Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-16-01401/USCOURTS-ca3-16-01401-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 16-1401

___________

DANIEL O’CALLAGHAN,

Appellant

v.

HON. X, In past or present official capacity as Judge or Senior Judge of the Court of 

Common Pleas of Northampton

County, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 5-15-cv-01716)

District Judge: Honorable Jeffrey L. Schmehl

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

July 1, 2016

Before: AMBRO, GREENAWAY, JR. and GARTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: August 11, 2016)

___________

OPINION*

___________

PER CURIAM

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

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Pro se appellant Daniel O’Callaghan (“O’Callaghan”) appeals from a final order 

of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. We will 

affirm the District Court’s decision denying O’Callaghan’s motion for a preliminary 

injunction, denying his motion to amend the complaint, and granting the defendant’s 

motion to dismiss.

I.

O’Callaghan is a semi-retired lawyer currently residing in Northampton County. 

Complaint (“Compl.”) at 2, ¶¶ 5 – 9. In 2012, he filed a lawsuit against neighbors in the 

Northampton County Court of Common Pleas. Id. at 2, ¶ 12. His grievance arose from 

the placement of, and noise level generated by, two air conditioners, and his lawsuit 

appears to have been transferred to several judges before an unnamed judge (“Hon. X”) 

re-assigned the case to himself.1 Id. at 2, ¶ 12; at 5 – 6, ¶¶ 23 – 34; at 7 – 11, ¶¶ 47 – 76.

On April 1, 2015, O’Callaghan filed a complaint in the United States District 

Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania requesting declaratory and injunctive relief

against Hon X. in his official capacity. O’Callaghan alleged violations of his Fourteenth 

Amendment due process and equal protection rights and claimed relief under 42 U.S.C. 

§§ 1983 and 1985; 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202; and Pennsylvania law. Compl. at 1, ¶¶ 1 

– 2. He specifically requested that the District Court grant: (1) a declaratory judgment 

stating that his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment due process and equal protection 

 

1

In his motion to amend his complaint, O’Callaghan identified Hon. X as a Judge 

Baratta. For the purposes of continuity, we will continue to use “Hon. X.”

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3

clauses and under §§ 1983 and 1985 had been violated; (2) an injunction pursuant to § 

1983; and (3) an award of the action’s costs. Compl. at 13 – 14. O’Callaghan claimed 

that Hon. X. had made it impossible for him to have fair proceedings in the Northampton 

Court; tried to silence O’Callaghan; denied his discovery requests unfairly; treated him 

differently from other litigants; and had, essentially, been biased and rude. Compl. at 11 

– 12, ¶¶ 78 – 79. Through counsel, Hon. X. filed a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 12(b)(6) arguing, inter alia, that: the suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment; Hon. 

X. was shielded from suit in his individual capacity; and injunctive relief was barred 

under the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1996 (“FCIA”). Motion to Dismiss 

(“12(b)(6) Motion”) at 1 – 2, ¶¶ 1 – 4.

On September 15, 2015, O’Callaghan moved for a preliminary injunction under 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 65 to stop a trial scheduled in the state court proceeding. Motion for 

Preliminary Injunction (“MPI”) at 5 – 6. After further filings, including a motion by 

O’Callaghan to amend his complaint, the District Court issued a memorandum and 

separate order on February 1, 2016. It first held that O’Callaghan’s official capacity 

claim and § 1985 claim were barred under the Eleventh Amendment. District Court 

Opinion at 3 – 4, 7. It then held that Hon. X. was immune from suit in his individual 

capacity. Id. at 6. It also concluded that neither injunctive nor declaratory relief were 

appropriate under the FCIA. Id. at 4 – 5. Finally, the Court denied O’Callaghan’s MPI

because the FCIA entitled Hon. X. to judicial immunity. Id. at 8. Accordingly, it

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dismissed the complaint with prejudice, concluding that any amendment would be futile. 

Id. at 9. O’Callaghan timely appealed.

II.

We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s decision to grant Hon. X’s

12(b)(6) motion.

2

 See Connelly v. Lane Const. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 786 n.2 (3d Cir. 

2016). In our review, we must accept “as true all allegations in the complaint and all 

reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them after construing them in the light most 

favorable to the” non-moving party. Id. (quoting Foglia v. Renal Ventures Mgmt., LLC, 

754 F.3d 153, 154 n.1 (3d Cir. 2014)). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 

12(b)(6), “a complaint must have sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). We review denial of a 

motion to amend a complaint for abuse of discretion. See Baer v. United States, 722 F.3d 

168, 177 (3d Cir. 2013). O’Callaghan challenges: (1) the District Court’s conclusion that 

the Eleventh Amendment barred O’Callaghan’s official capacity claims; (2) its 

conclusion that Hon. X. was immune from suit in his individual capacity; (3) its denial of 

injunctive and declaratory relief as to O’Callaghan’s claims; (4) its denial of his motion 

to amend and MPI; and (5) its dismissal of the case with prejudice.

3

 

2 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

3 We have tried to discern arguments in his sparse brief, and deem any other claims 

waived. See In re Supreme Specialities, Inc. Sec. Litig., 438 F.3d 256, 286 n.17 (3d Cir. 

2006).

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A. O’Callaghan’s Official-Capacity Claims Against Hon. X

O’Callaghan argues that the District Court should not have held that Hon. X had

immunity in his official capacity. However, it correctly decided that the Eleventh 

Amendment barred those claims. Under the Eleventh Amendment, a state is immune 

from suit except where Congress has abrogated that immunity through its power to 

enforce the Fourteenth Amendment or where the state has consented to be sued. See

Lombardo v. Pa., Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 540 F.3d 190, 194-96 (3d Cir. 2008). Neither of

those conditions applies here. Because O’Callaghan’s official-capacity claims are

effectively claims against the state itself, see Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 

234 n.9 (3d Cir. 2005), they are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See Benn v. First 

Judicial Dist. of Pa., 426 F.3d 233, 241 (3d Cir. 2005).4

As O’Callaghan notes, the Eleventh Amendment does not generally bar 

prospective declaratory or injunctive relief. However, in order to obtain injunctive or 

declaratory relief, O’Callaghan needed to allege facts from which it appeared 

substantially likely that he would suffer future injury. See, e.g, Bauer v. Texas, 341 F.3d 

352, 358 (5th Cir. 2003). As we have noted, O’Callaghan’s complaint sought a 

declaration that Hon. X had previously violated his rights. That is not a proper use of a 

declaratory judgment, which is meant to define the legal rights and obligations of the 

named parties in anticipation of future conduct, not to proclaim their liability for past 

 

4

In addition, judicial actors are not persons under § 1983. See, e.g., Callahan v. City of 

Philadelphia, 207 F.3d 668, 673-74 (3d Cir. 2000).

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actions. See, e.g., Utah Animal Rights Coal. v. Salt Lake City Corp., 371 F.3d 1248, 

1266 (10th Cir. 2004). And, of course, injunctive relief anticipates future conduct among 

the named parties. Here, too, and as the District Court noted, O’Callaghan’s suit was 

ultimately reassigned from Hon. X to another judge for trial—a trial that had already 

occurred by the time of the District Court’s judgment. Under these circumstances, we 

cannot conclude that O’Callaghan satisfied his burden of showing a substantial likelihood 

that he was likely to suffer some future injury at the hands of a named party. See Bauer, 

341 F.3d at 358.5 We note, moreover, that the FCIA generally limits to declaratory relief 

the type of relief available to § 1983 plaintiffs like O’Callaghan from judicial actors. See

Azubuko v. Royal, 443 F.3d 302, 304 (3d Cir. 2006) (per curiam).

B. O’Callaghan’s Individual Capacity Claims Against Hon. X & Motion to Amend

O’Callaghan next argues that the District Court erred when it concluded that, 

because of judicial immunity, O’Callaghan could not profitably amend his complaint by 

naming Hon. X in his individual capacity. We consider whether judicial immunity 

applies under a two-part inquiry. See Gallas v. Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 211 F.3d 

760, 768 (3d Cir. 2000). “First, a judge is not immune from liability for nonjudicial 

actions, i.e., actions not taken in the judge’s judicial capacity.” Id. at 768 (citations 

omitted). “Second, a judge is not immune for actions, though judicial in nature, taken in 

the complete absence of all jurisdiction.” Id. (citations omitted.) Whether or not a judge 

 

5

In his brief, O’Callaghan asserts that a petition for attorney’s fees is now pending in the 

Northampton County Court of Common Pleas. But he has not made a showing that he 

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took action in his “judicial capacity” depends on the nature of the act itself, and our 

inquiry is to determine if the act is a function normally performed by a judge. Id. As for

the second part of the inquiry, we have distinguished between those acts taken “in the 

‘clear absence of all jurisdiction,’” and those taken in excess of jurisdiction. Id. at 769. 

We have said that a judge will not be deprived of immunity, even if he acted in error, 

acted maliciously, or acted in the excess of his authority. Id.

O’Callaghan asserted that Hon. X made unfavorable comments in court; denied 

O’Callaghan discovery; and struck O’Callaghan’s proffered new material. Hon. X’s 

comments do not suggest any outright abdication of his judicial function, and the denial 

of discovery and striking of material are acts well within the ambit of a judge’s function. 

Pennsylvania judges “may perform any function of the court,” Pa. R. Civ. P. 249; order 

discovery, see Pa. R. Civ. P. 4002.1; and rule on evidence, see Pa. R. Evid. 103. Hon. 

X’s actions were not in “excess of jurisdiction.” See Gallas, 211 F.3d at 769. The 

District Court did not abuse its discretion by denying O’Callaghan’s motion to amend as 

futile. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 110 (3d Cir. 2002).

C. O’Callaghan’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction

Finally, O’Callaghan argues that the District Court should not have denied his 

MPI. For reasons we have canvassed above, including the fact that Hon. X’s 

involvement in the case had ended and that injunctive relief is rarely appropriate against 

 

faces some future injury in that proceeding at the hands of a party named in this action.

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judicial actors, see Azubuko, 443 F.3d at 304, the denial of the MPI did not constitute an 

abuse of discretion.

For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the District Court’s February 1, 2016, 

order.

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