Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca2-13-04684/USCOURTS-ca2-13-04684-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 791
Nature of Suit: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Cause of Action: 

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13‐4532‐cv (L)

Roganti v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term 2014

Argued: November 21, 2014

Decided: May 14, 2015

Nos. 13‐4532‐cv (L), 13‐4684‐cv (XAP)

_____________________________________

RONALD A. ROGANTI,

Plaintiff‐Appellee‐Cross‐Appellant,

‐ v. ‐

METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, METROPOLITAN LIFE RETIREMENT PLAN

FOR UNITED STATES EMPLOYEES, SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT PLAN FOR EMPLOYEES OF

METROPOLITAN LIFE AND PARTICIPATING AFFILIATES, THE METLIFE AUXILIARY

PENSION PLAN, THE METROPOLITAN LIFE SUPPLEMENTAL AUXILIARY SAVINGS AND

INVESTMENT PLAN,

Defendants‐Appellants‐Cross‐Appellees.

_____________________________________

Before: JACOBS, RAGGI, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.

Appeal from a November 22, 2013 judgment of the United States District

Court for the Southern District of New York (Engelmayer, J.) in favor of plaintiff

Ronald Roganti (“Roganti”) on his claim for pension benefits under the Employee

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Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) against defendants the

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MetLife”) and four MetLife‐administered

retirement plans in which Roganti is a participant.  On appeal, defendants argue

(1) that the district court erred in denying their motion to dismiss Roganti’s ERISA

claim on res judicata and collateral estoppel grounds, and (2) that the district court

erred in concluding that their denial of Roganti’s benefits claim was arbitrary and

capricious.  We agree with defendants’ second argument, so we reverse.  In light of

this disposition, we affirm the district court’s denial of Roganti’s request for

attorney’s fees, from which Roganti has cross‐appealed.

REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART.

DAVID G. GABOR, The Wagner Law Group, Boston,

MA, for Plaintiff‐Appellee‐Cross‐Appellant.

MICHAELH.BERNSTEIN(John T. Seybert, on the brief),

Sedgwick LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants‐

Appellants‐Cross‐Appellees.

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff‐appellee‐cross‐appellant Ronald Roganti (“Roganti”) was a

successful executive with defendant‐appellant‐cross‐appellee Metropolitan Life

Insurance Company (“MetLife”1

) until 2005, when he resigned in the face of pay

reductions that he claims were levied in retaliation for his opposition to unethical

business practices.  Roganti brought arbitration proceedings against MetLife before

1 Roganti also named as defendants four MetLife retirement plans in which he is a

participant.  See infra note 2 and accompanying text.  In the remainder of this opinion, we

will refer to MetLife alone as the defendant for simplicity’s sake.

2

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the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), seeking, among other

things, wages that he would have been paid but for the retaliatory pay reductions,

as well as compensation for the decreased value of his pension, which was tied to

his wages.   The FINRA panel awarded Roganti approximately $2.49 million in

“compensatory damages,” but its award did not clarify what that sum was

compensation for.  Roganti then filed a benefits claim with MetLife, arguing that the

award represented back pay and that his pension benefits should be adjusted

upward as if he had earned the money while he was still employed.  MetLife denied

the claim because the FINRA award did not say that it was, in fact, back pay.

Roganti brought this lawsuit.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C.

§ 1001 et seq., creates a private right of action to enforce the terms of a benefit plan.

29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).  Roganti’s pension plans vest interpretive discretion in the

plan administrator, which means that the plan administrator’s benefits decision is

conclusive unless it is “arbitrary and capricious.”  Pagan v. NYNEX Pension Plan, 52

F.3d 438, 441 (2d Cir. 1995).  After a summary bench trial on stipulated facts, the

district court (Engelmayer, J.) determined that MetLife’s denial of Roganti’s claim

was arbitrary and capricious because it was clear from the arbitral record that the

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award did represent back pay.   We reverse.    For the reasons stated below, we

conclude that MetLife’s denial of Roganti’s claim was not arbitrary and capricious,

and that MetLife is therefore entitled to judgmentin its favor as to Roganti’s benefits

claim.  In light of this decision, we affirm the district court’s denial of Roganti’s

request for attorney’s fees, from which Roganti has cross‐appealed.  

BACKGROUND

According to his complaint in this action, Roganti began working for MetLife

as an account representative in 1971.  Over the course of the next three decades, he

was promoted multiple times, becoming a Vice President and the Managing

Director of a New York business unit called R. Roganti & Associates, as well as the

ExecutiveDirector ofAgencies at anotherMetLife businessunit known as theTower

Agency Group.  Roganti’s compensation rose significantly over the course of his

career, and particularly between 1994, when he earned $351,000, and 2001, when he

earned a high of $2.007 million.

Roganti alleges that beginning in 1999 and continuing until his retirement in

2005, his relationship with MetLife deteriorated as a result of his objections

regarding unlawful, inappropriate, and unethical conduct at the company.  Among

various allegations, Roganti claims that a subordinate of his, Dorian Hansen, came

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under fire in 1999 for opposing fraudulent business practices employed by some

MetLife insurance salespeople.  As part of a campaign against Hansen’s efforts to

end these practices, Roganti was allegedly told to fire her; when he refused, the

Tower Agency Group was dissolved, affecting Roganti’s compensation.  Roganti

alleges that he thereafter continuedto oppose illegal andunethical conduct, andthat

MetLife further reduced his compensation in retaliation.  As a result, Roganti filed

a retaliation complaint with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(“OSHA”) in 2003, under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), Pub. L. No. 107‐

204, 116 Stat. 745 (codified in relevant part at 18 U.S.C. § 1514A).  The complaint was

dismissed, however, when OSHA’s preliminary investigation did not validate

Roganti’s claims.  Asecondcomplaint,filedin January 2004 andalleging further acts

of retaliation, was dismissed in November of that year.

In July 2004, while the second OSHA complaint was still pending (and some

eightmonths beforehe retired),Roganti commencedFINRAarbitrationproceedings

against MetLife.  In the arbitration, Roganti advanced three theories of recovery in

addition to his claim that MetLife had violated SOX by retaliating against him for

opposing its businesspractices andforfiling a SOXcomplaint:(1) breach of contract,

for the alleged breach of MetLife’s commitment to make certain payments to him

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for overseeing the Tower Agency Group; (2) quantum meruit, to recover the

reasonable value of services Roganti had provided, but for which he had been

underpaid; and (3) ERISA violations, on the theory that MetLife had violated the

statute by reducing Roganti’s compensation for the purpose of diminishing his

pension benefits. Roganti’s statement of claim contained two separate paragraphs

describing his request forrelief.  The firstrequested “back pay, liquidated damages,

compensatory and punitive damages, attorneys fees and an accounting.”  J.A. 45.

The second—in the statement of claim’s “Wherefore” clause—sought an accounting

ofR.Roganti&Associates’revenues andexpenses; “appropriate backpay,frontpay

and reimbursement for lost benefits”; liquidated damages; punitive damages; and

attorney’s fees and costs.  J.A. 60–61.

The arbitration did not conclude until 2010, after a seventeen‐day hearing.

Roganti’s counsel made clearthroughout the proceedings that Roganti was focused

on recovering two categories of damages: damages for “lost comp[ensation]” and

“damages for the collateral effect [on] his pension benefits which are directly tied

to his comp[ensation].”   J.A. 2881;see also,e.g., J.A. 2891 (stating that Roganti “seeks

nothing more than the compensation and pension benefits that he worked for and

earned” (emphasis added)).  Roganti is entitled to pension benefits by virtue of his

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participation in four MetLife retirement plans (the “Plans”) and, as previously

noted, he claimed before the arbitral panel that MetLife had reduced his

compensation forthe specific purpose of limiting the growth of his sizable pension.2

In his summation to the FINRA panel, Roganti’s counsel explained how these two

damages components should be calculated based on the evidence presented during

the arbitral hearing.

As to the first component of damages—i.e., for lost compensation (or what

Roganti’s attorney referred to as “back pay”)—Rogantiretired in 2005, when he was

55 years and six months old, but he testified that he would have continued working

at MetLife until age 62 had his compensation not been reduced.  Roganti’s counsel

therefore argued that the panel should determine what Roganti would have earned

not only in the years 2003 to 2005 had the company not reduced his compensation,

2 The four Plans, which Roganti named as defendants in this lawsuit along with

MetLife itself, are (1) the Metropolitan Life Retirement Plan for United States Employees,

(2) the Savings and Investment Plan for Employees of Metropolitan Life and Participating

Affiliates, (3) the Metlife Auxiliary Pension Plan, and (4) the Metropolitan Life

Supplemental Auxiliary Savings and Investment Plan.  The differences in the Plans’ terms

are notrelevant to the issues presented in this case, so we willreferto the Plans collectively

in the remainder of this opinion.  As noted earlier, all four of the Plans give MetLife, as plan

administrator, discretionary authority over benefits decisions.  See,e.g.,J.A. 2856 (“Benefits

will be paid under the Plan only if the Administrator, or its delegate, determines in its

discretion that the applicant is entitled to them.”).  

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but also (because he would not have retired) what he would have earned through

September 2010.3

The evidence showed thatRoganti’s pay rose significantly from 1994 through

2001, and then decreased markedly: he earned $1.168 million in 1998, $1.24 million

in 1999, $1.406 million in 2000, and $2.007 million in 2001, before his compensation

declined to $1.506 million in 2002, $475,000 in 2003, $383,000 in 2004, and $67,000 for

the first quarter of 2005, after which he retired.4

  Based on these sums, Roganti’s

counsel proposed three scenarios for determiningRoganti’s lost compensation.  The

first assumed that Roganti’s compensation would have increased four percent

annually from an estimate of his expected 2002 earnings contained in MetLife’s

pension files, yielding total lost compensation—Roganti’s “but for” earnings from

2003 to 2010 minus the sum of his actual earnings from 2003 to 2005 and the actual

pension payments that he had received thereafter—of $14.768 million.  The second

scenario assumed that Roganti’s compensation would have remained flat at $1.506

3 Roganti’s counsel chose to calculate compensation through September 2010

because the date coincided with the expected end of the FINRA proceeding and with

Roganti’s 61st birthday.  Because Roganti argued that he would not have retired until he

turned62, he also askedfor additional compensationduring thatfinal year of employment.

4 For the sake of completeness, Roganti earned $351,000, $412,000, $549,000 and

$756,000 in, respectively, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997.  

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million (i.e., what he actually received in 2002), yielding a lower total lost

compensation figure of $7.350 million.    The third scenario effectively split the

difference between the first two, yielding total lost compensation of roughly $11

million.

With respect to the second component of damages—i.e., for pension benefits

to which Roganti would have been entitled but for the retaliatory decrease in his

compensation (or what Roganti’s attorney sometimes called “front pay”)—the

panel heard extensive testimony regarding how Roganti’s benefits were calculated

under the Plans.  As Michael Bailey, an Assistant Vice‐President and Corporate

Actuarial at MetLife, explained (in testimony that was generally consistent with

testimony from both Roganti and Robert Benmosche, MetLife’s CEO), Roganti’s

retirement benefits were primarily a function of two variables: his pre‐retirement

compensation and his retirement age.  Had Rogantiretired at age 62, he would have

been entitled to an annual benefit based on his five highest‐earning years within his

last fifteen years of employment at MetLife.   However, this annual benefit was

subject to an “early retirement discount” of four percent per year: retiring at 61

would mean receiving 96 percent of the annual benefit, retiring at 60 would mean

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receiving 92 percent of that benefit, retiring at 59 would mean receiving 88 percent,

and so on.  J.A. 2894.

Based on an assumption that Roganti’s remaining life expectancy in 2010 was

roughly twenty years, Roganti’s counsel advanced a proposal, during his

summation, as to how the arbitral panel ought to use the foregoing evidence to

awardRogantidamages for hisdecreasedpensionbenefits.  BasedonMetLife’s own

projections of Roganti’s pension had he not retired in 2005 (which assumed four

percent annual growth from his actual 2002 compensation), Roganti would have

been entitled to about $120,000 a month in pension benefits, or about $830,000 more

per yearthan he had been receiving.  Aggregated overtwenty years, that difference

would amountto lost benefits of about $17 million.  Alternatively,Roganti’s counsel

estimated that by virtue of Roganti’s early retirement alone, even with no increase

in compensation above what he had actually earned during his five highest‐earning

years, he had suffered a loss of about $3.42 million in benefits as a result of the early

retirement discount.

Roganti’s counsel acknowledged, however, that the calculation of a pension

award involves some measure of speculation.    Most notably, if Roganti’s

compensation during any year between 2002 and his retirement would, but for

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MetLife’s unlawful pay reductions, have been higher than the compensation he

earned during one of his prior five highest‐earning years, that higher figure would

properly replace the lower one for calculating his pension. Thus, as an alternative,

Roganti’s counsel suggested that the panel could avoid calculating Roganti’s

pension by simply deciding what Roganti would have earned while still employed

through age 62 (i.e., by choosing a back pay award), and then instructing MetLife to

determine Roganti’s entitlement to pension benefits based on that increase in

compensation.  As he put it:

But once again, I don’t want to be unduly speculative.  So to the extent

this panel has concerns about awarding front pay in specific amounts,

I submitthat an award should be rendered which says assumeRon had

earned such and such through the date of his retirement at 62 and,

MetLife, give him the appropriate pension amounts based on that.  Met

can adjust its pension.

. . . .

. . . [T]o completely eliminate the speculation, the answeris to have Met

adjustRon’s pension based on a retirement of 62 and based on earnings

of either 2 million or 1.5 million or some other higher or lower figure

through 62.  This panel can do that.  They can order Met to adjust Ron’s

pension accordingly or to buy an annuity so that he receives those

payments for the rest of his life . . . .

J.A. 2290.  

The panel’s chairman, making clear that neither side “should infer anything

from [the] question,” then inquired whether the proposed “front pay part of [the]

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calculation,” representing the loss of pension payments into the future, shouldn’t

be discounted to the present value of such payments, “if it is going to be reduced

into an award.”  J.A. 2291.  Roganti’s counsel agreed that this was necessary, that

“[t]his should be present valued, this $17 million if you are going to award it that

way.”  J.A. 2291.  He added, “that was one of the reasons I was addressing to the

panelthe alternative possibility ofMetissuing its own annuity, adjusting the figures

accordingly according to what Ron’s compensation would be if he worked to 62.”

J.A. 2291.  The panel chairman then concluded this discussion by noting that “under

the scenario that we give you everything you want,” the chairman himself could do

the discounting: “I mean, I have a calculator, I could do it.”  J.A. 2291.  

On August 28, 2010, the FINRA panel issued an award in Roganti’s favor.

Consistent with the first above‐quoted paragraph in Roganti’s statement of claim,

the award noted that Roganti had requested “unspecified compensatory damages,

unspecified punitive damages, an accounting of R. Roganti & Associates’ revenues

and expenses, appropriate back pay, front pay and reimbursement forlost benefits,

attorneys’ fees, costs, disbursements, interest, and such further and additionalrelief

as the Panel may deem just and proper.”  J.A. 63.  The arbitration panel further

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notedthatRoganti hadrequestedcompensatorydamages inthe range of $11,483,000

to $32,764,506.  Under the heading “Award,” the award stated simply:

After considering the pleadings,the testimony and evidence presented

at the hearing, the Panel has decided in full and final resolution of the

issues submitted for determination as follows:

1. [MetLife] is liable for and shall pay to [Roganti] compensatory

damages in the amount of $2,492,442.07 above its existing pension and

benefit obligation to [Roganti].

2. Any and all relief not specifically addressed herein, including

punitive damages, is denied.

J.A. 64.  The award did not state the basis on which the panel had found MetLife

liable, did not say what the “compensatory damages” were intended to compensate

Roganti for, did not allocate the damages to particular years of Roganti’s

employment, and did not instruct MetLife to recalculate Roganti’s pension benefits

based on the award or to purchase an annuity.  

On March 24, 2011 (roughly seven months after the panel issued its award),

Roganti filed a benefits claim with MetLife, in its capacity as administrator of the

Plans, arguing that the award was compensation for income that MetLife had

unlawfully denied him while he was employed there, and that this increase in his

pre‐retirement earnings justified an increase in his benefits under the Plans.

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Roganti’s claim was denied, first on June 16, 2011 by Karen Dudas, and then, after

Roganti appealed Dudas’s decision, on August 30, 2011 by Andrew Bernstein,

MetLife’s Plan Administrator. Dudas and Bernstein informed Roganti that an

award of general “compensatory damages” was not benefits‐eligible compensation

under the Plans, and that nothing in the award indicated that it was intended to

compensate him for wages he should have earned during his employment at

MetLife, much less for wages attributable to particular years of service.5

  As Dudas

explained:

In the Relief Requested section of the Award document,

“compensatory damages” are mentioned separately from back pay,

front pay and reimbursement for lost benefits.  The Award document

specifically states that any and all relief not specifically addressed is

denied.    Rather than requiring the Award be included in your

compensation earned as an Employee (by requiring treatment as back

pay) orincludedinbenefit eligible compensation,theAwarddocument

specifically labels the relief as “compensatory damages” (separate and

apart from any pension and benefit obligation) and denies any and all

5 Attribution of benefits‐eligible compensation to a particular year of employment

is pertinent principally because, as previously noted, Roganti’s pension (approximately

$610,000 per year prior to this litigation) is based on the average of his highest five years

of earnings during the fifteen years preceding his retirement.  Thus, as Dudas stated, “even

assuming that the Award or any part thereof would be considered Annual Compensation

under the Retirement Plans in order to calculate the appropriate benefits, . . . [i]n the

absence of an allocation to a particular year or over particular years it is not clear what, if

any, impact on benefit accruals the Award would have.”  J.A. 831.

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other types of requested relief—including categorization of the award

as back pay, front pay or reimbursement for lost benefits.

J.A. 830.  Accordingly, MetLife concluded, “[w]e do not see a reasonable basis in the

Award document for treating the Award as benefit eligible compensation earned

while you were an Employee.”  J.A. 832.

Roganti commenced this action in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York on January 9, 2012, after his appeal at MetLife had

been denied.  His complaint alleged that in denying his benefits claim, MetLife had

violated the terms of the Plans (so Roganti was entitled to relief under ERISA) as

well as the anti‐retaliation provisions of both SOX and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street

Reform and Consumer Protection Act  (“Dodd–Frank”), Pub. L. No. 111‐203, 124

Stat. 1376 (2010) (codified in relevant part at 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6).    The parties

stipulated to the dismissal of the Dodd–Frank claim on April 30, 2012.  MetLife then

moved to dismiss the ERISA and SOX claims for failure to state a claim, and on the

groundthatthey were barredby res judicata andcollateral estoppel becauseRoganti

had already sought increased pension benefits from the FINRA panel.  

On June 18, 2012, the district court issued an opinion dismissing the SOX

claim forfailure to state a claim, but denying MetLife’s motion to dismiss the ERISA

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claim.   Roganti v. Metro. Life. Ins. Co., No. 12 Civ. 161 (PAE), 2012 WL 2324476

(S.D.N.Y. June 18, 2012) (“Roganti I”).  With respect to the latter claim, the district

court held that if the FINRA award represented back pay, then it would be benefits‐

eligible compensation under the Plans.  Id. at *6.  But because the language of the

award itself “d[id] not come close to reliably resolving whether or not the award

represented back pay,” the district court found it necessary to remand the case to

MetLife, asplan administrator,to conduct “a close review ofthe arbitralrecord” and

determine based on thatreview “whether or not the award represented back pay.”6

Id. at *8.  (Although the relevant arbitration procedures permitted Roganti to seek

clarification of the award from the arbitrators, the three‐month period for doing so

had passed.  Id.)  The district court issued an order remanding to MetLife on June

29, 2012.  Special App’x 17–19.

On remand, MetLife’s Bernstein adhered to his earlier determination.  In a

submission dated September 14, 2012, he stated that despite having reviewed the

arbitration hearing transcript and exhibits, he had uncovered neither “evidence . . .

6 The district courtrejected MetLife’s res judicata and collateral estoppel arguments

on the ground that Roganti’s claim in this federal action arose after the arbitration and,

therefore, that Roganti could not have had a “full and fair opportunity to litigate that issue

in the prior arbitral forum.”  Roganti I, 2012 WL 2324476, at *4–5.  

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of any mathematical orformulaic calculation that would allow [him] to identify the

specific nature of the Award,” nor “evidence of the arbitrat[ion] panel’s intent to

consider any potential award as eligible for consideration when determining

Roganti’s retirement benefits.”  J.A. 2897.  In the absence of such evidence, Bernstein

reasoned that the panel’s failure to indicate that it was awarding Roganti only back

pay—even though it knew he was seeking to recover for his reduced pension

benefits—reflected a conscious choice by the panel to “award[] an amount in the

form of compensatory damages . . . to take care of all of Roganti’s claims during the

arbitration.”  J.A. 2900 (emphasis added).

In light of Bernstein’s submission, the parties agreed to have the district court

resolve their dispute by way of a summary bench trial on a stipulated factualrecord.

On September 25, 2013, the district court issued an opinion agreeing with Roganti

that the award represented back pay and holding that Bernstein’s decision reaching

the opposite conclusion was arbitrary and capricious.  Roganti v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,

972 F. Supp. 2d 658 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Roganti II”).  

In concluding that the award was back pay, the district court adopted what

it viewed as a “coherent explanation” proffered by Roganti for what the award

represented.  Id. at 668.  Specifically, if the panel had (1) assumed, consistent with

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Roganti’s second back pay scenario, that his pay would have remained flat at its

2002 level of $1.506 million; (2) declined to credit his testimony that he would not

have retired in 2005 but for the retaliatory pay reductions; and (3) awarded him the

difference between $1.506 million annually and his actual earnings from 2003 to his

retirement in 2005, then the resulting award would have been $2,492,461.53—just

$19.46 more than the panel actually awarded him.  Id. at 668–69.  Because Bernstein

had failed either to rebut this theory or offer his own account of what the award

represented, the district court held that he had acted arbitrarily and capriciously.  

Id. at 670–73.  The court therefore ordered MetLife to adjust Roganti’s benefits to

incorporate the award as benefits‐eligible compensation.  Id. at 675.  It also denied

Roganti’s request for attorney’s fees.  Id. at 674–75.

On October 29, 2013, MetLife provided Roganti with a calculation of the

judgment due to him as a result of the district court’s September 2013 opinion.  On

November 14, 2013, the district court issued a short opinion rejecting certain

challenges that Roganti had made to this calculation, directing judgment in

Roganti’s favor in the amount of $761,051 (plus interest) for previous benefits

payments that he had not received, and ordering MetLife to incorporate the

arbitration award into Roganti’s 2003–2005 benefits‐eligible compensation for

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purposes of calculating his benefits going forward.  Roganti v. Metro. LifeIns.Co., No.

12 Civ. 161 (PAE), 2013 WL 6043917 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 14, 2013) (“Roganti III”).

Judgment was entered on November 22, 2013.   MetLife filed a timely notice of

appeal, and Roganti timely cross‐appealed from the district court’s denial of his

request for attorney’s fees.  We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

DISCUSSION

Ourreview of a decision following a bench trial on stipulated facts is de novo,

at least where, as here, the district court reached legal conclusions based on its

review of the record and did not hear witness testimony or make credibility

determinations.  See Miles v. Principal Life Ins. Co., 720 F.3d 472, 485 (2d Cir. 2013).

ERISA creates a private right of action to enforce the provisions ofretirement

plans.    See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).    The Supreme Court has held that plan

administrators’ decisions on benefits eligibility must be evaluated pursuant to

principles of trust law, which “make a deferential standard of review appropriate

when a trustee exercises discretionary powers.”  Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch,

489 U.S. 101, 111 (1989); see Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 187 (1959).

Accordingly, where (as in this case) the relevant plan vests its administrator with

discretionary authority over benefits decisions, see supra note 2, the administrator’s

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decisions may be overturned only if they are arbitrary and capricious.  See Pagan v.

NYNEX Pension Plan, 52 F.3d 438, 441 (2d Cir. 1995).7

  In this context, arbitrary and

capricious means “without reason, unsupported by substantial evidence or

erroneous as a matter of law.”  Id. at 442 (quoting Abnathya v. Hoffman–La Roche, Inc.,

2 F.3d 40, 45 (3d Cir. 1993), abrogated on other grounds by Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn,

554 U.S. 105 (2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted).  This standard is “highly

deferential,” and “the scope of judicial review is narrow.”  Celardo v. GNY Auto.

Dealers Health & Welfare Trust, 318 F.3d 142, 146 (2d Cir. 2003).

7 Some authority arguably suggests that an administrator’s interpretation of an

arbitral award is more appropriately reviewed de novo.  See Hogan v.RaytheonCo., 302 F.3d

854, 856 (8th Cir. 2002) (holding that de novo review was appropriate where

administrator’s decision turned on interpretation of divorce decree); Dial v. NFL Player

Supplemental Disability Plan, 174 F.3d 606, 611 (5th Cir. 1999) (prescribing de novo review

for plan administrators’ interpretation of a contract and a domestic relations order);see also

Weil v. Ret. Plan Admin. Comm. of Terson Co., 913 F.2d 1045, 1049 (2d Cir. 1990) (applying de

novo review where administrator’s decision turned on a “question of law”), vacated in part

on other grounds on reh’g, 933 F.2d 106 (2d Cir. 1991).  Here, we discern no clear reason to

apply de novo review from the text of the Plans, from principles of trust law, or from

ERISA’s purposes.  See Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 512 (2010) (indicating that the

appropriate standard forreviewing an administrator’s benefits determination  depends on

these three variables).  Regardless, apart from his argument that MetLife operated under

a conflict of interest, see infra pp. 37‐39, Roganti does not dispute that we should review

MetLife’s decision under the arbitrary‐and‐capricious standard.  Any such argument is

therefore forfeited.  See Presidential Gardens Assocs. v. United States ex rel. Sec’y of Hous. &

Urban Dev., 175 F.3d 132, 141 (2d Cir. 1999).

20

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On appeal, MetLife does not contest the district court’s holding that if the

FINRA award represented wages that Roganti would have earned at MetLife but

for the unlawful reduction in his compensation—i.e., if the award represented back

pay—then the award was benefits‐eligible.  See Roganti I, 2012 WL 2324476, at *6

(“Although Roganti was no longer employed at the time of the award, if that award

represented back pay to compensate him for services rendered while he was a

MetLife employee, such compensation would properly be included in benefits

calculations.”).    Accordingly, the question before us is whether MetLife was

arbitrary andcapricious in rejectingRoganti’s contention thatthe FINRAawarddid,

in fact, represent back pay.

Roganti argues, and the district court held, that MetLife’s denial of his claim

was arbitrary and capricious because it is sufficiently evident that the FINRA award

represents back pay for the period starting in 2003 and ending upon Roganti’s

retirement in 2005.  As noted, Roganti’s theory is that the FINRA panel (1) rejected

his contention that he would not have retired in 2005 had his compensation not

decreased; (2) assumed that, but for the unlawful reduction in his pay, his annual

compensation from 2003 to 2005 would have equaled his 2002 compensation of

$1.506 million; and (3) awarded him the difference between that “but for” amount

21

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and his actual earnings from 2003 to 2005, and nothing else.  That theory—under

which the award necessarily constitutes back pay—predicts a dollar figure that is

$19.46 higher than the amount of the actual award.    The district court faulted

MetLife for rejecting Roganti’s “convincing explanation for the Award” without

offering its own competing explanation of what the award represented.  Roganti II,

972 F. Supp. 2d at 672.  MetLife argues that this was error, and for the following

reasons, we agree.

A.

An ERISA plan administrator such as MetLife owes a fiduciary duty not just

to the individual participant or beneficiary whose claim is under review, but to all

of the participants and beneficiaries of the plan.  See 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1); Morse v.

Stanley, 732 F.2d 1139, 1144–45 (2d Cir. 1984).  As a result, “ERISA requires a balance

between ‘the obligation to guard the assets of the trust from improper claims [and]

the obligation to pay legitimate claims.’”  Harrison v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 773 F.3d

15, 20 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting LeFebre v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 747 F.2d 197, 207

(4th Cir. 1984)).  In striking this balance with respectto a particular claim, a fiduciary

must, among other things, assess whether the claimant has furnished sufficient

evidence that he is entitled to the benefits he seeks.  

22

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On the one hand, “[p]lan administrators . . . may not arbitrarily refuse to

credit a claimant’s reliable evidence.”  Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S.

822, 834 (2003).  But it is also true that administrators may exercise their discretion

in determining whether a claimant’s evidence is sufficient to support his claim.  For

instance, in cases where the evidence conflicts, an administrator’s conclusion drawn

from that evidence that a claim should be denied will be upheld unless the evidence

points so decidedly in the claimant’s favorthatit would be unreasonable to deny the

claim on the basis of the evidence cited by the administrator.  Compare Tocker v.

Philip Morris Cos., 470 F.3d 481, 490–91 (2d Cir. 2006) (upholding administrator’s

determination that plaintiff was not a participating employee underthe plan where

“ample evidence” suggested that he had been terminated, though there was “also

evidence that [he] was not terminated”), and Hobson v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 574 F.3d

75, 89–90 (2d Cir. 2009) (rejecting argument that administrator erred in concluding

that the claimant was not disabled based on its weighing of competing medical

evaluations), with McCauley v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 551 F.3d 126, 138 (2d Cir.

2008) (concluding that administrator’s “reliance on one medical report . . . to the

detriment of a more detailed contrary report without further investigation was

unreasonable”), and Durakovic v. Bldg. Serv. 32 BJ Pension Fund, 609 F.3d 133, 140 (2d

23

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Cir. 2010) (holding that funds’ reasoning was inappropriately “one‐sided” where

funds “summarily dismissed” a report by the claimant’s vocational expert, “which

was vastly more detailed and particularized than the report on which the Funds

relied”).  Put differently, if the administrator has cited “substantial evidence” in

support of its conclusion, the mere fact of conflicting evidence does not render the

administrator’s conclusion arbitrary and capricious.  See Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 141

(defining “substantial evidence” as “such evidence that a reasonable mind might

accept as adequate to supportthe conclusion reachedby the administrator” (quoting

Celardo, 318 F.3d at 146)).

In other cases, the record evidence may not conflict—the only available

evidence may, in fact, point in the claimant’s favor—but it may nonetheless be

permissible for the plan administrator to conclude that the evidence is insufficient

to support the claim.  See Juliano v. Health Maint. Org., 221 F.3d 279, 287–88 (2d Cir.

2000) (explaining that an ERISA claimant bears the burden of establishing his

entitlement to benefits).8

  For instance, in Jiras v. Pension Plan of Make‐Up Artist &

8 The nature of a claimant’s burden may depend in part on the specific terms of

the plan at issue.  See Gaither v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 394 F.3d 792, 804 (10th Cir. 2004); see

also Hobson, 574 F.3d at 88 (holding that plan administrator could appropriately require

objective medical evidence supporting disability claim where “[s]uch a requirement is

not contradicted by any provision of [the administrator’s] own policy”).  In this case, the

24

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Hairstylists Local 798, the plaintiff’s claim for pension benefits turned on whether he

had worked in 1964 or 1965 for a union employer that contributed to the fund.  170

F.3d 162, 163–64 (2d Cir. 1999).  We held that it was not arbitrary and capricious for

the plan administrator to deny the plaintiff’s claim, given that the only evidence of

his union employment over that period was an unsubstantiated affidavit from an

unreliable witness.  See id. at 166.  

Under certain circumstances, it may be arbitrary and capricious for the

administrator to reject a claimant’s evidence as inadequate without making a

reasonable effort to develop the record further.  See Gaither v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 394

F.3d 792, 808 (10th Cir. 2004) (“An ERISA fiduciary presented with a claim that a

little more evidence may prove valid should seek to get to the truth of the matter.”);

Miller v. United Welfare Fund, 72 F.3d 1066, 1073 (2d Cir. 1995) (faulting fund for not

seeking evidence to confirm whether its “speculation” as to plaintiff’s need for a

private nurse was correct).  Ultimately, however, “[t]he rule is one of reason,” and

“[n]othing . . . requires plan administrators to scour the countryside in search of

evidence to bolster a petitioner’s case.”  Harrison, 773 F.3d at 22; see also O’Reilly v.

parties have not called our attention to any provision in the Plans that might affect

Roganti’s evidentiary burden, so we will confine our discussion to “the minimum

standards of ERISA.”  Gaither, 394 F.3d at 804.  

25

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Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 272 F.3d 955, 961 (7th Cir. 2001) (explaining that

ERISA requires a “reasonable inquiry,” not a “full‐blown investigation” (internal

quotation marks omitted)).  Thus, a claimant’s evidence may simply be insufficient

to establish his entitlement to benefits, even in the absence of evidence tending to

refute his theory of entitlement.  See, e.g., Jiras, 170 F.3d at 166.

B.

In this case, it is undisputed that Roganti offered no direct evidence that the

FINRA award represents back pay, and that the time for seeking clarification of the

award from the arbitral panel was allowed to pass.  Accordingly, the question is

whetherit was arbitrary and capricious for MetLife to determine that Roganti failed

to establish his entitlement to additional pension benefits based (as Roganti’s claim

was) solely on inferences that Roganti urged should be drawn from the materials

that MetLife reviewed in assessing his claim.  In light of the principles described

above, we conclude that MetLife’s determination was not arbitrary and capricious.

With his initial claim to MetLife, Roganti submitted only the award itself, a

news article describing the award, the statement of claim that he had submitted in

the FINRA arbitration, and proof that MetLife had, in fact, paid him $2,492,442.07.

Based on these materials alone, it was not arbitrary and capricious for MetLife

26

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initially to reject Roganti’s claim on the ground that the award did not “clearly fall

within the definition” of benefits‐eligible compensation under the Plans.  J.A. 831.

As Dudas explained in herletter denying Roganti’s claim, and as Bernstein likewise

emphasized in adhering to Dudas’s determination on appeal, the award

itself—consistent with Roganti’s statement of claim—indicated that Roganti had

asked for “unspecified compensatory damages” in addition to punitive damages,

an accounting of R. Roganti & Associates’ revenues and expenses, back pay, front

pay, and reimbursement forlost benefits, plus fees, expenses, and interest.  J.A. 803.

The awardspecifically statedboth thatitrepresented“compensatorydamages” and

that “[a]ny and all relief not specifically addressed herein” was denied.  J.A. 804.

The award itself therefore undermined Roganti’s argument that it was back pay,

which both Roganti and the panel apparently viewed as a separate damages

category that was not specifically awarded and thus denied.  

As the district court recognized, it arguably begs the question somewhat to

conclude that the award was not benefits‐eligible simply because it was labeled

“compensatory damages.”    If it were clear, for example, that the award were

“compensating”Roganti only for wages he should have earned while still employed

at MetLife, then the award might appropriately be considered benefits‐eligible back

27

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pay in substance, regardless of what the FINRA panel labeled it.  Judging only by

the materials Roganti initially submitted to MetLife, however, the award easily

could have been intended to “compensate” Roganti not only for his reduced pre‐

retirement wages, but also for wages that he would have earned had he not retired

in 2005 and/or for the reduction in pension benefits traceable to his deflated

pay—each of which was a category of relief requested in Roganti’s statement of

claim.  Accordingly, even assuming that some of the FINRA award might have

constituted back pay, it was impossible to tell how much based only on the

materials Roganti submitted.    It was reasonable for MetLife to determine that

Roganti was not entitled to any increase in benefits at all in light of the dearth of

probative evidence regarding the extentto which his benefits‐eligible compensation

might have increased.  

Of course, MetLife was later presented with the entire arbitral record

following remand from the district court.9

  As noted, Bernstein reviewed this record

9 We express no view on whether it was appropriate for the district court to

remand to MetLife with instructions to review the arbitral record, given that Roganti

had not initially submitted the record with his claim.  As noted, it may sometimes be

unlawful for a plan administrator to deny a claim while ignoring evidence that the

claimant failed to submit but which the administrator could readily obtain.    E.g.,

Harrison, 773 F.3d at 22–23.  MetLife was a party to the FINRA arbitration, but it is not

entirely clear whether the arbitral record was readily available to Dudas and Bernstein.

Because the district court’s decision to remand following MetLife’s motion to dismiss is

28

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and still found it impossible to determine the extent, if any, to which the award

represented back pay.  In particular, Bernstein opined that the extensive discussion

during the arbitration of how Roganti’s pension benefits were calculated, combined

with the fact that Roganti had asked the panel to award him damages for the

decrease in his pension, suggested that “any additional pension benefits Roganti

sought during the arbitration were already included in and made part of” the

award.  J.A. 927.  Bernstein also highlighted the fact that the award was not divided

among multiple earnings years, notwithstanding the FINRA panel’s evident

understanding that calculatingRoganti’spensionrequireddetermining his benefits‐

eligible compensation on a yearly basis.  The panel’s failure to divide the award

among multiple years implied that the award already included Roganti’s decreased

pension benefits because it suggested that the FINRA panel was not leaving it to

MetLife itself to adjust Roganti’s pension.10  

not before us, we need not explore this issue further.   We observe, however, that the

district court (incorrectly) framed its inquiry on MetLife’s motion to dismiss as

“whether the arbitral award represented back pay,” Roganti I, 2012 WL 2324476, at

*7—not whether MetLife’s denial of Roganti’s claim was arbitrary and capricious,

which is a distinct question.

10 Roganti suggests that the FINRA panel did not have the authority to award

pension benefits because the Plans were not parties to the arbitration.  This argument is

unavailing.   An ERISA plan participant or beneficiary need not sue the plan itself to

recover benefits, but may sue the administrator instead, see, e.g., Chapman v. ChoiceCare

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The district court faulted Bernstein’s analysis as a “naysaying submission”

that failed to provide “a rational accounting for the Award as issued.”  Roganti II,

972 F. Supp. 2d at 671, 672.  In contrast, it found Roganti’s argument as to what the

panel had done to be “coherent and logical.”  Id. at 670.  For the following reasons,

however, we disagree with the district court’s characterization, and with its

conclusion that Bernstein’s explanation of the denial of Roganti’s claim constituted

an abuse of discretion.    

First, Roganti’s contention that the award exclusively represents back pay

requires the assumption that the arbitral panel did not include increased pension

benefits in the award, even though Roganti (sometimes) specifically asked it to do

so.  As Bernstein explained, however, the panel heard extensive testimony about

how Roganti’s pension was calculated.    It is true that Roganti’s counsel, in

summation, presented the panel with the option of simply awarding Roganti back

pay and leaving the benefits calculation up to MetLife.  But had the panel taken that

route (and there is nothing in the arbitral transcript to suggest that it did), one

Long Island Term Disability Plan, 288 F.3d 506, 510 (2d Cir. 2002)—which in this case was

MetLife, a party to the arbitration.  It is also clear from the arbitral record that no one

(including Roganti, who specifically sought increased pension benefits from the panel)

disputed the arbitrators’ authority to award such relief.

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would reasonably expect the award to have made the panel’s intentions clear to

MetLife by using explicit language, breaking the award out on a year‐by‐year basis,

or both.  The district court’s indication that “the Award’s inexactitude” was an

impermissible basis fordenyingRoganti’s claimbecause thatinexactitude was what

“prompt[ed] these proceedings,” id. at 672, was misplaced.  As Bernstein explained,

the award’s opacity was not merely a source of uncertainty; the omission of

particulars that would have been necessary to implement Roganti’s version of the

award’s meaning constituted evidence against Roganti’s claim.  

Although Bernstein did not advance his own mathematical breakdown ofthe

award, he was not required to do so in order to deny Roganti’s claim.  The district

court faulted Bernstein for “pass[ing] on the Court’s request that [he] posit, based

on the record, a concrete alternative explanation to Roganti’s for the Award.”  Id. at

671.  Initially, however, we have doubts as to whether the district court clearly

communicated this request.  Its opinion determining that remand was necessary

stated that MetLife should review the record “to permit a determination to be made,

in the context of the evidence offered and arguments made by both sides at the

arbitration, whether or not the award represented back pay.”  Roganti I, 2012 WL

2324476, at *8.  The court suggested that MetLife might then be able to “posit an

31

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alternative explanation” for the award, id., but it did not say that doing so was the

only way for MetLife permissibly to determine that Roganti had failed to establish

his entitlement to benefits.  Similarly, the remand order merely instructed MetLife

to “conduct a close review” of the district court’s decision and the arbitralrecord “to

determine whether or not . . . the arbitrator’s award . . . constituted benefits eligible

compensation,” and to explain its conclusion “with clarity and in detail.”  Special

App’x 18.  

Regardless, while we appreciate the able district judge’s impulse to get to the

bottom of what the award represented, we must measure Bernstein’s explanation

against the arbitrary‐and‐capricious standard, not against any and all obligations

imposed by the district court.  The district court relied on cases indicating that a

plan administrator acts arbitrarily and capriciously when it denies a claim on the

basis of evidence thatis significantly weakerthan the evidence supporting the claim.

See Roganti II, 972 F. Supp. 2d at 671 (citing McCauley, 551 F.3d at 138, and Durakovic,

609 F.3d at 140).  But we think this analogy is inapt.  If Roganti’s evidence taken

alone was inadequate to support his claim (which MetLife rationally found that it

was), then MetLife could appropriately deny his claim regardless of the strength of

the evidence pointing the other way.  See Jiras, 170 F.3d at 166.  

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For similar reasons, we place little significance on Bernstein’s failure

specifically to refute Roganti’s explanation for the award.  Again, it is unclear from

the record whether Bernstein was even aware of that explanation.   The district

court’s first opinion mentioned that Roganti had a theory but did not say what it

was.  See Roganti I, 2012 WL 2324476, at *8.  In reviewing Bernstein’s decision, the

district court indicated that Roganti had “first articulated” his theory “during the

motion to dismiss litigation,” Roganti II, 972 F. Supp. 2d at 671, but as noted, the

remand order instructed Bernstein only to look at the district court’s decision and

the arbitral record, and not at briefing or oral argument transcripts.  

In any event, Roganti’s theory is undermined by the very facts that Bernstein

identified.    Roganti’s theory depends on the assumption that the arbitrators

awardedhim thedifference between $1.506million annually andhis actual earnings

from 2003 to 2005, and then intended for MetLife to calculate his pension.  But

despite the fact that Roganti’s counsel specifically suggested that the arbitrators

direct MetLife to recalculate the pension, the award does not manifest any such

intention.  The silence is significant.  The arbitrators’ authority to craft a remedy was

not limited to Roganti’s proposed damages calculations, and Roganti’s counsel

acknowledged that the arbitrators were capable of reducing pension adjustments

33

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to a lump sum themselves.  As one arbitrator observed, “I have a calculator, I could

do it.”  J.A. 2291.  As a result, the arbitrators could have arrived at a back pay figure

for 2003 to 2005 that was lower than what Roganti requested and added their own

pension adjustment in lump‐sum form.

We also find the $19.46 discrepancy between the actual award and Roganti’s

calculation more notable than the district court did.  The appeal of Roganti’s theory

lies solely in its power to account for the very precise amount of the panel’s award.

But that power is undermined if the theory does not, in fact, predict the exact

amount of the award.  The district court attributed this discrepancy to the necessity

for “some degree of arithmetic extrapolation” to account for “the 2005 stub year,”

id. at 672 n.8—to the fact that Bernstein resigned in the first quarter of 2005—but

neither the court nor Roganti explained how the panel might have arrived at a

number that was off by just $19.46.  Given these shortcomings, we cannot say that

MetLife was requiredto acceptRoganti’s theory as adequateproof ofhis entitlement

to increased benefits.

Finally, it warrants emphasis that Roganti failed to obtain clarification of the

award from the FINRA panel within the time limit prescribed for doing so.  Once

that opportunity was no longer available, it effectively became impossible for

34

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anyone—Roganti, MetLife, orthe courts—to determine definitively whatthe award

was compensation for.  Permitting Roganti to recover under these circumstances,

despite the uncertainty that he could have helped to prevent, would provide poor

incentives for future claimants in his position.  Only a claimant, and not his plan

administrator, will know after he receives an arbitral award whether he will claim

benefits on the ground that the award increases his benefits‐eligible compensation.

And the plan administrator, of course, will have no reason to seek clarification ofthe

award until a claim is actually made.  If the claim is made after the deadline for

seeking such clarification has passed, the administrator will be powerless to shed

light on what the award represents, except by recourse to the kind of unsatisfactory

hypothesizing that the district court prescribed here.  From this perspective, the

better course is to place the burden on the claimant to ensure that the basis for his

claim is as clear as possible before it is made, and to seek clarity during the

arbitration or timely afterward.

The district court recognized the peculiarity of forcing a plan administrator

to comb through thousands of pages of arbitration testimony in order to reverse‐

engineer an explanation for an arbitral award.  In the district court’s view, this was

a reason to grant less deference to MetLife’s determination on remand.  See Roganti

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II, 972 F. Supp. 2d at 673–74.    But that conclusion does not follow.   Where an

administrator hasdiscretionary powers, courts reviewing itsdecisions are assessing

the reasonableness of those decisions, and not “considering the issue of eligibility

anew.”  Pagan, 52 F.3d at 442.  Among other goals, “[d]eference promotes efficiency

by encouraging resolution of benefits disputes through internal administrative

proceedings rather than costly litigation.”  Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 517

(2010).  Accordingly, a plan administrator’s decision is intended to be final—within

the bounds of the highly deferential arbitrary‐and‐capricious standard—and not

merely an input with “the potential to assist the Court” in making the ultimate

determination.11  Roganti II, 972 F. Supp. 2d at 673.  If MetLife could not reasonably

be expected to have the institutional capacity required to reconstruct the arbitrators’

intentions on remand, then its failure to perform that task to the district court’s

satisfaction was not a sound basis for overturning its decision.

11 It is for this same reason that we held, in Miller v. United Welfare Fund, that “a

district court’s review under the arbitrary and capricious standard is limited to the

administrative record.”    72 F.3d at 1071.    As we explained in that case, this rule is

consistent with the absence of evidence that Congress “‘intended that federal district

courts would function as substitute plan administrators’ and with the ERISA ‘goal of

prompt resolution of claims by the fiduciary.’”  Id. (quoting Perry v. Simplicity Eng’g, 900

F.2d 963, 966 (6th Cir. 1990)).  

36

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C.

Roganti’s argument that MetLife was operating under a conflict of interest

does not affect our analysis.  In Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Glenn, the Supreme

Court held that when a claimant demonstrates that an ERISA plan administrator

with discretionary authority is subject to a conflict of interest, courts should not

apply a more exacting standard ofreview, but should instead weigh the conflict “as

a factor in determining whether there is an abuse of discretion.”  554 U.S. at 115

(quoting Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115) (internal quotation marks omitted).   Once a

conflict of interest is identified, determining the weight that it should receive

relative to other relevant factors requires a totality‐of‐the‐circumstances approach:

[A]ny one factor will act as a tiebreaker when the other factors are

closely balanced,thedegree of closeness necessarydependinguponthe

tiebreaking factor’s inherent or case‐specific importance.  The conflict

of interest at issue . . . should prove more important (perhaps of great

importance) where circumstances suggest a higher likelihood that it

affected the benefitsdecision, including, but notlimited to, cases where

an insurance company administrator has a history of biased claims

administration.    It should prove less important (perhaps to the

vanishing point) where the administrator has taken active steps to

reduce potential bias and to promote accuracy, for example, by walling

off claims administrators from those interested in firm finances, or by

imposingmanagement checks thatpenalize inaccuratedecisionmaking

irrespective of whom the inaccuracy benefits.

37

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Id. at 117 (citation omitted); see also, e.g., Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 138–41; Hobson, 574

F.3d at 82–83; McCauley, 551 F.3d at 131–33.

In this case, it is undisputed that MetLife has a “categorical” conflict of

interest because it both evaluates and pays claims.  Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 138.  We

conclude, however, that this conflict should receive no weight in our assessment of

whether MetLife’s denial of Roganti’s claim was arbitrary and capricious.  In the

district court, MetLife submitted an unrebutted affidavit from Bernstein, who

averred, among other things, that MetLife’s business and finance departments “are

kept completely separate from the administration of the Plans,” that he “did not

consult or consider MetLife’s or the Plans’ finances in connection with [his]

determinations” in this case or discuss Roganti’s claim with the business or finance

departments, and that his compensation is not tied to whether he upholds or denies

benefits claims.    J.A. 2905–06.    These are the kinds of “active steps” that, the

Supreme Court suggested in Glenn, may reduce a conflict’s importance “to the

vanishing point.”  554 U.S. at 117.  Nor has Roganti established that MetLife has a

history of biased claims administration or provided any other reason to assign

weight to MetLife’s conflict.

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Moreover, we have in the past declined to assign any weight to a conflict of

interest “in the absence of any evidence that the conflict actually affected the

administrator’s decision.”  Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 140; see Hobson, 574 F.3d at 82–83.

Roganti has identified no such evidence here.  It is true that a smoking gun is not

always required; under certain circumstances, an irrational decision or a one‐sided

decisionmaking process can alone constitute sufficient evidence that the

administrator’s conflict ofinterest actually affectedthe challengeddecision.  See,e.g.,

Durakovic, 609 F.3d at 140 (assigning weight to a conflict because of the

“decisionmaking deficiencies” evident in the defendants’ denial of the plaintiff’s

claim); McCauley, 551 F.3d at 136 (inferring that a conflict had affected the

defendant’s decisionmaking because nothing else explained its failure to allow the

plaintiff to cure certain defects in his claim).  But as discussed above, we think that

MetLife’s rationale for denying Roganti’s claim—i.e., that it was impossible to

determine whether, or the extent to which, the FINRA award represented back

pay—was not, in fact, unreasonable.12  

12 Roganti also suggests that decreased deference is appropriate because MetLife

denied his claim three times, not just once.  He cites Conkright v. Frommert, in which the

Supreme Court held that arbitrary‐and‐capricious review does not become de novo

even when a Court of Appeals has already determined that the plan administrator’s

claim denial was erroneous and reviews the administrator’s decision again following

39

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Because we conclude thatMetLife’s denial ofRoganti’s benefits claim was not

arbitrary and capricious, we do not reach MetLife’s alternative argument that the

district court erred in refusing to dismiss this action on the basis of res judicata or

collateral estoppel.  Additionally, in light of our conclusion that the district court’s

judgmentmust be reversed, we rejectRoganti’s cross‐appealfromthedistrict court’s

refusal to award him attorney’s fees under ERISA’s fee‐shifting provision, 29 U.S.C.

§ 1132(g)(1).  Assuming (purely arguendo) that a party who wins at trial but loses

on appeal is eligible for a fee award under § 1132(g)(1) by virtue of achieving “some

degree of success on the merits,” Hardt v. Reliance Standard LifeIns. Co., 560 U.S. 242,

245 (2010) (quoting Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 694 (1983)) (internal

quotation marks omitted), we detect no abuse of discretion in the district court’s

conclusion, after weighing the relevant factors, see Donachie v. Liberty Life Assurance

Co., 745 F.3d 41, 46–47 (2d Cir. 2014), that Roganti was not entitled to such an award

in this case.

remand.   559 U.S. at 513.   Conkright would not support Roganti’s position even if we

had previously found MetLife’s decision erroneous.   In any event, the correctness of

MetLife’s decision is the very question before us in this appeal.  It would make no sense

to afford that decision decreased deference simply because the district court held, in the

order under review, that MetLife’s decision was erroneous.

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CONCLUSION

We have considered Roganti’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit.  For the reasons set forth above, the portion of the district court’s

judgment granting Roganti relief under ERISA is REVERSED, and the portion of

that judgment denying Roganti’s request for attorney’s fees is AFFIRMED.

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