Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_11-cv-00652/USCOURTS-azd-4_11-cv-00652-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 510
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Vacate Sentence
Cause of Action: 28:2255 Motion to Vacate / Correct Illegal Sentence

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Document numbers refer to the Clerk's Record in CR 11-540 TUC DCB.

WO

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Eliseo Islas-Galeana, 

Petitioner,

v.

United States of America,

Respondent.

_______________________________________

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CR 11-540 TUC-DCB

CV 11-652 TUC-DCB

ORDER

Pending before this Court is Petitioner's "Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct

Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody" (Petition) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. 

Petitioner specifically alleges that his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed

to file a Notice of Appeal after defendant requested an appeal and counsel failed to file an

Andres brief.

A. Conviction and Sentence

Petitioner pleaded guilty on March 15, 2011, to violating Title 8 U.S.C. § 1326

for illegal re-entry after deportation, enhanced pursuant to subsection (b)(2) for having

previously been convicted of an aggravated felony. Defendant pled guilty, pursuant to a

Plea Agreement containing a waiver of all appellate rights, both direct and collateral

review. (Doc. 15: Plea Agreement at 4-5.)1

Case 4:11-cv-00652-DCB Document 9 Filed 04/09/12 Page 1 of 8
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On June 15, 2011, visiting Judge William F. Downes sentenced the Petitioner to

57 months imprisonment and 3 years supervised release to run consecutive with a 12-

month prison term imposed in a corresponding revocation proceeding. Petitioner was on

a term of supervised release from the Western District of North Carolina, when he

committed the instant re-entry offense. Petitioner was sentenced pursuant to the Plea

Agreement containing the waiver of his appellate rights.

B. 28 U.S.C. § 2255: Plea Agreement and Waiver of Right to Appeal

Title 28 of the United States Code, Section 2255 provides for collateral review of

Petitioner's sentence as follows: 

A prisoner in custody under sentence of a court established by Act of

Congress claiming the right to be released upon the ground that the

sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or law of the

United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such

sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized

by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack, may move the court

which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence. 

A motion for such relief may be made at any time.

28 U.S.C. § 2255.

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has found that there are “strict standards for

waiver of constitutional rights.” United States v. Gonzalez-Flores, 418 F.3d 1093, 1102

(9th Cir. 2005). It is impermissible to presume waiver from a silent record, and the Court

must indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional

rights. Id. In this action, Petitioner’s waiver was clear, express, and unequivocal.

The right to petition for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, like the right to bring a

direct appeal, is statutory. United States v. Abarca, 985 F.2d 1012, 1014 (9th Cir. 1992)

(citing see Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 656 (1977) ("The right of appeal, as we

presently know it in criminal cases, is purely a creature of statute....")). Like the waiver

of the right to a direct appeal, a knowing and voluntary waiver of rights under 28 U.S.C. §

2255 is enforceable. Id. (citing United States v. Navarro-Botello, 912 F.2d 318, 321(9th

Cir.1990)). 

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Plea agreements are contractual in nature and their plain language will generally

be enforced if the agreement is clear and unambiguous on its face. United States v.

Jeronimo, 398 F.3d 1149, 1153 (9th Cir. 2005). Therefore, an express waiver of appellate

rights is enforceable if the language of the waiver encompasses the right to appeal on the

grounds raised and the waiver is knowingly and voluntarily made. Id.

A defendant may waive the statutory right to bring a § 2255 action challenging

the length of his sentence, United States v. Pruitt, 32 F.3d 431, 433 (9th Cir. 1994);

Abarca, 985 F.2d at1014. The only claims that cannot be waived are claims that the plea

or waiver itself was involuntary or that ineffective assistance of counsel rendered the plea

or waiver involuntary. See Lampert, 422 F.3d at 871 (holding that a plea agreement that

waives the right to file a federal habeas petition pursuant to § 2254 is unenforceable with

respect to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim that challenges the voluntariness of

the waiver); Pruitt, 32 F.3d at 433 (expressing “doubt” that a plea agreement could waive

a claim that counsel erroneously induced a defendant to plead guilty or accept a particular

part of the plea bargain), Abarca, 985 F.2d at 1014 (expressly declining to hold that a

waiver forecloses a claim of ineffective assistance or involuntariness of the waiver); see

also Jeronimo, 398 F.3d at 1156 n.4 (summarizing Pruitt and Abarca, but declining to

decide whether waiver of all statutory rights included claims implicating the voluntariness

of the waiver). 

“Collateral attacks based on ineffective assistance of counsel claims that are

characterized as falling outside [the category of ineffective assistance of counsel claims

challenging the validity of the plea or the waiver] are waivable.” United States v.

Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2001). See also Williams v. United States,

396 F.3d 1340, 1342 (11th Cir. 2005) (joining the Second, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and

Tenth Circuits in holding that “a valid sentence-appeal waiver, entered into voluntarily

and knowingly, pursuant to a plea agreement, precludes the defendant from attempting to

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attack, in a collateral proceeding, the sentence through a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel during sentencing.”).

Upon review of the record in this case, it appears that in addition to the terms of

the waiver being expressed in writing in the Plea Agreement, both the Magistrate Judge,

at the time of Defendant’s plea, and the sentencing Court, at the time of sentencing,

explained to and confirmed with the Defendant the waiver of appellate rights. (Doc. 29:

Transcript of Record (TR), Change of Plea (COP) at 5; Doc. 30: TR, Sentencing at 8.) 

Petitioner does not dispute this nor argue that he misunderstood or was misinformed

regarding the waiver. Instead, he “states for the record that immediately after sentencing,

he instructed counsel to file a ‘Notice of Appeal’ on his behalf and also requested that

counsel mailed (sic) him all briefs on direct appeal.” (Petition at 2.) He argues that even

though he had waived his right to appeal, he asked his attorney to file the appeal, and it

was ineffective assistance of counsel for his attorney to not file the appeal. (Petition at 6-

7.) Petitioner correctly states the law.

C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel: Failure to File Appeal

In the Ninth Circuit, assuming that after sentencing a defendant asks his lawyer to

appeal and his lawyer does not do so, even where a defendant has waived his right to

appeal, the lawyer has provided ineffective assistance of counsel. This is the law, "as

contrary to common sense as it seems." United States v. Sandoval-Lopez, 409 F.3d 1193,

1196 (9th Cir. 2004).

A petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must allege specific facts

which, if proved, would demonstrate that (1) counsel's actions were “outside the wide

range of professionally competent assistance,” and (2) “there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-690. A petitioner fails to state a

claim for ineffective assistance if he fails to allege facts sufficient to meet either the

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“performance” or “prejudice” standard, and the district court may summarily dismiss his

claim. Id. at 693. 

In Sandoval-Lopez, the court explained that, according to the Supreme Court in

Peguero v. United States, 526 U.S. 23 (1999), "'when counsel fails to file a requested

appeal, a defendant is entitled to resentencing and to an appeal without showing that his

appeal would likely have had merit.'" See also, Rodriguez v. United States, 395 U.S. 327

(1969). The Sandoval-Lopez court noted that this amounts to saying "'it is ineffective

assistance of counsel to refuse to file a notice of appeal when your client tells you to, even

if doing so would be contrary to the plea agreement and harmful to your client,' but that is

the law on filing a notice of appeal." Sandoval-Lopez, 409 F.3d at 1197.

"This proposition of law controls both the deficient performance prong of

Strickland and the prejudice prong." Id. It is deficient performance to not appeal, and

prejudice exists because "but for" his lawyer's refusal, defendant would have appealed. 

Id. "The prejudice in failure to file a notice of appeal cases is that the defendant lost his

chance to file the appeal, not that he lost a favorable result that he would have obtained by

appeal." Id. The mere expression of interest in appealing would not lead to the same

result as telling defense counsel to appeal. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 486

(2000) (where defendant never expresses desire to appeal, the inquiry is whether the

lawyer should have consulted with the client about an appeal).

Here, Petitioner does not allege a mere expression of an interest in appealing, but

asserts that he requested, and his attorney refused, an appeal. If true, there has been

ineffective assistance of counsel.

The court in Sandoval-Lopez, explained that in cases such as this, "'ineffective

assistance of counsel' is a term of art that does not mean incompetence of counsel." Id. at

1198-99. In other words, the defendant was "probably lucky to have a lawyer who

exercised such wise judgment." Id. at 1197. For example, filing the notice of appeal will

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The Government may seek reconsideration of the Court’s proposed course of action,

if it objects. LR Civ. 7.2(g).

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breach the sentencing agreement the defendant entered into with the Government and

give the Government the option of freeing itself from the restraint of the plea bargain. Id.

at 1198. Petitioner may be very foolish to risk losing the advantage of his negotiated

sentence of 57 months on an appeal almost sure to go nowhere in light of his express

waiver of his appellate rights, especially since if he prevails and gets a new sentence

without the waiver there will only be two points subtracted from his offense level for

acceptance of responsibility, and the Government would most certainly deny him the 2-

level downward departure which he received for a “fast track” case. This means that at

resentencing he could face a guideline sentencing range of 92 to 115 months.

"Nevertheless the client has the constitutional right, under Flores-Ortega and Peguero, to

bet on the possibility of winning the appeal and then winning an acquittal, just as a poker

player has the right to hold the ten and queen of hearts, discard three aces, and pray that

when he draws three cards, he gets a royal flush." Id. at 1199.

In Sandoval-Lopez, the court suggested that when a defendant makes an

allegation that counsel has been ineffective by failing to file a requested appeal, "two

things can happen: 1) the district court can hold an evidentiary hearing to decide whether

petitioner's allegation is true, and if it is, vacate and reenter the judgment, allowing the

appeal to proceed; or 2) if the state does not object,2

 the district court can vacate and

reenter the judgment without a hearing and allow the appeal to proceed, assuming without

deciding that the petitioner's claim is true." Id. at 1198. The government might choose to

not object to free itself from the restraint of the agreement or because getting the appeal

dismissed based on Defendant's waiver of this right would be less work than an

evidentiary hearing. Id.

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The Court notes that Petitioner’s attorney, Raul A. Miranda, filed an affidavit

attesting that Defendant did not request Mr. Miranda file a Notice of Appeal. (Doc. 33:

Response, Ex. 1: Affidavit ¶ 14.) 

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The Court finds that the most expeditious course of action is to allow the

Petitioner to proceed with his appeal. The Court notes, however, that Petitioner is pro se

and filed his habeas Petition wherein he stated his intent to file an appeal, without advice

of counsel. Given the possible extreme consequence that the Government may seek to

withdraw from the negotiated sentencing agreement if Petitioner files a Notice of Appeal,

this Court gives him one last chance to reconsider this intended course of action.

"Assuming without deciding that the Petitioner's claim is true,"3 id., the Court

will vacate and reenter the Judgment of Conviction, allowing the Petitioner an

opportunity to file an appeal. The Court appoints counsel for purposes of proceeding

with his appeal.

Accordingly, 

IT IS ORDERED that the Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a

Person in Federal Custody, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Doc. 24) filed in CR 11-540

TUC DCB and (Doc. 1) filed in CV 11-652 TUC DCB is GRANTED, as provided below.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the relief being requested by Petitioner having

been granted as provided below, the Clerk of the Court shall enter Judgment to close the

civil case: CV 11-652 TUC DCB.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Petitioner having filed an Application to

Proceed in Forma Pauperis, the Court finds that he is without means to retain counsel for

an appeal.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Andrea Matheson is appointed to represent

the Defendant under the Criminal Justice Act for purposes of proceeding with a direct

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appeal. The Clerk of the Court shall send a copy of this Order to Ms. Andrea

Matheson.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that subsequent to consulting with the Petitioner,

counsel shall file a notice with this Court as to whether he wishes to reconsider filing an

appeal or wants to proceed.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that in the event Petitioner wants to proceed with

an appeal, the Judgment and Commitment (Doc. 21) entered in this case on June 16,

2011, shall be vacated and reentered by the Clerk of the Court to allow Petitioner to file a

Notice of Appeal.

DATED this 6th day of April, 2012.

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