Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08031/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08031-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Breach of Contract

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Harry Alberti, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

vs.

Oracle Healthcare LLC, et al., 

Defendants. 

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

No. CV10-08031-PCT-NVW

ORDER

Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand to State Court (doc. #8),

which the Court grants.

I. Background 

According to the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs Harry Alberti, M.D., and

Celeste Correa , M.D., husband and wife, are physicians licensed to practice medicine in the

State of Arizona, and regularly practice medicine in Yavapai County, Arizona. Defendant

Osborne Group, LLC, is an Arizona Limited Liability Company with its principal place of

business in Yavapai County. Osborne Group transferred all of its debts and assets to

Defendant Oracle sometime in April 2008, and therefore there is no meaningful difference

between Oracle and Osborne Group. 

On or about May 28, 2009, Oracle entered into a Medical Practice Asset Purchase

Agreement with Alberti-Correa Family Medicine, negotiated through its CEO, Defendant

Osborne. At the same time, Oracle entered into a three-year employment contract with

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 1 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

1

A National Provider Identifier is a unique number that is used by a healthcare

provider to identify itself in certain transactions, such as writing prescriptions and billing for

services provided. See 45 C.F.R. §§ 162.402-162.414 (2010). 

- 2 -

Alberti and Correa, to start on July 1, 2008. Oracle promised, among other things, to

purchase Alberti and Correa’s patient records and maintain them in compliance with

applicable law, to provide professional liability insurance to Alberti and Correa, and to

assume liability for certain debts accrued by Alberti-Correa Family Medicine. 

Alberti and Correa left their employment with Oracle on June 12, 2009. On January

15, 2010, Alberti and Correa brought suit in the Arizona Superior Court for the County of

Yavapai asserting numerous state-law claims. Alberti and Correa alleged that Oracle

breached the parties’ agreements by, among other things, failing to tender wages to Alberti

and Correa, failing to assume liability for debt accrued by Alberti-Correa Family Medicine,

and by failing to maintain Alberti and Correa’s patient records in compliance with applicable

law. Alberti and Correa also brought various state-law tort claims for invasion of privacy

through appropriation of name and likeness, negligence, and intentional conduct, in

connection with Oracle’s alleged use of Alberti and Correa’s personal information, such as

names, social security numbers, personal financial information, and National Provider

Identifiers1

 (NPIs), to write prescriptions, take out loans, and bill federal and state healthcare

agencies for various services after Alberti and Correa left Oracle’s employ and without their

knowledge and consent.

Three of Alberti and Correa’s claims concern the unauthorized use of their NPI

numbers. Specifically, in Count 10 of the First Amended Complaint, Alberti and Correa

allege that around December 2, 2009, well after Alberti and Correa ended their employment

relationship with Oracle, a patient of Oracle was given a prescription that was purportedly

issued “per order of Celeste M Correa MD at 12/2/2009" and that included Correa’s NPI

number. Alberti and Correa claim that Oracle used their names and NPI numbers without

their consent, and thus invaded their privacy by appropriating their names and likenesses.

In Count 11, Alberti and Correa allege that Oracle breached its duty to act with reasonable

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 2 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

- 3 -

care in conducting its medical practice by using their names and NPI numbers without their

authorization. In Count 12, they allege that Oracle was negligent per se in using their NPI

numbers without their consent. 

On February 18, 2010, Defendants removed Alberti and Correa’s suit to federal court.

 On March 3, 2010, Alberti and Correa moved to remand to state court on the ground that

there is no federal subject matter jurisdiction. It is undisputed that the parties are not diverse.

The only question before the Court is whether there is federal-question jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1331. Defendants admit that federal law does not create any of the causes of action

plead by Alberti and Correa. Instead, Defendants maintain that the Court has federalquestion jurisdiction because Alberti and Correa seek to hold Defendants liable in tort for the

unauthorized use of their NPI numbers. 

II. Analysis

District courts have federal-question jurisdiction over civil actions “arising under the

Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. A defendant may

remove a case to federal court only if the case could have been brought there originally. 28

U.S.C. § 1441(b). A case arises under federal law for § 1331 purposes only if a federal

question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s well-pleaded complaint. Empire

Healthchoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S. 677, 690 (2006). “[T]he vast majority

of cases brought under the general federal-question jurisdiction of the federal courts are those

in which federal law creates the cause of action.” Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Thompson,

478 U.S. 804, 808 (1986). However, in certain cases, federal-question jurisdiction will lie

over state-law claims that implicate substantial questions of federal law. Grable & Sons

Metal Prods. Inc. v. Darue Eng’g & Mfg., 545 U.S. 308, 312 (2005). “The doctrine captures

the commonsense notion that a federal court ought to be able to hear claims recognized under

state law that nonetheless turn on substantial questions of federal law, and thus justify resort

to the experience, solicitude, and hope of uniformity that a federal forum offers on federal

issues.” Id. In deciding whether there is federal-question jurisdiction, courts must consider

whether the state-law claim necessarily raises a stated federal issue, actually disputed and

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 3 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

- 4 -

substantial, which a federal forum may entertain without disturbing any congressionally

approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities. Id. at 315. 

Defendants’ attempt to invoke federal-question jurisdiction is clearly foreclosed by

Supreme Court precedent. Indeed, as Empire Healthchoice explains, only a “special and

small category of cases” that do not qualify as a “cause of action created by federal law”

nevertheless “arise under federal law” for § 1331 purposes because federal law is a necessary

element of the plaintiff’s claim for relief. 547 U.S. at 699. Empire Healthchoice concerned

a private insurer that sought reimbursement for a federal employee’s medical expenses paid

under a government contract. Id. at 687-88. The Federal Employees Health Benefits Act of

1959 (FEHBA) authorized the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to

negotiate and regulate health-benefit plans for federal employees. Id. at 682-83. The insurer

contracted with OPM to provide health insurance benefits to federal employees. Id. 

The administrator of the estate of a deceased former plan enrollee who had been

injured in an accident brought a tort suit in New York state court against third parties who

had allegedly caused the decedent’s injuries. Id. at 687-88. That suit was eventually settled

for a substantial sum. Id. The insurer, invoking § 1331, then filed suit in federal district

court to recover from the settlement the amount it had paid for the decedent’s medical care.

Id. The insurer and amicus United States maintained that the insurer’s reimbursement claim,

arising under the contract, stated a federal claim because Congress intended all rights and

duties stemming from the contract to be federal in nature. Id. at 690. The Court first held

that the state-law reimbursement claim did not qualify as a cause of action created by federal

law. Id. at 699. Then, distinguishing Grable, 545 U.S. 308, the Court held that there was no

substantial and disputed federal issue for § 1331 purposes. Id.

Grable involved real property which the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) seized to

satisfy a federal tax deficiency. Id. Grable & Sons Metal Products (Grable) received notice

of the seizure by certified mail before the IRS sold the property to Darue Engineering &

Manufacturing (Darue). Id. Five years later, Grable sued Darue in state court to quiet title,

alleging that Darue’s record title was invalid because the IRS had conveyed the seizure

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 4 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

- 5 -

notice improperly. Id. at 700. Grable maintained that the governing statute, 26 U.S.C. §

6335(a) required personal service, not service by certified mail. Id. Darue removed the case

to federal court alleging that Grable’s claim of title depended on the interpretation of the

statute. Id. The Court held that removal was proper because the meaning of the federal tax

provision was an important issue of federal law that belonged in federal court. Id. Whether

Grable received adequate notice was an essential element of Grable’s quite title claim and

appeared to be the only issue contested in the case. Id.

The Court explained, however, that Grable and Empire Healthchoice were “poles

apart.” Id. In Grable, the dispute centered on the action of a federal agency (the IRS) and

its compatibility with a federal statute. Id. The federal question at issue was “substantial,”

and its resolution “was both dispositive of the case and would be controlling in numerous

other cases.” Id. In contrast, in Empire Healthchoice, “the reimbursement claim was

triggered, not by the action of a federal department, agency, or service, but by the settlement

of a personal-injury action launched in state court, and the bottom line practical issue was the

share of that settlement properly payable to Empire.” Id. (citation omitted). Unlike the

insurer’s claim in Empire Healthchoice, Grable “presented a nearly ‘pure issue of law,’ one

‘that could be settled once and for all and thereafter govern numerous tax sale cases.’” Id.

Empire’s reimbursement claim, in contrast, was “fact-bound and situation-specific.” Id. at

701. Further, although there were “distinct[] federal interests” in Empire Healthchoice

because reimbursements to the plan were credited to a federal fund and the master contract

could be described as federal in nature, those interests did not warrant turning “into a discrete

and costly ‘federal case’ an insurer’s contract-derived claim to be reimbursed from the

proceeds of a federal worker’s state-court-initiated tort litigation.” Id. at 696, 701.

Here, as in Empire Healthchoice, there is no “substantial” question of federal law that

requires a federal forum. Alberti and Correa’s claim is, essentially, that the use of their

personal information without their consent violated state law. Defendants do not explain

how this claim turns on a question of federal law, much less on a disputed and substantial

one. Defendants do not contend, for example, that the unauthorized use of NPI numbers does

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 5 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

- 6 -

not violate federal law. In fact, although Defendants state that there is a substantial question

of federal law that requires a federal forum, they do not attempt to articulate what that

question is. Defendants only assert, rather vaguely, that a court will have to decide whether

their conduct complied with applicable provisions of federal law regarding protected health

information. However, as in Empire Healthchoice, this question, if ultimately presented, is

one that is likely fact-bound and situation-specific. There is no “nearly pure question of law”

for a federal court to decide, much less one that, once settled, is likely to govern the outcome

of other cases.

Moreover, there is no federal interest in this case that warrants turning Alberti and

Correa’s state-law tort and contract litigation into a federal case. Defendants argue that there

is a strong federal interest because NPI regulations are issued pursuant to the authority of the

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and enforcement of the regulations is

entrusted to HHS. See 42 U.S.C. § 1320d-2. But Defendants do not explain why the mere

fact that a federal agency promulgates and enforces the federal regulations referenced in

Alberti and Correa’s complaint implies that a strong federal interest exists. Unlike Grable,

in which the dispute centered on the action of a federal agency (the IRS), the action here, like

the one in Empire Healthchoice, was triggered by a suit between private parties. In fact, the

exercise of federal jurisdiction here is even less compelling than in Empire Healthchoice

because the dispute here concerns a wholly private business relationship between private

actors. 

Defendants make no attempt to explain why “a proper federal-state balance” would

bring Alberti and Correa’s state tort claims based upon the unauthorized use of their NPI

numbers “under the complete governance of federal law, to be declared in a federal forum.”

See Empire Healthchoice, 547 U.S. at 701. Defendants only state that, had Alberti and

Correa wished to avoid federal court, they could have chosen to eliminate all NPI-related

claims from their First Amended Complaint. However, Alberti and Correa need not avoid

all reference to federal law to avoid federal jurisdiction. Any questions of federal law that

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 6 of 7
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

- 7 -

do not arise on the face of the well-pleaded complaint are fully within the competence of the

Superior Court to decide if necessary in the adjudication of the case. See id. 

Finally, there is a strong presumption against removal jurisdiction. See Gaus v. Miles,

Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992). The removing party bears the burden of establishing

subject matter jurisdiction as a basis for removal, and all ambiguities are resolved in favor

of remand. Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009). Defendants

have not carried their burden of establishing federal subject matter jurisdiction as a basis for

removal. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand (doc. #8) is

granted. The Clerk shall remand this action to the Arizona Superior Court, Yavapai County,

for lack of subject matter and removal jurisdiction. The Clerk shall terminate this action.

DATED this 14th day of April, 2010.

Case 3:10-cv-08031-NVW Document 13 Filed 04/15/10 Page 7 of 7