Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-05348/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-05348-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 195
Nature of Suit: Contract Product Liability
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Petition for Removal

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

NOEL MILLICAN, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

FORD MOTOR COMPANY, et al.,

Defendants.

No. C 19-05348 WHA 

ORDER REMANDING CASE

INTRODUCTION

This is an automobile “Lemon Law” case. Defendants removed; plaintiffs seek remand. 

The crux is whether an in-state defendant was fraudulently joined. Finding possible recovery 

against the in-state defendant, the motion to remand is GRANTED.

STATEMENT

Plaintiffs purchased a Ford Fusion in June of 2013. Ford warranted against defect and 

committed to repair should a defect occur. During the warranty period, a defect developed. 

Plaintiffs took the vehicle to Penske Ford for repair, but the attempts were unsuccessful. Ford 

declined to promptly replace the vehicle or pay restitution (Dkt. No. 16-2 at 3–4), and plaintiffs 

sued Ford under, among others, California’s “Lemon Law” and Penske Ford for negligent repair

(Dkt. No. 1-2 at ¶¶ 12–55). 

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

ANALYSIS

A defendant may remove a case to federal court under diversity jurisdiction if the parties 

are diverse and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441. But, the 

defendant bears the burden to prove the circumstances supporting jurisdiction. There is a 

“strong presumption against removal jurisdiction” and “the court resolves all ambiguity in favor 

of remand to state court.” Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009). 

Additionally, “[d]iversity removal requires complete diversity, meaning that each plaintiff must 

be of a different citizenship from each defendant.” GranCare, LLC v. Thrower By & Through 

Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018). 

There is an exception. A “fraudulently joined” in-state defendant does not preclude 

diversity jurisdiction. See ibid. There are two ways to prove fraudulent joinder: “(1) actual 

fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional fact;” or, relevant here, “(2) [the] inability of the plaintiff 

to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party in state court.” Ibid. The bar is high; 

a plaintiff’s inability to recover must be “obvious according to the settled rules of the state.” 

Ritchey v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 1318 (9th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added). “If there is 

a possibility that a state court would find that the complaint states a cause of action against any 

of the resident defendants, the federal court must find that the joinder was proper and remand 

the case to state court.” Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1046 (emphasis added). And, a “district court must 

consider . . . whether a deficiency in the complaint can possibly be cured by granting the 

plaintiff leave to amend.” GranCare, 889 F.3d at 550. 

Defendants contend plaintiffs’ sole claim against in-state Penske Ford, for negligent 

repair, is barred by the economic loss rule. The subject of the suit is a car, not its components, 

and plaintiffs do not allege the vehicle caused personal injury or damage to other property. 

Thus, the economic loss rule prohibits tort recovery on what is essentially a breach of contract 

claim (Dkt. No. 22 at 4–6). 

But it is not obvious under California law that plaintiffs have no hope of recovery against 

Penske Ford. True, the economic loss rule generally bars tort recovery unless “a product defect 

causes damage to ‘other property,’ that is, property other than the product itself.” Jimenez v. 

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United States District Court

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Sup. Ct., 58 P.3d 450, 456 (Cal. 2002). Yet “California decisional law has long recognized that 

the economic loss rule does not necessarily bar recovery in tort for damage that a defective 

product (e.g. a window) causes to other portions of a larger product (e.g., a house) into which 

the former is incorporated.” Id. at 457. Indeed, the California Supreme Court has recognized 

“that the concept of recoverable physical injury or property damage ha[s] over time expanded to 

include damage to one part of a product cause by another, defective part.” Ibid. (quotation 

marks omitted). 

Here, plaintiffs allege Penske Ford failed to “store, prepare, and repair the Subject Vehicle 

in accordance with industry standards” (Dkt. No. 1-2 ¶ 54). And they allege a litany of 

defective components, particularly an engine defect (id. ¶¶ 10, 42). Plaintiffs’ claim for 

negligent repair against Penske Ford may be threadbare, but the question is not whether 

plaintiffs will prevail on the merits, or even withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion — the question is 

whether California law obviously forecloses plaintiffs’ claim. See GranCare, 889 F.3d at 550; 

Morris, 236 F.3d at 1067. So long as the “duty of a product manufacturer to prevent property 

damage does not necessarily end when the product is incorporated into a larger product,” 

California’s economic loss rule does not bar recovery if the alleged defect damages other

components of the vehicle. See Jimenez, 58 P.3d at 457. Plaintiffs could so amend their 

complaint and this leaves a “possibility” of recovery from Penske Ford. See GranCare, 889 

F.3d at 548, 550. Thus, joinder was proper, and diversity is incomplete. 

CONCLUSION

Joinder of in-state defendant Penske Ford being proper, and complete diversity under 28

U.S.C. § 1332 unsatisfied, plaintiffs’ motion to remand is GRANTED. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 20, 2019. 

WILLIAM ALSUP

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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