Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_12-cv-00555/USCOURTS-azd-2_12-cv-00555-4/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 850
Nature of Suit: Securities, Commodities, Exchange
Cause of Action: 15:78m(a) Securities Exchange Act

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WO 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Mark Smilovits, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

First Solar Incorporated, et al., 

Defendants.

No. CV-12-00555-PHX-DGC

ORDER 

 In this complex securities fraud class action, Defendants have filed a motion for 

summary judgment on all claims (Doc. 311) and Plaintiffs have filed a motion for partial 

summary judgment on eighteen affirmative defenses (Doc. 309). Defendants have also 

filed a request for judicial notice (Doc. 341) and two motions to seal (Docs. 342, 387). 

Each motion has been briefed, and the Court heard oral argument on July 22, 2015. The 

Court will deny in part and grant in part Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, 

deny Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, and grant Defendants’ request for judicial 

notice and motions to seal. 

 The Court finds two competing lines of cases in the Ninth Circuit on loss 

causation. Because one line would result in complete summary judgment for Defendants 

and the other (which the Court chooses to follow) will result largely in denial of summary 

judgment and a lengthy and expensive trial, the Court will certify this issue for immediate 

appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). 

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I. Background. 

 First Solar, Inc. is one of the world’s largest producers of photovoltaic solar panel 

modules. Its stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Market. By 2008, First 

Solar’s stock had risen to nearly $300 per share. As of the beginning of 2012, the stock 

price had fallen to less than $50 per share. During this time, which coincided with the 

recession in 2008, First Solar experienced a change in leadership, a manufacturing defect, 

and a climate-related technical issue regarding their modules. 

 Plaintiffs are purchasers of First Solar stock who brought this class action alleging 

that First Solar and several of its key officers and executives misrepresented the financial 

state of the company to inflate the price of First Solar stock, committed accounting 

violations, and concealed material facts relating to the extent of the manufacturing defect 

and the hot climate issue in violation of §§ 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange 

Act of 1934 and Securities Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5. Plaintiffs filed their First 

Amended Complaint on August 17, 2012, and the Court certified Plaintiffs’ class on 

October 8, 2013. Fact discovery has been completed. Expert discovery remains. 

A. The Parties. 

 The class is defined as “[a]ll persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the 

publicly traded securities of First Solar, Inc. between April 30, 2008 and February 28, 

2012” (the “Class Period”). Doc. 171 at 22.1

 

 First Solar, Inc. is headquartered in Tempe, Arizona. During the Class Period, it 

operated manufacturing facilities in Ohio, Germany, and Malaysia. First Solar is 

managed by a shareholder-elected Board of Directors. The Board delegates functions to 

committees within the company, including the Audit Committee, which performs internal 

accounting audits. First Solar’s accounting practices are also audited and reviewed by 

PricewaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”), an outside accounting firm. 

 The Individual Defendants consist of several officers and executives employed by 

 

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First Solar. Michael Ahearn was the Executive Chairman of the Board throughout the 

entire Class Period. Doc. 312; Doc. 363 at 13. He also served as the Chief Executive 

Officer (“CEO”) from April 2008 to October 2009 and from October 2011 to the end of 

the Class Period. Doc. 363 at 13. Robert Gillette served as CEO and Director of First 

Solar from October 2009 to October 2011. Id. Bruce Sohn served as President from the 

beginning of the Class Period until April 2011. Id. at 14. David Eaglesham served as 

Vice President (“VP”) of Technology from the beginning of the Class Period until 

November 2009, when he became Chief Technology Officer. Doc. 312. Jens Meyerhoff 

served as Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) from the beginning of the Class Period until 

December 2010, and then assumed the role of President of the Utility Systems Business 

Group. Id. James Zhu served as VP and Corporate Controller, then VP and Chief 

Accounting Officer, and finally as the Interim CFO. Id. Mark Widmar took over Zhu’s 

role as CFO in April 2011. Id. 

 Several other individuals employed during the Class Period, but not named as 

defendants in this action, performed key roles. These include Michael Koralewski, who 

served separately as Director of Global Quality, then as VP of Global Quality, and later 

as VP of Site Operations and Plant Manager; TK Kallenbach, who served separately as 

Executive VP of Marketing and Product Management and later as President of the 

Components Business Group; Thomas Kuster, who served briefly as VP of Engineering 

Procurement and Construction and then as VP of System Development; and Bryan 

Schumaker, who served as Assistant Corporate Controller and later as VP and Corporate 

Controller. Doc. 312. 

B. The LPM Defect.

 In March 2009, First Solar received a complaint from one of its German customers 

that some of its sites were experiencing low power output. Doc. 332 at 19.2

 A few 

 

2

 First Solar tested solar panel modules as they came off the assembly line. Doc. 363 at 15. This “destructive testing [was done] to simulate performance following installation in the field,” and the results were referred to as a Stability Index (“STBi”). Doc. 311 at 28 n.12. The STBi data was the key metric used to “estimate the number of 

modules that could experience premature power degradation.” Doc. 363 at 15. 

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months later, a task force led by Eaglesham discovered that the power loss was the result 

of a new manufacturing process implemented in June 2008. Doc. 314, ¶¶ 10-11. The 

process “had the effect of producing a small subpopulation of modules that could 

experience field power loss of 15% or more from nameplate within the first several 

months of installation.” Id., ¶ 12. The modules became known as Low Power Modules 

(“LPMs”), and the defective manufacturing process was discontinued in June 2009. Id., ¶ 

14.3

 

 Shortly after discovering the defect, First Solar agreed to remediate sites affected 

by LPMs. It contacted customers to notify them of the defect and offered remediation by 

removing and replacing LPMs at sites that were underperforming. Customers were 

required to submit remediation claims by November 2010. Doc. 324, ¶ 20. 

 In order to account for the added expense of remediation in First Solar’s financial 

statements, Koralewski developed models for estimating the number of LPMs that were 

produced between June 2008 and June 2009. Id., ¶¶ 9-12. At the time, he believed First 

Solar “could identify LPMs by serial numbers and replace only those modules.” Id., ¶ 

21. After it became clear that First Solar could not merely replace single LPMs, 

Koralewski was again charged with estimating the number of modules required to 

remediate customer sites. Id. These estimates were based on various statistical models 

and accounted for “hit rate calculations,” which “refer to the percentage of returned 

modules that were LPMs.” Id., ¶ 22b. For example, “[f]or small rooftop sites, which 

usually contained hundreds of modules, [First Solar] determined that it was more 

efficient to replace all of the modules rather than search for LPMs individually.” Id. 

This required First Solar to replace a greater number of modules than initially anticipated. 

 In the quarters immediately following discovery of the LPM defect, Koralewski 

 

3

 First Solar warranted that their modules would “produce at least (1) 90% of their 

labeled power during the first ten years after their sale and (2) 80% of their labeled power during years eleven to twenty-five.” Doc. 311 at 17; Doc. 334 at 12. The warranty required the customer to ship a defective module to First Solar, where it would be tested 

to confirm underperformance. First Solar would ship a new module to the customer. Doc. 334 at 12. Expected costs from warranty claims were estimated by First Solar and included as a Warranty Accrual line item in its financial reports. Doc. 311 at 19. 

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reported his estimates internally to First Solar executives. In the third quarter of 2009 

(“3Q09”), Koralewski estimated that there were 115,000 LPMs in the field. Id., ¶ 11. In 

4Q09, the estimate grew to 154,000. Id. By 1Q10, Koralewski estimated that 450,000 

modules were LPMs, which represented less than 4% of the total 11.8 million modules 

produced during the defect period. Id., ¶ 12. 

 The estimates regarding the number of LPMs in the field and the number of 

modules required to remediate the defect directly affected the additional costs First Solar 

faced as a result of the manufacturing defect. The costs were reflected in the “LPM 

Remediation Accrual,” which was calculated to account for the additional expenses in 

accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). Doc. 325, ¶ 24. 

Over the course of several quarters, the LPM Remediation Accrual grew with the 

estimated number of modules required to complete remediation. 

 Another factor that contributed to the estimate was the number of customer claims 

First Solar received, as well as the percentage of those claims that First Solar believed 

valid. After initially contacting customers, First Solar had completed remediation of 

“more than two dozen of the approximately 150 sites that had been claimed[.]” Doc. 324, 

¶ 25. But in the weeks leading up to the November 2010 deadline, the company 

“received over 5,000 new claims, most of which were not accompanied by supporting 

data.” Id., ¶ 26. 

 The LPM manufacturing defect and the resulting remediation costs were not 

disclosed to the public until July 2010, when the LPM Remediation Accrual appeared as 

a separate line-item in First Solar’s 2Q10 Form 10-Q accompanied by the following 

explanation: 

During the period from June 2008 to June 2009, a manufacturing excursion 

occurred affecting less than 4% of the total product manufactured within 

the period. The excursion could result in possible premature power loss in 

the affected modules. The root cause was identified and subsequently 

mitigated in June 2009. On-going testing confirms the corrective actions 

are effective. We have been working directly with impacted customers to 

replace the affected modules and these efforts are well underway and, in 

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some cases, complete. Some of these efforts go beyond our normal 

warranty coverage. Accordingly, we have accrued additional expenses of 

$17.8 million in the second quarter of 2010 and $29.5 million in total to 

date to cover the replacement of the anticipated affected module population 

in the field. 

Doc. 359-1 at 41.4

 

 In 3Q10, the figures remained the same. Doc. 325, ¶ 37. In 4Q10, the LPM 

Remediation Accrual grew by $8.5 million. Doc. 331 at 118. In 1Q11, the figures did 

not increase, and in 2Q11, the figures increased by $3.6 million. Doc. 325, ¶¶ 39, 41. In 

3Q11, $22.1 million was added to the LPM Remediation Accrual. By 4Q11, 90% of the 

outstanding claims had been processed, and the figures were increased by $23.9 million 

with a $70.1 million product warranty expense. Doc. 340 at 6-7. 

 Plaintiffs argue that First Solar wrongfully failed to disclose the LPM defect prior 

to July 29, 2010. Plaintiffs further assert that First Solar misrepresented the true scope of 

the defect by engaging in improper accounting practices and reporting false information 

on their financial statements. 

C. Hot Climate Degradation. 

 In April 2010, a team of First Solar scientists discovered data suggesting that First 

Solar modules installed in hot climates experienced faster power loss than previously 

understood. Doc. 314, ¶ 32. This data, however, was inconsistent with recent data 

indicating that “long-term test installations in the Arizona desert” were performing above 

expectation ratios. Id., ¶¶ 33(b), (c). The team continued to monitor sites. 

 On February 7, 2011, First Solar discovered that the company’s Blythe, California 

plant was producing power at a lower level than its Ontario, Canada plant. Id., ¶¶ 35-36. 

In March, the team of scientists concluded that the modules were experiencing a greater 

“initial stabilization” in hot climates than previously understood. Id., ¶ 38. Mitigation 

 

4

 Each quarter, First Solar issued Forms 10-Q or 10-K depending on whether the report pertained to the first three quarters (10-Q) or the full year (10-K). First Solar also participated in earnings calls with securities analysts when the 10-Qs and 10-Ks were 

released, and the calls were open to the public. Doc. 311 at. 20. 

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strategies were implemented, and Koralewski concluded that First Solar’s existing 

warranty accrual was sufficient to cover projected warranty claims from customers. At 

the end of 4Q11, the hot climate degradation had been resolved, and the Warranty 

Accrual line item was increased by $37.8 million.5

 Plaintiffs argue that First Solar wrongfully concealed the hot climate defect for 

several quarters by manipulating accounting metrics and ignoring the true scope of the 

defect. They also allege that First Solar buried the extra costs of the hot climate defect in 

its Warranty Accrual instead of disclosing it in a separate line item.6

D. The Trades. 

 During the Class Period, the Individual Defendants made several trades of First 

Solar stock. Ahearn sold over three million shares in multiple trades, amounting to more 

than 96% of his shares. Doc. 363 at 55. Eaglesham sold 94% of his stock over several 

trades, and Meyerhoff sold over 80% of his shares. Id. at 57-58. Sohn sold nearly 75% 

of his shares, and Zhu sold nearly 50%. Id. at 58. In contrast, both Gillette and Widmar 

purchased several thousand shares of First Solar stock. Id. at 57-58. Plaintiffs assert that 

the timing of the sales shows that Defendants knew the LPM defect was going to cost 

much more than First Solar had reported in its financial statements. 

E. Value of First Solar’s Stock. 

 First Solar stock experienced several days of steep declines during the Class 

Period, which appeared to be market reactions to quarterly financial disclosures and the 

departure of Gillette as CEO. On July 29, 2010, First Solar announced its 2Q10 earnings, 

which disclosed the manufacturing defect and additional costs of $23.4 million. Id. at 65-

 

5

 First Solar ultimately determined that the hot climate degradation affected almost 10 million modules produced between July 2009 and June 2011. Doc. 364-2 at 7. 

6

 Plaintiffs also argue that First Solar manipulated one of its “key metrics” – cost- per-watt (“CpW”). CpW is defined as “the total manufacturing cost incurred during a period divided by the total watts produced during that period.” Doc. 363 at 53. They assert that VP Kurt Woods pressured employees to “bring the cost per watt down” one cent, which was reported to the Internal Audit Committee (“IA”), and an investigation was undertaken. Plaintiffs assert that the investigation was cut short and Meyerhoff ordered that no employee should report improper conduct to IA again. Plaintiffs also assert that First Solar engaged in improper accounting methods to manipulate CpW. 

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66. The stock price dropped 7.4% the next day. Id. at 66. On February 24, 2011, First 

Solar announced its 4Q10 earnings, missing its target revenue. Id. at 67. The stock price 

declined by 5.4% the next day. Id. at 68. On May 3, 2011, the company announced its 

1Q11 earnings, which included additional expenses for LPM remediation. Id. at 69. The 

next day, First Solar stock dropped 6.2%. Id. On October 25, 2011, First Solar 

announced Gillette’s departure as CEO. Id. at 70. The stock price dropped 25% that day, 

but later rebounded. Id. On December 14, 2011, the company issued a press release and 

held a conference call relating to its financial state. Id. at 73. First Solar stock dropped 

an additional 21.4%. Id. On February 28, 2012, First Solar announced disappointing 

4Q11 results. Id. at 74-75. The stock price dropped 11.26% that day and 5.8% the next. 

Id. at 75. 

II. Legal Standard. 

 A party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing 

the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] 

which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex 

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate if the 

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, shows “that there is 

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Summary judgment is also appropriate against a 

party who “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element 

essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at 

trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome 

of the suit will preclude the entry of summary judgment, and the disputed evidence must 

be “such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 

1934 and Securities Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5. Section 10(b) “makes it 

unlawful to ‘use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security . . . 

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any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and 

regulations as the Commission may prescribe.’” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 

376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b)). “Commission Rule 10b-5 forbids, 

among other things, the making of any ‘untrue statement of a material fact’ or the 

omission of any material fact ‘necessary in order to make the statements made . . . not 

misleading.’” Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 341 (2005) (quoting 17 C.F.R. 

§ 240.10b-5 (2004)). “The scope of Rule 10b-5 is coextensive with that of Section 

10(b).” Oracle, 627 F.3d at 387. To demonstrate a violation of § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, 

“a plaintiff must prove (1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; 

(2) scienter; (3) a connection between the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase 

or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic 

loss; and (6) loss causation.” Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 

552 U.S. 148, 157 (2008). Defendants’ motion for summary judgment asserts that 

Plaintiffs cannot prove elements (1), (2), and (6), but focuses first and most extensively 

on loss causation. 

III. Loss Causation, Ninth Circuit Law, and § 1292(b) Certification. 

 Plaintiffs assert that loss causation is satisfied if the facts misrepresented or 

omitted by Defendants ultimately cause Plaintiffs’ loss. Under their view, “‘a plaintiff 

can satisfy loss causation by showing that the defendant misrepresented or omitted the 

very facts that were a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff’s economic loss.’” 

Doc. 363 at 62 (quoting Nuveen Mun. High Income Opportunity Fund v. City of Alameda, 

730 F.3d 1111, 1120 (9th Cir. 2008) (emphasis in Nuveen; citation in Nuveen omitted)). 

Defendants favor a narrower definition. They argue that loss causation can be established 

only if “‘the market learns of a defendant’s fraudulent act or practice, the market reacts to 

the fraudulent act or practice, and plaintiff suffers a loss as a result of the market’s 

reaction.’” Doc. 379 at 13 (quoting Oracle, 627 F.3d at 392). Each side cites Ninth 

Circuit cases in support of its position. The Court has read the Ninth Circuit cases cited 

by the parties – several times – and concludes that they reflect two irreconcilable lines of 

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cases. The Court will provide a brief history of loss causation, describe each line of 

Ninth Circuit cases, and then decide which line to follow. 

A. A Brief History of Loss Causation. 

 As far back as the early 1980s, some federal courts recognized that a securities 

fraud plaintiff should be permitted to recover under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 only if the 

misrepresentation of omission of the defendant proximately caused the plaintiff’s loss. A 

leading case was Huddleston v. Herman & MacLean, 640 F.2d 534 (5th Cir. 1981), aff’d 

in part, rev’d in part, 459 U.S. 375 (1983), which held that “[t]he plaintiff must prove not 

only that, had he known the truth, he would not have [purchased the security], but in 

addition that the untruth was in some reasonably direct, or proximate, way responsible for 

his loss,” id. at 549. “If the investment decision is induced by misstatements or 

omissions that are material and that were relied on by the claimant, but are not the 

proximate reason for his pecuniary loss, recovery under [Rule 10b-5] is not permitted.” 

Id. Without this requirement of proximate cause, Huddleston explained, “Rule 10b-5 

would become an insurance plan for the cost of every security purchased in reliance upon 

a material misstatement or omission.” Id.

 The Huddleston view was not universally accepted. Some courts held that a 

plaintiff could prevail merely by showing that the misrepresentation or omission caused 

the plaintiff to purchase the security. See, e.g., Kafton v. Baptist Park Nursing Ctr., Inc., 

617 F. Supp. 349, 350 (D. Ariz. 1985). This broader form of causation is sometimes 

called “transaction causation.” It exists when a misrepresentation or omission of the 

defendant induces the plaintiff to purchase the defendant’s securities. As the Ninth 

Circuit has explained, “to prove transaction causation, the plaintiff must show that, but 

for the fraud, the plaintiff would not have engaged in the transaction at issue.” In re 

Daou Systems, Inc., 411 F.3d 1006, 1025 (9th Cir. 2005). “[T]o prove loss causation, the 

plaintiff must demonstrate a causal connection between the deceptive acts that form the 

basis for the claim of securities fraud and the injury suffered by the plaintiff.” Id. 

A helpful illustration of the difference was provided in Huddleston: 

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[A]n investor might purchase stock in a shipping venture involving a single 

vessel in reliance on a misrepresentation that the vessel had a certain 

capacity when in fact it had less capacity than was represented in the 

prospectus. However, the prospectus does disclose truthfully that the vessel 

will not be insured. One week after the investment the vessel sinks as a 

result of a casualty and the stock becomes worthless. 

640 F.2d at 549 n.25. In this example, the investor might be able to prove transaction 

causation (that the misrepresentation about the vessel’s capacity induced him or her to 

purchase the stock), but could not prove loss causation (that the misrepresentation caused 

the investor’s loss). The loss was caused by the lack of insurance. 

 Although federal courts disagreed for several years on whether loss causation was 

required in 10b-5 cases, Congress resolved the disagreement in 1995 when it passed the 

Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”). The PSLRA required proof of 

transaction causation by requiring proof of reliance – that the plaintiffs relied on the 

defendant’s misstatement or omission when they purchased the security. See Dura, 544 

U.S. at 341 (a 10b-5 plaintiff must prove “reliance, often referred to in cases involving 

public securities markets (fraud-on-the-market cases) as ‘transaction causation’”). The 

PSLRA also included a section titled “Loss causation” which provided that “[i]n any 

private action arising under this chapter, the plaintiff shall have the burden of proving 

that the act or omission of the defendant alleged to violate this chapter caused the loss for 

which the plaintiff seeks to recover damages.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(4). As the Supreme 

Court has noted, this provision requires proof of “‘loss causation,’ i.e., a causal 

connection between the material misrepresentation and the loss[.]” Dura, 544 U.S. at 

341. Loss causation has thus become a universal requirement of securities fraud cases. 

 The Supreme Court addressed the requirement of loss causation in Dura. Some 

courts had held that loss causation could be established merely by showing that the price 

of the stock on the date of purchase was inflated by the defendant’s misrepresentations. 

The Supreme Court held that loss causation requires more, finding that Congress 

intended “to permit private securities fraud actions for recovery where, but only where, 

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plaintiffs adequately allege and prove the traditional elements of causation and loss.” Id. 

at 346. Thus, plaintiffs must “prove that the defendant’s misrepresentation (or other 

fraudulent conduct) proximately caused the plaintiff’s economic loss.” Id. Stated 

differently, the plaintiff must show a “causal connection” between the “loss and the 

misrepresentation.” Id. at 347. 

 The parties and the Ninth Circuit agree on this much: that Plaintiffs must prove a 

causal connection between Defendants’ fraudulent actions and their loss. The question is 

how that connection must be proved. On this question, the parties and the Ninth Circuit 

cases diverge. 

B. Daou and its Progeny.

 Shortly after the Supreme Court decided Dura, the Ninth Circuit issued an 

amended opinion in Daou, 411 F.3d at 1006. The district court in Daou had dismissed 

the plaintiff’s third amended complaint because it did not “allege that there were any 

negative public statements, announcements or disclosures at the time the stock price 

dropped that Defendants were engaging in improper accounting practices.” Id. at 1026. 

In other words, because the defendants’ fraud – the improper accounting practices – had 

not been publicly disclosed, the district court concluded that loss causation had not been 

pled. The Ninth Circuit reversed. It observed that “the price of Daou’s stock fell 

precipitously after defendants began to reveal figures showing the company’s true 

financial condition.” Id. (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit found loss causation to be 

adequately pled because “Plaintiffs allege that these disclosures of Daou’s true financial 

health, the result of prematurely recognizing revenue before it was earned, led to a 

‘dramatic, negative effect on the market, causing Daou’s stock to decline[.]’” Id. 

(emphasis added). In other words, it was the disclosure of the company’s financial 

problems – problems caused by the fraudulent accounting practices – that led to the stock 

decline and the plaintiff’s loss. 

 That it was the disclosure of the company’s financial condition, rather than 

disclosure of defendants’ fraud, that satisfied loss causation, is made abundantly clear in 

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Daou. The opinion on page 1026 refers to disclosure of “the company’s true financial 

condition” and “Daou’s true financial health.” Id. The next page refers to the disclosure 

of “Daou’s true financial health,” “the true nature of Daou’s financial condition,” and 

“Daou’s true financial situation.” Id. at 1027. Although it is correct that the facts in 

Daou also included the revelation of additional information from which one market 

analyst became suspicious that the company was “manufacturing earnings,” and although 

it is also correct that the company disclosed a growing amount of unbilled receivables in 

one of its accounts, it was not the disclosure of these facts that the Ninth Circuit found 

sufficient for loss causation. Rather, it was the disclosure of the company’s true financial 

condition, which had been previously misrepresented by the defendants, which led to a 

drop in the stock price and provided the causal connection between the defendants’ 

wrongful conduct and the plaintiffs’ loss. As the Ninth Circuit observed, “the price of 

Daou’s stock fell precipitously after defendants began to reveal figures showing the 

company’s true financial condition.” Id. at 1026. 

 The Ninth Circuit took the same approach three years later in Berson v. Applied 

Signal Technology, Inc., 527 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2008). The plaintiffs in Berson bought 

stock in Applied Signal during the six months before the company revealed that its 

revenue had fallen 25%. Immediately following this disclosure, the stock price dropped 

16% and plaintiffs sued the company and two of its officers for securities fraud. Id. at 

984. The plaintiffs alleged that the company engaged in a misleading process of 

reflecting the dollar value of government contracts in a “backlog” account, suggesting 

that the company would perform the contracted-for work in the future and would earn the 

contracted-for revenues. Defendants did not disclose that some of those contracts were 

the subjects of “stop-work orders” from the government that meant they might never be 

performed. Thus, plaintiffs were given the incorrect impression that the company had a 

substantial backlog of future work, when in fact tens of millions of dollars in the backlog 

were under stop-work orders and might never be performed. 

 The Ninth Circuit provided this description in finding that the plaintiffs adequately 

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pled loss causation: “The complaint describes the stop-work orders in detail, explains 

that the orders halted a significant amount of work, alleges that the reduced workload 

caused revenue to fall by 25%, and claims that this revenue reduction caused the stock 

price to drop by 16%.” Id. at 989 (emphasis added). In other words, it was the eventual 

effect of the misrepresented facts – the contracts subject to stop-work orders – that caused 

revenue to drop, stock prices to fall, and plaintiffs’ injuries. The very facts that were 

wrongly withheld ultimately led to the plaintiffs’ loss. As in Daou, it was the revelation 

of the company’s true financial condition, in contrast to the misleading financial 

condition portrayed by the defendants, that led to the stock price drop and satisfied loss 

causation. 

 This approach became even clearer when the Ninth Circuit articulated this test for 

loss causation in Nuveen: “A plaintiff can satisfy loss causation by showing that ‘the 

defendant misrepresented or omitted the very facts that were a substantial factor in 

causing the plaintiff’s economic loss.’” 730 F.3d at 1120 (emphasis in original) (citing 

McCabe v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 494 F.3d 418, 425 (3d Cir. 2007)). Thus, drawing a 

causal connection between the facts misrepresented and the plaintiff’s loss will satisfy 

loss causation. A plaintiff need not show that the fraudulent practices themselves were 

revealed: “Disclosure of the fraud is not a sine qua non of loss causation, which may be 

shown even where the alleged fraud is not necessarily revealed prior to the economic 

loss.” Id. at 1120. 

 The Nuveen test accurately describes the holdings in Daou and Berson. The “very 

facts” misrepresented in Daou – the company’s earning capacity – ultimately led to lower 

revenues, the drop in stock price, and the plaintiff’s loss. The “very facts” concealed in 

Berson – that several of the company’s large contracts were subject to stop-work orders – 

ultimately led to the drop in revenue that produced the drop in stock price.7

 

7

 As Defendants note, Nuveen is not a fraud-on-the-market case. The securities at 

issue in Nuveen were purchased in private transactions. Although Defendants argue that this fact distinguishes Nuveen from the present case, Nuveen itself explained that the loss causation test is the same for efficient and inefficient markets: “Although Nuveen repeatedly promotes a different standard for Rule 10b-5 claims arising from ‘inefficiently 

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 In summary, as the Court reads Daou, Berson, and Nuveen, proof of loss causation 

is not confined to a particular kind of market disclosure. The question is whether the 

facts misrepresented or concealed by the defendant led to the plaintiff’s loss. If they did, 

then the defendant’s misrepresentation or omission has a causal connection to the 

plaintiff’s loss as required by Dura. 

 This rule is not, as Defendants contend, a form of investor insurance. The test 

does not establish a system under which a plaintiff, once having purchased stock, is 

protected against any and all possible losses. The only losses for which a plaintiff can 

recover are those caused by “the very facts” that were misrepresented or omitted. To use 

the Huddleston example quoted above, the investor in the ship could recover nothing if 

the loss was caused by the lack of insurance. But if the loss was due to the very facts that 

were misrepresented – the ship’s carrying capacity – then the misrepresentation would be 

causally connected to the loss and proximate causation would be satisfied. 

C. Metzler and its Progeny. 

Another line of Ninth Circuit cases takes a more restrictive view of loss causation. 

This line of cases appears to begin with Metzler. Purporting to apply Daou, Metzler

concluded that to allege loss causation “the complaint must allege that the practices that 

the plaintiff contends are fraudulent were revealed to the market and caused the resulting 

losses.” 540 F.3d at 1063 (emphasis added). A plaintiff must show “that the market 

learned of and reacted to [the] fraud, as opposed to merely reacting to reports of the 

defendant’s poor financial health generally.” Id. 

 Respectfully, the Court regards this as a misreading of Daou. As noted earlier, 

Daou emphasized that the disclosure which triggered the plaintiff’s loss and satisfied the 

requirement of loss causation was “the company’s true financial condition.” 411 F.3d at 

 traded’ securities, the need to reliably distinguish among the tangle of factors affecting a security’s price is no less urgent in efficient markets. ‘[F]undamentally, the same loss causation analysis occurs in both typical and non-typical § 10(b) cases.’” Id. at 1123 

(quoting McCabe, 494 F.3d at 425 n.2). The footnote from McCabe cited in Nuveen

holds that the loss causation test is the same for stock purchased in publicly-traded (efficient) markets and stock purchased in private transactions. See 494 F.3d at 425 n.2. 

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1026. Because that poor financial condition resulted from the very facts the defendants 

had misrepresented by prematurely recording revenues, loss causation was satisfied. 

 Despite this apparent misreading of Daou, the holding in Metzler has spawned 

additional cases. In Oracle, the Ninth Circuit made the holding in Metzler even clearer: 

“[L]oss causation is not adequately pled unless a plaintiff alleges that the market learned 

of and reacted to the practices the plaintiff contends are fraudulent, as opposed to merely 

reports of the defendant’s poor financial health generally.” 627 F.3d at 392. In other 

words, the market must learn of the specific fraudulent practices. It is not enough that a 

plaintiff suffers loss because the very facts that were the subject of those fraudulent 

practices caused his loss. Even though Daou specifically stated – five times – that stock 

losses caused by revelation of the company’s true financial condition can satisfy loss 

causation if that financial condition is caused by the misrepresented facts (411 F.3d at 

1026-27), and even though Berson and Nuveen adopt the same approach, Oracle

specifically states that plaintiffs cannot prove loss causation “by showing that the market 

reacted to the purported ‘impact’ of the alleged fraud – the earnings miss – rather than to 

the fraudulent acts themselves.” 627 F.3d at 392. 

Oracle was followed by Loos v. Immersion Corp, 762 F.3d 880 (9th Cir. 2014), 

and Oregon Public Employees Retirement Fund v. Apollo Group, Inc., 774 F.3d 598 (9th 

Cir. 2014), both of which also held that loss causation requires proof that the company’s 

fraudulent practices, as opposed to the adverse financial impact of those practices, was 

revealed to the market. In the Court’s view, Metzler, Oracle, Loos, and Apollo adopt a 

more restrictive view of loss causation than Daou, Berson, and Nuveen. Securities fraud 

plaintiffs can recover only if the market learns of the defendants’ fraudulent practices. It 

is not enough that plaintiffs are injured by the consequences of those practices.8

 

 

8

 Another securities fraud case decided by the Ninth Circuit during this same general time period, In re Gilead Sciences Securities Litigation, 536 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 

2008), does not clearly embrace any single approach to proving loss causation. Gilead 

was a case where the defendant’s improper off-label marketing was revealed to the market and, later, when combined with a revenue drop, resulted in loss to the plaintiffs. It illustrates that loss causation can in fact be proved in the way Metzler and its progeny require, but does not suggest that is the only way loss causation can be established. The 

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 The Court pauses to address a concern that may underlie Metzler and these later 

cases – that recognizing loss causation merely from a company’s poor financial health 

may lead to the recovery of losses that were caused by factors other than the defendant’s 

fraud. The Court agrees that such a rule would be an improper form of investor 

insurance, but that is not what Daou, Berson, and Nuveen permit. They require the 

plaintiff to prove more than the company’s poor financial health and a resulting stock 

drop. The plaintiff must also prove that the company’s poor financial health was caused 

by the “very facts” that the defendant misrepresented or concealed. The plaintiff clearly 

must prove a causal connection between the fraud and the loss. 

D. Which Line of Cases Should the Court Follow?

 The Court concludes that it should apply the loss causation test adopted in Daou, 

Berson, and Nuveen. It reaches this conclusion for three reasons. 

 First, Daou was decided before any of the other cases. Because all of the cases 

discussed above were decided by three-judge panels of the Ninth Circuit, none of those 

panels had authority to overrule Daou. See Galbraith v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 

1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[A] three judge panel normally cannot overrule a decision of 

a prior panel on a controlling question of law[.]”). Applying this principle, courts 

generally hold that when two panel decisions conflict, the earlier panel decision controls. 

See McMellon v. United States, 387 F.3d 329, 333 (4th Cir. 2004); Wilson v. Coman, 284 

F. Supp. 2d 1319, 1339 (M.D. Ala. 2003). Because Daou is the earlier panel decision, 

the Court will follow it. 

 Second, the Court views the Daou line of cases as stating the better rule. As 

explained in Dura and explored more thoroughly in McCabe, loss causation is a form of 

proximate cause. It was adopted by Congress to ensure that securities fraud plaintiffs 

may recover from defendants only when the actions of those defendants proximately 

cause the plaintiffs’ losses. Dura, 544 U.S. at 342-46. Such causation is assuredly 

 Court notes that Gilead cites favorably to the Third Circuit’s decision in McCabe from 

which the Nuveen loss causation test is drawn. See id. at 1057. 

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established when the “very facts” misrepresented or concealed by the defendant cause the 

plaintiff’s loss. For example, if a company publicly overstates its manufacturing 

capacity, a plaintiff purchases stock at an inflated value because of the company’s 

misrepresentation, and the plaintiff’s stock later loses value because a competitor’s 

newly-developed product eclipses the company’s product and causes a drop in the 

company’s revenues, loss causation has not been satisfied. The development of a better 

competing product, not the fact misrepresented by the company (manufacturing 

capacity), led to the plaintiff’s loss. If, however, the company’s revenues fail to meet 

projections because of the lack of manufacturing capacity – the very fact misrepresented 

– and the stock loses value as a result, the misrepresented fact has led to the plaintiff’s 

loss. This is true even if the market does not learn that the company lied. If the plaintiff 

can prove that the drop in revenue was caused by the misrepresented fact and that the 

drop in his or her stock value was due to the disappointing revenues, the plaintiff should 

be able to recover. A causal connection between the “very fact” misrepresented and the 

plaintiff’s loss has been established. 

 Third, traditional notions of proximate cause are not so narrowly circumscribed as 

the rule in Metzler and its progeny. Section 548A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, 

which the Supreme Court in Dura described as “setting forth the judicial consensus,” 544 

U.S. at 344, provides this relevant explanation of loss causation (referred to in the 

Restatement as “legal causation”): 

Thus one who misrepresents the financial condition of a corporation in 

order to sell its stock will become liable to a purchaser who relies upon the 

misinformation for the loss that he sustains when the facts as to the finances 

of the corporation become generally known and as a result the value of the 

shares is depreciated on the market, because that is the obviously 

foreseeable result of the facts misrepresented. On the other hand, there is 

no liability when the value of the stock goes down after the sale, not in any 

way because of the misrepresented financial condition, but as a result of 

some subsequent event that has no connection with or relation to its 

financial condition. 

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 548A, Comment b (1977) (emphasis added). This 

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traditional rule does not require that the fraud become known, only that the “facts as to 

the finances of the corporation” become known. This precisely describes the holdings in 

Daou and Berson. 

 For these reasons, the Court will follow Daou, Berson, and Nuveen. The loss 

causation test the Court will apply is this: “A plaintiff can satisfy loss causation by 

showing that the defendant misrepresented or omitted the very facts that were a 

substantial factor in causing the plaintiff’s economic loss.” Nuveen, 730 F.3d at 1120 

(emphasis in original; citation omitted). The fraud or misrepresentation “need not be the 

sole reason for the decline in value of the securities, but it must be a substantial cause.” 

Gilead, 536 F.3d at 1055 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

E. Section 1292(b) Certification. 

 For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that application of the Daou loss 

causation test largely results in denial of Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 

Had the Court applied Metzler and its progeny, Defendants’ motion would be granted in 

full because Plaintiffs have not presented evidence from which a reasonable jury could 

find that Defendants’ alleged fraudulent practices became known to the market during the 

class period. 

 Denial of Defendants’ motion will result in the parties embarking on expensive 

expert discovery and a costly and complex trial, none of which will be necessary if the 

Ninth Circuit concludes that Metzler and its progeny represent the correct loss causation 

test. To avoid this potentially unnecessary expense for the parties and the Court, the 

Court will take the unusual step of certifying the loss causation issue for immediate 

interlocutory appeal. The Court concludes that the loss causation test is a “controlling 

question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that 

an immediate appeal from [this] order may materially advance the ultimate termination of 

the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The issue certified is this: what is the correct test 

for loss causation in the Ninth Circuit? Can a plaintiff prove loss causation by showing 

that the very facts misrepresented or omitted by the defendant were a substantial factor in 

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causing the plaintiff’s economic loss, even if the fraud itself was not revealed to the 

market (Nuveen, 730 F.3d at 1120), or must the market actually learn that the defendant 

engaged in fraud and react to the fraud itself (Oracle, 627 F.3d at 392)? Within 10 days 

of the entry of this order, either side may petition the Ninth Circuit to decide this issue on 

immediate appeal. Id. If neither side files such a petition, the Court will schedule a case 

management conference to set a schedule for completion of expert discovery and 

clarification of issues (as discussed below), and will set a final pretrial conference, at 

which a firm trial date will be set. If a petition for immediate appeal is filed within 10 

days, the Court will stay this action until the Ninth Circuit decides whether to take the 

appeal and, if it does, the stay will remain in effect until the appeal is decided. 

IV. Loss Causation Analysis. 

 In this section, the Court will address whether Plaintiffs have presented evidence 

from which a reasonable jury could find the Daou loss causation test satisfied. The Court 

will address other § 10(b) issues in the next section. 

 One of the difficulties presented by this case arises from the parties’ failure to 

agree on precisely which alleged misrepresentations and omissions form the basis for 

Plaintiffs’ case. Defendants identify 167 false statements from Plaintiffs’ complaint. 

Doc. 327-1 at 1-254. Plaintiffs identify 96 false statements. Doc. 363 at 80-121. In 

addition to being different in number, the identified statements differ in content. 

Defendants ask the Court to enter summary judgment on a misrepresentation-bymisrepresentation basis, but Plaintiffs do not address Defendants’ list, much less attempt 

to identify the evidence that underlies each misrepresentation on the list. Nor do 

Plaintiffs attempt to present specific evidence for the false statements on their list. 

Plaintiffs instead take a more general approach, arguing that six events “removed the 

price inflation caused by defendants’ earlier misstatements and omissions” about the 

LPM and hot climate defects. Doc. 363 at 65. Plaintiffs claim that each event caused the 

price of First Solar stock to decline due to the revelation of increased costs that had 

previously been concealed by Defendants. Plaintiffs rely heavily on the declaration of 

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their expert, Bjorn I. Steinholt, who analyzes whether costs related to the LPM and hot 

climate defects substantially contributed to First Solar’s poor financial health and 

resulting stock declines. Doc. 374. 

 Defendants argue that the Court should grant summary judgment on each of their 

167 misrepresentations because Plaintiffs have not addressed them individually and 

identified the evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that they were made and 

caused Plaintiffs’ losses. But the Court cannot conclude that Plaintiffs must prove their 

case as Defendants configure it, or even that Defendants’ list of misrepresentations 

accurately reflect Plaintiffs’ case. Neither can the Court determine that Plaintiffs’ list of 

96 misrepresentations is correct – as noted, Plaintiffs make no attempt to identify the 

evidence that supports them or show that they caused Plaintiffs’ loss. The parties clearly 

failed to communicate about the issues to be addressed in the motion and response, but 

the Court cannot conclude that this lack of clarity provides a basis for summary 

judgment. As discussed below, Plaintiffs have identified evidence supporting their claim 

that the facts allegedly misrepresented and omitted by Defendants affected the company’s 

financial health and caused Plaintiffs’ losses. The Court finds that this evidence, if 

accepted by a jury, could satisfy the Daou loss causation test. 

 The Court remains concerned, however, about the lack of clarity in this case 

approaching trial. The Court could hold that Plaintiffs are limited to proving the six 

events addressed in their brief, but the evidence they cite and rely on goes well beyond 

those events. The Court could require the parties to agree on a list of misrepresentations 

and omissions and redo the summary judgment briefing, but this would require 

substantial additional time and expense for the parties and the Court. The Court could 

rely on the final pretrial report to identify the precise issues to be addressed at trial, but 

this too will almost certainly spawn disagreements. The Court feels considerable 

frustration over this state of affairs and concludes that the case must be clarified before 

trial, but also concludes that this is a matter to be addressed after the § 1292(b) appeal is 

resolved. As noted, that appeal could result in the Court granting summary judgment for 

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Defendants even in light of the evidence presented by Plaintiffs. If that is not the result, 

the Court and the parties will have to figure out how to prepare this currently-confused 

case for trial.9

A. July 29, 2010 – Earnings Release. 

 On July 29, 2010, First Solar announced its 2Q10 earnings and disclosed the LPM 

defect for the first time. Doc. 374, ¶ 35. First Solar beat Bloomberg consensus estimates 

on its earnings per share and revenues. Id., ¶ 34. It also reduced its revenue guidance by 

$100 million and increased its earnings per share guidance for fiscal year 2010 from 

$6.80-$7.30 per share to $7.00-$7.40 per share. Id. First Solar estimated that the LPM 

would negatively impact its revenues by $99 million. Id. 

 That day, First Solar also held a conference call to discuss the LPM defect, during 

which Gillette made the following statement: 

Finally in Q2, reflected costs associated with the modular replacement 

program. During the period from June of 2008 to June of 2009, a 

manufacturing excursion occurred affecting less than 4% of the total 

product manufactured within the period. The excursion could result in 

possible power loss in affected modules. The root cause was identified and 

subsequently mitigated in June of 2009. Ongoing testing confirms the 

corrective actions are effective. We have been working directly with 

impacted customers to replace the affected modules and these efforts are 

well under way, and in some cases complete. We accrued the estimated full 

cost of these additional efforts in our Q2 results and Jens will discuss the 

financial impact in more detail. 

Id., ¶ 35. Jens Meyerhoff also commented on the LPM defect: 

During the second quarter, we accrued $17.8 million in cost of sales for 

 

9

 Another problem arises from Plaintiffs’ heavy reliance on their experts in the summary judgment briefing. The parties agreed that expert discovery would occur after summary judgment briefing and would not provide a basis for further summary judgment motions. See Doc. 177, ¶ 5 (“Expert discovery shall occur after the Court’s final ruling on motions for summary judgment, and shall not provide a basis for additional summary judgment motions.”). Because expert discovery has not occurred, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs should be precluded from relying on their experts in opposing summary judgment. But the Court clearly cannot grant summary judgment in disregard of expert opinions that would be available at trial. The Court therefore will consider Plaintiffs’ 

expert submissions. 

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expected module replacement costs and our cost of goods sold. In addition, 

we accrued $5.6 million of operating expenses associated with this process 

excursion, bringing our total accrued expenses to 27.4 million at the end of 

the second quarter. 

Id., ¶ 36. 

 Market analysts had positive comments about beating consensus estimates, but 

also noted the lower revenue guidance. Cantor Fitzgerald stated: “The company is 

capacity constrained . . . . This results in a drop in total revenue guidance, but a slight 

increase in earnings guidance. We expect that most investors will find this 

disappointing.” Id., ¶ 39. Needham noted: “The company raised its full year earnings 

guidance, but lowered its 2010 revenue outlook, which probably disappointed the Street 

given the high expectations going into the report, in our view.” Id. 

 Analysts also commented on the LPM problem. Credit Suisse reported the new 

accruals and stated, “bears will point out why the charge is being taken more than a year 

after the company knew about and resolved the issue, and question why a similar issue 

will not arise again.” Id., ¶ 40. UBS noted: “Potentially concerning takeaways from its 

2Q10 results. . . . We believe this could be an overhang on the stock as the modules are 

replaced over the next six months.” Id.

 Following the July 29 disclosure, First Solar stock decreased by $10.05 per share, 

or 7.4%. Id., ¶ 42. In an internal email, First Solar noted investor concerns and 

recognized that the LPM defect caused the stock drop: “Excluding [the LPM defect] we 

would have achieved [the expected financial numbers]. [The LPM problem] tarnished 

our flawless execution image. Rumors that we will incur more costs than the Q2 charge. 

Some fear why not more than 4% and customers saying bigger problem.” Id., ¶ 41. 

 Steinholt also concludes that the LPM problems caused the stock drop: “Absent 

the LPM problems, First Solar would have reported an estimated 13% higher earnings for 

2Q10, and not have had to reduce its 2010 revenue guidance by $100 million.” Id. The 

“LPM expenses and approximately $100 million lost revenues related to the LPM 

problem explain all, or at least a substantial portion, of the Company-specific stock price 

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decline on July 30, 2010.” Id. In other words, Steinholt opines that the “very facts” 

allegedly omitted by Defendants – the existence of the LPM defect – ultimately led to a 

drop in stock price that caused Plaintiffs’ loss. A reasonable jury could find from this 

evidence that Plaintiffs’ have proved loss causation under Daou. 

B. February 24, 2011 – Earnings Release. 

 On February 24, 2011, First Solar announced 4Q10 earnings results, beating the 

Bloomberg consensus estimate for earnings per share but missing on estimated revenues. 

Id., ¶ 43. First Solar decreased the high end of its revenue guidance from $3.7-$3.9 

billion to $3.7-$3.8 billion and increased its earnings per share guidance from $8.75-

$9.50 per share to $9.25-$9.75 per share. Id. It noted additional accrued expenses of 

$8.5 million for the LPM defect. In the related conference call, Gillette explained that 

“Q4 was impacted by our decision to divert some volumes to expedite the module 

replacement program,” which was also confirmed by Zhu. Id., ¶ 44. 

 The next day, analysts commented on the figures, most notably the revenue miss. 

Mizuho Securities noted: “[R]evs missed guidance somewhat . . . due largely to a 

decision to accelerate replacement of ~30MW of potentially faulty modules.” Id., ¶ 45. 

Auriga stated: “We expect bears to raise the issue of revenue falling short of the 

consensus in both 4Q10 and 1Q11.” Id. Ardour stated: “4Q10 revenues somewhat light, 

but EPS continues to outperform.” Id. 

 After the disclosure, First Solar stock dropped $8.96 per share, or 5.4%. Id., ¶ 47. 

But for the LPM problems, Steinholt opines, “First Solar would have beat Bloomberg 

4Q2010 EPS consensus by 16 cents (as opposed to 7 cents) and avoided reporting a $37 

million 4Q2010 revenue miss.” Id. Steinholt concludes that “LPM expenses and the 

lower than expected revenues explains all, or a substantial portion, of the [stock 

decline].” Id. Given this evidence, a reasonable jury could find that the very facts 

Defendants allegedly fraudulently concealed – the scope of the LPM defect and its 

resulting financial impact – were substantial factors in causing Plaintiffs’ loss. 

 

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C. May 3, 2011 – Earnings Release. 

 On May 3, 2011, First Solar issued its numbers for 1Q11, beating Bloomberg 

consensus estimates for earnings per share and revenues. Id., ¶ 48. First Solar also 

announced additional expenses of $4.5 million for the LPM defect and maintained its 

revenue and earnings per share guidance for fiscal year 2011. Id., ¶¶ 48-49. Operating 

income was reduced by $10 million and guidance for operating cash flow was reduced. 

Id., ¶ 49. 

 First Solar’s guidance had accounted for some impact due to the heat degradation 

issue, but this fact was not disclosed in the financial statements. Id. “Unbeknownst to 

investors, First Solar’s 2011 guidance now incorporated some impact from the heat 

degradation problem.” Id. Steinholt further notes that “[b]ecause the heat degradation 

issue was not specifically discussed, or otherwise disclosed or broken out, none of the 

analysts had an opportunity to comment on the issue in subsequent analyst reports.” Id., 

¶ 50. Analysts did express “disappointment that First Solar did not raise guidance.” Id. 

 First Solar stock dropped by $8.35 per share, or 6.2%. Id., ¶ 51. Steinholt opines 

that “1Q2011 LPM expenses and the impact of the heat degradation issue on the 

Company’s 2011 guidance had a negative impact on First Solar’s stock price, and, 

therefore, contributed to its May 4, 2011 stock price decline.” Id. He also notes that the 

“heat degradation problem negatively impacted reported 2011 revenue guidance by $24 

million,” resulting in a “$0.20 per share hit to guidance.” Id., ¶ 49. Steinholt concludes 

that this “would imply a $2.66 per share negative impact” to First Solar’s stock price. Id. 

 Unlike the two prior releases, Steinholt does not suggest that the LPM defect and 

hot climate degradation “explain[ed] all, or a substantial portion” of the stock decline. 

Nevertheless, Plaintiffs need not show “‘that a misrepresentation was the sole reason for 

the investment’s decline in value’ in order to establish loss causation. ‘[A]s long as the 

misrepresentation is one substantial cause[,] other contributing forces will not bar 

recovery’ but will play a role ‘in determining recoverable damages.’” Daou, 411 F.3d at 

1025 (quoting Robbins v. Koger Props., Inc., 116 F.3d 1441, 1447 n.5 (11th Cir. 1997)). 

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A reasonable jury could determine that the very facts omitted and misrepresented by 

Defendants – the effect of the LPM defect and existence of the hot climate degradation 

issue – were substantial factors in causing the stock to decline and Plaintiffs’ loss. 

D. October 25, 2011 – Gillette Leaves First Solar. 

 On October 25, 2011, Gillette was replaced as CEO. Doc. 374, ¶ 52. First Solar 

issued a press release that stated the following: 

The Board of Directors of First Solar, Inc. (NASDAQ: FSLR) today asked 

its Chairman and company founder, Michael Ahearn, to serve as interim 

Chief Executive Officer. Ahearn has accepted. Effective immediately, Rob 

Gillette is no longer serving as Chief Executive Officer, and the Board of 

Directors thanks him for his service to the company. The Board of 

Directors has formed a search committee and is initiating a search for a 

permanent Chief Executive Officer. 

Id. Several analysts commented on the departure of Gillette. Credit Suisse stated: 

The news is clearly negative . . . the abruptness of the announcement and 

the terse wording of the release, the fact that earnings will likely be next 

week and the CEO is stepping down just a week in advance, and the fact 

that FSLR had planned to host a reception with the CEO on Nov 15 all 

sound unfortunately quite concerning. 

Id., ¶ 53. Goldman Sachs stated: “[T]he terse nature of today’s announcement, its timing 

and the lack of a permanent replacement argue that this was an unanticipated event.” Id. 

Deutsche Bank stated: “The press release is short on details and we believe the news 

(along with the timing of the announcement) is likely to raise a lot of investor questions 

about the health of overall industry as well as near/longer term profitability outlook of the 

company.” Id. Raymond James stated: “So, what could have prompted this sudden 

change? . . . On the bearish side would be an accounting scandal. . . . A less damaging 

but still negative scenario would be the board sacking Gillette ahead of a major earnings 

miss or guidance cut.” Id. Canton Fitzgerald, Morgan Stanley, PacificCrest, Wunderlich, 

and Jeffries echoed similar sentiments. Id. 

 Immediately following this news, First Solar’s stock price declined $14.48 per 

share, or approximately 25%. Id., ¶ 54. Steinholt opines that “First Solar’s press release 

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disclosing [Gillette’s] departure clearly was the reason” for the stock decline. Id. The 

next day, First Solar issued its 3Q11 results, but did not hold a conference call. Id., ¶ 55. 

The stock price rebounded by $2.84 per share on October 25 and $6.79 per share on 

October 26, 2011. Id., ¶ 57. 

 The October 25 press release that caused the stock price to drop did not include 

any information about the company’s financial performance, the LPM defect, or the hot 

climate degradation issue. No financial statements were released that revealed additional 

financial impacts from the LPM or hot climate defects. Thus, Plaintiffs have failed to 

present evidence that the stock price decline was caused by Defendants’ misrepresenting 

or omitting information about those two defects. The press release concerned Gillette’s 

departure, and Plaintiffs have presented no evidence that he left First Solar because of 

Defendants’ alleged fraud. Although some market analysts speculated that Gillette’s 

termination could be due to internal company problems, such speculation was itself not 

related to the facts allegedly misrepresented and omitted by Defendants. Plaintiffs 

therefore have failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that 

their loss was caused by the facts allegedly misrepresented or omitted by Defendants. 

 The Court rejects Plaintiffs’ argument that a jury could simply infer a connection 

between Gillette’s departure and the alleged fraud. Plaintiffs have provided no evidence 

that Gillette left First Solar because of the alleged fraudulent activity, and any such 

inference would be based on pure speculation. The Court will enter summary judgment 

with respect to the stock decline on October 25, 2011. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322.10 

E. December 14, 2011 – Guidance Updates. 

 On December 14, 2011, First Solar reduced its earnings guidance from $6.50-

$7.50 per share to $5.75-$6.00 per share and reduced revenue guidance from $3.0-$3.3 

billion to $2.8-$2.9 billion, missing Bloomberg consensus estimates. Doc. 374, ¶ 59. 

 

10 This conclusion provides an illustration of how the test in Daou, Berson, and 

Nuveen does not conflate transaction and loss causation. Plaintiffs may be able to show that Defendants’ alleged misrepresentations caused them to purchase First Solar stock at a particular price, but they cannot show that those misrepresentations caused the losses resulting from Gillette’s departure. As a result, they cannot recover for those losses. 

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First Solar also announced restructuring charges of $0.85 per share during 4Q11, which 

included eliminating 100 positions. Id. First Solar updated its 2012 guidance for 

earnings per share and revenues, both of which fell below Bloomberg’s consensus 

estimates. Id., ¶ 60. In addition, Ahearn stated in the press release that First Solar was 

“recalibrating our business to focus on building and serving sustainable markets rather 

than pursuing subsidized markets.” Id. 

 First Solar stock fell $9.12 per share, or 21.4%. Id., ¶ 61. Steinholt opines that 

First Solar’s “reduced 2011 guidance, and initial 2012 guidance significantly below 

expectations, explains the Company-specific portion of First Solar’s December 14, 2011, 

price decline.” Id. Steinholt attributes the low guidance to the “heat degradation problem 

as the Company was changing its focus to larger scale projects in hotter climates.” Id., 

¶ 60. From this evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that the facts omitted by 

Defendants relating to the hot climate defect revealed the true financial condition of First 

Solar and were a substantial factor in the stock price decline. 

F. February 28, 2012 – Earnings Release. 

 On February 28, 2012, First Solar announced its 4Q11 numbers. Id., ¶ 62. These 

reflected substantial losses, which included “(a) a non-cash goodwill impairment charge 

of $3.90 per share; (b) restructuring charges of $0.43 per share (below $0.85 per share 

announced on December 14, 2011); and (c) $1.67 related to warranty and cost in excess 

of normal warranty expense, for a total of $6.00 per share.” Id. First Solar met the low 

end of its revenue guidance for fiscal year 2011. Id. Revenue and cash flow guidance for 

2012 were also lowered. Id., ¶ 63. 

 In the conference call, Ahearn commented about the additional warranty expenses: 

This quarter we incurred $125.8 million in additional warranty reserves to 

reflect an updated estimate of costs related to the manufacturing excursion 

that occurred between June 2008 and June 2009. As previously disclosed, a 

small percentage of product manufactured during that time period may 

experience premature power loss once in the field. First Solar identified 

and addressed the manufacturing excursion in June 2009 and later initiated 

a voluntary remediation program that goes above and beyond our standard 

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warranty obligations. The remediation program includes module removal, 

testing, replacement and logistical services and additional compensation 

payments to customers under certain circumstances. 

A large volume of claims made under the remediation program were 

processed in the fourth quarter, and we identified the significant increase in 

remediation costs under the terms of our voluntary program. Our estimates 

now benefit from having processed over 95% of the total claims submitted 

under the life of the program. The total cost of remediating the 

manufacturing excursion that occurred from June 2008 to June 2009 now 

stands at $215.7 million including $145.6 million above and beyond our 

standard warranty. 

There are approximately 4% of the claims submitted for which we have not 

yet been able to determine if remediation is required. If it is determined 

that these claims should be remediated, there’s at least the potential for 

additional costs of as much as $44 million. 

Id., ¶ 64. Widmar broke down the additional costs during the call: 

The first item is the cost to remove, replace and provide logistical services 

related to the manufacturing excursion. In the fourth quarter we expensed 

$23.9 million for these efforts and have expensed $99.7 million to date. 

The second item is expected payment to customers under certain conditions 

for power loss prior to the remediation of the customer’s system. In the 

fourth quarter we expensed $31.8 million for this compensation and have 

expensed $45.9 million to date. 

The third item, $70.1 million, is due to an increase in the expected number 

of replacement modules above our standard warranty rate required for our 

remediation efforts. 

Id., ¶ 65. He then discussed the hot climate degradation: 

Finally, we recognized a $37.8 million charge to increase our warranty 

accrual. We believe our PV modules are potentially subject to increased 

failure rates in hot climates. As our geographic mix of sales has shifted to 

hot climates we have increased our warranty accrual. Our experience has 

shown that our warranty rate for hot climates are slightly higher than the 

return rates for temperate climates. With this change, our standard 

warranty accrual rate has been increased by one percentage point to account 

for potential returns going forward. We will continue to review our 

warranty accrual rate in the future and will adjust the rate as appropriate to 

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reflect our actual experience. 

Id. 

 During the question and answer portion of the call, an analyst noted that Ahearn 

had previously said that all the warranty expenses had been taken into account in prior 

financials. He then asked what had changed from November 3 to the end of the quarter. 

Id., ¶ 66. Ahearn responded: 

[W]e processed a large volume of the claims that were made over the life of 

the program in Q4. For the last quarter we reserved and reported based on 

the best available information then and we discovered in processing the 

claims a lot of additional exposure, which is reflected in the charges that 

we’ve taken in Q4. 

Id. Another analyst asked about the hot climate degradation issue and requested Ahearn 

to give some quantitative data about the problem. Id., ¶ 67. Ahearn responded that First 

Solar lacked data but that it was taking a conservative approach to the warranty rate and 

would continue to reevaluate as it gathered more results. Id. 

 Analyst reaction to the earnings misses was tempered. Ardour noted: “We believe 

the 4Q11 miss was somewhat expected.” Id., ¶ 69. Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, and 

Morningstar noted that 2012 guidance was “intact.” Id. But analysts expressed more 

concern over the LPM defect and hot climate degradation issues, noting that investors 

should be wary of additional future warranty accruals, especially considering First Solar 

had previously stated that it believed that bulk of warranty risk was behind it. Id., ¶ 70. 

 On February 29, 2012, First Solar filed its 2011 Form 10-K disclosing that “the 

Company had taken a $13.8 million module inventory write-down primarily as a result of 

the voluntary remediation efforts.” Id., ¶ 71. Credit Suisse released an analyst report 

addressing “credibility and brand concerns that now likely exist with investors and 

customer partners” as a result of the ever-increasing costs attributed to the LPM defect. 

Id. The report also stated that additional charges could come in the future, and noted the 

hot climate degradation issue. Id. 

 Gordon Johnson of Axiom commented about First Solar’s situation on CNBC: 

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Their stuff is not working in the field. That’s effectively what’s happening. 

Forget about the fact that they massively missed earnings. This is a huge 

red flag. It brings into question whether they will be able to do projects 

here in the U.S. This is a game changer. 

We heard from our checks in Germany that this is not a one-time issue. 

And the fact that banks are becoming cautious on lending to First Solar 

projects suggests that there is a fundamental problem with their modules. 

. . . This is new. This is huge, and it is potentially going to be a game 

ender. 

This has been a problem that First Solar has had in the past, and as was 

asked on the call by one of our competitors, they told us that this problem 

was, you know, was fixed. And it is not fixed. So, we need to look into 

this further. The company will not talk to us. So, we definitely need to do 

some more checks to see that we are accurate. But at first glance, this is 

quite negative. 

Id., ¶ 73. 

 First Solar’s stock fell by $4.10 per share, or 11.26%, on February 29. Id., ¶ 74. 

The next day, it fell an additional 5.8%. Id. Steinholt states “that the disclosures relating 

to the LPM and heat degradation issues explains all, or at least a substantial portion, of 

the Company-specific stock price declines on February 29, 2012 and March 1, 2012.” Id. 

He notes that many costs related to the two defects were quantified and disclosed in the 

earnings release, including “(a) $1.67 per share for warranty and cost in excess of normal 

warranty expense, (b) additional $44 million in costs related to outstanding claims, or 

approximately $0.45 per share, and (c) $13.8 million in module inventory writedown, or 

$0.16 per share.” Id., ¶ 72. Steinholt notes that the impact of the two defects on future 

sales was “difficult to quantify precisely.” Id., ¶ 73. From this evidence, a reasonable 

jury could find that Defendants’ alleged concealment of the true scope of the defects 

along with alleged accounting violations caused a negative financial impact to First 

Solar’s sales, a drop in revenue and guidance, and Plaintiffs’ losses. 

G. Conclusion. 

 Plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence to avoid summary judgment on loss 

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causation with respect to five of the six alleged stock price declines. Plaintiffs have 

failed to do so for the stock decline that followed Gillette’s departure on 

October 25, 2011. Defendants’ motion will be granted with respect to the losses that 

occurred on that date, and denied with respect to the remaining drops. 

V. Remaining § 10(b) Elements. 

 Defendants also challenge Plaintiffs’ ability to prove that Defendants made 

material misrepresentations or omissions with scienter. These elements are closely 

intertwined and dependent upon similar facts. 

 In order to “fulfill the materiality requirement ‘there must be a substantial 

likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the 

reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ‘total mix’ of information made 

available.’” Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231-32 (1988) (quoting TSC Indus., 

Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976)). “[Section] 10(b) and Rule 10b-5(b) do 

not create an affirmative duty to disclose any and all material information.” Matrixx 

Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 131 S. Ct. 1309, 1321 (2011). “Silence, absent a duty to 

disclose, is not misleading under Rule 10-b-5.” Basic, 485 U.S. at 239 n.17. 

“Determining materiality in securities fraud cases ‘should ordinarily be left to the trier of 

fact.’” SEC v. Phan, 500 F.3d 895, 908 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting In re Apple Computer 

Secs. Litig., 886 F.2d 1109, 1113 (9th Cir. 1989)). 

 Plaintiffs must also “prove that the defendant acted with scienter, ‘a mental state 

embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.’” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & 

Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319 (2007) (quoting Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 

185, 193-94 (1976)). A securities plaintiff may also establish scienter under § 10(b) by 

showing defendants acted with “deliberate recklessness.” In re Silicon Graphics Sec. 

Litig., 183 F.3d 970, 977 (9th Cir. 1999). A “strong inference of . . . ‘deliberate 

recklessness’” is required. Id. “[T]he danger of misleading buyers must be actually 

known or so obvious that any reasonable man would be legally bound as knowing.” 

Hollinger v. Titan Capital Corp., 914 F.2d 1564, 1568-69 (9th Cir. 1990). 

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 Plaintiffs’ allege several acts of fraud spanning nearly four years. They focus on 

the two general product defects mentioned above: the LPM problem and the hot climate 

degradation. Plaintiffs assert Defendants committed three acts of fraud with respect to 

each defect: (a) failing to disclose the defect to the public, (b) concealing the true scope 

of the problem from the public, and (c) intentionally underestimating the financial impact 

of the defect on financial statements. Plaintiffs also assert that Defendants manipulated 

an internal accounting metric, CpW, which was included in their SEC filings. 

A. The LPM Defect. 

 1. Failure to Disclose. 

 In April 2008, Koralewski sent an email to Eaglesham regarding STBi data at First 

Solar’s Perrysburg, Ohio plant: “FYI, not a real good trend and yes there are more than 

10 data points in the monthly groupings.” Doc. 364-6 at 48. In 2Q09, Koralewski 

determined that approximately 2.9 million modules could potentially experience -20% 

STBi, which, according to Plaintiffs, demonstrated the severity of the LPM defect. 

Doc. 364-7 at 73. In June 2009, Eaglesham emailed Koralewski and stated that “[u]ntil 

we have a tighter window we should consider the possibility that 10% of the product 

produced in the last 10 months is affected.” Doc. 364-1 at 2. On May 31, 2009, 

Koralewski sent an email to another First Solar employee noting that “we have a rather 

serious quality problem that reared up late last week that has escalated over the weekend. 

. . . We have a significant number of customers who are complaining about lower power 

modules and it looks real.” Doc. 364-7 at 116. Zhu and Sohn were also made aware of 

the defect. Docs. 364-8 at 2; 365-1 at 38. Ahearn began attending meetings addressing 

the status of the LPM defect. Doc. 364-7 at 100. 

 In July 2009, Ahearn was informed that “[t]he numbers are low, less than 5 

percent of the total array, consisting of modules that are from the 159K population 

(potential LPM) . . . . If this holds, the team will recommend no customer engagement as 

this will not be detectable.” Doc. 364-8. Ahearn responded that “[w]e’ll have to keep 

our fingers crossed.” Id. Low power team meeting notes sent between Ahearn, Sohn, 

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Meyerhoff, and Eaglesham stated that they “[m]ust be cautious not to leak unnecessary 

information either internally or externally.” Id. at 57. In preparation for the 2Q09 

conference call, Sohn noted that “[t]here should not even be a question in the list about 

[LPM]. As far as the public is concerned, it does not exist . . . .” Doc. 364-9 at 19. In 

October 2009, Meyerhoff wrote to Gillette that LPM is one of “the biggest smoking 

gun[s] we have at the company.” Doc. 364-1 at 7. In May 2010, Sohn told two First 

Solar employees that “[w]e should NOT be mentioning an ‘excursion’ publicly. E-staff 

has consciously made this decision . . . .” Id. at 133 (emphasis in original).

 Defendants argue that they had no duty to disclose the LPM defect because: 

(1) First Solar’s alleged failure to disclose did not render other disclosed information 

misleading and (2) the defect did not become material until July 2010. 

 The first argument overlooks statements made prior to disclosure of the defect. 

For example, in a February 2009 conference call, an analyst asked Sohn to comment on 

“problems with the line this quarter . . . to make sure there was no manufacturing 

problems around, or that accounts for that line calc being down.” Doc. 372-1 at 402-03. 

Sohn appears to have dodged the question, responding instead that the holidays may have 

attributed to “line calc” being down and that First Solar was “very cautious and careful 

and [has] a high degree of expectation in terms of the way we operate the factories.” Id.

at 403. In June 2009, Eaglesham told investors that “our track [record] of field 

performance and our knowledge of field performance allows us to have faith, high 

confidence that our product is delivering in the field.” Doc. 372-3 at 50. These 

statements were made when First Solar knew of the LPM problem and at least some 

internal estimates had suggested it was severe. See Dura, 544 U.S. at 341. 

 Defendants’ second argument – that the LPM defect did not become material until 

July 2010 – is not one the Court can accept as a matter of law. In Matrixx, the Supreme 

Court considered whether “a company’s failure to disclose reports of adverse events 

associated with a product” was material for purposes of securities fraud “if the reports do 

not disclose a statistically significant number of adverse events.” 131 S. Ct. at 1313. The 

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plaintiffs brought suit after it was discovered that the company had received reports that 

one of its products, Zicam, may cause anosmia. Id. The Court found that even a nonstatistically-significant number of adverse events could satisfy the materiality 

requirement because “medical professionals and regulators act on the basis of evidence of 

causation that is not statistically significant, [and] it stands to reason that in certain cases 

reasonable investors would as well.” Id. at 1321. Although companies do not have a 

duty to disclose all material information to investors, the adverse events reports in 

Matrixx were not merely anecdotal, but instead “plausibly indicated a reliable causal link 

between Zicam and anosmia.” Id. at 1322. The problem was material because it was 

likely that a reasonable investor would consider this information to have significantly 

altered the total mix of information made available. Id. at 1323. 

 Like the defendants in Matrixx, Defendants here argue that Koralewski’s initial 

estimate of 75,000 modules in 2Q09, which resulted in a $1.8 million LPM Remediation 

Accrual, was less than 1% of First Solar’s net income and thus the Disclosure Committee 

correctly deemed it non-material. They also argue Koralewski’s 3Q09, 4Q09, and 1Q10 

estimates, which represented 1.4%, 2.2%, and 2.6% of quarterly net income, respectively, 

were immaterial as well. In essence, they ask the Court to identify, as a matter of law, the 

percentage of quarterly net income at which the financial impact of a product defect 

becomes material. But the test for materiality is factual – whether a misrepresented or 

omitted fact would have been viewed by a reasonable investor as having significantly 

altered the total mix of information made available – and Defendants fail to provide 

undisputed evidence that a reasonable investor would consider a product defect irrelevant 

if it constitutes, say, only 1.5% of net income. 

 Moreover, Plaintiffs have presented evidence that First Solar knew the LPM defect 

was a serious problem that would concern investors well before it was disclosed. First 

Solar executives were careful not to release information about the LPM defect to the 

public, even deciding to delay informing customers until the customers discovered the 

problem themselves. Their evident concern about the potential market reaction to the 

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LPM defect could be viewed by a jury as confirming that such information would be 

material to reasonable investors. 

 Defendants argue that the Individual Defendants relied on the advice of lowerlevel employees, and that there is no evidence to suggest they intended to deceive 

investors by failing to disclose the LPM problem sooner. But the emails cited above 

create a genuine issue of fact as to whether Ahearn, Sohn, Eaglesham, Meyerhoff, Zhu, 

and Gillette were personally involved in managing the LPM problem. Several emails 

indicate that Defendants wanted to keep the information from becoming public, and took 

steps to avoid disclosing it in press releases and conference calls. The fact that lowerlevel employees may have recommended these practices does not necessarily absolve 

Defendants of responsibility.11 

 In light of the evidence set forth above, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have 

established genuine issues of material fact regarding whether Defendants had a duty to 

disclose the manufacturing defect prior to July 2010, and whether such information 

would have been material to a reasonable investor. This is not simply a case of a 

company refraining from “bury[ing] the shareholders in an avalanche of trivial 

information.” In re Convergent Tech. Sec. Litig., 948 F.2d 507, 516 (9th Cir. 1991). A 

jury could conclude that a reasonable investor would consider the existence of the LPM 

defect as significantly altering the “total mix of information made available.” Basic, 485 

U.S. at 231-32 (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, based on the 

communications between the Individual Defendants prior to the disclosure of the LPM 

defect, a reasonable jury could find that Defendants intended to deceive investors by 

concealing its existence. 

 2. Concealment. 

 Plaintiffs claim that First Solar’s initial disclosure of the LPM defect in 2Q10 was 

 

11 The Court notes Plaintiffs’ failure to connect Widmar to the alleged scheme to conceal the existence of the LPM defect from the public. In fact, Widmar did not become 

CFO of First Solar until early 2011. As such, he cannot be responsible for this alleged fraud. 

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misleading because it bounded the problem to “less than 4% of the total product 

manufactured within the period,” which is equivalent to approximately 400,000 modules 

or 30MW. Doc. 359-1 at 41. The initial disclosure also stated that “[w]e have been 

working directly with impacted customers to replace the affected modules and these 

efforts are well underway and, in some cases, complete.” Id. This disclosure was 

repeated in a substantially similar form in First Solar’s quarterly filings until 4Q11. 

Plaintiffs assert that Ahearn, Gillette, Eaglesham, Sohn, Meyerhoff, and Zhu reviewed 

and approved this disclosure before it was released. Doc. 363 at 23. 

 In April 2010, Koralewski was informed via email that “[t]he 415K is the limit we 

have at this time. It is based on the probability of returns, not necessarily the total 

LPM[.]” Doc. 364-3 at 78. In June 2010, First Solar discovered that the LPM population 

could be as large as 1.4 million modules. Doc. 365-9 at 43. In December 2010, 

Koralewski noted: “We know that there are more LPM out there (warranty worse than 

10%) of approximately 500,000 (addition to what is in model)[.]” Id. at 56. 

 Plaintiffs also claim First Solar misrepresented the status of its remediation 

program to investors. An internal report, which was sent to Zhu, noted that as of July 22, 

2011, over 2,000 claims had not yet been assessed for validity. Doc. 368-2 at 8. On 

November 3, 2011, Widmar stated that “[w]e have substantially concluded the 

remediation programs associated with this manufacturing excursion.” Doc. 311 at 59. In 

an email circulated between Kallenbach, Koralewski, Zhu and Schumaker discussing the 

upcoming 3Q11 earnings call and agreeing to state that the remediation programs had 

substantially concluded, Kallenbach responded: “To be crystal clear the operative term is 

‘substantially concluded.’” Doc. 368-4 at 29. At his deposition, Thomas Kuster testified 

that at the end of 3Q11 the remediation programs “had not been substantially concluded. 

There was still work to be done.” Doc. 364-1 at 21. In 4Q11, First Solar added $125.8 

million to the LPM Remediation Accrual in its earnings statement. In the related 

conference call, Ahearn explained that the additional accrual occurred because of a late 

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influx of customer claims at the end of the quarter.12

 Defendants claim that there is no evidence that the analysis underlying 

Koralewski’s calculation limiting the number of LPMs to 4% of the total product 

manufactured (or 400,000 modules) was incorrect. They point to Koralewski’s 

declaration, which states that he used his best scientific and engineering judgment in 

arriving at this conclusion. Doc. 324, ¶ 7. In addition, other technical personnel agreed 

with his analysis. Id., ¶ 14. Koralewski claims that any documents purporting to 

demonstrate a higher number of LPMs actually “refer to a larger universe of modules 

than the population of LPMs manufactured during the excursion.” Id., ¶ 18. This was 

because “we started using a statistical Monte Carlo model to estimate the total number of 

modules, including good modules, that First Solar would have to rip and replace to 

complete the remediation effort.” Id. This did not “differentiate LPMs from modules 

that experienced power loss for other reasons.” Id. 

 The evidence presented by Plaintiffs and Defendants creates an issue of fact on 

whether the total population of LPMs was larger than disclosed in July 2010. The emails 

cited by Plaintiffs do not differentiate between LPMs generally and LPMs produced as a 

result of the excursion, and they identified a potential population of LPMs much larger 

than the 400,000 that was later disclosed. Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to 

Plaintiffs, as the Court must do at the summary judgment stage, the Court concludes that 

a reasonable jury could find that the 4% disclosure was materially misleading in light of 

the information known to Defendants. 

 In addition, the Court finds a question of fact regarding whether Widmar’s 

statement that the remediation claims process had substantially concluded was misleading 

to investors. Defendants assert that 89% of the claims had been resolved when Widmar 

made that statement. Doc. 311 at 59. Defendants also claim that the charge related to a 

large influx of customer claims at the end of the quarter. But evidence provided by 

 

12 Importantly, the Individual Defendants do not dispute that they authorized all the statements made in First Solar’s SEC filings and conference calls. Doc. 311 at 47. 

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Plaintiffs calls this explanation into question. Over 2,000 claims remained outstanding at 

the end of July 2011, and 4Q11 brought with it a major accrual charge for remediation 

after Widmar’s statement. A reasonable jury could find that Widmar’s November 3 

statement was materially misleading. 

 Defendants argue that they reasonably relied on the data and analysis provided by 

highly trained scientists and engineers and thus lacked the intent to deceive investors 

when they made statements in earnings releases and conference calls. Generally, 

Plaintiffs must show scienter with respect to each Individual Defendant. See Apollo, 774 

F.3d at 607. Scienter may be imputed to “individual defendants in some situations, for 

example, where we find that ‘a company’s public statements [are] so important and so 

dramatically false that they would create a strong inference that at least some corporate 

officials knew of the falsity upon publication.” Id. at 607-08. Here, the 4% disclosure 

and Widmar’s statement were made in connection with earnings releases, with which the 

Individual Defendants were heavily involved. And the LPM defect was a major issue 

facing First Solar at the time. In fact, it was considered “the biggest smoking gun” at the 

company. A reasonable jury could find that Defendants authorized these statements with 

the intent to mislead investors, or at least acted recklessly in approving such statements. 

See Daou, 411 F.3d at 1015. 

 3. Underaccrual. 

 Plaintiffs submit the declaration of D. Paul Regan, a CPA of more than 40 years, 

to support their argument that Defendants intentionally underestimated the financial 

impact of the LPM defect in their financial statements. Doc. 373, ¶¶ 5-6. Regan opines 

that First Solar violated GAAP in accruing potential warranty claims related to the LPM 

problem. Id., ¶¶ 42-46. Specifically, based on the information available at the time, First 

Solar “failed to make appropriate MD&A disclosures concerning the risk that LPMrelated warranty estimates were likely to change.” Id., ¶ 45. Regan identifies several 

other improper accounting procedures and violations of GAAP. Id., ¶¶ 59-70; 75-81. In 

addition, he notes that PwC did not audit several key disclosures, such as the 4% 

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disclosure in July 2010. Id., ¶ 91. Moreover, “PwC’s audits were not designed to obtain 

evidence such as e-mails among First Solar’s employees.” Id., ¶ 92. PwC also required 

First Solar to provide verifications of facts as well as “numerous representations 

regarding its financial statements” on which PwC could rely in completing its audits. Id., 

¶ 93. 

 Defendants assert that it is undisputed that Schumaker did not believe that it was 

reasonably possible that there would be an increase to the LPM Remediation Accrual that 

would be material to First Solar’s financial condition. But a jury could choose not to 

credit Schumaker’s subjective belief given evidence that Defendants may have been 

ignoring the true scope of the LPM defect. And Defendants’ argument that Regan’s 

conclusions should not be substituted for the engineering and commercial judgments of 

First Solar employees overlooks the fact that Defendants do not specifically challenge 

any of Regan’s findings. These are factual and credibility issues for the jury to resolve. 

 The evidence cited by Plaintiffs creates a genuine dispute of fact regarding 

whether First Solar engaged in accounting violations. Regan’s analysis calls into 

question the accounting methodologies used by First Solar after the LPM defect was 

disclosed. As noted above, there is evidence that Defendants made misrepresentations 

regarding the status of the remediation programs. Taken together, a reasonable jury 

could find that First Solar engaged in accounting fraud. 

 Defendants again assert that they were entitled to rely on the analysis provided by 

lower-level employees. They assert that First Solar maintained a rigorous disclosure 

process and that PwC audited and confirmed its financial statements. But Regan opines 

that PwC relied on misrepresentations made by Defendants regarding the facts underlying 

their financial statements. “If it is true that defendants withheld material information 

from their accountants, defendants will not be able to rely on their accountant’s advice as 

proof of good faith.” Provenz v. Miller, 102 F.3d 1478, 1491 (9th Cir. 1996). 

Defendants do not dispute that PwC was not responsible for confirming the validity of 

several key facts underlying First Solar’s justification for certain accounting practices. 

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And there is a question of fact regarding whether First Solar misrepresented facts on 

which PwC based its audits. From the same evidence cited above, a reasonable jury 

could find First Solar engaged in accounting to conceal the true scope of the LPM defect 

from investors. 

B. Hot Climate Degradation. 

 1. Failure to Disclose and Concealment. 

 Plaintiffs assert that Defendants discovered the hot climate degradation issue in 

November 2009 when the Director of Product management disputed First Solar’s 

representation that modules would degrade at a rate of 0.7%-0.8% in hot climates. 

Doc. 365-5 at 30. He warned that “[f]ield data is noisy, leading to inability to draw 

definitive conclusion on long term degradation.” Doc. 369-1 at 10. In January 2010, an 

employee noted that the “new degradation rates are higher [than] expected for hot 

climates.” Id. at 96. In April 2010, Adrianne Kimber, First Solar’s Director of 

Performance and Production, along with a technical team, provided more data and 

analysis regarding degradation rates and concluded that “total system energy yield in the 

first 5 years would be less than our current guidance based on -0.7% annual degradation.” 

Doc. 369-2 at 13. She noted that “there is a 95% chance that the true hot climate PV 

system degradation is greater than 0.7%/year.” Id. at 20. The team noted that “First 

Solar should contemplate a change to external guidance for degradation rates of systems 

and modules installed in hot climates.” Id. at 13. In addition, the team concluded that the 

data showed modules would “fall[] short of customer expectations by year 7.” Id. 

Koralewski read the report and concluded that “it is a nice piece of work and data based 

as we can get at this time.” Doc. 369-3 at 58. 

 On March 17, 2011, Eaglesham was notified that the issue was raised in a staff 

meeting and “caused quite a bit of excitement about what should/shouldn’t be changed in 

our financial assumptions.” Id. at 65. Afterwards, an email was sent to First Solar 

employees, including Meyerhoff and Eaglesham, which addressed the hot climate issue 

and noted that “[u]ntil we receive executive approval to modify our guidance, there is no 

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change to our degradation guidance in any region.” Id. at 70. In late March, a 

presentation was made to “[o]rient E-Staff to stabilization issue,” which noted that 

“hotter sites drop faster, more severely.” Doc. 369-4 at 3, 10. Defendants do not dispute 

that the seven Individual Defendants were members of E-Staff. Meyerhoff, Zhu, and 

Sohn admitted that they were part of E-Staff in their depositions. Doc. 364-1 at 118, 170, 

215. 

 In order to allegedly conceal the defect from customers, Plaintiffs claim 

Defendants “de-rated” modules. De-rating is the “process by which First Solar labeled 

modules with wattage lower than the wattage at which the module tests, to accommodate 

[the] exponential part of the [hot climate] degradation.” Doc. 363 at 49 n.38. De-rating 

was the “simplest, fastest solution,” but would result in a large impact to profit margin. 

Doc. 369-4 at 14. Eaglesham noted that a large financial impact was imminent. 

Doc. 369-9 at 2. In an email to Sohn and Meyerhoff, Kallenbach listed the options for 

dealing with the defect: “(1) Change our label from +/-5% to +5/-10%, (2) Change the 

derate so that no (almost no) modules fall below -10%, (3) Change the derate so that no 

(almost no) modules fall below -5%, (4) Offer a system level performance warranty in 

lieu of a module performance warranty, (5) Do nothing.” Id. at 14. 

 On April 27, 2011, Eaglesham informed E-Staff and the Board of Directors that 

modules were degrading at a rate of 11% in hot climates. Doc. 364-1 at 240. Mitigation 

options, including de-rating, were presented, and Eaglesham informed the Board that the 

impact of de-rating would be $30-$60 million in 2011. Id. at 241. Ultimately, the defect 

and its financial impact ($37.8 million) were not disclosed until the 4Q11 release and a 

conference call in February 2012, nearly a year after Eaglesham’s presentation. 

 Defendants argue that this evidence is misleading because the data was based on 

an assumption that the modules would degrade linearly. In that case, degradation would 

be worse than 0.8% per year. But, they assert, modules actually did not degrade linearly, 

they experienced higher degradation during their first few years in operation, and thus no 

warranty concerns existed. This argument overlooks evidence that Eaglesham later 

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concluded that modules in hot climates were degrading at a rate of 11%, and that this was 

going to result in a large financial impact to First Solar. 

 A reasonable jury could find from the evidence that First Solar’s representation 

that its modules degraded at a rate of 0.7%-0.8% in hot climates was misleading. A 

reasonable jury could also find that Defendants should have disclosed the hot climate 

problem sooner and that Defendants concealed the problem from customers to avoid 

disclosure. The evidence indicates that Eaglesham, Sohn, Meyerhoff, and other members 

of E-Staff knew about the issue and spent several months trying to mitigate its effects. In 

April 2011, Eaglesham reported his findings to E-Staff, which concluded that the hot 

climate degradation issue could have a financial impact of up to $60 million. At that 

point, all Individual Defendants knew the problem was significant. 

 In addition, Defendants’ concealment of the issue from customers evidences a 

desire to keep the issue from reaching investors, especially after First Solar had already 

disclosed the LPM problem less than a year prior. Like the LPM problem, a jury could 

conclude that a reasonable investor would consider the existence of the hot climate 

problem as significantly altering the total mix of information made available. 

The evidence also creates a question of fact about whether Defendants acted with 

intent to deceive investors. Defendants argue that only Eaglesham knew of the issue and 

that he did not believe it to be a problem. But Eaglesham presented his findings to the EStaff, which included several, if not all, of the Individual Defendants. A jury might also 

doubt that Eaglesham consider the defect to be a non-problem when he knew it could cost 

First Solar up to $60 million. What is more, a jury could find that Defendants concealed 

the defect for several months before disclosing it, and considered five alternative 

mitigation strategies, which included doing nothing. Instead of notifying customers 

about the problem, First Solar de-rated modules. A reasonable jury could find that 

Defendants concealed the existence of the hot climate defect with the intent to mislead 

investors, or at the very least, acted recklessly in failing to disclose the problem to 

customers and investors. 

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 2. Underaccrual. 

 Plaintiffs assert that Defendants concealed the existence of the hot climate 

degradation for several quarters by engaging in accounting violations so that investors 

could not learn of the problem through SEC filings. Regan, Plaintiffs’ expert, concludes 

that Defendants retroactively applied the $37.8 million accrual for the hot climate defect 

that related to modules shipped between 3Q09 through 2Q11. Doc. 373, ¶ 89. He also 

concludes that Defendants violated GAAP by failing to increase its warranty accrual once 

it quantified the financial impact of the defect in 1Q11, at which point it was both 

qualitatively and quantitatively material. Id. Instead, the accrual was delayed until 

4Q11. Id. 

 Defendants argue that they sufficiently accounted for the financial impact of their 

mitigation strategies in their financial statements. But Plaintiffs provide expert testimony 

that First Solar committed several GAAP violations regarding the hot climate issue, 

giving rise to a genuine dispute of fact that cannot be resolved by summary judgment. 

C. CpW. 

 Plaintiffs argue that Defendants manipulated CpW by excluding and delaying 

recognition of costs related to the LPM problem and hot climate defect in the CpW 

calculation, as well as excluding the effects of de-rating. Lower CpW indicated greater 

manufacturing efficiency, but is not a GAAP metric. Nonetheless, investors were aware 

of this figure and it was disclosed in First Solar’s SEC filings. Plaintiffs assert that CpW 

was improperly manipulated by one penny in 3Q10, from $0.86 to $0.85. They also 

point to the internal investigation that occurred relating to CpW. 

 Defendants argue that CpW includes costs only for manufacturing modules in the 

current reporting period. Remediation and warranty costs were associated with modules 

produced in earlier quarters and had no effect on manufacturing. Thus, when First Solar 

disclosed the LPM defect, it advised investors in 2Q10 that CpW did not include costs 

related to the remediation program. Doc. 311 at 64. 

 In his declaration, Meyerhoff states that “CpW is a metric used throughout the 

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photovoltaic industry [and] is not a GAAP metric and does not have a standard 

definition.” Doc. 316, ¶ 49. “First Solar publicly defined CpW as a period 

manufacturing cost – that is, the in-period costs of producing one watt for sale.” Id. In 

addition, Meyerhoff notes that “this period metric is not intended to include costs related 

to prior or future periods.” Id., ¶ 50. 

 Plaintiffs have failed to provide evidence from which a reasonable jury could 

conclude that CpW should have contained costs related to the LPM or hot climate 

defects. There is no evidence that First Solar ever included prior or future costs in CpW. 

Although the two defects were occurring simultaneously with new manufacturing, there 

is no evidence that new modules were being manufactured with less efficiency due to 

defects in previously-manufactured modules. As Meyerhoff notes, CpW is simply a 

metric used to measure the actual costs required to manufacture a single watt of power. 

 In addition, Plaintiffs’ allegations relating to the internal investigation do little to 

suggest Defendants intended to manipulate CpW. It is undisputed that CpW was an 

important metric, but Plaintiffs do not connect any wrongdoing to the Individual 

Defendants. Even assuming Wood, who is not a Defendant, was improperly pressuring 

employees to lower CpW, Plaintiffs do not dispute that First Solar immediately 

investigated the allegations and, with advice of counsel, found no wrongdoing. The 

record is devoid of evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Defendants 

improperly manipulated CpW with the intent to mislead investors. Notably, Regan does 

not offer an opinion regarding CpW. See Doc. 373. 

 D. Section 10(b) Conclusion. 

 Plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find loss 

causation as defined in Daou with respect to the five disclosure events other than the 

announcement of Gillette’s departure. Plaintiffs have also presented sufficient evidence 

for a reasonable jury to conclude that Defendants (1) had a duty to disclose the LPM 

defect to investors and failed to do so in order to mislead investors, (2) concealed the 

scope of the LPM defect with the intent to mislead investors, (3) had a duty to disclose 

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the hot climate degradation to investors and failed to do so in order to mislead investors, 

and (4) engaged in accounting fraud with respect to both defects with intent to mislead 

investors. 

 Plaintiffs have failed to create a question of fact regarding their CpW claim and 

have failed to present evidence connecting Widmar to the alleged failure to disclose the 

LPM problem prior to July 29, 2010. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be 

granted on these issues in addition to the October 25, 2011 disclosure of Gillette’s 

departure, and denied on the remaining § 10(b) issues.13 

 VI. Section 20(a) Claims. 

 Plaintiffs allege that the Individual Defendants are liable for the § 10(b) violations 

as “controlling persons” under § 20(a). “As controlling persons, they would be jointly 

and severally liable for violations of section 10(b) of the [Exchange Act] and Rule 10b5.” Apollo, 774 F.3d at 603. “To establish a cause of action under this provision, a 

plaintiff must first prove a primary violation of . . . Section 10(b) or Rule 10b-5, and then 

show that the defendant exercised actual power over the primary violator.” In re NVIDIA 

Corp. Secs. Litig., 768 F.3d 1046, 1052 (9th Cir. 2014). Defendants argue that they 

cannot be held liable for statements made by lower-level employees. But Plaintiffs have 

established questions of fact with respect to their § 10(b) claims, and the statements and 

misrepresentations have been connected to all of the Individual Defendants, unless 

otherwise noted. Thus, a genuine dispute of fact remains as to whether Defendants are 

liable under § 20(a). 

VII. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment. 

 Plaintiffs seek summary judgment on eighteen of Defendants’ twenty affirmative 

defenses. Doc. 309. At oral argument, Defendants agreed that the Court could strike 

twelve of these defenses because they “are in fact not affirmative defenses.” Doc. 400 at 

89. Defenses 1 – 5, 7, 10 – 14, and 16 will be stricken (Doc. 123 at 79-83), and the Court 

 

13 Plaintiffs also claim that Defendants’ stock trades evidence scienter. Because 

the Court has already found that Plaintiffs can satisfy the scienter element, it need not analyze this argument. 

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will not grant Plaintiffs’ motion on this ground. 

 With respect to the six remaining defenses, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants can 

produce no supporting evidence. Doc. 310 at 2. These defenses include: Sixth – 

Assumption of Risk; Eighth – Failure to Mitigate Damages; Ninth – Proportional 

Allocation of Fault; Fifteenth – Statute of Limitations; Nineteenth – Release; and 

Twentieth – Res Judicata. Id. at 5. Defendants confirm that they are not aware of facts 

supporting these defenses as to the named Plaintiffs, but argue that they should be 

permitted to reserve these defenses as to absent class members and damages allocation. 

 The Court will not grant summary judgment on these six affirmative defenses. 

This case will not end if a verdict is entered for Plaintiffs at trial. A procedure will be 

required to establish the claims of class members. The Court cannot determine at this 

stage whether any of the remaining affirmative defenses would be relevant in that 

process, and therefore will not eliminate the defenses now.14 

VIII. Other Matters. 

 A. Request for Judicial Notice. 

 Defendants ask the Court to take judicial notice of the following facts: (1) the 

daily closing price of First Solar stock as recorded by Yahoo! Finance; (2) First Solar’s 

Forms 8-K, 10-Q, and 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission 

(“SEC”); (3) First Solar press releases contained on its website; and (4) excerpts taken 

from First Solar earnings conference calls recorded and transcribed by Bloomberg LP. 

Defendants attached the information as exhibits to their request, and Plaintiffs do not 

oppose the request. 

 Rule 201 permits courts to take judicial notice of facts “capable of accurate and 

 

14 With respect to the proportional allocation of fault defense, the Court notes that 

the PSLRA provides that a defendant “against whom a final judgment is entered in a private action shall be liable solely for the portion of the judgment that corresponds to the percentage of responsibility of that covered person[.]” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(f)(2)(B)(i). A defendant may be jointly and severally liable “only if the trier of fact specifically determines that such covered person knowingly committed a violation of the securities 

laws.” Id. § 78u-4(f)(2)(A). The applicability of these provisions must be determined in 

light of the jury’s verdict. 

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ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be 

questioned.” Fed. R. Ev. 201(b)(2). Defendants seek judicial notice of facts from 

reliable sources. The Court will take judicial notice and assume the accuracy of the facts 

set forth in Defendants’ request. 

B. Motions to Seal. 

 Defendants also filed a motion to seal six exhibits in support of their motion for 

summary judgment (Doc. 342) and a motion to seal six exhibits accompanying their reply 

brief (Doc. 387). Defendants claim these documents contain trade secrets and “technical 

information and key metrics related to the performance of First Solar modules, their 

failure rates over time, detailed projections on the expected degradation of First Solar 

modules over their lifetime, and technical data on First Solar’s manufacturing process for 

modules destined for use in hot climates.” Doc. 342 at 2-3. 

 Documents may be sealed if the court finds “compelling reasons supported by 

specific factual findings . . . outweigh the general history of access and the public policies 

favoring disclosure.” Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 (9th Cir. 2010). 

The Court finds that the exhibits contain trade secrets and key technical information that 

could result in unwarranted injury to First Solar if disclosed. The Court will grant 

Defendants’ motions to seal. Plaintiffs do not oppose them. 

 IT IS ORDERED: 

1. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Doc. 311) is granted in part 

and denied in part. 

 2. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment (Doc. 309) is denied, but 

Defendants’ affirmative defenses 1 – 5, 7, 10 – 14, and 16 are stricken. 

 3. Defendants’ request for judicial notice (Doc. 341) is granted. 

 4. Defendants’ motions to seal (Docs. 342, 387) are granted. 

 5. The Court certifies the loss causation issue discussed above for immediate 

interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The issue certified is this: 

what is the correct test for loss causation in the Ninth Circuit? Can a 

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plaintiff prove loss causation by showing that the very facts misrepresented 

or omitted by the defendant were a substantial factor in causing the 

plaintiff’s economic loss, even if the fraud itself was not revealed to the 

market (Nuveen, 730 F.3d at 1120), or must the market actually learn that 

the defendant engaged in fraud and react to the fraud itself (Oracle, 627 

F.3d at 392)? Within 10 days of the entry of this order, either side may 

petition the Ninth Circuit to decide this issue on immediate appeal. Id. If 

neither side files such a petition, the Court will schedule a case 

management conference to set a schedule for completion of expert 

discovery and clarification of trial issues, and will set a final pretrial 

conference, at which a firm trial date will be set. If a petition for immediate 

appeal is filed within 10 days of this order, the Court will stay this action 

until the Ninth Circuit decides whether to take the appeal and, if it does, the 

stay will remain in effect until the appeal is decided.

 Dated this 10th day of August, 2015. 

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