Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-2_14-cv-00940/USCOURTS-alnd-2_14-cv-00940-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 360
Nature of Suit: Other Personal Injury
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

JACQUELINE BROWNRIGG,

Plaintiff,

v.

WALGREENS PHARMACY,

Defendant.

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Case No.: 2:14-CV-940-RDP

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Visually impaired individuals often depend on environmental cues to inform them of 

potential hazards. One such cue involves the use of truncated domes or detectable warning 

pavers. These distinctly textured walking surfaces can help to warn pedestrians of an impending 

hazard on the route ahead. When Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1991, 

and following the adoption of regulations implementing the Act, certain provisions of the law 

were adopted which require companies who are building facilities to provide certain safety 

features as part of that construction.1 28 C.F.R. § 36.406 (1991). One of those provisions 

requires the use of truncated domes. The question presented here, quite ironically, is whether 

truncated domes (designed to give warning to the visually impaired) present an open and obvious 

hazard to persons (such as Plaintiff) who are not visually impaired.

 1 In 1991, the United States Department of Transportation and the United States Department of Justice 

developed regulations for new construction and alterations. As part of these ADA Access Guidelines (“ADAAG”), 

since 1993, truncated domes have been the standard design requirement for detectable warnings on curb ramps and 

in flushed transitions from sidewalks to street crossings. 28 C.F.R. Part 36, Appendix A (1993); ADAAG §§ 4.29.2, 

4.29.5. In 1994, the US Access Board temporarily suspended the standard. 28 C.F.R. § 36.407 (1994). However, in 

2001 the suspension was allowed to expire and that reestablished the mandate. See id. (1998).

FILED

 2016 Mar-24 PM 02:48

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 2:14-cv-00940-RDP Document 37 Filed 03/24/16 Page 1 of 11
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This matter is before the court on (1) Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Summary 

Judgment (Doc. # 29), and (2) Defendant’s Motion to Strike (Doc. # 34). The Motions have 

been fully briefed. (Docs. # 30, 31, 35 and 36). 

I. Summary of Relevant Facts2

On or about April 20, 2012, Plaintiff Jacqueline Brownrigg (“Plaintiff” or “Brownrigg”) 

was a customer at the Walgreens store located at 2101 Richard Arrington, Jr. Boulevard, South, 

in Birmingham, Alabama. (Doc. # 1-1, ¶ 2; 4). Brownrigg is a regular customer of that particular 

store. She testified that she was at the store “[e]very other day, if not every day.” (Doc. # 29-2 at 

14:20). She continued to shop at the store on a regular basis after the accident at issue in this 

case. (Doc. # 29-2, 15:2-6).

Near the entrance to the store and adjacent to a handicapped parking spot, there is an area 

of reddish, sloped, textured pavement. (Doc. # 29-4). The pavement is patterned with small, 

raised, flat-topped domes referred to as “truncated domes.” (Doc. # 29-4). 

The truncated domes were part of the original design of the store. At the time of the 

store’s construction in 2002, the truncated domes were a required construction feature under the 

Americans with Disabilities Act and the ADAAGs.

3

 (Doc. # 29-5). The purpose of the domes is 

to alert people who are blind or visually impaired of impending drop-offs or vehicular traffic. 

See 28 C.F.R. Part 36, Appendix A (1993); ADAAG §§ 4.29.2, 4.29.5.

 2 If facts are in dispute, they are stated in the manner most favorable to the non-movant, and all reasonable 

doubts about the facts have been resolved in favor of the non-movant. See Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 

1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993); Info. Sys. & Networks Corp. v. City of Atlanta, 281 F.3d 1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2002). 

These are the “facts” for summary judgment purposes only. They may not be the actual facts that could be 

established through live testimony at trial. See Cox. v. Adm’r U.S. Steel & Carnegie, 17 F.3d 1386, 1400 (11th Cir. 

1994).

3 Again, as noted in footnote 1 supra, by 2002, any suspension imposed as to the original rule and standard 

had been lifted and the mandate was reestablished.

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Plaintiff’s accident occurred after she had been in the store and was returning to her car. 

(Doc. # 29-3, 23:3; 31:3-5). It was daylight, and Plaintiff’s view of the truncated domes was 

unobstructed. (Doc. # 29-3, 21:9 – 24:19). There was no defect in the truncated domes. (Doc. # 

29-3, 22:5-9). 

 Plaintiff testified that one of the domes caused her to fall. (Ex. B, 23:9-15). She stated 

that, while she was walking on the domed surface, one of the domes caused her right foot to 

twist. (Doc. # 29-3, 31:2-23; 32:1-23). She was able to brace herself with her right hand which 

prevented her from falling to the ground. (Doc. # 29-3, 32:15-23). 

II. Summary Judgment Standard

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), summary judgment is proper “if the 

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the 

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving 

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 

(1986). The party asking for summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of 

informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the pleadings or 

filings that it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 

U.S. at 323. Once the moving party has met its burden, the Rule requires the non-moving party 

to go beyond the pleadings and -- by pointing to affidavits, or depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and/or admissions on file -- designate specific facts showing that there is a 

genuine issue for trial. See id. at 324. 

The substantive law will identify which facts are material and which are irrelevant. See 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). All reasonable doubts about the facts 

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and all justifiable inferences are resolved in favor of the non-movant. See Fitzpatrick v. City of 

Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a 

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. If 

the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be 

grated. See id., at 249. 

When faced with a “properly supported motion for summary judgment, [the non-moving 

party] must come forward with specific factual evidence, presenting more than mere 

allegations.” Gargiulo v. G.M. Sales, Inc., 131 F.3d 995, 999 (11th Cir. 1997). As Anderson v. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc. teaches, Rule 56(c) “does not allow the plaintiff to simply rest on [her]

allegations made in the complaint; instead, as the party bearing the burden of proof of trial, [s]he 

must come forward with at least some evidence to support each element essential to [her] case at 

trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. “Mere allegations” made by a plaintiff are insufficient. Id.

Summary judgment is mandated “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient 

to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will 

bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322. “Summary judgment may be 

granted if the non-moving party’s evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative.”

Sawyer v. Southwest Airlines Co., 243 F. Supp.2d 1257, 1262 (D.Kan. 2003) (citing Anderson,

477 U.S. at 250-51). 

“[A]t the summary judgment stage the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the 

evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue 

for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. “Essentially, the inquiry is ‘whether the evidence presents a 

sufficient disagreement to require submission to the jury or whether it is so onesided that one 

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party must prevail as a matter of law.’” Sawyer, 243 F. Supp.2d at 1262 (quoting Anderson, 477 

U.S. at 251-52); see also LaRoche v. Denny’s, Inc., 62 F. Supp.2d 1366, 1371 (S.D. Fla. 1999) 

(“The law is clear ... that suspicion, perception, opinion, and belief cannot be used to defeat a 

motion for summary judgment.”).

III. Analysis

Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts the following claims: Count I – Negligence; Count II –

Negligence Per Se; and Count III – Wantonness. (Doc. # 1-1). The court addresses each claim 

below.

A. Negligence

In order to recover on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove a breach of a duty owed 

and that the breach proximately caused injury or damage. Lowe’s Home Ctrs., Inc. v. Laxson, 

655 So.2d 943, 945-46 (Ala. 1994). Here, without question, Plaintiff was a business invitee at 

Defendant’s premises. The duty a premises owner owes to an invitee is well established: “The 

duty owed to an invitee by [a business] is the exercise of ordinary and reasonable care to keep 

the premises in a reasonably safe condition.’” Cook v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 795 F.Supp.2d 

1269, 1273 (M.D. Ala. 2011) (quoting Lilya v. Greater Gulf State Fair, Inc., 855 So.2d 1049, 

1054 (Ala. 2003)) (internal quotations marks, brackets and citations omitted). As the Alabama 

Supreme Court has reiterated, “[t]he storekeeper is not an insurer of the customers’ safety but is 

liable for injury only in the event he negligently fails to use reasonable care in maintaining his 

premises in a reasonably safe condition.” Cook, 795 F.Supp.2d at 1273 (quoting Dolgencorp, 

Inc. v. Hall, 890 So.2d 98, 101 (Ala. 2003) (in turn quoting Cash v. Winn–Dixie of Montgomery, 

Inc., 418 So.2d 874, 876 (Ala. 1982)) (internal quotations omitted). 

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The “entire basis of a [business’s] liability rests upon [its] superior knowledge of the 

danger which causes the [customer’s] injuries.” Cook, 795 F.Supp.2d at 1273 (quoting Fowler v. 

CEC Entm’t, 921 So.2d 428, 432-33 (Ala.Civ.App. 2005) (in turn quoting Denmark v. 

Mercantile Stores Co., 844 So.2d 1189, 1194 (Ala. 2002)) (internal quotations omitted). 

The duty to keep premises safe for invitees applies only to defects and conditions 

which are in the nature of hidden dangers, traps, snares, pitfalls, and the like, in 

that they are not known to the invitee, and would not be observed by him in the 

exercise of ordinary care. The invitee assumes all normal or ordinary risks 

attendant upon the use of the premises, and the owner or occupant is under no 

duty to reconstruct or alter the premises so as to obviate known and obvious 

dangers, nor is he liable for injury to an invitee resulting from a danger which was 

obvious or should have been observed in the exercise of reasonable care.

Lamson & Sessions Bolt Co. v. McCarty, 234 Ala. 60, 63, 173 So. 388, 391 (1937) (quoting 45 

C.J. § 244, p. 837) (emphasis added). “[T]he focus of our premises liability law is not on the care 

that may have been exercised by the invitee ..., but on relieving a premises owner of a legal 

liability where an invitee knew of the danger that caused the injury or should have observed that 

danger through the exercise of reasonable care.” Ex parte Industrial Distribution Servs. 

Warehouse, 709 So.2d 16, 20-21 (Ala.1997) (emphasis added).

Plaintiff argues that the truncated domes were unreasonably dangerous. But in light of 

the fact that the domes were originally a requirement imposed by the ADAAG, it does not follow 

that their use is a breach of any duty owed. Moreover, the photographs in the record make this 

much abundantly clear: even if the domes could be considered a danger, they were an open and 

obvious “hazard.” The Alabama Supreme Court has expressly rejected the notion that an invitor 

owes a duty to eliminate open and obvious hazards or to warn an invitee about them if the invitor 

“should anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.” Ex parte Gold Kist, Inc., 

686 So.2d 260, 261 (Ala. 1996). The slightly raised domes in the pavement are readily 

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observable to the naked eye. It was daylight on the day in question and Plaintiff’s view of them 

was unobstructed. And, Plaintiff regularly visited the premises. Therefore, the court has no 

hesitation in holding that the truncated domes were open and obvious as a matter of law. See Ex 

parte Neese, 819 So.2d at 590 (affirming a trial court’s judgment determining that a wet doormat 

was an open and obvious condition on invitor’s property when invitee had visited weekly for 

many years and had admitted to having avoided stepping onto the doormat on the day of her 

injury out of precaution because it had been raining). “An invitor [] facility has no duty to warn 

invitees of commonplace tripping hazards that are open and obvious.” Sheikh v. Lakeshore 

Found., 64 So. 3d 1055, 1061 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010).

Because the truncated domes on which Plaintiff tripped were open and obvious, 

Defendant had no duty to warn Plaintiff that they might be a tripping hazard. Therefore, Plaintiff 

has failed to establish that Defendant breached any duty of care, and Defendant is entitled to 

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s negligence claim.4

Finally, even if it could be said that the truncated domes on which Plaintiff tripped were 

not open and obvious (and, to be clear, the undisputed evidence in the Rule 56 record shows that 

they were actually open and obvious), Plaintiff’s negligence claim fails for yet another reason. 

The federal regulations adopted under the ADA required Defendant to install the truncated 

domes when it built the store in 2002. It follows that, as a matter of law and logic, Defendant 

cannot be sued in negligence for merely (and properly) installing and maintaining the truncated 

 4 Defendants also argue that while Plaintiff claims her injury occurred on a Friday, she did not seek medical 

treatment until the following Monday, and records from her initial doctor’s visit show that she indicated the injury 

occurred at home, and subsequent records show that she indicated she was injured while she “step[ped] down off the 

curb.” (See Doc. #29 at 6, p. 20-22). Each of these contentions is in dispute, and the court has not considered them in 

making its ruling.

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domes which federal law required it to have as part of its new construction of a store.5 See 

Chandler v. Ariz. Partners Retail Inv. Grp. LLC, 329 Fed. Appx. 724, 725-26 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(finding ADA regulations governing specific aspect of curb ramps influence evidentiary and 

legal considerations of negligence and negligence per se). Cf. Jairath v. Dyer, 154 F.3d 1280, 

1281 (11th Cir. 1998) (finding under a state law negligence per se-type claim “[t]he ADA 

created the duty which served as the basis for [the plaintiff]’s state law claim”). 

B. Wantonness

Under Alabama law, wantonness is “the conscious doing of some act or the omission of 

some duty while knowing of the existing conditions and being conscious that, from doing or 

omitting to do an act, injury will likely or probably result.”6

 Ex parte Essary, 992 So.2d 5, 9 

(Ala. 2007) (citing Bozeman v. Central Bank of the South, 646 So.2d 601 (Ala. 1994) (emphasis 

in original)). See also Ala. Code § 6–11–20(b)(3) (1975) (defining wantonness as “[c]onduct 

which is carried on with a reckless or conscious disregard for the rights or safety of others.”). 

Alabama courts have repeatedly recognized that wantonness and negligence are qualitatively 

differently tort concepts[,]” and “wantonness is not merely a higher degree of culpability than 

negligence.” Ex parte Essary, at 9 (quoting Tolbert v. Tolbert, 903 So.2d 103, 114-15 (Ala. 

2004); Mandella v. Pennington, 73 So.3d 1257, 1264 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011) (citations omitted). 

Accordingly, in cases arising from car accidents, proving a driver’s wantonness, “requires more 

 5 Plaintiff cites to a number of studies and surveys which question the wisdom and propriety of using 

truncated domes. But there is a substantial difference between (1) a duty created when Congress passes a statute and 

administrative agencies (who are tasked with implementing the subject legislation) adopt rules and regulations such 

as those at issue here, and (2) a group of persons from an industry (even experts within that industry) critiquing the 

wisdom of those regulations and requirements. The court recognizes that certain individuals disagree with the 

propriety of using truncated domes. That does not change the fact that the law required their installation in 2002.

6 An employer can be liable for the wanton acts of its employee if the employee’s wanton acts were 

committed within the course and scope of his employment. See Cheshire v. Putman, 54 So.3d 336, 341 (Ala. 2010). 

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than a showing of some form of inadvertence on the part of the driver; it requires a showing of 

some degree of conscious culpability.” Ex parte Anderson, 682 So.2d 467, 469 (Ala. 1996) 

(citing George v. Champion Ins. Co., 591 So.2d 582 (Ala. 1991)). 

Plaintiff argues that Defendant was consciously aware that the truncated domes were 

likely to cause injury because another customer had fallen on them some three years before 

Plaintiff fell. Plaintiff further speculates that there may have been more falls. But this argument 

completely ignores the fact that the domes were required, open and obvious, and further that over 

the course of many years, many customers have come and gone without injury (including 

Plaintiff). The evidence that one other customer, three years earlier, fell on the truncated domes 

does not show the requisite state of mind to sustain a wantonness claim. Powell v. Piggly Wiggly 

Alabama Distrib. Co., 60 So. 3d 921, 927 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (citing Ex parte Essary, 992 

So.2d 5, 12 (Ala.2007) (equating wantonness to “reckless indifference to a known danger likely 

to inflict injury”)). 

Plaintiff has not presented the court with any evidence about the state of mind of any 

employee of Defendant suggesting that the continued use of the truncated domed pavement is 

evidence of wanton conduct. “Evidence that an accident occurred, without evidence that the 

defendant or its agents were conscious of ... the potential for injury, is insufficient to prove 

wantonness under Alabama law.” Katrensky v. United States, 732 F. Supp. 2d 1194, 1203-04 

(M.D. Ala. 2010). 

C. Negligence Per Se

“The doctrine of negligence per se or negligence as a matter of law arises from the 

premise that the legislature may enact a statute that replaces the common-law standard of the 

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reasonably prudent person with an absolute, required standard of care.” Parker Bldg. Servs. Co. 

v. Lightsey ex rel. Lightsey, 925 So. 2d 927, 930-31 (Ala. 2005) (citing Thomas Learning Ctr., 

Inc. v. McGuirk, 766 So.2d 161, 171 (Ala. Civ. App. 1998)). “To establish negligence per se, a 

plaintiff must prove: (1) that the statute the defendant is charged with violating was enacted to 

protect a class of persons to which the plaintiff belonged; (2) that the plaintiff’s injury was the 

kind of injury contemplated by the statute; (3) that the defendant violated the statute; and (4) that 

the defendant’s violation of the statute proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury.” Cook’s Pest 

Control, Inc. v. Rebat, 28 So.3d 716, 726 (Ala. 2009) (quoting Dickinson v. Land Developers 

Constr. Co., 882 So.2d 291, 302 (Ala. 2003)). 

Not only has Plaintiff presented no argument in response to Defendant’s Motion for 

Summary Judgment on this claim, she has not identified any statutes that she claims Defendant 

violated.7

 Therefore, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on this claim.

D. Defendant’s Motion to Strike 

Defendant’s Motion seeks to strike the affidavit of Ernest McGlothan, filed in support of 

Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. # 34). 

McGlothan’s affidavit was not disclosed until it was filed in response to Defendant’s Motion for 

Summary Judgment. It is dated September 23, 3015. (Doc. # 30- 4). 

Under the court’s September 18, 2014 Scheduling Order (Doc. # 10) any report from a 

retained expert was due from Plaintiff by December 15, 2014. This deadline was not extended. 

McGlothan’s affidavit is due to be stricken as untimely. See Borum v. Werner Co., 2012 WL 

 7 In fact, the only regulation in evidence provided for the use of these truncated domes as a detectable 

warning. 28 C.F.R. Part 36, Appendix A (1993); ADAAG § 4.29.2 (“Detectable warnings shall consist of raised 

truncated domes with a diameter of nominal 0.9 in (23 mm), a height of nominal 0.2 in (5 mm) and a center-tocenter spacing of nominal 2.35 in (60 mm) and shall contrast visually with adjoining surfaces, either light-on-dark, 

or dark-on-light.”). 

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2047678, *11 (N.D. Ala. 2012) (excluding expert’s affidavit filed after the close of discovery, 

and after defendant had moved for summary judgment and also moved to strike the expert’s 

testimony). The court has not considered it in this ruling.

IV. Conclusion

For all of the foregoing reasons, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on all of 

Plaintiff’s claims. A separate order will be entered. 

DONE and ORDERED this March 24, 2016.

_________________________________

R. DAVID PROCTOR

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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