Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-02991/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-cv-02991-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 830
Nature of Suit: Patent
Cause of Action: 15:1126 Patent Infringement

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Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

KREATIVE POWER, LLC,

Plaintiff,

v.

MONOPRICE, INC.,

Defendant.

Case No. 14-cv-02991-SI 

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S 

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Re: Dkt. No. 31

On February 13, 2015, the Court held a hearing on defendant’s motion for summary 

judgment of noninfringement of plaintiff’s ‘097 utility patent; noninfringement and invalidity of 

plaintiff’s D’215 design patent; and noninfringement of plaintiff’s copyright. For the reasons set

forth below, the Court GRANTS the motion.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Kreative Power, LLC (“Kreative”) and defendant Monoprice, Inc. (“Monoprice”) 

are both in the consumer electronics industry, and offer electrical power outlet and surge protector 

devices as part of their product lines. Compl. ¶¶ 15-16. On July 12, 2005, Kreative filed a utility 

patent application for a surge protector that would later issue as U.S. Patent No. 7,112,097 (“the 

‘097 patent”). Id. ¶ 13. Six years later, on April 19, 2011, Kreative filed a design patent 

application for a surge protector that issued as U.S. Patent No. D653,215 (“the D’215 patent”). Id. 

¶ 14. Three years after that, on June 4, 2014, Kreative registered a visual work consisting of the

packaging design to contain its surge protector device, POWRAMID, with the U.S. Copyright 

Office and secured Registration No. VA 0001908609 (“Kreative’s copyright”). Id. ¶¶ 17-18.

Kreative filed this action on June 26, 2014, asserting claims for direct and indirect 

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infringement of the ‘097 and D’215 patents, infringement of Kreative’s copyright, and unfair 

competition. Id. ¶¶ 25-59. Monoprice answered on July 23, 2014, denying all material allegations 

and seeking declaratory relief on Kreative’s allegations. Dkt. 11. Monoprice also requested 

declaratory judgment that the D’215 patent is invalid. Ans. ¶¶ 10-12. The parties’ claims relating 

to unfair competition were dismissed by stipulated order. Dkt. 35. In the Joint Case Management 

Statement filed on October 10, 2014, Monoprice stated that several of the disputed issues were

legal, not factual, in nature and appropriate for early determination without significant fact 

discovery. Dkt 24, 8:21-24. Monoprice also proposed an early dispositive motion for summary 

judgment limited to the legal issues regarding the asserted intellectual property rights raised by 

Kreative. Id. 9:6-9. Monoprice stated that such a motion would not require significant discovery 

and would be filed by January 30, 2015. Id.

On December 9, 2014, Kreative served requests for production, requests for admission, 

and interrogatories. Opp. 3:14-16. Monoprice served written responses on January 12, 2015. Id. 

As of January 20, 2015, Monoprice had not initiated any discovery or sought any depositions. Id.

3:26-27. The parties have yet to engage in any substantive claim construction for the ‘097 patent

claim and were scheduled to exchange preliminary claim constructions and extrinsic evidence on 

January 26, 2015. Id. 3:27-28. Monoprice now moves for summary judgment of noninfringement 

regarding the ‘097 patent, the D’215 patent, and Kreative’s copyright; Monoprice also moves for 

summary judgment of invalidity of the D’215 patent. Dkt. 31.

LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is proper if the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to 

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 

Rosenbaum v. Washoe Cnty., 663 F.3d 1071, 1075 (9th Cir. 2011); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The 

moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material 

fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The moving party, however, has no 

burden to disprove matters on which the non-moving party will have the burden of proof at trial. 

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The moving party need only demonstrate to the Court that there is an absence of evidence to 

support the non-moving party’s case. Id. at 325.

Once the moving party has met its burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to 

“set out ‘specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 324 (quoting then-Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(e)). To carry this burden, the non-moving party must “do more than simply show that there is 

some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith 

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence . . . will be 

insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-moving 

party].” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).

In deciding a summary judgment motion, the court must view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all justifiable inferences in its favor. Id. at 255. 

“Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate 

inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . ruling on a motion for 

summary judgment.” Id. However, conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving 

papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment. Thornhill 

Publ’g Co., Inc. v. GTE Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 738 (9th Cir. 1979). The evidence the parties 

present must be admissible. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2).

DISCUSSION

Monoprice argues that its sole accused product, the 6 Outlet Desktop Hub (“Monoprice

Hub”), does not infringe the ‘097 patent, the design claimed by the D’215 patent, or the Kreative 

copyright as a matter of law. Motion 1:8-18. Monoprice also argues that the D’215 patent is 

invalid as a matter of law because the design is functional and/or anticipated by the ‘097 patent 

and Kreative’s prior public use. Id. In response, Kreative contends that Monoprice’s motion is 

premature, and should be denied without prejudice to refiling after the Court has construed the

‘097 patent claim terms at issue. Opp. 6:3-6. Alternatively, if the Court declines to find 

Monoprice’s motion premature, Kreative maintains that material disputed facts exist which 

preclude an order of summary judgment at this time. Id. 7:10-12.

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I. Infringement of the ‘097 Patent

Summary judgment of noninfringement involves a two-step process. First, the patent 

claims are construed to determine their scope, and second, a determination is made as to whether 

the properly construed claims read on the accused product. Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard 

Co., 182 F.3d 1298, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). To infringe, the accused product

must embody each claim limitation, either literally or equivalently. Sofamor Danek Grp., Inc. v. 

DePuy-Motech, Inc., 74 F.3d 1216, 1220 (Fed. Cir. 1996). The accused infringer seeking 

summary judgment of noninfringment may meet its burden to demonstrate the absence of a 

genuine issue of material fact either by (1) providing evidence that would preclude a finding of 

infringement, or (2) showing that the evidence on file fails to establish a material issue of fact 

essential to the patentee's case. Novartis Corp. v. Ben Venue Labs., Inc., 271 F.3d 1043, 1046 

(Fed. Cir. 2001). Summary judgment of noninfringment may only be granted if, “after viewing 

the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and drawing all justifiable 

inferences in the nonmovant's favor, there is no genuine issue whether the accused device is 

encompassed by the patent claims.” Id.

A. Literal Infringement of the ‘097 Patent

Literal infringement exists when every limitation recited in the patent claim is found in the 

accused product, i.e., when the properly construed claim reads on the accused device exactly. 

Strattec Sec. Corp. v. Gen. Auto. Specialty Co., 126 F.3d 1411, 1418 (Fed. Cir. 1997). As an 

initial matter, Kreative argues that Monoprice’s motion is premature because the parties have yet 

to exchange or submit to the Court their respective claim constructions for the ’097 patent and 

because the Court has not yet conducted its claim construction or held a Markman hearing. Opp. 

5:9-11. Kreative maintains that it “should not be forced to offer its claim construction 

prematurely,” because “Kreative has not yet engaged any expert to assist with its claim 

construction and has thus not completed its claim construction fully.” Opp. 7:24-8:2; Wolf Decl. 

¶ 5.

Monoprice disagrees, arguing that the lack of a prior claim construction hearing does not 

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preclude summary judgment. Monoprice argues that the claim terms at issue, “circular” and 

“hingedly attached,” are readily understandable and should be given their plain and ordinary 

meaning. Reply 2:13-26. Pointing to intrinsic evidence, Monoprice argues that the claim terms 

“circular” and “hingedly attached” are not explicitly defined by the ‘097 patent as having any 

definition other than their plain and ordinary meaning. Motion 13-16. In addition, Monoprice 

argues that the use of the terms “circular” and “hingedly attached” in the ‘097 patent is consistent 

with the plain and ordinary meaning of the terms. Id. At the hearing on this matter, counsel for 

Kreative provided its proposed claim constructions, construing the term “circular” to mean “like a 

circle, round” and construing the term “hingedly attached” to mean “where one member is utilized 

to join two other members.” Dkt. 47 at 9:22-3 (“hingedly attached”), 12:21-22 (“circular”).

District courts have broad discretion to deny related discovery because claim construction 

is an issue of law. See Vivid Technologies, Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng'g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. 

Cir. 1999) (“We see no need for such a rule [requiring claim construction to be done no earlier 

than the end of discovery], for the stage at which the claims are construed may vary with the 

issues, their complexity, the potentially dispositive nature of the construction, and other 

considerations of the particular case.”). Here, the Court will evaluate whether the Monoprice Hub 

literally infringes the ‘097 patent by construing the claim terms “circular” and “hingedly attached” 

according to plaintiff’s proposed claim constructions.

Monoprice does not literally infringe the ‘097 patent because not every limitation can be 

found in the Monoprice Hub. The Monoprice Hub does not literally embody “a circular ground 

conductor, a circular neutral conductor, and a circular hot conductor” as required by Claim 1, 

when “circular” is construed according to Kreative’s proposed construction to mean “like a circle,

round.” Rather, the Monoprice Hub has only one conductor that resembles a “circular” geometric 

shape, while the two other conductors have no discernable geometric shape. Ex. E at 102. 

Similarly, the Monoprice Hub does not literally embody a “hingedly attached” cover as required

by Claim 1, when the term is construed according to Kreative’s proposed construction to mean

“where one member is utilized to join two other members,” thus requiring three members. Ex. E 

at 104. Instead, the Monoprice Hub has a movable cover (a first member) that attaches to the base

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(a second member) by a press fit, also known as an interference fit, friction fit, or a snap fit. 

Critically, the Monoprice Hub does not utilize any third member to join or attach the movable 

cover to the base; instead, the Monoprice Hub utilizes a press fit to attach the movable cover to the 

base, eliminating the need for any third member.

The Court concludes that when construing the claim terms according to Kreative’s 

proposed constructions, there is no genuine issue as to whether the Monoprice Hub literally

infringes the ‘097 patent; as a matter of law, it does not.

B. Equivalent Infringement of the ‘097 Patent and Prosecution History Estoppel

Kreative also asserts infringement of the ‘097 patent under the doctrine of equivalents. 

Infringement under the doctrine of equivalents requires the accused product to contain the 

equivalent of each claim limitation. Eagle Comtronics, Inc. v. Arrow Commc'n Labs., Inc., 305 

F.3d 1303, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2002), as amended on denial of reh'g and reh'g en banc (Nov. 1, 

2002). The element in the accused product is equivalent to the claim limitation if the differences 

between the two are “insubstantial” to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Id. However, 

when the original patent application once claimed the alleged equivalent in question, but the 

patentee made a narrowing claim amendment to avoid prior art and obtain the patent, prosecution 

history estoppel prevents the patentee from later attempting to recapture the equivalent that was 

forfeited during prosecution. See Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 535 U.S. 

722, 733 (2002) (“Festo I”). A presumption of prosecution history estoppel arises when a 

narrowing amendment is made to the claims during prosecution to secure the patent, whether or 

not the amendment was made to overcome prior art. Festo I, 535 U.S. at 736-37; see also Regents 

of Univ. of Cal. v. Dakocytomation Cal., Inc., 517 F.3d 1364, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“The fact that 

narrowing the claim . . . may not have been necessary to distinguish over the prior art does not 

change the analysis.”). Whether prosecution history estoppel applies is a question of law. Wang 

Labs., Inc. v. Mitsubishi Electronics Am., Inc., 103 F.3d 1571, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1997)

The estoppel presumption can be overcome if the patent owner establishes any one of three 

exceptions: (1) the equivalent was unforeseeable at the time of the application; (2) the rationale 

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underlying the amendment bears no more than a tangential relation to the alleged equivalent; or 

(3) there is some other reason suggesting that the patentee could not reasonably be expected to 

have described the equivalent. Festo I, 535 U.S. at 740-41. The second exception, on which 

Kreative relies, asks “whether the reason for the narrowing amendment was peripheral, or not 

directly relevant, to the alleged equivalent.” Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki 

Co., 344 F.3d 1359, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“Festo II”). “[A]n amendment made to avoid prior art 

that contains the equivalent is not tangential; it is central to allowance of the claim.” Id. To rebut 

the estoppel presumption under the tangential exception, the patentee’s “objectively apparent 

reason for the narrowing amendment” should be “discernible from the prosecution history.” Id.

Monoprice asserts that Kreative is barred by prosecution estoppel from alleging 

infringement of the “hingedly attached” and “circular” limitations under the doctrine of 

equivalents, because these limitations were added during prosecution to overcome the prior art.

A careful review of the prosecution history reveals that the “hingedly attached” cover was 

a limitation in original dependent Claims 5 and 17 of the ‘097 patent, where Claims 5 and 17 

depended upon and narrowed the scope of independent Claims 1 and 15, respectively. Sganga 

Decl., Ex. B at 65-70. Original independent Claim 1 did not recite any limitation relating to a 

cover; however, Claims 3-5, which depended upon and narrowed independent Claim 1, introduced 

“a cover adapted to cover the power switch” (Claim 3), wherein “the cover is attached to the base” 

(Claim 4), and wherein “the cover is hingedly attached to the base” (Claim 5). Id. at 66. Original 

independent Claim 15 recited “a movable cover adapted to cover the power switch” and dependent 

Claim 17 narrowed the scope of Claim 15 by adding the limitation “wherein the cover is hingedly 

attached to the base.” Id. at 68. 

The “circular” conductors limitation was originally presented in dependent Claim 12 in the 

form of “a plurality of circular conductors,” where Claim 12 depended upon and narrowed the 

scope of independent Claim 1.

1

 Id. at 65-70. 

 

1

The limitation “a circular ground conductor, a circular neutral conductor, a circular hot 

conductor” did not appear in any original claim; it was only recited in the ‘097 patent 

specification. Sganga Decl., Ex. B at 57:21-22, 62:21-23, 63:3-8. 

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During prosecution, the Patent Examiner rejected the limitation “a plurality of circular 

conductors” in original dependent Claim 12 using prior art U.S. Patent 1,597,437 (“De Reamer”) 

that disclosed “a plurality of circular conductors.” Id. at 35. The Patent Examiner also rejected 

original Claims 3-5, 15, and 17 using prior art De Reamer in combination with U.S. Patent 

6,399,910 (“Crawford”), where Crawford disclosed the “movable cover adapted to cover hingedly 

(for claims 5 and 17) the power switch.” Id. 37. In response to these rejections, Kreative 

canceled every claim except for independent Claim 15, which Kreative admitted was amended “to 

describe the invention in greater detail.” Id. at 28. Kreative amended Claim 15, narrowing its 

scope to avoid the prior art, by adding limitations from several dependent claims including Claims 

5 and 17 (“wherein the cover is hingedly attached to the base”) and a limitation from the 

specification (“a circular ground conductor, a circular neutral conductor, and a circular hot 

conductor”).

In the remarks filed with the amendments, Kreative argued “that claim 15, as amended 

distinguishes over the prior art.” Id. Kreative stated that Claim 15 was amended to specify, 

among other newly added limitations, “the cover is hingedly attached to the base” and “the 

electrical system includes a circular ground conductor, a circular neutral conductor, and a circular 

hot conductor, within the base.” Id. In sum, Kreative amended original Claim 15, narrowing its 

scope to avoid the prior art by adding several limitations, including “hingedly attached” cover and 

“a circular ground conductor, a circular neutral conductor, a circular hot conductor.” In the ‘097 

patent’s Notice of Allowance, the Patent Examiner provided the reasons for the patentability of

amended Claim 15:

For claim 15, the requirement of several different [prior art] 

references for rejection of several different limitations, such as, the 

side surface having a portion of a cone, power switch emit light, 

switch having hinged cover, cover being transparent, having three 

pins etc, in combination with other limitations in the claim which is 

not found in the prior art reference of record.

Id. at 15. 

Kreative now argues that “hingedly attached” and “circular conductors” were not 

surrendered as a result of the amendment because Kreative “did not change or narrow the concepts 

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of ‘hingedly attached’ or ‘circular conductor’; it effectively just reorganized and consolidated 

formerly dependent claims into one singular independent claim.” Opp. 8:19-22. Kreative fails to 

acknowledge that a presumption of prosecution estoppel applies to any narrowing amendment, 

whether or not the amendment was made to overcome prior art. See Regents of Univ. of Cal., 517 

F.3d at 1381. While it is true that the concepts “hingedly attached” and “circular conductor” were 

present in the ‘097 patent specification and original dependent Claims 5, 12, and 17, the 

reorganization of those concepts into independent Claim 15 was a narrowing amendment that 

Kreative itself admitted was made to “distinguish[] over the prior art.” Sganga Decl., Ex. B at 28.

Regarding the “hingedly attached” limitation, Kreative now alleges that the Monoprice 

Hub’s movable cover that attaches with an interference fit is an equivalent to the “hingedly 

attached” cover, and that the amendment to add the “hingedly attached” limitation to Claim 15 

“was totally unrelated” to the equivalent movable cover in question. Opp. at 10:5-6. However, 

Kreative’s original independent Claim 15 recited a “movable cover,” the very equivalent in 

question in the accused Monoprice Hub. Sganga Decl., Ex. B at 68. The “movable cover” 

limitation in original Claim 15 was rejected by prior art De Reamer in view of Crawford that 

disclosed a “movable cover.” Id. In response to the prior art rejection, Kreative subsequently 

amended Claim 15 to narrow the claim by adding the limitation “wherein the cover is hingedly 

attached to the base.” Id. at 37. Thus, the amendment to Claim 15 was made to avoid prior art De 

Reamer in view of Crawford that contained the equivalent “movable cover” in question. This 

narrowing amendment was not tangential — it was central to allowance of the claim. See Festo II, 

344 F.3d at 1369.

Regarding the “circular” conductors limitation, Kreative alleges that the Monoprice Hub’s 

conductors (one conductor that resembles a “circular” geometric shape and two conductors that 

have no discernable geometric shape) are equivalent because the amendment “was at most only 

very tangentially related [to the equivalents in question], clarifying a number but not the shape.” 

Opp. at 10:6-7. Kreative’s original dependent Claim 12 recited “a plurality of circular 

conductors.” Sganga Decl., Ex. B at 67. Claim 12 was rejected by prior art De Reamer that 

disclosed “a plurality of circular conductors,” and Claim 12 was subsequently canceled by 

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Kreative. Id. at 28, 35-36. In response to the De Reamer rejection, Kreative amended Claim 15 to 

add a limitation from the ‘097 specification: “a circular ground conductor, a circular neutral 

conductor, a circular hot conductor.” Id. at 28. This amendment to add the “circular” conductors 

limitation to Claim 15 effectively narrowed the claim scope. In the remarks accompanying the 

amendment, Kreative argued that “[t]his novel electrical system provides the power to the 

electrical receptacles of the base, within the uniquely designed conical base,” and concluding that 

“the above amendments have placed this claim in condition for allowance.” Id.; see Wang Labs, 

103 F.3d at 1578 (“Arguments and amendments made to secure allowance of a claim, especially 

those distinguishing prior art, presumably give rise to prosecution history estoppel.”). Kreative 

has failed to rebut the presumption of prosecution estoppel because it has not pointed to any 

objectively apparent reason for the narrowing amendments that is discernible from the prosecution 

history. See Festo II, 344 F.3d at 1369. Under prosecution history estoppel, Kreative cannot 

recapture the subject matter that it surrendered to receive the patent. See Wang Labs, 103 F.3d at 

1577-78.

The Court concludes that Kreative is barred from alleging infringement of equivalents due 

to prosecution history estoppel. Kreative amended Claim 15 to narrow its scope and avoid prior 

art, thus a presumption of prosecution history estoppel applies. Kreative has failed to rebut the 

presumption, therefore the Court finds there is no genuine issue as to whether the Monoprice Hub 

equivalently infringes the ‘097 patent.

II. Invalidity and Noninfringement of the D’215 Patent

Monoprice moves for summary judgment of noninfringement and invalidity of the D’215 

patent asserted by Kreative. Monoprice argues that an ordinary observer could not conclude that 

the Monoprice Hub infringes the D’215 patent as a matter of law. Additionally, Monoprice argues 

that the D’215 is invalid as anticipated by prior art.

A. D’215 Patent Claim Construction

A design patent may be obtained for “any new, original and ornamental design for an 

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article of manufacture.” 35 U.S.C. § 171 (2013). A patented design is claimed "as shown" by its 

drawings. L.A. Gear, Inc. v. Thom McAn Shoe Co., 988 F.2d 1117, 1122 (Fed. Cir. 1993); see 

also 37 C.F.R. § 1.153 (2012) (requiring the design patent claim to be the ornamental design for 

the article as shown). The Federal Circuit has established the “ordinary observer” test for design 

patent infringement and invalidity based on anticipation. See Int'l Seaway Trading Corp. v. 

Walgreens Corp., 589 F.3d 1233, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[T]he ordinary observer test is the sole 

test for infringement, we now conclude that the ordinary observer test must logically be the sole 

test for anticipation as well.”). Under the ordinary observer test, an accused device infringes upon 

a design patent if “an ordinary observer, familiar with the prior art designs, would be deceived into 

believing that the accused product is the same as the patented design.” Egyptian Goddess, Inc. v. 

Swisa, Inc., 543 F.3d 665, 681 (Fed. Cir. 2008). In applying the ordinary observer test, the focus 

should be on “the patented design in its entirety, as it is claimed.” Crocs, Inc. v. Int'l Trade 

Comm'n, 598 F.3d 1294, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2010). However, a patented design’s scope is limited to 

only its ornamental aspects and does not include any functional elements of the claimed design. 

Richardson v. Stanley Works, Inc., 597 F.3d 1288, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also L.A. Gear, 988 

F.2d at 1123 (“The elements of the design may indeed serve a utilitarian purpose, but it is the 

ornamental aspect that is the basis of the design patent.”).

The Federal Circuit has noted that a design patent claim construction is not approached in 

the same manner as a utility patent claim construction. See Egyptian Goddess, 543 F.3d at 680 

(“[A]s a general matter, [trial] courts should not treat the process of claim construction as 

requiring a detailed verbal description of the claimed design, as would typically be true in the case 

of utility patents.”). In general, “a design is better represented by an illustration ‘than it could be 

by any description.’” Id. at 679–80 (quoting Dobson v. Dornan, 118 U.S. 10, 14 (1886)). 

Accordingly, the Federal Circuit has cautioned against “attempt[s] to ‘construe’ a design patent 

claim by providing a detailed verbal description of the claimed design.” Id. at 679. The reasoning 

is that there are “risks entailed in such a description, such as the risk of placing undue emphasis on 

particular features of the design and the risk that a finder of fact will focus on each individual 

described feature in the verbal description rather than on the design as a whole.” Id. at 680.

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Nonetheless, a court may find it helpful to point out various features of the claimed design 

and prior art. Id. “[A] district court's decision regarding the level of detail to be used in 

describing the claimed design is a matter within the court's discretion, and absent a showing of 

prejudice, the court's decision to issue a relatively detailed claim construction will not be 

reversible error.” Id. The district court can “usefully guide the finder of fact” by addressing 

issues that bear on the design patent claim scope, including “distinguishing between those features 

of the claimed design that are ornamental and those that are purely functional.” Id. at 680 (citing 

OddzOn Prods., Inc. v. Just Toys, Inc., 122 F.3d 1396, 1405 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“Where a design 

contains both functional and non-functional elements, the scope of the claim must be construed in 

order to identify the non-functional aspects of the design as shown in the patent.”)). Here, 

Monoprice argues that several aspects of the D’215 patent’s claimed design are functional; thus 

the Court finds it useful to distinguish between the ornamental and functional elements.

In design patents, the patentee is not required to claim the entire article of manufacture 

shown in the drawings. See In re Zahn, 617 F.2d 261, 268-69 (C.C.P.A. 1980). The D’215 patent 

specifically disclaims the “electrical cord and internal components of a port” as shown by the use 

of broken lines. See Sganga Decl., Ex. C at 81; Contessa Food Products, Inc. v. Conagra, Inc.,

282 F.3d 1370, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2002) abrogated on other grounds by Egyptian Goddess, 543 F.3d 

665 (“If features appearing in the figures are not desired to be claimed, the patentee is permitted to 

show the features in broken lines to exclude those features from the claimed design, and the failure 

to do so signals inclusion of the features in the claimed design.”); see also Manual of Patent 

Examining Procedure (MPEP) § 15.05 III (2014). Therefore, it is the surge protector in its 

entirety, as shown in the D’215 figures by solid boundary lines, which indicates the claimed 

design from which to begin claim construction.

Although the D’215 patent claims the surge protector design in its entirety, “[w]here a 

design contains both functional and non-functional elements, the scope of the claim must be 

construed in order to identify the non-functional aspects of the design as shown in the patent.” 

OddzOn Product, 122 F.3d at 1405. Aspects of a claimed design are considered functional if they 

“are dictated by their functional purpose.” Stanley Works, 597 F.3d at 1294 (applying the 

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“dictated by function” standard during design patent claim construction in the context of a bench 

trial). Monoprice argues that the scope of the D’215 design patent’s claim is limited because 

several aspects of the claimed design are functional, and therefore not protectable by a design 

patent. Motion at 3:8-16, 18:23-19:15; see Stanley Works, 597 F.3d at 1294 (“[W]hen the design 

also contains ornamental aspects, it is entitled to a design patent whose scope is limited to those 

aspects alone and does not extend to any functional elements of the claimed article.”). 

Specifically, Monoprice argues that the conical shape of the surge protector with six 

electrical receptacles is functional, not ornamental, because Kreative’s ‘097 patent2and Kreative’s 

advertising3both point out the utilitarian aspects of the conical design. See Berry Sterling Corp. v. 

Pescor Plastics, Inc., 122 F.3d 1452, 1456 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (noting that in determining whether a 

design is functional, considerations include “whether there are any concomitant utility patents” 

and “whether the advertising touts particular features of the design as having specific utility.”). 

Regarding the movable cover feature, Monoprice argues that the ‘097 patent discloses the movable 

cover as functional to protect the power switch and to serve as a hold-down point while removing 

a power supply from any of the six electrical receptacles.4 Motion at 3:8-16. The Court agrees,

finding that design of the conical surge protector and movable cover are dictated by their 

functional purpose. 

The Court also finds that the USB port and its location are dictated by their functional 

aspects. The USB charging port is centered on the hub horizontally between two power 

 

2

See Sganga Decl., Ex. A at 1:41-51 (“It would be advantageous to have a power strip that is 

relatively compact and small in size yet provides several electrical receptacles each able to 

accommodate a body of a plug-in power supply with an integral plug.”).

3

See Dkt. 1, Ex. F at 30 (“With 6 power outlets on tap around the conical design power strip, each 

electrical device can be plugged in without worry of blocking other outlets . . . . this surge 

protector fits into small areas around the home and office as well as suitcases . . . .”); id. at 32 

(“[T]he POWRAMID has a conical, solid, space saving shape that keeps all of the receptacles 

together and off of [sic] ground.”); id., Ex. G at 35-37 (“Circular design allows access to AC

outlets from all angles” and “[t]he circular design allows for access from all angles and allows the 

use of AC adapters in adjacent power outlets.”).

4

See Sganga Decl., Ex. A at 2:7-10 (“Another objective is to provide a movable cover mounted on 

the top surface to prevent a power switch from being inadvertently turned on or off, and to provide 

a hold-down point for facilitating removal of the electrical plugs.”).

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receptacles, allowing the USB port to be accessible even when plug-in power devices occupy the

two nearby three-prong power receptacles (for example, if the USB port were located on the hub 

directly below a three-prong power receptacle occupied by a power supply and its associated 

power cord, a user would be obstructed from readily accessing the USB port from above). See 

Sganga Decl., Ex. C at 82. There are a limited number of possible locations on the surge protector 

where the USB port could be placed without obstructing the use of the six power receptacles or the 

power switch with movable cover. See id. at 81-84; see also L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123 (“When 

there are several ways to achieve the function of an article of manufacture, the design of the article 

is more likely to serve a primarily ornamental purpose.”). The Court concludes that the claimed 

USB port location is not an ornamental design choice, rather its placement horizontally between 

two of the three-prong electrical outlets on the side of the hub is one of a very limited number of 

locations on the surge protector where the USB port can serve its function as a charging port.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the D’215 patent, after being construed to factor out the 

functional aspects and when considered in its entirety, claims the ornamental design for a surge 

protector having six recessed portions of a conical exterior surface between six electrical 

receptacles. The infringement and validity analysis will compare the Kreative’s construed

ornamental design, as shown in Figures 1-6, directly to the Monoprice Hub and prior art.

B. Noninfringement of the D’215 Patent

Design patent infringement is a question of fact that must be proven by a preponderance of 

the evidence and requires a showing that the accused design is substantially the same as the 

claimed design. See L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1124. The ordinary observer test for infringement 

applies in this case, even where the Court identified numerous functional elements in the D’215 

claimed design. See Stanley Works, 597 F.3d at 1295 (citing Amini Innovation Corp. v. Anthony 

Cal., Inc., 439 F.3d 1365, 1372 (Fed.Cir.2006) (holding that while it is proper to factor out the 

functional aspects of various design elements, that discounting of functional elements must not 

convert the overall infringement test to an element-by-element comparison)). 

Under the ordinary observer test, an accused device infringes upon a design patent if “an 

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ordinary observer, familiar with the prior art designs, would be deceived into believing that the 

accused product is the same as the patented design.” Egyptian Goddess, 543 F.3d at 681. In 

evaluating infringement, the Court must ask whether “the deception that arises is a result of 

similarities in the overall design, not of similarities in ornamental features considered in isolation.” 

Amini Innovation, 439 F.3d at 1371.

In addition to limiting the claimed design scope to only the ornamental aspects, the scope

may also be limited by prior art, where any “limitation in scope of a design patent in light of prior 

art is necessarily folded into the infringement analysis.” Apple, Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., 

No. 11-CV-01846-LHK, 2012 WL 3071477, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 27, 2012). The Federal Circuit 

has held that because the ordinary observer is knowledgeable about the prior art, the background 

prior art may provide a useful context in which to compare the claimed and accused designs.

Egyptian Goddess, 543 F.3d at 677-78:

Particularly in close cases, it can be difficult to answer the question 

whether one thing is like another without being given a frame of 

reference. The context in which the claimed and accused designs 

are compared, i.e., the background prior art, provides such a frame 

of reference and is therefore often useful in the process of 

comparison. Where the frame of reference consists of numerous 

similar prior art designs, those designs can highlight the distinctions 

between the claimed design and the accused design as viewed by the 

ordinary observer.

In other words, the ordinary observer test “necessarily involves a three-way (or multiple way)

comparison between the patent-in-suit, the accused device, and the prior art references.” Apple, 

2012 WL 3071477, at *3.

Monoprice asserts that Kreative’s ‘097 utility patent and Kreative’s public display at a 

2008 trade show both qualify as prior art. The D’215 patent lists the ‘097 patent as one of the

prior art “References Cited” during prosecution. Id. at 81. The ‘097 patent is considered prior art 

because it issued on September 26, 2006, over four years before the D‘215 patent was filed on 

April 19, 2011. See 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) (2002) (“A person shall be entitled to a patent unless – the 

invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in 

public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of the application for

patent . . . .” (emphasis supplied)). Kreative admits that the ‘097 patent discloses a “very similar 

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power outlet, albeit sans USB port,” and argues that “the only significant feature of the patented 

design over that in the prior art is the placement of the USB port.” Opp. at 14:15-19, 15:19-21. 

Kreative argues that when applying the “ordinary observer” test to compare the Monoprice 

device with Kreative’s patented design, it is obvious that the Monoprice Hub infringes the 

patented design aspects of the Kreative design, specifically the USB port ornamentally placed on 

the hub of the power outlet. Opp. at 14:11-15. Kreative asserts that the ornamental USB location 

in the D’215 design and the Monoprice accused design are identical — aligned as centered 

vertically on the flatted band at the base of the cone and aligned as centered between two power 

receptacles. Id.; see also Sganga Decl., Ex. E at 105-06.

As the Court discussed above, the USB port location is functional; the design choice to 

locate the USB port on the hub is dictated by the USB port serving its function as an accessible

charging port. In light of the ‘097 patent and after construing the design to factor out the 

functional aspects, the Court finds that the only ornamental distinction is the D’215 patent’s more 

pronounced recessed portions of the conical exterior between the electrical receptacles that results 

in vertical walls on either side of each electrical receptacle. In contrast, the ‘097 patent discloses a 

smoother, fully conical exterior design.

However, Kreative also disclaimed these recessed portions of the conical exterior when it 

publicly displayed a version of the POWRAMID surge protector in 2008. Kreative’s public use at 

the 2008 Consumer Electronics Show (“CES”) is considered prior art because it occurred more 

than one year before the D’215 patent was filed. See 35 U.S.C. § 102(b); In re Mann, 861 F.2d 

1581 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (holding the display of a wrought iron table at a trade show was prior public 

use). After construing the D’215 patent claim scope by factoring out the functional USB port and 

its location, the D’215 patent claims no ornamental aspects that differ from the prior art 

POWRAMID design disclosed at the 2008 CES trade show. See Sganga Decl., Ex. F at 120 

(KP00025).

The Court finds that an ordinary observer, familiar with the prior art, could not find any 

ornamental similarity between the overall design claimed in the D’215 patent and the Monoprice 

Hub. Monoprice has shown that there is no genuine issue as to whether the Monoprice Hub is 

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encompassed by the Kreative design as claimed in the D’215 patent, when the claim is properly 

construed. Therefore, the Court concludes that the Monoprice Hub does not infringe the D’215 

patent as a matter of law.

C. Invalidity of the D’215 Patent Based on Anticipation

Design patents are presumed valid; invalidity must be established by clear and convincing 

evidence. See 35 U.S.C. 282(a) (“A patent shall be presumed valid.”); L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 

1123 (“invalidity of a design patent must be established by clear and convincing evidence.”). The 

ordinary observer test also governs the anticipation analysis. See Int'l Seaway Trading, 589 F.3d 

at 1240. Under the ordinary observer test for anticipation, “a prior art design anticipates a claimed 

design if an ordinary observer, taking into account the prior art, would believe the patented design 

is the same as the prior art design.” Blackberry Ltd. v. Typo Products LLC, No. 14-CV-00023-

WHO, 2014 WL 1318689, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2014). Establishing invalidity based on prior 

art is more difficult if the asserted prior art was considered by the Patent Examiner and the patent 

issued over that art; conversely, “new evidence supporting an invalidity defense may ‘carry more 

weight’ in an infringement action than evidence previously considered by the Examiner.” 

Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P'ship, 131 S. Ct. 2238, 2251, (2011) (citing Am. Hoist & Derrick Co. 

v. Sowa & Sons, Inc., 725 F.2d 1350, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 1984) abrogated on other grounds by 

Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2011)).

Monoprice argues that the D’215 patent is anticipated by the ‘097 patent and Kreative’s

public display of its POWRAMID surge protector design at a 2008 trade show. Motion at 20:20-

24; Sganga Decl., Ex. F at 120 (KP00025). As the Court discussed above, the ‘097 patent and the 

2008 trade show display both qualify as prior art. The ‘097 patent was cited on the D’215 patent 

as a prior art reference; however, the POWRAMID design displayed at the 2008 trade show was 

not considered by the Patent Examiner. Id., Ex. C at 81. Here, the POWRAMID design displayed 

at the 2008 trade show is identical in overall ornamental design to the D’215 claimed design, 

except that the 2008 design did not include the USB charging port. See Sganga Decl., Ex. F at 120 

(KP00025). Again, the Court finds that the USB port and its location are functional; the design 

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choice to locate the USB port on the hub is dictated by the USB port serving its function as an 

accessible charging port.

The Court finds that an ordinary observer, familiar with the prior art, would believe the 

overall D’215 claimed design to be the same as the Kreative surge protector design displayed at 

the 2008 trade show, after the D’215 is properly construed to factor out the functional USB port

and location. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Monoprice has shown by clear and 

convincing evidence that the D’215 patent is invalid as anticipated by the prior art POWRAMID 

design publicly displayed at the 2008 trade show.

III. Noninfringement of the Kreative Copyright

Kreative asserts that the clamshell design packing sold with the Monoprice Hub infringes 

on the sculptural work protected by Kreative’s copyright. Opp. at 19:5-11. To prevail on its 

copyright infringement claim, Kreative must show that Monoprice copied the protected elements 

from Kreative’s copyright. Smith v. Jackson, 84 F.3d 1213, 1218 (9th Cir. 1996). Because direct 

evidence of copying is unavailable in most cases, Kreative may establish copying by showing that 

Monoprice had access to Kreative's work and that the two works are “substantially similar” in idea 

and in expression of the idea. Id. (citing Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435, 

1442 (9th Cir. 1994).

Kreative registered its product packaging as a sculptural work. For sculptural works, 

copyright protection does not extend to the utilitarian or functional aspects of a useful article. The 

design of a useful article is considered a sculptural work only if the design incorporates “features 

that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian 

aspects of the article.” 17 U.S.C. § 101 (2012). The “substantial similarity” analysis must only 

consider the similarity between protectable expressions, excluding any utilitarian aspects of useful 

items that are not protectable. Harper House, Inc. v. Thomas Nelson, Inc., 889 F.2d 197, 208 (9th 

Cir. 1989).

Although the “substantial similarity” test involves a two-part extrinsic and intrinsic 

analysis, only the extrinsic test is relevant for summary judgment. Id. To apply the extrinsic test 

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to visual works, like the Kreative’s sculptural work at issue, “a court looks to the similarity of the 

objective details in appearance.” Cavalier v. Random House, Inc., 297 F.3d 815, 826 (9th Cir. 

2002) (providing an exemplary list of relevant factors that may be considered in determining 

objective similarity in appearance, such as subject matter, shapes, colors, materials, and 

arrangement of the representation). If Kreative satisfies the extrinsic test by finding a substantial 

similarity of the objective details in appearance between Kreative’s work and the accused product, 

summary judgment must be denied. Smith, 84 F.3d at 1218.

On June 4, 2014, Kreative registered a visual work and secured Registration No. VA 

0001908609. Opp. ¶¶ 17-18. Kreative submitted a deposit specimen to the Copyright Office on 

May 15, 2014, to comply with the requirement for registration as a prerequisite to bringing a civil 

copyright infringement action. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) (2012) (requiring preregistration or 

registration of the copyright before any civil action for infringement of the copyright in any United 

States work shall be instituted); Sganga Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. D at 85. The deposit specimen comprised 

photographs of the complete packaging for Kreative’s POWRAMID surge protector. Id. Each 

photograph included the clear plastic packaging, cardboard inserts with printed text, color, and 

graphics, and the Kreative surge protector inside the packaging. Id.

Kreative alleges that Monoprice’s “clamshell design packaging sold with the Monoprice 

device” is substantially similar to Kreative’s sculptural work protected by copyright. Opp. 19:10-

28. Kreative concedes that its own product packaging’s “form-fitted clamshell package” and label 

insert are “unprotected elements.” Id. But Kreative asserts that the “protected expression” of its 

sculptural work is the “Custom Packaging” for its product, specifically the rectangular design with

a curved section at the top of the packaging and the half cylinder shaped protrusion at the bottom 

of the packaging. Id. Kreative also asserts that its copyright does not claim any text or 

background design of the paper insert. Opp. at 20:3-8. Kreative argues that multiple questions of 

fact exist as to the similarity of the objective details in the appearances of its “protected 

expression” and the infringing Monoprice product packaging. Id.

At oral argument, Kreative cited to two cases in support of the position that portions of

product packaging are eligible for copyright protection. Dkt. 47 at 38:5-8, 39:23-25; see Albert E. 

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Price, Inc. v. Metzner, 574 F. Supp. 281 (E.D. Pa. 1983); Nat'l Theme Prods., Inc. v. Jerry B. 

Beck, Inc., 696 F. Supp. 1348 (S.D. Cal. 1988). However, these two cases are distinguishable 

from the case at hand. In Albert E. Price, the court granted plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary 

injunction in a copyright infringement action where the plaintiff held a copyright certificate for a 

“Wood Duck Card Box.” Albert E. Price, 574 F. Supp. 281. The “Wood Duck Card Box” was a 

wooden box, designed to hold two sets of playing cards and atop the box sat a particular type of 

duck, of a particular size, design and shape. Id. at 287. The court found the Price duck card box, 

as a whole, to be a protectable expression. Id. Here, there is no artistic element in Kreative’s 

product packaging that can be compared to the wooden ornamental duck which served no 

functional purpose. Kreative’s argument fails because the design of Kreative’s plastic product 

packaging is strictly the result of its function — to contain and display the surge protector product. 

Nat'l Theme Prods. is also distinguishable from the case at hand because the subject matter 

is nonanalogous to Kreative’s product packaging. Nat'l Theme Prod., 696 F. Supp. 1348. In Nat'l 

Theme Prods., the court held that the plaintiff’s “Tigress, Rabbit in Hat, Magic Dragon and 

Pampered Pup” costumes were copyrightable as applied art because the costume designs were

independent of any functional considerations. Id. at 1354. The court found that the costumes’ 

artistic features simply did not advance the utilitarian purpose as clothing or accessories. Id.

Here, Kreative’s product packaging design is totally dependent on its function — to contain and 

display the surge protector product.

Monoprice argues that Kreative cannot “parse out” self-selected portions of the plastic 

packaging because Kreative submitted photographs of the combined plastic packaging, printed 

insert, and product as its copyright deposit specimen. Reply at 11:8-20; Ex. D, 87-93. According 

to Monoprice, the parties’ respective product packages should be compared for an “entire total 

concept and overall feel, including the inserts and products the packages contain.” Reply at 11:8-

14 (citing Telebrands Corp. v. Del Labs., Inc., 719 F.Supp.2d 283, 295-96 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 

(granting motion to dismiss a packaging copyright infringement claim based on the lack of 

similarity to the entire total concept and overall feel)). Monoprice supports its position with a 

copyright treatise and persuasive case law holding that the deposit specimen serves an evidentiary 

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function that becomes part of a record by which claims of infringement are tested. Tavory v. NTP, 

Inc., 495 F. Supp. 2d 531, 536 (E.D. Va. 2007); Reply at 10:7-21. Monoprice maintains that it is 

Kreative’s actual copyright registration application that sets the scope for the copyright protection. 

Express, LLC v. Fetish Grp., Inc., 424 F. Supp. 2d 1211, 1218 (C.D. Cal. 2006). According to 

Monoprice, there is no substantial similarity when the two packages with inserts are analyzed for 

total concept and overall feel; therefore, Monoprice does not infringe the Kreative copyright as a 

matter of law. Reply at 12:8-18. The Court finds that when the Kreative product packaging as a 

whole (as submitted in the copyright deposit specimen) is compared to the Monoprice product 

packaging, and after filtering out the functional aspects, there are differences between the 

objective details in overall appearance, notably the text and graphics on the printed paper insert. 

Even if Kreative was able to “parse out” portions of the packaging from the deposit 

specimen, Monoprice asserts that these portions of the packaging by themselves are not eligible 

for copyright protection because they are functional. Monoprice argues that the “half cylinder 

shaped protrusion at the bottom” of the packaging is functional: (1) to contain the power cord, and 

(2) to form a larger surface area through which the printed cardboard insert is easily viewable, 

similar to how a marquee at a theater makes graphics more prominent. Id.; Motion at 24. The 

Court agrees that the “half cylinder shaped protrusion” is functional, and also finds the 

“rectangular design with curved top section” to be functional, serving to contain and display the 

surge protector product and printed insert. The curved top section includes a slot for hanging the 

POWRAMID product on a single prong peg fixture to display the product in a store at customer 

eye level; thus, the curved top section functions to hang and display the product. The Court 

concludes that the “rectangular design with a curved top section” and the “half cylinder shaped 

protrusion” are not eligible for copyright protection because the plastic packaging is functional, 

serving to display and contain Kreative’s POWRAMID surge protector.

The Court concludes that the Monoprice Hub clamshell design packaging does not infringe 

on Kreative’s copyright as a matter of law, because any similarity in appearance is due to 

functional packaging that is not protected by Kreative’s copyright.

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Monoprice’s motion for summary 

judgment of noninfringement of the ‘097 patent, noninfringement and invalidity of the D’215 

patent, and noninfringement of Kreative’s copyright.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 3, 2015

______________________________________

SUSAN ILLSTON

United States District Judge

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