Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-14-04006/USCOURTS-ca3-14-04006-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 160
Nature of Suit: Stockholder's Suits
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 14-4006

_____________

ROBERT ZOMOLOSKY, derivatively on behalf of 

E.I. Du Pont De Nemours Company,

 Appellant

v.

ELLEN KULLMAN; LOIS D. JULIBER; CURTIS J. CRAWFORD;

RICHARD H. BROWN; BERTRAND P. COLLOMB; ALEXANDER M. CUTLER;

WILLIAM K. REILLY; SAMUEL W. BODMAN; JOHN T. DILLION;

E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY

_____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Delaware

(D.C. Civil No. 1-13-cv-00094)

District Judge: Honorable Sue L. Robinson

______________

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

September 10, 2015

______________

Before: VANASKIE, SLOVITER, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

(Filed: January 15, 2016)

_____________

OPINION*

_____________

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.

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VANASKIE, Circuit Judge. 

Appellant Robert Zomolosky appeals from the District Court’s Order dismissing 

his derivative action on behalf of E.I. Du Pont De Nemours Company (“DuPont”) against 

Appellees, current and former members of DuPont’s Board of Directors (“the Board”). 

He contends that the District Court incorrectly applied the test articulated in Rales v. 

Blasband, 634 A.2d 927 (Del. 1993), which governs how demand futility is to be pled in 

a derivative action premised on board inaction. For the reasons discussed below, we will 

affirm. 

I.

DuPont, a conglomerate comprised of thirteen different businesses, has a large 

stake in the development of bacteria- and insecticide-resistant crops, including corn and 

soybeans.1 Monsanto Company (“Monsanto”), a producer of rival agricultural farm 

products, holds a patent on an herbicide known as “Roundup.” To encourage farmers to 

use Roundup, Monsanto also developed a line of genetically modified “Roundup Ready”

corn and soybean seeds that are resistant to the herbicide. Monsanto’s patent on 

Roundup-Ready products expired in 2014. 

In 1993, Monsanto and Pioneer Technologies Inc. (“Pioneer”) entered into a 

licensing agreement to develop bacteria-resistant corn seeds. The parties abided by this 

 

1 These facts are drawn from Zomolosky’s Second Verified Derivative Amended 

Complaint. We must accept as true the facts alleged, and draw all reasonable inferences 

in his favor. Warren Gen. Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2011). 

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agreement until March 1997, when Pioneer sued Monsanto for allegedly violating the 

1993 agreement (“the 1997 litigation”). Monsanto counterclaimed that Pioneer was 

stacking its own bacteria-resistant gene with Monsanto’s Roundup-Ready genes in 

violation of the licensing agreement. On August 23, 2000, a jury returned a verdict in 

Monsanto’s favor, resulting in an $11 million judgment against Pioneer. 

In March 1999, while the 1997 litigation was still pending, DuPont acquired 

Pioneer. Monsanto claimed that this sale voided a separate licensing agreement with 

Pioneer for the use of Roundup Ready in corn seeds. DuPont disputed that contention, 

which led to three years of litigation (“the 1999 litigation”). The 1999 litigation 

terminated in 2002 when the parties entered into a licensing agreement that allowed 

DuPont to sell Roundup-Ready soybean and corn seeds, but did not permit DuPont to 

stack Roundup Ready with its own gene technology. 

Starting in 2005, DuPont—through Pioneer—initiated development of an

herbicide-resistant technology known as Optimum GAT (“OGAT”) to compete with 

Roundup Ready. Over the next three years, DuPont invested $4 billion into the 

development of OGAT. By July 2007, however, DuPont’s development team realized 

that the OGAT soybean seeds were not performing as expected. Shortly thereafter, 

DuPont’s CEO, Charles Holliday, Jr., conceded to shareholders that OGAT was facing 

significant difficulties. He then offered an alternative plan: DuPont would explore 

stacking OGAT with Monsanto’s Roundup-Ready technology. 

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In August 2008, Holliday called Monsanto CEO Hugh Grant to inquire about a 

licensing agreement that would allow DuPont to stack OGAT with Roundup Ready. 

Monsanto demanded approximately $1.5 billion in royalties, and in the end, no deal was 

consummated. Four months later, in late December 2008, Monsanto indicated in a Form 

10-Q filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that it had entered 

into a dispute resolution process with DuPont regarding Monsanto’s allegations that 

DuPont was violating the terms of the 2002 licensing agreement by stacking RoundupReady genes with its own gene technology. 

In May 2009, Monsanto sued DuPont for patent infringement in the Eastern 

District of Missouri (“the 2009 litigation”). In August 2009, Monsanto’s Grant sent a 

letter to Holliday and DuPont’s new CEO, Ellen Kullman, requesting that DuPont form 

an independent committee to investigate the alleged patent infringement. No committee 

was ever formed. While the 2009 litigation was pending, however, DuPont placed the 

development of OGAT “soy stacks with Roundup Ready 1 . . . on hold pending 

resolution of [the] dispute with Monsanto.” App. 79. 

In January 2010, the district court granted Monsanto’s motion for partial summary 

judgment, concluding that DuPont had breached the 2002 licensing agreement. About 

two years later, in December 2011, the court sanctioned DuPont and its counsel for 

misrepresenting DuPont’s understanding of the terms of the 2002 licensing agreement. 

The case then proceeded to a jury trial on the issues of willfulness and damages. In

August 2012, the jury found that DuPont willfully violated Monsanto’s patents and 

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awarded $1 billion in damages. A subsequent settlement agreement, however, terminated 

the lawsuit. This agreement required DuPont to pay Monsanto $1.75 billion over ten 

years in exchange for a license to stack OGAT with Roundup Ready. The arrangement

also gave Monsanto various rights to DuPont technologies developed using the RoundupReady genes. 

In January 2013, Zomolosky filed a Verified Derivative Complaint in the District 

of Delaware on behalf of DuPont in which he alleged that the Board’s lack of oversight 

and implicit approval of illegal activity led to the patent infringement underlying the 

2009 litigation. In March 2013, Zomolosky filed an amended complaint, and after 

Appellees moved to dismiss, he filed a second amended complaint. In June 2013, 

Appellees filed a second motion to dismiss, which the District Court granted on 

September 12, 2014. Zomolosky timely appealed. 

II.

The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have appellate 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review a district court’s ruling on demand 

futility under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1 for abuse of discretion.” Kanter v. Barella, 489 F.3d 

170, 175 (3d Cir. 2007). For purposes of this appeal, we apply Delaware law when 

reviewing the substantive requirements of a shareholder’s derivative claim, including 

demand futility. Blasband v. Rales, 971 F.2d 1034, 1047 (3d Cir. 1992). We review de 

novo the District Court’s construction and interpretation of Delaware law. See Nelson v. 

Cnty. of Allegheny, 60 F.3d 1010, 1012 (3d Cir. 1995). 

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III.

The central issue in this appeal is whether Zomolosky should be excused from the 

normal requirement that he make a demand on the Board that it bring suit on behalf of the 

corporation before commencing a derivative action. Zomolosky argues the District Court 

erred by applying the standard for demand futility articulated in Rales, and by failing to 

draw reasonable inferences in his favor concerning the Board’s knowledge of the ongoing 

pattern of infringement dating back to 1997. 

A.

“A basic principle of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware is that 

directors, rather than shareholders, manage the business and affairs of the corporation.” 

Spiegel v. Buntrock, 571 A.2d 767, 772–73 (Del. 1990); see Del. Code Ann. tit. 8 § 

141(a). This includes the decision to commence litigation or, alternatively, to abstain 

from filing suit. Spiegel, 571 A.2d at 773. We have explained that “it is clear that the 

demand requirement is not a mere formality, but rather is an important aspect of 

Delaware’s substantive law.” Blasband, 971 F.2d at 1048.

Delaware courts have developed two tests to evaluate whether a plaintiff has 

properly pleaded demand futility. The first, set out in Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 

814 (Del. 1984), overruled on other grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 

2000), generally applies when a plaintiff seeks to challenge a specific action taken by a 

board—“i.e., where it is alleged that the directors made a conscious business decision in 

breach of their fiduciary duties,” Wood v. Baum, 953 A.2d 136, 140 (Del. 2008). Under 

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this analysis, a court must determine whether the complaint: (1) sufficiently rebuts the 

presumption of director disinterest and independence through well-pleaded facts, Rales, 

634 A.2d at 936; or (2) pleads particularized facts creating “a reasonable doubt” that the 

challenged business decision was a product of validly exercised business judgment, 

Aronson, 473 A.2d at 814. 

On the other hand, the second test applies when “the subject of a derivative suit is 

not a business decision of the Board but rather a violation of the Board’s oversight 

duties.” Wood, 953 A.2d at 140. Under this test, the analysis focuses on the Board’s 

inability to exercise its business judgment in evaluating the demand itself. Id. In those 

circumstances, “the appropriate inquiry is whether [the plaintiff’s] amended complaint 

raises a reasonable doubt regarding the ability of a majority of the Board to exercise 

properly its business judgment in a decision on a demand had one been made at the time 

this action was filed.” Rales, 634 A.2d at 937. This inquiry is commonly referred to as 

the Rales test.

Zomolosky contends that the District Court improperly applied the Rales test on 

these facts. He argues that Delaware courts have recently applied Aronson to situations 

where a board has consciously failed to take action, such as in Quadrant Structured 

Products Company v. Vertin, 102 A.3d 155 (Del. Ch. 2014). There, the Court of 

Chancery explained that “[a] conscious decision not to take action is just as much of a 

decision as a decision to act.” Id. at 183. The board in Vertin was presented with a 

choice between two options: (1) take action and defer interest on junior notes, or (2) take 

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no action and allow the junior notes to collect interest. Id. The Court of Chancery 

concluded that the Board’s inaction was the product of a conscious choice, undertaken 

with full knowledge of the consequences that would follow. Id. 

In this case, however, the Board was not presented with an explicit choice of 

action or inaction, each of which carried known and attendant consequences. Rather, 

Zomolosky’s complaint charges the Board with general inaction, lack of oversight, and 

acquiescence. See App. 43 (“DuPont’s Board members knew of the latest infringement 

from an early date, and did nothing to halt it[.]”); id. 78 (“The Board took no steps to stop 

DuPont’s improper actions.”); id. 80 (“The DuPont Board’s knowing acquiescence in 

DuPont’s wrongful and recidivist course of unlawful conduct is an affirmative breach of 

fiduciary duty.”); id. (“The Board Consciously Failed to Take Steps to Protect DuPont 

and to Bring Its Behavior Into Conformity With the Law”). Despite Zomolosky’s 

attempts to cast his complaint in a different light, at its core, his claim is that the Board

“violated a duty to be active monitors of corporate performance.” In re Caremark Int’l 

Inc. Derivative Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 967 (Del. Ch. 1996). Accordingly, we conclude that 

the District Court appropriately determined that the demand futility analysis was 

governed by Rales. See In re INFOUSA, Inc. Shareholders Litig., 953 A.2d 963, 986 

(Del. Ch. 2007) (Rales applies “[w]here the complaint does not address an action taken 

by the board”).

B.

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Having determined the appropriate substantive standard for pleading demand 

futility, we now turn to the District Court’s application of Rales. A plaintiff can satisfy 

Rales by alleging facts showing that the directors face a “substantial likelihood” of 

personal liability. Rales, 634 A.2d at 986. Thus, Zomolosky’s complaint needed to 

contain allegations “that the directors were conscious of the fact that they were not doing 

their jobs,” Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506 (Del. Ch. 2003), and that they ignored 

“red flags that should have alerted the [Board] to the problems.” Kanter, 489 F.3d at 181. 

The purported “red flags” must be of such a nature that we can infer “that the directors 

knew or . . . should have known,” In re Caremark, 698 A.2d at 971, that DuPont was 

engaged in patent infringement. Furthermore, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1 

requires Zomolosky to plead with particularity “the reason for . . . not making the effort” 

to demand that the Board bring the desired legal action itself. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1(b)(3). 

Zomolosky argues that the facts pleaded with particularity in his complaint—

coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom—demonstrate that the Board

consciously ignored numerous “red flags” that were sufficient to put it on notice of the 

ongoing infringement on Monsanto’s Roundup-Ready technology. Such indicators 

include: (1) the 1997 and 1999 patent-infringement lawsuits; (2) the Board’s knowledge 

of the 2002 licensing agreement; (3) the major investment in OGAT; (4) Holliday’s 

attempt to broker a licensing agreement with Monsanto; (5) Monsanto’s SEC filing 

discussing the patent infringement; (6) Monsanto’s December 2009 letter to Holliday and 

Kullman calling for an investigation into the patent infringement; (7) sanctions levied in 

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the course of the 1999 and 2009 litigation; and (8) the Board’s decision to give Kullman a 

raise in 2013. Zomolosky also alleges that the Board had a duty—detailed in DuPont’s 

proxy statements—to regularly review information concerning the legal risks associated 

with proposed and ongoing projects. He also claims that the Board’s Science and 

Technology Committee was charged with monitoring the development of new 

technologies and associated legal risks. 

Turning first to the prior legal actions, the 1997 litigation did not involve 

Roundup-Ready genes. Instead, Monsanto based its counterclaim on Pioneer’s 

unauthorized stacking of bacteria-resistant gene technology. Similarly, although the 1999

litigation did allege that DuPont stacked Roundup-Ready, herbicide-resistant genes

without authorization, the action stemmed from its use in corn seeds. In contrast, the 

2009 litigation centered on DuPont’s unlicensed stacking of Roundup-Ready genes in

soybean seeds. As the District Court noted, these prior suits involved different subject 

matters and predated the 2009 litigation by over a decade. We agree that the 1997 and 

1999 suits did not put the Board on notice of the alleged infringement at issue here. 

Zomolosky also argues that the Board was aware of “the rights . . . incorporated in 

the 2002 Licensing Agreement,” which was a result of the 1999 litigation. Appellant’s 

Br. at 32. The complaint, however, simply alleges that members of DuPont’s 

intellectual-property legal team were intimately involved in negotiating the 2002 

Licensing Agreement. In turn, they reported to the Vice-President and Assistant General 

Counsel of DuPont, who then reported to DuPont’s General Counsel, Tom Sager. Sager 

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answered directly to the Board and also directed the 2009 litigation. Except for the 

description of this chain of command, there is no averment that speaks with particularity

to specific communications which would have given the Board knowledge of the rights 

incorporated in the 2002 licensing agreement.2 

Next, the complaint claims that by early 2008, the Board should have known 

OGAT was failing—despite the $4 billion expended in developing the product line—and 

that later in 2008, Holliday was attempting to negotiate a licensing agreement with 

Monsanto to stack OGAT with Roundup Ready. These events, however, were not “red 

flags” tending to show that DuPont was infringing on Monsanto’s Roundup Ready 

patent. They establish nothing more than that the Board knew Holliday was taking the 

reasonable step of negotiating a licensing agreement to remedy OGAT’s shortcomings. 

Monsanto’s SEC filing and letter of August 17, 2009 are also insufficient to 

impute knowledge of infringement to the Board. As the District Court explained, the 

SEC filing—which may or may not have come to the Board’s attention—“does not 

necessarily lead to the conclusion that DuPont” and, more specifically, its Board “knew it 

was infringing.” App. 23. Similarly, Monsanto’s letter was sent to Holliday and 

Kullman, not to the Board itself. Although we agree with Zomolosky that a court can 

 

2 Zomolosky maintains that the District Court should have taken judicial notice of 

an SEC filing that purportedly showed that the Board was aware of the requirements of 

the 2002 agreement. We review the District Court’s decision regarding judicial notice for 

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 251 (3d Cir. 2004). As 

the District Court noted, Zomolosky was free to include these allegations in any of the 

three complaints filed in this matter, and he failed to do so. We discern no abuse of 

discretion. 

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draw a “reasonable inference . . . that those officers passed the information on to the 

directors,” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Indiana Elec. Workers Pension Trust Fund IBEW, 95 

A.3d 1264, 1273 (Del. 2014), the letter merely recited the same allegations at issue in the 

then-pending patent lawsuit. We cannot infer that such information—coming from a 

major competitor and opposing party in an ongoing lawsuit—is sufficient to put the 

Board on notice that DuPont was willfully infringing on Monsanto’s patents. 

As to the court sanctions imposed during the 1999 and 2009 litigation, Zomolosky 

contends “the seriousness and harshness of both sanction orders, taken together in totality 

create an inference of a pattern of behavior and conduct about which the Board should 

have been advised.” Appellant’s Br. at 25 (emphasis added). It does not follow, 

however, that these specific orders would have notified the Board that DuPont was

infringing the Roundup-Ready technology. In the 1999 litigation, the court sanctioned

DuPont for “discovery misconduct.” App. 52. It cannot be the case that this type of 

procedural sanction—levied in 2001—would put the Board on notice of specific 

instances of infringement occurring seven years later. Zomolosky’s reliance on the 2009 

litigation is equally unavailing. There, the court sanctioned DuPont for “knowingly 

making factual misrepresentations concerning its subjective belief in order to maintain its 

reformation claims.” Monsanto Co. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 748 F.3d 1189, 

1197 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (emphases added). We cannot conclude, however, that this

sanction supports an inference that the Board was aware both of the explicit conditions 

contained in the 2002 licensing agreement and of the infringement at issue. Rather, this 

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sanction only speaks to DuPont’s unsuccessful legal strategy, namely, claiming that the 

2002 licensing agreement was subject to reformation to incorporate the stacking of 

Roundup Ready. Id. 

Next, Zomolosky contends that the Board’s Science and Technology Committee 

must have known that DuPont was stacking Roundup Ready in violation of the licensing 

agreement. As the District Court explained, reports from the Science and Technology 

committee and other management personnel “would have provided the board with 

updates on ongoing research and development. However, these allegations are not 

sufficient for the court to infer that the board members knew that such research was 

infringing and, therefore, were not discharging their duties or were consciously 

disregarding such duties.” App. 23. We agree. In the absence of any allegation detailing

what was specifically presented to the committee concerning the OGAT-Roundup-Ready 

stack prior to 2012, the complaint fails to plead knowledge with the requisite

particularity. See Kanter, 489 F.3d at 181 (pleading must allege that committee’s “work 

was patently inadequate or that [the committee itself] functioned with clear notice of 

serious . . . irregularities”). 

The only allegation remaining is Kullman’s 2013 raise—awarded after the 2009

litigation had concluded. This action thus bears no relation to the patent infringement or 

the Board’s knowledge of such activity. 

IV.

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For the forgoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment of 

September 12, 2014.

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