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Nature of Suit Code: 446
Nature of Suit: Americans with Disabilities Act - Other
Cause of Action: 

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UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-1174

TAMMY HORTON,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

THE METHODIST UNIVERSITY, INC.,

 Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at 

Raleigh. James C. Dever III, District Judge. (5:16-cv-00945-D)

Submitted: October 24, 2019 Decided: December 20, 2019

Before HARRIS and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit 

Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Robert L. Sirianni, Jr., BROWNSTONE, P.A., Winter Park, Florida, for Appellant. Daniel 

M. Nunn, Christopher P. Raab, CAUDLE & SPEARS, P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina, for 

Appellee. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Tammy Horton appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment to The 

Methodist University, Inc. (“Methodist”) on her disability discrimination claims raised 

pursuant to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794, and the 

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. Finding no error, we 

affirm.

We “review[] de novo the district court’s order granting summary judgment.” 

Jacobs v. N.C. Admin. Office of the Courts, 780 F.3d 562, 565 n.1 (4th Cir. 2015). “A 

district court ‘shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” 

Id. at 568 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). “A dispute is genuine if a reasonable jury could 

return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In 

determining whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists, “we view the facts and all 

justifiable inferences arising therefrom in the light most favorable to . . . the nonmoving 

party.” Id. at 565 n.1 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “the nonmoving party 

must rely on more than conclusory allegations, mere speculation, the building of one 

inference upon another, or the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence.” Humphreys & 

Partners Architects, L.P. v. Lessard Design, Inc., 790 F.3d 532, 540 (4th Cir. 2015) 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

To establish claims of disability discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act and the 

ADA, Horton must establish “that (1) [s]he has a disability, (2) [s]he is otherwise qualified 

to participate in the defendant’s program, and (3) [s]he was excluded from the program on 

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the basis of h[er] disability.” Halpern v. Wake Forest Univ. Health Scis., 669 F.3d 454, 

461 (4th Cir. 2012). “A qualified individual is one who, with or without reasonable 

modifications to rules, policies, or practices, meets the essential eligibility requirements for 

participation in a program or activity.” Id. at 462 (alteration and internal quotation marks 

omitted). In making this determination, “we accord a measure of deference to the school’s 

professional judgment.”1

 Class v. Towson Univ., 806 F.3d 236, 246 (4th Cir. 2015). For 

the third element of a disability discrimination claim, the Rehabilitation Act requires a 

showing that “the plaintiff . . . was excluded solely by reason of [her] disability,” while the 

ADA requires a showing “that the disability was a motivating cause of the exclusion.” 

Halpern, 669 F.3d at 461–62 (internal quotation marks omitted).

We conclude that Horton failed to present evidence that she was qualified to 

participate in Methodist’s Physician Assistant Program (“MUPAP”). Although Horton 

argues that she was qualified because she was admitted into the MUPAP, she did not meet 

the MUPAP’s requirement of continued participation: that she pass all but two of her 

classes. See Class, 806 F.3d at 246 (“In the context of postsecondary education, a disabled 

person is qualified if [s]he shows that [s]he meets the academic and technical standards 

requisite to admission or participation in the school’s education program or activity.” 

(alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)); accord McGregor v. La. State Univ. Bd. 

 1 Thus, to the extent Horton claims that the district court erred in deferring to 

Methodist’s professional judgment, her argument is foreclosed by our circuit’s precedent. 

See Warfaa v. Ali, 811 F.3d 653, 661 (4th Cir. 2016) (recognizing that one panel cannot 

overrule a decision issued by another panel).

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of Supervisors, 3 F.3d 850, 854 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Many students, [disabled] or not, who 

qualify for admission into law school flunk out. They are not qualified for retention.”). 

While Horton also contends that she would have performed better if Methodist had 

provided her preferred accommodations, we conclude that no reasonable jury would agree. 

Horton admitted that she failed one exam because she did not study enough. Horton failed 

a second exam despite receiving additional time and her preferred accommodation of 

testing in an empty room. Moreover, while Horton did not receive the double-time

accommodation she had received as an undergraduate, Methodist provided her extra time 

to complete exams, and she never used all of the extra time provided to her. Thus, based 

on the admissible evidence, a reasonable jury could not conclude that Horton’s failures 

were the result of Methodist’s alleged failure to accommodate her disability.2

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order. We dispense with oral argument 

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this 

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

 2 Because we conclude that Horton was not qualified to participate in the MUPAP, 

we need not address her arguments that her disability was the cause of her dismissal or that 

Methodist failed to engage in an interactive process to find a reasonable accommodation.

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