Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-5_13-cv-00438/USCOURTS-cand-5_13-cv-00438-25/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

SAN JOSE DIVISION

RICHARD KATZMAN,

 Plaintiff,

v.

LOS ANGELES COUNTY METROPOLITAN 

TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY,

a special district,

 Defendant. 

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No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS 

(ANNOTATED)

The parties shall file any objections to the preliminary jury instructions by March 6, 2015. 

Dated: February 27, 2015 _______________________________

LUCY H. KOH

United States District Judge

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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United States District Court

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1. DUTY OF JURY

Ladies and gentlemen: You are now the jury in this case. It is my duty to instruct you on the law.

These instructions are preliminary instructions to help you understand the principles that apply to 

civil trials and to help you understand the evidence as you listen to it. You will be allowed to keep 

this set throughout the trial to which to refer. This set of instructions is not to be taken home and 

must remain in the jury room when you leave in the evenings. At the end of the trial, I will give 

you a final set of instructions. It is the final set of instructions which will govern your 

deliberations.

You must not infer from these instructions or from anything I may say or do as indicating that I 

have an opinion regarding the evidence or what your verdict should be.

It is your duty to find the facts from all the evidence in the case. To those facts you will apply the 

law as I give it to you. You must follow the law as I give it to you whether you agree with it or 

not. And you must not be influenced by any personal likes or dislikes, opinions, prejudices, or 

sympathy. That means that you must decide the case solely on the evidence before you. You will 

recall that you took an oath to do so.

In following my instructions, you must follow all of them and not single out some and ignore 

others; they are all important.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.1A (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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United States District Court

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2. CLAIMS AND DEFENSES

To help you follow the evidence, I will give you a brief summary of the positions of the parties:

The plaintiff claims that the defendant’s pension audit procedures violate his constitutional rights. 

Specifically, the plaintiff contends that his interest in the uninterrupted payment of his pension 

outweighs the defendant’s interest in not implementing certain procedural safeguards that plaintiff

asks the defendant to implement. The plaintiff also contends that the risk that the defendant will 

erroneously deprive pension recipients of their pension is unreasonably high, and that procedural 

safeguards exist which would reduce this risk of erroneous deprivation. The plaintiff further 

contends that the defendant arbitrarily did not extend existing procedural safeguards to the plaintiff. 

The plaintiff has the burden of proving his claim by a preponderance of the evidence.

The defendant denies that its pension audit procedures violate the plaintiff’s constitutional right to 

due process. Defendant contends that any additional or substitute procedural requirements would 

entail fiscal and administrative burdens and would not reduce the risk of erroneous deprivation. 

The defendant also denies that it arbitrarily did not extend existing procedural safeguards to the 

plaintiff.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions – 1.2 (2007 Edition); Joint Proposed Jury 

Instruction No. 2, ECF No. 161-1

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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3. BURDEN OF PROOF—PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE

When a party has the burden of proof on any claim by a preponderance of the evidence, it means 

you must be persuaded by the evidence that the claim is more probably true than not true.

You should base your decision on all of the evidence, regardless of which party presented it.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.3 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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4. WHAT IS EVIDENCE

The evidence you are to consider in deciding what the facts are consists of:

(1) the sworn testimony of any witness; 

(2) the exhibits which are received in evidence; and

(3) any facts to which the lawyers have agreed.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.6 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

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5. WHAT IS NOT EVIDENCE

In reaching your verdict, you may consider only the testimony and exhibits received into evidence. 

Certain things are not evidence, and you may not consider them in deciding what the facts are. I 

will list them for you:

(1) Arguments and statements by lawyers are not evidence. The lawyers are not 

witnesses. What they will say in their opening statements, will say in their closing 

arguments, and at other times is intended to help you interpret the evidence, but it is 

not evidence. If the facts as you remember them differ from the way the lawyers 

have stated them, your memory of them controls.

(2) Questions and objections by lawyers are not evidence. Attorneys have a duty to 

their clients to object when they believe a question is improper under the rules of 

evidence. You should not be influenced by the objection or by the court’s ruling on 

it.

(3) Testimony that has been excluded or stricken, or that you have been instructed to 

disregard, is not evidence and must not be considered. In addition sometimes 

testimony and exhibits are received only for a limited purpose; when I give a 

limiting instruction, you must follow it.

(4) Anything you may have seen or heard when the court was not in session is not 

evidence. You are to decide the case solely on the evidence received at the trial.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.7 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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6. DIRECT OR CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

Evidence may be direct or circumstantial. Direct evidence is direct proof of a fact, such as 

testimony by a witness about what that witness personally saw or heard or did. Circumstantial

evidence is proof of one or more facts from which you could find another fact. You should 

consider both kinds of evidence. The law makes no distinction between the weight to be given to 

either direct or circumstantial evidence. It is for you to decide how much weight to give to any 

evidence.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.9 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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7. RULING ON OBJECTIONS

There are rules of evidence that control what can be received into evidence. When a lawyer asks a 

question or offers an exhibit into evidence and a lawyer on the other side thinks that it is not 

permitted by the rules of evidence, that lawyer may object. If I overrule the objection, the question 

may be answered or the exhibit received. If I sustain the objection, the question cannot be 

answered, and the exhibit cannot be received. Whenever I sustain an objection to a question, you 

must ignore the question and must not guess what the answer might have been.

Sometimes I may order that evidence be stricken from the record and that you disregard or ignore 

the evidence. That means that when you are deciding the case, you must not consider the evidence 

that I told you to disregard.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.10 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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8. CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES

In deciding the facts in this case, you may have to decide which testimony to believe and which 

testimony not to believe. You may believe everything a witness says, or part of it, or none of it.

Proof of a fact does not necessarily depend on the number of witnesses who testify about it.

In considering the testimony of any witness, you may take into account:

(1) the opportunity and ability of the witness to see or hear or know the things testified

to;

(2) the witness’s memory;

(3) the witness’s manner while testifying;

(4) the witness’s interest in the outcome of the case and any bias or prejudice;

(5) whether other evidence contradicted the witness’s testimony;

(6) the reasonableness of the witness’s testimony in light of all the evidence; and

(7) any other factors that bear on believability.

The weight of the evidence as to a fact does not necessarily depend on the number of witnesses 

who testify about it.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.11 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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9. STIPULATIONS OF FACT

The parties have agreed to certain facts that will be read to you. You should therefore treat these 

facts as having been proven.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions – 2.2 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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10. CONDUCT OF THE JURY

I will now say a few words about your conduct as jurors.

First, keep an open mind throughout the trial, and do not decide what the verdict should be until 

you and your fellow jurors have completed your deliberations at the end of the case.

Second, because you must decide this case based only on the evidence received in the case and on 

my instructions as to the law that applies, you must not be exposed to any other information about 

the case or to the issues it involves during the course of your jury duty. Thus, until the end of the 

case or unless I tell you otherwise:

Do not communicate with anyone in any way and do not let anyone else 

communicate with you in any way about the merits of the case or anything to do 

with it. This includes discussing the case in person, in writing, by phone or 

electronic means, via e-mail, text messaging, or any Internet chat room, blog, Web 

site or other feature. This applies to communicating with your fellow jurors until I 

give you the case for deliberation, and it applies to communicating with everyone 

else including your family members, your employer, the media or press, and the 

people involved in the trial, although you may notify your family and your employer 

that you have been seated as a juror in the case. But, if you are asked or approached 

in any way about your jury service or anything about this case, you must respond 

that you have been ordered not to discuss the matter and to report the contact to the 

court.

Because you will receive all the evidence and legal instruction you properly may 

consider to return a verdict: do not read, watch, or listen to any news or media 

accounts or commentary about the case or anything to do with it; do not do any

research, such as consulting dictionaries, searching the Internet or using other 

reference materials; and do not make any investigation or in any other way try to 

learn about the case on your own.

The law requires these restrictions to ensure the parties have a fair trial based on the same evidence 

that each party has had an opportunity to address. A juror who violates these restrictions 

jeopardizes the fairness of these proceedings, and a mistrial could result that would require the 

entire process to start over. If any juror is exposed to any outside information, please notify the 

court immediately.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.12 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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11. TAKING NOTES

If you wish, you may take notes to help you remember the evidence. If you do take notes, please 

keep them to yourself until you and your fellow jurors go to the jury room to decide the case. Do 

not let note-taking distract you. When you leave, your notes should be left in the jury room. No 

one will read your notes. They will be destroyed at the conclusion of the case.

Whether or not you take notes, you should rely on your own memory of the evidence. Notes are 

only to assist your memory. You should not be overly influenced by your notes or those of your 

fellow jurors.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.14 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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12. BENCH CONFERENCES AND RECESSES

From time to time during the trial, it may become necessary for me to talk with the attorneys out of 

the hearing of the jury, either by having a conference at the bench when the jury is present in the 

courtroom, or by calling a recess. Please understand that while you are waiting, we are working. 

The purpose of these conferences is not to keep relevant information from you, but to decide how 

certain evidence is to be treated under the rules of evidence and to avoid confusion and error.

Of course, we will do what we can to keep the number and length of these conferences to a 

minimum. I may not always grant an attorney’s request for a conference. Do not consider my 

granting or denying a request for a conference as any indication of my opinion of the case or of 

what your verdict should be.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.18 (2007 Edition)

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Case No.: 13-CV-00438 LHK

PRELIMINARY JURY INSTRUCTIONS (ANNOTATED)

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13. OUTLINE OF TRIAL

Trials proceed in the following way: First, each side may make an opening statement.

An opening statement is not evidence. It is simply an outline to help you understand what that 

party expects the evidence will show. A party is not required to make an opening statement.

The plaintiff will then present evidence, and counsel for the defendant may cross-examine. Then 

the defendant may present evidence, and counsel for the plaintiff may cross-examine.

After the evidence has been presented, I will instruct you on the law that applies to the case and the 

attorneys will make closing arguments.

After that, you will go to the jury room to deliberate on your verdict.

Source: Ninth Circuit Model Civil Jury Instructions - 1.19 (2007 Edition)

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