Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_19-cv-00290/USCOURTS-azd-4_19-cv-00290-11/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Federal Question: Other Civil Rights

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Greg Moore; et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

vs.

Sean Garnand; et al., 

Defendants. 

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No. CV 19-0290 TUC RM (LAB)

ORDER

Pending before the court is the plaintiffs’ motion, filed on April 27, 2020, for

sanctions pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(d)(1)(A)(i) and 37(d)(3). (Doc. 143) The defendants

and their counsel filed a response on May 11, 2020. (Doc. 157) The plaintiffs filed a reply

on May 14, 2020. (Doc. 160)

Also pending is the plaintiffs’ motion to file a sur-reply in support of their motion for

sanctions. (Doc. 175) The defendants filed a response; the plaintiffs did not file a reply.

(Doc. 179)

The plaintiffs in this action claim their constitutional rights were violated when the

defendants executed search warrants in connection with an arson investigation into the

destruction of the Forgeus Apartments on June 8, 2017. (Doc. 1) The plaintiffs bring this

action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. s 1983. (Doc. 1, p. 4) The defendants apparently believe that

the plaintiffs may be responsible for the fire that destroyed these apartments. (Doc. 1) The

investigation into the Forgeus fire is ongoing. In the pending motion, the plaintiffs move that

this court sanction the defendants and their counsel for failing to appear at the defendants’

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noticed depositions. (Doc. 143) The court finds that the defendants’ failure to appear was

substantially justified.

Early in the action, on September 24, 2019, the defendants filed a motion to stay

discovery pursuant to the law enforcement investigatory privilege. (Doc. 23) Shortly

afterward, on or about November 5, 2019, the plaintiffs served Fire Inspector Jorge Loya and

Tucson Police Officer Jacob Smith with deposition subpoenas. (Doc. 54, p. 2); (Doc. 118)

On November 15, 2019, the City of Tucson filed a motion to quash arguing that the

depositions were precluded by the law enforcement investigatory privilege. (Doc. 54) On

December 4, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a response to the motion to quash arguing that they

were in possession of a report by the Tucson Fire Department and that even if the privilege

applied is some areas, it did not preclude discovery about the specific facts contained in the

report. (Doc. 65, p. 5)

On December 13, 2019, the court granted the defendants’ motion to stay discovery

in part. (Doc. 74) The court held that “Discovery of the TPD arson investigation files for

the Forgeus Apartments is stayed pursuant to the law enforcement investigatory privilege.”

(Doc. 74, p. 4) The plaintiffs appealed, but the district court denied their appeal on March

24, 2020. (Doc. 113) 

On April 2, 2020, the court issued an order quashing the deposition subpoenas served

on Fire Inspector Jorge Loya and Tucson Police Officer Jacob Smith because the plaintiffs

appeared to be seeking only information that was covered by the law enforcement

investigatory privilege. (Doc. 118) The court found “that this is a fair assumption in light

of the plaintiff’s failure to suggest any other purpose for the depositions.” (Doc. 118, p. 2)

Previously, on March 19, 2020, the plaintiffs served notice of intent to take the

depositions of the defendants Sean Garnand and Dain Salisbury on April 7, 2020. (Doc. 143)

(citing Doc. 111) Counsel for the defendants informed the plaintiffs that the defendants

would not appear in accordance with this court’s order of March 24, 2020, Doc. 113,

upholding on appeal the defendants’ assertion of the law enforcement investigatory privilege.

(Doc. 143, p. 2) After the court issued its order quashing the deposition subpoenas served

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on Loya and Smith on April 2, 2020, Doc. 118, the defendants’ counsel further informed the

plaintiffs that the defendants would not appear at the depositions for the reasons discussed

in this newly issued order. Id. In response, the plaintiffs’ counsel “pointed out that there are

many areas of necessary examination that are not precluded by any order of the Court, as an

example identifying the Third Claim’s allegations regarding the issuance by written

application and execution of Search Warrant 17SW1037 – which, as all now know, were

obtained by Plaintiffs from the Superior Court in an unredacted form.” (Doc. 143, p. 2)

In spite of the defendants’ counsels’ clear statement that the defendants would not

appear, the plaintiffs’ counsel arranged for a court reporter and waited in vain for the

appearance of the defendants at the appointed time and place. True to their counsels’ word,

the defendants did not appear for the deposition. (Doc. 143, p. 2)

In the pending motion, the plaintiffs move, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(d)(1)(A)(i)

and 37(d)(3) for sanctions because of the defendants’ failure to appear at the noticed

deposition. (Doc. 143) Rule 37(d)(1)(A)(i) states that a court “may, on motion, order

sanctions if . . . a party . . . fails, after being served with proper notice, to appear for that

person’s deposition.” Rule 37(d)(3) explains that 

Sanctions may include any of the orders listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi).

Instead of or in addition to these sanctions, the court must require the party

failing to act, the attorney advising that party, or both to pay the reasonable

expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure, unless the failure

was substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses

unjust.

Fed. R. Civ. P. The listed sanctions read as follows:

(i) directing that the matters embraced in the order or other designated facts be

taken as established for purposes of the action, as the prevailing party claims;

(ii) prohibiting the disobedient party from supporting or opposing designated

claims or defenses, or from introducing designated matters in evidence;

(iii) striking pleadings in whole or in part;

(iv) staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed;

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A) The burden to prove substantial justification is on the

respondent. Hyde & Drath v. Baker, 24 F.3d 1162, 1171 (9th Cir. 1994), as amended (July

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25, 1994). “While a finding of bad faith is not a requirement for imposing sanctions, good

or bad faith may be a consideration in determining whether imposition of sanctions would

be unjust.” Id. “[A] good faith dispute concerning a discovery question might, in the proper

case, constitute ‘substantial justification’.” Id.

The plaintiffs do not urge this court to sanction the defendants by issuing an order

listed in Rules 37(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi). Instead, they move that this court order the defendants

to appear at a deposition, place the costs of the depositions on the defendants, and award

costs and reasonable attorney’s fees. (Doc. 143, pp. 3-4)

The plaintiffs are correct when they observe that if a deponent wishes to be relieved

of the obligation to appear for a deposition, he must obtain an order from the court. Pioche

Mines Consol., Inc. v. Dolman, 333 F.2d 257, 269 (9th Cir. 1964). “[U]nless he has obtained

a court order that postpones or dispenses with his duty to appear, that duty remains.” Id. It

is not enough that he has on file a pending motion for a protective order. Id.; Scott v.

Palmer, 2014 WL 6685813, at *2, n.5 (E.D. Cal. 2014) (The Pioche Mines court referred

to Rule 30(b) whose language is now found at Rule 26(c)). He must obtain an order from

the court. Id. Otherwise, a delay could be had for the asking. Here, there is not even a

pending motion. There is simply an objection by the deponents’ counsel. That certainly is

not enough.

The defendants admit that they failed to appear at the noticed deposition, but they

argue their failure is substantially justified. The court agrees.

The defendants had good reason to suspect that the depositions noticed on March 19,

2020 were precluded by this court’s order granting the defendants’ motion to stay discovery

of the Tucson Police Department’s criminal investigation files. Accordingly, counsel

informed the plaintiffs that the defendants would not appear in accordance with the court’s

order upholding on appeal the defendants’ assertion of the law enforcement investigatory

privilege. (Doc. 143, p. 2) 

Later, on April 2, 2020, this court quashed the plaintiffs’ deposition subpoenas on Fire

Inspector Jorge Loya and Tucson Police Officer Jacob Smith because the plaintiffs appeared

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to be seeking only information that was covered by the law enforcement investigatory

privilege. (Doc. 118) The defendants’ counsel apparently saw the parallels between those

depositions and the noticed depositions for the defendants. They understandably came to the

conclusion that the noticed depositions, like the depositions for Loya and Smith, sought only

information that was precluded by the law enforcement investigatory privilege. Accordingly,

they informed the plaintiffs that the defendants would not appear. (Doc. 143, p. 2) In

response, the plaintiffs argued that there were still areas that could be explored at the

depositions that were not precluded by the privilege. The plaintiffs stated, “You have

produced a number of documents in the clear, of particular importance the 17SW1037 search

warrant materials. Those are examples of areas of testimony not covered by Judge Bowman

or Judge Marquez’s orders.” (Doc. 157, p. 7)

If there were subject areas that were not precluded by the privilege, the defendants

should have appeared at the depositions ready to answer questions about those subject areas.

The plaintiffs’ argument, however, sounds more than a little like the argument they made to

the court in opposition to the defendants’ motion to quash the Loya and Smith depositions,

and the court rejected that argument. Accordingly, the defendants had reason to believe that

the plaintiffs could not identify any areas of inquiry that did not encroach on the privilege

and the entire deposition was precluded.

The court finds that the defendants’ failure to appear was substantially justified. The

depositions appeared to be precluded by the law enforcement investigatory privilege, and

when notified of this, the plaintiffs were unable to clearly specify areas of inquiry that

avoided the privilege. 

The court addresses an additional point. It appears that the plaintiffs seek to have the

defendants pay the costs of the deposition that did not occur. The court finds, in the

alternative, that awarding these expenses would be “unjust.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(d)(3). The

defendants’ counsel clearly notified the plaintiffs that the defendants would not be attending

the depositions. The costs incurred at the deposition that did not take place, therefore, could

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have been avoided had the plaintiffs taken defense counsel at their word, as they should have

done.

The court notes that it would have been better practice for the defendants to follow

the Rules and move for a protective order. They might have believed that simply informing

the plaintiffs that they were not going to appear was a reasonable way to avoid unnecessary

motion practice, but, as we have seen, they were mistaken. Parties are generally encouraged

to solve problems informally if possible, but problems cannot be solved informally if there

is no meeting of the minds.

IT IS ORDERED that the plaintiffs’ motion, filed on April 27, 2020, for sanctions

pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(d)(1)(A)(i) and 37(d)(3), is DENIED. (Doc. 143) 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the plaintiffs’ motion to file a sur-reply in support

of their motion for sanctions is DENIED. (Doc. 175); see also (Doc. 198) The plaintiffs

note that subsequent to the filing of the pending motion, the defendants disclosed a report

from arson expert Edward Nordskog on, or about, May 19, 2020. (Doc. 175); see (Doc. 172-

1) They argue that Nordskog “gives his ‘expert’ opinions not only about what evidence

Defendants had, but how they viewed that evidence, and why the evidence was more than

sufficient for the existence of probable cause from the night of the fire to present.” (Doc.

175, p. 2) (emphasis in original) Assuming that the plaintiffs accurately describe

Nordskog’s report, this court fails to perceive how its existence affects the resolution of the

pending motion for sanctions. Even if the report gives the plaintiffs a legitimate reason to

depose the defendants in hindsight, the plaintiffs did not advance this argument when the

defendants challenged them to come up with deposition topics that did not run afoul of the

law enforcement investigatory privilege. Accordingly, the Nordskog expert report does not

affect the court’s conclusion that the defendants were substantially justified in failing to

appear for the noticed depositions on April 7, 2020.

DATED this 10th day of July, 2020.

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