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Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 

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In the 

United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 14‐3407

RASHAAD A. IMANI,

Petitioner‐Appellant,

v.

WILLIAM POLLARD,

Respondent‐Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Western District of Wisconsin

No. 11‐cv‐677‐wmc — William M. Conley, Chief Judge.

____________________

ARGUED JANUARY 13, 2016 — DECIDED JUNE 22, 2016

____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and HAMILTON, Cir‐

cuit Judges.

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The Sixth Amendment guaran‐

tees a mentally competent defendant the right to represent

himself in a criminal trial, no matter how foolish that choice

may seem. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). This con‐

stitutional right “exists to affirm the dignity and autonomy of

the accused and to allow the presentation of what may, at least

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2 No. 14‐3407

occasionally, be the accused’s best possible defense.” McKaskle

v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 176–77 (1984). A judge may not deny

a competent defendant’s timely invocation of his right. See

Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835–36.

Petitioner‐appellant Rashaad Imani tried to exercise his

right to represent himself in a criminal prosecution in the Wis‐

consin state courts. The trial judge prevented him from doing

so. Imani was convicted at a trial in which he was represented

by a lawyer he did not want. A divided Wisconsin Supreme

Court affirmed his conviction, finding that Imani was not

competent to represent himself and had not made a suffi‐

ciently knowing and voluntary choice to do so. That decision

was an error. Further, it was contrary to and an unreasonable

application of clearly established federal law as determined

by United States Supreme Court decisions, thus satisfying the

stringent standard for federal habeas corpus relief under 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Imani is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus

ordering either his prompt release or a new trial.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

In 2006, petitioner Rashaad Imani and his cousin, Raziga

Imani, were charged with robbing a bank in Menomonee

Falls, Wisconsin. (We refer to petitioner Rashaad Imani

simply as “Imani.”) While fleeing the police after the robbery,

a robber forced a driver to give him a ride. Police later recov‐

ered Imani’s fingerprints from the car’s door handle, and the

driver identified Imani, first in a photo array and later in court

at a preliminary hearing. Prosecutors charged Imani with

armed robbery and possession of a firearm by a felon. Raziga

Imani was also charged. Shortly before trial he pled guilty,

and he then testified against Imani at trial.

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No. 14‐3407 3

Before trial, Imani’s lawyer moved to suppress the driver’s

identification, arguing that it had been tainted by a television

news report about the robbery. After the court denied the mo‐

tion, Imani invoked his right to represent himself. He said he

was not satisfied with his lawyer, who had not shown a re‐

cording of the television news report to the driver at the sup‐

pression hearing. Imani said his lawyer’s representation of

him at the hearing gave him doubts about the lawyer’s ability

to represent him “well enough” at trial. Imani also said he was

not satisfied with his lawyer’s efforts to investigate the finger‐

print evidence against him. Imani acknowledged that he

might not be as “eloquent in speech” as his lawyer, but he said

he had “been dealing with this case for over a year now” and

knew how to express himself well. Imani added, “ain’t no‐

body going to represent myself better than me.”

After Imani explained his reasons for choosing to repre‐

sent himself, the judge asked: “What do you want to say to

me to convince me that you’re competent to represent your‐

self?” Imani said he had been “working on this for 13

months,” but the judge dismissed Imani’s work on his case as

“irrelevant and unconvincing.” The judge then directed Imani

to focus on his “formal education.” Imani said that he had a

tenth‐grade education, that he read at a college level, and that

he had appeared in court for at least five previous criminal

matters, although he was represented by lawyers in those

cases.  

The judge said Imani could not represent himself, treating

the matter as a request that required the judge’s permission.

The judge said that Imani did not have a “sufficiently rational

basis” to justify his decision. He described Imani’s decision as

“a flippant short term or immature decision” that should not

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be given effect, and he described Imani’s reasons for wanting

to represent himself as “episodic driven,” stemming from his

loss of the suppression motion. The judge also cited the need

to keep the trial on schedule and the increased difficulty of

preparing for what he then expected to be a two‐defendant

trial. At that time, however, there were still four weeks until

the trial was scheduled to begin, and Imani said that he had

no problem with the trial date. The judge said that, upon a

further request, he would reconsider Imani’s motion. There

was no further request.

The case proceeded to trial. Imani was represented by

counsel and was found guilty. On direct appeal, the Wiscon‐

sin Court of Appeals reversed the conviction and ordered a

new trial because Imani had not been allowed to represent

himself. State v. Imani, 771 N.W.2d 379 (Wis. App. 2009). The

appellate court’s opinion focused on the trial court’s failure to

conduct the full colloquy required by State v. Klessig, 564

N.W.2d 716, 721 (Wis. 1997). The state petitioned for review

by the Wisconsin Supreme Court.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed the appellate

court and affirmed Imani’s conviction. The Supreme Court

found that while the trial court did not conduct the full collo‐

quy required by Klessig, the trial court had properly deter‐

mined that Imani “did not make a deliberate choice to pro‐

ceed without counsel” and “was unaware of the difficulties

and disadvantages of self‐representation.” State v. Imani, 786

N.W.2d 40, 44–45 (Wis. 2010). The Wisconsin Supreme Court

also concluded that “the circuit court’s determination that

Imani was not competent to proceed pro se is supported by

the facts in the record.” Id. at 45. The court did not identify

any mental illness or specific disability, and none is apparent

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No. 14‐3407 5

from the trial court record. See id. at 54. Based on the conclu‐

sion that Imani could not have validly waived his right to

counsel, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the trial court

was required to refuse his attempt at representing himself.

Imani then filed a petition in federal district court for a

writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district

court concluded that the state court finding that Imani was

not competent to represent himself “would appear to violate

the right to self‐representation found in Faretta.” Imani v. Pol‐

lard, 2014 WL 4828876, *13 (W.D. Wis. Sept. 29, 2014). “If any‐

thing,” the court wrote, “the record indicates that petitioner

was both articulate and capable of expressing arguments con‐

cerning his defense.” Id. at *14. The district court denied

Imani’s petition, however, concluding that the state trial court

did not contradict Faretta in finding that Imani’s invocation of

his right to represent himself was not knowing and voluntary.

The district court granted a certificate of appealability under

28 U.S.C. § 2253.

II. Analysis

Where state courts have rejected a prisoner’s federal con‐

stitutional claim on the merits, a federal court may not grant

a writ of habeas corpus on that claim unless the state court

decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable appli‐

cation of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by

the Supreme Court of the United States” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1). This standard gives state courts “deference and

latitude.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011). To ob‐

tain federal relief, a petitioner must show that the state court

decision was not just wrong, but wrong to the extent that no

“fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the

state court’s decision.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

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A state court decision is contrary to clearly established Su‐

preme Court precedent, and thus habeas relief is warranted,

“if it applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth

in our cases, or if it confronts a set of facts that is materially

indistinguishable from a decision of this Court but reaches a

different result.” Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005).

Even under this demanding standard, Imani is entitled to

federal habeas corpus relief. The Wisconsin Supreme Court

decision was flatly contrary to Faretta and its progeny in three

distinct ways. First, the state court in effect required Imani to

persuade the trial judge that he was making a knowing and

voluntary decision to waive the right to counsel when it was

actually the judge’s job to make sure that Imani’s waiver

would be knowing and voluntary. Second, the state court re‐

quired Imani to persuade the trial judge that he had a good

reason to choose self‐representation. Under Faretta, however,

a defendant’s reason for choosing to represent himself is im‐

material. Defending pro se will almost always be foolish, but

the defendant has the right to make that choice, for better or

worse. Third, the state court imposed a competence standard

much more demanding than Faretta and its progeny allow, as

if the issue were whether Imani was an experienced criminal

defense lawyer. Imani’s education and communication abili‐

ties are materially indistinguishable from those in Faretta, and

the Wisconsin courts identified no mental illness or impair‐

ment that might have rendered Imani incompetent as allowed

by Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008). We explain these

errors in turn.

A. Knowing and Voluntary Waiver

By invoking his Faretta right, an accused simultaneously

exercises his right to represent himself and waives his right to

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No. 14‐3407 7

counsel. Faretta is therefore challenging for trial courts to ad‐

minister. Self‐representation is a Sixth Amendment right, and

a trial court may not deny its timely exercise by a competent

defendant. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834–36. On the other hand, if

the waiver of the right to counsel is not knowing and volun‐

tary, the conviction will not stand. Before allowing a defend‐

ant to proceed without counsel, a trial court therefore has the

duty to warn a defendant about what he is getting himself

into, but the court cannot just deny the defendant the right he

has invoked. The imperative of a knowing and voluntary

choice is a requirement for valid waiver of the right to counsel;

it is not a condition that must be fulfilled before an accused

may be “allowed” to exercise his Sixth Amendment right to

represent himself.

Supreme Court decisions make clear both a trial court’s

duty to warn but also the narrow limits on its power to pre‐

vent exercise of the right of self‐representation. The Court

acknowledged in Faretta that “the right of an accused to con‐

duct his own defense seems to cut against the grain of this

Court’s decisions holding that the Constitution requires that

no accused can be convicted and imprisoned unless he has

been accorded the right to the assistance of counsel.” 422 U.S.

at 832. Because of that, a defendant “should be made aware of

the dangers and disadvantages of self‐representation, so that

the record will establish that he knows what he is doing and

his choice is made with eyes open.” Id. at 835 (internal quota‐

tion marks omitted); see also Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 88–89

(2004) (noting that “before a defendant may be allowed to

proceed pro se, he must be warned specifically of the hazards

ahead”).  

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Here, the Wisconsin Supreme Court transformed the re‐

quirement of knowing and voluntary waiver from a duty of

the trial judge into a burden on the accused. If a trial court’s

inquiry does not demonstrate that an accused’s choice was

knowing and voluntary, the court held, “the court cannot per‐

mit the defendant to represent himself.” Imani, 786 N.W.2d at

50. The effect of that holding was to deny Imani his constitu‐

tional right because the trial judge failed to conduct a full col‐

loquy to establish knowing and voluntary waiver of the right

to counsel. In dissent, Justice Crooks correctly explained that

the majority erred by shifting “the responsibility to the de‐

fendant” to demonstrate his knowing and voluntary waiver.

Id. at 59.

Putting the burden on the defendant to inform himself of

the dangers of self‐representation is flatly contrary to Faretta.

Such a burden would require legally uninformed defendants

to inform themselves regarding the “dangers and disad‐

vantages of self‐representation.” Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835.

Faretta put that burden on the court, and by reversing that

burden, the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision was con‐

trary to Faretta.

B. Reason for Invoking Right to Self‐Representation

The state trial court also denied Imani his right to repre‐

sent himself because, it concluded, he was making a decision

without a “sufficiently rational basis,” driven by his momen‐

tary frustration with counsel at the suppression hearing. The

Wisconsin Supreme Court agreed that Imani had not made a

“deliberate” choice to represent himself. Imani, 786 N.W.2d at

51. But denying a defendant his Sixth Amendment right to

proceed pro se because his choice is foolish or rash is also con‐

trary to Faretta.  

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No. 14‐3407 9

Faretta recognized a defendant’s right to represent himself

even though it is “undeniable that in most criminal prosecu‐

tions defendants could better defend with counsel’s guidance

than by their own unskilled efforts.” 422 U.S. at 834. The Su‐

preme Court answered this concern by making clear that the

defendant himself is free to make this choice: “The right to

defend is personal. The defendant, and not his lawyer or the

State, will bear the personal consequences of a conviction. It

is the defendant, therefore, who must be free personally to de‐

cide whether in his particular case counsel is to his advantage.

And although he may conduct his own defense ultimately to

his own detriment, his choice must be honored out of ‘that

respect for the individual which is the lifeblood of the law.’”

Id., quoting Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 350–51 (1970) (Bren‐

nan, J., concurring).

Only in rare cases will a trial judge view a defendant’s

choice to represent himself as anything other than foolish or

rash. Ajudge does not violate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment

rights by explaining the risks to the defendant in detail and

then giving him time to think it over before the defendant (but

not the judge) makes the final decision. Wisconsin’s required

colloquy serves precisely this purpose. See State v. Klessig, 564

N.W.2d 716, 721 (Wis. 1997). But in the end a competent de‐

fendant has a constitutional right to represent himself even if

the judge thinks the defendant has no good reason to do so. It

is the trial judge’s job to make sure the defendant makes that

choice with open eyes. Nothing in Faretta or its progeny al‐

lows the judge to require the defendant to prove he is making

the choice for a reason the judge finds satisfactory. See Faretta,

422 U.S. at 834–35. The state courts denied Imani his Sixth

Amendment rights by preventing him from representing

himself on the ground that he did not persuade the trial judge

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that he had a good reason to do so. That reasoning was simply

contrary to Faretta.

1

C. Competence

The Wisconsin Supreme Court’s holding that Imani was

not competent to represent himself at trial was also contrary

to Faretta. There was no relevant difference between Faretta’s

and Imani’s competence to represent themselves at trial.

Faretta had a high school education, was literate, and was able

to understand the trial judge’s warnings about what he was

getting himself into. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 807, 835. Imani had a

tenth‐grade education and asserted that he reads at a college

level. The transcript shows that Imani was able to express

himself well and to understand what the judge said to him.  

The trial judge actually held Imani to a standard that re‐

quired him to have prior criminal trial experience. In denying

Imani’s invocation of his right, the trial judge said: “So while

                                                 

1 After denying Imani’s invocation of his right, the trial judge said,

“Now, I’m willing to hear the motion again. It may at some point be per‐

mitted, but it is going to have to be in a context where I know the trial date

is not going to be jeopardized.” The state argues that Imani’s failure to act

on the trial court’s invitation to renew his motion indicates that his initial

decision was rash and hasty. The decision might have been rash, hasty, or

foolish as a matter of fact, but that makes no difference as a matter of law.

A court may not deny a defendant his right to represent himself because

the choice is rash, hasty, or foolish. In the end, the choice is the defend‐

ant’s, no matter how foolish it is. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834. The trial judge’s

offer to consider a renewed motion in the future, and perhaps to grant it

“in a context where I know the trial date is not going to be jeopardized,”

did nothing to cure the judge’s error in denying the motion. A denial is a

denial, even with an offer to reconsider in certain circumstances. Nothing

in Faretta or its progeny indicates a trial court may require a defendant to

repeat his attempts to invoke his right of self‐representation.

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No. 14‐3407 11

[Imani] has some observational experience with the criminal

court system, it hasn’t been presented to me that he has any

experience actually conducing proceedings like a criminal

court trial.”

Imani obviously did not have such experience, but the

court was applying the wrong legal standard, flatly contrary

to Faretta, where the Court explained: “We need make no as‐

sessment of how well or poorly Faretta had mastered the in‐

tricacies of the hearsay rule and the [state law] provisions that

govern challenges of potential jurors on voir dire. For his tech‐

nical legal knowledge, as such, was not relevant to an assess‐

ment of his knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.”

422 U.S. at 836.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court treated the issue of compe‐

tence as one of fact, see Imani, 786 N.W.2d at 53–54, but the

problem here was not factual but legal. By affirming the trial

court’s finding that Imani was not competent to represent

himself, the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision raised the

standard for competence so high that its decision was again

simply contrary to Faretta.

There is a narrow class of cases in which a defendant may

not be competent to represent himself at trial, but there is no

evidence of such circumstances here. The United States Su‐

preme Court has explained that a “right of self‐representation

at trial will not affirm the dignity of a defendant who lacks the

mental capacity to conduct his defense without the assistance

of counsel.” Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 176 (2008) (inter‐

nal quotation marks omitted). A state may therefore deny de‐

fendants the right to represent themselves where they suffer

from “severe mental illness to the point where they are not

competent to conduct trial proceedings by themselves.” Id. at

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12 No. 14‐3407

178. There is no indication that Imani suffered from mental

illness or mental impairment. The record shows that Imani

was articulate and able to carry on reasoned conversations

with the judge. One cannot stretch Edwards to hold that it was

permissible to find Imani incompetent to represent himself.

It is also true that in Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 402

(1993), the Supreme Court wrote that states “are free to adopt

competency standards that are more elaborate” than the min‐

imum standard of competence required to choose to represent

oneself. But that flexibility does not authorize states to adopt

competence standards without limit. While the statement in

Godinez gave states some latitude in shaping their minimum

competence standards, Faretta and Edwards set the relevant

benchmarks. See Edwards, 554 U.S. at 173 (“Godinez involved

a State that sought to permit a gray‐area defendant to repre‐

sent himself.  But that holding simply does not tell a state

whether it may deny a gray‐area defendant the right to repre‐

sent himself—the matter at issue here.”) (emphases in origi‐

nal). Because Imani’s abilities were close enough to Faretta’s

to be indistinguishable, the Wisconsin courts unreasonably

applied Faretta in denying Imani his right to represent him‐

self.2

Finally, the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s conclusion that the

trial court did not err by taking “into consideration the trial

schedule when determining whether Imani was competent to

proceed pro se” was also contrary to Faretta. See Imani, 786

                                                 

2 The standard of competence applied by the Wisconsin courts here

was much more demanding, and the conflict with Faretta much clearer,

than in Brooks v. McCaughtry, 380 F.3d 1009, 1011 (7th Cir. 2004), where we

affirmed denial of self‐representation to a defendant who had exhibited

“wild behavior and incomprehensible outbursts during the trial.”

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No. 14‐3407 13

N.W.2d at 54. Where a defendant invokes his right so late as

to delay a trial or engages in “serious and obstructionist mis‐

conduct,” a judge may deny the exercise of the right of self‐

representation. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 834–35 & n.46. But a late

request would have no bearing on competence. Under Faretta,

legal skill and experience are not required to be competent to

represent oneself. Id. at 835. And in any case, Imani made his

request four weeks before trial and said he would not need

any extra time to prepare. Faretta held it was a constitutional

error to deny request made “weeks before trial.” Id. The judge

would have been entitled to hold Imani to that assurance if he

had later asked for a delay, but he could not deny Imani his

Sixth Amendment right to represent himself on this basis.

Imani’s conviction cannot stand because the Wisconsin

state courts’ denial of his Sixth Amendment right to represent

himself was contrary to and an unreasonable application of

binding Supreme Court precedent. The denial of that right is

not subject to harmless error analysis. McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465

U.S. 168, 177 n.8 (1984). The district court’s judgment is

REVERSED and the case is REMANDED with instructions to

grant the writ of habeas corpus ordering that Imani be either

released or retried promptly.

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