Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-5_13-cv-01081/USCOURTS-cand-5_13-cv-01081-61/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Other Contract

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Case No. 13-cv-01081-PSG

ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

GSI TECHNOLOGY, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED MEMORIES, INC., et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 13-cv-01081-PSG

ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR 

ATTORNEY’S FEES

(Re: Docket Nos. 1065, 1074)

Last but not least among the post-trial motions, the court addresses Plaintiff GSI 

Technology, Inc. and Defendant United Memories, Inc.’s motions for attorney’s fees, expenses 

and costs.1 Both GSI and UMI’s motions are DENIED.

I.

At the risk of redundancy, a brief summary of this litigation follows to provide context to 

the court’s ruling. 

In May 2008, GSI and UMI entered into a contract for UMI to provide design and layout 

services for GSI on a 576 Mb chip.2 After the relationship fizzled, GSI sued UMI for claims 

relating to the contract3and sought a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction.4 

 

1

See Docket Nos. 1065, 1074.

2

See Docket No. 320-1 at 2.

3

See Docket No. 1.

4

See Docket No. 9.

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Case No. 13-cv-01081-PSG

ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

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The court denied both the temporary restraining order and the preliminary injunction.5 GSI filed a 

first amended complaint, UMI moved to dismiss and GSI filed a second amended complaint 

against UMI and Defendant Integrated Silicon Solutions, Inc.6 In the second amended complaint, 

GSI alleged claims for violation of the Sherman Act and RICO against UMI, as well as claims for 

declaratory relief, breach of contract, unfair competition, fraud, false promise, misappropriation of 

trade secrets and intentional interference with prospective economic relations.7 UMI moved to 

partially dismiss the second amended complaint, and the court partially granted the motion and 

dismissed the Sherman Act and RICO claims, but allowed the trade secret misappropriation claim 

to proceed.8 Following two rounds of summary judgment motions, the case proceeded to trial.9

At trial, GSI pursued five claims against UMI: trade secret misappropriation, TIPER, 

breach of contract, fraud and false promise.10 The claim for unfair competition under Cal. Bus. & 

Prof. Code § 17200 et seq. was reserved for the court to resolve after trial.

11

 

The jury found that UMI had misappropriated four trade secrets belonging to GSI, rejected 

UMI’s affirmative defenses to the misappropriation claim and found that GSI’s actual loss for 

misappropriation was $0.12 The jury also found that ISSI had not misappropriated any trade 

 

5

See Docket Nos. 24, 160, 176.

6

See Docket Nos. 159, 171, 196.

77

See Docket No. 196 at ¶¶ 90-121, 133-56, 157-81, 190-230, 238-48. GSI also raised several 

claims against ISSI; because GSI and ISSI have settled, those claims are not discussed here. See

Docket Nos. 196, 1098.

8

See Docket Nos. 207, 227.

9

See Docket Nos. 450, 807.

10 See Docket No. 1055.

11 See Docket No. 906 at 40:19-41:4.

12 See Docket No. 1055 at 4-10.

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Case No. 13-cv-01081-PSG

ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

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secrets and that GSI had not asserted the misappropriation claim in bad faith.13 On the TIPER 

claim, the jury found that neither UMI nor ISSI had engaged in unfair competition, and so neither 

party had intentionally interfered with GSI’s economic relationship with Cisco, Inc.14 On the 

breach of contract claim, the jury found that UMI had breached its contract with GSI, rejected 

UMI’s affirmative defenses and awarded GSI $532,400 in “general damages” and $421,000 in 

“special damages,” for a total of $953,400.15 On the fraud claim, the jury found that UMI had not 

made a false representation to GSI.16 On the false promise claim, the jury found that although 

UMI had made a promise to GSI, UMI had intended to perform this promise at the time that it 

made it.17

GSI and UMI then moved for JMOL, new trial, entry of judgment and attorney’s fees.18 

As relevant to this motion, the court resolved GSI and UMI’s motions for JMOL by affirming the 

jury’s verdict that GSI had four trade secrets, which UMI had misappropriated, and affirming the 

jury’s verdict that UMI had breached its contract with GSI, but vacating the jury’s damages award 

on the breach of contract claim.19 The court granted-in-part UMI’s motion for entry of judgment 

and denied GSI’s Section 17200 unfair claim.20 The court now takes up the last two post-trial 

motions from GSI and UMI, for fees, costs and expenses.21

 

13 See id. at 10-14. 

14 See Docket No. 1055 at 15, 19.

15 See id. at 23-26.

16 See id. at 27.

17 See Docket No. 31.

18 See Docket Nos. 1062, 1065, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074-1.

19 See Docket No. 1118.

20 See Docket No. 1120.

21 See Docket Nos. 1065, 1074.

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ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

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II.

This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The parties further consented to the 

jurisdiction of the undersigned magistrate judge under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 

72(a).22

III.

Over the course of this lawsuit, the parties have not agreed on much.23 In the end, 

however, GSI and UMI have found common ground on two points. First, they agree that 

Colorado law governs the dispute over fees, costs and expenses. Section X.5 of the contract 

between GSI and UMI provides that the “Agreement shall take effect under, be construed and 

enforced according to, and be governed by, the laws of the State of Colorado,”

24 and both sides 

agree that this clause is valid.25 Second, they agree that all claims between GSI and UMI arise 

from the contract or relate to their contractual relationship, and so are subject to the contract’s feeshifting provision.26

 Section X.9 of the contract provides that “[i]n the event of any controversy, 

claim or dispute between the parties hereto arising out of or relating to this Agreement . . . the 

prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the losing party reasonable expenses, attorneys’

fees and costs.”

27

 Under Colorado law, a prevailing party may recover attorney’s fees if 

authorized by statute or contract.28 The question for the court is this: which party, if any, is the 

prevailing party?

 

22 See Docket No. 236 at 11. 

23 The proposed final jury instructions come to mind as a particularly memorable example. See

Docket No. 834-1; Docket No. 834-2; Docket No. 834-3; Docket No. 1061 at 6:9-16.

24 Docket No. 196, Ex. 1 at § X.5.

25 See Docket No. 1074-1 at 10; Docket No. 1092 at 1 n.1.

26 See Docket No.1074-1 at 10; Docket No. 1103 at 1.

27 Docket No. 196, Ex. 1 at § X.9.

28 See Wheeler v. T.L. Roofing, Inc., 74 P.3d 499, 503 (Colo. App. 2003).

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IV.

The determination of which party prevailed is committed to the trial court’s discretion.29 

When determining prevailing party status, the Colorado Supreme Court distinguishes between 

contract and tort claims. In contract cases, “where a claim exists for a violation of a contractual 

obligation, the party in whose favor the decision or verdict on liability is rendered is the prevailing 

party for purposes of awarding attorney fees.”

30 Even if a defendant is not required to pay 

damages attributable to its breach, that “does not constitute a favorable verdict or convert [the 

defendant] into a prevailing party.”

31

 This is because “it unjustly enriches the breaching party 

where the non-breaching party is required to pay the attorney fees of the breaching party.”

32

 By 

contrast, in tort cases, “[a] prevailing party is one who prevails on a significant issue in the 

litigation and derives some of the benefits sought by the litigation. The number of claims upon 

which a party prevails or the amount awarded for those claims is not determinative.”

33

The Colorado Supreme Court has not explicitly addressed which rule governs when a case 

presents both contract and tort claims. However, Archer v. Farmers Bros. Co., a case with 

multiple tort claims, provides guidance for dealing with multiple claim cases. In “multiple claim 

cases, where either party could arguably be considered the ‘prevailing party,’ the trial court is in 

the best position to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of each party’s claims, the 

significance of each party’s successes in the context of the overall litigation, and the time devoted 

to each claim.”

34

 And so, “[w]hen a case involves many claims, some of which are successful and 

some of which are not, it is left to the sole discretion of the trial court to determine which party, if 

 

29 See Dennis I. Spencer Contractor, Inc. v. City of Aurora, 884 P.2d 326, 328 n.6 (Colo. 1994).

30 Id. at 333.

31 Id.

32 Id.

33 Archer v. Farmer Bros. Co., 90 P.3d 228, 230 (Colo. 2004).

34 Id. at 231.

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any, is the prevailing party and whether costs should be awarded.”

35

 The overarching principle is 

that the “trial court is given broad discretion to determine who is a prevailing party in multiple 

claim cases because of its unique opportunity to observe the course of the litigation.”

36

 

In keeping with the discretion given to the trial court on the question of prevailing party 

status, “in a proper case, the trial court may rule that neither party prevailed and award no fees.”

37

V.

Neither GSI nor UMI is the prevailing party.

First, GSI is not the prevailing party. GSI argues that Spencer mandates an award of fees 

because the jury found that UMI breached the contract,38 but this case, unlike Spencer, is not a 

pure contract case. It involves a contract claim and several tort claims—one of which GSI 

established liability on, and four of which it did not39—and so the court applies Archer’s guidance 

on identifying which party prevailed in a multiple claim case. GSI established liability on two 

claims—trade secret misappropriation and breach of contract—even as it fell short on others.

40

 

Even as to these two claims, GSI received no damages, however, because the jury awarded $0 for 

 

35 Id. (emphasis added)

36 Id. (citing Wheeler, 74 P.3d at 504 (holding that trial court is the in best position to determine 

which party ultimately prevailed for purposes of awarding attorney’s fees)). In Lawry v. Palm, a 

Colorado Court of Appeals case where the plaintiff succeeded on a contract claim and a tort claim 

but lost several other claims, the court relied on Archer’s guidance on multiple claim cases to 

resolve the dispute and affirmed the trial court’s ruling that neither party was the prevailing party 

for fees. See Lawry v. Palm, 192 P.3d 550, 570 (Colo. App. 2008). See also Remote Switch Sys., 

Inc. v. Delangis, 126 P.3d 269 (Colo. App. 2005) (relying on Archer and affirming the trial court’s 

holding that neither party prevailed in a multiple claim case, because in such cases, the trial court 

is in the best position to make that determination).

37 Archer, 90 P.3d at 231; see also Remote Switch Sys., 126 P.3d at 274; Wheeler, 74 P.3d at 503.

38 See Docket No. 1103 at 2.

39 See Docket No. 1055 at 4-9 (misappropriation), 15 (TIPER), 27 (fraud), 31 (false promise); 

Docket No. 1120 at 8 (Section 17200 unfair competition). 

40 See Docket No. 1055 at 4-9, 23-26. 

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misappropriation and the court vacated the jury’s damages award for breach of contract. Because 

it received no damages, GSI derived none of the benefits it sought in this litigation and cannot be 

the prevailing party.

41

 

Second, UMI also is not the prevailing party. UMI argues that it prevailed on the 

temporary restraining order, the preliminary injunction, and every claim GSI ever raised, including 

the ones dismissed by the court.42 UMI also argues that GSI initially claimed 46,000 pages of 

information as trade secrets (although GSI narrowed its trade secret claims to 25 schematics well 

before trial43), and since the jury found that UMI misappropriated only four trade secrets, this 

“amounts to 0.0087%. Essentially nothing.”

44

But UMI did not prevail on every single claim. The jury found that it had misappropriated 

four trade secrets and breached its contract with GSI.45 Although UMI fended off more claims 

than it lost, the “number of claims upon which a party prevails or the amount awarded for those 

claims is not determinative.”

46

 The misappropriation and contract claims were the most 

significant claims in the case and the parties spent the bulk of the litigation on these claims. UMI 

moved for summary judgment twice: the first motion focused exclusively on the misappropriation 

claim47 and the second requested summary judgment only on the misappropriation claim and the 

 

41 See also Arapahoe Cty. Water & Wastewater Pub. Improvement Dist. v. HDR Eng’g, Inc., Case 

No. 08-CV-01788-WYD-KMT, 2011 WL 5025022, at *5 (D. Colo. Oct. 21, 2011) (applying 

Spencer and Archer to find that plaintiff was not the prevailing party despite winning one breach 

of contract claim, because plaintiff “lost on three out of its four causes of action and recovered 

only $65,000 of the $1.7 million it sought to recover at trial”). 

42 See Docket No. 1074-1 at 15-21.

43 See Docket No. 415 (holding GSI to its Aug. 6, 2014 trade secret disclosure).

44 Docket No. 1074-1 at 18.

45 See Docket No. 1055 at 4-9, 23-26.

46 Archer, 90 P.3d at 230.

47 See Docket No. 320.

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breach of contract claim.48 GSI’s motion for summary judgment against UMI focused primarily

on contract issues and also addressed elements of the fraud and misappropriation claims.49 At 

trial, the contract and misappropriation claims were at the forefront. During opening statements, 

UMI’s counsel stated, “[W]hat are the keys to this case . . . ? The keys are this: This is a contract 

case.”

50

 GSI, meanwhile, spent hours examining witnesses on the meaning, scope, and 

negotiations of the contract.51 UMI may have won more claims than it lost, but prevailing party 

status is not reducible to simply toting up the number of claims won by each side and declaring the 

party with a larger number the victor. UMI was found liable on the two claims that dominated this 

litigation, and even though UMI escaped paying damages, it cannot be the prevailing party. 

VI.

This order is not one that the court issues lightly, without heed to the heavy attorney’s fees, 

costs and expenses the parties are left to bear. But the law and fairness dictate this result: neither 

GSI nor UMI is the prevailing party. 

SO ORDERED.

Dated: May 26, 2016

_________________________________

PAUL S. GREWAL

United States Magistrate Judge

 

48 See Docket No. 563-4 at 1.

49 See Docket No. 566 at 1.

50 Trial Tr. at 274:4-11.

51 See Docket No. 1070 at 19; Trial Tr. at 234:25-236:5, 647:13-660:8, 1052:2-1053:1, 1145:11-

1146:10, 1412:6-1413:17, 1424:9-1426:21, 1477:20-1481:18, 1628:1-1632:14, 2987:22-2988:17 

(questioning and argument about scope of Article III.1 regarding ownership and meaning of 

deliverables); Trial Tr. at 1039:9-1040:4, 1367:11-1368:6, 3366:1-3368:15 (rebutting argument 

that GSI did not own 576Mb schematics because it did not spend $42,000 to buy Atris); Trial Tr. 

at 1106:10-1107:12, 1421:8-23, 1873:1-7 (jury questions concerning the same).

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