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Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-13158

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:13-cv-00299-RS-CJK

RICHARD LOBERGER, 

RAYMOND MILLER, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 versus

DEL-JEN INC., 

J&J MAINTENANCE INC., 

 Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

________________________

(June 25, 2015)

Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

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Richard Loberger and Raymond Miller appeal from the district court’s grant 

of summary judgment in favor of Del-Jen, Inc. (“Del-Jen”), and J&J Maintenance, 

Inc. (“J&J”), in their employment discrimination and retaliation suit under the Age 

Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 623, and the Florida 

Civil Rights Act (“FCRA”), Fla. Stat. § 760.01. After careful review, we affirm.

I.

We recite the facts in the light most favorable to Loberger and Miller. See 

Mora v. Jackson Mem’l Found., Inc., 597 F.3d 1201, 1203 (11th Cir. 2010) (stating 

that we “resolve all reasonable factual doubts in favor of the non-movant”). 

Loberger and Miller were both employed by Del-Jen as certified pest controllers at 

Tyndall Air Force Base (the “Base”) near Panama City, Florida. Loberger was 

hired in 1998, Miller in 1997. Del-Jen provided various services, including pest

control, at the Base pursuant to a military contract. The general duties of a pest 

controller were to control weeds, insects, and vermin. 

In 2012, the military re-bid Del-Jen’s contract. J&J won the bidding and 

was set to take over on about November 14, 2012. While the contract previously 

had been “cost-plus,” meaning Del-Jen billed the military for its actual costs plus a 

markup, the military re-bid it as a “fixed-price” contract. Generally, fixed-price 

contracts, which provide a set monthly payment for the provision of services, 

require contractors to staff projects with fewer employees. 

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In August 2012, Del-Jen informed its employees that J&J would be taking 

over the Base contract, and it gave them applications to apply with J&J. In 

October 2012, both Loberger and Miller timely submitted applications for pestcontrol jobs with J&J. They each had a brief interview with J&J representatives. 

At some point during the transition phase (between August and November 

2012), Tim Lewis, a Del-Jen employee who had been hired as J&J’s new site 

manager, asked the appellants’ immediate supervisor, Robert Bushway, to identify 

the best pest controllers for J&J to hire. Bushway verbally recommended all five 

pest controllers in this order: Andy Fox, Doug Bailey, Robert Nowaczyk, 

Loberger, and Miller. Bushway did not explain to Lewis or J&J his reasons for 

ranking the pest controllers in that order.

Bushway (then age 67) also applied for a position at J&J and was hired as 

the lead pest controller. Initially, J&J hired two other pest controllers, Fox (then 

age 42) and Bailey (then age 51). Soon after, J&J determined that it needed to hire 

an additional pest controller. Thereafter, J&J also hired Nowaczyk (then age 53). 

Consequently, of the five pest controllers previously employed by Del-Jen, only 

Loberger (then age 66) and Miller (then age 63), the oldest pest controllers, were 

not hired by J&J.

After learning of Nowaczyk’s hire on October 23 or 24, the appellants 

approached Bushway on October 25. Bushway told them, “It will be a hard fight 

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for your job because you will be retiring next year . . . and we want someone with 

longevity.”1

 According to the appellants’ testimony, Bushway was concerned that 

Loberger and Miller were going to retire soon and that it would be difficult to 

replace them at a later time. They understood Bushway as saying that both 

Bushway and J&J believed that the appellants’ age was an issue. 

Based on Bushway’s October 25 statement, Loberger and Miller filed an 

internal grievance with their union alleging that they had not been recommended or 

hired because of their age. Bushway was provided with a copy of the grievance by 

both appellants, to which Bushway responded, “Gentlemen, I wouldn’t be closing 

any doors.” On November 13, Del-Jen terminated all of its employees. J&J took 

over the next day. 

Loberger and Miller filed charges of age discrimination with the Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) in December 2012. They 

amended these charges in February 2013. 

Nowaczyk left his position with J&J in August 2013. Both Loberger and 

Miller applied for the vacancy. Neither was hired. Instead, J&J hired Thomas 

Spragg (then age 53) in September 2013 based on Bushway’s recommendation. 

Bushway interviewed Spragg but not Loberger or Miller. Spragg did not have two 

 1 There is some ambiguity in the appellants’ testimony as to whether Bushway said “next 

year.” Regardless, the import of the statement is the same—Bushway believed that Loberger and 

Miller would be retiring soon. Although Bushway denied making this comment in its entirety, 

we resolve this factual dispute in favor of the appellants. See Mora, 597 F.3d at 1203. Loberger 

also testified that Bushway made an essentially identical comment to him the day before.

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certifications—“right of way” and “public health”—that were listed as mandatory 

requirements on the job notice published by J&J. Both Loberger and Miller had

these certifications. 

II.

Loberger and Miller filed a joint complaint in the United States District 

Court for the Northern District of Florida against Del-Jen and J&J. Appellants

jointly alleged claims under the ADEA and the FCRA of age discrimination 

against both defendants and of retaliation against J&J, and Loberger alleged a 

state-law claim of worker’s compensation retaliation against Del-Jen.2

 Only the 

ADEA and FCRA claims are at issue.3

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Del-Jen and J&J. 

The court ruled that Del-Jen could not be held liable for any discriminatory acts of 

Bushway because Bushway’s recommendations were for the benefit of J&J, not 

Del-Jen. As for J&J, the court found that Appellants offered no evidence to rebut

J&J’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for why it did not hire them. Finally, 

 2

 The ADEA/FCRA retaliation claim was originally pled as against both J&J and DelJen, but Appellants since have clarified that the claim is only against J&J. Regarding Loberger’s 

worker’s compensation retaliation claim, the district court declined to exercise supplemental 

jurisdiction and dismissed it without prejudice after granting summary judgment on the 

remaining claims. Loberger does not challenge this ruling on appeal, so we do not address it 

further. 

3

 We analyze these claims jointly under the ADEA. See Drago v. Jenne, 453 F.3d 1301, 

1307 (11th Cir. 2006) (retaliation); Zaben v. Air Prods. & Chems., Inc., 129 F.3d 1453, 1455 n.2 

(11th Cir. 1997) (discrimination).

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the district court granted summary judgment on Appellants’ retaliation claims

against J&J because Appellants had not presented evidence of a causal connection 

between their protected activity and the failure to hire them in September 2013. 

Following entry of final judgment, Loberger and Miller brought this appeal. 

III.

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and resolve 

all reasonable factual doubts in favor of the non-moving party. Mora, 597 F.3d at

1203. Summary judgment should be granted “if the movant shows that there is no 

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

At the summary-judgment stage, the judge’s function is not to weigh the 

evidence but to determine if there is a “genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2511 (1986). “[T]here is 

no issue for trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party 

for a jury to return a verdict for that party.” Id. Therefore, summary judgment 

may be granted “[i]f the evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly 

probative.” Id. at 249-50, 106 S. Ct. at 2511 (citations omitted). We may affirm a 

district court’s grant of summary judgment on any ground supported by the record, 

even if that ground was not relied on by the district court. Feliciano v. City of 

Miami Beach, 707 F.3d 1244, 1252 (11th Cir. 2013).

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IV.

Appellants’ claims are premised on two primary actions: (1) the failure to 

hire in October 2012 based on Bushway’s allegedly discriminatory rankings (age 

discrimination against both Del-Jen and J&J); and (2) the failure to hire in 

September 2013 after Nowaczyk resigned (age discrimination and retaliation

against J&J). We address these distinct but related actions separately.

A.

1.

Initially, we note that Appellants’ claims relating to the October 2012 failure 

to hire are premised almost entirely on the allegedly discriminatory rankings 

Bushway provided to Lewis and J&J. Yet Bushway was not acting in a traditional 

supervisory role for either Del-Jen or J&J at the time. He was an employee of DelJen, in the process of applying for work with, if not already hired by, J&J, but he 

had not actually begun working for J&J. 

Given this ambiguity, the parties dispute at length whether and to what 

extent the defendants are vicariously liable for Bushway. The district court found 

that Del-Jen was not liable because Bushway’s recommendations were for the 

benefit of J&J, not Del-Jen, see Moham v. Steego Corp., 3 F.3d 873, 876-77 (5th 

Cir. 1993), but Appellants counter that Bushway was a Del-Jen supervisor 

providing a negative job reference, see, e.g., Bailey v. USX Corp., 850 F.2d 1506, 

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1509-10 (11th Cir. 1988) (holding that a former employer may be liable under 

Title VII for retaliatory, negative job references). For its part, J&J asserts that any 

discriminatory animus held by Bushway in October 2012 was unknown to it but at 

the same time cites Bushway’s reasons for ranking Loberger and Miller last of the 

pest controllers as its own reasons for not hiring them, when the evidence shows 

that Bushway did not communicate these reasons to J&J. 

Before addressing agency principles and cat’s paw liability,

4 however, we 

first consider whether Appellants have created a genuine issue for trial, assuming 

that both Del-Jen and J&J could be held liable in these circumstances. If not, we 

need not resolve issues of vicarious liability.

2.

Under the ADEA, it is unlawful for an employer to discharge or otherwise 

discriminate against an employee who is at least forty years of age on the basis of 

his age. 29 U.S.C. §§ 623(a)(1) & 631(a). To prevail on an age-discrimination 

claim against an employer, the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the 

evidence that his age was the “but for” cause of the challenged employment 

decision. Mazzeo v. Color Resolutions Int’l, LLC, 746 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th Cir. 

 4

 The doctrine of cat’s paw liability provides that an employer can be liable “when the 

decision-maker has no discriminatory animus but is influenced by a subordinate supervisor’s 

action that is the product of such discriminatory animus.” Sims v. MVM, Inc., 704 F.3d 1327, 

1335 (11th Cir. 2013). In ADEA cases, a plaintiff must show “but-for” causation—that the 

subordinate’s proscribed animus had a “determinative influence on the employer’s adverse 

decision.” Id. at 1335-36.

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2014) (citing Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 177-78, 129 S. Ct. 

2343, 2351 (2009)). A plaintiff may support his ADEA claim through either direct 

or circumstantial evidence. Id.

When the plaintiff supports his claim with circumstantial evidence, we apply 

the burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973). Id. Under that framework, the plaintiff bears 

the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. Id. To make 

a prima facie showing under the ADEA, a plaintiff generally must demonstrate that 

he “(1) was a member of the protected age group, (2) was subjected to an adverse 

employment action, (3) was qualified to do the job, and (4) was replaced by or 

otherwise lost a position to a younger individual.” Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 

F.3d 1012, 1024 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). If the plaintiff establishes a prima 

facie case, “the burden of production shifts to the employer to articulate a 

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the challenged employment action.” 

Mazzeo, 746 F.3d at 1270 (internal quotation marks omitted). A legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason is one that might motivate a reasonable employer. 

Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1030.

If the employer satisfies its burden of proffering a non-discriminatory reason 

for the challenged decision, the plaintiff then has the opportunity to demonstrate 

that the proffered reason was pretextual, “which merges with the plaintiff’s 

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ultimate burden of persuading the court that the employer intentionally 

discriminated against [him].” Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Developers, Inc., 610 F.3d 

1253, 1265 (11th Cir. 2010); see Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 

U.S. 133, 146-48, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2108-09 (2000). To show pretext, a plaintiff 

generally must “demonstrate[] such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, 

incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for 

its action that a reasonable factfinder could find them unworthy of credence.” 

Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1538 (11th Cir. 1997) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff is not allowed to recast an employer’s reason 

or quarrel with its wisdom, “but must meet it head on and rebut it.” Wilson v. B/E 

Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1088 (11th Cir. 2004). “If the plaintiff does not 

proffer sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding 

whether each of the defendant employer’s articulated reasons is pretextual, the 

employer is entitled to summary judgment on the plaintiff’s claim.” Chapman, 

229 F.3d at 1024-25.

3.

Appellants have established a prima facie case of age discrimination. They 

both were over forty years old, they were not hired for a position for which they 

applied and were qualified, and younger individuals were hired for the position. 

See Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1024. Thus, the burden of production shifted to the 

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employer to articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the failure to hire 

Appellants. Mazzeo, 746 F.3d at 1270.

Bushway explained his reasons for ranking Loberger and Miller last of the 

five pest controllers as follows: (a) Loberger was a “very hard worker” who 

preferred working in paved areas, but he did not enjoy lawn & ornamental 

(“L&O”) work—most of the pest control work at the Base was L&O work, 

according to Bushway—or do it well, which showed in his zone and required 

others to help out; (b) Miller was not a hard worker and tended to socialize, 

making him inefficient compared to the other pest controllers; Miller’s L&O work 

“left much to be desired” and was the source of complaints from users of the areas 

for which Miller was responsible; and Miller was disrespectful to Bushway and 

others.5

 J&J added that it simply hired fewer pest controllers than had been 

employed by Del-Jen due to the nature of its contract.

Although Bushway’s evaluations are subjective, “[a] subjective reason is a 

legally sufficient, legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason if the defendant articulates 

a clear and reasonably specific factual basis upon which it based its subjective 

opinion.” Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1034. Here, Bushway offered a clear and 

 5

 Bushway explained his rankings of the other pest controllers as follows: (1) Fox had a 

degree in horticulture and was better than any other pest controller in identifying and addressing 

pest and turf problems; (2) Bailey was very good at L&O work and enjoyed doing it, and he also 

willingly helped other pest controllers, including Loberger, with L&O work in their respective 

zones; (3) Nowaczyk similarly enjoyed doing L&O work, maintained his zone well, and 

willingly helped others.

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reasonably specific factual basis for his subjective evaluations of the pest 

controllers. As developed more fully below, Bushway connected his assessments 

to specific facts or observations that were sufficient to provide Appellants a full 

and fair opportunity to establish pretext. See id. These reasons are also ones that 

might motivate a reasonable employer because they relate primarily to job 

performance. See id. at 1033-34.

The burden shifted back to Appellants to show that these reasons were 

pretextual. Alvarez, 610 F.3d at 1265. We emphasize that our inquiry into pretext 

centers upon the employer’s beliefs, not the employee’s beliefs as to his 

performance or even as to “reality as it exists outside of the decision maker’s 

head.” Id. at 1266; Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1565 (11th Cir. 1997). 

Appellants first contend that the district court misapplied the summaryjudgment standard by ignoring evidence that undermined Bushway’s reasoning. In 

addressing pretext, the court stated, “Loberger preferred to work on paved areas 

over other zones. Miller was not a hard worker who sometimes had trouble getting 

along well with others. Both Plaintiffs acknowledged these things. Plaintiffs offer 

no evidence that these reasons are pretexual.” D.E. 83 at 7. Appellants assert that 

these “facts” were disputed. 

Upon our review of the record, we do note some discrepancies. For 

example, while Miller acknowledged taking certain actions cited by Bushway for 

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why he thought Miller was not a hard worker, such as socializing with others on 

the job, Miller did not acknowledge that he was not a “hard worker.” But these 

discrepancies do not tend to show that Bushway did not believe his reasons for his 

ranking of the pest controllers or otherwise indicate that Bushway’s stated reasons 

were pretextual. In any case, we are not bound by any findings of fact made by the 

district court. See Feliciano, 707 F.3d at 1252 n.5 (“[O]n de novo review of a 

summary judgment ruling, we may not only affirm on any ground supported by the 

record, but may also choose to disregard a district court’s determination of the 

facts for summary judgment purposes and determine those facts ourselves.” 

(citations omitted)). 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Appellants and drawing 

all reasonable inferences in their favor, Appellants have failed to establish that 

Bushway’s reasons are implausible, inconsistent, incoherent, or otherwise 

unworthy of credence. See Combs, 106 F.3d at 1538. 

Much of the evidence cited by Appellants either focuses on their own beliefs 

about their job performance or simply fails to meet the reasons head on and rebut 

them. See Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1030; Wilson, 376 F.3d at 1088. For example, 

the fact that Loberger and Miller were certified in L&O work does not show that 

they did not perform L&O work as well as the other pest controllers. Likewise, the 

job description’s listing of L&O work as one of five mandatory certifications does 

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not rebut Bushway’s statement that most of the pest control work on the Base is 

L&O work. Although both Loberger and Miller testified that they got along well 

with others at work, this does not show that Bushway did not find Miller to be 

disrespectful, particularly when Bushway’s opinion was linked to a specific 

incident not disputed by Miller. Similarly, while Miller may not have received any 

discipline or reprimands while employed by Del-Jen, Miller does not dispute the 

specific instances cited by Bushway in support of his assessment that Miller was 

not a hard worker, including that Miller tended to socialize with others, making 

him inefficient compared to the other pest controllers, and that Bushway received 

complaints about areas for which Miller was responsible. Overall, this evidence 

does not show that Bushway’s reasons were false or unworthy of credence.

Appellants also contend that they should have been ranked higher because 

they had superior qualifications and experience compared to the other pest 

controllers. And they assert that they both had a required termite certification that 

Fox did not. However, “a plaintiff cannot prove pretext by simply arguing or even 

by showing that he was better qualified than the [person] who received the position 

he coveted.” Springer v. Convergys Customer Mgmt. Grp. Inc., 509 F.3d 1344, 

1349 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); Brooks v. Cnty. Comm'n 

of Jefferson Cnty., Ala., 446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006). Instead, “a plaintiff 

must show that the disparities between the successful applicant’s and his own 

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qualifications were of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in 

the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over 

the plaintiff.” Springer, 509 F.3d at 1349 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Here, Bushway testified that a termite certification was not necessary on the 

Base, even if it was listed as a requirement. This fact was not disputed. In 

addition, Fox had been employed by Del-Jen as a pest controller, and Fox was the 

only pest controller with a degree in horticulture. In short, the disparities in 

qualifications were not so significant that no reasonable person could have chosen 

Fox over the plaintiffs. See id.

Finally, Appellants argue that Bushway’s comment about “longevity” shows 

that his reasons are simply after-the-fact rationalizations that did not actually 

motivate his decisions at the time.6 After J&J hired Nowaczyk, Bushway told 

Loberger and Miller, “It will be a hard fight for your job because you will be 

retiring next year . . . and we want someone with longevity.” He did not explain 

 6

 Appellants highlight various other purported comments by Bushway (that J&J wanted 

younger employees who would “stick around for a while”; that Appellants did not fit in with the 

notion of retaining long-term employees; and that J&J was aware of Miller’s age), but, after a 

review of the pertinent deposition transcripts, we find that these alleged comments are merely 

Appellants’ various characterizations of, or inferences from, Bushway’s comment.

Appellants also point to a comment Bushway made to Loberger’s wife about Loberger’s 

getting older and being bitten by bugs on the job more often. However, Appellants did not argue 

at summary judgment that this comment was relevant to their claims of age discrimination. 

Therefore, we decline to consider this comment for the first time on appeal. See Access Now, 

Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that issues or arguments 

not raised in the district court and raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered). In 

any event, the unrelated comment, made months before the hiring decisions, does not change the 

result in this case. 

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the reasons described above. Appellants contend that it is reasonable to infer from 

this comment and the circumstances that Bushway ranked them last because of 

their age. 

Appellants acknowledge that “the term ‘longevity’ used independently does 

not necessarily have a discriminatory connotation.” (Appellants Br. at 22). And 

an employer does not violate the ADEA if his adverse employment decision is 

motivated by factors other than age even if those factors are correlated with age, 

such as pension status. Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 611, 113 S. Ct. 

1701, 1706 (1993). Nonetheless, we agree with Appellants that, in the 

circumstances of this case, “longevity” was tied to Appellants’ age. Therefore, we 

consider the comment to be circumstantial evidence of an impermissible intent. 

See Ross v. Rhodes Furniture, Inc., 146 F.3d 1286, 1291-92 (11th Cir. 1998).

But while the comment is circumstantial evidence of Bushway’s 

discriminatory animus, Appellants have not presented sufficient other evidence 

(including their prima facie case) by which a reasonable jury could conclude that 

Bushway’s explanation was pretext for discrimination. See id. at 1292. As 

explained above, it is the plaintiffs’ burden to show that the proffered reasons did 

not actually motivate the challenged employment decisions. See Combs, 106 F.3d 

at 1538. And “[i]f the employer proffers more than one legitimate, 

nondiscriminatory reason, the plaintiff must rebut each of the reasons to survive a 

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motion for summary judgment.” Crawford v. City of Fairburn, Ga., 482 F.3d 

1305, 1308-09 (11th Cir. 2007); see also Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1024-25. Here, 

Appellants have not offered any “significantly probative” evidence rebutting 

Bushway’s reasons for ranking the pest controllers as he did. See Anderson, 477 

U.S. at 249-50, 106 S. Ct. at 2511; Combs, 106 F.3d at 1538. As a result,

Appellants have failed to establish that the reasons were pretext for discrimination. 

See Crawford, 482 F.3d at 1309 (“[Plaintiff] erroneously argues that evidence of a 

discriminatory animus allows a plaintiff to establish pretext without rebutting each 

of the proffered reasons of the employer.”); see also St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. 

Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 516, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 2752 (1993) (pretext means “both that 

the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason”). 

Outside of Bushway, Appellants cite no other evidence of a discriminatory 

motive on the part of J&J or Del-Jen. They claim that their interviews with J&J 

were perfunctory, but without comparison evidence showing that their interviews 

differed substantially from those of other pest controllers, Appellants’ speculation 

regarding a discriminatory motive behind the interviews is insufficient. 

In short, Loberger and Miller failed to establish a genuine issue of material 

fact that “but for” their age, they would have been hired by J&J or would have 

been ranked higher by Bushway.

7

 See Mazzeo, 746 F.3d at 1270. 

 7

 To the extent Appellants also argue that there is a “convincing mosaic of circumstantial 

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B.

Loberger and Miller argue that they created genuine issues of material fact 

on their claims of age discrimination and retaliation based on J&J’s failure to hire 

them in September 2013. They contend that pretext is shown by the fact that they 

were more qualified for the position than Spragg. 

Under the ADEA, it is unlawful for an employer to retaliate against any 

applicant for employment because such applicant has made a charge of 

discrimination. 29 U.S.C. § 623(d). The plaintiff ultimately must establish that the 

protected activity was a “but-for” cause, rather than simply a motivating factor, of 

the challenged employer action. See Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 

S. Ct. 2517, 2534 (2013).

To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the ADEA, a plaintiff 

must prove that (1) he engaged in a statutorily protected expression, (2) he suffered 

a materially adverse action, and (3) there was some causal link between the two 

events. Hairston v. Gainesville Sun Pub. Co., 9 F.3d 913, 919 (11th Cir. 1993). 

We apply the same burden-shifting framework described above. 

The district court did not address Appellants’ discrimination claims arising 

from the September 2013 failure to hire and found that Appellants failed to 

 

evidence” that would allow a jury to infer intentional discrimination, see Smith v. Lockheed–

Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1328 (11th Cir.2011), we disagree. 

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establish a causal connection for their claims of retaliation. We assume without 

deciding that Appellants established a prima facie case of both retaliation and 

discrimination based on failure to hire in September 2013. However, Loberger and 

Miller have not shown that J&J’s non-discriminatory and non-retaliatory reasons 

were false or that discrimination or retaliation was the real reason that they were 

not hired. Again, Appellants’ claims are based on Bushway’s recommendation. 

Bushway explained that he recommended Spragg because he felt Spragg 

would get along well with him and other employees and because Spragg had more 

pest-control experience than Loberger or Miller. Appellants contend that this

explanation is pretextual because Spragg did not have two of the five mandatory 

certifications. Appellants, in contrast, had all of the required certifications. 

We conclude that Appellants have failed to show that Bushway’s reasons 

were pretextual. Bushway’s undisputed testimony was that the two certifications 

Spragg did not have were generally obtained after an individual was hired, and that 

both Loberger and Miller had obtained these same certifications after their hire by 

Del-Jen. Appellants also do not contest that Spragg had more experience in pest 

control. Therefore, the disparities between Spragg’s and Appellants’ qualifications 

were not so great that a reasonable fact-factfinder could infer that Bushway and 

J&J did not actually believe that Spragg was better qualified. See Springer, 509 

F.3d at 1349; Brooks, 446 F.3d at 1163. 

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Appellants also point to Bushway’s “longevity” comment, but, again, 

reliance on the comment is insufficient because Appellants have not rebutted the 

reasons Bushway gave for recommending Spragg. See Crawford, 482 F.3d at 

1309. In addition, the comment is less probative of Bushway’s intent regarding the 

September 2013 claims than it is for the October 2012 claims because it was not 

contemporaneous with the decision to hire Spragg. 

In short, we affirm for different reasons the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment on Appellants’ claims arising from the September 2013 failure to hire. 

See Feliciano, 707 F.3d at 1252.

V.

We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of DelJen and J&J.

AFFIRMED.

USCA11 Case: 14-13158 Date Filed: 06/25/2015 Page: 20 of 20