Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_06-cv-00344/USCOURTS-azd-2_06-cv-00344-11/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Breach of Contract

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

IMA North America, Inc.,

Plaintiff/Counterdefendant, 

vs.

Maryln Nutraceuticals, Inc., d/b/a

Naturally Vitamins, 

Defendant/Counterclaimant. 

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No. CV-06-344-PHX-LOA

ORDER

This matter arises on Plaintiff/Counterdefendant IMA North America, Inc.’s

(“IMA”) Motion to Exclude the Report and Testimony of Damian Hillseth. (docket # 101)

Defendant/Counterclaimant, Maryln Nutraceuticals, Inc. (“Marlyn” or “Defendant”) has

identified Mr. Hillseth as an expert witness to testify regarding the value of the Comprima

230 at the time of purchase by Marlyn. IMA claims that: (1) Mr. Hillseth is not qualified to

testify as an expert; (2) his opinion is unreliable; and (3) he is not qualified to render an

opinion regarding lease terms. (docket # 101) 

After considering the parties’ briefing, evidence, and the relevant case law, the

Court will grant the motion and will exclude the report and expert testimony of Mr. Hillseth.

The Court declines to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the pending motion because the

evidence in the record is sufficient to support a ruling on the motion and the parties expressly

advised the Court during a bench trial on the merits of this case that the record before the

Court contains all of the evidence and arguments which counsel wish to present on the

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pending motion. Weinstein’s Federal Evidence § 702.02 (stating that “[a]n evidentiary

hearing is not required if the information before the court if sufficient to support a ruling on

the reliability of the proposed evidence.”). 

I. Background

Plaintiff/Counterdefendant IMA, the vendor of a Comprima 230 tablet press

(“press”) manufactured in Italy by IMA S.P.A., a separate corporation, brings this paymentdeficiency action against Defendant Marlyn, d/b/a Naturally Vitamins, the purchaser of the

press and a manufacturer of vitamins and other tablets for sale. 

On April 30, 2004, IMA faxed a purchase order (“the Comprima Purchase

Order) to Marlyn pursuant to which Marlyn agreed to: (1) purchase a Comprima 230 from

IMA for $585,000 (including delivery) plus a trade-in of an S 250 Killean tablet press IMA

had sold to Maryln in 2000; (2) pay a down payment of 40 % of the purchase price

($234,000); and (3) pay the balance in full upon delivery of the Comprima 230 to Maryln’s

Phoenix warehouse. (Complaint ¶ 6, Answer ¶ 6) IMA alleges claims of breach of contract

and unjust enrichment. IMA contends that, although Marlyn paid the down payment

($234,000), it breached the Comprima Purchase Order by failing to pay the remaining

$351,000 owed for the Comprima 230. (Complaint at ¶ 8)

Marlyn denies any wrongdoing. It alleges that IMA proposed to sell, and

Marlyn intended to buy, a new and unused Comprima 230. It is undisputed that Marlyn paid

IMA the agreed upon down payment of $234,000 before delivery of the Comprima 230. 

Marlyn claims that at or shortly after the delivery of the Comprima 230, Marlyn discovered

that the Comprima 230 was not the new tablet press it had agreed to purchase as evidenced

by, among others, rust, powder residue, and the age of the Comprima 230’s parts. Marlyn

alleges that “[a]t no time did IMA ever disclose to [Marlyn] that the [press] had been

manufactured in 1999, that it contained aged parts that were tested in 1999, that it had been

displayed and used [as a demonstration model] at a trade show in Germany in 2000, or that

it was at least four (4) years old. . . [and that Maryln] was led to believe that it was

purchasing a new [press].” (docket # 77 at 4) Marlyn counterclaims for breach-of-contract

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damages and rescission of the purchase contract.

 Maryln’s proposed expert, Damian Hillseth, opines that the Comprima 230

that Marlyn received was valued at $225,000 at the time of purchase. (docket # 102, Exh.

1) Marlyn’s counterclaim seeks $9,000.00 in damages, the difference between what Marlyn

paid for the press, $234,000.00, and its expert’s valuation of the Comprima 230 at $225,000.

II. Admissibility of Expert Opinions in Federal Court 

This Court has diversity jurisdiction over this lawsuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332 because the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, exclusive of interest and

costs, and the adverse parties are of diverse citizenship. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. (docket # 102

at 1) Pursuant to Erie, federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and

federal procedural law. Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938); Wray v. Gregory,

61 F.3d 1414, 1417 (9th Cir.1995) (“Although the Federal Rules of Evidence ordinarily

govern in diversity cases, they do not always.”). The parties agree that Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), its progeny, and Federal Rule

of Evidence 702 govern the admission of expert testimony in this case. 

Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony

and permits the presentation of “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge” if it

“will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”

Fed. R. Evid. 702. For expert testimony to be admissible, “(1) the testimony [must be]

based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony [must be] the product of reliable

principles and methods, and (3) the witness [must have] applied the principles and

methods reliably to the facts of the case.” Fed.R.Evid. 702. 

Before expert testimony can be admitted, the district court must ensure that

the proffered “expert’s testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the

task at hand.” Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharms., 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993). The Supreme

Court describes judges as “gatekeepers of evidence,” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597, whose

role is “to make certain that an expert, whether basing testimony on professional studies

or personal experience, employs in the courtroom the same level of rigor that characterCase 2:06-cv-00344-LOA Document 122 Filed 10/17/08 Page 3 of 12
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izes the practice of the expert in the relevant field.” Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526

U.S. 137, 152 (1999). If an expert’s proposed testimony fails to meet either the

“reliability” or “relevance” prong, it should be excluded. United States v. Scholl, 166 F.3d

964, 971 (9th Cir. 1999) (affirming exclusion of expert testimony as irrelevant); Martinez

v. Terex Corp., 241 F.R.D. 631, 641, 2007 WL 951721, * 10 (D. Ariz., March 27, 2007)

(declining to address relevance of proposed expert testimony after finding that testimony

unreliable). 

For purposes of Federal Rule of Evidence 702, the test for relevance is

“higher than the standard for bare relevance.” In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 35

F.3d 717, 745 (3rd Cir. 1994); Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1317

n. 17 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Daubert II”) (explaining that Rule 702’s “relevance” requirement

is not “merely a reiteration of the general relevancy requirement of Rule 402.”) Rather,

because expert testimony can be “both powerful and quite misleading because of the

difficulty in evaluating it,” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595, district courts must exclude

proffered expert testimony “unless they are convinced that it speaks clearly and directly

to an issue in dispute in the case, and that it will not mislead the jury.” Daubert II, 43

F.3d at 1321 n. 17. 

The test for reliability focuses on the expert’s “principles and

methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 594-95. 

Proposed expert testimony “must be supported by appropriate validation - i.e. good

grounds, based on what is known.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590. The Daubert Court

provided a non-exclusive list of factors courts should consider in determining whether

scientific testimony is sufficiently reliable: (1) whether the method or technique has been

tested, (2) whether the method or technique has been subjected to peer review and

publication, (3) the potential or known rate of error, and (4) whether the method or

technique is generally accepted within the relevant scientific community. Id. at 593-94;

Clausen v. M/V New Carissa, 339 F.3d 1049, 1056 (9th Cir. 2003) (stating that

“[s]cientific evidence is deemed reliable if the principles and methodology used by an

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expert are grounded in the methods of science.”) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589-95). 

Accordingly, the expert’s method must be adequately explained. United States v.

Hermanek, 289 F.3d 1076, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002).

After Daubert, in Kumho Tire Co., 526 U.S. 137 (1999), the Supreme Court

explained that the district court’s gatekeeping role applies to all forms of expert

testimony, not just scientific testimony.” 526 U.S. at 148. The Kumho Court explained

that the factors identified in Daubert may not be pertinent in assessing reliability in all

cases. Rather, the circumstances and issues of each case will determine which factors

apply. Id. The objective of Daubert’s gatekeeping inquiry is to “make certain that an

expert, whether basing testimony upon professional studies or personal experience,

employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the

practice of an expert in the relevant field.” Id. at 152. In Daubert, the Court further held

that “vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful

instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking

shaky but admissible evidence.” Id. at 588. 

Discussing Daubert and Kumho Tire, the Ninth Circuit has stated that, “far

from requiring trial judges to mechanically apply the Daubert factors . . . to both

scientific and non-scientific testimony, Kumho Tire heavily emphasizes that judges are

entitled to broad discretion when discharging their gatekeeping function.” United States

v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160, 1168 (9th Cir. 2000). The Ninth Circuit has held that the “trial

court not only has broad latitude in determining whether an expert’s testimony is reliable,

but also in deciding how to determine the testimony’s reliability.” Elsayed Mukhtar v.

California State University, Hayward, 299 F.3d 1053, 1064 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis in

original) (citing Hankey, 203 F.3d at 1167).

In determining whether a proffer of expert testimony is sufficiently reliable,

the Ninth Circuit has “held that ‘[o]ne very significant fact to be considered is whether

the experts are proposing to testify about matters growing naturally and directly out of

research they have conducted independent of the litigation, or whether they have

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developed their opinions expressly for purposes of testifying.’” Clausen, 339 F.3d at

1056 (citing Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1317). “If the testimony is not based on independent

research then what is required is ‘proof that the research and analysis supporting the

proffered conclusions have been subjected to normal scientific scrutiny through peer

review and publication.’” Id. 

If neither of Daubert II’s two primary criteria (expert’s testimony is based

on independent research or proffered conclusions have been subjected to normal scientific

scrutiny through peer review and publication) for establishing the reliability of expert

testimony is met, “a proffer of scientific testimony may still be deemed reliable enough to

be admitted.” Clausen, 339 F.3d at 1056. “Where peer review and publication are

absent, ‘the experts must explain precisely how they went about reaching their

conclusions and point to some objective source - a learned treatise, the policy statement

of a professional association, a published article in a reputable scientific journal or the

like - to show that they have followed the scientific evidence method, as it is practiced by

(at least) a recognized minority of scientists in their field.’” Id. (recognizing that a

“differential diagnosis is a common scientific technique, and federal courts, generally

speaking, have recognized that a properly conducted differential diagnosis is admissible

under Daubert.”) (citations omitted); Heck v. City of Lake Havasu, 2006 WL 2460917 *8

(D. Ariz., April 24, 2006).

“[N]othing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a

district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse

dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap

between the data and the opinion proffered.” General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136,

146-47 (1997) (trial judge did not abuse her discretion when she concluded that the

studies upon which Joiner’s experts relied were not sufficient, whether individually or in

combination, to support their conclusions that Joiner’s exposure to PCB contributed to his

cancer). In Joiner, the Supreme Court held that Daubert not only applies to the

“principles and methodology” of the expert, but also to any conclusions the expert

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reached. Id. Because “conclusions and methodology are not entirely distinct from one

another” and “[t]rained experts commonly extrapolate from existing data,” a district court

“may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the

opinion proffered.” Id.

The party proffering an expert bears the burden of establishing that the

pertinent admissibility requirements are met by a preponderance of the evidence. Joiner,

522 U.S. at 144; Domingo v. T.K. M.D., 289 F.3d 600, 607 (9th Cir. 2002); Lust v.

Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 89 F.3d 594, 598 (9th Cir. 1996). In performing its

“gatekeeper” responsibilities, a district court is not obligated to conduct a separate

evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of the proffered expert testimony. United States

v. Alatorre, 222 F.3d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Nowhere in Daubert, Joiner, or

Kumho Tire does the Supreme Court mandate the form that the inquiry into relevance and

reliability must take, nor have we previously spoken to this issue.”).

Mindful of the foregoing principles, the Court will consider the qualifications of the proffered expert witness, Damian Hillseth, and the admissibility of his

opinions and testimony.

III. Defendant’s Expert Witness - Damian Hillseth

A. Mr. Hillseth’s Qualifications to Proffer Expert Opinions

To testify as an expert, an individual must be qualified by “knowledge,

skill, experience, training, or education.” Fed.R.Evid. 702. A witness may qualify as an

expert based on reliable evidence, including deposition testimony. See 4-702 Weinstein’s

Federal Evidence § 702.02. Rule 702 “contemplates a broad conception of expert

qualifications . . . [and] is broadly phrased and intended to embrace more than a narrow

definition of qualified expert.” Thomas v. Newton International Enterprises, 42 F.3d

1266, 1269 (9th Cir. 1994) (finding that expert’s 29 years of longshoreman experience laid

at least minimally sufficient foundation of knowledge, skill, and experience required to

give expert testimony regarding working conditions of longshoreman personnel). 

As discussed below, Mr. Hillseth’s experience buying and selling

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manufacturing equipment in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries qualifies him

as an expert to testify regarding the value of the Comprima 230 at issue. Mr. Hillseth

graduated from Loyola Marymount College in 1980 and began a career in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry buying and selling manufacturing equipment for

Mustang Machinery. (docket # 108, Hillseth depo. at 7) In 1983, he went to work for

Sundance Supply buying and selling used equipment in the microelectronic industry. 

(Id.) After short break from the industry, in 1985, he went back to work for Mustang

Machinery. (Id. at 8) In 1990, Mr. Hillseth started his own company, Star Industries,

which buys and sells used machinery in the pharmaceutical, biotechnical, cosmetic,

chemical, and nutraceutical businesses. (docket # 108, Hillseth depo. at 7-8) In

connection with his business, Mr. Hillseth buys, sells, and appraises machinery. (Hillseth

depo. at 12) 

1. Value of Comprima 230

Mr. Hillseth’s experience in the business of buying and selling equipment

in the pharmaceutical industry qualifies him to give expert testimony regarding the value

of the Comprima 230 at issue in this case. IMA contends that Mr. Hillseth is not

qualified to give an opinion as to the value of the Comprima 230 because he lacks

“formal education regarding valuation of pharmaceutical equipment . . . .” (docket # 101

at 3) Mr. Hillseth’s lack of specific training does not disqualify him as an expert. 

Rogers v. Raymark Industries, Inc., 922 F.2d 1426, 1429 (9th Cir. 1991) (“A witness can

qualify as an expert through practical experience in a particular field, not just through

academic training.”) (citation omitted). IMA’s overemphasis on qualifications is

inconsistent with the liberal approach to expert witness qualification taken by Rule 702.

Holbrook v. Lykes Brothers Steam Ship Co., Inc., 80 F.3d 777, 782 (3rd Cir. 1996).

2. Lease Terms

In his report, Mr. Hillseth also offer opinions regarding lease rates for the

Comprima 230. He opines that if the Comprima 230 was leased on a monthly or annual

basis, the price quote attached to his report would apply. (docket # 102, Exh. 1) IMA

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contends that Mr. Hillseth is not qualified to testify regarding lease terms. The Court

need not resolve this issue because Marlyn advises the Court that it does not intend to

offer Mr. Hillseth for any opinions regarding the fair lease value of the press. (docket 

# 108 at 6, n. 5)

B. Reliability of Mr. Hillseth’s Opinion regarding Value of the

Comprima 230

Although Mr. Hillseth is qualified as an expert to testify regarding the value

of the Comprima 230 at issue, his opinion regarding that value is unreliable. “[T]he test

under Daubert is not the correctness of the expert’s conclusions but the soundness of his

methodology.” Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1318. Accordingly, “[o]ffering only a bottom line

conclusion does not assist the trier of fact and should not be admitted.” Pizel v. Monaco

Coach Corp., 374 F.Supp.2d 653, 655 (N.D. Ind. 2005) (citing Zenith Elecs. Corp. v.

WH-TV Broad. Corp., 395 F.3d 416, 420 (7th Cir.2005)); Smith v. Freightliner, LLC, 239

F.R.D. 390, 392-93, 2006 WL 3299753, at * 3 (D.N.J. 2006) (holding that when an

expert’s opinion is not based on discernable methodology, the opinion must be excluded).

Here, Mr. Hillseth’s value of the Comprima 230 at issue is based on his

review of “documents and information” and not a physical inspection of that machine. 

(docket # 101, Exh. 1) The lack of a physical inspection, however, is not significant

because reliable appraisals may be rendered solely based upon photographs and records

pertaining to the item at issue. Pizel, 374 F.Supp.2d at 657 (holding that while a

valuation is more precise when a physical inspection occurs, the lack of a physical

inspection does not render the opinion unreliable). Indeed, an expert may rely on data

that is not within his personal knowledge when forming his opinion. Fed.R.Evid. 702;

United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924, 938 (2nd Cir. 1993) (stating that “expert witnesses

can testify to opinions based on hearsay or other inadmissible evidence if experts in the

field reasonably rely on such evidence in forming their opinions.”). 

Mr. Hillseth opines that the Comprima 230 delivered to Marlyn was valued

at $225,000. Mr. Hillseth’s opinion is not “the product of reliable principles and methods

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that are reliably applied to the facts of the case.” Masterson Marketing, Inc., v. KSL

Recreation Corp., 495 F.Supp.2d 1044, 1051 (S.D.Cal. 2007). Indeed, Mr. Hillseth has

not adequately explained his methodology for arriving at the value of the Comprima 230

at issue. He states that when he appraises a machine he relies on age, condition,

marketability and location of the machine and then defines those terms. (Hillseth depo.

33) Mr. Hillseth concluded that a machine that had been turned on for ten hours would

be considered used and that he considered the Comprima 230 tablet press at issue a

“demoed” machine. (Hillseth depo. at 59, 60) He testified that when determining the

value of a tablet press machine, whether it has been demonstrated by producing a tablet at

a trade show would affect its value. (Hillseth depo at 57-58) And that the machine would

have a lower value if it had produced a tablet. (Hillseth depo. at 59) 

Although Mr. Hillseth testified that whether the Comprima 230 had been

run to produce tablets would affect its value, he stated that he valued the Comprima 230

“as a demoed machine” without regard to “whether it made tablets or it didn’t.” (Hillseth

depo. at 59-60) Thus, even if part of Mr. Hillseth’s methodology included consideration

of the condition of the machine, he did not apply that methodology in this case. 

Mr. Hillseth’s methodology is not reliable because he did not perform

research of comparable sales to determine what a Comprima 230 tablet press with the

options included on the machine at issue would be worth. Stoebner Holdings, Inc. v.

Automobili Lamborghini S.P.A., 2007 WL 4230878, * 5 (D. Hawaii, Nov. 30, 2007)

(finding certain aspects of an expert’s valuation of a 2002 Lamborghini Murcielago

automobile reliable where expert conducted research on other Lamborghinis offered for

sale on the internet to determine that a vehicle with no repairs would be worth

approximately $200,000). Additionally, Mr. Hillseth did not consult industry standard

guides or similar publications. Long v. Monaco Coach Corporation, 2007 WL 4613000,

* 3 (E.D. Tenn., Sept. 27, 2007) (finding expert’s testimony regarding value of motor

coach was reliable where expert’s methodology included “consulting industry standard

guides . . ., researching comparable sales, and consulting the purchase order of the motor

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coach at issue.”) 

Assuming arguendo that Mr. Hillseth’s methodology itself was reliable, he

did not reliably apply that methodology to the facts of this case. In arriving at the value

of the Comprima 230 at issue, Mr. Hillseth merely considered a bare bones machine

without any of the options or other extras, such as an 18-month warranty, specific to the

machine which Marlyn had ordered. Specifically, the Comprima 230 sold to Marlyn was

customized with options which Marlyn selected. (docket # 101, Exh. 4) The Comprima

Purchase Agreement also provided an 18-month extended warranty, six months longer

than the standard IMA warranty; at least, two weeks of training by IMA personnel at

Marlyn’s Phoenix warehouse; and the installation of the Comprima 230 at Marlyn’s

warehouse. (docket # 101, Exh. 4) 

Mr. Hillseth testified that a machine sold by an original equipment seller,

such as IMA, would be valued differently than a machine sold by a third-party used

equipment dealer. However, Mr. Hillseth valued the Comprima 230 at issue as if it was

sold by a third-party used equipment dealer. (Hillseth depo at 86-87) He explained that

the valued “the machine itself” with “no warranty, no spare parts, [and] no service.” (Id.

at 87) Specifically, Mr. Hillseth did not consider the value of all of the options that IMA

included on the Comprima 230 at Marlyn’s request. (Hillseth depo. at 81-83) These

options include the additional charge (item 1004), software package (item 1010), single

station size parts (item 1011), embossing tool (item 1012), table draw-off unit (item

1014), PVC tooling box (item 1015), automatic washing group (item 1017), packing,

shipping, and installation. (Hillseth depo. at 81-83; docket # 101, Exh. 4) 

Mr. Hillseth also did not consider the value of the 18-month warranty which

IMA provided on the Comprima 230 at issue. (Hillseth depo. at 87-88) Mr. Hillseth

testified that a warranty “absolutely” has some value, but stated that he did know, or

consider, the value of the warranty that was part of the Comprima Purchase Agreement.

(Hillseth depo. at 88, 90-91) Mr. Hillseth further testified that he did not include the

value of the two weeks of training IMA provided with the Comprima 230. (Hillseth depo

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at 98) In fact, Mr. Hillseth testified that he did not know if IMA would provide training

on the Comprima at issue. (Id. at 98) 

In summary, Mr. Hillseth has not adequately explained the methodology he

used to arrive at the value of the Comprima 230. United States v. Hermanek, 289 F.3d

1076, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002) (stating that expert’s methods must be adequately explained);

Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1319 (holding that the expert must “explain the methodology . . .

followed to reach [his or her] conclusions.”). Additionally, his opinion regarding the

value of the Comprima 230 at issue fails to take into account all of the factors which

affect the value of that machine, including the options, the warranty, and training. Mr.

Hillseth simply did not value the machine at issue in this case, and therefore, his opinion

is not reliable. See Stoebner Holdings, Inc., 2007 WL 4230878, * 5 (finding expert’s

opinion “inadmissible to the extent that it addresses problems with the vehicle that are not

at issue in this action.”). Mr. Hillseth’s opinion on the value of the Comprima 230 is

simply the ipse dixit of Mr. Hillseth without any independent research of comparable

sales to determine what a used or demonstrated Comprima 230, or any model of

Comprima, tablet press would be worth. Joiner, 522 U.S. at 146-47; Automobili

Lamborghini S.P.A., 2007 WL 4230878 at * 5.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff/Counterdefendant IMA North America,

Inc.’s Motion to Exclude the Report and Testimony of Damian Hillseth, docket # 101, is

GRANTED.

Dated this 17th day of October, 2008.

Case 2:06-cv-00344-LOA Document 122 Filed 10/17/08 Page 12 of 12