Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-5_18-cv-02070/USCOURTS-cand-5_18-cv-02070-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 110
Nature of Suit: Insurance
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Insurance Contract

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

SAN JOSE DIVISION

THEODORE H. COMINOS,

Plaintiff,

v.

FREEDOM SPECIALTY INSURANCE 

COMPANY,

Defendant.

Case No. 18-cv-02070-BLF 

ORDER DENYING IN PART AND 

GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT’S 

MOTION FOR SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 

MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT

[Re: ECF 28, 29]

In this action, Plaintiff Theodore H. Cominos sues Defendant Freedom Specialty Insurance 

Company for Defendant’s alleged breach of its duty to defend Plaintiff in an underlying action as 

set forth in a legal professional services policy issued by Defendant to Plaintiff. Before the Court 

are the parties’ motions for summary judgment. Def. Mot., ECF 28; Pl. Mot., ECF 29. The Court 

heard oral argument on these motions on April 4, 2019. For the reasons stated herein, Defendant’s

motion for summary judgment is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Plaintiff’s cross 

motion for partial summary judgment is DENIED.

I. BACKGROUND1

A. The Underlying Action

On January 29, 2016, Richard MacDonald, Richard MacDonald Studios, Inc., Richele Fine 

Art, Inc., Richard D. MacDonald Family Partnership, LLP, and Hudson LV, LLC (collectively, 

“MacDonald”) filed in Monterey County Superior Court the underlying action titled Richard 

MacDonald, et al. v. Julia Cominos, et al., Monterey County Superior Court, Case No. 16-CV-

 

1 The facts set forth in this section are undisputed unless otherwise noted.

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000320 (the “MacDonald Action”). Cominos Decl., Ex. B (“MacDonald Compl.”), ECF 31. 

Richard MacDonald is a sculptor whose then-wife Julia Cominos (“Julia”) helped him manage his 

various art companies. MacDonald Compl. ¶¶ 1, 4, 16. At the heart of the MacDonald Action are 

MacDonald’s allegations that Julia “financially abuse[d] and defraud[ed] Plaintiffs,” by 

misappropriating and stealing millions of dollars from MacDonald. Id. ¶¶ 17, 22; see, e.g., id. ¶¶ 

23–31. As a result of these actions, MacDonald sued Julia, her father Theodore H. Cominos 

(Plaintiff, here) (“Plaintiff” or “Cominos”), the Theodore Cominos Sr. Family Trust (“Trust”), 

whose members include Julia and Cominos, id. ¶¶ 5–6, various financial institutions and 

accountants, and a few employees of MacDonald’s. See id. ¶¶ 7–13, 23–25, 32–33. MacDonald 

brought 18 state-law claims against these defendants in various combinations. The Court 

discusses the claims relevant to this action below.

As is relevant here, one means by which Julia allegedly misappropriated funds was by 

diverting payments to “a property management company wholly owned by the Cominos family,” 

including Plaintiff and the Trust, and by making a payment “directly to Defendant Theodore 

Cominos Sr.’s law offices.” Id. ¶ 31. MacDonald brought the following causes of action against 

Cominos: (1) negligence and professional negligence; (2) elder abuse; (3) constructive trust; (4) 

receipt/concealment of stolen property in violation of Cal. Penal Code § 496; (5) civil conspiracy; 

(6) unjust enrichment; (7) violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, et seq. (“UCL”); and (8) 

injunctive relief. Id. ¶¶ 34–39, 81–96, 105–12, 123–28, 129–31. 

The professional negligence claim alleges that the defendants “owed Plaintiff a duty to act 

with reasonable and ordinary care and skill with respect to the various financial affairs of 

Plaintiffs” and “breached their duties of care by failing to adequately manage and/or safeguard 

Plaintiffs’ financial affairs.” Id. ¶¶ 35, 37. This claim specifically references two accountant 

defendants only, not Cominos, but it is brought against all defendants. See id. ¶¶ 34–39. The 

receipt of stolen property claim alleged that the defendants “concealed, withheld and/or received 

monies belonging to Plaintiffs knowing the monies had been stolen or obtained in a manner 

constituting theft.” Id. ¶ 94. The civil conspiracy cause of action alleged that each defendant 

“was aware of each other Defendant’s plans to commit” the allegedly unlawful acts, and that each 

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defendant “agreed with each other Defendant and intended that some and/or all of the wrongful 

acts set forth in this Complaint occur and be accomplished.” Id. ¶¶ 106–07. And finally, the UCL 

claim alleged that each defendant engaged in unlawful and unfair business practices including 

“facilitating and conspiring with Julia Cominos in the misuse of Plaintiffs’ personal and business 

funds and lines of credit. Id. ¶ 125.

The MacDonald Complaint does not specifically identify Plaintiff as an attorney, see id. ¶ 

5, and it does not allege that Plaintiff ever provided professional legal services to MacDonald or to 

Julia. See generally id.

B. The Policy

This action concerns Lawyers Professional Liability Insurance Policy no. LGF0001294 

issued by Defendant to The Law Offices of Theodore H. Cominos and effective September 19, 

2015 to September 19, 2016 (the “Policy”). See Grant. Decl., Ex. A (“Policy”), ECF 28-1. The 

Policy sets forth the scope of the agreement and Defendant’s duty to defend Plaintiff in certain 

actions in relevant part as follows: 

I. INSURING AGREEMENT

A. Coverage

This policy will pay on your behalf, loss arising from a claim first made against 

you during the policy period and reported in writing to us during the policy period 

or, if applicable, the extended reporting period pursuant to the terms of this policy 

for any actual or alleged covered act whenever or wherever such covered act has 

been committed by:

1. you in rendering or failure to render professional services for others; and

...

B. Defense and Settlement:

We have the right and duty to defend, subject to and as part of the Limits of 

Liability, any claim made against you during the policy period and reported in 

writing to us during the policy period or, if applicable, the extended reporting 

period pursuant to the terms of this policy for any actual or alleged covered act 

for which coverage is afforded under this policy, even if any of the allegations of 

the claim are groundless, false, or fraudulent.

...

Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_000012–13 (emphases omitted). The Policy also sets forth the 

following relevant definitions:

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IV. DEFINITIONS

C. Claim means:

1. a written or verbal demand for money or services;

...

F. Controlling interest means the right, directly, or indirectly, to (a) vote thirty 

percent (30%) or more of the issued and outstanding voting stock in an 

incorporated entity, (b) elect thirty percent (30%) or more of the directors of an 

incorporated entity, (c) receive thirty percent (30%) or more of the profits of an 

unincorporated entity, or (d) have the position of general partner of a limited 

partnership, managing general partner of a general partnership, or comparable 

position in any other business enterprise.

...

G. Covered act means an act, error, or omission, including breach of contract or 

duty, breach of fiduciary duty or personal injury arising from professional 

services performed by any of you.

...

O. Fiduciary, except in EXCLUSION V.D., means you in your capacity as an 

administrator, conservator, executor, guardian, committee of an incompetent, 

trustee, receiver, escrow agent, including appointed by a court of law, or any 

similar capacity but only in the course of rendering or failure to render 

professional services for others.

...

Q. Loss means damages, judgments, settlements, client notification and consultant 

costs, and defense costs which you are legally obligated to pay; provided, 

however, that loss does not include fines, penalties, sanctions, taxes, or 

exemplary damages, the multiple portion of multiplied damages, reimbursement, 

disgorgement, reduction, set-off, or return of fees, costs, or expenses, any amount 

for which you are not financially liable or for which is without legal recourse to 

you, or matters which may be deemed uninsurable under the law pursuant to 

which this policy is construed.

R. Named insured means the individual, partnership, or firm engaged in the practice 

of law under the name stated in Item 1. of the Declarations and its predecessor 

practice, if any.

...

Z. Professional services means legal and consulting services and activities 

performed by you for others provided that the remuneration for such services or 

advice, or a portion thereof, inures to your benefit:

1. performed as a lawyer, notary public, arbitrator, mediator, title insurance 

agent, designated issuing lawyer to a title insurance company, fiduciary, 

speaker or author of legal treatises;

2. provided by a lawyer in connection with any bar association, its governing 

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board, or any of its committees;

3. the publication or presentation of research papers or similar materials by 

you;

4. provided in connection with pro bono representation; or

5. provided by your employee in connection with assisting a lawyer to perform 

the activities described in 1., 2., 3. and 4. above for others on the behalf of 

you.

...

Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_000016–20 (emphases omitted). Finally, the Policy sets forth the 

following relevant exclusions:

V. EXCLUSIONS

This policy excludes coverage for any loss in connection with a claim:

 ...

C. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting 

from, in consequence of, or in any way involving activities performed by you in 

connection with a trust or estate if you are a beneficiary or distributee of the trust 

or estate;

...

E. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting 

from, in consequence of, or in any way involving a covered act committed by you 

in connection with any business enterprise which is not the named insured if, at 

the time of such covered act any of you, had a controlling interest in such business 

enterprise. This exclusion applies whether or not a lawyer-client relationship 

existed;

...

G. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting 

from, in consequence of, or in any way involving bodily injury, sickness, disease, 

death, mental anguish, emotional distress, or humiliation to any person. However, 

this exclusion does not apply to mental anguish, emotional distress, or 

humiliation solely caused by personal injury;

...

Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_000020–21 (emphases omitted).

C. The Tender of Defense

On February 8, 2016, Plaintiff reported the MacDonald Action to Defendant by submitting 

a Claim/Incident Notification Form along with the MacDonald Complaint. See Grant. Decl, Ex. 

B., ECF 28-1. In the Notification, Plaintiff gave the following brief description of the MacDonald 

Complaint allegations: “Claim for damages for transfer of funds of defendant to account of insured 

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law firm which funds were kept by insured for a period of a few days and refunded in their 

entirety to defendant; no funds belonging to defendant were kept by insured.” Id. at 

FREEDOM_PROD_000042. The same day, Defendant acknowledged receipt of the claim. Id., 

Ex. C, ECF 28-1.

On February 9, 2016, Plaintiff spoke on the telephone with a claim representative of 

Defendant’s. Cominos Decl. ¶ 11, ECF 31. Plaintiff informed the claim representative of 

additional facts relating to the MacDonald Action. Specifically, Plaintiff told the claim 

representative the following2: Richard MacDonald had forced his wife (Plaintiff’s daughter) Julia 

out of their home and prevented her from using any of the family finances or from accessing her 

marital community property. Id. ¶ 6; see also Ebey Decl. ISO Opp., Ex. F, ECF 35-1 

(Defendant’s claim file notes). Julia then checked MacDonald’s business books and realized she 

was owed unpaid earnings, so she prepared business checks to herself. Cominos Decl. ¶ 6. Julia 

then “sought [Plaintiff’s] legal advice and assistance regarding her community property rights 

[and] her rights as an employee to receive prompt payment of unpaid wages and protecting her 

money.” Id. ¶ 7; see also Ebey Opp. Decl., Ex. F. Plaintiff “counseled her on these issues and 

provided the requested legal advice and assistance to [his] daughter on a pro bono basis.” Julia 

then deposited her own money into Plaintiff’s law firm account “for safekeeping,” and then 

requested that Plaintiff withdraw it for her a few days later. Cominos Decl. ¶ 7. Defendant’s 

claim-file notes confirm that Plaintiff discussed these details with the claim representative, and 

state that Plaintiff “indicates that the only legal services he provided was to ‘counsel his daughter’ 

re said matters, but payment to firm was not meant as reimbursement for his legal services.” Ebey 

Opp. Decl., Ex. F. 

On February 24, 2016, the claim representative made the following note in the claim file: 

Based on info currently available, it does not appear the complaint triggers the 

Insuring Agreement because the alleged wrongful conduct by insured does not arise 

from the Insured’s rendering or failing to render professional services. Insured 

 

2 At the hearing on the motions, Defendant’s attorney indicated that the facts of what was 

discussed on the phone call are disputed. However, Defendant does not offer any evidence to 

refute Plaintiff’s characterization of the conversation. And, as discussed below, the Court 

overrules Defendant’s evidentiary objections to this evidence.

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accepted transfer of stolen and/or misappropriated funds due to relationship with his 

daughter, not b/c of any legal services he was providing. Complaint does contain 

COA for Professional Negligence, but the COA appears to be directed at Plaintiff’s 

accountants, Bianchi Kasavan & Pope LLP and Carla Hudson.

On March 15, 2016, after evaluating the potential for coverage, Defendant informed 

Plaintiff that it declined to cover the MacDonald Action. See Grant Decl., Ex. D, ECF 28-1. 

Defendant denied coverage because it had concluded that the MacDonald Action did not relate to 

any “covered act” under the Policy—namely, Plaintiff’s provision of professional services. Id. at 

FREEDOM_PROD_000083. Specifically, Defendant stated that the allegations “appear to arise 

solely from [Plaintiff’s] alleged acceptance of misappropriated and/or stolen funds,” as opposed to 

alleging “that [Plaintiff] provided any professional services in connection with the matter.” Id. As 

to the Professional Negligence claim, Defendant believed that the claim applied specifically to the 

accountant defendants, not to Plaintiff. Ultimately, “[b]ased on information currently available, 

[Plaintiff’s] alleged wrongful conduct in accepting stolen or misappropriated funds from [his] 

daughter, Julia Cominos, did not involve [his] rendering or failing to render professional services.” 

Id. (emphasis omitted). As such, Defendant concluded that the MacDonald Action did not trigger 

the Policy. Id. Plaintiff accepted this denial of coverage. Cominos Decl. ¶ 13.

Over a year and a half later, on December 7, 2017, Plaintiff’s attorney Frederick Ebey sent 

a letter to Defendant objecting to the denial of coverage because Defendant “gave an unreasonably

narrow interpretation of the allegations of the [MacDonald] complaint when it denied coverage.” 

Grant Decl., Ex. E, ECF 28-1. Specifically, Mr. Ebey argued that the MacDonald Complaint’s 

professional negligence claim applied more broadly than to just the accountant defendants, that the 

MacDonald Complaint alleged that Cominos failed to safeguard MacDonald’s financial affairs, 

and that Cominos represented his daughter pro bono with respect to her community property 

rights, each of which triggered the duty to defend under the Policy. Id. at 

FREEDOM_PROD_000095. Defendant did not respond to this letter within 30 days, so Mr. Ebey 

followed up with another letter on January 22, 2018 and a phone call on February 2, 2018. See 

Ebey Decl. ISO Pl. Mot. (“Ebey Mot. Decl.”) ¶¶ 8–9 & Ex. B, ECF 32.

On February 5, 2018, Defendant again denied coverage, listing many of the same reasons 

as in its previous denial. Id., Ex. F, ECF 28-1. With respect to Plaintiff’s alleged pro bono 

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representation of his daughter, Defendant noted that Plaintiff had submitted no evidence of this 

representation, that the Complaint made no mention of anything relating to such representation or 

of any potential loss based on that representation, and that Plaintiff was merely speculating about 

claims that MacDonald might bring. Id. at FREEDOM_PROD_0000107 & n.4. On February 8, 

2018, Mr. Ebey responded to this second denial, emphasizing in his rebuttal that the MacDonald 

Complaint references deposits made into Cominos’s law firm’s account, that Cominos need not 

have provided financial services to MacDonald in order to be covered by the Policy, and that the 

MacDonald Complaint alleged Cominos owed a duty to MacDonald to protect his funds. See 

generally id., Ex. G, ECF 28-1.

D. The Present Action

Plaintiff filed this action on March 7, 2018 in the Monterey County Superior Court of 

California. ECF 1. In his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant breached the Policy by 

failing to defend him in the MacDonald Action. See generally Compl., ECF 1 at 8–14. Plaintiff 

also brings a cause of action for violation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

(“GFFD”) based on Defendant’s alleged unreasonable and bad faith decision not to defend 

Plaintiff. Id. Defendant removed the case to this Court on April 5, 2018. ECF 1.

II. EVIDENTIARY OBJECTIONS

Defendant objects to certain pieces of evidence submitted in support of Plaintiff’s motion 

for summary judgment. See Def. Opp. at 19–23, ECF 34. The Court discusses each objection in 

turn.

1. Ebey Declaration ISO MSJ – Characterizations of MacDonald Complaint

Defendant objects to paragraphs 2, 3, and 6 of Plaintiff’s attorney Frederick H. Ebey’s 

declaration because Defendant believes Mr. Ebey’s opinions about and restatements of the 

MacDonald Complaint are irrelevant (under Federal Rule of Evidence (“Rule”) 401), lack 

foundation (under Rule 104(b)), and do not represent the best evidence of the MacDonald 

Complaint (under Rule 1002). See Def. Opp. at 19–20.

Ruling: SUSTAINED. The allegations from the MacDonald Complaint speak for 

themselves, and Mr. Ebey’s interpretation of the Complaint as being “complex,” having a certain 

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“main focus,” or being subject to broad interpretation lack foundation and are not the best 

evidence of the contents of the complaint.

2. Ebey Declaration ISO MSJ – Alleged Conclusions of Law

Defendant objects to paragraphs 5–8 and 10–12 of Mr. Ebey’s declaration because 

Defendant believes Mr. Ebey improperly states legal conclusions under Rules 702 and 703 by 

interpreting the Policy and drawing conclusions about the reasonableness of Defendant’s handling 

of Plaintiff’s claim. See Def. Opp. at 21.

Ruling: OVERRULED. Reading the challenged paragraphs in the context of the 

declaration makes clear that they are introduced only to detail the information shared with 

Defendant by Mr. Ebey on Plaintiff’s behalf regarding Mr. Ebey’s belief that Defendant had a 

duty to defend Plaintiff. To the extent these paragraphs can be interpreted to be legal conclusions, 

the Court agrees that Mr. Ebey has not demonstrated that he has the proper qualifications to make 

such conclusions. 

3. Ebey Declaration ISO MSJ, Ex. E – Evidence of Settlement Discussions

Defendant objects to Plaintiff’s submission of information regarding the parties’ settlement 

discussions because they are irrelevant (under Rules 401 and 402) and protected by the settlement 

privilege (Rule 408). 

Ruling: SUSTAINED. The evidence is inadmissible under Rule 408 because Plaintiff 

introduces it to prove the validity of his good faith and fair dealing claim. See Pl. Memo. at 13, 

ECF 30.

4. Cominos Declaration ¶ 6

In his declaration, Cominos Decl., ECF 31, Plaintiff Cominos states: 

My daughter, Julia Cominos, was married to Richard MacDonald for a number of 

years. During their marriage and prior thereto, my daughter, Julia Cominos, who has 

an MBA degree, worked as the executive vice president for all of Mr. MacDonald’s 

businesses arising from his successful career as a sculptor. On or about December 

23, 2014, Mr. MacDonald abruptly forced Julia Cominos to leave their family home 

which he owned, and immediately prevented her from using any of their family bank 

accounts and credit cards and fired her from her job. Ms. Cominos needed funds to 

live on since her access to all of her community property had been cut off so she 

checked the books of her husband’s businesses and found she had unpaid earnings 

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due her of approximately $350,000. She then prepared business checks to herself 

which were signed with her husband’s signature stamp that she had previously been 

authorized to and had used.

Defendant objects to this paragraph as irrelevant (Rules 401 and 402) to the question of 

whether Defendant had a duty to defend, not supported by sufficient facts (Rule 104(b)), and not 

clearly made based on Plaintiff’s personal knowledge (Rule 602). And to the extent any of this 

information is based on information provided to Plaintiff by his daughter, it constitutes 

inadmissible hearsay (Rule 802).

Ruling: OVERRULED. The Court has no reason to believe that, as Julia’s father, Plaintiff 

would not have personal knowledge of the events occurring in Julia’s life. These facts are relevant 

to Plaintiff’s assertion that he provided Julia with pro bono legal services regarding these actions. 

And the paragraph does not contain any hearsay, as it does not attribute any out-of-court statement 

to anyone.

5. Cominos Declaration ¶¶ 7, 11

In his declaration, Plaintiff Cominos states the following at paragraphs 7 and 11: 

7. Julia Cominos then sought my legal advice and assistance regarding her 

community property rights, her rights as an employee to receive prompt payment of 

unpaid wages and protecting her money. I counseled her on these issues and provided 

the requested legal advice and assistance to my daughter on a pro bono basis. She 

then sent me a total of $141,00[0] for safekeeping which was deposited in my law 

firm trust account. The funds were deposited in the trust account because they were 

the funds of Ms. Cominos, not the law firm. A few days later she requested that the 

$141,000 be withdrawn from our trust account and the funds were promptly returned 

to my daughter.

...

11. On February 9, 2016 I had a short telephone conversation with Jason Grant, the 

claims representative for Freedom Specialty Insurance Company who was 

responsible for handling my claim, where we reviewed the allegations of the 

complaint and I advised Mr. Grant, among other things, that my daughter, Julia 

Cominos, was going through a divorce proceeding with her husband, plaintiff 

Richard MacDonald and the civil action had been filed in an attempt to intimidate 

my daughter. I stated that my daughter had been literally thrown out of the home she 

lived in with her husband who had also cut off her access to credit cards and funds. 

I then responded to the questions of Mr. Grant and provided him with the information 

set forth in paragraphs 6 and 7 above.

Defendant objects to these paragraphs as lacking foundation (Rule 104(b)) and as 

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contradicted by Defendant’s evidence, thus raising credibility issues. It also objects to Plaintiff’s 

testimony in paragraph 11 with respect to his daughter’s divorce proceedings as being irrelevant.

Ruling: OVERRULED. The Court does not make credibility determinations at summary 

judgment, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 254 (1986), and Plaintiff has 

personal knowledge about his interactions with his daughter and Mr. Grant. The existence of 

divorce proceedings is relevant to Plaintiff’s assertion that he provided pro bono representation to 

his daughter regarding her community property rights.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 governs motions for summary judgment. Summary 

judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions 

on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material 

fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. 

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). 

The moving party seeking summary judgment bears the burden of showing there is no 

material factual dispute. Once the moving party has satisfied this initial burden, the non-moving 

party must then “identify with reasonable particularity the evidence that precludes summary 

judgment.” Keenan v. Allan, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Schneider v. TRW, Inc., 

938 F.3d 986, 991 (9th Cir. 1990). It is not the duty of the district court to “to scour the record in 

search of a genuine issue of triable fact.” Keenan, 91 F.3d at 1279 (quoting Richards v. Combined 

Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 1995)). Moreover, the court makes no credibility 

determinations and does not weigh the evidence. “The evidence of the non-movant is to be 

believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254; 

see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). For a court 

to find that a genuine dispute of material fact exists, “there must be enough doubt for a reasonable 

trier of fact to find for the [non-moving party].” Corales v. Bennett, 567 F.3d 554, 562 (9th Cir. 

2009). If the non-moving party fails to make this showing, the moving party is entitled to 

summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323.

The filing of cross-motions for summary judgment or partial summary judgment does not 

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mean that the material facts are undisputed, and the denial of one motion does not necessarily 

require the granting of the other. See, e.g., Regents of Univ. of Calif. v. Micro Therapeutics, Inc., 

507 F. Supp. 2d 1074, 1077–78 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (citing Atl. Richfield Co. v. Farm Credit Bank of 

Wichita, 226 F.3d 1138, 1147 (10th Cir. 2000). The cross-motions are to be evaluated in 

accordance with the requisite burden of proof facing each party. Id. at 1078. 

IV. DISCUSSION

The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Defendant seeks summary 

adjudication as to both claims, and as to Plaintiff’s request for punitive damages. See Def. Mot. at 

1. Plaintiff seeks summary judgment only as to his GFFD claim. ECF 29 at 1. There can be no 

breach of the implied covenant of GFFD without a breach of the insurance contract. Waller v. 

Truck Ins. Exch., Inc., 11 Cal. 4th 1, 36, 900 P.2d 619, 639 (1995), as modified on denial of reh’g

(Oct. 26, 1995). As such, because Plaintiff does not move for summary judgment as to liability on

his breach of contract claim, he cannot secure summary judgment on his GFFD claim. This 

reason alone warrants denial of Plaintiff’s motion.3

In any event, as discussed below, the Court finds that summary judgment is not appropriate 

as to either claim. However, summary judgment is warranted for Defendant as to punitive 

damages. Because the briefing is somewhat similar on both motions, the Court primarily 

addresses Defendant’s motion and Plaintiff’s opposition thereto, incorporating where necessary 

argument contained in the briefing related to Plaintiff’s motion.

As stated, Defendant moves for summary judgment on both claims and Plaintiff’s punitive 

damages request. The Court discusses each issue in turn.

A. Breach of Contract

Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is based on Defendant’s alleged failure to defend 

Plaintiff in the MacDonald Action, despite its contractual obligation to do so. The Court first 

discusses the relevant law and then discusses Defendant’s arguments.

 

3 Defendant also argues the Court should deny Plaintiff’s motion because it was not timely filed. 

See Def. Opp. at 7. Because the Court denies the motion for other reasons, it does not address the 

timeliness of the filing.

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1. Duty to Defend Law

“[T]he duty to defend in California is extensive.” Hudson Ins. Co. v. Colony Ins. Co., 624 

F.3d 1264, 1267 (9th Cir. 2010). An insurer’s duty to defend arises when a third party “potentially 

seeks damages within the coverage of the policy.” Gray v. Zurich Ins. Co., 65 Cal. 2d 263, 275 

(1966) (emphasis in original). “Implicit in this rule is the principle that the duty to defend is 

broader than the duty to indemnify; an insurer may owe a duty to defend its insured in an action in 

which no damages ultimately are awarded.” Horace Mann Ins. Co. v. Barbara B., 4 Cal. 4th 

1076, 1081 (1993). Given the breadth of the duty to defend, an insured in an action concerning a 

duty to defend “need only show that the underlying claim may fall within policy coverage; the 

insurer must prove it cannot.” Montrose Chem. Corp. v. Superior Court, 6 Cal. 4th 287, 300 

(1993) (emphasis in original); see Hartford Cas. Ins. Co. v. Swift Distribution, Inc., 59 Cal. 4th 

277, 288 (2014). If a potential cause of action is shown for one covered claim, the insurer has a 

duty to defend all claims asserted against the insured, “regardless of whether the other claims were 

covered under the policy.” Hudson Ins., 624 F.3d at 1267 (citing CNA Cas. of Cal. v. Seaboard 

Sur. Co., 176 Cal. App. 3d 598, 612 n.7 (1986)). 

To determine whether a duty to defend exists, courts compare the terms of the policy with 

the allegations in the third party complaint, along with any extrinsic facts known to the insurer at 

the time of tender, to see whether “the allegations on the face of the third party complaint, 

and . . . extrinsic information available to [the insurer] at the time” indicate a potential for 

coverage. Gunderson v. Fire Ins. Exchange, 37 Cal. App. 4th 1106, 1114 (1995). As articulated 

by the California Supreme Court, “[i]f any facts stated or fairly inferable in the complaint, or 

otherwise known or discovered by the insurer, suggest a claim potentially covered by the policy, 

the insurer’s duty to defend arises and is not extinguished until the insurer negates all facts 

suggesting potential coverage.” Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. MV Transp., 36 Cal. 4th 643, 655 (2005). 

“Any ambiguity in the insurance policy, including in the exclusions, must be resolved in favor of 

finding coverage.” Hudson Ins., 624 F.3d at 1267; see also Montrose, 6 Cal. 4th at 299–300. On 

the other hand, the duty to defend, though broad, cannot be founded in “speculat[ion] about 

extraneous ‘facts’ regarding potential liability or ways in which the third party claimant might 

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amend its complaint at some future date.” Gunderson, 37 Cal. App. 4th at 1114. Rather, a court’s 

determination of a duty to defend is guided by established principles of contract interpretation and 

the “nature and kinds of risks covered by the policy.” Hartford Cas. Ins., 59 Cal. 4th at 288 

(quoting Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc., 11 Cal. 4th 1, 19 (1995)). 

2. Defendant’s Arguments

Defendant asserts two overarching arguments: (1) “Cominos cannot meet his burden to 

establish that allegations in the [MacDonald] Action were potentially covered under the Policy as 

required to trigger Freedom Specialty’s duty to defend”; and (2) even if the Policy could cover the 

MacDonald Action, “exclusions in the Policy . . . eliminate any potential for coverage.” Def. Mot. 

at 12. The Court discusses each argument in turn.

a. The MacDonald Complaint and the Extrinsic Evidence Demonstrated a 

Potential for Coverage

Defendant’s most extensive argument is that no reasonable juror could determine that the 

MacDonald Complaint alleged “any potentially covered claim for a covered act” under the Policy 

or that Plaintiff’s extrinsic evidence of his “purported pro bono representation” of his daughter 

changes this analysis. Id. at 12; see id. at 12–19. The Court disagrees.

To determine coverage, the Court first looks to the Policy. The Policy covers, in relevant 

part, “loss arising from a claim . . . for any actual or alleged covered act . . . committed by: 1. you 

in rendering or failure to render professional services for others.” Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_

000012–13. The Policy defines professional services as “legal and consulting services and 

activities performed by you for others provided that the remuneration for such services or advice, 

or a portion thereof, inures to your benefit: . . . 4. provided in connection with pro bono 

representation.” Id. at FREEDOM_PROD_000019.

A reasonable jury could conclude that the extrinsic evidence, in combination with the 

allegations in the MacDonald Complaint, demonstrates that Defendant had a duty to defend 

Plaintiff in the MacDonald Action because the underlying claims “may [have] fall[en] within 

policy coverage.” Montrose, 6 Cal. 4th at 300 (1993). 

As an initial matter, the Court agrees with Defendant that the MacDonald Complaint on its 

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own does not allege any potential coverage—there are no allegations that Plaintiff provided legal 

services to anyone, that the case relates to any such services, or that the complaint relates to 

anything other than Julia’s (and her accountants’ and banks’) misappropriation and/or mishandling 

of MacDonald’s funds. See Def. Mot. 12–15. But the Court must also look to the extrinsic 

evidence known to the insurer at the time of tender. See Gunderson, 37 Cal. App. 4th at 1114; 

Montrose, 6 Cal. 4th at 295 (“Facts extrinsic to the complaint also give rise to a duty to defend 

when they reveal a possibility that the claim may be covered by the policy.”). In this case, 

Plaintiff’s conversation with Defendant’s claim representative is the linchpin to finding potential 

coverage. Plaintiff told Defendant that in the face of Julia’s marital disputes with MacDonald, 

Plaintiff counseled Julia on a pro bono basis regarding her community property rights, her rights 

to receive prompt payment of unpaid wages, and the means to protect her money. Cominos Decl. 

¶ 7. Julia then deposited her money into Plaintiff’s firm account. Id. 

These facts shed new light on the allegations in the MacDonald Complaint. At bottom, the 

MacDonald Complaint alleges that Julia misappropriated millions of dollars from MacDonald’s 

business and personal accounts. See MacDonald Compl. ¶¶ 17, 22–31. Plaintiff’s conversation 

with Defendant demonstrates that Plaintiff may have directed Julia to take some of these funds 

because she was legally entitled to them. See Cominos Decl. ¶¶ 6–7. That is, Plaintiff’s provision 

of legal services may have brought about some of the actions underpinning the MacDonald 

Complaint. In this light, the allegations regarding Julia’s diversion of funds to Plaintiff’s law firm 

account and the property management company partially owned by Plaintiff support Plaintiff’s 

contention that he told Defendant he was involved in Julia’s decision-making processes regarding 

the funds, including her deposit of funds into Plaintiff’s law firm account. MacDonald Compl. ¶¶ 

5–6, 31. As a result, the claims for at least professional negligence, civil conspiracy, and violation 

of the UCL could potentially “aris[e] from” Plaintiff’s counselling of Julia. See id. ¶ 37 

(defendants, including Plaintiff, “breached their duties of care by failing to adequately manage 

and/or safeguard Plaintiffs’ financial affairs”); id. ¶ 107 (Plaintiff “agreed with each other 

Defendant and intended that some and/or all of the wrongful acts set forth in this Complaint occur 

and be accomplished”); id. ¶ 125 (Plaintiff engaged in unlawful business practice by “facilitating 

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and conspiring with Julia Cominos, in the misuse of [MacDonald’s] personal and business funds 

and lines of credit”). Importantly, the question is not whether MacDonald’s claims had merit, but 

rather whether they triggered Defendant’s duty to defend under the Policy. See Nichols v. Great 

Am. Ins. Companies, 169 Cal. App. 3d 766, 776 (1985) (“The duty to defend under the policy 

exists even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false, or fraudulent.” (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted)).

Defendant understandably focuses on the allegations of the MacDonald Complaint to argue 

that there is no connection between the complaint and Plaintiff’s rendering of professional 

services. Instead, Defendant argues, the complaint deals only with the alleged unlawful diversion 

and receipt of funds. See Def. Mot. at 13–15. But this argument ignores the extrinsic evidence 

clearly linking Plaintiff’s provision of legal services to the alleged unlawful diversion of funds in 

the complaint. For this same reason, Defendant’s argument that the complaint alleges, at most, 

that Plaintiff acted as a business agent, not as an attorney, is unavailing as it is premised solely on 

the allegations in the MacDonald Complaint and ignores the extrinsic evidence known to 

Defendant at the time Plaintiff first tendered the defense. See id. at 14–15 (citing cases). When 

considering the legal advice Plaintiff provided to Julia in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, 

Defendant’s cited cases make clear that a reasonable jury could conclude that the type of counsel 

Plaintiff provided to his daughter regarding her community property rights and her rights to 

unpaid wages falls within the definition of professional legal services. See Tana v. Professionals 

Prototype I Ins. Co., 47 Cal. App. 4th 1612, 1619 (1996) (“In bargaining for a malpractice 

insurance policy, Tana could legitimately expect that he would be covered for acts or omissions in 

the course of representing his clients.”); Colony Ins. Co. v. Fladseth, 2013 WL 1365988, at *9

(N.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 2013) (noting that courts “recognize[] a distinction between skills or knowledge 

specific to the profession, and administrative tasks, such as billing, inherent to all businesses, and 

have found that the latter is not encompassed with these terms”). Someone “lacking legal 

knowledge and skill” could not have provided such counsel to Julia. Fladseth, 2013 WL 1365988, 

at *8 (citation omitted). 

As to the extrinsic evidence, Defendant raises at least six reasons why, in its opinion, the 

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extrinsic evidence of Plaintiff’s pro bono representation of Julia did not trigger the duty to defend. 

See Def. Mot. at 15–18. None of its reasons is persuasive.

First, Defendant argues that because the MacDonald Complaint does not reference any 

legal representation by Plaintiff, Plaintiff was merely “speculating about extraneous ‘facts’ 

regarding potential liability or ways in which the third party claimant might amend its complaint at 

some future date” when he tendered his offer. Def. Mot. at 16 (quoting Gunderson, 37 Cal. App. 

4th at 1114). But, as discussed above, Plaintiff was not speculating about facts that could 

underpin claims MacDonald did not bring. Cf. Friedman Prof. Mgmt. Co. v. Norcal Mut. Ins. Co., 

120 Cal. App. 4th 17, 35 (2004) (finding no duty to defend because plaintiff speculated about a 

potential claim based on “made up facts”; “[t]here ha[d] been no allegations, or facts ever 

presented to or learned by the insurer” that could underpin the claim (emphasis omitted)). Instead, 

Plaintiff’s evidence tied directly to MacDonald’s Complaint and the claims he actually brought, 

including for professional negligence and civil conspiracy. Specifically, Plaintiff’s provision of 

legal representation to his daughter arguably led to the alleged actions, including the mishandling 

of MacDonald’s funds at issue in the professional negligence claim. See MacDonald Compl. ¶¶ 

34–39.

Second, Defendant in its motion argues that the extrinsic evidence was not known to it at

the inception of the lawsuit because Defendant relies only on Plaintiff’s attorney’s 

communications with Defendant in late-2017, as opposed to Plaintiff’s discussion with 

Defendant’s claim representative at the time of tender in February 2016. Def. Mot. at 16. 

However, the 2016 phone call evidence cannot be ignored (and is not subject to a meritorious 

evidentiary objection) and constitutes extrinsic evidence known to the insurer at the time of tender. 

See Gunderson, 37 Cal. App. 4th at 1114 (“[E]xtrinsic facts which may create a duty to defend 

must be known by the insurer at the inception of the third party lawsuit . . . .”).

Third, Defendant argues that Plaintiff never provided evidence to Defendant of his pro 

bono representation of Julia except in the form of his counsel’s letters, which cannot trigger a duty 

to defend. Def. Mot. at 16–17 (citing Hurley Constr. Co. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 10 Cal. 

App. 4th 533, 538 (1992); Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Siliconix Inc., 726 F. 

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Supp. 264, 272 (N.D. Cal. 1989)). Again, Defendant ignores Plaintiff’s proffer of his own 

description of his representation at the time of tender. Defendant does not argue that Plaintiff’s 

own representations to the insurer cannot trigger a duty to defend.

Fourth, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claim that he represented Julia is contradicted by 

his deposition testimony in the MacDonald Action, given on April 10, 2017, in which he said that 

he did not represent Julia as a lawyer. See Def. Mot. at 17 (citing Foy Decl., Ex. 3 at 42, ECF 28-

2). While Plaintiff’s testimony is relevant to the inquiry here, determining whether Plaintiff 

actually provided pro bono representation to Julia as defined by the Policy is a disputed issue of 

fact. Plaintiff’s testimony that he never represented Julia as a lawyer was not given in a context 

that would allow the Court, as a matter of law, to map Plaintiff’s actions onto the requirements of 

the Policy, particularly because the Policy does not clearly define “pro bono representation.” The

scope of the “pro bono representation” clause of the Policy and the question of whether the Policy 

covered Plaintiff’s actions towards Julia is thus a question of fact, the resolution of which is not 

appropriate at summary judgment. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254.

Fifth, Defendant argues that Plaintiff does not satisfy the Policy’s requirement that Plaintiff 

performed legal and consulting services for which “remuneration for such services . . . inure[d] to 

[his] benefit.” Id. at FREEDOM_PROD_000019. Because Plaintiff provided pro bono 

representation for which he did not receive monetary compensation, the argument goes, he did not 

receive the required remuneration. Def. Mot. at 13, 17. Though the Policy covers “pro bono 

representation,” Defendant argues that with respect to pro bono representation the Policy 

contemplates remuneration in the form of statutory and judicially-awarded fees. See id. at 17 & 

n.3. While this argument is appealing, it is nowhere made clear in the Policy, and Defendant cites 

no case law to support such a reading. At best, the Policy is ambiguous as to whether pro bono 

representation requires remuneration, as such a requirement contravenes the ordinary 

understanding of “pro bono representation.” Where the Policy’s language is “ambiguous or 

uncertain, it must be interpreted in the sense in which the promisor believed, at the time of making 

it, that the promisee understood it”—that is, the Policy protects “the objectively reasonable 

expectations of the insured.” Bank of the West, 2 Cal. 4th at 1264–65; see also Hudson Ins., 624 

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F.3d at 1267 (“Any ambiguity in the insurance policy, including in the exclusions, must be 

resolved in favor of finding coverage.”). A reasonable jury could conclude that a reasonable 

insured would understand the Policy to cover pro bono representation for which the insured does 

not receive monetary payment.

Sixth, Defendant argues that the extrinsic evidence does not create a duty to defend 

because it is “factually and legally untethered from the [MacDonald] Complaint.” Def. Mot. at 18 

(quoting Storek v. Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 504 F. Supp. 2d 803, 812 (N.D. Cal. 

2007), aff’d, 320 F. App'x 508 (9th Cir. 2009)). This argument is simply a repackaged version of 

the argument that Plaintiff’s extrinsic evidence relies on mere speculation as to what MacDonald 

might have pled. As discussed above, a reasonable jury could conclude that Plaintiff’s evidence 

underpins some of the allegations and claims in the MacDonald Complaint.

Defendant makes one final argument with respect to the Policy’s coverage: it argues that 

the MacDonald Complaint does not allege “loss arising from a claim . . . for any actual or alleged 

covered act.” See Def. Mot. at 19–20 (quoting Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_000012–13). Under 

the Policy, “loss” is defined to include “damages, judgments, settlements, client notification and 

consultant costs, and defense costs which you are legally obligated to pay,” but does not include, 

as is relevant here, “reimbursement, disgorgement . . . return of fees, costs, or expenses, . . . or 

matters which may be deemed uninsurable under the law pursuant to which this policy is 

construed.” Id. (quoting FREEDOM_PROD_000018). Defendant argues that (1) “claims for 

recovery of amounts wrongfully acquired,” punitive damages, civil penalties, and injunctive relief

are uninsurable as a matter of California insurance law; (2) MacDonald’s claims premised on 

disgorgement and emotional distress damages are explicitly exempted from the Policy’s definition

of “loss”; and (3) MacDonald’s blanket claim for general damages is insufficient alone to 

constitute loss. See. Def. Mot. at 19–20. 

Defendant’s cited case law makes clear that the fundamental question to distinguish “loss” 

damages from “recovery of amounts wrongfully acquired” is “whether the claim seeks to recover 

only the money or property that the insured wrongfully acquired.” Unified W. Grocers, Inc. v. 

Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 457 F.3d 1106, 1115 (9th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added). Here, as in 

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Unified W. Grocers, the “allegations and asserted claims in the Underlying Complaint do not 

necessarily restrict all potential recovery to restitution.” Id. MacDonald alleges that “Julia, along 

with her co-defendants, have caused an estimated $18,000,000 in damages,” MacDonald Compl. 

¶33, which is not clearly attributable only to funds Julia allegedly misappropriated, see id. ¶¶ 23–

33 (describing loss in earning for MacDonald’s companies and fraudulent selling of assets). 

Moreover, under the receipt of stolen property claim, MacDonald does not seek merely restitution, 

but also “damage[s] in an amount to be proven at trial,” id. ¶ 95, while the civil conspiracy claim 

states that “[e]ach Defendant bears personal financial responsibility for the actions of all 

Defendants and the harms and damages inflicted thereby,” id. ¶ 109. The prayer for relief 

confirms the request for general damages and restitution, separately. Id. at Prayer ¶¶ 1, 3. Given 

this context, the Court finds that there is a genuine issue of material facts as to the extent the 

MacDonald Complaint sought loss contemplated by the Policy.

Based on the foregoing, a reasonable jury could conclude that the Policy potentially 

covered some of the MacDonald claims.

b. The Policy Did Not Expressly Exclude All of the Claims in the 

MacDonald Action 

Defendant also argues that if the Policy can be read to cover the claims of the MacDonald 

Action, two exclusions from the Policy eliminate the potential for such coverage here. Def. Mot. 

at 21–22; see Atl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. J. Lamb, Inc., 100 Cal. App. 4th 1017, 1038–39 (2002). First, 

the “Business Enterprise Exclusion” excludes “a covered act committed by you in connection with 

any business enterprise which is not the named insured if, at the time of such covered act any of 

you, had a controlling interest in such business enterprise.” Policy at FREEDOM_PROD_000021. 

Second, the “Trust Exclusion” excludes “activities performed by you in connection with a trust or 

estate if you are a beneficiary or distributee of the trust or estate.” Id. Defendant argues that the 

MacDonald Complaint’s allegation that Julia diverted funds to the property management company 

partially owned by Plaintiff and to the Trust are covered by these exclusions. However, even if 

that is correct, Plaintiff’s extrinsic evidence demonstrates that Plaintiff’s representation of Julia, 

not his role in the property management company or Trust, could have independently triggered the 

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duty to defend. As such, at least some of Plaintiff’s actions, and the claims potentially related to 

them in the MacDonald Complaint, may not be covered by these exclusions.

Thus, because there are disputed issues of material fact as to whether the Policy covered 

the claims in the MacDonald Action, summary judgment is not appropriate on the breach of 

contract claim.

B. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Defendant also moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s “bad faith” claim, arguing that 

Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that Defendant’s failure to defend Plaintiff was “prompted not by an 

honest mistake, bad judgment or negligence but rather by a conscious and deliberate act.” 

Chateau Chamberay Homeowners Ass’n v. Associated Int’l. Ins. Co., 90 Cal.App. 4th 335, 346 

(2001). To prove this claim, Plaintiff “must demonstrate misconduct by [Defendant] more 

egregious than an incorrect denial of policy benefits.” Paslay v. State Farm Gen. Ins. Co., 248 

Cal. App. 4th 639, 652 (2016). Plaintiff presents evidence that he explicitly told Defendant’s 

claims representative that he provided legal advice to his daughter that led to some of the actions 

alleged in the MacDonald Complaint. See Cominos Decl. ¶¶ 6, 7; Ebey Opp. Decl., Ex. F. Yet 

Defendant refused coverage. When Plaintiff’s attorney again raised the issue with Defendant, 

Defendant still refused coverage, narrowly interpreting the MacDonald Complaint without looking 

to how the extrinsic evidence might change how the MacDonald Complaint could be interpreted. 

See, e.g., Grant Decl., Ex. D, at FREEDOM_PROD_000083. Though it is an extremely close call 

on this issue, the Court cannot say with certainty, given these and related facts, that no reasonable 

jury would find that Defendant consciously and deliberately refused to defend Plaintiff in the 

MacDonald Action. As such, summary judgment is not appropriate on bad faith claim.

C. Punitive Damages

Finally, Defendant moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s request for punitive 

damages. Def. Mot. at 23–25. Plaintiff argues that Defendant made fraudulent 

misrepresentations in its 2016 denial letter and later denials, including by claiming, in various 

ways, that the MacDonald Complaint did not trigger the Policy. Pl. Opp. at 19–21. Defendant 

argues that Plaintiff cannot meet his burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that 

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Defendant acted with the malice, oppression, or fraud required to warrant punitive damages. See 

Cal. Civ. Code § 3294. “The same evidence is relevant both to the finding of bad faith and the 

imposition of punitive damages,” but “the evidence in support of the award of punitive damages 

must satisfy a distinct and far more stringent standard.” Shade Foods, Inc. v. Innovative Prod. 

Sales & Mktg., Inc., 78 Cal. App. 4th 847, 890 (2000), as modified on denial of reh’g (Mar. 29, 

2000). To demonstrate that punitive damages are appropriate, Plaintiff “must show that the 

defendant acted with intent or with conscious disregard for the plaintiff’s rights.” United Inv’rs 

Life Ins. Co. v. Grant, 387 F. App’x 683, 687 (9th Cir. 2010).

Above, the Court held that it was a close question whether a reasonable jury could find that 

Defendant violated its duty of good faith and fair dealing. For the same reason, Plaintiff has failed 

to bring forth sufficient—much less clear and convincing—evidence to demonstrate that 

Defendant’s actions satisfy the “far more stringent standard” of acting with malice, oppression, or 

fraud. Simply put, there is no evidence that Defendant acted “despicabl[y]” so as to warrant a 

finding of malice or oppression, or that Defendant “intentionally misrepresent[ed], decei[ved] or 

conceal[ed] . . . a material fact” from Plaintiff so as to constitute fraud. On the evidence 

presented, no reasonable jury could find that Defendant acted with intent or with conscious 

disregard for Plaintiff’s rights. Grant, 387 F. App’x at 687; see also Celerity Educ. Grp. v. 

Scottsdale Ins. Co., No. CV 17-03239-RSWL-JC, 2019 WL 430497, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 4, 

2019) (denying summary judgment on bad faith claim and granting on punitive damages prayer).

As such, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED as to punitive 

damages.

V. ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 

1. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED as to Plaintiff’s first claim for 

breach of contract and second claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing. Plaintiff’s motion on these issues is likewise DENIED.

2. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED as to Plaintiff’s request for 

punitive damages.

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IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: April 23, 2019

______________________________________

BETH LABSON FREEMAN

United States District Judge

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