Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08172/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08172-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 360
Nature of Suit: Other Personal Injury
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Tort/Non-Motor Vehicle

---

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

JOHN LEWIS MEALER, )

)

Plaintiff, ) 3:10-cv-08172 JWS

)

vs. ) ORDER AND OPINION

)

GMAC MORTGAGE LLC, et al., ) [Re: Motion at Docket 8 ]

)

Defendants. )

)

I. MOTION PRESENTED

At docket 8, defendant General Motors LLC (“GM”) moves pursuant to Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5) to dismiss the case for insufficient service of process. 

Although GM does not cite Rule 12(b)(6) in its motion, it is perfectly clear from its

supporting memorandum that it is also moving pursuant to that rule to dismiss the

complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Plaintiff John L.

Mealer (“Mr. Mealer”) opposes the motion at docket 20. GM’s reply is at docket 22. 

Oral argument was requested, but would not assist the court.

II. BACKGROUND

This case arises out of allegedly defamatory comments made in response to an

internet blog posting. On June 1, 2009, General Motors Corporation filed for

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bankruptcy. On July 10, 2009, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of substantially

all of the assets of General Motors Corporation to NGMCO, Inc., an entity sponsored by

the United States Treasury. General Motors Corporation subsequently changed its

name to Motors Liquidation Company and NGMCO, Inc. became General Motors LLC.

Mr. Mealer claims to have developed technology that will revolutionize the

automobile and vault his company–Mealer Companies LLC (“Mealer Companies”)–from

obscurity into direct competition with GM and other major automakers. Mr. Mealer

alleges that on June 9, 2009, Kris J. Kordella, an engineer for General Motors

Corporation, made disparaging remarks about Mr. Mealer on his company’s website. 

The remarks were a response to Mr. Mealer’s posting about the General Motors

Corporation bankruptcy on the Automotive News website. Mr. Mealer believes that

those remarks had considerable sway on potential investors such that Mealer

Companies lost all potential investment capital to the tune of $200,000,000. 

Mr. Mealer filed a lawsuit in Arizona state court, asserting forty claims against

GMAC Mortgage LLC, GMAC Financial Services, General Motors Corporation, General

Motors Company, Motors Liquidation Company, Residential Capital LLC, the United

States Department of the Treasury, and Mr. Kordella. Mr. Mealer served process on

GM by mailing a copy of the summons and complaint to Edward Whitacre, GM’s former

CEO. The case was removed to the District of Arizona on September 14, 2010. 

Mr. Mealer is proceeding pro se.

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1

5B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1353 (3d

ed. 2010).

2

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(1).

3

Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. v. Eclat Computerized Technologies, Inc., 840 F.2d 685,

688 (9th Cir. 1988). 

4

Homer v. Jones-Bey, 415 F.3d 748, 758 (7th Cir. 2005).

5

Vignolo v. Miller, 120 F.3d 1075, 1077 (9th Cir. 1997).

6

Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).

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III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Insufficiency of Service of Process

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5) for insufficient

service of process is governed by the procedural requirements of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 4(c).1

 Rule 4(c) provides that “a summons must be served with a copy of the

complaint.”2

 “Rule 4 is a flexible rule that should be liberally construed so long as the

party receives sufficient notice of the complaint.”3 In determining whether service was

valid, whether actual notice was given is “highly probative.”4

B. Failure to State a Claim

A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6), tests the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s claims. In reviewing such a

motion, “[a]ll allegations of material fact in the complaint are taken as true and

construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”5

 Dismissal for failure to

state a claim can be based on either “the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the

absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.”6 “Conclusory

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7

Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 679 (9th Cir. 2001).

8

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009).

9

Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation and

citation omitted).

10Doc. 8 at 5.

11Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(B).

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allegations of law . . . are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.”7 To avoid

dismissal, a plaintiff must plead facts sufficient to “state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.”8 Thus, for a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6),

“the non-conclusory factual content, and reasonable inferences from that content, must

be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.”9

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Mr. Mealer Properly Served GM Through Its Former CEO

GM argues that Mr. Mealer did not comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

4(h).10 Under that rule, “a domestic . . . corporation . . . or other unincorporated

association . . . must be served . . . by delivering a copy of the summons and of the

complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent authorized . . .

by law to receive service of process.”11 GM maintains that the summons and complaint

were not “deliver[ed]” within the meaning of Rule 4(h) and that Mr. Whitacre was not a

qualifying officer or agent for service of process. Mr. Mealer counters that he complied

with Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 4.2(c), which states the requisite procedure for

service by mail.

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12Lee v. City of Beaumont, 12 F.3d 933, 936–37 (9th Cir. 1993), overruled on other

grounds by Cal. Dep’t of Water Resources v. Powerex Corp., 533 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2008). 

134A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1082 (3d

ed. 2010).

14Ariz. R. Civ. P. 4.2(h).

15Ariz. R. Civ. P. 4.1(k).

16See doc. 20 at 29, 40.

17Id. at 40.

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GM’s reliance on Federal Rule 4(h) is technically error because “[t]he issue of the

sufficiency of service of process prior to removal is strictly a state law issue.”12

Consequently, “[i]n determining the validity of service in the state court prior to removal,

a federal court must apply the law of the state under which the service was made.”13

Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 4.2(h) provides that “[i]n case of a corporation or

partnership or unincorporated association located outside [Arizona] but within the United

States . . . service . . . shall be made on one of the persons specified in Rule 4.1(k).”14

Arizona Rule 4.1(k) mirrors Federal Rule 4(h) and specifies that service can be made on

“a partner, an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by

appointment or by law to receive service of process.”15

Mr. Mealer complied with the letter of Rule 4.2(c) in attempting to serve GM.16

The certified mailing was signed for by Mike Darowski, presumably an employee of

GM.17 To the extent that Darowski had authority to “accept restricted delivery mail on

[Whitacre’s] behalf,” it is of no moment that Whitacre did not “expressly or specifically

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18Barlage v. Valentine, 110 P.3d 371, 376 (Ariz. 2005).

19Id. at 377 (citing Koven v. Saberdyne Systems, Inc., 625 P.2d 907, 911 (1980)).

20Koven, 625 P.2d at 911.

21Id. at 911–12.

22Doc. 20 at 7.

23Doc. 22 at 4.

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authorize [Darowski] or otherwise appoint[] an agent[] to accept service of process on

[his] behalf.”18

The crux of GM’s argument is that when Mr. Mealer mailed the summons and

complaint, Mr. Whitacre was no longer an officer. However, “Arizona courts have

recognized effective service of process even on an ostensible (or apparent) agent in the

corporate context.”19 In Koven, the court found service of a corporation’s former officer

to be effective based on agency principles.20 Those same principles apply to the case

at bar. “[I]n order to establish ‘ostensible’ authority, the record must reflect that the

alleged principal not only represented another as his agent, but that the person who

relied upon the manifestation was reasonably justified in doing so under the facts of the

case.”21 Mr. Mealer argues that he “had no reason not to rely on” GM’s website–which

identified Mr. Whitacre as CEO–in determining an appropriate officer to serve.22 Under

the circumstances, the court agrees that GM represented Mr. Whitacre to be an officer

of the corporation and that Mr. Mealer was reasonably justified in relying on that

representation. 

GM’s final argument is that Mr. Mealer “failed to identify Mr. Whitacre as an agent

of [GM] when mailing him the complaint.”23 GM cites Biaett v. Phoenix Title & Trust Co.,

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24217 P.2d 923 (Ariz. 1950).

25Id. at 926.

26Doc. 20 at 40.

27In re General Motors Corp., 407 B.R. 463, 500 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009).

28Id.

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in support of its contention.24 The Biaett court, however, stated that “to accomplish [by

mail] legal service on a corporation . . . it is necessary that the officer to whom the

papers are mailed be expressly designated as such.”25 Mr. Mealer did not need to

identify Mr. Whitacre as an agent of GM, only as an officer. That is precisely what he

did.26

B. GM Is Not Liable For the Tortious Conduct Alleged in the Complaint

GM contends that Mr. Mealer’s complaint against it must be dismissed for failure

to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). GM argues that it is not subject to successor

liability–claims “asserted against the successor in ownership of property that was

transferred from the entity whose alleged wrongful acts give rise to the claim.”27 The

order approving the sale of substantially all of General Motors Corporation’s assets to

GM is clear: “GM would voluntarily assume liability for warranty claims, and for product

liability claims asserted by those injured after the [sale]–even if the vehicle was

manufactured before the [sale]. But . . . GM would not assume any [General Motors

Corporation] liabilities for injuries that arose before the [sale].”28 The offensive remarks

were made on June 1, 2009. GM acquired General Motors Corporation’s assets on July

10, 2009. Mr. Mealer’s alleged injuries therefore arose before the sale of General

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Motors Corporation’s assets to GM. Because GM did not assume successor liability,

Mr. Mealer’s claims against GM are barred.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, GM’s motion at docket 8 to dismiss the case pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5), for insufficient service of process, is

DENIED. GM’s simultaneous motion to dismiss the case pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is GRANTED, and the claims against GM are DISMISSED.

DATED this 1st day of November 2010.

/s/ JOHN W. SEDWICK

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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