Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-06-04905/USCOURTS-ca3-06-04905-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

---

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 06-4905

____________

JOSEPH T. KUBICKI, ON HIS OWN BEHALF AND AS PARENT AND

NATURAL GUARDIAN ON BEHALF OF THE MINOR, JOSEPH KUBICKI;

JOSEPH KUBICKI A MINOR,

 Appellants, 

 v.

WHITEMARSH TOWNSHIP; JOHN DOE# 1-3 POLICE OFFICERS, 

 Appellees.

____________

On Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Eastern Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 04-cv-05780)

District Court Magistrate Judge: Honorable Linda K. Caracappa

____________

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

March 6, 2008

Before: BARRY, JORDAN and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: March 20, 2008)

____________

OPINION OF THE COURT

____________

Case: 06-4905 Document: 0031390485 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/20/2008
2

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

Joseph T. Kubicki (Kubicki) and his son, Joseph J. Kubicki, appeal the District

Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of three Whitemarsh Township police

officers. We will affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.

I.

Because we write exclusively for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and

proceedings below, we will not revisit them here.

We will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment only if there are no

genuine issues of material fact and the officers are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); Feesers, Inc. v. Michael Foods, Inc., 498 F.3d 206, 212 (3d Cir.

2007). In reviewing the record below, we construe the facts and draw all reasonable

inferences in the Kubickis’ favor. Michael Foods, 498 F.3d at 212. The substantive law

of exigent circumstances and excessive force determines which facts are material.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). 

Kubicki and his son argue that the officers violated their Fourth Amendment rights

by entering their home without a warrant. A warrantless home entry is presumptively

unconstitutional, but “exigent circumstances” can excuse the warrant requirement. See

Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 749-50 (1984). Where police officers assert exigency,

they “reasonably must believe that someone is in imminent danger.” Parkhurst, 77 F.3d

at 711 (emphasis in original).

Case: 06-4905 Document: 0031390485 Page: 2 Date Filed: 03/20/2008
3

Our review of the record reveals disputed facts regarding the reasonableness of the

officers’ belief that someone at 402 Roberts Avenue was in imminent danger. The

Kubickis testified that it was quiet in their upstairs apartment, while the officers reported

that they heard “an agitated male’s voice coming from the second floor apartment.” In

addition, the Kubickis testified that they heard nothing downstairs (where they can

usually “hear real good”), while the officers asserted that a “loud disturbance” occurred

that night in the first floor apartment. Finally, the Kubickis’ testimony that they did not

hear the police yelling until after they entered the otherwise quiet apartment contradicts

the officers’ testimony that they repeatedly knocked and announced before entering. 

Because these disputed facts are material to determining whether the officers reasonably

believed that exigent circumstances existed, we must reverse the District Court’s grant of

summary judgment on this count. See Couden v. Duffy, 446 F.3d 483, 493 (3d Cir. 2006).

B.

Kubicki next argues that the officers employed excessive force. Like the exigent

circumstances inquiry, the excessive force inquiry asks “whether the officers’ actions

[were] ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them.” 

Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989). In assessing the reasonableness of the

officers’ actions, we account for the fact that they must make “split-second

judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the

Case: 06-4905 Document: 0031390485 Page: 3 Date Filed: 03/20/2008
 In light of our decision that material issues of fact are in dispute regarding the 1

reasonableness of the warrantless entry, we do not reach the question of whether a

constitutional violation occurred for purposes of qualified immunity.

4

amount of force that is necessary.” Couden, 446 F.3d at 497 (quoting Graham, 490 U.S.

at 397).

Accepting Kubicki’s version of the facts, we find the officers’ belief that Kubicki

posed a threat to them was objectively reasonable. Kubicki and his son testified that

when the officers instructed Kubicki to put his hands behind his head, he put them behind

his back instead. Based upon this disobedience, a reasonable officer would be justified in

fearing that Kubicki was reaching for a weapon. We find the force employed to

neutralize this threat reasonable and affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment on this claim. Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 915 (9th Cir. 1994).1

We have considered all of the contentions raised by the parties and conclude that

no further discussion is necessary. The judgment of the District Court will be affirmed in

part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Case: 06-4905 Document: 0031390485 Page: 4 Date Filed: 03/20/2008