Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_13-cv-01077/USCOURTS-caed-1_13-cv-01077-16/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Joaquin Guerra is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this 

civil rights action filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The incident giving rise to this action took 

place in the Kern County Jail while Plaintiff awaited trial. The Magistrate Judge screened 

Plaintiff’s first amended complaint and found cognizable claims for deliberate indifference to 

serious medical needs in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment against Defendant Kern County 

Sheriff Deputies Sweeney and Feely in their individual capacities. Doc. 16 at 1.

Defendants now move for summary judgment, contending that their conduct did not 

evidence deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s serious medical need. Plaintiff filed an opposition. 

Defendants filed a reply. For the following reasons, Defendants’ motion will be granted.

JOAQUIN GUERRA,

Plaintiff,

v.

DEPUTY CHRIS SWEENY, DEPUTY 

FEELY, UNKNOWN NURSE, JANE 

DOE #1, BEING SUED INDIVIDUALLY,

Defendants.

CASE NO. 1:13-cv-01077-AWI BAM (PC)

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT

(Docs. 45, 53)

Case 1:13-cv-01077-AWI-BAM Document 67 Filed 09/27/16 Page 1 of 8
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II. Background

On May 28, 2012, Joaquin Guerra was arrested by Deputy Gregory outside of a Food 

Maxx. Deputy Gregory transferred custody of Plaintiff to Deputy Sweeney. Deputy Sweeney 

then transported Plaintiff to the Kern County Jail. During the transportation to the Kern County 

Jail, Plaintiff told Deputy Sweeney that he had a medical issue, possibly an infection, with his 

eye. Plaintiff requested medical care for that condition. Deputy Sweeney responded that Plaintiff 

would have an opportunity to see a nurse at the jail. Deputy Sweeney transferred custody of 

Plaintiff to the booking officer, Deputy Feely. Deputy Sweeney had no further contact with 

Plaintiff.

Plaintiff repeated the same medical concern regarding his eye to Deputy Feely. Plaintiff 

indicated that his eye hurt and was very irritated. Deputy Feely indicated that he would ask the 

nurse to see Plaintiff after he was booked. At some point thereafter, Deputy Feely actually asked 

a nurse, in Plaintiff’s presence, to see Plaintiff. Plaintiff contends that the nurse indicated that she 

did not want to see him. Plaintiff did not receive medical treatment on May 28, 2012. Plaintiff 

did not further address the issue with Deputy Feely.

On May 28, 2012, Plaintiff’s eye was red and irritated. Plaintiff indicates that he was 

drifting “in and out of consciousness” as a result of the pain from his eye. The pain was so severe 

that he was unable to eat. On May 31, 2012, while Plaintiff was detained in the Kern County Jail, 

another inmate reported to deputies that Plaintiff had a swollen right eye. According to Plaintiff, 

sheriff deputies placed him in solitary confinement and provided no medical care.

Ultimately, Plaintiff lost sight in his right eye and is now also visually impaired in his left 

eye.

III. Legal Standard

“A party may move for summary judgment, identifying each claim or defense – or the 

part of each claim or defense – on which summary judgment is sought. The court shall grant 

summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact 

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving 

party bears the initial burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and 

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identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the 

absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); 

see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). 

“Where the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, the moving party need 

only prove that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” In re 

Oracle Corp. Securities Litigation, 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 

p. 325). If the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to 

must set forth “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty 

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); see Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio 

Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-86 (1986). To overcome summary judgment, the opposing party must 

demonstrate a factual dispute that is both material, i.e., it affects the outcome of the claim under 

the governing law, see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. 

Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987), and genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that 

a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Wool v. Tandem 

Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987). In order to demonstrate a genuine issue, 

the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to 

the material facts.... Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to 

find for the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at p. 

587 (citation omitted).

In resolving a summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, depositions, 

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(c). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 

255. A court ruling on a motion for summary judgment must construe all facts and inferences in 

the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. Nevertheless, 

inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's obligation to produce a 

factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 

602 F.Supp. 1224, 1244–45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987).

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IV. Discussion

A. Denial of Medical Care Claim

Plaintiff’s claim of denial of medical care arose while plaintiff was a pretrial detainee.

“Claims by pretrial detainees are analyzed under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process 

Clause.” Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998). Traditionally, where a pretrial 

detainee plaintiff alleges inadequate medical care, courts in this circuit have noted that a pretrial 

detainee’s “rights under the Fourteenth Amendment are comparable to prisoners' rights under the 

Eighth Amendment,” so courts have applied the same deliberate indifference standard. Frost, 

152 F.3d at 1128; accord Clouthier v. City of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1242 (9th Cir. 

2012); Lolli v. County of Orange, 351 F.3d 410, 418 (9th Cir. 2003). That said, those courts have 

also recognized that “the Eighth Amendment ... provide[s] ‘a minimum standard of care’ for

determining the rights of pretrial detainees.” E.g., Clouthier, 591 F.3d at 1242 (quoting Or. 

Advocacy Ctr. V. Mink, 322 F.3d 1101, 1120 (9th Cir. 2003)). The Ninth Circuit’s test for 

deliberate indifference to a serious medical need in violation of the Eighth Amendment has two 

component parts. Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006). First, the plaintiff must 

show a serious medical need by demonstrating that failure to treat a prisoner's condition could 

result in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. Second, the 

plaintiff must show the defendant's response to the need was deliberately indifferent. This second 

prong...is satisfied by showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner's pain or 

possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the indifference.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096.

Recently, the Ninth Circuit recognized that the Supreme Court’s decision in Kingsley v. 

Hendrickson, --- U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2466, 2472-4273 (2015) (explaining that excessive force 

used against a pretrial detainee is governed by an objective standard), cast the traditional 

understanding, that the Fourteenth and Eighth Amendment protections are comparable, even 

further into doubt. Castro v. County of Los Angeles, --- F.3d ----, 2016 WL 4268955, *5 (9th. 

Cir., Aug. 15, 2016); see Mendiola-Martinez v. Arpaio, --- F.3d ----, 2016 WL 4729476, *4 n.5 

(9th Cir. Sept. 12, 2016). In fact, the Ninth Circuit set out a new standard, eliminating a 

“subjective intent to punish” requirement, “in the context of a pretrial detainee’s failure-toCase 1:13-cv-01077-AWI-BAM Document 67 Filed 09/27/16 Page 4 of 8
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protect claim.” Castro, 2016 WL 4268955 at *6-7. The Castro court explained that “the broad 

wording of Kingsley”—referring generally to “challenged governmental action” rather than 

specifically to force—suggests that the Supreme Court did not intend to limit its holding (that no 

subjective intent to punish must be proven for a pretrial detainee to recover on an action under

the Fourteenth Amendment) to the excessive force context. As a result, the Castro court 

extended Kingsley to the failure-to-protect context as follows:

[T]he elements of a pretrial detainee's Fourteenth Amendment failure-toprotect claim against an individual officer are:

(1) The defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the 

conditions under which the plaintiff was confined;

(2) Those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering 

serious harm;

(3) The defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that 

risk, even though a reasonable officer in the circumstances would have 

appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the consequences of 

the defendant's conduct obvious; and

(4) By not taking such measures, the defendant caused the plaintiff's 

injuries.

Castro, 2016 WL 4268955 at *7. It characterized that test as requiring “more than negligence but 

less than subjective intent—something akin to reckless disregard.” Castro, 2016 WL 4268955 at 

*7.

The Castro court explicitly “overrule[d] Clouthier to the extent that it identified a single 

deliberate indifference standard for all § 1983 claims and to the extent that it required a plaintiff 

to prove an individual defendant’s subjective intent to punish in the context of a pretrial 

detainee’s failure-to-protect claim.” Castro, 2016 WL 4268955 at *6. The Castro court did not 

specifically speak to whether the standard for § 1983 claims by pretrial detainees in medical care 

situations require a plaintiff to prove an individual defendant’s actual awareness of the level of 

risk. After Castro, most district courts in this circuit have continued to apply the Eighth 

Amendment standard to pretrial detainees’ claims of injury resulting from untreated serious 

medical needs, James v. Lee, 2016 WL 5338074, *4 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2016); Atayde v. Napa 

State Hospital, 2016 WL 4943959, *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2016); Kelley v. City of Henderson, 

2016 WL 4473420, *3 (D. Nev. Aug 24, 2016); see also Estate of Sandra Vela v. County of 

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Monterey, 2016 WL 4678300, *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2016) (“In the context of arrest or pretrial 

detention, the Fourteenth Amendment confers a right to be free from cruel and unusual 

punishment, which encompasses a right to have serious medical needs addressed.”) (citation 

omitted), but at least one court has attempted to adapt the Castro standard to that context, 

Williams v. Grant County, 2016 WL 4745179, *5 (D. Or. Sept. 12, 2016). While no court has set 

out what the exact contours of what the Castro rule would look like in the untreated medical 

needs context, the stripping of the Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference standard of a 

subjective component—as Castro implies to be appropriate in this context—is a relatively simple 

feat: (1) The plaintiff made a request for medical care;1(2) The plaintiff had a serious medical 

need; (3) The defendant did not take reasonable steps to obtain or provide medical care, even 

though a reasonable officer (or reasonable medical staff) in the circumstances would have 

appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the likelihood of harm obvious; and (4) By 

not taking such measures, the defendant caused the plaintiff's injuries.

Although the standard by which Plaintiff’s deliberate indifference to a serious medical 

condition claim is judged is subject to dispute, even assuming that the above-listed test applies, 

Plaintiff’s claim fails.

First, as to Deputy Sweeney, his conduct related to this action began when he took 

control of Plaintiff at Food Maxx and ended when he transferred custody of Plaintiff to Deputy 

Feely. Deposition of Joaquin Guerra (“Guerra Depo.”) at 18:12-20:20. During that time, Plaintiff 

indicates that he asked Deputy Sweeney to see a nurse because his eye hurt and was irritated. 

Guerra Depo. at 20:2-7. The irritation began the morning of the arrest. Guerra Depo at 15:18-20. 

The area around Plaintiff’s eye was not visibly irritated or damaged. Guerra Depo. at 15:7-17. 

Deputy Sweeney responded that Plaintiff would be given medical care after he was booked into 

the jail. Guerra Depo. at 20:2-7. When Deputy Sweeney arrived with Plaintiff at the Kern County 

Jail he transferred Plaintiff to the custody of Deputy Feely. Guerra Depo. at 20:21-21:1.Plaintiff 

 

1 The Court recognizes that there may be situations in which a need for medical care is so glaringly obvious that a 

pretrial detainee need not request aid. However, because that situation is not before the Court, it is not incorporated 

into this rule formulation. 

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indicates that he does not remember whether Deputy Sweeney told Deputy Feely about 

Plaintiff’s medical complaint. Guerra Depo. at 21:12-23.

On that record, a reasonable officer in Deputy Sweeney’s position would have done 

nothing more than Deputy Sweeney did. Deputy Sweeney conveyed to Plaintiff that medical 

treatment was available at the jail and that it would be provided to Plaintiff after he was booked. 

As Defendants note, Deputy Sweeney did not ignore Plaintiff’s medical condition, he booked 

Plaintiff in a location that he understood medical care to be available. Deputy Sweeney took 

reasonable steps to obtain medical care for Plaintiff.

Next, Deputy Feely accepted custody of Plaintiff. Guerra Depo. at 20:21-21:1. At some 

point thereafter, Plaintiff asked Deputy Feely for medical attention. Guerra Depo. at 21:2-11.

Deputy Feely sought medical attention for Plaintiff from a nurse in the booking area. Guerra 

Depo. at 21:24-22:13. That nurse apparently refused to see Plaintiff. Guerra Depo. at 22:15-19. 

Plaintiff had no further interactions with Deputy Feely about his eye. Guerra Depo. at 43:24-

44:3. Any failure to provide medical treatment to Plaintiff is not attributable to a failure by 

Deputy Feely to take reasonable measures to obtain medical care. 

Plaintiff’s claims that Defendants failed to provide or obtain medical care in violation of 

the Fourteenth Amendment fails. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment.

B. Qualified Immunity

The defense of qualified immunity protects “government officials ... from liability for 

civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or 

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person should have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 

457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). A court considering a claim of qualified immunity makes a twopronged inquiry: (1) whether the plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of an actual constitutional 

right and (2) whether such right was clearly established at the time of the defendant's alleged 

misconduct. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009) (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 535 

U.S. 194, 201 (2001)). 

As explained in Section IV(A) of this order, supra, no deprivation of a constitutional 

right took place. As a result, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.

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V. Order

Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ motions for 

summary judgment (Docs. 45, 53) are GRANTED.

The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to enter judgment in favor of Defendants 

and close this case. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: September 27, 2016 

 SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE

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