Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02558/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02558-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Injunctive &amp; Declaratory Relief

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ARNIE GELLER, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

CASE NO. 11cv2558-IEG (NLS)

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’

MOTION TO QUASH SUBPOENA

[Doc. No. 1.]

vs.

GUNTHER VON HAGENS,

PLASTINATION COMPANY, INC., and

INSTITUTE FOR PLASTINATION, 

Defendants.

INTRODUCTION

Defendants have filed a motion to quash a subpoena served on third party San Diego Natural

History Museum, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. Having considered the matter, and

based on the following, the Court DENIES the motion to quash.

BACKGROUND

This action is an ancillary discovery proceeding related to an underlying lawsuit pending in

the Middle District of Florida, Tampa Division, Case No. 8:10-cv-01688-EAK-AEP. Defendants are

in the business of arranging exhibits of plastinated human bodies, known as “Body Worlds,” that has

been presented at museums around the country, including the San Diego Natural History Museum

(“the Museum”). (Motion to Quash, Mem. of P & A (“Mot.”) at 1.) Plaintiffs are the suppliers to

non-party Premier Exhibitions, Inc., which also exhibits plastinated bodies throughout the country.

(Id.) In the underlying case, Plaintiffs assert claims of defamation and tortious interference against

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Defendants based on a television news report, ABC’s 20/20 program called “The Business of Bodies,”

about where and how the human body specimens were obtained. (Id.; Opposition (“Opp.”) at 1.) 

Plaintiffs allege Defendants publicly stated the following: “(1) the bodies for the ‘Bodies ...

the Exhibition’ were purchased on China's ‘black market,’ and were bodies of tortured, abused and

executed Chinese prisoners; (2) dealers made "body runs" to the ‘black market’ and purchased bodies

of executed prisoners for $200–300; (3) the bodies were located in a rundown warehouse in northern

China; (4) von Hagens stated it was quite normal that executed prisoners were used for anatomical

purposes in China; (5) the bodies were obtained illegally; and (6) the bodies which were either

obtained from the ‘black market’ or otherwise illegally obtained were used in the ‘Bodies ... the

Exhibition.’” [M.D. Fla., Case No. 8:10cv1688-EAK-AEP, Order Denying Summary Judgment, Doc.

No. 94 at 3.] Further, Plaintiffs allege Defendants tortiously interfered with five of their contracts

with venues and museums in Europe. [M.D. Fla., Case No. 8:10cv1688-EAK-AEP, Second Amended

Complaint, Doc. No. 48 ¶ 127.]

On October 12, 2011, Plaintiffs served 22 separate subpoena requests on museums and science

centers throughout the United States, including the San Diego Natural History Museum. (Mot., Exh.

A.) Responses were expected by November 11, 2011. Id. The subpoena requests sought business and

financial documents. (Mot. at 1.) On November 2, 2011, Defendants moved to quash the subpoena

on the grounds of relevance, overbreadth, and confidentiality. [Doc. No.1.] The Court set a briefing

schedule on the motion and stayed compliance with the subpoenas until an order was issued resolving

the matter. [Doc. No. 4.] 

On November 10, 2011, Defendants filed a notice stating they had filed a motion for a

protective order in the underlying case in Florida. [Doc. No. 6.] The Florida Court issued a

preliminary order postponing compliance with the subpoenas until it could decide the motion. [Id.

at Exh. A.] The Florida court also set a hearing on the motion for a protective order for November

16, 2011.

On November 18, 2011, Plaintiffs filed their Opposition to the motion to quash in this Court.

[Doc. No 7.] On November 28, 2011, Defendants filed a Reply wherein they modified their original

motion to quash in light of the Florida court’s partial grant of their motion for a protective order which

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 These are Requests 16-18, 20-41, and 43 for documents related to the human body specimens

or human body parts received by or used by the Museum. (Reply, Exh. A at 11.)

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was issued on November 23, 2011. (Reply at 1.) The Florida court granted Defendants’ motion with

regard to “Communication Requests” and “Financial Requests” but denied the motion as it pertained

to the “Provenance Requests.” (Reply, Exh. A at 11.) On December 2, 2012, Plaintiffs filed a

supplemental brief addressing Defendants’ modified motion to quash in light of the Florida court’s

decision. The issue before this Court is whether the Provenance Requests should be quashed pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. 

DISCUSSION

(a) Effect of Florida Court’s Ruling

The Florida court granted Defendants’ motion for a protective order relating to the

Communications and Financial Requests contained in the subpoena directed at the Museum.

Defendants therefore state this court need not address these documents in its consideration of the

present motion to quash. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the motion to quash with regard to the

Financial and Communication Requests, consistent with the Florida court ruling. 

(b) The Provenance Requests

The Provenance Requests1

 seek information about the source of Defendants’ body specimens.

 The Florida court found the Provenance Requests to be relevant to Plaintiffs’ tortious interference

claim based on the allegation by Plaintiffs that Defendants “ ‘attempt[ed] to interfere with the business

relationships, [] [by] correspond[ing] with representatives of the [European] Venues and provid[ing]

each with information relating to the [ABC] Broadcast,’ which includes alleged false statements by

the Defendants that differentiate between the provenance of the parties’ specimens.” (Reply, Exh. A

at 8.) The court stated, “Specifically, the Plaintiffs claim that ‘to distinguish their specimens from

Plaintiffs’ unclaimed Chinese body specimens, the defendants have represented to museums and

others that their specimens are not from China, and with limited exception, are all donated.’” (Id. at

5.) Thus, the Florida court denied Defendants’ motion for a protective order with regard to the

Provenance Requests. (Id. at 11.)

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(b) Application of Rule 45

Defendants argue the Florida court made its ruling based on whether the requests were

relevant under Rule 26(b)(1) and specifically stated, “it must be noted that [the] Court makes no

finding in this Order as to the Museum Subpoenas under Rule 45 standards.” (Reply at 2.)

Defendants thus argue, “the ruling has no impact on Defendants’ argument that they have a personal

right or privilege which prohibits the disclosure of the requested documents....” (Id.) Defendants

then refer this Court to “the reasons set forth in [their] moving papers” for why the subpoena should

be quashed on the basis of personal right or privilege. 

However, the section of Defendants’ moving papers addressing the issue of privilege

specifically refer to Requests 1-15, 19, 42, and 44, all of which pertain only to the “Communication

and Financial Requests,” not the Provenance Requests. (Mot. at 4-6.) The claim in the moving

papers is also one based not on personal right or privilege but “confidential and private business

information” protected under a nondisclosure agreement with the Museum. (Id.) 

In their Reply brief Defendants attach their business confidentiality argument to the

Provenance Documents and additionally assert they have a right of privilege in the documents. Even

assuming Defendants impliedly included the Provenance Documents in their initial briefing, because

asserting privilege versus confidentiality is a different argument Defendants are inappropriately

raising it for the first time in their Reply brief. See Dytch v. Yoon, 2011 WL 839421 *3 (N.D.Cal.)

(citing State of Nev. v. Watkins, 914 F.2d 1545, 1560 (9th Cir. 1990) (“It is improper for a moving

party to introduce new facts or different legal arguments in the reply brief than those presented in the

moving papers.”). Under Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(iii) a court must quash or modify a subpoena that

“requires disclosure of privileged and other protected matter.” (Emphasis added.) Under subsection

(c)(3)(B)(i) a court may quash a subpoena requiring “disclos[ure] [of] a trade secret or other

confidential research, development, or commercial information.” (Emphasis added.) The burden of

persuasion may differ depending on which rule is invoked. See Mannington Mills v. Armstrong

World Industries, Inc., 206 F.R.D. 525, 529 (D.Del., 2002) (citing Micro Motion Inc. v. Kane Steel

Co., Inc., 894 F.2d 1318, 1323 (Fed.Cir.1990)).

Nevertheless, in the interests of judicial economy and because Plaintiffs filed a Supplemental

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Brief or Sur-reply that the Court will also consider, and wherein Plaintiffs were free to respond to the

new argument, the Court will address the merits of the issue. 

As to the claim of privilege, “Where the elements of a claim or defense are governed by state

law, privileges are determined in accordance with state law.” Cunningham v. Connecticut Mut. Life

Ins., 845 F.Supp. 1403, 1409 (S.D.Cal, 1994). Florida law controls the issue of tortious interference

but Defendants have not cited one Florida case that establishes any privilege in the Provenance

Documents. See e.g. American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, 38 Cal.App.3d 579, 593 (1974)

(addressing lawyer-client privilege); Sav-On Drug Stores v. Superior Court, 15 Cal.3d 1, 7 (1975)

(addressing tax return privilege). A movant must state specific reasons why a subpoena should be

quashed; simply making a general assertion is inadequate. See Herring v. Clark, 2011 WL 24336672

* 9 (E.D. Cal.) (must state reasons for motion to quash with specificity); see also Diamond State Ins.

Co. V. Rebel Oil Co., Inc., 157 F.R.D. 691, 698 (D.Nev., 1994) (“A generalized, self-serving,

conclusory assertion of protection or privilege is without merit.”). Additionally, “[T]here is no

absolute privilege for trade secrets and similar confidential information.” Federal Open Market

Committee of Federal Reserve System v. Merrill, 443 U.S. 340, 362 (1979) (internal quotation and

citation omitted). The Court does not find a right of privilege in the Provenance Documents. 

As to the claim of confidentiality, Defendants must show that the Provenance Documents are

confidential, and their disclosure harmful, and Plaintiffs must establish that disclosure is both relevant

and necessary. See Diamond State Ins. Co. V. Rebel Oil Co., Inc., 157 F.R.D. at 698 (D.Nev., 1994)

(citing In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d 1068, 1070 (9th Cir.1992) (person asserting

confidentiality has the burden of showing it applies to given set of documents); see also Centurian

Indus. v. Warren Steurer & Assocs., 665 F.2d 323, 325 (10th Cir. 1981) (party seeking discovery must

show relevance and need to gain disclosure). Plaintiffs concede the confidentiality of these

documents as business information but state this is no reason to quash the subpoena because a

protective order is in place in the underlying case that protects the information. (Opp. at 8.) 

A protective order is a remedy that is available to “any person” who is able to establish good

cause for issuance of the protective order “to protect a party or person from annoyance,

embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense. . ..” Rule 26(c). In determining good cause

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a court “must balance the requesting party’s need for information against the injury that might result

if uncontrolled disclosure is compelled.” Arthur R. Miller, Confidentiality, Protective Orders, and

Public Access to the Courts, 105 Harv.L.Rev. 427, 432-33 (1991). 

The Advisory Committee Notes to rule 45 “recognize that 45(c)(3), which authorizes the

quashing of a subpoena, tracks the provisions of Rule 26(c), which empowers the issuance of a

protective order.” Mannington Mills, 206 F.R.D. at 525; see also Exxon Shipping Co. v. U.S. Dep’t

of Interior, 34 F.3d 774, 779-80 (9th Cir. 1994) (applying both rules to motion to quash subpoena).

The Florida court has determined the Provenance Requests are relevant and necessary to

Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claims. (Reply, Exh. A.) Even assuming the Court finds these

documents to be confidential or privileged, they are nevertheless relevant to the issues in this case,

as articulated by the Florida court. Generally, the remedy for relevant yet privileged matter is a

protective order. As Plaintiffs note in their original Opposition, there is already a two-tiered

Protective Order in place in the underlying action. (Opp., Exh. 12.) The Protective Order “protects

discovery from being released to the public [and] also restric[ts] some documents to attorneys’ eyes

only so that the opposing parties themselves will not have access to the sensitive information.” (Id.

at 1.) The Protective Order allows any party to designate a document containing competitive,

commercial or other sensitive information as “attorneys’ eyes only.” (Opp., Exh. 12.) Any

confidentiality concerns about the Provenance documents may be addressed by designating the

documents as “attorneys’ eyes only.” 

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2

 The Court notes it is not at this time ordering production of the documents by the Museum.

As Defendants correctly point out in their Reply, the Museum has objected to the subpoena and its

objections have yet to be adjudicated. If the Museum and Plaintiff are unable to reach agreement on

the terms of production of the Provenance Documents, they must file a Joint Motion for Determination

of Discovery Dispute no later than 45 days from the filing date of this Order.

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CONCLUSION

Having considered the parties’ positions and the posture of the case, the Court HEREBY

ORDERS:

1. The motion to quash is GRANTED with regard to the Communication and Financial

Requests.

2. The motion to quash is DENIED without prejudice with regard to the Provenance

Documents.2

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: December 13, 2011

Hon. Nita L. Stormes

U.S. Magistrate Judge

United States District Court

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