Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-4_04-cv-00135/USCOURTS-cand-4_04-cv-00135-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Civil Rights Act

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

NOT FOR CITATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

MICHAEL BUTLER, et al.,

Plaintiffs, No. C 04-0135 PJH

v. ORDER RE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION

TO APPLY ARIZONA LAW

ADOPTION MEDIA, LLC, et al.,

Defendants.

_______________________________/

Defendants’ motion to apply Arizona law came on for hearing before this court on

August 17, 2005. Plaintiffs appeared by their counsel I. Neel Chatterjee and Dominique N.

Thomas, and defendants appeared by their counsel Glen E. Lavy and Terry L. Thompson. 

Having read the parties’ papers and carefully considered their arguments and the relevant

legal authority, and good cause appearing, the court hereby DENIES the motion as follows for

the reasons stated at the hearing.

Plaintiffs in this action allege three causes of action under California law. Defendants

now seek a determination that Arizona law, not California law, should be applied in this case. 

In diversity cases, the district courts apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state. Darulis v.

Garate, 401 F.3d 1060, 1062 (9th Cir. 2005). In California, courts apply the three-step

“governmental interest” test. Id. First, the court must determine whether the law of the foreign

state actually differs from California law. Id. If so, the court considers each state’s interest in

having its own law applied to determine whether there is a “true conflict” between their

Case 4:04-cv-00135-PJH Document 137 Filed 08/26/05 Page 1 of 5
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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 Under the “internalaffairs” doctrine,whichis followed in most states, the lawof the state

of incorporationgoverns liabilities of officers or directors to the corporationand its shareholders.

Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 215 n.44 (1977); see also CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of

America, 481 U.S. 69, 89 (1987); Rest. (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 309 and comment (a).

Internal corporate affairs involve those matters that are peculiar to the relationships among or

between the corporation and its current officers, directors, and shareholders. Edgar v. MITE

Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 645 (1982); see Rest. (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 313, comment (a).

In general, courts in California follow this rule and apply the law of the state of incorporation in

considering claims relating to internal corporate affairs. See Cal. Corp.Code § 2116 (directors

of foreign corporation transacting intrastate business are liable to corporation for making of

unauthorized dividends, purchase of shares or distributionof assets of false certificates, reports

or public notices or other violation of official duty according to applicable laws of state of

incorporation); see also Batchelder v. Kawamoto, 147 F.3d 915, 920 (9th Cir. 1998). 

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interests. Id. If the court finds that each state has a legitimate interest, the court then

compares the extent to which each state’s interest will be impaired if the other state’s law is

applied. Id. 

Defendants argue that Arizona law should be applied both to questions of liability and

to the substantive law underlying the plaintiffs’ claims. First, defendants contend that Arizona

law should be applied to any analysis of whether the individual defendants are the alter egos

of the defendant limited liability companies (Adoption Media, LLC, and Adoption Profiles,

LLC). In a related argument, they assert that Arizona law should be applied to the question of

successor liability of the defendant LLCs, which did not exist at the time of the events giving

rise to this lawsuit, and to which defendants Dale and Nathan Gwilliam transferred their

interests in Adoption.com in January 2003. 

Defendants argue that Arizona law applies because the Beverly-Killea Limited Liability

Company Act, Cal. Corp. Code § 17000, et seq., provides for the application of the law of the

state of organization (here, Arizona) to issues of liability between an LLC and its management

and officers as well as to issues concerning the organization of the LLC. Cal. Corp. Code 

§ 17450(a) (“The laws of the state . . . under which a foreign limited liability company is

organized shall govern its organization and internal affairs and the liability and authority of its

managers and members.”). The court finds, however, that § 17450(a) simply codifies the

internal affairs doctrine, as applied to LLCs.1 In other words, § 17450(a) does not apply to

disputes that include people or entities that are not part of the LLC. 

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2

 Defendants concede thatthere is no difference between the laws of the two states with

regard to alter ego liability.

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Defendants also argue that California choice-of-law rules provide for the application of

Arizona law because the successor liability laws differ between the two states, and there is no

“true conflict” that could justify application of California law.2 The general rule for determining

the application of successor liability is the same in Arizona and in California: When a

corporation sells or transfers its principal assets to a successor corporation, the latter will not

be liable for the debts and liabilities of the former unless 1) there is an express or implied

agreement of assumption, 2) the transaction amounts to a consolidation or merger of the two

corporations, 3) the purchasing corporation is a “mere continuation” or a reincarnation of the

seller, or 4) the transfer of assets to the purchaser is for the fraudulent purpose of escaping

liability for the seller’s debts. A.R. Teeters & Assocs., Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 172 Ariz.

324, 329 (1992) (citing Ray v. Alad Corp., 19 Cal. 3d 22, 28 (1977)). 

Defendants argue, however, that the courts of the two states apply exception No. 3 –

the “mere continuation” exception – differently. Defendants claim that under Arizona law,

successor liability will not be imposed merely because the new company has the same

corporate owners, directors, and shareholders as the old company, particularly where the new

company does not perform all the same functions as the old (citing Teeters). They claim that

in California, courts may find successor liability where the new company has the same owners

and managers (citing Ray). Thus, defendants assert, because there is a difference in the law

in the two states, it is necessary to consider whether there is a “true conflict” that would justify

the application of California law. 

Defendants do not dispute that Arizona law and California law are identical on the

subject of alter ego liability, and the court finds that the law of each state is also identical with

regard to successor liability. Indeed, Teeters relied on California law (Ray) when it articulated

the standard. The court does not agree with defendants’ reading of Teeters. The Arizona

court did not rule, as defendants suggest, that the fact that a successor company has the

same owners and directors is a “non-determinative factor” in the “mere continuation” analysis. 

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3

 Defendants refer only to the UnruhAct cause of action, and do not mention the claim of

false advertising under Business & Professions Code § 17500 or the claim of unfair business

practices underBusiness & Professions Code § 17200. The claimunder § 17200 incorporates

the Unruh Act claim, although the court notes that plaintiffs also assert in the § 17200 cause of

action that defendants’ actions were fraudulent because their websites mislead and deceive

consumers. 

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Rather, the court indicated that under the facts of the case before it, the way the new company

had been organized showed that it was not a mere continuation or reincarnation of the old

company. The facts in the Teeters case differed substantially from the facts in the Ray case,

and defendants have not shown that given cases with substantially similar facts, the courts of

the two states would apply the exception differently.

Defendants also contend that Arizona law applies to the substantive claims in this

case.3 In the alternative, they assert that the court should defer ruling on this issue pending the

California Supreme Court’s review of Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 11 Cal. Rptr. 3d

749, review granted, (2004). 

Defendants argue that California law and Arizona law differ with regard to

discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and marital status discrimination. Defendants

contend, however, that there is no “true conflict” regarding these laws because while Arizona

has an interest in determining which business practices that occur in Arizona will subject

Arizona businesses to liability, California has little interest in applying its laws to activities that

occur in a state where the discriminatory behavior is legal. Defendants assert that Arizona’s

interests would be more impaired if its laws were not applied, under the theory of

“comparative impairment.” See Offshore Rental Co.v. Continental Oil Co., 22 Cal. 3d 157,

165 (1978) (“true conflicts should be resolved by applying the law of the state whose interest

would be more impaired if its law were not applied”). 

Defendants assert that any interest that California might have in the matter is

“attenuated.” They claim that the California Legislature has chosen not to regulate LLCs that

solicit business in California, but which do not execute contracts or have operations in

California (citing Cal. Corp. Code § 17001(ap)(2)(F), which defines “transact interstate

business” for purposes of the requirement that foreign LLCs that “transact interstate business”

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in California are required to register with the Secretary of State). They submit that the policy

interests upon which plaintiffs rely are “unsettled,” noting that at the time of the events at issue

in this case, it was not clear under California law that two unrelated persons had a right to

adopt a child in the state, and no California court had ruled that the Unruh Act prohibited

marital status discrimination. 

The question whether defendants are bound by California law is the ultimate issue in

this case. As the court explained at the hearing, it is a question that is appropriate for

consideration and resolution on summary judgment, once discovery has closed and all the

facts are known. Accordingly, the court is unwilling to rule on this question in the context of the

present motion. 

In accordance with the foregoing, the court finds that the motion to apply Arizona law

should be DENIED. California law will apply to the questions of alter ego and successor

liability, and the parties may request the court to consider the question whether defendants are

bound by California law in the dispositive motion or cross-motions that are to be filed after the

close of discovery.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: August 26, 2005

______________________________

PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON

United States District Judge

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