Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_16-cv-01131/USCOURTS-casd-3_16-cv-01131-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 47:0227(b)(3) Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

MICHAEL DOHERTY, on behalf of 

himself and all others similarly situated, 

Plaintiff,

v. 

BARCLAYS BANK DELAWARE, a 

Delaware Corporation, 

Defendant.

 Case No.: 16-cv-01131-AJB-NLS 

ORDER DENYING WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE DEFENDANT’S 

MOTION TO COMPEL 

INDIVIDUAL ARBITRATION AND 

TO STAY 

(Doc. No. 25) 

 Presently before the Court is Defendant Barclays Bank Delaware’s (“Defendant”) 

motion to compel individual arbitration and to stay, or in the alternative to dismiss. (Doc. 

No. 25.) Plaintiff Michael Doherty (“Plaintiff”) opposes the motion. (Doc. No. 28.) For the 

reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Defendant’s 

motion. 

BACKGROUND

 This matter comes before the Court alleging Defendant violated the Telephone 

Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”)1

. (Doc. No. 13.) Plaintiff is a resident of San Diego, 

                                                                

1

 The TCPA exists to put an end to invasive telephone calls that are autodialed, placed without consent, 

and made without regard to the charges such calls can incur. (Doc. No. 13 ¶ 4.) 

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California. (Id. ¶ 9.) Defendant is one of the top ten issuers of credit cards in the United 

States. (Id. ¶ 2; Doc. No. 22 ¶ 2.) 

On June 9, 2012, Plaintiff was added, without his purported knowledge, as an 

authorized user to his father’s credit card account (the “Account”) through Defendant’s 

website. (Bell Decl. I ¶ 7, Doc. No. 25-1; Doherty Decl. ¶¶ 2, 3, Doc. No. 28-1.) Plaintiff 

was at no time an authorized user of his mother’s credit card. (Doc. No. 28 at 9.) 

 Between October 26, 2015, and February 4, 2016, Plaintiff then alleges that 

Defendant called his cellular telephone number at least fifty-five times. (Doc. No. 13 ¶¶ 

25, 26; Doherty Decl. ¶ 4.) The Court notes that it is disputed whether these calls concerned 

the credit card account of Thomas Doherty, Plaintiff’s father, or a credit card account of 

Chona Doherty, Plaintiff’s mother.2

 (Doc. No. 25 at 8; Doc. No. 28 at 8.) Nevertheless, 

Plaintiff contends that he never provided his cellular number to Defendant or gave prior 

express consent for Defendant to call his cellular telephone using a prerecorded or artificial 

voice. (Doc. No. 13 ¶¶ 22, 24.) In addition, Plaintiff alleges that he incurred a charge 

through his service provider for each call Defendant made to his cellular telephone. (Id. ¶ 

29.) 

On three separate occasions: June 12, 2012, August 14, 2013, and June 4, 2015, 

Defendant mailed multiple credit cards for the Account to Plaintiff’s home address. (Doc. 

No. 25 at 10; Bell Decl. I ¶¶ 8, 10, 12.) The Account cards sent on August 14, 2013, were 

activated on September 19, 2013, with Plaintiff’s cell phone and without his purported 

knowledge. (Bell Decl. I ¶ 11; Doherty Decl. ¶¶ 5, 9.) The Account cards sent on June 12, 

2012, included the following on the back: “Use of this card is subject to the Cardmember 

                                                                

2 Defendant has asserted that it was attempting to contact Plaintiff’s father with the calls from October 

2015 to December 2015. (Doc. No. 25 at 8; Bell Decl. II ¶ 9, Doc. No. 34-1.) Plaintiff contends the calls 

concerned his mother. (Doc. No. 13 ¶¶ 24, 25; Doc. No. 28 at 8; Doherty Decl. ¶ 4.) However, Plaintiff 

has stated that he does not “recall hearing any messages or speaking to anyone about attempting to 

contact [his] father, although that may have happened.” (Doherty Decl. ¶ 4.) 

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Agreement issued by Barclays Bank Delaware.”3

 (Doc. No. 25 at 10; Bell Decl. I ¶ 8.) The 

Cardmember Agreement (“the Agreement”) contains an arbitration clause, requiring the 

parties, including authorized users, to submit any dispute “arising from or relating in any 

way to th[e] Agreement or [] Account” to arbitration. (Bell Decl. I ¶ 9; Bell Decl. III Ex. I 

at 6-7, Doc. No. 37-1.) 

On October 3, 2015, Plaintiff’s mother called Defendant to cancel an automatic 

payment on the Account. (Lamborn Decl. ¶ 8, Doc. No. 25-2; Doherty Decl. ¶ 8.) Plaintiff 

and his father were brought onto the call and Plaintiff agreed to make a one-time payment 

of $548.19 on the Account. (Id.) Plaintiff was removed as an authorized user of the Account 

during this phone conversation.4

 (Lamborn Decl. ¶ 9; Doherty Decl. ¶ 7.) 

 Plaintiff instituted this action on May 11, 2016, by filing a complaint seeking redress 

for Defendant’s alleged noncompliance with the TCPA. (Doc. No. 1.) On July 22, 2016, 

Defendant filed a motion to strike Plaintiff’s class allegations in the complaint. (Doc. No. 

9.) On the same day, Defendant also filed a motion to stay. (Doc. No. 10.) Plaintiff filed 

his first amended complaint on August 9, 2016. (Doc. No. 13.) On August 29, 2016, the 

Court denied Defendant’s motion to strike and motion to stay. (Doc. No. 19.) Shortly 

thereafter, on September 29, 2016, Defendant filed the instant motion to compel arbitration. 

(Doc. No. 25.) 

LEGAL STANDARD

 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) governs the enforcement of arbitration 

agreements involving interstate commerce. 9 U.S.C. § 2. Pursuant to Section 2 of the FAA, 

an arbitration agreement is “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds 

as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contact.” Id. The FAA permits “[a] 

                                                                

3

 It is unclear whether the Account cards that were activated on September 19, 2013, had a similar 

statement. 

4 Plaintiff contends that he asked to be removed as an authorized user during the October 3, 2015 

conversation. (Doherty Decl. ¶ 7.) Defendant asserts that it was Plaintiff’s mother and father who 

requested that Plaintiff be removed as an authorized user. (Lamborn Decl. ¶ 9.)

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party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a 

written agreement for arbitration [to] petition any United States district court . . . for an 

order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in [the] 

agreement.” Id. § 4. 

 Given the liberal federal policy favoring arbitration, the FAA “mandates that district 

courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration 

agreement has been signed.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) 

(emphasis in original). Thus, in a motion to compel arbitration, the district court’s role is 

limited to determining “‘(1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) 

whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.’” Kilgore v. KeyBank, Nat’l 

Ass’n, 673 F.3d 947, 955 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., 

Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000)). If these factors are met, the court must enforce 

the arbitration agreement in accordance with its precise terms. See id. 

 While generally applicable defenses to contract, such as fraud, duress, or 

unconscionability, may invalidate agreements, the FAA preempts state law defenses that 

apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to 

arbitrate is at issue. AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011). Because 

of the strong policy favoring arbitration, any doubts are to be resolved in favor of the party 

moving to compel arbitration. Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 

U.S. 1, 24–25 (1983). 

DISCUSSION

I. The Court May Consider Plaintiff’s Arguments 

 Defendant first argues that the Court may not consider the merits of Plaintiff’s 

arguments because they go to the arbitration agreement’s applicability, an issue which the 

Agreement delegates to the arbitrator. (Doc. No. 25 at 21.) In opposition, Plaintiff asserts 

that as a threshold matter, the Court is required to determine whether a valid agreement to 

arbitrate exists. (Doc. No. 28 at 14.) 

 Under the FAA, “parties can agree to arbitrate ‘gateway’ questions of ‘arbitrability,’ 

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such as whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate or whether their agreement covers a 

particular controversy.” Rent–A–Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 68–69 (2010). 

“Because such issues would otherwise fall within the province of judicial review, we apply 

a more rigorous standard in determining whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate the 

question of arbitrability.” Momot v. Mastro, 652 F.3d 982, 987 (9th Cir. 2011). Thus, 

“[u]nless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise, the question of whether 

the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the arbitrator.” AT&T Techs., 

Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986). “Such [c]lear and 

unmistakable ‘evidence’ of agreement to arbitrate arbitrability might include . . . a course 

of conduct demonstrating assent . . . or . . . an express agreement to do so.” Momot, 652 

F.3d at 988 (citation omitted). 

 However, “arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit 

to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” Commc’n Workers of Am., 

475 U.S. at 648 (citation omitted). Therefore, “when one party disputes ‘the making of the 

arbitration agreement,’ the Federal Arbitration Act requires that ‘the court [] proceed 

summarily to the trial thereof’ before compelling arbitration under the agreement.” Sanford 

v. MemberWorks, Inc., 483 F.3d 956, 962 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 4). The Ninth 

Circuit has interpreted this to include challenges to the arbitration clause, as well as 

challenges to the making of the contract containing the arbitration clause. Id. (citing Three 

Valleys Mun. Water Dist. v. E.F. Hutton & Co., Inc., 925 F.2d 1136, 1140–41 (9th Cir. 

1991)). 

 Here, Plaintiff is challenging the existence of a contract with Defendant. Therefore, 

following relevant Ninth Circuit case law, the Court must first decide whether a valid 

contract exists. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds the requisite showing of the 

existence of a valid contract has not been met. 

II. A Valid Arbitration Agreement Does Not Exist

 Defendant argues that as Plaintiff was an authorized user of the Account, that there 

can be no dispute that a valid arbitration agreement exists. (Doc. No. 25 at 21.) In 

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opposition, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant may not compel arbitration because he was 

never a party to the agreement. (See Doc. No. 28.) To determine whether a valid agreement 

to arbitrate exists, we “apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of 

contracts.” Norcia v. Samsung Telecomms. Am., LLC, 845 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 2017) 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, California law governs the issue of 

contract formation and as the party seeking to compel arbitration, Defendant bears “‘the 

burden of proving the existence of an agreement to arbitrate by a preponderance of the 

evidence.’” Id. (quoting Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 771 F.3d 559, 565 (9th Cir. 

2014)). After a careful analysis of both parties’ motions, declarations, and in light of the 

applicable law, the Court finds Defendant has not carried its burden. 

“It is undisputed that under California law, mutual assent is a required element of 

contract formation.” Knutson, 771 F.3d at 565. Mutual assent may be manifested through 

words or conduct and acceptance can be implied through action or inaction. Id. The mutual 

consent necessary to form a contract “is determined under an objective standard applied to 

the outward manifestations or expressions of the parties, i.e., the reasonable meaning of 

their words and acts, and not their unexpressed intentions or understandings.” Deleon v. 

Verizon Wireless, LLC, 207 Cal.App.4th 800, 813 (2012) (citation omitted). “Although 

mutual consent is a question of fact, whether a certain or undisputed state of facts 

establishes a contract is a question of law for the court.” Id. at 813. 

 In this case, it is clear that factual disputes exist. First, the Court notes that the facts 

are unclear as to whether mutual assent exists between Plaintiff and Defendant. According 

to Defendant, Plaintiff consented to the Agreement by being an authorized user and using 

the Account on three separate occasions.5

 (Doc. No. 25 at 21-22; Doc. No. 37 at 6-8.) Two 

of these alleged uses were balance transfers from another credit card purportedly belonging 

                                                                

5 Defendant briefly mentions that Plaintiff may have assented by purchasing airline tickets. (Doc. No. 37 

at 6-7.) In light of Plaintiff’s denial of this allegation, in combination with Defendant’s lack of support 

for this assertion, the Court is unpersuaded by this argument. 

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to Plaintiff that totaled $21,239.69.6

 (Lamborn Decl. ¶¶ 4-7.) However, both transfers 

occurred online and it is unclear who made the transfers. (Id.) In addition, Plaintiff denies 

he made the two transfers, and that the other account used in the transfer belonged to him. 

(Doherty Decl. ¶ 6.)7

 Second, Plaintiff disputes ever having knowledge that he was an 

authorized user for the Account. Plaintiff argues that the October 3, 2015 conversation is 

when he first learned he was an authorized user with the ability to use his father’s account. 

(Id. ¶ 7.) In response, Defendant has failed to show that Plaintiff assented to the Agreement 

prior to this one-time payment Plaintiff made on October 3, 2015. 

 Given these disputed facts, and under California common law, the Court finds that 

there are genuine factual issues as to whether Plaintiff consented to be bound to the 

Agreement. Specifically, with so many facts in dispute, it is unclear to the Court whether 

Plaintiff’s manifested actions reasonably portray that he consented to the terms of the 

arbitration agreement. See Windsor Mills, Inc. v. Collins & Aikman Corp., 25 Cal.App.3d 

987, 992 (1972) (holding that as “the outward manifestation or expression of assent is the 

controlling factor,” an offeree, “knowing that an offer has been made to him but not 

knowing all of its terms, may be held to have accepted, by his conduct, whatever terms the 

offer contains.”). Thus, finding that Defendant has failed to carry its burden in showing the 

existence of an agreement to arbitrate between the parties by a preponderance of the 

evidence, arbitration is inappropriate. 

The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Three Valleys supports the Court’s decision. There, 

plaintiffs sued for losses in their investment accounts. Three Valleys, 925 F.2d at 1137. 

Defendant asserted an arbitration clause in a client agreement and plaintiffs argued the 

entire agreement was not binding because the signor lacked authority to bind plaintiffs. Id. 

                                                                

6 The first transfer occurred on September 29, 2011, almost a year before Plaintiff became an authorized 

user of the account. (Lamborn Decl. ¶ 4.) The second transfer occurred twenty days after Plaintiff 

became an authorized user in 2012. (Id. ¶ 5.) 7

 However, both parties agree Plaintiff made a one-time payment on the Account during the October 3, 

2015 conversation. (Lamborn Decl.¶ 8; Doherty Decl. ¶ 8.) 

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at 1138. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s order to compel arbitration of the 

contract formation issue on the grounds that forcing the formation issue into arbitration 

would have held the plaintiffs to an arbitration clause upon which they might not have 

agreed. Id. at 1138–42. Similarly, in the present matter, given the array of disputed facts, 

the Court is unwilling to compel Plaintiff to arbitrate his claims when Defendant has failed 

to make the requisite showing of Plaintiff assenting to the Agreement and the arbitration 

clause contained within. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to compel 

arbitration.8

 

CONCLUSION

 Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Defendant’s 

motion to compel individual arbitration and to stay. Defendant’s alternative motion to 

dismiss is thus rendered moot. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

Dated: February 14, 2017 

                                                                

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As the Court is denying Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration for failure to demonstrate that a valid 

arbitration agreement exists, the Court finds no reason to analyze both parties’ arguments concerning the 

scope of the Agreement and waiver by conduct. 

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