Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_12-cv-00917/USCOURTS-caed-1_12-cv-00917-6/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JAMES E. WHITE,

Plaintiff,

 v.

MARK N. PAZIN, et al.,

 Defendants.

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1:12-cv-00917-BAM (PC)

ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT 

TO ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE TO 

ACTION

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

TO GRANT IN PART AND DENY IN PART 

DEFENDANTS’ 12(b)(6) MOTION TO 

DISMISS 

(ECF No. 30)

THIRTY (30) DAY DEADLINE

I. Introduction 

Plaintiff James E. White (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 

pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

On December 6, 2013, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s first amended complaint for failure 

to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under §1983. (ECF No. 13.) Judgment was 

entered accordingly. (ECF No. 14.) Plaintiff appealed the dismissal, (ECF No. 15), and the Ninth 

Circuit Court of Appeals vacated and remanded the case for further proceedings, finding the 

dismissal premature. (ECF No. 21).

The Ninth Circuit held that Plaintiff’s allegations “that he could not see his children 

because the jail did not permit visitation by minors under age 12” when liberally construed, were 

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“sufficient to warrant ordering [defendants] to file an answer.” White v. Pazin, 587 F. App’x 

366, 367 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1116, 1123 (9th Cir. 

2012)). Consequently, this Court ordered Plaintiff’s first amended complaint be served on the 

Defendants. As a result, this action currently proceeds on Plaintiff’s first amended complaint 

against Defendants Pazin, Blake, Cavallero, Scott, Thoreson, Blodgett, and the Merced County 

Sheriff’s Administration, for the denial of visitation with his minor children, in violation of the 

First, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. (ECF No. 12.)

On June 23, 2015, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s first amended 

complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 30.) Plaintiff filed an 

opposition, (ECF No. 34), which he supplemented with a memorandum of points and authorities

in support, (ECF No. 36).1 Defendants filed a reply to Plaintiff’s opposition. (ECF No. 38). The 

motion is deemed submitted. Local Rule 230(l). 

II. Motion to Dismiss

A. Legal Standard

Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures provides for motions to dismiss 

for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In 

considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must accept as true the allegations 

of the complaint in question, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89 (2007), and construe the pleading 

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969); 

Meek v. County of Riverside, 183 F.3d 962, 965 (9th Cir. 1999). 

In general, pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by 

lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). The court has an obligation to construe 

such pleadings liberally. Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985) (en banc).

Nevertheless, to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a pro se complaint must contain 

more than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements 

of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). A claim 

 

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Plaintiff also submitted a notice of errata, which the Court has reviewed. (ECF No. 37.) 

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upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. Id. at 570. “A claim has facial 

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009). 

B. Summary of Relevant Allegations in First Amended Complaint

Plaintiff is currently a state prisoner housed at Ironwood State Prison in Blythe, 

California. At the time of the events alleged in the complaint, Plaintiff was detained in the 

Merced County Jail, following his arrest on March 12, 2007. Plaintiff was housed as a pre-trial 

detainee in the Merced County Jail from March 12, 2007 until September 1, 2011. 

About five months following Plaintiff’s arrest, he learned that he could not visit with his 

minor children under the age of 12 years. On May 20, 2008, Plaintiff’s visitation rights were 

suspended due to a rules violation matter. On June 8, 2008, Plaintiff filed a grievance form 

questioning the removal of his visitation rights. On June 11, 2008, a sergeant confirmed that 

Plaintiff’s visitation privileges should not have been suspended.

On January 26, 2009, Plaintiff received a court order from the Merced County Superior 

Court to receive visits from his minor children. The visit was never given, although it was 

possibly denied due to the rules violation issue. Plaintiff filed a grievance on July 20, 2010 

regarding the denial of his visitation rights that went unanswered; it was not forwarded by the 

officer who received it. A writ regarding Plaintiff’s complaint of violations of his due process 

rights, Fifth Amendment right to family support, and right not to be subjected to cruel and 

unusual punishments, was denied by the Superior Court of California, County of Merced, for the 

failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

On March 23, 2011, Plaintiff received a reply to one or more of his grievances, written by 

a non-party sergeant, stating that Plaintiff should seek a more-recent court order to see his 

children. On April 7, 2011, Plaintiff sent a grievance to Defendant Cavallero questioning the 

right of his minor children to visit and the policies being used to deny a detainee his right to be a 

father to his children. Plaintiff did not receive a reply to this grievance.

///

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On April 11, 2011, Plaintiff received a second court order from the Merced County 

Superior Court to receive a visit from his minor children. Later, on May 11, 2011, Plaintiff 

received a memo from the desk of Defendant Pazin (authored by a Sergeant Lopez, a non-party) 

stating that the court order for visitation might not be adhered to because of a Merced County 

Jail rule that prohibited children under the age of 12. On May 12, 2011, Defendant Blodgett, 

Defendant Pazin, and Sergeant Lopez denied Plaintiff’s minor children the visit authorized and 

ordered by the Merced County Superior Court. The stated reason for the denial was the safety 

and security of the institution and the safety of the children. The Merced County Jail does not 

allow contact visits of any kind and all visits are behind glass partitions.

Plaintiff claims a violation of the First, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Each 

Defendant is sued in their individual and official capacity. Plaintiff seeks declaratory and 

injunctive relief and damages.

C. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to constitute a cognizable 

claim, because Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent clearly established at the time of the 

events at issue that inmates do not enjoy an absolute right to receive visits while incarcerated, 

even from family members. Defendants further argue that the policy imposed in this case is 

reasonably related to legitimate penological interests, as Plaintiff pleaded that the purpose of the 

policy disallowing visits with children under 12 is for the safety and security of the institution 

and the children’s safety. Thus, Plaintiff’s First Amendment right of association claim must fail. 

Defendants also argue that because Plaintiff was a pre-trial detainee at the time of the 

events at issue here, his claims are not analyzed under the Eighth Amendment, but arise from the 

Fourteenth Amendment. Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment due process 

claim must fail because he has no protected liberty interest in visitations with his minor children. 

Regardless, Plaintiff also cannot meet the standards for an Eighth Amendment claim, since the 

visitation restrictions do not amount to “the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s 

necessities.” (ECF No. 30-1, p. 15 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994)).) 

Therefore, the imposition of the restriction is not cruel and unusual punishment.

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Next, Defendants argue that the claims against the individual Defendants in their official 

capacities must be dismissed and the County of Merced be substituted, pursuant to Monell v. 

Department of Social Services of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Also, Defendants 

argue that the individual Defendants sued in their individual capacities are entitled to qualified 

immunity, as Plaintiff has not alleged a constitutional violation, and there was no clearly 

established right to visits with children under 12 at the time of the events at issue. As to 

Defendant Merced County Sherriff’s Department, erroneously sued as Merced County Sherriff’s 

Administration, Defendants argue that this entity is not a “person” subject to suit under section 

1983 as a matter of law. Thus, that Defendant must be dismissed.

Regarding the relief Plaintiff seeks, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive 

relief is moot, since he is no longer housed at the Merced County Jail. Also, Defendants assert 

Plaintiff should not be granted leave to amend, because the defects in the first amended 

complaint cannot be cured. 

D. Plaintiff’s Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiff opposes the motion to dismiss, and in the alternative, seeks leave to amend. In 

support, he argues that he states a claim for the violation of his First and Fourteenth Amendment

rights, because the ban on child visitations alleged in his first amended complaint is an excessive 

response to the limited risks presented by such visitations. The ban causes a serious deprivation 

of an inmate’s ability to maintain a relationship with his child, and it is in the interest of the state 

to promote the relationship between parent and child. Plaintiff further argues that a parent-child 

relationship is a fundamental right, and thus the loss of visitation rights as a pretrial detainee 

violates his rights. Plaintiff further contends that he has sufficiently pleaded that the policy is not 

reasonably related to a legitimate governmental objective. Plaintiff elsewhere argues that 

whether the policy is justified for safety and security reasons is a factual dispute. Plaintiff relies 

on various state court and out-of-circuit authorities in support of these contentions. (ECF No. 35, 

pp. 4, 8, 10, 11 (citing California Court of Appeals and Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Circuit 

Court of Appeals authorities).)

///

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To Defendants’ argument that there was no constitutional violation in this case, Plaintiff 

asserts that he has sufficiently pleaded that he was in fact denied the right to visit with his 

children, despite the order by the Merced County Superior Court that he could have such 

visitations. The relevant order was attached to Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, (ECF No. 12, 

p. 49), and is re-attached to the opposition. 

Regarding Defendants’ argument that the right to receive visits from children is not 

clearly established, Plaintiff argues that Defendants’ argument is flawed because the precedent 

relied upon applied to prisoners, whereas he was a pretrial detainee. He argues that depriving 

pretrial detainees of rights to a greater extent than necessary to ensure his appearance at trial and 

to ensure the security of the jail constitutes conditions of confinement worse than that for 

prisoners, which violates his due process rights. 

E. Defendants’ Reply in Support of the Motion to Dismiss

Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s opposition does not negate their arguments. Defendants 

admit that Plaintiff alleges he was denied the opportunity to see his children while detained at 

Merced County Jail, but they assert that this did not constitute any constitutional rights violation. 

Further, Defendants argue that the relevant Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit case law here

contradicts Defendants’ out-of-circuit authorities, and that Plaintiff’s California authorities did 

not address visitation restrictions or their related security concerns in a jail. Rather, Plaintiff cited 

family law cases and cases regarding other issues which are not relevant to this action.

Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s citations to Ninth Circuit case law regarding the 

fundamental liberty interest in the companionship and society of a parent with his or her child 

did not concern visitation restrictions in a jail, and thus failed to analyze the relevant institutional 

safety and security concerns in this case.

Defendants also argue that regarding the necessity of security measures in jails for 

pretrial detainees, courts should defer to the expertise of jailers, unless it appears that the 

measure is punitive or there is substantial evidence that the measure is an unreasonable or 

exaggerated response to security requirements. Here, Defendants contend, since the policy at 

issue promotes internal security and protects children from harm, it is a reasonable response to 

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the concerns at issue here, and is neither exaggerated nor punitive. Further, although Defendants 

admit that Plaintiff was a detainee at the time of the events at issue, they argue that the 

governmental objectives of safety and security are the same regardless of whether a prisoner is 

being held for pre-trial or post-trial purposes. Defendants note that Plaintiff agrees that the 

individual Defendants were acting pursuant to a policy here, and thus even assuming a 

constitutional violation occurred, those Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity since those 

Defendants reasonably believed such restrictions were valid and lawful. 

Finally, Defendants argue that since Plaintiff did not dispute (1) that the individual 

Defendants in their official capacity are not “persons” amenable to section 1983 claims; (2) that 

the Merced County Sheriff’s Department is not a proper defendant; and (3) that his claim for 

injunctive relief is moot, he has conceded those issues. 

F. Analysis

1. Fifth Amendment and Eighth Amendment

Plaintiff invokes the Fifth Amendment in arguing that he was deprived of due process 

and his “right to family support as a husband and father.” (ECF No. 12, p. 6.) The Court 

construes this as a claim for the violation of his substantive due process rights.

Plaintiff’s claims are asserted against a local sheriff’s department and various jail 

officials, but the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause only applies to the federal government. 

Bingue v. Prunchak, 512 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 

462, 62 S. Ct. 1252, 86 L. Ed. 1595 (1942)) (“Due process of law is secured against invasion by 

the federal Government by the Fifth Amendment and is safe-guarded against state action in 

identical words by the Fourteenth.”); see also Castillo v. McFadden, 399 F.3d 993, 1002 n. 5 (9th 

Cir. 2005) (“The Fifth Amendment prohibits the federal government from depriving persons of 

due process, while the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly prohibits deprivations without due 

process by the several States: ‘nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 

without due process of law.’ ” (quoting U.S. CONST. amend. XIV) (emphasis in original)). 

///

///

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Since Plaintiff is not proceeding against federal actors, he is unable to state a cognizable 

claim for violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment, and the Court recommends that his

cause of action under the Fifth Amendment should be dismissed without leave to amend.

Plaintiff also asserts claims under the Eighth Amendment. (ECF No. 12, pp. 5, 7.) The 

Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and conditions of 

confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2006). In this case, Plaintiff 

alleges that he was a pre-trial detainee held at the Merced County Jail when he was deprived of 

his constitutional rights. Claims brought by pretrial detainees objecting to the conditions and 

circumstances of their confinement are analyzed under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth 

Amendment, rather than under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth 

Amendment. Oregon Advocacy Center v. Mink, 322 F.3d 1101, 1120 (9th Cir. 2003). Therefore, 

Plaintiff’s claim is properly analyzed under the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Court 

recommends that his cause of action under the Eighth Amendment should also be dismissed

without leave to amend.

2. Official Capacity Claims, Sherriff’s Department, and Injunctive Relief

Next, the Court analyzes Defendants’ arguments that Plaintiff did not directly dispute in 

his opposition. Regarding Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief, he affirmatively pleaded that he 

is a state prisoner in the custody of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 

who is no longer being detained at Merced County Jail, as of September 1, 2011. The Court 

agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief is therefore moot, and 

recommends that this claim should be dismissed without leave to amend. See Preiser v. Newkirk, 

422 U.S. 395, 402-03 (1975); Johnson v. Moore, 948 F.2d 517, 519 (9th Cir. 1991); Andrews v. 

Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1053 n.5 (9th Cir. 2007).

Plaintiff also does not dispute Defendants’ argument that neither the individual 

Defendants in their official capacity, nor the Merced County Sheriff’s Department, are 

considered “persons” within the meaning of section 1983. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides, in 

pertinent part, that “[e]very person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, 

custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be 

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subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the 

deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be 

liable to the party injured . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (emphasis added). “The term ‘persons’

encompasses state and local officials sued in their individual capacities, private individuals and 

entities which acted under color of state law, and local governmental entities.” Anderson v. 

Sacramento Police Dep’t, No. 216-CV-0527-TLN-GGH, 2016 WL 3091162, at *4 (E.D. Cal. 

June 2, 2016) (citing Vance v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 928 F. Supp. 993, 995–96 (N.D. Cal. 1996)).

However, the term ‘persons’ does not encompass municipal departments, such as police or 

sheriff’s departments, that are merely agencies of a municipality. Id.; see also United States v. 

Kama, 394 F.3d 1236, 1239 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[M]unicipal police departments and bureaus are 

generally not considered ‘persons’ within the meaning of Section 1983.”).

Furthermore, claims against the sheriff and other sheriff’s department employees, when 

functioning as the administrators of a local jail, are claims against county actors. Streit v. County 

of Los Angeles, 236 F.3d 552, 564–65 (9th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 823, 122 S. Ct. 59, 

151 L. Ed. 2d 27 (2001). Claims against such public employees in their official capacities are, in 

effect, suits against their employer, and thus claims against one or more county actors in their 

official capacity should be dismissed, and may be treated as a claim against the county. See

Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S. Ct. 3099, 3105, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985); Butler 

v. Elle, 281 F.3d 1014, 1023 n. 8 (9th Cir. 2002).

In this case, Plaintiff brings claims against Defendants Pazin, Blake, Cavallero, Scott, 

Thoreson, and Blodgett in their individual and official capacities. The Court agrees with 

Defendants that the claims against them in their official capacities should be dismissed, and the 

County of Merced should be substituted as a defendant. Further, although the County of Merced 

is a proper defendant, the Merced County Sherriff’s Department is not, and thus the Merced 

County Sheriff’s Department (erroneously sued as the “Merced County Sherriff’s 

Administration), should also be dismissed from this action. The claims against the individual jail 

official Defendants in their individual capacities are addressed further below.

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3. Claims Against Individual Defendants in their Individual Capacities

Defendants’ arguments for dismissing Plaintiff’s claims against the individual jail official 

Defendants in their individual capacities are grounded in qualified immunity. Defendants first 

assert that there is no constitutional right for prisoners to have visitations with their minor 

children, and thus Plaintiff has not stated any claim against these individual jail official 

Defendants. Defendants further argue that, even assuming such a right exists, the individual 

Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity because any such right was not clearly established

at the time of the events at issue. 

“Government officials enjoy qualified immunity from civil damages unless their conduct 

violates ‘clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would 

have known.’ ” Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. 

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). A court considering a claim of qualified immunity makes 

a two-pronged inquiry: (1) whether the plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of an actual 

constitutional right and (2) whether such right was clearly established at the time of the 

defendant’s alleged misconduct. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009) (quoting 

Saucier v. Katz, 535 U.S. 194, 201 (2001)). The court may exercise its discretion in deciding 

which prong to address first, in light of the particular circumstances of each case. Pearson, 555 

U.S. at 236 (noting that while the Saucier sequence is often appropriate and beneficial, it is no 

longer mandatory). “[U]nder either prong, courts may not resolve genuine disputes of fact in 

favor of the party seeking summary judgment,” and must, as in other cases, view the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the nonmovant. See Tolan v. Cotton, 134 S. Ct. 1861, 1866 (2014).

“[A] right is clearly established only if its contours are sufficiently clear that ‘a 

reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.’ In other words, 

‘existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.’” 

Carroll v. Carman, 135 S. Ct. 348, 350 (2014) (citations omitted). A court determining whether a 

right was clearly established looks to “Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit law existing at the time 

of the alleged act.” Community House, Inc. v. City of Boise, 623 F.3d 945, 967 (9th Cir. 2010) 

(citing Osolinski v. Kane, 92 F.3d 934, 936 (9th Cir. 1996)). In the absence of binding precedent, 

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the court should look to all available decisional law, including the law of other circuits and 

district courts. See id. Cases decided after the incidents at issue which make a determination

regarding the state of the law at the time of the incident are persuasive authority. Osolinski, 92 

F.3d at 936. 

Defendants urge this Court to find there was no constitutional violation here, nor any 

violation of any clearly established right, by relying on the Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit 

precedent as outlined in a 2010 Ninth Circuit decision, Dunn v. Castro, 621 F.3d 1196 (9th Cir. 

2010). Dunn concerned a claim that from January 29, 2004 to February 18, 2005, California 

prison officials wrongfully prohibited inmate Dunn from receiving visits from his minor children

based on a rules violation. Id. at 1197. The Dunn court examined Supreme Court and Ninth 

Circuit precedent at the time of the visitation denials, and found that the case law “clearly 

established that prisoners do not enjoy an absolute right to receive visits while incarcerated, even 

from family members.” Id. at 1201. On the other hand, the Dunn court also found that “[t]he 

relationship between a father or mother and his or her child, even in prison, merits some degree 

of protection.” Id. at 1205. 

Ultimately, the court declined to articulate more precisely the existence and scope of a 

prisoner’s right to visitations from his or her children while incarcerated. Instead, the Ninth 

Circuit found that the district court should have granted qualified immunity to the prison official 

defendants in that case because the right that inmate Dunn alleged was not clearly established by 

2004. Dunn, 621 F.3d at 1203-04. That is, inmate Dunn was specifically challenging a temporary 

deprivation of his visitation privileges with his children due to a disciplinary decision, where the 

prison officials had grounds for concluding that Dunn had violated a prison rule related to the 

safety of children. Id. (discussing that inmate Dunn was disciplined for participating in a 

sexually-oriented telephone call with his wife while his child was on the line). Since the right

inmate Dunn claimed was not clearly established under these circumstances by 2004, the court 

held that a reasonable officer could have believed that their actions were lawful, and thus the 

prison official defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at 1205 (quoting Friedman v. 

Bourcher, 580 F.3d 847, 858 (9th Cir. 2009). Notably, the Dunn court stated that “[o]ur 

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conclusion might be different if Dunn were presently subject to a blanket ban on his visitation 

privileges.” Id. at 1204-05 (citing Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 137, 123 S. Ct. 2162, 156 

L. Ed. 2d 162 (2003)).

In this case, Plaintiff’s first amended complaint was previously dismissed on the grounds 

that he did not have any clearly established constitutional right to receive visits from his children, 

based on Dunn. (ECF No. 13, p. 5.) In reversing that judgment, the Ninth Circuit held that

Plaintiff “alleged that he could not see his children because the jail did not permit visitation by 

minors under age 12,” and suggested that this distinguished this case from Dunn, since Plaintiff 

challenges the jail’s “blanket ban” on his visitation rights as a matter of law. White v. Pazin, 587 

F. App’x 366, 367 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Dunn, 621 F.3d at 1205). Therefore, in determining 

whether qualified immunity applies, this Court is required to consider applicable precedent

regarding Plaintiff’s constitutional right as the Ninth Circuit has found he articulates it in this 

case—that he was denied visitations from his children due to the jail’s policy banning children 

under the age of 12. 

This Court now evaluates in depth whether such right was clearly established at the time 

of the Defendants’ alleged misconduct, under the second prong of Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 

223, 232 (2009). In Dunn, the Ninth Circuit analyzed Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit 

precedent on inmate visitation issues, as well as relevant law from other jurisdictions. Dunn, 

although distinguishable from this case as explained above, is nevertheless instructive. The Ninth 

Circuit was careful to state that both it, and the Supreme Court, had not “h[e]ld or impl[ied] that 

incarceration entirely extinguishes the right to receive visits from family members.” Dunn, 621 

F.3d at 1205 (citing Overton, 539 U.S. at 131-32). The Supreme Court had also stated that a 

permanent or excessively long deprivation of all visitation privileges, or a restriction that was 

“applied in an arbitrary manner to a particular inmate,” may violate an inmate’s constitutional 

rights. Overton, 539 U.S. at 137. Regardless, the Dunn court thought that the Supreme Court had 

shown “hesitation in articulating the existence and nature of an inmate’s right to receive visits 

from family members while in prison....” 621 F.3d at 1202 (citing Overton, 539 U.S. at 129-30).

///

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Rather than clearly articulating any right of prisoners to receive visits from family 

members, the Supreme Court focused on whether certain restrictions on such visitations were

constitutionally permissible. The Court in Overton upheld regulations imposing a number of 

visitation restrictions, including restrictions requiring visitors under age 18 to be accompanied by 

an appropriate adult, or only allowing visitors under age 18 who are the prisoner’s child, 

stepchild, grandchild, or sibling. 539 U.S. at 136. The Overton court emphasized, in upholding 

such regulations, that the rights of prisoners must be carefully balanced with the “substantial 

deference” courts must accord “to the professional judgment of prison administrators, who bear a 

significant responsibility for defining the legitimate goals of a corrections system and for 

determining the most appropriate means to accomplish them.” Id. at 132. It does not appear the 

Supreme Court has had occasion to address these issues any further since its decision in Overton.

Regarding relevant Ninth Circuit precedent, as discussed above, the Ninth Circuit in 

Dunn declined to define any constitutional right for prisoners to visitations from their children. 

The Dunn court also noted that it had declined to recognize other constitutional rights for 

inmates related to visitations. 621 F.3d at 1202-03 (citing Gerber v. Hickman, 291 F.3d 617, 621 

(9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (no right to contact visits); Keenan v. Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1092 (9th 

Cir. 1996) (affirming dismissal of prisoner’s claim challenging regulation that denied him visits 

from persons other than his immediate family)). Subsequent to Dunn, the Ninth Circuit has

issued a couple of memorandum opinions regarding inmates’ visitations with minors. These

decisions do not contain any clear articulation of a constitutional right for prisoners to visitations 

from their children. Instead, these decisions affirmed lower courts that found there was no 

violation of an inmate’s constitutional rights based on restricted visitations. See Shallowhorn v. 

Molina, 572 F. App’x 545, 547 (9th Cir. 2014) (restriction on contact visitation with minor 

children did not violate First Amendment or substantive due process); Barno v. Ryan, 399 F. 

App’x 272 (9th Cir. 2010) (inmate’s alleged injury of temporary restrictions on his visitations 

with minors was not a sufficient injury or threat of harm to substantiate deliberate indifference 

claim). 

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This Court has not located, nor have the parties cited, any Supreme Court or Ninth 

Circuit precedent concerning a policy that is comparable to the policy Plaintiff challenges here.

Plaintiff has cited some decisions from other jurisdictions that have addressed similar policies 

banning minors from visiting inmates, and the Court has found a few additional relevant cases. 

These courts have come to different conclusions regarding whether such policies may have 

violated any inmate’s constitutional rights. 

A few courts have recognized a constitutional violation based on a policy banning minors 

from visiting inmates. In a 1979 decision from a federal district court in New Jersey, that court 

determined that a jail’s regulations effectively banning all minor children from seeing their 

incarcerated parents was a due process violation. Valentine v. Englehardt, 474 F. Supp. 294. The 

jail housed both detainees and convicted inmates, and all visits were non-contact. Id. at 298. No

children under 18 years of age were allowed to visit except with the sheriff or warden’s 

permission, which was only given in extraordinary circumstances, such as the death of the 

child’s only other living parent. Id. The defendants in that case contended that the restrictions 

banning children were necessary to “protect the ‘best interests’ of the children.” Id. at 299. The 

court found the policy was unconstitutional, since it was based on “the judgment of the jailer that 

it is not in the best interest of the children to visit their parents while those parents are in jail,” 

rather than any legitimate penological concerns. Id. at 301.2

In 1985, the Fifth Circuit in Morrow v. Harwell, also held that a county jail’s policy 

preventing visits by minors was unlawful, although the county in that case did not “seriously 

defend its policy” and instead focused on arguing that the matter was moot because the policy 

 

2

In a similar case, McMurry v. Phelps, another federal district court considered a policy 

banning children under 14 years of age from visiting their parents based on the jailer’s 

determination that “children of that age should not see their parents in a jail environment.” 533 F.

Supp. 742 (W.D. La. 1982). The district court found that policy was improper, since it was not

based on any valid penological objectives. Id. at 764. The court also stated, without support, that 

basic visitation is a right protected by the First Amendment freedom of association. Id. 

A few years later, however, the Fifth Circuit expressly overruled McMurry to the extent it

was based on the finding that the First Amendment right of association guaranteed visitation 

rights to prisoners. Thorne v. Jones, 765 F.2d 1270, 1272 n.6 (5th Cir. 1985). 

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had recently changed. 768 F.2d 619, 626-27. In 1973, a federal district court in Wisconsin 

considered a state prison policy banning children from visiting inmates held in segregation. 

Mabra v. Schmidt, 356 F. Supp. 620 (W.D. Wis.). Inmates in the general population were 

allowed to visit with their children, but defense counsel argued that the segregation building was 

“patently not a place where children should be allowed to visit.” Id. at 623. The court ruled that 

the defendants did not show the policy was rationally related to a legitimate state interest, and the 

difference in treatment between the classes of inmates violated the plaintiff’s rights to due 

process and equal protection. 

In Nicholson v. Choctaw County, Ala., a federal district court in Alabama found that

pretrial detainees held in a county jail had a right to reasonable visitations from their children, 

unless the detainee is “diseased or unless there is a reason to believe that he is a threat to jail 

security.” 498 F. Supp. 295, 310, 314 (S.D. Ala. June 30, 1980). That court relied on Valentine, 

and also held that visitation restrictions which are greater than necessary to ensure jail security 

violate the First Amendment, without further elaboration. Id. at 310. 

A California state court in 1980 determined that a county jail policy prohibiting children 

from visiting their pretrial detainee parents violated the detainees’ constitutional rights of 

association and privacy. In re Smith, 112 Cal. App. 3d 956, 964, 169 Cal. Rptr. 564, 567 (2d 

Dist.). Although the jailors raised numerous safety and security-based concerns in support of 

their policy, the court found that the ban was an “excessive response to the limited risk presented 

by child visitation in these particular facilities.” Id. at 969. A significant amount of evidence was 

put forward regarding the visiting areas in the subject facility, including how child visitors are 

handled and matters concerning security and safety. See id. at 962-63. The state court 

acknowledged the United State Supreme Court’s admonition to courts to defer to the expertise of 

correction officials on matters of discipline and security. See id. at 968. Based on its finding that 

the relationship between a parent and child is a fundamental right, however, the state court 

determined that even a good faith claim of maintaining jail security which would separate a 

parent and child for long periods of time denies the constitutional rights of association and 

privacy inherent in the parent and child relationship. See id.

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In a 1995 decision, a Mississippi federal district court held that an evidentiary hearing 

was necessary to determine whether a policy banning children under age 12 from visitations with 

detainees was “an exaggerated and overbroad response to security concerns under the factual 

circumstance of this case.” Hallal v. Hopkins, 947 F. Supp. 978, 997 (S.D. Miss.). That court 

discussed some precedent stating that an “inmate’s desire to touch and hold family members ... 

is a natural human desire and that deprivation of it is serious.” Id. at 996 (quoting Jones v. 

Diamond, 636 F.2d 1364, 1377 (5th Cir. 1981)). 

On the other hand, several courts have found that certain policies banning children from 

visiting inmates were not improper, and several of them have also declined to find any 

constitutional right to visitations with family members. In a 1986 decision, a federal district court 

in Pennsylvania held that a ban preventing children from visiting prisoners housed in maximum 

security did not violate the inmate-plaintiff’s rights, as it was neither unreasonable nor 

discriminatory. Ford v. Beister, 657 F. Supp. 607, 611 (M.D. Pa.). The court noted that to visit 

such inmates, the children would have to “proceed to the virtual center of the prison,” which 

would compromise the institution’s internal security. Id. at 611. The court also approvingly 

quoted a holding from the Fifth Circuit that incarcerated persons “maintain no right to simple 

physical association—with their parents or with anyone else—grounded in the first amendment.” 

Id. (quoting Thorne, 765 F.2d at 1274). The court distinguished cases such as Valentine because 

they involved pretrial detainees. Ford, 657 F. Supp. at 612 (“It can be argued that a detainee, 

awaiting trial, has a more fundamental right to visitation than a prisoner who already has been 

convicted and imprisoned.”). 

A New York state court determined in 1991 that there was no fundamental right to 

visitations under that state’s constitution. Victory v. Coughlin, 165 A.D.2d 402, 404, 568 

N.Y.S.2d 186, (N.Y. App. Div. 3d Dep’t). Specifically, that court found that visitations for 

convicted inmates are a privilege rather than a right, and thus inmates have no legitimate 

expectation of a protected interest in visitations. Id. at 404-405. That court also distinguished 

cases involving pretrial detainees, stating that there is a “clear distinction” between the rights of 

such detainees, versus inmates who are incarcerated post-conviction. Id.

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In a 1994 decision, an Iowa federal district court held that although prohibitions on 

visitations by children may violate an inmate’s constitutional rights, a regulation could 

nevertheless be valid if it was reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest. Navin v. 

Iowa Dep’t of Corrections, 843 F. Supp. 500, 504 (N.D. Iowa 1994). In that case, the restriction 

that a visitor under age 18 must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian was found to be

reasonably related to the need for security and tranquility at the institution. 

A Utah federal district court determined in a 1997 decision that inmates do not have any 

due process right to visitation with children under eight years of age, and that the ban on such 

visitations was rationally related to safety and security concerns. N.E.W. v. Kennard, 952 F. 

Supp. 714, 719 (D. Utah 1997). The court further found there was no denial of equal protection 

rights based on the ban, because it was not shown to be arbitrary. Id. at 720.

More recently, in a 2012 decision, the Second Circuit in Mills v. Fisher analyzed a claim 

based on the denial of an inmate’s visit with his sixteen-year-old son in 2009. 497 F. App’x 114.

That court assumed for the purposes of its analysis that an inmate may have a right to visitations 

protected by the First Amendment under Overton, but held that such a right could be subject to 

reasonable restrictions. Id. at 116-17. The plaintiff did not state a claim in that case, since the 

institution reasonably required proper identification from visitors, which the inmate’s son 

admittedly did not have. Id. at 117.

In 2015, the Sixth Circuit considered a claim by a detainee that a jail policy barring visits 

by minors to “high security” inmates violated that detainee’s First, Eighth, and Fourteenth 

Amendment rights. Nouri v. Cty. of Oakland, 615 F. App’x 291 (6th Cir. 2015). The detaineefather was denied visitations with his children while he awaited a re-trial, from May 2008 

through April 2011. The Sixth Circuit relied on Overton, and focused on whether the restriction 

had a rational relation to a legitimate penological interest, rather than whatever rights may exist 

in such a situation. The court ultimately upheld the policy, finding it was limited and focused on 

the most troublesome inmates, rationally addressed internal security concerns and protections of 

minor visitors from injury, and that the inmate had reasonable, alternative means to communicate 

with his children, such as by relaying messages through his spouse. Id. at 298-99. The fact that 

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Overton did not involve pretrial detainees was not persuasive to the Sixth Circuit, because it 

found that the Supreme Court has applied the same rational basis review to limitations on 

visitations with detainees as it has on limitations for visitations with convicted inmates. Id. at 

299.

This relevant Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent, as well as relevant case law 

from other jurisdictions, does not show that the right Plaintiff asserts in this case was clearly 

established when he was denied visitations with his minor children as a pretrial detainee. There is 

no binding precedent from the Supreme Court or Ninth Circuit on the matter. At best, Overton

and Dunn suggests that prisoners may enjoy some right to visitations from their children, and 

that a complete ban on visitations by minors may violate that right, but the question remains 

unsettled. 

To the extent that other courts from other jurisdictions have addressed the issue, they

have arrived at differing outcomes based on differing reasoning and the variety of circumstances 

presented. Those courts who have considered the issue have expressly disagreed regarding the 

fundamental issue of whether there is any constitutional basis for asserting a right to visitations

with minor children. Even those courts who have found such a right disagree on what provision 

of the Constitution supports that right. 

Some courts, for example, find that visitations between inmates and their children are 

protected by the constitutional rights of association and privacy under the First Amendment. See

In re Smith, 112 Cal. App. 3d at 968-69 (United States and California Constitutions). Other 

courts, on the contrary, convincingly reason that visitation rights are not the type of association 

rights protected by the First Amendment, since freedom of association as articulated by the 

Supreme Court is rooted in free speech, the advancement of beliefs and ideas, and the advocacy 

of points of view, rather than any right to see and visit with another person. See Thorne, 765 F.2d 

at 1273-74 (“[A]ny first amendment right to mere physical association is so attenuated from the 

true protections of that amendment as to not be deserving of the usual strictures placed on 

abridgement of first amendment rights including restriction only by the least drastic means.”).

Still other courts that have addressed a right to visitations with minor children have simply 

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assumed for the sake of argument that it may exist, and instead focused on whether the 

restrictions imposed upon the visitations were reasonable. 

The courts have also disagreed on whether any constitutional right to visitations from an 

inmate’s minor children, to the extent it exists, should be analyzed differently for pretrial 

detainees as compared to convicted inmates. Some courts have found that institutional safety and 

security are equally pressing concerns regardless of the inmates’ status, by relying on the 

principle announced by the Supreme Court in Block v. Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576, 587, 104 S. Ct. 

3227, 3233, 82 L. Ed. 2d 438 (1984), that “[t]here is no basis for concluding that pretrial 

detainees pose any lesser security risk than convicted inmates.” See e.g., Nouri, 615 Fed. Appx. 

(citing Block for this principle). Other courts have found that there must be a distinction 

regarding the freedoms and privileges enjoyed by an inmate depending on whether they have 

been convicted or still enjoy the presumption of innocence.

In summary, the relevant law does not show there was any clearly established right

protecting an inmate from policies banning visitations with his minor children at the time of the 

events at issue, particularly when, as Plaintiff alleges here, the stated purpose of the policy

enforced by the officials was to protect “the Safety and Security of the institution and the safety 

of the children.” (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 12, ¶ 34.) To the extent a policy enacted with such 

purposes has been subject to constitutional scrutiny, most courts have held that it can survive 

such scrutiny if it is in fact a reasonable response to such concerns. The claims Plaintiff asserts in 

this case cannot be described as “beyond debate,” and thus clearly established, at the time that 

the policy at issue here prevented him from having visitations with his children. See Carroll, 135 

S. Ct. at 350. Accordingly, the Court agrees with Defendants that their motion to dismiss with 

respect to the claims against the individual officials in their individual capacity should be 

granted, on qualified immunity grounds, because the right Plaintiff asserts was not clearly 

established at the time of his alleged constitutional deprivations. 

4. Monell Claims Against County of Merced

Finally, the Court turns to the sole remaining claims Plaintiff has asserted in this action: 

the violation of his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights by the County of Merced based on 

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the policy at issue here. Defendants assert that under Overton and Dunn, Plaintiff has no absolute 

right to visitations with his family members while incarcerated, and thus there are no First 

Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment violations here. However, Plaintiff does not assert an 

absolute right to visitations with his minor children, but rather asserts that the policy here was 

not reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives, under the facts and circumstances he 

has alleged. Plaintiff acknowledges in his first amended complaint that the stated purposes of the 

policy were to protect institutional safety and security and the safety of children. He claims that 

the policy was not a reasonable response to these concerns. Among his allegations are that there 

were little risks of safety and security because all visits at the Merced County Jail are noncontact; that is, the inmates and their visitors are fully separated by glass partitions. (First Am. 

Compl. ¶ 39.) Thus, the visitations would not have resulted in any risk of physical harm to the 

children, nor any possibility of security violations, such as the passing of contraband to the 

inmates using the children. (Id.) He further alleges that despite these non-existent risks, the 

policy was employed to deny him visitations with his children, causing him great mental and 

emotional hardship. (Id. at ¶ 42.) 

As discussed at length above, the Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have held that 

incarceration does not terminate a person’s rights, whatever they may be, to familial association. 

Overton, 539 U.S. at 132 (“We do not hold, and we do not imply, that any right to intimate 

association is altogether terminated by incarceration or is always irrelevant to claims made by 

prisoners.”); Dunn, 621 F.3d at 1205 (“[W]e do not hold or imply that incarceration entirely 

extinguishes the right to receive visits from family members.”). Although incarceration 

necessarily brings with it limitations on a person’s rights, particularly those of association, a 

prisoner nevertheless retains those rights which “are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner 

or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system.” Pell v. Procunier, 417 

U.S. 817, 822, 94 S. Ct. 2800, 2804, 41 L. Ed. 2d 495 (1974). In cases such as this in which a 

visitation policy is being challenged, the Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have inquired into

whether the regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests under the facts 

and circumstances of the case. Overton, 539 U.S. at 132 (citing Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 

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89, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987)); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 884 (citing 

Turner, 482 U.S. at 89). 

Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Turner, the four factors to be balanced in 

determining whether a prison regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests

are:

(1) Whether there is a “‘valid, rational connection’ between the prison 

regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify 

it”;

(2) Whether there are “alternative means of exercising the right that 

remain open to prison inmates”;

(3) Whether “accommodation of the asserted constitutional right” will 

“impact ... guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison 

resources generally”; and

(4) Whether there is an “absence of ready alternatives” versus the 

“existence of obvious, easy alternatives.”

Shakur, 514 F.3d at 884 (quoting Turner, 482 U.S. at 89–90). Each of these inquiries is heavily 

fact-based, and cannot be resolved merely on the allegations of Plaintiff’s pleading. 

Defendants assert that the challenged policy was critical to the safety and security of the 

jail, as well as the protection of children from physical harm or injury during visitations, and that 

these goals are among the most legitimate of penological goals. The Court agrees that 

institutional safety and security concerns are among the most fundamental and legitimate 

concerns of correctional institutions and jails. However, the record in this case is absent of 

sufficient factual detail to make a determination that the policy here was rationally related to the 

stated penological goals underlying the policy. Since it is premature to make this determination 

at this stage, the Court recommends that the motion to dismiss on this basis be denied, and 

Plaintiff’s claims against the County of Merced be allowed to proceed. See Dunn, 621 F.3d at 

1205 n.7 (application of the Turner factors would be premature at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage) (citing 

Shakur, 514 F.3d at 887-88; Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 878-79 (9th Cir. 1993)). 

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III. Conclusion and Recommendation

Since not all parties have consented to magistrate judge jurisdiction, the Court orders the 

Clerk of the Court to assign this action to a district judge.

Further, for the reasons stated above, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:

1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the first amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), 

(ECF No. 30), should be granted in part and denied in part;

2. Plaintiff’s claims under the Fifth and Eighth Amendment should be dismissed, 

without leave to amend;

3. Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief should be dismissed, as moot, without leave 

to amend;

4. Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Blake, Cavallero, Scott, Thoreson, and 

Blodgett in their official capacities, and the Merced County Sheriff’s Department, 

should be dismissed for failure to state a claim, and the County of Merced should 

be substituted as a defendant;

5. Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Blake, Cavallero, Scott, Thoreson, and 

Blodgett in their individual capacities should be dismissed on the grounds that 

they are entitled to qualified immunity; and

6. This case should proceed on Plaintiff’s claims against the County of Merced for 

the violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendment based on the policy at 

Merced County Jail denying visitations with minors under age 12 to pretrial 

detainees.

These Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District 

Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within 

thirty (30) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendation, the parties may file 

written objections with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate 

Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” 

///

///

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The parties are advised that the failure to file objections within the specified time may result in 

the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual findings” on appeal. Wilkerson v. 

Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th 

Cir. 1991)).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: October 19, 2016 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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