Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-7_15-cv-00084/USCOURTS-alnd-7_15-cv-00084-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 28:2254 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

WESTERN DIVISION

JEREMY BENTLEY, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) 7:15-cv-0084-MHH-JEO

 )

ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF )

MENTAL HEALTH, and ANNIE )

JACKSON in her official capacity as )

Director of Taylor Hardin Secure )

Medical Facility, )

)

Respondents. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this habeas action, Mr. Bentley asserts a Fourteenth Amendment due 

process challenge to his continued commitment to Taylor Hardin Secure Medical 

Facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Doc. 1). The circumstances surrounding Mr. 

Bentley’s confinement are complex and somewhat puzzling, but this much is certain: 

to date, Mr. Bentley has not filed a state court motion for release from confinement,

and he has not presented his constitutional challenge to his continued confinement

in a state court. As a result, this Court cannot reach the constitutional issue in this 

federal habeas proceeding. 

FILED

 2020 Jan-22 AM 09:14

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

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For 15 years, Mr. Bentley has resided at Taylor Hardin pursuant to a state 

court commitment order. In the commitment order, a state circuit court judge found 

that Mr. Bentley was not guilty of the crime charged against him “by reason of 

mental disease or defect,” that Mr. Bentley was “mentally ill,” and that Mr. Bentley’s 

“being at large pose[d] a real and present threat of substantial harm to himself and 

others.” (Doc. 14-2, p. 2). Based on his findings, the state circuit court judge 

committed Mr. Bentley to the custody of the Alabama Department of Mental Health 

for “treatment and therapy.” (Doc. 14-2, p. 2).1

 According to expert testimony, 

the “mental disease or defect” for which Mr. Bentley requires treatment and therapy 

is dissociative identity disorder and either paranoid schizophrenia or paranoid 

delusional disorder. (Doc. 14-1, p. 3). 

For years, Taylor Hardin has refused to provide “treatment and therapy” to 

Mr. Bentley for dissociative identity disorder because the psychiatrists at Taylor 

Hardin disagree with the state circuit court’s finding that Mr. Bentley is mentally ill. 

(Doc. 14-1, pp. 11-12; Doc. 14-10, p. 3). Mr. Bentley also disagrees with the

finding. Shortly after he learned that he no longer could be prosecuted for capital 

1 Alabama’s circuit courts are trial courts. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals hears 

challenges to circuit court criminal rulings and judgments. Review of decisions of the Alabama 

Court of Criminal Appeals may be had by petition for writ of certiorari to the Alabama Supreme 

Court.

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murder, he declared that he had faked his mental illness to avoid prosecution. (Doc. 

14-1, pp. 5, 8). 

In 2011, the Alabama Department of Mental Health asked the state circuit

court to release Mr. Bentley from Taylor Hardin. (Doc. 14-3, pp. 2-3). The 

Department asserted that Mr. Bentley had “received the maximum benefit of 

treatment from the Department” and that the Department’s professionals opined that 

Mr. Bentley “show[ed] no signs or symptoms of a mental illness and ha[d] no mental 

disorder for which any appropriate treatment [was] available in a Department 

facility.” (Doc. 14-3, p. 2). The State of Alabama opposed Mr. Bentley’s release. 

In 2012, following an evidentiary hearing, the circuit court judge determined by a 

preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Bentley still suffers from “a serious and 

treatable mental illness[,]” namely dissociative identity disorder, and that Mr. 

Bentley is “extremely dangerous[.]” (Doc. 14-1, pp. 23, 24).2

 Therefore, the state 

2 The Department of Mental Health presented testimony from the Director of Psychology Services 

at Taylor Hardin and a psychiatrist who saw Mr. Bentley between April 2011 and December 2011.

The State of Alabama presented testimony from the two experts who evaluated Mr. Bentley for 

his criminal trial. At the trial stage, Mr. Bentley retained one of the experts, and the State retained 

the other expert. At the trial stage and at the 2011 evidentiary hearing, both experts opined that 

Mr. Bentley suffers from dissociative identity disorder. (Doc. 14-1, p. 3).

In 2004, after reviewing the opinions of Mr. Bentley’s mental health expert and the State’s mental 

health expert, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that Mr. Bentley “presents one of the most 

disturbing portraits of mental illness in a criminal defendant that can be imagined.” Bentley v. 

State, 904 So. 2d 351, 363 (Ala. Crim. App. 2004). The Court of Appeals’ decision contains a 

discussion of Mr. Bentley’s psychiatric history, including psychiatric interventions in childhood 

and “a history of suicide attempts.” 904 So. 2d at 355, 357. At the trial stage, the State’s expert 

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circuit court denied the Alabama Department of Mental Health’s request to release 

Mr. Bentley. (Doc. 14-1, pp. 24, 25).

According to Mr. Bentley, the professionals at Taylor Hardin still have not 

treated him for a mental disorder because they do not believe he suffers from a 

serious mental illness. (Doc. 14-10, p. 3).3

 The record indicates that even if the 

professionals at Taylor Hardin were willing to accept the trial court’s finding that 

Mr. Bentley suffers from dissociative identity disorder, the Alabama Department of 

Mental Health does not employ anyone who is qualified to provide treatment for the 

disorder. (Doc. 14-1, p. 25).

Mr. Bentley argues that he effectively is perpetually confined at Taylor Hardin 

because the respondents do not believe he has dissociative identity disorder “or any 

other serious mental illness” for which he needs treatment, and “[w]ithout treatment, 

the nature [of his] commitment bears no reasonable relation to the purpose for which 

recounted Mr. Bentley’s report that he enjoyed killing. 904 So. 2d 357. Mr. Bentley’s expert 

testified that Mr. Bentley believes that he “was programmed from birth to kill.” 904 So. 2d at 

355. 

In 2011, the two experts reaffirmed their diagnoses of dissociative identity disorder. One of the 

experts opined that one of Mr. Bentley’s “alters” or personalities is “confident, socially adept, 

[and] assertive.” (Doc. 14-1, p. 17). This alter “does not exhibit psychotic symptoms” and wants 

to be released from Taylor Hardin. (Doc. 14-1, p. 18). The other expert offered a similar 

assessment of Mr. Bentley’s alters. (Doc. 14-1, pp. 17-20). 

3 The Director of Psychology Services at Taylor Hardin has opined that Mr. Bentley “does suffer 

from mild, situational, depression” which is “not considered a serious mental illness.” (Doc. 14-

10, p. 3). 

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he was committed.” (Doc. 1, p. 3). To secure his release from Taylor Hardin, Mr. 

Bentley filed this habeas action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ' 2254. (Doc. 1). Mr. 

Bentley has named as respondents the Alabama Department of Mental Health and 

the Director of Taylor Hardin. (Doc. 1, p. 1). 

In his petition, Mr. Bentley does not challenge a particular state court order. 

Rather, he asserts that he “has no constitutionally adequate procedures available to 

him that will allow him to progress toward less restrictive placement, conditional 

release or unconditional release under Alabama’s system of review of 

commitments.” (Doc. 1, p. 4; see also Doc. 1, p. 5).4

 Mr. Bentley contends that 

his “continued confinement” violates his “right to Due Process under the 14th

Amendment to the United States Constitution” and is “an unreasonable application 

of clearly established federal law.” (Doc. 1, p. 4). He submits that even if the 

4 Rule 25.8(b) of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure sets forth the procedure for relief from a 

mental illness commitment order pursuant to Rule 25.6 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure. 

Rule 25.8(b) provides, among other things, that an individual potentially may obtain relief from a 

commitment order “if certain conditions” are imposed upon release to prevent the individual from 

posing “a real and present threat of substantial harm to himself or to others by being at large.” Rule 

25.8(f) states: 

If the court determines that the defendant is still mentally ill but no longer poses a real 

and present threat of substantial harm to himself or to others by being at large if the 

defendant’s release is accompanied by certain conditions, the court shall order his 

release subject to those conditions necessary to prevent the defendant from posing a real 

and present threat of substantial harm to himself or to others. 

Ala. R. Crim. P. 25.8(f). 

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respondents were ordered to treat him, “there is no reason to expect that [they] could 

ever ethically, earnestly, and effectively” provide treatment for a serious mental 

illness that they do not believe exists, making release the only viable alternative. 

(Doc. 1, p. 5). Mr. Bentley also contends that there is no ordinary state court 

procedure that he may use to challenge his confinement, “and resort to extraordinary 

relief, such as mandamus, is not required for exhaustion.” (Doc. 1, p. 6). The 

respondents agree that Mr. Bentley “should be released from [the Alabama 

Department of Mental Health’s] custody.” (Doc. 14, p. 6). 

In his thoughtful report and recommendation, the magistrate judge 

recommended that the Court deny Mr. Bentley’s habeas petition. (Doc. 18). Mr. 

Bentley objects to the report and recommendation. (Doc. 19). A district court 

“may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or part, the findings or recommendations 

made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). When a party objects 

to a report and recommendation, a district court must “make a de novo determination 

of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to 

which objection is made.” Id. Although § 636(b)(1) “does not require the [district] 

judge to review an issue de novo if no objections are filed, it does not preclude further 

review by the district judge, sua sponte or at the request of a party, under a de novo

or any other standard.” Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 154 (1985). That is because 

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for dispositive issues, “the ultimate adjudicatory determination is reserved to the 

district judge.” United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 675 (1980). Th Court has 

reviewed the state court documents in the habeas record, and the Court has 

considered Mr. Bentley’s arguments and the Department of Mental Health’s 

response to Mr. Bentley’s habeas petition. Because the record demonstrates that 

Mr. Bentley has not exhausted available state court remedies, the Court will dismiss 

this habeas action without prejudice.

Exhaustion of state avenues for constitutional relief is a prerequisite for a '

2254 habeas petition. O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999) (“Before a 

federal court may grant habeas relief,” the petitioner “must exhaust his remedies in 

state court.”). The exhaustion requirement rests on the principle of comity: when 

an individual asserts that his “continued [state] confinement . . . violate[s] federal 

law, the state courts should have the first opportunity to review this claim and 

provide any necessary relief.” 528 U.S. at 844. A petitioner “must give the state 

courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues” regarding his 

confinement “before he presents those claims to a federal court in a habeas petition.” 

526 U.S. at 842, 845. 

The exhaustion requirement is codified in 28 U.S.C. ' 2254. Section 2254(c)

provides:

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An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies 

available in the courts of the State, within the meaning of this section, 

if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available 

procedure, the question presented.

28 U.S.C. ' 2254(c). The exhaustion requirement is not without limits. A habeas 

petitioner does not have to “file repetitive petitions for state relief” or “invoke 

extraordinary remedies” like a petition for a writ of mandamus if “the state courts 

have not provided relief through those [extraordinary] remedies in the past.” 

O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 844. “Section 2254(c) requires only that state prisoners 

give state courts a fair opportunity to act on their claims.” 526 U.S. at 844

(emphasis in O’Sullivan). 

Here, Mr. Bentley has not presented his Fourteenth Amendment due process

claim to a state trial court or to a state appellate court. In fact, Mr. Bentley has filed 

nothing in state court seeking his release from Taylor Hardin. Only the Alabama 

Department of Mental Health has asked the state circuit court to release Mr. Bentley

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from Taylor Hardin. (Doc. 14-3).5 Taylor Hardin did not – and likely could not –

present Mr. Bentley’s federal constitutional claim to a state court.6

 

Rule 25.8(b) of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure supplies a means 

for Mr. Bentley to present his federal constitutional challenge to his continued 

commitment to Taylor Hardin. Under Rule 25.8(b), a criminal defendant 

“committed to the custody of the commissioner or a facility” after being found not 

guilty by reason of a mental disease or defect may file a motion for release from 

custody based on an assertion that “the defendant is no longer mentally ill.” Ala. 

R. Crim. P. 25.8(b). The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals has held that Rule 

25.8 and Alabama’s Criminal Psychopath Release Restriction Act, Ala. Code '' 15-

5 The record indicates that Mr. Bentley’s only written state court submission since his commitment 

to Taylor Hardin is a 2013 mandamus petition in which Mr. Bentley asked the Alabama Court of 

Criminal Appeals to permanently stay a state circuit court order that called for Mr. Bentley’s 

transfer from Taylor Hardin to the Alabama Department of Corrections for mental health 

treatment. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals denied Mr. Bentley’s mandamus petition 

because the petition was untimely and because Mr. Bentley did not “first present[] to the [state] 

circuit court” the “constitutional issue” of Double Jeopardy “raised in [his] extraordinary petition” 

for writ of mandamus. (Doc. 1-4, p. 2). There is a sentence in a circuit court order that suggests 

that Mr. Bentley raised in the circuit court due process and double jeopardy arguments concerning 

the transfer order. (Doc. 14-9, p. 3). This Court does not see a written motion to that effect in 

the record. If there is such a motion in the record, the challenge concerning the transfer order 

does not speak to Mr. Bentley’s due process challenge to his continued confinement at Taylor 

Hardin. 

6 For the Alabama Department of Mental Health to raise Mr. Bentley’s due process challenge to 

his continued confinement, the Department would have to establish its standing to assert Mr. 

Bentley’s constitutional right. See Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125 (2004) (explaining the 

prudential limits on the doctrine of standing which, as a general rule, prevent third-parties from 

litigating constitutional rights that do not belong to them). 

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16-60 et seq., “effectively amend and replace § 15–21–3, the habeas corpus statute, 

with respect to persons who are committed after the entry of a verdict of not guilty 

by reason of mental disease or defect.” Alabama Dept. of Mental Health and 

Mental Retardation ex rel McClothan, 873 So. 2d 1176, 1180 (Ala. Ct. Crim. App. 

2003). Taylor Hardin’s Rule 25.8 motion for Mr. Bentley’s release does not 

foreclose a motion from Mr. Bentley for his release. Under Rule 25.8(b), a 

defendant may file a motion for release from custody every six months. In his 

motion, Mr. Bentley may present evidence that he believes supports his release (he 

is not limited to the evidence that the Department presented), and he may raise his 

constitutional challenge to his continued confinement at Taylor Hardin. 

If the trial court denies his motion for release, to fully exhaust his state 

remedies, Mr. Bentley must petition the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals for a 

writ of mandamus. In O’Sullivan, the Supreme Court excluded from exhaustion 

requirements extraordinary remedies like mandamus petitions when “the state courts 

have not provided relief through those [extraordinary] remedies in the past.” 

O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 844. Because the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

provided relief to the Alabama Department of Mental Health when the Department 

filed a petition for writ of mandamus relating to the circuit court’s disposition of the 

Department’s Rule 25.8 motion concerning Mr. Bentley (Doc. 14-6, pp. 2-4), there 

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is no reason to believe that the appellate court would not also consider a mandamus

petition from Mr. Bentley.

7

 

In addition to a Rule 25.8 motion, Mr. Bentley may present his due process 

challenge to his continued confinement in a contempt motion. As discussed, the 

state circuit court judge committed Mr. Bentley “to the custody of the Alabama 

Department of Mental Health” for “treatment and therapy” (Doc. 14-2, p. 2), but the 

Alabama Department of Mental Health has refused to treat Mr. Bentley for anything 

other than depression since 2007. (Doc. 14-1). The Alabama Department of 

Mental Health has not tried to treat Mr. Bentley for the serious mental illness for 

which he was confined, and, as stated, the Department has no one on staff capable 

of treating Mr. Bentley for dissociative identity disorder. 

7 In O’Sullivan, the United States Supreme Court stated: “We have also held that state prisoners 

do not have to invoke extraordinary remedies when those remedies are alternatives to the standard

review process and where the state courts have not provided relief through those remedies in the 

past.” 526 U.S. at 844. Thus, per O’Sullivan, for an extraordinary state procedure like 

mandamus to be excused from the exhaustion requirement, the procedure must be an alternative 

to a standard means of review, and the extraordinary procedure must be one that is unavailable as 

a practical matter because the state appellate court has refused to provide relief pursuant to the 

extraordinary procedure. 

Alabama’s extraordinary writ of mandamus satisfies the first requirement for excusing exhaustion 

with respect to appellate review of Rule 25.8 orders because under Alabama law, a mandamus 

petition is the only means of review of a Rule 25.8 order; there is no right of appeal from a Rule 

25.8 order. McClothan, 873 So. 2d at 1181. As stated, a petition for writ of mandamus does not 

satisfy the second requirement because Alabama’s courts of appeal have provided relief in Rule 

25.8 proceedings via writs of mandamus. 

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The Department of Mental Health may not refuse to follow the state circuit 

court order requiring treatment for Mr. Bentley. 

All orders and judgments of courts must be complied with promptly. If 

a person to whom a court directs an order believes that order is incorrect 

the remedy is to appeal, but, absent a stay, he must comply promptly 

with the order pending appeal. Persons who make private 

determinations of the law and refuse to obey an order generally risk 

criminal contempt even if the order is ultimately ruled incorrect. The 

orderly and expeditious administration of justice by the courts requires 

that an order issued by a court with jurisdiction over the subject matter

and person must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly 

and proper proceedings.

Maness v. Meyers, 419 U.S. 449, 458-59 (1975) (internal marks and citations 

omitted). Neither the State of Alabama nor Mr. Bentley has challenged the state 

circuit court judge’s finding that Mr. Bentley suffers from dissociative identity 

disorder, and neither has challenged the circuit court’s finding that Mr. Bentley still 

requires treatment. The fact that the Department does not have a staff member 

capable of treating Mr. Bentley does not excuse compliance. By analogy, a state 

prison could not refuse to comply with a court order directing the prison to treat a 

prisoner’s broken arm because the prison did not have an orthopedist on staff. The 

Department may determine how to provide treatment, but the Department must 

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provide treatment. The Department’s refusal to provide treatment invites a 

contempt motion.8

 

The Court acknowledges that the Alabama Department of Health has stated 

that Mr. Bentley’s “state law remedies to accomplish release from confinement are 

limited and have been exhausted.” (Doc. 14, p. 5). The Department offers no 

explanation for this conclusory statement, and the Department has not suggested that 

Mr. Bentley has raised his federal constitutional challenge to his continued 

confinement in a state court. Moreover, to waive the exhaustion requirement under 

' 2254, the State of Alabama must act through its Attorney General. Hills v. 

Washington, 441 F.3d 1374, 1376 (11th Cir. 2006). The Attorney General has 

attempted to intervene in this matter to make clear that the State of Alabama does 

not waive the exhaustion requirement in this case. (Doc. 13, pp. 3, 12-15). And 

even if the Attorney General had waived the exhaustion requirement, this Court

nevertheless would require Mr. Bentley to raise his due process challenge first in 

8 In its order of mandamus to the circuit court judge, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals held 

that a state circuit court may not “dictate a treatment regimen for an individual that the Department 

is charged with treating.” (Doc. 14-6, p. 4). The mandamus order does not excuse the 

Department from treating Mr. Bentley. The order simply allows the Department to choose how 

to provide treatment.

The record suggests that the Department is not the only party refusing to comply with the order of 

the circuit court. According to the circuit court judge, since 2011, Mr. Bentley “has been 

uncooperative with staff and has refused to attend treatment because he claims not to have a 

problem.” (Doc. 14-1, p. 11). Mr. Bentley cannot obtain his release under a Rule 25.8 order if 

he refuses court-ordered treatment for a serious mental illness. 

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state court because Mr. Bentley continues to have a viable avenue for litigation of 

his federal constitutional challenge to his confinement in state court, and comity 

demands that a state court have the first full and fair opportunity to resolve the 

matter. See Esslinger v. Davis, 44 F.3d 1515, 1524-29 & n. 34 (11th Cir. 1995). 

As a respondent in the state proceeding, the Attorney General will be assured of an 

opportunity to address Mr. Bentley’s constitutional challenge.9

Mr. Bentley argues that if he attempts to raise his due process challenge to his 

confinement at Taylor Hardin in the state circuit court, the state court “very likely” 

will commit him to the Alabama Department of Corrections “without being 

convicted of a crime” because the “state trial court has shown that it will send [Mr. 

Bentley] to ADOC to prevent further requests for [his] release.” (Doc. 1, pp. 5-6). 

The assertion is baseless and an unfair and improper characterization of the state 

court proceedings in this matter. 

In his order denying the Alabama Department of Mental Health’s “Notice of 

Proposal for Release” of Mr. Bentley from confinement at Taylor Hardin, the state 

circuit court judge, “to ensure the safety of the staff and other patients at Taylor 

9 In his report, the magistrate judge discussed the Attorney General’s role in this habeas 

proceeding. (Doc. 18, pp. 17-31) (finding that the State of Alabama is the real party in interest 

and recommending that the Court construe the Attorney General’s response in opposition to Mr. 

Bentley’s habeas petition as a motion to intervene pursuant to Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure). Because the Court will dismiss this matter for failure to exhaust available state 

remedies, the Court does not address the Attorney General’s effort to intervene.

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Hardin,” ordered the Department to transfer Mr. Bentley “to a secure facility 

operated by the Alabama Department of Corrections where Bentley is to receive 

treatment for dissociative identity disorder until Bentley is cured of mental illness, 

if ever.” (Doc. 1-1, p. 24). The circuit court judge based this order on records 

before him which indicated that Mr. Bentley was “terrorizing” other patients and 

staff members of Taylor Hardin. (Doc. 1-1, p. 23). The circuit court judge was 

trying to assist the Department in its efforts to provide for “the safety of its staff and 

other patients.” (Doc. 1-1, p. 23; see also Doc. 14-9, pp. 2-3). After the Alabama 

Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the authority of the circuit court judge to issue 

such a transfer order and the Alabama Supreme Court refused the Department’s 

request for review (Docs. 14-6, 14-7), the circuit court judge granted the 

Department’s motion to vacate the transfer provision in the order denying the 

Department’s request to release Mr. Bentley. (Doc. 14-9). Nothing in the record

suggests that the state circuit court would sua sponte order Mr. Bentley’s transfer to 

ADOC if Mr. Bentley were to raise a federal due process challenge to his continued 

confinement in state court. 

Having reviewed and considered the materials in the record, the Court 

dismisses Mr. Bentley’s habeas petition because he has not exhausted the state court 

remedies available to him. Before he may present his federal constitutional 

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challenge to his continued confinement at Taylor Hardin in a federal habeas action, 

he must present that challenge in state court and give Alabama’s courts a fair 

opportunity to consider and resolve the constitutional question. 

Because the petition does not present issues that are debatable among jurists 

of reason, the Court denies a certificate of appealability. See 28 U.S.C. ' 2253(c); 

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484-85 (2000); Rule 11(a), Rules Governing '

2254 Proceedings. 

The Court will enter a separate final order consistent with this memorandum 

opinion.

DONE this 22nd day of January, 2020. 

 _________________________________

 MADELINE HUGHES HAIKALA

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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