Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02866/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02866-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 470
Nature of Suit: Civil (Rico)
Cause of Action: 18:1961 Racketeering (RICO) Act

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

R&R SAILS, INC. dba HOBIE CAT

COMPANY,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 11-CV-2866 JLS (WMc)

ORDER GRANTING IN PART

DEFENDANT COSTCO’S

MOTION TO DISMISS

(ECF No. 9)

vs.

PREMIER INCENTIVE GROUP, LLC;

COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION;

and DOES 1-100, Inclusive,

Defendants.

Presently before the Court is a motion brought by Defendant Costco Wholesale

Corporation (“Costco”) to dismiss four of the claims in Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint

(“SAC”). (MTD, ECF No. 9.) Plaintiff opposes the motion (Opp’n, ECF No. 12), and Defendant

has filed a reply in support of the motion (Reply, ECF No. 15). The Court deemed the matter

appropriate for determination without oral argument and took it under submission pursuant to

Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). After careful consideration of the parties’ arguments and the law, the

Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s sole federal claim only. Plaintiff is

granted leave to amend, and Defendants are ordered to show cause why the remaining state law

claims should not be remanded for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

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BACKGROUND

1. Factual History

Plaintiff R&R Sails, Inc., d/b/a Hobie Cat Company (“Hobie Cat” or “Plaintiff”), a

Missouri corporation with its principal place of business in Oceanside, California, engages in

designing and manufacturing several types of boats and kayaks. (SAC ¶¶ 1, 8, Ex. 33 to Notice of

Removal, ECF No. 1-8.) Defendant Premier Incentive Group, LLC (“Premier”) is a Nevada

company in the business of providing various incentives programs to clients. (Id. at ¶ 2.) 

Defendant Costco, a Washington corporation, is the largest “membership warehouse club chain” in

the United States, with stores throughout the country, including California. (Id. at ¶ 3.) 

Hobie Cat distributes its boats and kayaks to consumers worldwide “through a complex

network of sales representatives and dealers appointed and authorized by Hobie Cat,” in a highly

regulated system intended to protect its dealers. (SAC ¶ 8.) This system is apparently very

important to the operation of the Hobie Cat sales scheme, and “Hobie Cat honors the commitment

of its sales representatives and dealers by NOT selling its products outside this sales and dealer

chain.” (Id. at ¶ 9.) However, in this action Hobie Cat alleges Premier and Costco have

circumvented that sales scheme and have thereby undermined Hobie Cat’s business model.

In Summer 2010, David Russell of Premier contacted Hobie Cat to inquire about

purchasing 100 “Hobie Cat Mirage Oasis” kayaks. (Id. at ¶ 10.) Mr. Russell told a contact at

Hobie Cat that Premier planned to use the kayaks for an employee incentive for one of its

insurance company clients. (Id.) Based on the volume of kayaks ordered, Hobie Cat offered

Premier a discounted price of $161,900, as well as free shipping. (Id.) The kayaks were shipped

on November 22, 2010 to the address given by Premier in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Id.) 

Subsequently, on April 2, 2011, Hobie Cat employees saw at least three Mirage Oasis kayaks on

display and for sale at a Costco warehouse store in Carlsbad, California. (Id. at ¶ 11.) After crossreferencing the serial numbers, Hobie Cat found these were the same kayaks sold to Premier in

November, 2010. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Hobie Cat has apparently determined that its kayaks have been

sold at various Costco locations throughout the United States, including several in California, as

well as stores in Japan. (Id.) 

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Hobie Cat now believes that Premier and Costco have been working together in a scheme

to obtain merchandise for sale at Costco warehouses. Under Hobie Cat’s formulation, Costco

arranged for employees from Premier to buy kayaks from Hobie Cat under false representations,

and then to sell or transfer those kayaks to Costco without Hobie Cat’s permission or knowledge. 

(Id. at ¶¶ 13-14.) Hobie Cat had apparently received several inquiries from Costco about buying

kayaks for sale in their warehouses, but had declined those requests “as Costco does not fit into

Hobie Cat’s distribution model.” (Id. at ¶ 13.) Thus, Hobie Cat believes Costco devised this

scheme with Premier in order to “intentionally circumvent Hobie Cat’s dealer network.” (Id. at

¶ 15.) These schemes, termed “diverter networks,” are apparently well-known by “manufacturers

of high-end products,” which often spurn Costco’s attempts to offer their high-end products for

resale in Costco warehouses. (Id. at ¶ 16.) In such schemes, “diverters” like Premier establish the

appearance of a legitimate business in order to purchase products that Costco has been unable to

obtain directly for resale, in order to circumvent manufacturers’ policies and allow Costco to get

those products directly from the diverters. (Id. at ¶¶ 16-18.) 

Hobie Cat alleges these actions by Premier and Costco have caused “immeasurable harm”

to Hobie Cat by damaging its protected trademarks and intellectual property, its goodwill with its

customers, authorized sales representatives and dealers, relationships, pricing and profitability, and

strategic marketing campaigns. (Id. at ¶ 20.) This action ensued.

2. Procedural History

Hobie Cat first filed claims against Costco and Premier in state court. (See generally

Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1.) Defendants were not served with the original complaint. (Id. at

¶ 1.) A copy of the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) was served on Defendants in April, 2011,

alleging five causes of action under state law: unfair competition, intentional interference with

contractual relations, negligent interference with economic relations, unjust enrichment, and fraud. 

(Id. at ¶ 2.) Apparently, federal subject matter jurisdiction did not exist over the FAC because,

though the parties appear to be diverse, the amount in controversy is not over $75,000. (Id. at ¶ 3.)

Hobie Cat was granted leave to file the operative SAC on November 18, 2011. (Id. at ¶ 4.) 

The SAC added new causes of action under state law for fraud, conversion, and conspiracy, and

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also added a federal claim for violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act

(“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961, et seq. (Id.) Asserting federal question jurisdiction based on this

new RICO claim, Costco removed the action to this Court on December 8, 2011. A few days later,

on December 15, 2011, Costco filed the instant motion to dismiss the newly added causes of action

in the SAC, namely the fifth (fraud), sixth (conversion), seventh (conspiracy), and eighth (RICO). 

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the defense that

the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” generally referred to as a

motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint states a cognizable legal theory and

sufficient facts in light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which requires a “short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not

require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . it [does] demand[] more than an unadorned, thedefendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other words, “a plaintiff’s

obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly,

550 U.S. at 555 (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). “Nor does a complaint

suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S.

at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly,

550 U.S. at 570); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A claim is facially plausible when the facts

pled “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the claim must

be probable, but there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted

unlawfully.” Id. Facts “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” fall short of a plausible

entitlement to relief. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Further, the Court need not accept

as true “legal conclusions” contained in the complaint. Id. This review requires context-specific

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analysis involving the Court’s “judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679 (citation

omitted). “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere

possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is

entitled to relief.’” Id. Moreover, “for a complaint to be dismissed because the allegations give

rise to an affirmative defense[,] the defense clearly must appear on the face of the pleading.” 

McCalden v. Ca. Library Ass’n, 955 F.2d 1214, 1219 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal quotations omitted).

Where a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless the court

determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not

possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir.

1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir.

1986)). In other words, where leave to amend would be futile, the Court may deny leave to

amend. See Desoto, 957 F.2d at 658; Schreiber, 806 F.2d at 1401.

ANALYSIS

1. RICO Claim

Hobie Cat’s eighth cause of action, and sole federal claim, asserts RICO violations against

Premier and Costco. (SAC ¶¶ 67-83.) The RICO Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961, et seq., prohibits certain

conduct involving a “pattern of racketeering activity,” and makes a private right of action available

to “[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation” of RICO’s

substantive restrictions, provided that the alleged violation was the proximate cause of the injury. 

Holmes v. Sec. Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268 (1992). Hobie Cat bases its RICO

claim upon “many acts over the course of at least a two year period,” namely mail fraud and wire

fraud. (SAC ¶ 76.) Accordingly, the Court finds that Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standards

apply to Hobie Cat’s RICO allegations. See Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1066

(9th Cir. 2004) (“Rule 9(b)’s [heightened pleading requirement] . . . applies to civil RICO fraud

claims.”) (citing Alan Neuman Prods, Inc. v. Albright, 862 F.2d 1388, 1392 (9th Cir. 1988)). 

Applying Rule 9(b), the Court finds the SAC’s allegations deficient.

At minimum, the Court agrees with Costco that Hobie Cat has not adequately alleged

conduct which violates the statute. (See MTD 10.) RICO outlaws four types of racketeering-

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related activities. See 18 U.S.C. § 1962. First, it prohibits investment of income derived “from a

pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt” in “any enterprise which

is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce.” Id. § 1962(a). 

Next, RICO forbids the use of racketeering activity or unlawful collection of debt “to maintain

. . . any interest in or control of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which

affect, interstate or foreign commerce.” Id. § 1962(b). Third, no one “employed by or associated

with any enterprise” may conduct the “enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering

activity or collection of unlawful debt.” Id. § 1962(c). Finally, RICO outlaws conspiracies to

violate the first three provisions. Id. § 1962(d). 

The SAC does not specify which subsection of the statute Defendants have violated. 

Generally, Hobie Cat alleges that Defendants “engaged in a continuing series of schemes to induce

manufacturers of merchandise (in case, Hobie Cat) to unsuspectingly transfer their property to

diverters participating in a diverter network by fraud and deceit with the intention of wrongfully

obtaining the property of the manufacturers for the purpose of unauthorized resale of the

manufacturers’ property at Costco retail locations throughout California, the United States, Japan

and other places abroad.” (Id. at ¶ 71.) In its opposition to Costco’s motion to dismiss, Hobie Cat

asserts this states a claim for a RICO violation under subsection (c), which prohibits conducting

the affairs of an enterprise through “a pattern of racketeering activity.” (Opp’n 6-7.) Specifically,

Hobie Cat argues it has adequately pled a pattern of racketeering activity by alleging “at least two

acts of specifically listed conduct, for example, wire or mail fraud, occurring within ten years of

each other.” (Id. at 7). Hobie Cat points to the list contained in its SAC of emails between

representatives of Premier and Hobie Cat, and between different representatives of Costco. (See

SAC ¶ 79.) None of these emails appears to be between any representative of Premier and any

representative of Costco. Nor is it clear from the SAC how these emails establish any pattern of

racketeering activity, or even in what way they constitute mail or wire fraud. 

Instead, all that is apparent from the SAC is that Hobie Cat believes Premier and Costco

are engaged in a joint venture premised on Premier’s nondisclosure of information to Hobie Cat

that Hobie Cat finds important in deciding whether to sell its product. Hobie Cat does not address

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whether such nondisclosure is illegal or may constitute “racketeering activity,” instead merely

pointing to a list of emails as proof of “wire fraud.” Further, Hobie Cat’s allegations based “on

information belief” are insufficient to support its RICO claim under the stricter requirements of

Rule 9(b). See, e.g., Neubronner v. Milken, 6 F.3d 666, 672 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding, in the RICO

context, that “a plaintiff who makes allegations on information and belief must state the factual

basis for the belief”) (citations omitted)); New England Data Servs., Inc. v. Becher, 829 F.2d 286

(1st Cir. 1987) (applying Rule 9(b) to a civil RICO claim and stating that allegations based on

“information and belief” are insufficient to satisfy 9(b)’s particularity requirement). 

In short, the SAC simply does not allege facts with sufficient particularity for the Court to

ascertain “the who, what when, where, and how” of the supposed racketeering activity each

Defendant has engaged in. See Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir.

2003) (quoting Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997)). Accordingly, the Court

finds Hobie Cat has failed to state a cognizable claim under the RICO Act. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s

claim for violations of the RICO Act WITHOUT PREJUDICE. The Court grants Plaintiff an

opportunity to amend, to remedy the sufficiencies of pleading noted in this Order. If Plaintiff

wishes, it may file an amended complaint within 15 days of the date this Order is electronically

docketed. By that same date, because this Order dismisses Plaintiff’s sole federal claim, and

Defendant Costco’s notice of removal is premised entirely on the propriety of federal question

jurisdiction, Defendant is ordered to show cause why the remaining state law claims should not be

remanded for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: August 23, 2012

Honorable Janis L. Sammartino

United States District Judge

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