether 

the claims against the new defendant appear valid; and (6) whether 

denial of joinder will prejudice the plaintiff.

IBC Aviation Serv., Inc. v. Compania Mexicana de Aviacion, S.A. de C.V., 125 F. Supp. 2d 1008, 

1011 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (citing, inter alia, Palestini v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 193 F.R.D. 654, 658 

(S.D. Cal. 2000)).

“Any of these factors might prove decisive, and none is an absolutely necessary condition 

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of joinder.” Sabag v. FCA US, LLC, No. 2:16-CV-06639-CAS(RAOX), 2016 WL 6581154, at 

*4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2016) (quoting Cruz v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, No. 12-CV-00846-LHK, 2012 

WL 2838957, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 10, 2012)). “Considerations of judicial economy are 

especially relevant and often animate courts’ assessment of these factors.” Serna v. Costco 

Wholesale Corp., No. 1:23-cv-01225-KES-CDB, 2024 WL 4554866, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 

2024) (citing Palestini, 193 F.R.D. at 658). A defendant “bears the burden of establishing that 

removal is proper,” and any doubt as to removability is resolved in favor of remand. Provincial 

Gov’t of Marinduque v. Placer Dome, Inc., 582 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2009). However, 

“‘once a case has been removed to federal court, the court must scrutinize a diversity-destroying 

amendment to ensure it is proper under [§ 1447(e)]’ irrespective of plaintiff’s right to amend 

under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 15(a).” Namvar v. Select Portfolio Servicing, No. 3:14-

cv-0600-GPC-BGS, 2014 WL 4955707 at *4 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2014) (citing McGrath v. Home 

Depot USA, Inc., 298 F.R.D. 601, 606 (2014)). 

B. Discussion 

The Court considers each of the six factors set out above in turn. First, the Court 

considers whether a new defendant should be joined under Rule 19 as needed for just 

adjudication. “Rule 19 requires joinder of persons whose absence would preclude the grant of 

complete relief, or whose absence would impede their ability to protect their interests or would 

subject any of the parties to the danger of inconsistent obligations.” Dunning v. Hallmark 

Specialty Ins. Co., No. 2:20-cv-02455-ODW, 2020 WL 6123133, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2020) 

(citation omitted). Notably, “[a]lthough courts consider whether a party would meet [Rule 19’s] 

standard for a necessary party, amendment under § 1447(e) is a less restrictive standard than for 

joinder under” Rule 19. IBC Aviation Serv., 125 F. Supp. 2d at 1011–12. Therefore, this factor 

supports joinder when “failure to join would lead to separate and redundant actions” and 

discourages joinder when the party sought to be joined is only “tangentially related to the cause of 

action or would not prevent complete relief.” Id. 

Ortiz argues that O’Neal’s joinder in the action is required to afford her complete relief

because denying joinder would result in a separate action in state court and would limit 

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defendant’s own liability in the instant action. MTR at 13. However, the proposed FAC fails to 

allege any basis for liability against O’Neal. In fact, the FAC does not assert anything concerning 

O’Neal’s relationship to P.F. Chang’s or any duty he may have owed to Ortiz. The only specific 

allegation as to O’Neal is that he is a resident of Fresno County. FAC ¶ 3. Moreover, the first 

cause of action, for negligence, is alleged solely against P.F. Chang’s and DOES 1–50, not 

O’Neal. FAC ¶¶ 12–17.

While the second cause of action, premises liability, is alleged against all defendants, 

including O’Neal, id. ¶¶ 18–22, the FAC fails to allege that O’Neal had any role or responsibility 

with respect to P.F. Chang’s that would provide a basis for premises liability. See Gray v. 

America West Airlines, Inc., 209 Cal.App.3d 76, 81 (Cal. 1989) (“In premises liability cases...the 

duty to take affirmative action for the protection of individuals coming onto one’s property ‘is 

grounded in the possession of the premises and the attendant right to control and manage the 

premises.’”) (internal citations omitted). The Court cannot determine that O’Neal’s joinder is 

required to afford complete relief, as the FAC fails to state any viable claim against O’Neal. See 

Namvar, 2014 WL 4955707, at *4 (denying plaintiff’s motion to remand where first amended 

complaint states no claim against new defendant to be joined). Accordingly, this factor weighs 

against joinder.2

Second, the Court considers the effect of the statute of limitations on Ortiz’s ability to sue 

O’Neal separately. “If the statute of limitations would preclude the filing of an action against the 

new defendants in state court, this factor would weigh in favor of granting leave to amend to add 

the new defendants.” Forster, 2024 WL 3913461, at *3; see also Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. 

Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 352 (1988) (explaining that courts prefer to remand “when the statute of 

limitations on the plaintiff’s state-law claim[] has expired before the federal court has determined 

2 While counsel’s declaration in support of Ortiz’s motion to remand states, on information and 

belief, that O’Neal “was a franchisee and employee” of P.F. Chang’s (Doc. 7-1 at ¶ 18), Ortiz 

does not include any such allegation in her proposed FAC, nor does the FAC reference the 

declaration. The FAC’s only specific allegation as to O’Neal is that he is a resident of Fresno 

County. FAC ¶ 3. Moreover, even if the bare allegation that O’Neal was a franchisee or 

employee were in the FAC, the FAC would not, without more, sufficiently state a claim against 

O’Neal.

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that it should relinquish jurisdiction over the case”). Ortiz does not argue that the statute of 

limitations would bar a separate action against O’Neal in state court. Thus, this factor weighs 

against joinder. 

Third, the Court considers whether there was an unexplained delay in seeking joinder.

Ortiz filed her initial complaint on November 15, 2023, P.F. Chang’s removed the case on 

January 17, 2024, and on February 14, 2024, Ortiz filed her motion to join O’Neal and to remand

the case. MTR. On its face, this timeline does not raise any suspicion of unexplained delays or 

delays made in bad faith. See, e.g., IBC Aviation Serv., 125 F. Supp. 2d at 1012 (finding that 

motion for post-removal joinder filed over two months after initial complaint was timely). In 

fact, in its opposition, P.F. Chang’s concedes there is “no clear evidence Plaintiff engaged in 

unexplained delay in seeking the joinder.” Opp’n at 15. As there is no facial indication nor 

allegation of unjust delay, Ortiz did not unreasonably delay in seeking to amend her complaint. 

Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of joinder. 

Fourth, the Court considers whether joinder is intended solely to defeat federal 

jurisdiction. “The question of whether joinder is solely intended to defeat jurisdiction is 

‘intertwined’ with the question of whether the claims against the new defendant appear valid.” 

Sabag, 2016 WL 6581154, at *5–6 (finding that plaintiff’s motive in joining dealership defendant 

was “not solely to destroy diversity” because plaintiff’s claim against dealership was “facially 

legitimate”). “Courts have permitted joinder even where the plaintiff appears to be primarily 

motivated by a desire to defeat diversity jurisdiction, as long as the plaintiff has alleged a valid 

claim against the non-diverse defendant.” Forster, 2024 WL 3913461, at *4 (quotations omitted).

Ortiz has failed to demonstrate a colorable claim against O’Neal. While a restaurant 

proprietor owes a common law duty of care to invitees and can be held liable for breach of that 

duty, see Delgado v. Trax Bar & Grill, 36 Cal. 4th 224, 241 (Cal. 2005) (“[a] restaurant or bar 

proprietor also has a duty to warn patrons of known dangers. . . .”), the burden to allege such a

theory of liability lies with the plaintiff in her complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (“A pleading that 

states a claim for relief must contain: [] a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief.”). Ortiz’s proposed FAC fails to assert any basis for liability against 

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O’Neal. Accordingly, this factor weighs against joinder.

Fifth, the Court considers whether the claims against O’Neal appear valid. “This factor 

requires only that the claim be facially valid, which is a lower standard than on a motion to 

dismiss or a motion for summary judgment.” Forster, 2024 WL 3913461, at *4. As set forth 

above, this factor is not satisfied. Ortiz makes no facially valid claim of negligence and premises 

liability against O’Neal. Thus, this factor weighs against joinder.

The above analysis of the fourth and fifth factors also informs the consideration of 

defendant’s fraudulent joinder argument. A defendant claiming “fraudulent joinder bears a 

‘heavy burden’ given the ‘general presumption against finding fraudulent joinder.’” Grancare, 

LLC v. Thrower, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 

F.3d 1039, 1046 (9th Cir. 2009)). To meet this “heavy burden,” P.F. Chang’s must show either 

“(1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts, or (2) [an] inability of the plaintiff to 

establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party in state court.” Id. P.F. Chang’s does not 

allege any actual fraud in Ortiz’s pleading of the jurisdictional facts. Fraudulent joinder can be 

“established the second way if a defendant shows that an ‘individual joined in the action cannot 

be liable on any theory.’” Id. (quoting Ritchey v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 1318 (9th 

Cir. 1998)).

As addressed above, the FAC fails to state a claim against O’Neal on any theory. 

Accordingly, Ortiz fails to show a “possibility that a state court would find that the complaint 

states a cause of action” against the restaurant owner. Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 

1039, 1046 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Tillman v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco, 340 F.3d 1277, 1279 (11th 

Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (emphasis added)).

Sixth, the Court considers whether denial of joinder will prejudice Ortiz. “Prejudice exists 

if the proposed defendant is ‘crucial’ to the case. Prejudice does not exist if complete relief can 

be afforded without that defendant.” Forster, 2024 WL 3913461, at *4 (citing Sabag, 2016 WL 

6581154, at *6). Given that the Court is not presented with claims against O’Neal that would 

provide Ortiz relief, it cannot conclude that complete relief would be denied without the joinder 

of O’Neal. Accordingly, this factor weighs against joinder. 

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On balance, the Palestini factors weigh against the joinder of O’Neal. While Ortiz did not 

unreasonably delay in seeking to amend her complaint, her proposed FAC fails to allege any 

viable claim against O’Neal. Accordingly, Ortiz fails to establish a basis to file her FAC, and the 

Court retains diversity jurisdiction over this action.

IV. Conclusion and Order

Accordingly, the Court ORDERS: 

1. Ortiz’s motion for leave to file first amended complaint and to remand action to 

state court, Doc. 7, is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 16, 2025 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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