Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_07-cv-00505/USCOURTS-casd-3_07-cv-00505-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 870
Nature of Suit: Tax Suits
Cause of Action: 26:7422 IRS: Refund Taxes

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

THE ESTATE OF RICHARD A. MILLS,

deceased, and THE MILLS

ADMINISTRATIVE TRUST,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 07cv0505 WQH (BLM)

ORDER

vs.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendant.

HAYES, Judge:

The matter before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint.

(Doc. # 8). 

BACKGROUND

Richard A. Mills died on August 30, 1999. Comp. at 2. In January of 1999, Mills

made a gift of thirty percent of the common stock of the Dayton Corporation to his

children, Timothy S. Mills and Gwen Mills. Comp. at Exhibit B. On December 17, 1999,

the Estate of Richard Mills filed a Federal Gift Tax Return Form 709 with the Internal

Revenue Service (“IRS”) showing the taxable value of the gift stock to be $646,372. Id.

The tax liability attributable to the gifted stock, $346,254, was paid on the same date the

tax return was filed. Id. 

On April 12, 2003, the trustee, Timothy S. Mills, on behalf of the Estate of Richard

Mills, filed a Claim for Refund and Request for Abatement Form 843 seeking refund of an

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overpayment of the gift tax on the gifted stock on the grounds that the “value of the gift did

not reflect the built-in tax liability to the Dayton Corporation.” Id. The 2003 Claim for

Refund asserted that the taxable value of the gifted stock was $599,496 entitling the

taxpayer to a refund of $25,781. Id. at Ex. A. On June 23, 2003, the IRS issued a refund

for the full amount of $25,781 claimed in the 2003 Claim for Refund. Hendon Declaration,

Ex. 1 at 3. 

On March 16, 2007, the trustee, Timothy S. Mills, on behalf of the Estate of Richard

Mills filed a Supplemental Claim for Refund and Request for Abatement Form 843 seeking

refund of an overpayment of the gift tax on the gifted stock. Id. at Ex. B. The 2007

Supplemental Claim for Refund asserted that “the taxable gift of $599,496, reduced by the

built-in tax liability must be further reduced, pursuant to the formula set forth in Rev. Rul.

75-72” because the gift tax liability from 1999 was paid by donees Timothy S. Mills and

Gwen Mills. Comp. at 12. The 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund asserted that the

value of the stock was $386,772 entitling the taxpayer to an additional refund of $116,993.

Id. 

On March 20, 2007, the Estate of Richard A. Mills and the Mills Administrative

Trust Estate (“Plaintiff”) filed the Complaint against the United States of America seeking

a federal gift tax refund for the sum of $116,993 plus statutory interest. Comp. at 2. 

On July 3, 2007, the United States filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) on grounds of a lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

On July 19, 2007, the IRS sent notice to the Estate of Richard Mills disallowing the

2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund . 

CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES 

The United States contends that Plaintiff’s 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund is

barred by statute of limitations set forth in 26 U.S.C. § 6511(a). The United States asserts

that Plaintiff had until April 15, 2003 to file a claim for refund with respect to decedent’s

1999 tax form. The United States asserts that the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund

was filed well outside the three year statute of limitations imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 6511(a)

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1

 The Government further contends that Plaintiff’s suit for refund was not timely filed because

it was instituted less than six months after the Supplemental Claim for Refund and Request for

Abatement Form 843 was filed on March 16, 2007. Doc. # 8 at 5. The Court does not reach this issue.

2

 Plaintiff further contends that the defense of variance is “an affirmative defense that can only

be raised in an answer of the defendant and not a Rule 12(b)(1) motion.” However, Defendant is

entitled to raise lack of subject matter jurisdiction in a Rule 12(b)(1) motion.

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and does not fit within any of the exceptions to the statute of limitations requirement. The

United States contends that the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund is not a valid

amendment to the 2003 Claim for Refund because the IRS issued a refund for the full

amount claimed and the 2003 claim was no longer outstanding. The United States contends

that the Plaintiff is not entitled to seek an additional refund outside the statute of limitations

period based on a new legal theory that is not germane to the 2003 Claim for Refund. The

United States asserts that the 2003 Claim for Refund asserted that the gift tax liability was

overstated because it failed to reduce the value of the stock by the amount of the built-in

capital gains tax liability and the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund asserts a different

theory, “namely that the donees paid the decedent’s 1999 gift taxes and not the decedent’s

estate.” Doc. # 11 at 3. 1

 Plaintiff contends that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction to resolve this action

because the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund is a valid amendment to the timely filed

2003 Claim for Refund. Plaintiff contends that the 2007 supplemental claim does not differ

in substance from the 2003 claim because both claims “dealt with the same issue and claim,

namely the value of the stock gifts in January of 1999." Doc. # 10 at 4. Plaintiff asserts that

the 2007 supplemental claim should be “deemed effective and to relate back to the claim of

April 12, 2003, and the entire payment on December 17, 1999 of $346,254, falls within the

26 U.S.C.A. 6511(b)(2)(a) requirement.” Id. Plaintiff asserts that the 2003 claim was “still

alive and well” on March 16, 2007 because no statutory disallowance was issued by the

United States. Id. at 3. Plaintiff contends that the United States cannot “claim surprise or

inadequate time to review the original refund claim” because the 2003 claim and the 2007

supplemental claim address the same issue, namely “the value of the stock gifts.” Doc. # 10

at 5.2

 

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STANDARD OF REVIEW 

A motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) challenges the jurisdiction of the

court over the subject matter of the complaint. “Federal courts are courts of limited

jurisdiction and possess ‘only that power authorized by the Constitution and Statute.’”

Sandpiper Vill. Condo. Ass'n, Inc. v. Louisiana-Pacific Corp., 428 F.3d 831, 841 (9th Cir.

2005) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994)).

Federal courts are presumptively without jurisdiction over civil actions, and it is the

plaintiff's burden to persuade the court that subject matter jurisdiction exists. See

Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377; Hexom v. Oregon Dep't of Transp., 177 F.3d 1134, 1135 (9th

Cir. 1999).

A Rule 12(b)(1) motion “can attack the substance of a complaint's jurisdictional

allegations despite their formal sufficiency, and in so doing rely on affidavits or any other

evidence properly before the court.” St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir.

1989). Thus, the existence of disputed material facts will not preclude the court from

evaluating the merits of jurisdictional claims. Id. Finally, because the plaintiff bears the

burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction, no presumption of truthfulness attaches

to allegations of the plaintiff's complaint, and the court must presume that it lacks

jurisdiction until the plaintiff establishes jurisdiction. See Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated

Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989).

APPLICABLE LAW

“As sovereign, the United States is immune from suit without its consent, and the

terms of its consent when granted define and circumscribe [] jurisdiction.’” United States v.

Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 608 (1990). “The applicable statute of limitations is a term of

consent. The failure to sue the United States within the period of limitations is not simply a

waivable defense; it deprives the district court of jurisdiction to entertain the action.” 

Nesovic v. United States, 71 F.3d 776, 777 (9th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted). “Waivers of

immunity must be construed strictly in favor of the sovereign, and not enlarged beyond

what the [statutory] language requires.” Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 685

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(1983)(quotation and citation omitted). 

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a), the United States has waived its sovereign

immunity and district courts have jurisdiction over suits to recover “any internal-revenue

taxes alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected.” 28 U.S.C. §

1346(a)(1). However, 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) provides that “no suit or proceeding shall be

maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to have been

erroneously or illegally assessed or collected . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been

duly filed with the Secretary, according to the provisions of law in that regard, and the

regulations of the Secretary established in pursuance thereof.” 

A timely claim is a jurisdictional prerequisite to an action for recovery of taxes paid. 

Miller v. United States, 38 F.3d 473, 474 (9th Cir. 1994). 28 U.S.C. § 6511(a) provides:

Claim for credit or refund of an overpayment of any tax imposed by this title in

respect of which tax the taxpayer is required to file a return shall be filed by the

taxpayer within 3 years from the time the return was filed or 2 years from the

time the tax was paid, whichever of such periods expires later, or if no return

was filed by the taxpayer, within 2 years from the time the tax was paid.

The Supreme Court has held that sections 7422(a) and 6511(a), “read together,” establish

that “unless a claim for refund of a tax has been filed within the time limits imposed by §

6511(a), a suit for refund, regardless of whether the tax is alleged to have been

‘erroneously,’ ‘illegally,’ or ‘wrongfully collected,’ . . . may not be maintained in any

court.” United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 602 (1990). “Statutes of limitations play an

important role in tax administration, benefiting both the government and taxpayers. The

government’s authority to assess taxes is limited by 26 U.S.C. § 6501, under which taxes

must be assessed within three years of the filing of the return. 26 U.S.C. § 6501 (2000). 

Similarly, the taxpayer must file its refund claim with the IRS ‘within 3 years of the time

the return was filed . . .’ 26 U.S.C. § 6511(a).” Computervision Corp. v. United States, 445

F.3d 1355, 1362-1363 (Fed. Cir. 2006). 

The Secretary by regulation requires that claims for refund “set forth in detail each

ground upon which a credit or refund claim and facts sufficient to apprise the

Commissioner of the exact basis thereof.” 26 C.F.R. 301.6402-2(b)(1) (2005). The

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requirement for filing a proper refund claim “is designed both to prevent surprise and to

give adequate notice to the Service of the nature of the claim and the specific facts upon

which it is predicated, thereby permitting an administrative investigation and

determination.” Alexander Proudfoot Co. v. United States, 454 F.2d 1379, 1383 (Ct. Cl.

1972) (quoting Union Pac. Railroad Co. v. United States, 389 F.2d 437, 442 (Ct. Cl.1968)). 

DISCUSSION

The issue presented in this case is whether the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund

filed outside of the statute of limitations period provided in 28 U.S.C. §6511(a) is a valid

amendment to the 2003 Claim for Refund. “The Supreme Court has held that in some

circumstances a taxpayer's claim is not barred by the statute of limitations even though the

taxpayer did not timely file a formal, detailed claim required by the regulations.” 

Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1363. See, e.g. United States v. Kales, 314 U.S. 186,

196-97 (1941) (informal claim doctrine); United States v. Andrews, 302 U.S. 517, 524

(1938) (general claim doctrine and germaneness doctrine); United States v. Memphis

Cotton Oil Co., 288 U.S. 62, 70-71 (1933) (waiver doctrine); Bemis Brothers Bag Co. v.

United States, 289 U.S. 28 (1933) (germaneness doctrine). “[T]his aggregation of rules has

come to be known as the substantial variance doctrine. The doctrine permits consideration

of a claim for refund despite failure to timely file detailed formal claims with the IRS when

a substantial variance from the requirement of the regulation is not involved.” 

Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1363 (citations omitted). There are four circumstances

set forth in Computervision Corp. in which the “substantial variance doctrine” has been

applied, two of which may be applicable to this suit - the general claim doctrine and the

germaneness doctrine. 

General claim doctrine

The general claim doctrine is applicable “where (1) the taxpayer has filed a formal

general claim within the limitations period; and (2) an amendment is filed outside the

limitations period that makes the general claim more specific.” Computervision Corp., 445

F.3d at 1368. This exception was recognized by the Supreme Court in United States v.

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Andrews, 302 U.S. 517, 524 (1938). In Andrews, the Supreme Court stated: 

Where a claim which the Commissioner could have rejected as too general, and

as omitting to specify the matters needing investigation, has not misled him but

has been the basis of an investigation which disclosed facts necessary to his

action in making a refund, an amendment which merely makes more definite the

matters already within his knowledge, or which, in the course of his

investigation, he would naturally have ascertained, is permissible. 

302 U.S. at 524. Under the general claims doctrine, “an amendment which merely makes

more definite that matters already within [IRS] knowledge, or which, in the course of []

investigation, [the IRS] would naturally have ascertained, is permissible” even when filed

outside the three year limitations period provided in § 6511(a). Computervision Corp., 445

F.3d at 1368. 

In this case, the Plaintiff’s original 2003 Claim for Refund was not a general claim. 

Plaintiff’s 2003 claim for a reduction of the value of the gifted stock was specifically based

on the fact that the IRS failed to account for the “built-in tax liability” attributable to the

gifted stock in 1999 tax form. See Comp. at Ex. B. Because the general claim doctrine

only applies when the original claim is general rather than specific, the general claim

doctrine will not overcome the bar to the exercise of jurisdiction outside of the statute of

limitations period under the facts of this case.

Germaneness Doctrine

The germaneness doctrine “only applies where the taxpayer (1) files a formal claim

within the limitations period making a specific claim; and (2) after the limitations period

but, while the IRS still has jurisdiction over the claim, files a formal amendment raising a

new legal theory - not specifically raised by the original claim - that is ‘germane’ to the

original claim, that is, it depends upon facts that the IRS examined or should have

examined within the statutory period while determining the merits of the original claim.” 

Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1370; see also United States v. Ideal Basic Indus., Inc.,

404 F.2d 122, 124 (10th Cir. 1968) (permitting amendment where "facts upon which the

amendment is based would necessarily have been ascertained by the Commissioner in

determining the merits of the original claim"). 

As a threshold requirement under the germaneness doctrine, the claim amendment

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must be made upon a timely original claim. Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1370. In

this case, Plaintiff filed a federal gift tax return on behalf of decedent Richard A. Mills on

December 17, 1999. A return filed before the filing due date is deemed to be filed on the

filing due date for purposes of the limitations period articulated in Section 6511(a), in this

case, April 15, 2000. Plaintiff filed the 2003 Claim for Refund on April 12, 2003, which

was within three years of the statutorily determined filing date. 

Under the germaneness doctrine, a formal amendment, if filed after the expiration of

the limitations period, must be filed “while the original claim is still being considered by

the IRS.” Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1371; See also United States v. Wells Fargo

Bank, 393 F.2d 272, 275 (9th Cir. 1968) (refund claim “plainly different from that of the

original claim” filed outside the statute of limitations and after the original claim was

“litigated to completion” was not a valid amendment). “An amendment is ineffective if

filed after the original claim has been either allowed or disallowed by the IRS.” 

Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1371. See also Parker Hannifin Corp v. United States,

71 Fed. Cl. 231, 234 (2006) (“Amendments to a properly filed refund claim are permitted

after the statute of limitations for filing refund claims has expired if the amendment is

‘germane’ to the original claim and was presented before the original claim is resolved.”);

and Union Pac. Railroad, 389 F.2d at 447 (“The disposition of a taxpayer’s refund claim

by allowance of the amount requested in full, however, precludes an amendment asserting

an additional amount after the expiration of the statutory period for refund.”). Compare

Mutual Assurance, Inc. v. United States, 56 F.3d 1353, 1357 (11th Cir. 1995) (amendment

outside of the statute of limitation to a timely filed refund claim which was paid in full

allowed where the “amendment asserted the same grounds for relief as the original claim”). 

 In this case, the Plaintiff filed the 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund on March

16, 2007, nearly four years after the IRS allowed the original 2003 Claim for Refund in

full. All amounts claimed and theories raised in the 2003 Claim for Refund were finally

and completely resolved to the benefit of the taxpayer. No aspect of the 2003 Claim for

Refund was disallowed or remained outstanding. The Court concludes that the 2007

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Supplemental Claim for Refund was filed after the 2003 Claim for Refund was resolved to

completion and was not filed while the IRS had jurisdiction over the 2003 Claim for

Refund.

Application of the germaneness doctrine also requires that the Plaintiff file an

amendment that is “germane” to the original claim. Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at

1370. An amendment is considered germane if “it depends upon facts that the IRS

examined or should have examined within the statutory period while determining the merits

of the original claim.” Id. However, “[e]ven if the IRS possessed the facts necessary to

make [the] computation, ‘it is not enough that somewhere under the Commissioner’s roof is

the information which might enable him to pass on a claim for refund.’” Computervision

Corp., 445 F.3d at 1371 quoting Angelus Milling, 325 U.S. 293, 299 (1945). An

amendment outside the statute of limitation period which claimed “a different amount

under a different theory,” cannot claim the benefit of the germaneness doctrine. 

Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d at 1371.

In the case before this Court, Plaintiff’s original claim, filed in 2003, was based on a

failure to account for the built-in capital gains tax liability in the gifted stock which reduced

the value of the stock and the subsequent tax liability. Comp. Ex. B. The 2007

Supplemental Claim for Refund is based upon the theory that a net gift occurred when the

donees, not decedent’s estate, paid the 1999 gift tax reducing the value of the gifted stock

pursuant to Revenue Ruling 75-72. The theory of recovery promulgated in the original

2003 claim relied on built-in tax liability not dependent in any manner on the identity of the

taxpayer. The IRS is only charged with investigating facts relevant to the legal theory

identified by the taxpayer in the refund claim. The 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund is

based upon “a different amount under a different theory.” Computervision Corp., 445 F.3d

at 1371. This Court concludes that 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund does not meet the

requirements of the germaneness doctrine. 

CONCLUSION

The Court concludes that 2007 Supplemental Claim for Refund was filed outside of

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the statute of limitations period provided in 28 U.S.C. 6511(a) and is not a valid

amendment to the timely filed 2003 Claim for Refund. The Court concludes that 2007

Supplemental Claim for Refund is barred by the statute of limitations and that this Court

does not have subject matter jurisdiction over this suit.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (#8) is

GRANTED. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment for Defendant and against

Plaintiff.

DATED: December 12, 2007

WILLIAM Q. HAYES

United States District Judge

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