Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_09-cv-04750/USCOURTS-cand-3_09-cv-04750-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 28:2254 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State)

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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NOT FOR CITATION

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

WYATILLIUS HOWARD,

Petitioner,

 v.

MICHAEL S. EVANS,

Respondent. /

No. C 09-04750 JSW

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO

DISMISS PETITION AS SECOND

OR SUCCESSIVE AND DENYING

CERTIFICATE OF

APPEALABILITY

INTRODUCTION

Now before the Court for consideration is the Motion to Dismiss as Second or

Successive filed by Respondent Michael S. Evans (“Respondent”). Having considered the

parties’ papers, relevant legal authority, the record in this case, and good cause appearing, the

Court HEREBY GRANTS Respondent’s motion.

BACKGROUND

A. Procedural History.

On April 17, 1993, Petitioner, Wyatillius Howard (“Howard”), was convicted of second

degree murder on an aiding and abetting theory. Howard also was convicted of a firearms

enhancement. (See Pet. ¶¶ II, III.) He was sentenced to 18 years to life, and, on direct appeal,

the California Court of Appeal affirmed his conviction but reduced his sentence to 16 years to

life. (Pet. ¶ XVII, Ex. A (State Court Opinion at 23-31).) The California Supreme Court denied

a petition for review on March 22, 1995. (Pet. ¶ XVII.) Howard filed a petition for a writ of

habeas corpus concurrently with his direct appeal, which was denied following an evidentiary

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hearing. (Id. ¶¶ XVIII-XIX.) 

Howard appealed, and the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal as procedurally barred

on June 26, 1995. On June 23, 1997, Howard filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the

California Court of Appeal, which was denied on July 15, 1997. On September 23, 1997,

Howard filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court, which was

denied on December 23, 1997. (Id. ¶ XX.)

On February 19, 1998, Howard filed his first federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus

in this Court, Howard v. Newland, C-98-00666-FMS. Judge Smith denied the petition as

untimely on June 24, 1998. (Id. ¶ XXI.) Howard’s requests for certificates of appealability

were denied by Judge Smith and by the Ninth Circuit on July 28, 1998 and August 31, 1998,

respectively. On May 5, 2000, Howard filed an application for leave to file a second or

successive petition with the Ninth Circuit, Howard v. Newland, 00-70543, which was denied on

June 28, 2000. 

On January 5, 2007, Howard filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California

Superior Court, County of Alameda, raising the claims set forth in the instant petition. (Petition

¶ XXXXII.) After receiving briefs from the parties, the Superior Court denied the petition on

the basis that it was untimely and an abuse of the writ. (Id. ¶ XXXXII, Ex. O.) September 4,

2008, Howard filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California Court of Appeal,

which was denied on February 5, 2009. (Id. ¶ XXXXIV, Ex. P.) On February 18, 2009,

Howard filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court, which was

denied on September 9, 2009. (Id. ¶ XXXXV, Ex. Q.)

On October 6, 2009, Howard filed the instant Petition, in which he raises two claims for

relief. In his first claim for relief, Howard alleges that the prosecution failed to disclose

exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), specifically a

taped statement by an eyewitness to the murder. In his second claim for relief, premised on

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), Howard alleges that his trial counsel was

ineffective because he failed to interview this eyewitness and did not conduct any investigation

about him and, thus, failed to discover the exculpatory evidence he could have provided.

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B. Factual Background.

Howard’s conviction stems from the murder of Anthony Abrams (“Abrams”) on August

30, 1992. (Pet. ¶ VII, Ex. A (People v. Charles, et al., AO62711, Slip Opinion at 2 (hereinafter

“Appellate Opinion”).) Earlier that day, Howard and others had an altercation with Abrams’

sister, Jackie Moore. Sometime thereafter, another of Moore’s brothers, Dual Moore, had an

altercation with Howard’s nephew, which resulted in a further altercation at Jackie Moore’s

home. (Pet., Ex. A (Appellate Opinion at 2-3).) Howard, his co-defendant Clarence Charles

(“Charles”), and others eventually left the scene and someone heard them say “Let’s go to

Brookfield and get her brother.” (Id. at 4.) According to the Court of Appeal, this was a

reference to the victim, although Howard disputes this characterization of the evidence. (See

Surrebuttal at 5:7-11 & n.3.) Howard, Charles, and at least one other man encountered Abrams

at the corner of 98th and Edes Streets in Oakland, and they argued. According to the testimony

of two prosecution witnesses, Ruthie Hill (“Hill”) and Joe Ralls (“Ralls”), Abrams ran, and

Charles shot Abrams twice. (Ex. A, (Appellate Opinion at 4).) The defendants presented an

alibi defense at trial, which was discredited by the prosecution. (Id. at 6-8.) 

Howard has filed the instant Howard, because he claims that the prosecution withheld

exculpatory evidence relating to an eyewitness Ladale Robinson (“Robinson”). Although

Robinson was identified as a witness, Howard alleges that the prosecution withheld evidence of

a taped statement, in which Robinson advised the police that he saw three men engaged in an

altercation with Abrams and that two of the three turned away and returned to their car before

the third man shot him. (Pet. ¶ XXIX.) According to Howard, the information in the taped

statement was not included in the police report or police notes that identified Abrams. In

contrast the police report and notes recounted that Robinson saw two men engage in a fight with

Abrams and that both suspects were present when Abrams was shot, which more closely

resembled the account of the other eyewitnesses. (Id. ¶¶ XXV-XXVI; see also Pet. Exs. B

(Police Report), C (Notes of Robinson Interview (“Thiem Notes”)), E (Transcript of Recorded

Interview with Ladale Robinson (“Robinson Transcript”)), and F (Declaration of Ladale

Robinson).) 

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Howard did not learn about the taped interview until approximately 2005 and thereafter

began to investigate the issue. As a part of that investigation, Howard interviewed trial counsel

about his knowledge of the Robinson interview. (Id. ¶¶ XXIV-XXXVIII.) According to trial

counsel, he does not believe that he ever heard the Robinson interview, concedes that he did not

undertake any investigation about Robinson, and acknowledges that a defense based on

Robinson’s version of events would have been more effective than the alibi defense. (Id. ¶¶

XXXIII-XXXVI, Ex. H (Declaration of Theodore Otis Berry).)

ANALYSIS

A. Applicable Legal Standard.

The Government moves to dismiss the Petition on the basis that it qualifies as a “second

or successive” petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2244 provides, in pertinent part:

A claim presented in a second or successive habeas corpus application under

section 2254 that was not presented in a prior application shall be dismissed

unless--

...

the factual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered previously

through the exercise of due diligence; and 

the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence

as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence

that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found

the applicant guilty of the underlying offense. 

28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(1), (2)(B)(i)(ii). 

A petitioner must seek authorization from the appropriate court of appeals before filing a

“second or successive” petition with the district court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A); see also Fed.

R. Hab. P. 9. 

B. The Motion to Dismiss Is Granted.

Respondent argues that because Howard’s petition is a second or subsequent petition, it

must be dismissed. The term “second or successive,” is a legal term of art, which has not

always been interpreted literally. See United States v. Lopez, 577 F.3d 1053, 1063 (9th Cir.

2009) (citing Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 944 (2007)). In Lopez, the defendant filed a

motion to vacate her conviction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, on the basis of an alleged Brady

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1 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h) also requires that a defendant obtain permission from the

appropriate court of appeals before filing a second or successive application for habeas relief. 

See Lopez, 577 F.3d at 1061 & n.6.

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violation. The district court had rejected the Government’s argument that it lacked jurisdiction

to hear motion on the basis that the motion qualified as a “second or successive” application. 

The district court then proceeded to deny the motion on the merits.1

 Id. at 1055. 

On appeal, the government urged the court to adopt the “broad rule” that all second-intime Brady claims should be subject to the gatekeeping requirements of the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). The Ninth Circuit noted that to adopt the

Government’s broad rule “would completely foreclose federal review of some meritorious

claims and reward prosecutors from failing to meet their constitutional disclosure obligations

under Brady.” Id. at 1064-65. However, it also rejected the defendant’s argument that the

Supreme Court’s decision in Panetti supported the proposition that second-in-time Brady claims

should be categorically exempt from those same gatekeeping requirements.

Instead, the court held that “Brady claims are not categorically exempt from AEDPA’s

gatekeeping provisions” and also held “that second-in-time Brady claims that do not establish

materiality of the suppressed evidence are subject to dismissal....” Id. at 1066. The Lopez court

did not “resolve the more difficult question whether all second-in-time Brady claims must

satisfy AEDPA’s gatekeeping requirements.” Id. at 1067 (emphasis in original). Because the

court concluded that the defendant failed to establish materiality, it found that her motion to

vacate was a “second or successive” application for habeas relief. Because she had not obtained

permission from the court of appeals to file the motion, it determined the district court did not

have jurisdiction to consider the merits of her claim. Id. at 1067-68. 

Howard argues that this case presents the Court with the question left open in Lopez,

namely whether district courts have jurisdiction “consider a subset of meritorious Brady claims

that federal courts would have considered on the merits under the pre-AEDPA abuse-of-the writ

doctrine but that would be barred under a literal reading of ‘second or successive’ in §

2255(h)(1).” Id. at 1056. The Court follows the Ninth Circuit’s analysis in Lopez to resolve

this question. It is undisputed that the instant petition raises a Brady claim that is “second-inCase 3:09-cv-04750-JSW Document 15 Filed 07/23/10 Page 5 of 7
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2 The Ninth Circuit has held that a defendant cannot establish a Brady claim

when he or she is aware of the essential facts that would enable him to take advantage of any

exculpatory evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Bond, 552 F.3d 1092, 1095-96 (9th Cir.

2009). Howard does not argue that the state withheld the police report and the Thiem Notes

both of which identify Robinson as a witness to the crime and state that Robinson provided a

taped statement to the police. (Pet., Exs. B (Police Report), C (Thiem Notes).) Similarly, the

Thiem Notes also refer to the fact that Robinson saw three men approach the victim. (See

Pet., Ex. C (Theim Notes).) Arguably, therefore, Howard was aware of essential facts that

would have enabled him to take advantage of the purportedly exculpatory evidence.

As noted, Howard’s second claim for relief is an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim premised on trial counsel’s failure to interview Mr. Robinson. Because Howard

cannot establish that the evidence in question was material, he also would be unable to

establish the prejudice prong of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and the motion to

dismiss is granted as to that claim on this basis.

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time.” It also is undisputed that Howard did not seek leave from the Court of Appeals to file

this petition. Because second-in-time Brady claims are not “categorically exempt” from

AEDPA’s gatekeeping provisions, unless Howard can demonstrate that the evidence withheld

by the Government is “material,” the Court must dismiss his Petition. Lopez, 577 F.3d at 1066. 

In order to establish a Brady violation, Howard must show that the evidence “was: (1)

favorable to the accused, (2) suppressed by the government and (3) material to the guilt or

innocence of the defendant.” Id. at 1059.2 Howard can demonstrate “materiality” for Brady

purposes, if he can show that “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been

disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable

probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” United States

v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985); see also Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434-36 (1995). 

As such, the ultimate question “is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have

received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial,

understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worth of confidence.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434.

As set forth above, Howard’s Brady claim is premised upon the alleged discrepancy

between Robinson’s taped statement and the Ralls’ and Hill’s testimony. Specifically, Howard

argues that Robinson advised the police he saw three men, rather than two, engaged in an

altercation with Abrams, and that two of these men turned around and one of them remained

facing the victims and the shots were fired, whereas Ralls and Hill placed Howard next to the

shooter. (See Pet. Ex. E (Robinson Transcript at 4:16-8:6).)

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The Court concludes that he has not established that the evidence was material. Howard

was convicted of second degree murder on an aiding and abetting theory. The primary

difference between the testimony presented at trial by Ralls and Hill, and Robinson’s putative

testimony, is that the shooter was standing alone when he shot Abrams, that two of the men

with him had walked away, and, per a declaration Robinson provided in 2006, those two men

seemed surprised by the shooting. The Court examines this evidence “in the context of the

entire record.” United States v. Jernigan, 492 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal

quotations and citations omitted). In addition to the testimony provided by Ralls and Hills, the

jury also heard evidence that Howard assaulted Abrams immediately before the shooting and

heard evidence that Howard and the others had gone to the Brookfield neighborhood with the

intention of killing Abrams. (See, e.g., Pet. Ex. A (Appellate Opinion at 4).) 

Therefore, even if the jury heard testimony from Robinson that Howard walked away

from Abrams before the shooting occurred, based on this record, the Court cannot say that

testimony “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to

undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435. Accordingly, pursuant to Lopez,

Howard was required to seek leave from the Court of Appeals before filing this Petition.

Because he did not, the Court lacks jurisdiction to consider his claim.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Respondent’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. A certificate

of appealability is DENIED. A separate judgment shall be entered, and the Clerk shall close the

file. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: July 23, 2010 

JEFFREY S. WHITE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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