Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_14-cv-00226/USCOURTS-azd-4_14-cv-00226-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 375
Nature of Suit: False Claims Act
Cause of Action: 31:3729 False Claims Act

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Fiona Greig is an employee of Meggitt PLC.

WO

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Michael A. Leon,

Plaintiff,

v.

Meggitt PLC, a corporation; Pacific Scientific

Energetic Materials Company/Pacific Scientific,

a subsidiary of Meggitt PLC, or corporation;

Boeing, a corporation, Securaplane

Technologies, Inc., a corporation, Fiona Grieg,

and John Doe 1-50; Mary Roe 1-50; XYZ Corp

1-50; ABC LLC 1-50 named as unknown

fictitious defendants

Defendants. ______________________________________

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CV 14-226 TUC DCB

ORDER

Defendants: Motions to Dismiss and Requests for Sanctions

Plaintiff sues named Defendants: Meggitt PLC (Meggitt); Pacific Scientific

Energetic Materials Company/Pacific Scientific (Pacific Scientific), Boeing Corporation

(Boeing); Securaplane Technologies Inc. (Securaplane), and Fiona Grieg (Greig).1

 He seeks

leave to file a Second Amended Complaint to add: Exponent Inc.; McKinsey & Company;

Marc R. Birtel, and the Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia. Boeing and Securaplane

answered with Motions to Dismiss for failure to state a claim and frivolousness. They seek

sanctions against Plaintiff for what they assert is vexatious litigation. Defendants Grieg,

Meggitt, and Pacific Scientific seek dismissal for improper service. Plaintiff appears to have

Case 4:14-cv-00226-DCB Document 87 Filed 09/19/14 Page 1 of 23
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served the proposed Second Amended Complaint on the defendants he seeks to add, and

Exponent Inc., has filed a Motion to Dismiss, and joined in the Boeing and Securaplane

motions for sanctions.

Standard of Review

The Supreme Court has explained that to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted, “factual allegations must be enough to raise

a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the

complaint are true even if doubtful in fact.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

555 (2007) (citations and internal quotations omitted). Under Rule 12(b)(6), all factual

allegations are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party. Iolab Corp. v. Seaboard Sur. Co., 15 F.3d 1500, 1504 (9th Cir.1994).

Dismissal is appropriate if the facts alleged do not state a claim that is “plausible on

its own face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. The Supreme Court has found this reflects Rule

8(a)(2)’s threshold requirement that the “plain statement” possess enough heft to “sho[w] that

the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. at 557. “[O]nce a claim has been stated adequately, it

may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the

complaint.” Id. at 561 (abrogating long-standing “no set of facts” to support a claim for relief

standard established in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). “[F]actual allegations must

be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the

allegations in the complaint are true even if doubtful in fact.” Id. at 555-556. Put another

way, a complaint must be supported by specific, non-conclusory factual allegations sufficient

to support a finding by the court that the claims are more than merely possible, they are

plausible. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Both Iqbal and Twombly justified

establishing “plausible” as the Rule 8(a) standard to curb the expense of discovery related

to frivolous law suits. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558-560, 595; Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 678-679.

Case 4:14-cv-00226-DCB Document 87 Filed 09/19/14 Page 2 of 23
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2

Frivolousness exists if the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any arguable

construction of law or fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). Dismissal under

§ 1915(e) is justified for legal frivolousness where a complaint is based on "an indisputably

meritless legal theory...[such as] claims against which it is clear that the defendants are

immune from suit, and claims of infringement of a legal interest which clearly does not

exist...." Id. at 327. 

3

Plaintiff proceeds in forma pauperis, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, which allows a

Court to authorize commencement of a suit without prepayment of the filing fee and requires

the United States Marshall to serve the Complaint on defendants on behalf of a plaintiff. 28

U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). An in forma pauperis, pro se litigant should be given an opportunity

to amend the compliant to overcome a deficiency unless it is clear that no amendment can

cure the defect. See eg., Potter v. McCall, 433 F.2d 1087, 1088 (9th Cir. 1970); Noll v.

Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superceded by statute; Lopez v. Smith, 203

F.3d 1122, 1129-1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (subsequent to Prisoner’s Litigation Reform Act

(PLRA), district court retains discretion to dismiss a pro se prisoner’s in forma pauperis

complaint with or without leave to amend, depending on whether amendment can cure the

defect).

“District judges have no obligation to act as counsel or paralegal to pro se litigants”

because this would undermine district judges’ role as impartial decisionmakers. Pliler v.

Ford, 542 U.S. 225, 231 (2004); see also Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1131, n.13 (declining to decide

whether the court was required to inform a litigant of pleading deficiencies under the PLRA,

but noting that the pro se litigant, unskilled in the law, is far more prone to making errors in

pleading than the person who has the benefit of being represented by counsel) (citing Noll,

809 F.2d at 1448). So while the Court may not serve as advocate for the pro se litigant nor

act as legal advisor, the Court does explain the pleading deficiencies and afford the pro se

litigant an opportunity to amend the Complaint, unless the Court is convinced that the action

is frivolous.

2

 Section 1915(e) provides for dismissal of a Complaint filed in forma pauperis

if the Court is convinced that the action is frivolous.

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For the reasons explained below, the Court grants the Defendants’ motions to

dismiss, including the requests for sanctions. The Court dismisses this action, with prejudice

and without leave to amend, and finds the Plaintiff to be a vexatious litigant. 

Plaintiff’s Litigious Record: The 2013 Internet Defamation Tort Claims.

On January 8, 2014, the United States District Court for the District of Illinois

transferred this case here, accordingly, returning Plaintiff to this Court to adjudicate tort

claims previously dismissed by the Honorable Cindy K. Jorgenson. Plaintiff charges that

Defendant Fiona Greig, an alleged representative of Defendants Securaplane and Boeing,

made defamatory statements about Plaintiff which were published on the internet in January

and February 2013. Allegedly, Fiona Gregg stated that Plaintiff was a convicted felon and

Boeing stated he was fired for email violations. The Court refers to these tort claims as the

2013 internet defamation claims.

On March 26, 2013, Judge Jorgenson sua sponte dismissed Leon’s case against

Meggitt PLC, Securaplane, Boeing, Pacific Science, and Grieg, CV 13-111 TUC CKJ. As

he does now, Plaintiff proceeded in forma pauperis, requiring Judge Jorgenson to screen the

Complaint before ordering it served by the United States Marshal. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1),

(e)(2). In her screening Order, she dismissed two federal claims brought by the Plaintiff

under the False Claims Act (FCA) alleging fraud on the government related to the lithium

ion battery. Then, finding no federal jurisdiction over the action, she dismissed the pendant

state law tort claims: intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED); negligent infliction

of emotional distress (NIED); libel; slander, and invasion of privacy. Plaintiff based these

tort claims on allegations that the defendants continued misrepresenting facts to the FAA,

ASHA, NTSB, and the FBI since 2006 and the 2013 internet defamation claims. Judge

Jorgenson’s dismissal was without prejudice. (Order (Doc. 8) (CV 13-111 TUC CKJ)). 

Subsequently, Plaintiff dropped his federal FCA claims, and filed the tort claims in

the Pima County Superior Court, Leon v. Meggitt, PLC, et al., (C-2013-2950), but was

Case 4:14-cv-00226-DCB Document 87 Filed 09/19/14 Page 4 of 23
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prevented from proceeding there because the state court has declared him to be a vexatious

litigant. Plaintiff may not file lawsuits, without approval of the Presiding Judge for the

Arizona Superior Court, against: Danahare Corporation, Pacific Scientific, and Securaplane

Technologies, Inc. His complaint was reviewed, and on June 19, 2013, he was denied leave

to file it. (Doc. 63), Ex. O.)

On April 25, 2013, Plaintiff again filed these same tort claims in federal court: Leon

v. Boeing (CV 13-286 TUC JGZ); Leon v. Meggitt (CV 13-287 TUC JGZ); Leon v. Pacific

Scientific (CV 13-288 TUC JGZ), and Leon v. Greig (CV 13-289 TUC DCB). The

Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps consolidated the three cases, CV 13-287 TUC JGZ, CV 13-286

TUC JGZ, and CV 13-288 TUC JGZ, with the lead case being: CV 13-287 TUC JGZ. On

July 19, 2013, Plaintiff filed Leon v. Meggitt (CV 13-673 TUC CKJ). 

On May 10, 2013, this Court dismissed the action, Leon v. Greig (CV 13-289 TUC

DCB), and on August 5, 2013, Judge Jorgenson dismissed Leon v. Meggitt (CV 13-673 TUC

CKJ). Both of these cases were dismissed as duplicative of the consolidated case Leon v.

Meggitt (CV 13-287 TUC JGZ). 

As well, Plaintiff filed the same “2013 internet defamation” tort claims in the federal

court in Illinois, adding the FCA claims again without stating them with any more specificity

than he had when he urged them before Judge Jorgenson. (Complaint ((CV 13-1679); (CV

14-226 TUC DCB)) (Doc. 1)). On November 10, 2013, Plaintiff filed a First Amended

Complaint (FAC), dropping the FAC claims and adding a claim of retaliation under Title VII,

(FAC (Doc. 14). This is the instant case, transferred here and pending before this Court as:

CV 14-226 TUC DCB. Except for the Title VII retaliation claim, the tort claims brought in

this action are duplicitous of the consolidated cases considered by Judge Zipps: Leon v.

Boeing (CV 13-286 TUC JGZ); Leon v. Meggitt (CV 13-287 TUC JGZ), and Leon v. Pacific

Scientific (CV 13-288 TUC JGZ), which were dismissed by Judge Zipps as consolidated: CV

13-287 TUC JGZ.

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Judge Zipps also afforded the Plaintiff in forma pauperis status, consolidated and

screened the complaints, which again alleged the 2013 internet defamation claims allegedly

made by Fiona Greig and Boeing. See (Order (CV 13-287 TUC JGZ) at 1 n.1 (describing

other two cases as “identical Complaints”). A review of the three complaints reflects the

only difference were the named defendants. The lead case, CV 13-287 TUC JGZ, named

Meggitt PLC; CV 13-286 TUC JGZ named Boeing, and CV 13-288 TUC JGZ named Pacific

Scientific Energetic Materials Comp./Pacific Scientific. Judge Zipps described the crux of

the First Amended Complaint relates to the publishing of a January 22, 2013 on-line article,

including alleged Boeing spokesman Birtel’s statement that a 2006 battery fire resulted from

improper testing, not design; Securaplane through Greig made alleged statements that

Plaintiff was a convicted felon, who lied to FAA investigators, falsified his employment

history, and statements plaintiff violated e-mail policies). Judge Zipps addressed the merits

of Plaintiff’s tort claims. Id. at 4-5. In addition to substantial pleading deficiencies, she

dismissed the cases because Plaintiff failed to state any tort claim against the parties he

named. 

Judge Zipps found the claims meritless because: 1) Plaintiff cannot link the named

defendant to the publication of the internet article, and even if he could the information

summarized in the internet article appears to have come from a published opinion readily

located at the United States Department of Labor website and so Plaintiff is unable to prove

a person reciting this information would have no reason to know that it is false; 3) the facts

alleged do not support extreme and outrageous conduct or even negligence for IIED or NIED

claims, and 4) Plaintiff cannot sue as a private citizen to enforce various federal and state

criminal statutes against cyber stalking. (Order (CV 13-287 TUC JGZ) at 4-8.)

Plaintiff sought an appeal. Judge Zipps found the Plaintiff’s appeal was not taken

in good faith, the Ninth Circuit Court considered the Plaintiff-Appellant’s motion to proceed

on appeal in forma pauperis. It denied in forma pauperis status and held: “Because the court

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3Compare: CV 13-287 TUC JGZ: “On January February 2013 next gov Fiona Greigg

stated Plaintiff was a convicted felon, lied to FAA investigators and terminated for internet

email usage perpetuating negativity in an attempt to further discredit Plaintiff concerning

safety concerns.” (Complaint (Doc. 1) at 2.) CV 14-226 TUC DCB: “On January February

2013 nest gov Fiona Greigg stated Plaintiff was a convicted felon perpetuating negativity in

an attempt to further discredit Plaintiff concerning safety concerns. Boeing and Fiona Griegg

(spokesperson for all of the defendant companies in articles) stated that I was fired for

internet email . . . . Boeing Securaplane accused me of lying to FAA investigators. . .”

7

has found that this appeal is frivolous, the district court judgment may be summarily affirmed

even if appellant pays the fees,” unless the appellant can show cause why the judgment

challenged in this appeal should not be summarily affirmed. (Order (Doc. 51) (CV 13-287

TUC JGZ5): United States Court of Appeals Case No. 14-15543 Order at 2 (citing Cir. R.

3-6 (where it is manifest that the question raised in the appeal are so insubstantial as not to

justify further proceedings the Court may issue appropriate dispositve order).

The tort claims alleged here, (CV 14-226 TUC DCB), like those alleged in Leon v.

Meggitt, (CV 13-673 TUC CKJ), dismissed by Judge Jorgenson and the claims against Greig

alleged in Leon v. Grieg, et al., (CV 13-289 TUC DCB), dismissed by this Court, are

duplicative of the tort claims urged before Judge Zipps in the consolidated case CV 13-287

TUC JGZ. They all in one way or another assert that defendants committed defamation,

libel, slander, via the internet in 2013.3

 The Court dismisses the tort claims alleged, here,

because they are identical to the claims adjudicated by Judge Zipps, with the exception of the

addition of Defendant Securaplane, here, and the other defendants the Plaintiff seeks to add

in this case by a proposed Second Amended Complaint. (SAC): Exponent, Inc. McKinsey

& Company, Marc R. Birtel, and Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia. Judge Zipps’

findings in respect to the lack of merit of Plaintiff’s tort claims against Defendants Meggitt,

Boeing, Grieg and Pacific Scientific apply equally to Securaplane and the new defendants

Plaintiff proposes to add, here. 

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4 See Order (Doc. 40) adopting in full the findings and recommendations in the R&R.

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Additionally, this Court declines to adjudicate pendent state tort claims because it

dismisses the federal Title VII claim of retaliation, without leave to amend. The federal

courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and may only adjudicate those cases over which they

have subject matter jurisdiction, which are cases involving diversity of citizenship or a

federal question. Kikkonen v. Guardian Life Insur. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375 (1994).

Where the Complaint fails to reflect federal jurisdiction, it must be dismissed. Scott v.

Kuhlmann, 746 F.2d 1377, 1378 (9th Cir. 1984). Generally, when federal claims are

dismissed before trial, supplemental state claims should ordinarily also be dismissed. Jones

v. Cmty. Redevelopment Agency of City of Los Angeles, 733 F.2d 646, 651 (9th Cir. 1984),

see e.g., (Order (Doc. 8) (CV 13-111 TUC CKJ) (discussing dismissal of these same pendent

state tort claims subsequent to dismissal of federal cause of action brought under the False

Claims Act).

Title VII: Retaliation Claim

Under Title VII “it is unlawful ‘for an employer to discriminate against any of his

employees or applicants for employment, . . . [or] to discriminate against any individual, . .

. because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this

subchapter [i.e., Title VII], or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted or participated

in any manner in an investigation proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.’” (R&R

(Doc. 30) (CV 10-587 TUC DCB) at 16 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)).4

 Title VII makes

it unlawful for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or to

otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,

conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individual’s race, color, religion,

sex, or national origin. . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).

In 2010, Plaintiff sued Danaher Corporation, Pacific Scientific, Securaplane, and

certain named individuals for violating Title VII and the Americans with Disabilities Act

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5

In the 2010 case, Plaintiff alleged that Securaplane made him out to be violent and

scary by posting his picture with security at Securaplane in the format of a “wanted poster.”

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(ADA). At the time, Securaplane asserted it was a wholly-owned subsidiary of DH Holdings

Corp., not a subsidiary of Pacific Scientific as asserted by Plaintiff, and that DH Holdings

Corp. was wholly owned by Danaher Corporation. (Report & Recommendation (R&R)

(Doc. 30) at 8 n.4.) By 2013, Plaintiff began naming Defendant Meggitt as the parent

company of Pacific Scientific, named as the parent company of Securaplane. Regardless of

the confusion surrounding the various alleged parent corporate entities and subsidiary entities

of Securaplane, it is undisputed that Securaplane was a subcontractor for Boeing. It is

undisputed that Plaintiff was an employee of Securaplane, and that his employment ended

with Securaplane on May 11, 2007. (R&R (Doc. 30) at 10.)

It is also undisputed that on August 19, 2010, Plaintiff filed a Notice of Charge of

Discrimination with the EEOC. (R&R (Doc. 30) at 11.) His EEOC complaint alleged

discriminatory conduct that allegedly occurred during his employment and post-employment

retaliation related to whistle-blowing allegations he made regarding safety concerns related

to the allegedly “defective” lithium ion battery being built and tested by Securaplane for

Boeing. 

On September 9, 2010, Plaintiff filed a federal lawsuit alleging Title VII and ADA

violations: CV 10-587 TUC DCB. Not relevant here, the Plaintiff alleged disability

discrimination claims during the time of his employment, which were dismissed as time

barred. Relevant here, Plaintiff’s 2010 case included allegations Securaplane allegedly

slandered and libeled him by making him out to a violent scary person in retaliation for

safety concerns he raised in respect to the lithium ion battery.5

 He also alleged that in

October and November of 2010, Securaplane refused to hire him for various job openings

for which he was qualified. On September 7, 2011, this Court dismissed the case. Relevant

here, the Court explained that his allegations of retaliation for whistle-blowing were not

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6

Because Defendant Grieg cannot be sued, individually, under Title VII, the Court

does not address the confusion as to who she is: Fiona Grieg, Fiona Greig, or Gregg; does

she reside in Washington D.C. and is she an employee of McKinsey & Co. or does she reside

in the United Kingdom as an employee of Meggitt PLC, or is she the “next gov Fiona

Greigg.” The Court does not sort out the difference between Meggitt PLC, a corporate entity

10

related to conditions of employment or due to discrimination based on race, color, religion,

sex, or national origin. The Court did not grant him leave to amend the Complaint because

his grievances were not actionable under Title VII or the ADA.

Plaintiff repeats the same mistakes in the Title VII action he brings now: CV 14-226

TUC DCB. The First Amended Complaint alleges: “On January February 2013, next gov

Fiona Greig states Plaintiff was a felon perpetuating negativity in an attempt to further

discredit Plaintiff concerning Safety concerns.” (FAC (Doc. 14) ¶ 11.) He alleges the

retaliatory conduct has continued for years and years escalating with international libel in an

attempt to conceal, suppress faulty parts, lithium ion battery. . . . Harassment began when I

brought forth safety concerns prior to lithium ion battery fire in November 7, 2006 and has

continually escalated.” Id.¶ 15. 

Plaintiff does not and cannot state a claim under Title VII for retaliation based on

these type of “whistle-blowing” allegations. Accordingly, the action must be dismissed as

to all named Defendants. Cf. (R&R (Doc. 30) at 17-18 (explaining same).

The proposed amendment to the FAC to add parties in a Second Amended

Complaint does not change the futility of the claim. “Because individual defendants cannot

be held personally liable under Title VII . . . ,” (R&R (Doc. 30) at 13), named Defendant

Grieg must be dismissed and the proposed addition of Defendant Marc R. Birtel would be

futile. No facts are alleged nor could they be alleged against the proposed Defendants

Exponent, McKinsey & Co., and Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia, because no

employee-employer relationship existed between these parties. 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(a) and

2000e-3(a).6

 Plaintiff cannot sue Boeing, simply because Securaplane was Boeing’s

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in the United Kingdom, and Meggitt-USA, Inc., a subsidiary of Meggitt PLC located in the

United States, but not named in the action. Likewise, the Court does not resolve the

confusion between entities Pacific Scientific Company and Pacific Scientific Energetic

Materials, which appear to be two totally separate entities. See (Motion to Dismiss or, in the

Alternative, Quash Service (Doc. 57) (CV 14-226 TUC DCB) (explaining confusion in

context of service deficiencies). The Court denies the Motion to Quash by Defendants

Meggitt PLC and Fiona Greig and Pacific Scientific Company as moot because the case is

dismissed on the merits.

7

The Court would also have to ignore that Plaintiff complains about statements made

by Defendant Greig, who is not an employee of Securaplane, and ignore the lack of any

employer-employee relationship between Plaintiff and Boeing.

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subcontractor. See EEOC v. Foster Wheeler Const., 1999 WL 515524 (Ill. 1999) (answering

the question in EEOC case of whether employees of subcontractor can sue contractor;

depends on whether contractor can hire or fire subcontractor’s employees). 

The sole Defendant employer is Securaplane; Plaintiff’s employment with

Securaplane ended in 2007. Plaintiff filed one EEOC action in 2010. Title VII requires a

plaintiff, prior to commencing a law suit, to exhaust available administrative remedies. 42

U.S.C. §§ 2000e-5(e); 12117(a), B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dept., 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir.

2002). The EEOC claim must be brought no more than 300 days after the alleged unlawful

conduct occurred. Id. Failure to exhaust administrative relief renders the complaint untimely

and precludes the action. Id.; Sommantino v. United States, 255 F.3d 704, 707-708 (9th Cir.

2001).

Even if the Plaintiff’s allegation that he was retaliated against because of his safety

related whistle-blowing about the lithium ion battery stated a claim under Title VII,7

 the

Plaintiff failed to file an EEOC complaint within 300 days of the alleged defamatory

statements about the Plaintiff which were published on the internet. The retaliation claim for

the 2013 defamatory statements cannot be like nor reasonably related to the allegations

contained in the 2010 EEOC complaint because the span of years between the two precludes

the latter judicial charges from falling within the scope of the earlier EEOC’s actual

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investigation. This is not a situation where the EEOC investigation might reasonably be

expected to grow out of the original charge of discrimination to encompass later occurring

allegations. EEOC v. Farmer Bros. Co., 31 F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir. 1994), see Oubichon v.

North Am. Rockwell Corp., 482 F.2d 569, 571 (9th Cir. 1973) (allowing judicial complaint

to encompass any discrimination like or reasonably related to EEOC allegations, including

new acts occurring during pendency of the EEOC charge). 

“In determining whether a plaintiff has exhausted allegations that he did not specify

in his EEOC charge, the Court may consider such factors as the alleged basis of the

discrimination, dates of discriminatory acts specified within the charge, perpetrators of

discrimination named in the charge, any locations at which discrimination is alleged to have

occurred, and the extent to which plaintiff’s judicial claims are consistent with the plaintiff’s

original theory of the case.” ((R&R (doc. 30) at 19) (citing B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1101)). The

retaliation claim Plaintiff seeks to bring here based on defamatory internet statements made

internationally in 2013 cannot be said to be within the scope of an EEOC investigation

conducted in 2010 aimed only at defamatory statements made by Securaplane employees in

Tucson, Arizona.

In conclusion, the Court finds that the Plaintiff’s FAC not only fails to state a Title

VII claim, but this case is frivolous and filed for the purpose of harassing these Defendants.

The Court bases its opinion on the fact that in 2010, it fully adjudicated a prior claim brought

by the Plaintiff pursuant to Title VII and the ADA. The Court explained the elements of such

a claim, including the 300 day limitation period and the administrative exhaustion

requirements. The Court found the 2010 Complaint failed to state a claim and explained the

reasons. This action includes the same deficiencies. While Plaintiff is pro se, he had the

advantage of his experience from the 2010 case. The Plaintiff knew or at least should have

known this case lacked merit because it reasserted a retaliation claim based on whistleCase 4:14-cv-00226-DCB Document 87 Filed 09/19/14 Page 12 of 23
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blowing and was untimely because it was filed approximately 6 years after his employment

ended with Securaplane.

Sanctions: Vexatious Litigant

The Defendants ask the Court to find the Plaintiff is a vexatious litigant and impose

sanctions, including ending his in forma pauperis status and precluding him from filing any

future actions with this Court, without seeking leave of the Court. In 2010, the Defendants

asked the Court to impose sanctions against the Plaintiff, who at that time had filed three

lawsuits against Securaplane. This Court denied the request because there was no evidence

of vindictiveness, even though the 2010 case was wholly lacking in merit. (R&R (Doc. 30)

at 22-23.) The record has changed since then.

In addition to the eight related cases discussed in detail in this Order, Plaintiff also

filed Leon v. Danaher Corporation et al., (CV 12-74 TUC CKJ), which was dismissed sua

sponte as being duplicitous of a proceeding being prosecuted in state court.

Plaintiff has filed four cases in Pima County Superior Court: Leon v. Securaplane

Technologies, et al., (C-2009-1791); Leon v. Securaplane Technologies, et al., (C-2010-

8434); Leon v. Danaher Corp., et al., (C-2012-0876), and Leon v. Meggitt, PLC et al., (C2013-2950). 

In the first, summary judgment was granted for defendants on the merits of

Plaintiff’s tort claims that Securaplane employees invaded his privacy and defamed him,

including the claim previously seen by this Court in the 2010 case that Securaplane made him

out to be violent and scary by posting his picture with security at Securaplane in the format

of a “wanted poster.” The state court dismissed allegedly defamatory statements made on

or before March 12, 2008, as barred by a one-year statute of limitations and dismissed

defamation claims based on testimony received during an August 2009 hearing before a

Labor Department Administrative Judge under the AIR 21 Whistleblower Protection

Program as absolutely privileged. (Doc. 63, Ex. B: Order (C-20091791) filed June 17 , 2011.

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8

This case was part of the round robin begun when Judge Jorgenson dismissed CV 13-

111 TUC CKJ. Plaintiff refiled in the Pima County Superior Court, C-2013-2950, which was

dismissed pursuant to the vexatious litigant order. Plaintiff refiled in the federal court of

Illinois when the Pima County Superior Court dismissed it. Coming full circle, the Illinois

proceeding, CV 13-1679, was transferred back to the federal courts in Arizona and assigned

to this Court: CV 14-226 TUC DCB.

9

In this case, the court took judicial notice of Leon v. Meggitt PLC (CV 13-111 TUC

CKJ; Leon v. Boeing (CV 13-286 TUC JGZ); Leon v. Grieg (CV 13-289 TUC DCB; Leon

v. The Boeing Co., Case No. 1:13-cv-02860 (N.D. Ill. Transferred to D. Ariz. July 12, 2013,

appeal dismissed), and Leon v. Exponent, Inc., Case No. 2:14-cv-00095 (W.D. Wash

Dismissed February 21, 2014), and found all the actions duplicative, unnecessary and

frivolous, and moreover that plaintiff was engaged in a strategic litigation campaign against

14

The second case was adjudicated against the Plaintiff on the merits of claims of

discrimination brought under the Arizona Civil Rights Act for similar reasons this Court

dismissed his 2010 Title VII discrimination case. 

Plaintiff appealed both decisions and they were both affirmed. The Court of

Appeals for the State of Arizona imposed sanctions on the Plaintiff in the form of attorney

fees for the defendant because the appeal was meritless. (Motion for Decl. of Vexatious

Litigant (Doc. 63), Ex. H: Memorandum Decision at 7-8.)

The third case resulted in an injunction against further filings by the Plaintiff

because he was found to be a vexatious litigant, and the fourth case8

 was dismissed pursuant

to the vexatious litigant order. 

Beginning around 2013, Plaintiff began filing cases in other forums and adding new

defendants: Leon v. Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Co., Case No.

2:13-cv-00838-MCE-KJN (E.D. Cal. Dismissed July 25, 2013, Dkt. # 5, 8); Leon v. The

Boeing Co., Case No. 1:13-cv-02860 (N.D. Ill. Transferred to D. Ariz. July 12, 2013, Dkt.

# 23,appeal dismissed, Dkt. # 33); Leon v. Meggitt PLC, Case No. 1:13-cv-00964-UNA

(D.D.C. Transferred to D. Ariz. June 26, 2013, Dkt. # 4); Leon v. Exponent, Inc., Case

No.5:13-cv-05481-HRL9

 (N.D. Cal. Dismissed February 10, 2014, Dkt. # 18); Leon v.

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these defendants to, at the very least, keep defendants occupied with litigation in many

districts. The court found that 28 U.S.C. § 1915 was designed to prevent this type of abusive

conduct and dismissed the case without leave to amend and revoked plaintiff’s in forma

pauperis status for any appellate proceedings. (Boeing Reply (Doc. 59), Ex. A: Order

Dismissing Complaint.)

10See n. 8.

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Exponent, Inc., Case No. 2:14-cv-00095 (W.D. Wash Dismissed February 21, 2014, Dkt. #

11), and Leon v. Meggitt, PLC, Case No. 1:13-cv-167910 (E.D. Ill. Transferred January 2,

2014, Dkt. # 40). (Motion for Decl. of Vexatious Litigant (Doc. 63) at 8.)

Defendant Securaplane asserts it has been expressly named in 12 cases, id., and

Boeing asserts it has been named in approximately 14 cases, (Boeing Motion to Dismiss

(Doc. 54), Ex. AA.). 

Plaintiff has also filed lawsuits against counsel for defendants and judicial officers:

Leon v. State of Arizona, et al., Case No. 4:12-cv-556-CKJ (D.Ariz. Dismissed May 16,

2013, Dkt. # 37); Leon v. State of Arizona, et al., Case No. 5:12-cv-04340 (N.D. Cal.

Dismissed Oct. 15, 2012, Dkt. # 24); Leon v. Kearney, et al., Case No. 4:13-cv-00278 (D.

Ariz. Dismissed May 9, 2013, Dkt. # 6-7); Bernstein v. Dunlop, et al., Case No.

3:13-cv-1563 (N.D. Cal. Dismissed July 26, 2013, Dkt. # 27, 44); Leon v. Tibor Nagy, et al.,

Case No. CV2013-1121 (Pima Cty. Sup. Ct. Dismissed August 26, 2013); Leon v. Ogletree,

Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Case No. 6:13-cv-00072 (D.S.C. Dismissed Mar. 12,

2013, Dkt. # 28), and Leon v. Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Case No.

1:13-cv-00100 (D.D.C. Dismissed Jan. 24, 2013, Dkt. # 5). (Motion for Decl. of Vexatious

Litigant (Doc. 63) at 8-9.)

Plaintiff has sought recusal of judges presiding over his cases, see Order (Doc. 8)

(CV 13-111 TUC CKJ) and in this case he seeks recusal of this Court. As Judge Jorgenson

did and for the same reasons, this Court denies the Plaintiff’s Motion to Disqualify Judge.

(Order (Doc. 8) (CV 13-111 TUC CKJ) at 2-13). It is the duty of this Court and within its

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11This Court does not own stock in Boeing company. Plaintiff attaches financial

disclosure documents which reflect that Boeing stock was sold in 2003.

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jurisdiction to decide the Motion to Disqualify/Recuse. United States v. Studley, 783 F.2d

934, 940 (9th Cir. 1986) (the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has "held repeatedly that the

challenged judge himself should rule on the legal sufficiency of a recusal motion in the first

instance.")

“The standard for recusal under 28 U.S.C. §§ 144, 455 is ‘whether a reasonable

person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the judge's impartiality might

reasonably be questioned.’” Id. at 939. The alleged prejudice must result from an

extrajudicial source; a judge's prior adverse ruling is not sufficient cause for recusal. Id. A

motion for recusal based entirely on prior adverse rulings is insufficient and will be denied.

Mayes v. Leipziger, 729 F.2d 605, 607 (9th Cir. 1984). Applying this standard and because

in large part,11 Plaintiff simply complains of prior adverse rulings, the Court denies the

request for recusal.

The Court turns to the question of sanctions and whether to grant the Defendants’

request for a pre-filing restriction. Restricting access to the courts is a serious matter because

it restricts a fundamental constitutional right. Delew v. Wagner, 143 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th

Cir. 1998). Pre-filing restrictions should rarely be filed and only after the Court complies

with procedural and substantive requirements: 1) to give the Plaintiff notice and an

opportunity to oppose the order before it is entered; 2) compile an adequate record for

appellate review, including listing all the cases and motions that led this Court to conclude

that a vexatious litigant order is necessary; 3) make substantive findings of frivolousness or

harassment, and 4) tailor the order narrowly so it closely fits the specific needs of this case.

De Long v. Hennessey, 912 F.2d 1144, 1147-48 (9th Cir. 1990).

The first two factors are procedural and the last two are substantive. The Court

considers five factors in making its substantive determination: “(1) the litigant's history of

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12Defendant Exponent, named in the proposed SAC, which was served by mail by

Plaintiff, filed a Motion to Dismiss and joined in the vexatious litigant motion. Plaintiff filed

a Response.

17

litigation and in particular whether it entailed vexatious, harassing or duplicative lawsuits;

(2) the litigant's motive in pursuing the litigation, e.g., does the litigant have an objective

good faith expectation of prevailing?; (3) whether the litigant is represented by counsel; (4)

whether the litigant has caused needless expense to other parties or has posed an unnecessary

burden on the courts and their personnel; and (5) whether other sanctions would be adequate

to protect the courts and other parties.” Ringgold-Lockhart v. County of Los Angeles, ___

F.3d ____, 2014 WL 3805579 * 3 (Calif. August 4, 2014).

Here, the Court has given the Plaintiff an opportunity to oppose and he has opposed

Securaplane’s request that this Court issue a vexatious litigant order.12 He has responded to

Defendant Boeing’s Motion to Dismiss, which included the request that his in forma

pauperis status be revoked. Plaintiff requested a hearing on the question of whether he is a

vexatious litigant. The Court denies the Plaintiff’s request for oral argument. It has reviewed

Plaintiff’s litigation record by reviewing briefs and court orders contained in full in the

electronic record system, CM/ECF, for the United States District Court for the District of

Arizona for a total of 12 cases. All have been discussed above, except for CV 09-390 TUC

CKJ, which was removed from federal court and remanded to state court on July 14, 2009.

It was the first case adjudication by the Pima County Superior Court, wherein summary

judgment was denied. The parties submitted memoranda thoroughly discussing the law and

evidence in support of their positions, and oral argument will not aid the court's decisional

process. See Mahon v. Credit Bur. of Placer County, Inc., 171 F.3d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir.

1999) (explaining that if the parties provided the district court with complete memoranda of

the law and evidence in support of their positions, ordinarily oral argument would not be

required).

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The Court finds the record compiled by the Plaintiff in this Court, as noted above,

supports both requested sanctions because: 1) Plaintiff failed to prevail in even one case, 2)

except for the two cases resolved on the merits against the Plaintiff in the Pima County

Superior Court, his cases were dismissed because he failed to state a claim, with several of

those dismissals being without leave to amend because the claims were frivolous, and 3)

several cases resulted in some form of sanctions for being without merit, frivolous. or

vexatious. The Court finds that the Plaintiff is more than just excessively litigious, Plaintiff’s

claims have been patently without merit. He has repeatedly filed the same claims against the

same defendants after having had those claims dismissed and his pleading deficiencies

explained to him, therefore, Plaintiff knowingly filed repeated meritless claims. The Court

finds a pattern of harassment.

The Court revokes Plaintiff’s in forma pauperis status for the purpose of filing any

future action in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona. Section

1915(e)(2) of Title 28 provides for dismissal of a Complaint filed in forma pauperis if the

Court is convinced that the action is frivolous. Section 1915 provisions for proceeding in

forma pauperis should not be used to promote malicious and abusive litigation, which

includes cases where an in forma pauperis complaint merely repeats pending or previously

litigated claims. Bailey v. Johnson, 846 F.2d 1019, 1021 (5th Cir. 1988), see also Pittman v.

Moore, 980 F.2d 994, 995 (5th Cir. 1993). Any future actions filed against these defendants

involving these same claims would be frivolous, malicious and abusive litigation. More

importantly, the Plaintiff’s reported income from disability insurance of $1373.00 per month,

(CV 14-226 TUC DCB (Doc. 3)), or $16,476.00 per year exceeds the 2014 poverty guideline

for one person, which is $11,670.00. 

Before issuing a vexatious litigant order, the Court must consider whether there is

some less restrictive option adequate to protect the parties and the court. In other words, is

there something short of issuing a vexatious litigant order to prevent the Plaintiff from filing

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more frivolous and harassing law suits. Ringgold-Lockhart, 2014 WL 3805579 * 5. The

Court considers: “nonmonetary directives; an order to pay a penalty into court; or, if imposed

on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant

of part or all of the reasonable attorney's fees and other expenses directly resulting from the

violation.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4). 

The Court finds that imposing costs and fees on the Plaintiff would not be an

adequate deterrence. For example, the fees and costs incurred by the Defendants in this case

alone must be in the thousands of dollars given the number of Defendants the Plaintiff named

and because of the voluminous record required to prove up the duplicitous, frivolous, and

harassing nature of the Plaintiff’s extensive litigation record. While Plaintiff does not meet

the 2014 guideline for poverty, he unquestionably has a very low income. “The deterrent

effect of an award of attorney's fees of a given sum of money is obviously dependent on the

extent of the sanctioned party's resources. The poorer the offender, the smaller need be the

sanction to ensure the desired deterrent effect.” Eastway Const. Corp. v. City of New York,

637 F. Supp. 558, 573-74 (E.D.N.Y. 1986). (citing see e.g., Oliveri v. Thompson,

CV–83–3572 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 1985) (reducing sanction against attorney from $51,000

to $5,000 because of his financial condition)). “Accordingly, many courts have reduced fee

awards based on ability to pay.” Id. (citing e.g., Faraci v. Hickey Freeman Co., Inc., 607

F.2d 1025 (2d Cir.1979) (section 706(k) award); Colucci v. New York Times Co., 533

F.Supp. 1011 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (same); Kostiuk v. Town of Riverhead, 570 F.Supp. 603

(E.D.N.Y.1983) (section 1988 case); Kuzmins v. Employee Transfer Corp., 587 F.Supp. 536

(N.D.Ohio 1984) (same); Taylor v. Prudential-Bache Securities, 594 F.Supp. 226

(N.D.N.Y.), aff'd mem., 751 F.2d 371 (2d Cir.1984) (Rule 11 case, pro se plaintiff);

Heimbaugh v. City of San Francisco, 591 F.Supp. 1573 (N.D.Cal.1984)).

Given Plaintiff’s low income, any attorney fee award would be exceedingly nominal

and have a very low deterrence impact as an example to others. It would utterly fail to

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13The doctrine of res judicata bars further litigation of claims by parties on causes of

action that were previously asserted, or could have been previously asserted, in a prior

litigation which has been adjudicated to a final judgment. Tahoe-Sierra Preservation

Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 322 F.3d 1064, 1077 (9th Cir. 2003).

Claims dismissed for failure to state a claim have been fully adjudicated. Barren v.

Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) (standard of review same under 28 U.S.C.

1915(e) screening order and motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)). 

10It is more likely that McKinsey & Company provides public relations services to

Boeing.

20

compensate the Defendants for the needless expenses incurred from Plaintiff’s vexatious

litigation. And, Plaintiff might in fact be unable to pay even a nominal penalty, especially if

the award were a lump sum of money. Any deterrence affect would be outweighed by the

administrative expense incurred by either the Court or Defendants to collect the award,

especially if it were paid overtime instead of in a lump sum. Collection efforts might well

spawn further litigation. The Court finds a monetary sanction is not a realistic lesser

restrictive sanction. The Court narrowly tailors the vexatious litigant Order to the

Plaintiff’s wrongful behavior. Ringgold-Lockhart, 2014 WL 3805579 * 6. Here, Plaintiff’s

wrongful conduct includes relitigating the same factual allegations and claims, either

simultaneously in multiple pending actions or in actions filed subsequent to adjudication of

the claims in other courts. But there is more, he repackages his grievances by adding new

even more frivolous claims and new even more tenuously related parties.13 So for example,

his FAC filed in CV 13-287 TUC JGZ against Meggitt added claims for cyber stalking, cyber

harassment, and cyber bullying to his internet defamation tort claims, (FAC (Doc. 13) (CV

13-287 TUC JGZ)), and in this case, he seeks to add new Defendant McKinsey & Company,

a public relations firm and allegedly Boeing client10 and the Office of Mayor Philadelphia,

(Motion for Leave to File SAC (Doc. 73), Ex. A: SAC ¶ 21). And, Plaintiff sues the

attorneys representing the parties he names in these frivolous law suits. 

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The Court finds that Plaintiff has abused his right of access to the courts in respect

to the many claims he has filed related in some way or another to his employment

relationship with Securaplane and the testing and development of the lithium ion battery.

The defendants he chooses to name have some relationship, either parent or subsidiary

corporate entities to Securaplane, or contractual such as Boeing, its clients or service

providers, and he sues these entities’ employees. 

In Ringgold-Lockhart, the court explained that courts routinely perform the task of

filtering out frivolous suits, pursuant to Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,

“but courts cannot properly say whether a suit is ‘meritorious’ from pleadings alone.” Id.

With this in mind, this Court crafts an injunction to prevent the malicious and vexatious

filings described above, but to allow the Plaintiff access to the courts in the event he seeks

to file a claim of merit. Id. This Court limits screening of any future filings by the Plaintiff

for frivolousness or harassment.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (Docs. 52, 54, 57, 76) are

GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Securaplane’s Motion for Order

Declaring Michael Leon a Vexatious Litigant (Doc. 63) is GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all Plaintiff’s motions (Docs. 68, 73, 77, 79, 82,

84, and 86) are DENIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all other motions are denied as moot.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED finding that the Plaintiff is a vexatious litigant, and

the Clerk of the Court shall designate him as such for the purpose of tracking any future

filings by him in this Court.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Plaintiff’s in forma pauperis status is

revoked for purposes of any appeal taken in this case, and Plaintiff is denied in forma

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pauperis status for all future filings in the United States District Court for the District of

Arizona.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff is enjoined from filing any further

actions arising directly or indirectly from measures taken by the Plaintiff in respect to the

lithium ion battery within the context of his employment relationship with Securaplane, its

parent corporate entities or subsidiaries, the Boeing Company, its clients or entities providing

services to Boeing, and past or future employees or non-employee individuals, who Plaintiff

alleges to be “representing” these entities.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this injunction expressly applies to any further

actions for relief under Title VII, the ADA, or the FCA.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the factual allegations reached by this injunction

include, but are not limited to: 1) discriminatory conduct that allegedly occurred during his

employment and post-employment retaliation related to whistle-blowing allegations he made

regarding safety concerns related to the lithium ion battery; 2) continued misrepresenting

facts to the FAA, ASHA, NTSB, and the FBI since 2006; 3) Securaplane made him out to

be violent and scary person by posting his picture for security purposes in the format of a

“wanted poster”; 4) statements made about Plaintiff and published on the internet in January

and February 2013, such as:“On January February 2013 next gov Fiona Greigg stated

Plaintiff was a convicted felon, lied to FAA investigators and terminated for internet email

usage perpetuating negativity in an attempt to further discredit Plaintiff concerning safety

concerns”; and cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and cyber bullying. 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the parties protected by this injunction include,

but are not limited to: Meggitt PLC; Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company/Pacific

Scientific, Boeing Corporation; Securaplane Technologies Inc., Fiona Grieg a/k/a Greig or

Gregg, Exponent Inc., McKinsey & Company; Marc R. Birtel, and the Office of the Mayor,

City of Philadelphia. 

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IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff is enjoined from filing any further

actions naming counsel for these entities.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT PLAINTIFF SHALL FILE A COPY OF THIS

ORDER WITH ANY FUTURE FILING HE MAKES IN THIS COURT OR ANY OTHER

COURT OF LAW.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall enter Judgment

against the Plaintiff, with prejudice as to all claims.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this Court retains jurisdiction over this case to

impose further sanctions in the event the Plaintiff is found to be in contempt of this

injunction or the directive that he include a copy of this Order when filing any further action

in a court of law.

DATED this 17th day of September, 2014.

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