Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_13-cv-02714/USCOURTS-casd-3_13-cv-02714-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 840
Nature of Suit: Trademark
Cause of Action: 15:1114 Trademark Infringement

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CELEBRITY CHEFS TOUR, LLC, 

a California limited liability company;

and PROMARK PRODUCTIONS,

LLC, a California limited liability

company,

Plaintiffs,

CASE NO. 13-CV-2714 JLS (KSC)

ORDER: (1) GRANTING

DEFENDANT EXECUTIVE

PROGRAM SERVICES, INC.’S

REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL

NOTICE; AND (2) GRANTING IN

PART AND DENYING IN PART

DEFENDANT EXECUTIVE

PROGRAM SERVICES, INC.’S

MOTION TO DISMISS

PURSUANT TO FEDERAL RULE

OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 12(b)(6)

(ECF No. 66)

vs.

MACY’S, INC, a Delaware

corporation; WHIRLPOOL

CORPORATION, a Delaware

corporation; LEC MEDIA, LLC, 

an Illinois limited liability company;

EXECUTIVE PROGRAM

SERVICES, INC., a Washington

corporation; JACK O’DONNELL, 

an individual; SCOTT DUMMLER, 

an individual; DEVIN ALEXANDER,

INC, a California corporation; DEVIN

ALEXANDER, a.k.a. RENEE

SIMONE, an individual; and DOES

1–10, inclusive,

Defendants.

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Presently before the Court is Defendant Executive Program Services, Inc.’s

(“EPS”) Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”) Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6). (ECF No. 66.) Also before the Court is EPS’s Request for Judicial Notice

(“RJN”) (ECF No. 66-2), as well as Plaintiffs Celebrity Chefs Tour, LLC (“CCT”) and

Promark Productions, LLC’s (“Promark,” and, collectively, “Plaintiffs”) Response in

Opposition to (ECF No. 72) and EPS’s Reply in Support of (ECF No. 75) the MTD. 

The Court vacated the motion hearing and took the matter under submission without

oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1.d.1. (ECF No. 74.) Having considered

the parties’ arguments and the law, the Court GRANTS EPS’s RJN and GRANTS IN

PART AND DENIES IN PART EPS’s MTD.

BACKGROUND

The Court thoroughly summarized the factual and procedural background of this

case in ruling on a related motion to dismiss, and accordingly the Court hereby

incorporates by reference the background as set forth therein. (See Order 2–7, ECF No.

78.) 

REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE

Federal Rule of Evidence 201 provides that “[t]he court may judicially notice a

fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known within

the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined

from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” “Judicially noticed

facts often consist of matters of public record.” Botelho v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 692 F.

Supp. 2d 1174, 1178 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (citations omitted); see also W. Fed. Sav. & Loan

Ass’n v. Heflin Corp., 797 F. Supp. 790, 792 (N.D. Cal. 1992). While “a court may take

judicial notice of the existence of matters of public record, such as a prior order or

decision,” it should not take notice of “the truth of the facts cited therein.” Marsh v.

Cnty. of San Diego, 432 F. Supp. 2d 1035, 1043 (S.D. Cal. 2006).

EPS asks the Court to judicially notice the following four (4) documents, all filed

with the United States Patent and Trademark Office: (1) Trademark/Service Mark

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Application for “Great American Chefs Tour,” Serial No. 85284912, filed on April 4,

2011; (2) Office Action regarding Trademark Application Serial No. 85284912; (3)

Response to Office Action regarding Trademark Application Serial No. 85284912; and

(4) Trademark Registration No. 4,145,234, registered May 22, 2012. (See generally

RJN, ECF No. 66-2.) All of these documents are available to the public and are

certified and maintained by an official office. Their accuracy cannot therefore be

reasonably disputed. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS EPS’s RJN as to all four (4)

documents. 

MOTION TO DISMISS

I. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the

defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,”

generally referred to as a motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint

states a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts in light of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that

the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not require ‘detailed factual

allegations,’ . . . it [does] demand[] more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfullyharmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other words, “a plaintiff’s obligation

to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). “Nor

does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual

enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id.

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A claim is

facially plausible when the facts pled “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable

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inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly,

550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the claim must be probable, but there must be

“more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. Facts

“‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” fall short of a plausible entitlement to

relief. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Further, the Court need not accept as

true “legal conclusions” contained in the complaint. Id. This review requires contextspecific analysis involving the Court’s “judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at

679 (citation omitted). “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer

more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not

‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” Id.

Where a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless

the court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged

pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc.,

957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well

Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). In other words, where leave to

amend would be futile, the Court may deny leave to amend. 

II. Analysis

Plaintiffs assert the following seventeen claims: (1) breach of contract (Macy’s);

(2) breach of contract (Dummler, LEC, and O’Donnell); (3) breach of contract

(Alexander); (4) intentional misrepresentation (Alexander, DAI, Dummler, LEC,

Macy’s, and O’Donnell); (5) negligent misrepresentation (Alexander, DAI, Dummler,

LEC, Macy’s, and O’Donnell); (6) conversion (all Defendants); (7) trademark

infringement (all Defendants); (8) false designation of origin (all Defendants); (9)

trademark dilution (all Defendants); (10) common law unfair competition (all

Defendants); (11) unfair competition in violation of California Business and Professions

Code § 17200 (all Defendants); (12) misappropriation of ideas (all Defendants); (13)

intentional interference with contractual relations (EPS, Dummler, LEC, Macy’s,

O’Donnell, and Whirlpool); (14) intentional interference with prospective economic

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advantage (EPS, Dummler, LEC, Macy’s, O’Donnell, and Whirlpool); (15) negligent

interference with contractual relations (EPS, Dummler, LEC, Macy’s, O’Donnell, and

Whirlpool); (16) negligent interference with prospective economic advantage (EPS,

Dummler, LEC, Macy’s, O’Donnell, and Whirlpool); and (17) declaratory relief (EPS,

LEC, Macy’s, and Whirlpool).1

 The Court addresses each in turn.

A. Request for Punitive Damages

As a preliminarymatter,EPS asserts that Plaintiffs’ trademark claims fail because

Plaintiffsseek punitive damages, which are unavailable under the Lanham Act. (MTD

10 n.2, ECF No. 66-1.) However, “a Rule 12(b)(6) motion will not be granted merely

because a plaintiff requests a remedy to which he or she is not entitled.” Summit Tech.,

Inc. v. High-Line Med. Instruments, Co., 933 F. Supp. 918, 927–28 (C.D. Cal. July 16,

1996) (citation, alteration, and internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, the Court

declines to rule on the propriety of Plaintiffs’ requests for punitive damages because a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion is the improper vehicle for raising this argument. Rather, EPS

should have addressed this issue in a Rule 12(f) motion to strike. See, e.g., Rodriguez

v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 809 F. Supp. 2d 1291, 1300 (S.D. Cal. 2011); Clark v.

Allstate Ins. Co., 106 F. Supp. 2d 1016 (S.D. Cal. 2000); Clement v. Am. Greetings

Corp., 636 F. Supp. 1326, 1332, 1333–34 (S.D. Cal. 1986). 

B. Claim 6: Conversion

The elements of a claim for conversion consist of (1) ownership or a right to

possession, (2) wrongful disposition of the property, and (3) damages. G. S. Rasmussen

& Assocs., Inc. v. Kalitta Flying Serv., Inc., 958 F.2d 896, 906 (9th Cir. 1992). 

Moreover, § 229 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides:

One who receives possession of a chattel from another with the intent to

acquire for himself or for a third person a proprietary interest in the

chattel which the other has not the power to transfer is subject to liability for conversion to a third person then entitled to the immediate possession of the chattel.

1

 EPS does not seek to dismiss this seventeenth claim, and accordingly this Order does

not address it.

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California Courts have cited approvingly to § 229. See, e.g., Moore v. Regents of Univ.

of Cal., 51 Cal. 3d 120, 157 n.4 (1990); Strutt v. Ontario Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 28 Cal.

App. 3d 866, 874–75 (1972).

EPS first argues that Plaintiffs’ conversion claim fails because Plaintiffs “do not

allege EPS actually converted the property by a wrongful act. Plaintiffs admit they

voluntarily shipped (i.e. consented) the CCT Assets to LEC’s offices in Chicago—not

to EPS; therefore, there can be no wrongful act.” (MTD 8, ECF No. 66-1 (emphasis in

original).) Plaintiffs argue that they properly allege a claim for conversion because “an

action for conversion lies not only in the taking of another’s property, but also in the

wrongful retention and/or use of that property.” (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n 9, ECF No. 72.) 

Plaintiffs claim that, because EPS knew that Plaintiffs had rights in the CCT Assets but

nonetheless distributed the CCT Assets to public television stations, EPS engaged in

conversion. (Id.) The Court agrees with Plaintiffs.

Plaintiffs sufficiently plead the elements of a conversion claim. First, Plaintiffs

repeatedly assert their ownership of the GACT copyright, trademark, and content. 

(Compl. ¶¶ 14–16, 28, 48, 118, ECF No. 1.) While Plaintiffs purportedly “consented

to LEC holding the CCT Assets temporarily until it could be determined where they

should be sent,” Plaintiffs have since requested the return of the CCT Assets, but

Defendants have refused to return them. (Id. ¶¶ 75, 77, 119.) Thus, Plaintiffs had a

right to immediate possession of the CCT Assets, including the Tour footage. 

Second, Plaintiffs allege that various public television stations have informed

Plaintiffs that they received GACT from EPS. (Id. ¶ 83.) Plaintiffs allege that they

subsequently “contacted EPS, who confirmed that they had contracted with LEC to

distribute the TV Show and had, in fact, been distributing the TV Show to public

broadcasting stations nationwide.” (Id. ¶ 84.) That EPS may not have ever possessed

the physical tapes is of no consequence, as it nonetheless gained possession of and 

///

///

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claimed an interest in the intellectual property contained therein.2 EPS claims that

Plaintiffs fail to allege that EPS knew of Plaintiffs’ purported ownership interest in the

CCT Assets. (Reply 4, ECF No. 75.) Presumably, EPS is arguing that it engaged in no

“wrongful” behavior. However, Plaintiffs allege:

EPS also informed [Plaintiffs] that they had been made aware of [Plaintiffs’] ownership of the TV Show and that, before agreeing to

distribute the TV Show, EPS had insisted on and obtained from LEC an

agreement indemnifying EPS from any claims by [Plaintiffs] that might arise out of their distribution of the TV Show.

(Compl. ¶ 84, ECF No. 1.) Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), “[m]alice,

intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs allege that EPS engaged in the wrongful disposition of the CCT

Assets.

Third, Plaintiffs allege that they “ha[ve] been damaged” by their loss of the CCT

Assets and their inability to distribute GACT themselves. (Compl. ¶¶ 102, 122, ECF

No. 1.) EPS contends that the claim must be dismissed because Plaintiffs improperly

seek compensatory damages rather than the damages for conversion mandated by

California Civil Code § 3336. (MTD 8–9, ECF No. 66-1.) However, Plaintiffs have

alleged all that is required of them on a motion to dismiss. See Summit Tech, 933 F. at

927–28. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have stated a prima facie claim for conversion, and the

Court DENIES EPS’s MTD as to this claim.

C. Claims 7 & 8: Trademark Infringement and False Designation of Origin

To state a claim for federal trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, a

plaintiff must show: “‘(1) that it has a protectible ownership interest in the mark; and

(2) that the defendant’s use of the mark is likely to cause consumer confusion.’” 

Network Automation, Inc. v. Advanced Sys. Concepts, Inc., 638 F.3d 1137, 1144 (9th

2

 “In short, California does not follow the Restatement’s strict requirement that some

document must actually represent the owner’s intangible property right. On the contrary,

courts routinely apply the tort [of conversion] to intangibles without inquiring whether they

are merged in a document.” Kremen v. Cohen, 337 F.3d 1024, 1033 (9th Cir. 2002)

(explaining that California jurisprudence “recognizes conversion of music recordings, radio

shows, customer lists, regulatory filings, confidential information and even domain names”).

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Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). A claim for false designation of origin is subject to “[t]he

same standard,” except a claim for false designation of origin does not require that the

mark be registered. See Brookfield Commc’ns, Inc. v. W. Coast Ent. Corp., 174 F.3d

1036, 1046 n.6 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114(1) (trademark infringement),

1125(a)(1) (false designation of origin)). Thus, the Court analyzes these claims jointly.

As to the first element, EPS argues that judicially noticeable records establish that

only CCT owns the GACT trademark. (MTD 9, ECF No. 66-1.) The Court, however,

disagrees. The public records at issue are dated June 2011 through May 2012. Thus,

it is possible that CCT assigned the GACT mark to Promark sometime after May 22,

2012 but prior to or during the acts comprising Plaintiffs’ allegations. Thus, the Court

declines at this time to dismiss the trademark claims against Promark on this basis. 

Plaintiffs allege ownership of the mark as to both CCT and Promark, and thus Plaintiffs

have sufficiently alleged the first element of their trademark infringement claim. (See

Compl. ¶¶ 16, 125, ECF No. 1.)

As to the second element, EPS argues that Plaintiffs fail to allege “that EPS is

using any trademark, let alone using CCT’s trademark or a colorable imitation of CCT’s

mark on goods in commerce without CCT’s consent or that such use is likely to cause

confusion, mistake or deceive the public.” (MTD 9, 10–11, ECF No. 66-1.) The Court,

however, disagrees. When evaluating likelihood of confusion on a motion to dismiss,

“[i]f the court determines as a matter of law from the pleadings that the goods are

unrelated and confusion is unlikely, the complaint should be dismissed.” Murray v.

Cable Nat’l Broad. Co., 86 F.3d 858, 860 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Toho Co. Ltd. v. Sears,

Roebuck & Co., 645 F.2d 788, 790–91 (9th Cir. 1981)). But, while likelihood of

confusion is capable of being decided as a matter of law, “[w]hether confusion is likely

is a factual determination woven into the law” that courts “routinely treat . . . as [an

issue] of fact” best left for determination by a jury. Levi Strauss & Co. v. Blue Bell,

Inc., 778 F.2d 1352, 1356, 1356 n.5 (9th Cir. 1985). 

It does not appear as a matter of law that consumer confusion is unlikely here. 

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Plaintiffs allege that “Defendants have used and are using [Plaintiffs’] registered mark.” 

(Compl. ¶ 126, ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs claim that Defendants are using the mark in

commerce, “in connection with the distribution[] and/or advertising of a television

show.” (Id.) More specifically, Plaintiffs allege that EPS has distributed GACT to

public broadcast stations and the public pursuant to a contract with LEC, despite

knowing that Plaintiffs own all interests in GACT, and that LEC and other Defendants

have attempted “to deceive the public and public television stations” into believing that

GACT belongs to them. (Id. ¶¶ 83–86.) Confusion seems particularly likely given that

the goods are so similar—indeed, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants are in reality

marketing Plaintiffs’ television show as Defendants’ own. (Id. ¶¶ 79–87.) 

EPS argues that, in their Opposition, Plaintiffs “reveal” that the true basis for

their trademark claims against EPS is the use of a similar name, not a similar mark. 

(Reply 5, ECF No. 75.) EPS contends that, because Plaintiffs disclaimed a “legally

protectable interest in any one of the words used in their trademark separate and apart

from the registered mark,” Defendants’ use of the name “American Chefs on Tour”

cannot alone constitute trademark infringement. (Id. at 5–6 (citing RJN Ex. 2, ECF No.

66-3.) 

In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a court generally cannot consider

matters outside of the pleadings without converting the motion into one for summary

judgment. “Memoranda of points and authorities as well as briefs and oral arguments

. . . are not considered matters outside the pleadings.” Rowe v. Educ. Credit Mgmt.

Corp., 559 F.3d 1028, 1032 (9th Cir. 2009) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). However, “[c]onsideration of legal documents outside the pleadings is limited

to the non-factual contents thereof.” Jones v. Penn Nat’l Ins. Co., 835 F. Supp. 2d 89,

94 (W.D.N.C. 2011) (citing Engler v. Cendant Corp., 434 F. Supp. 2d 119 (E.D.N.Y.

2006); Thomas v. D.C. Gov’t, 580 F. Supp. 2d 142 (D.D.C. 2008)); accord Innovative

Digital Equip., Inc. v. Quantum Tech., Inc., 597 F. Supp. 983, 988 (N.D. Ohio 1984)

(emphasis added) (explaining that “legal arguments in briefs” are properly considered

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in Rule 12(b)(6) motions)). Thus, “‘[i]n determining the propriety of a Rule 12(b)(6)

dismissal, a court may not look beyond the complaint to a plaintiff’s moving papers,

such as a memorandum in opposition.’” Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 1026 n.2 (9th

Cir. 2003) (emphasis in original) (quoting Schneider v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr., 151 F.3d

1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998)).

The Court declines to convert this motion into one for summary judgment. 

Moreover, Plaintiffs’ Complaint explicitly alleges that Defendants’ trademark

infringement arises from their “use of [GACT] names and marks” without Plaintiffs’

authority and in a manner likely to cause confusion. (Compl. ¶ 126, ECF No. 1.) 

Merely because Plaintiffs chose to focus on Defendants’ use of a confusingly similar

name in their Opposition does not negate the allegations in their Complaint that

Defendants also used Plaintiffs’ protected mark. The Court, therefore, declines to

dismiss these claims on this basis. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have

satisfactorily alleged federal trademark infringement and false designation of origin

claims and accordingly DENIES EPS’s MTD as to these claims.

D. Claim 9: Trademark Dilution

To plead a claim for federal trademark dilution, a plaintiff must show that it owns

a famous and distinctive trademark, that the defendant began using the mark in

commerce after the mark became famous, and that the defendant’s use of the mark is

likely to cause dilution by blurring or tarnishment. Visa Int’l Serv. Ass’n v. JSL Corp.,

610 F.3d 1088, 1089–90 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Jada Toys, Inc. v. Mattel, Inc., 518 F.3d

628, 634 (9th Cir. 2007)); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c). 

The parties disagree as to whether Plaintiffs adequately allege a famous mark. 

“A mark is famous if it is widely recognized by the general consuming public of the

United States as a designation of source of the goods or services of the mark’s owner.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1125(c)(2)(A). In determining whether a mark is famous, a court may

consider “all relevant factors,” including: (1) “[t]he duration, extent, and geographic

reach of advertising and publicity of the mark”; (2) “[t]he amount, volume, and

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geographic extent of sales of goods or services offered under the mark”; (3) “[t]he

extent of actual recognition of the mark”; and (4) whether the mark is registered. Id. §

1125(c)(2)(A)(i)–(iv). EPS urges that Plaintiffs do not allege that a large percentage of

the general consuming public recognizes the GACT mark, only that it was presented to

several television stations in 2011 and at a public television industry event. (MTD 13,

ECF No. 66-1.) Plaintiffs counter that EPS’s arguments go to the merits of the case

rather than the sufficiency of the Complaint. (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n 11–12, ECF No. 72.) 

The Court, however, agrees with EPS.

The Court notes that the GACT mark is federally registered, and thus the fourth

factor favors a finding of fame. However, Plaintiffs make no allegations about any

advertising and publicity efforts; Plaintiffs apparently made no sales of any GACT

content; and Plaintiffs fail to allege any facts concerning wide-reaching access to, much

less recognition of, their mark. Plaintiffs allege that their mark was well-received by

television stations and had a “substantial presence” at the APT Fall Marketplace, which

appears to have been attended primarily by persons in the entertainment industry. 

(Compl. ¶ 138, ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs also argue that the show was filmed over the

course of ten live events in several major cities. (Id.) However, these allegations fall

short of “wide recognition,” and at most suggest that the mark might be famous in the

insufficient “niche” market of the entertainment industry. See Planet Coffee Roasters,

Inc. v. Dam, No. SACV 09-00571-MLG, 2009 WL 2486457, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 12,

2009) (citations omitted). Thus, even applying the relatively lax standard governing

Rule 12(b)(6) motions, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations of fame

are fatally defective to stating a “facial[ly] plausib[le]” claim for trademark dilution. 

See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS WITHOUT

PREJUDICE EPS’s MTD as to this claim.

E. Claim 10: Common Law Unfair Competition

“‘The common law tort of unfair competition is generally thought to be

synonymous with the act of “passing off” one’s goods as those of another . . . [, or] acts

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analogous to “passing off,” such as the sale of confusingly similar products, by which

a person exploits a competitor’s reputation in the market.’” Southland Sod Farms v.

Stover Seed Co., 108 F.3d 1134, 1147 (9th Cir. 1997), not followed on other grounds

by McKendall v. Crown Control Corp., 122 F.3d 803 (1997) (alteration in original)

(quoting Bank of the W. v. Superior Court, 2 Cal 4th 1254, 1263 (1992)); see also

Sybersound Records, Inc. v. UAV Corp., 517 F.3d 1137, 1153 (9th Cir. 2008). “The tort

developed as an equitable remedy against the wrongful exploitation of trade names and

common law trademarks that were not otherwise entitled to legal protection.” Bank of

the W., 2 Cal 4th at 1263 (citation omitted). “The decisive test of common law unfair

competition is whether the public is likely to be deceived about the source of goods or

services by the defendant’s conduct. Hokto Kinoko Co. v. Concord Farms, Inc., 810

F. Supp. 2d 1013, 1032 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (citations omitted). 

EPS argues that this claim must be dismissed because Plaintiffs hold a valid,

registered trademark. (See MTD 13–14, ECF No. 66-1; Reply 7, ECF No. 75.) 

Plaintiffs argue that the mere existence of a valid, registered trademark does not

preclude their claim. (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n 12, ECF No. 72.) The Court agrees with

Plaintiffs. Courts have routinely entertained claims for both trademark infringement

and common law unfair competition, implying that the two causes of action are not

mutually exclusive, particularly at the pleading stage. See, e.g., Hokto Kinoko, 810 F.

Supp. 2d 1013; Wecosign, Inc. v. IFG Holdings, Inc., 845 F. Supp. 2d 1072, 1079 (C.D.

Cal. 2012) (“[T]he Ninth Circuit ‘has consistently held that state common law claims

of unfair competition and actions pursuant to California Business and Professions Code

§ 17200 are “substantially congruent” to claims under the Lanham Act.’ . . . Therefore,

the Court jointly analyzes Plaintiff’s trademark infringement, false designation of

origin, state statutory unfair competition, and state common law unfair competition

claims.”); Moroccanoil, Inc. v. Allstate Beauty Prods., Inc., 847 F. Supp. 2d 1197 (C.D.

Cal. 2012); Vallavista Corp. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 657 F. Supp. 2d 1132 (N.D. Cal.

2008); Microsoft Corp. v. Nop, 549 F. Supp. 2d 1233 (E.D. Cal. 2007); Area 55, Inc.

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v. Pandamerican LLC, No. 10-CV-269-H (NLS), 2010 WL 3564715 (S.D. Cal. Sept.

10, 2010); Mallard Creek Indus., Inc. v. Morgan, 56 Cal. App. 4th 426 (1997). Thus,

the Court does not believe that Plaintiffs’ common law unfair competition claim is

precluded as a matter of law. Moreover, because the Court has already determined that

Plaintiffs plausibly allege EPS’s distribution of confusingly similar goods (see supra

pp. 8–9), the Court DENIES EPS’s MTD as to this claim.

F. Claim 11: Violation of California Business and Professions Code § 17200

California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) prohibits “any unlawful, unfair

or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading

advertising.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200.

Plaintiffs argue that, because EPS’s actions constitute business practices, and

because those acts “form the basis of several other claims for relief” in the Complaint,

they have satisfactorily alleged unlawful business activities. (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n

13–14, ECF No. 72.) The Court agrees. “An unlawful business activity includes

anything that can properly be called a business practice and that at the same time is

forbidden by law.” Blank v. Kirwan, 703 P.2d 58, 69 (Cal. 1985) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting People v. McKale, 25 Cal. 3d 626, 631–32 (1979)). The act

of distributing a television show pursuant to the terms of a contract is certainly a

business practice. Further, because the Court has found that Plaintiffs have plausibly

alleged several violations of law, those violations can serve as predicate unlawful

business activities under the UCL.3

 See Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel.

Co., 973 P.2d 527, 539–40 (Cal. 1999) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)

(“[S]ection 17200 ‘borrows’ violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful

3

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competitor of the defendant.” (MTD 15, ECF No. 66-1.) Yet, EPS is mistaken. The class of

persons who may bring claims under the UCL is broader than EPS asserts. Indeed, any

“person who has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of the unfair

competition” has standing to pursue a UCL claim. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17204; see Rubio

v. Capital One Bank, 613 F.3d 1195, 1204 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding that credit card holder had

standing to assert UCL claim against credit card issuer); Clayworth v. Pfizer, Inc., 233 P.3d

1066, 1087 (Cal. 2010) (finding that pharmacies, having “had business dealings with”

pharmaceutical companies, had standing to assert UCL claim). 

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practices that the unfair competition law makes independently actionable.”).

Plaintiffs also claim to have pleaded unfair business practices by “alleg[ing] that

EPS, knowing of Plaintiffs’ rights in the TV show and Plaintiffs’ mark, distributed LEC

and Macy’s stolen and infringing show to public broadcast stations (under an

indemnification agreement).” (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n 13, ECF No. 72.) Plaintiffs claim

that this is a question of fact best left to the jury. (Id.) EPS, however, argues that

Plaintiffs fail to allege unfairness as it pertains to the UCL. (MTD 14–15, ECF No. 19-

1.) The Court agrees with EPS that Plaintiffs fail to allege unfair business practices.

Under the UCL, “the word ‘unfair’ . . . means conduct that threatens an incipient

violation of an antitrust law, or violates the policy or spirit of one of those laws because

its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the law, or otherwise

significantly threatens or harms competition.” Cel-Tech Commc’ns, 973 P.2d at 544. 

Plaintiffs’ allegations, if true, allege unfair acts in a more generalized moral sense. See

F.T.C. v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 405 U.S. 233, 244 n.5 (1972) (explaining that “a

practice that is neither in violation of the antitrust laws nor deceptive [can] nonetheless

[be] unfair” if it is “immoral, unethical, oppressive, or unscrupulous”). However,

Plaintiffs’ allegations fail to allege acts that more narrowly violate the spirit of the

antitrust laws, such as horizontal price fixing, exclusive dealing, or monopolization. 

See Holmes & Mangiaracina, Antitrust Law Handbook § 7:2. 

Finally, Plaintiffs argue that EPS has engaged in fraudulent business practices by

“distribut[ing] a stolen television show with a title confusingly similar to Plaintiffs’

mark,” an act “likely to deceive the public.” (Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n 14, ECF No. 72.) 

The Court agrees. “The fraud prong of the UCL is unlike common law fraud or

deception. A violation can be shown even if no one was actually deceived[ or] relied

upon the fraudulent practice. . . . Instead, it is only necessary to show that members of

the public are likely to be deceived.” Schnall v. Hertz Corp., 78 Cal. App. 4th 1144,

1167 (2000) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alteration omitted). Accepting

Plaintiffs’ allegations as true, Defendants are actively trying to deceive the public into

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believing that Plaintiffs’ show is their own. And, the Court has found that Plaintiffs

have plausibly alleged possible consumer confusion. (See supra pp. 8–9.) 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs have pleaded with adequate specificity that EPS engaged in

unlawful and fraudulent business practices plausibly violating the UCL, and thus the

Court DENIES EPS’s MTD as to this claim.4

G. Claims 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16

In their Opposition, Plaintiffs state that the inclusion of EPS “in the titles of the

twelfth–sixteenth claims for relief was an oversight. . . . Plaintiffs currently make no

claims against EPS” for the twelfth through sixteenth causes of action. (Opp’n 14–15,

ECF No. 72.) Accordingly, the Court GRANTS EPS’s MTD as to these claims.

CONCLUSION 

In light of the foregoing, the Court GRANTS EPS’s Request for Judicial Notice

and GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART EPS’s Motion to Dismiss. The

Court GRANTS EPS’s Motion to Dismiss WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to claims 9,

12, 13, 14, 15, and 16. The Court DENIES EPS’s Motion to Dismiss as to claims 6,

7, 8, 10, and 11.

If Plaintiffs wish, they SHALL FILE an amended complaint within fourteen (14)

days of the date on which this Order is electronically docketed. Failure to file an

amended complaint by this date may result in dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims against

EPS with prejudice. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: April 25, 2014

Honorable Janis L. Sammartino

United States District Judge

4

 As the Court has already explained with regards to Plaintiffs’ requests for punitive

damages and their claim for conversion, “a Rule 12(b)(6) motion will not be granted merely

because a plaintiff requests a remedy to which he or she is not entitled.” Summit Tech., 933

F. Supp. at 927–28 (citation, alteration, and internal quotation marks omitted). Hence, EPS’s

argument that Plaintiffs’ claim fails because it seeks unrecoverable remedies fails. (See MTD

16, ECF No. 66-1; Reply 8–9, ECF No. 75.) 

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