Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_08-cv-01392/USCOURTS-casd-3_08-cv-01392-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 15:1692 Fair Debt Collection Act

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1

 The Court notes that Collins’s reply exceeds the page limit set by the Local Rules. See S.D.

Cal. Civ. R. 7.1(h); Collins Reply. Collins is on notice that future noncompliance with the Local

Rules will result in appropriate sanctions under Civil Rule 83.1.

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

DAVID TOURGEMAN,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 08-CV-1392 JLS (NLS)

ORDER: GRANTING IN PART

AND DENYING IN PART

DEFENDANTS COLLINS

FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.;

COLLINS FINANCIAL SERVICES

USA, INC.; PARAGON WAY, INC.;

AND NELSON & KENNARD’S

MOTIONS TO DISMISS

(ECF Nos. 165, 166)

vs.

COLLINS FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.;

NELSON & KENNARD; DELL

FINANCIAL SERVICES, L.P.; PARAGON

WAY, INC.; COLLINS FINANCIAL

SERVICES USA, INC.; et al.,

Defendants.

Presently before the Court are two motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s third amended complaint

(TAC). The first is brought by Defendants Collins Financial Services, Inc.; Collins Financial Services

USA, Inc.; and Paragon Way, Inc. (collectively, Collins). (Collins Mot., ECF No. 165.) The second

is brought by Defendant Nelson & Kennard. (N&K Mot., ECF No. 166.) Also before the Court are

Plaintiff’s oppositions and Defendants’ respective replies. (Opp’n to Collins Mot., ECF No. 175;

Opp’n to N&K Mot., ECF No. 176; Collins Reply, ECF No. 179;1

 N&K Reply, ECF No. 180.)

Having considered the parties’ arguments and the law, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES

IN PART Defendants’ motions.

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 For the purposes of these motions, the facts alleged in the complaint are taken as true. See

Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001).

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BACKGROUND2

On or about November 19, 2001, Plaintiff purchased a Dell computer for shipment to his

parents house on Port Renwick in Chula Vista, California. (TAC ¶ 16, ECF No. 157.) At the

time—and at all times relevant to this litigation—Plaintiff resided in Mexico. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 16.)

Defendant Dell Financial Services, L.P. (DFS) arranged for Plaintiff to finance the purchase through

CIT Online Bank (CIT). (Id. ¶ 17.) Thereafter, Plaintiff made payments as required under the

financing agreement and paid the obligation in full before the maturity date. (Id. ¶¶ 17–18.)

According to Plaintiff, however, DFS “failed to implement a system for receipt of payments, failed

to process payments properly and accurately, and failed to properly indicate when an obligation had

been paid in full. As a result of its failure to process payments properly, DFS falsely indicated that

Plaintiff owed approximately $1,145.” (Id. ¶ 18.)

In approximately July 2006, DFS sold a portfolio of 85,292 charged-off debts—including

Plaintiff’s purported debt—to Collins Financial Services, Inc. (Collins Financial). (Id. ¶¶ 20–22.) As

part of the sales process, DFS provided Collins Financial with a blank exemplar loan agreement that

identified American Investment Bank, N.A. (AIB) as the original creditor for every account in the

portfolio. (Id. ¶ 21.) According to Plaintiff, Collins Financial did nothing to verify the original

creditors for the debts contained in the portfolio. (Id. ¶ 22.)

Collins Financial then placed the debts with its sister company, Paragon Way, Inc., which also

did not attempt to verify the original creditors for the debts contained in the portfolio. (Id. ¶ 23.)

Paragon Way sent a validation letter to Plaintiff’s parents’ house on Port Renwick, despite that DFS

identified Plaintiff’s last known address as Parker Mountain Road in Chula Vista. (Id. ¶ 24.)

According to Plaintiff, the validation letter stated that Plaintiff owed Collins Financial $1,619.52 and

identified AIB as the original creditor. (Id.)

A few months later, Paragon Way referred Plaintiff’s account to Nelson & Kennard. (Id. ¶ 25.)

Like Collins Financial and Paragon Way, Nelson & Kennard did nothing to verify the original

creditors for the debts contained in the portfolio. (Id. ¶ 26.) Nelson & Kennard also sent Plaintiff a

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validation letter that identified AIB as the original creditor. (Id. ¶ 27.) According to Plaintiff, Nelson

& Kennard sent the letter to an address on J Street in San Diego, California. (Id.)

About a month later, Nelson & Kennard ran a credit bureau inquiry regarding Plaintiff, which

was reviewed by the non-lawyer account representative handling Plaintiff’s account for the firm. (Id.

¶ 28.) According to Plaintiff, the inquiry (1) identified a debt to “DFS/CIT” in the amount that DFS

charged off, (2) identified Parker Mountain Road as Plaintiff’s current address, and (3) did not

identify any debts to AIB. (Id.)

Undeterred by the result of the credit bureau inquiry, Nelson & Kennard filed a lawsuit against

Plaintiff on Collins Financial’s behalf on or about August 2, 2007. (Id. ¶ 29.) The complaint averred

that Plaintiff entered into a financing agreement with AIB, and a copy of the blank exemplar AIB loan

agreement that Collins Financial received from DFS was attached to the complaint. (Id.) Nelson &

Kennard’s process server served a copy of the summons and complaint on Plaintiff’s father at his

residence on Lawn View Drive in Chula Vista. (Id. ¶ 31.) According to Plaintiff, the process server

then filed a proof of service falsely stating that Plaintiff had been personally served. (Id.)

After Plaintiff received a copy of the summons and complaint, he retained counsel to obtain

information about the lawsuit. (Id. ¶ 32.) Plaintiff’s counsel contacted Nelson & Kennard and

informed it of the defective service and other defects in the complaint. (Id.) Unable to withdraw the

original proof of service, Nelson & Kennard allegedly directed its process server to prepare an

amended proof of service indicating that it had executed substituted service on Plaintiff at Plaintiff’s

father’s residence. (Id. ¶ 33.) 

Plaintiff’s counsel spent the next several months attempting to persuade Nelson & Kennard

to dismiss the suit or provide media showing that Plaintiff did in fact owe the debt. (Id. ¶ 34.)

According to Plaintiff, only after his counsel threatened to sue Nelson & Kennard for violating the

Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) did Nelson & Kennard dismiss its suit. (Id.)

On July 31, 2008, Plaintiff filed the present action against, inter alia, Collins Financial, Nelson

& Kennard, and DFS alleging violations of the FDCPA and the California Rosenthal Act, invasion

of privacy, and negligence. (Compl., ECF No. 1.) After multiple rounds of motions and extensive

discovery, the Court granted Plaintiff’s contested motion for leave to file the operative third amended

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complaint. (Order, 22, 2010, ECF No. 156.) In addition to the original complaint’s claims, the TAC

accuses Defendants of violating California Business and Professions Code section 17200 and contains

class allegations. (TAC ¶¶ 44–53, 61–68.) The TAC also adds Collins Financial Services USA, Inc.

(Collins USA) and Paragon Way as defendants. (See id. ¶¶ 7–8.)

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the defense that

the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” generally referred to as a

motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint states a cognizable legal theory and

sufficient facts in light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which requires a “short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not

require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . it [does] demand[] more than an unadorned, the-defendantunlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, –– U.S. ––, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other words, “a plaintiff’s

obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly,

550 U.S. at 555 (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). “Nor does a complaint suffice

if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949

(citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted

as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at

570); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A claim is facially plausible if the facts pleaded “allow[] the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal,

129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the claim must be

probable, but there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.

Facts “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” fall short of a plausible entitlement to relief.

Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Further, the Court need not accept as true “legal conclusions”

contained in the complaint. Id. This review requires context-specific analysis involving the Court’s

“judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 1950 (citation omitted). “[W]here the well-pleaded

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3

 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations in this section are to Title 15 of the United

States Code.

4

 The Court’s analysis of these claims mostly focuses on the FDCPA, but it applies equally

to the Rosenthal Act, which incorporates the relevant FDCPA provisions. See Cal. Civ. Code

§ 1788.17 (“[E]very debt collector collecting or attempting to collect a consumer debt shall comply

with the provisions of [15 U.S.C. §§ 1692b through 1692j], inclusive of, and shall be subject to the

remedies in [15 U.S.C. § 1692k].”).

5

 Plaintiff brings his claims based on the validation letters under, “at a minimum,” 15 U.S.C.

§§ 1692e(2), 1692e(10), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a)(1). (Opp’n to Collins Mot. 7.)

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facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has

alleged––but it has not ‘show[n]’––‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” Id.

ANALYSIS3

Although Collins’s and Nelson & Kennard’s motions are nominally separate, Collins and

Nelson & Kennard each join in the other’s motion. (See Collins Mot. 3; N&K Mot. 1.) Accordingly,

the Court addresses the motions jointly.

1. FDCPA and Rosenthal Act Claims4

Collins raises several arguments in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s FDCPA and

Rosenthal Act claims. (See Collins Mot. 7–20.) The Court addresses most of these arguments below.

A. Validation Letters

Plaintiff bases his FDCPA and Rosenthal Act claims, in part, on Defendants’ alleged mailing

of validation letters that named the wrong original creditor on his debt.5 (See TAC ¶¶ 24, 27, 39,

55(e), 55(f), 55(j).) According to Collins, however, the TAC fails to state a claim based on this

conduct because (1) Plaintiff does not allege that he received the letters, (2) naming the wrong original

creditor was not a “material” misstatement, and (3) the statute of limitations bars claims based on the

letters. (Collins Mot. 10–16.) The Court addresses each argument in turn.

(1) Receipt of the Letters

First, Collins argues that the claims based on the validation letters fail because Plaintiff does

not allege that he received the letters, and letters that are never received do not constitute

“communications” necessary to trigger liability under the FDCPA. (Id. at 14–15; Collins Reply 5–7.)

The FDCPA prohibits debt collectors “from making false or misleading representations and

from engaging in various abusive and unfair practices.” Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 292 (1995);

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see, e.g., § 1692e(10) (prohibiting “[t]he use of any false representation or deceptive means to collect

or attempt to collect any debt”); § 1692f (prohibiting the use of any “unfair or unconscionable means

to collect or attempt to collect any debt”). “[T]he purpose of the FDCPA is to protect consumers

broadly from improper practices and the statute is to be interpreted liberally for this purpose.” Riley

v. Giguiere, 631 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 1305 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (citing Clark v. Capital Credit & Collection

Servs., Inc., 460 F.3d 1162, 1171, 1175 (9th Cir. 2006)). It is a strict liability statute that “makes debt

collectors liable for violations that are not knowing or intentional.” Donohue v. Quick Collect, Inc.,

592 F.3d 1027, 1030 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Recihert v. Nat’l Credit Sys., Inc., 531 F.3d 1002, 1005

(9th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Proof of actual damages is not required for

recovery under the FDCPA. Keele v. Wexler, 149 F.3d 589, 593 (7th Cir. 1998).

Clearly, the FDCPA’s focus is on a debt collector’s conduct, and not on whether a consumer

suffers actual damages or is misled. Cf. Mahon v. Credit Bureau of Placer Cnty. Inc., 171 F.3d 1197,

1201 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that, where FDCPA expressly requires debt collector to send validation

of debt notice, receipt of notice is not required). Sections 1692e forbids a debt collector from using

“false, deceptive, or misleading” representations or means to collect a debt, including falsely

representing the legal status of the debt. And § 1692f broadly proscribes “unfair and unconscionable

means to collect a debt,” including attempting to collect a debt that is not authorized by law. These

statutes don’t prohibit debt collectors from making false, deceptive, or misleading representations to

consumers—they prohibits them from making such representations at all. Thus, if a consumer’s claim

is based on “misstate[ments] or micharacteriz[ations]” in a letter from a debt collector, whether the

consumer received the letter is irrelevant. (TAC ¶ 55(f); see Herrera v. LCS Fin. Servs. Corp.,

— F.R.D. —, 2011 WL 2149084, at *7 (N.D. Cal. June 1, 2011) (“[T]he simple act of mailing letters

with allegedly misleading information constitutes a use of such prohibited language, and actual receipt

is irrelevant to liability under the FDCPA.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Irwin v.

Mascott, 96 F. Supp. 2d 968, 976 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (“A debt collector violates the FDCPA by sending

a notice containing unlawful provisions. Whether the notice is received is irrelevant to the issue of

liability.”).) Strict liability attaches when the debt collector mails the letter and makes the

representation. See Donohue, 531 F.3d at 1005; § 1692e(10) (prohibiting the use of any false

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6

 The Court recognizes that another provision of the FDCPA under which Plaintiff brings his

claim based on Defendants’ alleged mailing of validation letters does require a “communication.

(TAC ¶ 55(f) (citing § 1692g).) This provision is addressed infra.

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representation to “attempt to collect any debt”).

Collins’s reliance on Seaworth v. Messerli, 2010 WL 3613821, at *5 (D. Minn. Sept. 7, 2010),

is misplaced. There, the court concluded that a letter never received did not constitute a

“communication” under a provision of the FDCPA not at issue here, § 1692c(a)(1). Sections 1692e

and 1692f, by contrast, do not require a “communication”—a mere misleading representation or

unconscionable method suffices to establish a debt collector’s liability.6

The cases cited in Collins’s reply also do not “presuppose[] that a ‘communication’ was

received by a consumer,” as Collins argues. (Collins Reply 5 (citing, inter alia, Donohue, 592 F.3d

at 1033).) These cases hold that the impact of language alleged to violate the FDCPA is judged

according to an objective “least sophisticated debtor” standard. Donohue, 592 F.3d at 1033; Dunlap

v. Credit Protection Ass’n, L.P., 419 F.3d 1011, 1012 (9th Cir. 2005); Swanson v. S. Or. Credit Serv.,

Inc., 869 F.2d 1222, 1225 (9th Cir. 1988). Thus, the subjective impact of an allegedly misleading

representation on a consumer is irrelevant. If the subjective impact on a consumer is irrelevant, it

follows that whether the consumer received the representation is also irrelevant.

Guerrero v. RJM Acquisitions LLC, 499 F.3d 926, 936–38 (9th Cir. 2007), and the cases it

relied on are also inapposite. In Guerrero, the Ninth Circuit held that the FDCPA does not apply to

communications between a debt collector and a consumer’s attorney. Id. at 938. The court observed

that when an attorney is interposed between the consumer and a debt collector, the attorney, rather

than the FDCPA, will protect the consumer from the debt collector’s fraudulent or harassing behavior.

Id. at 937. Contrary to Collins’s assertion, Guerrero does not stand for the proposition that

representations never received by a consumer are not subject to the FDCPA. Rather, Guerrero simply

holds that direct representations to attorneys cannot support FDCPA liability because attorneys are

not likely to be misled. See id. at 938 (“[A] debtor’s attorney does not require the same protections

as a debtor himself.”). Where, as here, the debt collector attempts to make an allegedly misleading

representation directly to a consumer, the “limited exception” that the Ninth Circuit outlined in

Guerrero simply does not apply. Donohue, 592 F.3d at 1032.

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Defendants allegedly attempted to use false and misleading representations to collect a debt

from Plaintiff. The Court cannot hold, as a matter of law, that Defendants are free from liability under

the FDCPA because, by chance, their representations never reached Plaintiff. Accordingly, the Court

finds that the TAC states a claim under §§ 1692e and 1692f even though Plaintiff does not allege that

he received the allegedly misleading validation letters.

(2) Materiality

Second, Collins argues that the claims fail because, “even if Defendants misidentified the

original creditor in their letters . . , this was not a ‘material’ misrepresentation in connection with

collecting a debt.” (Collins Mot. 11.)

An allegedly false or misleading representation is not actionable under the FDCPA unless it

is material. Donohue, 592 F.3d at 1033 (citing Hahn v. Triumph P’ships LLC, 557 F.3d 755, 757 (7th

Cir. 2009)). A representation is material if “the least sophisticated debtor would likely be misled by

a communication.” Id. The materiality requirement is “not concerned with mere technical falsehoods

that mislead no one, but instead with genuinely misleading statements that may frustrate a consumer’s

ability to intelligently choose his or her response.” Id. at 1034. Materiality is a fact-specific issue that

should ordinarily be left to the trier of fact. In re Apple Computer Secs. Litig., 886 F.2d 1109, 1113

(9th Cir. 1989).

The Court cannot hold, as a matter of law, that the hypothetical least sophisticated debtor

would not be misled by a letter misstating the name of the original creditor. The misstatement here,

unlike the misstatement in Donohue, was more than a “mere technical falsehood.” 592 F.3d at 1034.

“To preserve the protections and policies of the FDCPA, it is important to know the proper identity

of the creditor. Knowing a creditor’s identity allows the ‘least sophisticated consumer’ to make more

informed decisions on how to communicate with the creditor and avoid being misled.” Isham v.

Gurstel, Staloch & Chargo, P.A., 738 F. Supp. 2d 986, 996 (D. Ariz. 2010). Plaintiff knew that he

had an account with CIT. Thus, it would be important for the least sophisticated debtor in Plaintiff’s

shoes to know whether Paragon Way and Nelson & Kennard were trying to collect on a debt arising

out of an account with CIT or another creditor. If the former, the least sophisticated debtor would

have gathered available proof to establish that he had paid the obligation in full. If the latter, the least

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sophisticated debtor may have assumed that the collection attempts were mistakes on Paragon Way’s

and Nelson & Kennard’s parts and simply ignored them. Thus, misstating the original creditor

unquestionably could “frustrate a consumer’s ability to intelligently choose his or her response.”

Donohue, 592 F.3d at 1034.

Collins attempts to distinguish the cases cited in Plaintiff’s opposition by noting that, there,

the debt collectors misrepresented the identity of the current creditor, whereas here, “Defendants’

letters . . . correctly identified the current creditor.” (Collins Reply 9.) The Court sees this as a

distinction without a difference. In fact, the identity of the original creditor is arguably more

important, for the Court can conceive of nary a situation more confusing than receiving a dunning

letter identifying an original creditor to whom the consumer never was indebted. Accordingly, the

Court concludes that the TAC contains sufficient allegations of materiality to submit the question to

a jury.

(3) Statute of Limitations

Third, Collins argues that the claims fail because, “[e]ven if [Plaintiff] had received the letters,

any claims based on the letters would be barred by the one year statute of limitations.” (Collins Mot.

15.)

A one-year statute of limitations applies to FDCPA and Rosenthal Act claims. § 1692k(d);

Cal. Civ. Code § 1788.30(f). The discovery rule applies to claims under the FDCPA, so the

limitations period begins to run “when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which

is the basis of the action.” Magnum v. Action Collection Serv., 575 F.3d 935, 940 (9th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., 135 F.3d 1260, 1266 (9th Cir. 1998)) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

Based on the facts as Plaintiff alleges them, the first time that he reasonably could have

become aware of the allegedly false and misleading representations in Defendants’ letters was when

his father was served with summons and complaint in the state court lawsuit in October 2007. (TAC

¶ 31.) At that point, Plaintiff was on notice that Defendants were attempting to collect a debt that

Plaintiff purportedly owed to AIB, and an investigation likely would have revealed—and in fact did

reveal—Defendants’ letters. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims based on the letters, as alleged in the

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 As stated supra, Plaintiff nevertheless can pursue claims regarding the validation letters’

content under §§ 1692e and 1692f.

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TAC, were timely when filed in July 2008.

For the reasons stated, the Court finds that the TAC states a claim under, at a minimum,

§§ 1692e and 1692f based on Defendants’ alleged mailing of validation letters that named the wrong

original creditor on his debt. Collins’s motion to dismiss the TAC to that extent is DENIED.

B. Section 1692g

Plaintiff also alleges that Collins violated § 1692g “by sending validation letters to debtors that

misstate or mischaracterize the original debt, including naming the wrong original creditor.” (TAC

¶ 55(f).) Collins argues that the claims under this provision fail because Plaintiff has not identified

an “initial communication” sufficient to trigger § 1692g. (Collins Mot. 16–17.)

“Within five days after the initial communication with a consumer in connection with the

collection of any debt,” the debt collector must send the consumer a validation letter containing certain

information regarding the debt. § 1692g(a) (emphasis added). This information includes the amount

of the debt, the name of the creditor, and various statements regarding procedures for verifying or

disputing the debt. § 1692g(a)(1)–(5). “Communication” as used in the FDCPA means “the

conveying of information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person through any medium.”

§ 1692a(2).

Here, Plaintiff alleges that Paragon Way unsuccessfully attempted to contact him by telephone

on July 17, 2006. (TAC ¶ 24.) And Plaintiff alleges that Nelson & Kennard first attempted to contact

him by unsuccessfully sending a validation letter. (Id. ¶ 27.) But because Plaintiff did not receive

either Paragon Way’s unsuccessful telephone call or Nelson & Kennard’s unsuccessful validation

letter, neither “convey[ed] . . . information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to” Plaintiff.

§ 1692a(2); MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 273 (11th ed. 2007) (defining “convey”

as “to impart or communicate by statement”). Hence, they were not “initial communication[s]” under

the statute. § 1692g(a); see Seaworth, 2010 WL 3613821, at *5. As such, § 1692g’s validation of

debt requirement was never triggered, and Plaintiff cannot pursue claims regarding the validation

letters’ content under that provision.7 Because the TAC fails to state a claim under § 1692g, Collins’s

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motion to dismiss the TAC to that extent is GRANTED.

C. State Court Complaint

Plaintiff also bases his FDCPA and Rosenthal Act claims, in part, on Defendants’ filing and

service of the state court complaint. According to Plaintiff, this conduct violated “[a]t a minimum . . .

§ 1692e(2), “which prohibits the false representation of . . . the character, amount, or legal status of

any debt.” (Opp’n to Collins Mot. 14.) According to Collins, however, the TAC fails to state a claim

based on this conduct because (1) Defendants did not directly serve Plaintiff with the summons and

complaint, and (2) Defendants cannot be liable for the process server’s allegedly improper conduct.

The Court addresses each argument in turn.

(1) Receipt of the Complaint

First, Collins argues that the claims based on the state court complaint fail because Plaintiff

does not allege that he was served with the complaint, and “[w]here a consumer is not served with a

document . . , that document cannot constitute a communication for the purposes of the FDCPA.”

(Collins Mot. 17.)

Collins’s argument is based on the same overly narrow reading of the FDCPA that the Court

identified above. Section 1692e makes debt collectors strictly liable for “false, deceptive, or

misleading representations . . . in connection with the collection of any debt,” regardless of whether

the targeted consumer receives the representations. Section 1692f similarly focuses on a debt

collector’s conduct. Thus, strict liability attached when Collins served the complaint on Plaintiff’s

father and made the allegedly false representations contained therein. Accordingly, the Court finds

that the TAC states a claim under §§ 1692e and 1692f even though Plaintiff does not allege that he

was served with the complaint.

(2) Process Server’s Conduct

Second, Collins argues that the claim based on service of the state court complaint fails

because “[t]he process server was not acting as a ‘debt collector’ and cannot be held liable under the

FDCPA for delivering the complaint to [Plaintiff’s] father.” (Reply 11.) Because the process server

cannot be held liable under the FDCPA or the Rosenthal Act, Collins reasons, “Defendants cannot be

held vicariously liable” under either statute for the process server’s conduct. (Id.)

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8

 Even assuming, arguendo, that Defendants had a “legitimate business need” to effect

substituted service on Plaintiff (see Collins Mot. 19 (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 1788.12(e)), Plaintiff

alleges that Defendants knew or should have known that Plaintiff did not reside with his parents (see

TAC ¶¶ 28, 31, 33). It follows that Defendants had no legitimate business need to communicate with

Plaintiff’s father at the Lawn View Drive address to effect substituted service.

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Contrary to Collins’s argument, however, Plaintiff does not seek to hold Defendants

vicariously liable for the process server’s conduct. Rather, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants

improperly communicated with Plaintiff’s father by directing service of the state court complaint on

him at an address where Plaintiff never resided. (TAC ¶¶ 28, 31, 33, 55(a); see § 1692c(b)

(prohibiting communication with third parties in connection with the collection of any debt); Cal. Civ.

Code § 1788.12(b) (same).) Because “the FDCPA defines a ‘communication’ broadly, as ‘the

conveying of any information regarding a debt’ directly or indirectly to any person through any

medium,’” the Court concludes that the TAC states a claim under § 1692c and California Civil Code

section 1788.12(b) based on Nelson & Kennard’s alleged indirect communication with Plaintiff’s

father.8 (Order 4, Aug. 6, 2009, ECF No. 58.)

For the reasons stated, the Court finds that the TAC states a claim under §§ 1692c, 1692e, and

1692f of the FDCPA and section 1788.12 of the Rosenthal Act based on Defendants’ alleged filing

and service of the state court complaint. Collins’s motion to dismiss the TAC to that extent is

DENIED.

Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants violated § 1692b “as a result of communications with

members of the Class, the Class members’ families, and third parties.” (TAC ¶ 55(a).) However,

Plaintiff does defend this claim against Collins’s motion to dismiss, and the Court construes his silence

as a concession. Accordingly, Collins’s motion to dismiss the § 1692b claim is GRANTED.

D. California Civil Code Section 1788.15(a)

Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants violated section 1788.15(a) of the Rosenthal Act “by

pursuing legal actions even though service of process had not been legally effected.” (TAC ¶ 58(b).)

Collins moves to dismiss this claim because Plaintiff “fails to identify any judicial proceedings that

Collins initiated after his attorney made contact with Nelson & Kennard.” (Collins Mot. 20.)

Contrary to Collins’s argument, the TAC does allege that Defendants “attempt[ed] to collect

a consumer debt by means of judicial proceedings when [Defendants knew] that service of process . . .

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9

 Nelson & Kennard further argues that the Court should dismiss the meaningful involvement

claim because Plaintiff does not allege that Defendants violated § 1692e(3)—the provision from which

the meaningful involvement doctrine springs. (N&K Mot. 12; see Avila v. Rubin, 84 F.3d 222, 228–29

(7th Cir. 1996); Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314, 1320–21 (2d Cir. 1993).) However, the Court

finds Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendants violated the FDCPA and Rosenthal Act “[b]y failing to be

meaningfully engaged in the collection of debts” sufficient to put Defendants on notice that he was

bringing a meaningful involvement claim. (TAC ¶¶ 38, 55(I).)

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[had] not been legally effected.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1788.15(a). Specifically, the TAC alleges that,

after being informed of the defective service, Nelson & Kennard directed the process server to

“prepare an amended proof of service declaring, under penalty of perjury, that Plaintiff had been subserved.” (TAC ¶ 33.) By doing so, Nelson & Kennard allegedly attempted to maintain a judicial

proceeding to collect a debt even though it knew that service of process had not been legally effected.

Accordingly, Collins’s motion to dismiss the claim under section 1788.15(a) of the Rosenthal Act is

DENIED.

E. Meaningful Involvement

Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants violated the FDCPA and Rosenthal Act “[b]y failing to

be meaningfully engaged in the collection of debts.” (TAC ¶¶ 38, 55(I).) According to Collins and

Nelson & Kennard, the Court should dismiss this claim because the Ninth Circuit has not adopted the

“meaningful involvement” rule and, even if it had, the TAC’s allegations do not support a meaningful

involvement claim.9

 (Collins Mot. 13–14; N&K Mot. 12–14.)

The Court previously abstained from deciding whether to adopt the meaningful involvement

rule. (Order 8–9, Aug. 6, 2009.) At this juncture, the Court does not have that luxury. Because

Nelson & Kennard has not identified a single authority rejecting the meaningful involvement rule, and

in light of the persuasive authority on the subject, the Court adopts the rule “that an attorney must have

meaningful involvement if he or she signs a collection letter.” Palmer v. Stassinos, 2009 WL 86705,

at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 2009).

Section 1692e(3) proscribes “[t]he false representation or implication that any individual is an

attorney or that any communication is from an attorney.” Generally, this provision “prohibits a debt

collector from using an attorney’s status to add to the force of its collection letters, unless the attorney

is actually involved in the collection effort to the extent implied by the letter.” Irwin v. Mascott, 112

F. Supp. 2d 937, 948 (N.D. Cal. 2000); see Avila, 84 F.3d at 228–29 (holding that mailing of dunning

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letters on attorney’s letterhead violated, inter alia, § 1692e(3) where attorney did not have personal

involvement in mailing of letters or review debtors’ files); Clomon, 988 F.2d at 1320 (finding

violation of § 1692e(3) where “collection letters were not ‘from’ [attorney] in any meaningful sense

of that word”); Holsinger v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 2006 WL 2092632, at *12 (N.D. Cal. July

27, 2006) (denying summary judgment on § 1692e(3) claim where defendant failed to present

evidence that attorney reviewed debtor’s file and gained knowledge about his debt). However,

whether an attorney’s lack of meaningful involvement in the collections process violates the FDCPA

depends on the facts and circumstances of the individual case. See Taylor v. Quall, 471 F. Supp. 2d

1053, 1061 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (rejecting contention that “there is some general standard under the

FDCPA for adequate attorney involvement in debt collection actions”).

Here, the TAC alleges that “Nelson & Kennard’s attorneys are not meaningfully involved in

the collection process.” (TAC ¶ 42.) Specifically, Plaintiff avers that Nelson & Kennard prepares

lawsuits and collection letters “en masse,” and its attorneys “sign the lawsuits and collections letters

without doing anything to verify that the information contained therein is true and correct.” Id. Thus,

the TAC alleges that letters mailed and lawsuits filed under Nelson & Kennard’s cover are “not ‘from’

[Nelson & Kennard’s attorneys] in any meaningful sense of that word.” Clomon, 988 F.2d at 1320.

Taking these allegations as true, as the Court must at the pleading stage, they make out a

prototypical claim for violation of § 1692e(3) against Nelson & Kennard. Accordingly, Nelson &

Kennard’s motion to dismiss the meaningful involvement claim is DENIED. However, because

Plaintiff does not defend this claim as to Collins, Collins’s motion to dismiss the meaningful

involvement claim against it is GRANTED.

2. Other State-Law Claims

Besides the FDCPA and Rosenthal Act claims, the TAC asserts claims for violation California

Business and Professions Code section 17200, invasion of privacy, and negligence. Nelson &

Kennard variously asserts that these claims fail because (1) they are barred by the litigation privilege,

(2) Nelson & Kennard acted reasonably in handing Plaintiff’s account, and (3) Defendants never

contacted Plaintiff or furnished inaccurate information about him to credit reporting agencies. (N&K

Mot. 6–11.) The Court addresses each of these arguments in turn.

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A. Litigation Privilege

First, Nelson & Kennard asserts that Plaintiff’s state-law claims fail because they “all arise out

of communications made by Nelson & Kennard in anticipation of or during the state court collection

action.” (N&K Mot. 6.) Consequently, Nelson & Kennard submits that the claims are barred by the

litigation privilege. (Id. at 6–9.)

Plaintiff concedes that “Nelson & Kennard’s filing of the state-court complaint is probably an

act protected by the litigation privilege.” (Opp’n to N&K Mot. 4 n.2.) Nevertheless, Plaintiff

maintains that Nelson & Kennard’s debt collection letters do not fall within the litigation privilege.

(Id. at 5 (citing Welker v. Law Office of Horwitz, 626 F. Supp. 2d 1068, 1073 (S.D. Cal. 2009).)

Apparently conceding that its debt collection letters are not privileged, Nelson & Kennard rejoins that

Plaintiff’s claims based on the letters fail because the TAC does not allege any injury arising out of

the letters. (N&K Reply 3–5.)

The problem with the latter contention is that Nelson & Kennard raised it for the first time in

its reply, thereby depriving Plaintiff of an opportunity to respond. Accordingly, the Court considers

the argument waived and declines to address it here. SeeColeman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 F.3d 1271,

1289 n.4 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[I]ssues cannot be raised for the first time in a reply brief.”). However,

because Plaintiff grudgingly concedes that the litigation privilege protects Nelson & Kennard’s filing

of the state court complaint, Nelson & Kennard’s motion to dismiss the state-law claims to that extent

is GRANTED.

B. Negligence

Next, Nelson & Kennard moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s negligence claim on the ground that it

“acted reasonably and did not breach any duty of care owed to [Plaintiff].” (N&K Mot. 9.) Nelson

& Kennard contends that it did not owe Plaintiff any duty of care to “independently verify the validity

of his debt before attempting to collect.” (Id. at 10.)

Contrary to Nelson & Kennard’s argument, this Court has previously identified persuasive

authority for the proposition that debt collectors owe consumers a duty of reasonable care in the

handling of their accounts, which includes the collection of their debts. (Order 9, Nov. 22, 2010

(citing Colo. Capital v. Ownes, 227 F.R.D. 181, 188 (E.D.N.Y. 2005)).) Although Nelson & Kennard

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10 Indeed, if the TAC did allege that Plaintiff’s parents read Paragon Way’s July 2006 letter,

it would undermine the Court’s conclusion both above and in prior Orders that the earliest Plaintiff

could have become aware of the allegedly false and misleading statements in Defendants’ letters was

when his father was served with summons and complaint in the state court lawsuit in October 2007.

(See supra Part 1.A.3; Order 9, Nov. 22, 2010; Order 14, Aug. 6, 2009.)

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cites various cases suggesting that the FDCPA does not create such a duty (see N&K Mot. 10 (citing,

inter alia, Clark, 460 F.3d at 1176–77)), these cases do not speak to whether the facts and

circumstances of this case favor imposition of a duty under California law, see Laabs v. S. Cal. Edison

Co., 97 Cal. Rptr. 3d 241, 250 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009). On that basis, Nelson & Kennard’s motion to

dismiss the negligence claim is DENIED.

C. Invasion of Privacy

Finally, Nelson & Kennard contends that Plaintiff’s invasion of privacy claim fails to the

extent that it is based on intrusion on seclusion and false light theories because Nelson & Kennard

never contacted him or furnished inaccurate information about him to credit reporting agencies.

(N&K Mot. 10–11.) 

Plaintiff’s opposition does not offer a defense of these theories, and he therefore concedes the

theories by his silence. Rather, Plaintiff defends the invasion of privacy claim only to the extent that

it is based on a publication of private facts theory. (Opp’n to N&K Mot. 8–9.) The elements of the

public disclosure tort are: “‘(1) public disclosure (2) of a private fact (3) which would be offensive

and objectionable to the reasonable person and (4) which is not of legitimate public concern.’”

Shulman v. Group W Prods., Inc., 955 P.2d 469, 478 (Cal. 1998) (quoting Diaz v. Oakland Tribune,

Inc., 188 Cal. Rptr. 762, 768 (Cal. Ct. App. 1983)).

Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants disclosed private facts about him by mailing a validation

letter to his parents’ house on Port Renwick. (Opp’n to N&K Mot. 9 (citing TAC ¶ 24).) The problem

with this argument is that the TAC does not allege that Plaintiff’s parents actually read the letter, and

accordingly, the first element of the disclosure tort—public disclosure—is not met.10 (See TAC ¶ 24

(alleging that Paragon way “supposedly sent” a validation letter to Plaintiff’s parents’ house).)

Because the TAC fails to state an invasion of privacy claim under any theory, Nelson & Kennard’s

motion to dismiss the invasion of privacy claim is GRANTED.

//

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CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, Defendants’ motions to dismiss are GRANTED as to the following

claims, which are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE: (1) Plaintiff’s claims under 15 U.S.C.

§§ 1692b and 1692g; (2) Plaintiff’s claim that Collins violated the FDCPA and Rosenthal Act by

failing to be meaningfully involved in the collection of debts; (3) Plaintiff’s claims against Nelson &

Kennard for violation of California Business and Professions Code section 17200 and negligence, to

the extent that they are based on Nelson & Kennard’s filing of the state court complaint; and

(4) Plaintiff’s invasion of privacy claim. As to their remainder, Defendants’ motions are DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: July 26, 2011

Honorable Janis L. Sammartino

United States District Judge

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