Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02450/USCOURTS-casd-3_11-cv-02450-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

KEITH DUANE ARLINE JR.,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 11-CV-2450 JLS (NLS)

ORDER: (1) ADOPTING REPORT

AND RECOMMENDATION AND

(2) GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTION TO DISMISS

(ECF No. 20)

vs.

G.J. JANDA, et. al.,

Defendant.

Presently before the Court are Defendants G.J. Janda, C.J. Caffarella, P. KuzilRuan, A. Lewis, R. Delgado, and R. Powell’s (“Defendants”) motion to dismiss

Plaintiff Keith Duane Arline Jr.’s (“Plaintiff”) First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) 

(ECF No. 20), and Magistrate Judge Nita L. Stormes’ Report and Recommendation

(“R&R”) advising this Court to grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 25). 

Also before the Court are Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R (ECF No. 26), and

Defendants’ reply to Plaintiff’s objections (ECF No. 27). For the following reasons,

the Court ADOPTS the R&R in full and GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss

without prejudice. 

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BACKGROUND

Magistrate Judge Stormes’ R&R contains a thorough and accurate recitation

of the factual and procedural history underlying the instant motion. (ECF No. 25 at

2.) This order incorporates by reference the background as set forth in the R&R, and

briefly summarizes the most relevant facts here. 

Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, commenced this action on October 18,

2011. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff’s operative FAC asserts two claims pursuant to 42

U.S.C. § 1983 for constitutional violations that occurred during his incarceration at

Calipatria State Prison. (ECF No. 5.) Plaintiff alleges that his procedural due

process rights were violated at a disciplinary hearing conducted by Defendant

Powell, after which he was housed in administrative segregation with multiple

restrictions. (ECF No. 5 at 4-7.) Plaintiff further alleges that he was subjected to

cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment because of the

lack of a surveillance camera in the main yard of the prison. (ECF No. 5 at 8-12.)

LEGAL STANDARD

I. Review of the Report and Recommendation

A district court analyzes de novo any contested issue in a magistrate judge’s

report and recommendation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The

Court may then “accept, reject, or modify” all or part of the R&R. 28 U.S.C. §

636(b)(1)(c). If no party files a timely objection, “the Court need only satisfy itself”

that the Magistrate did not clearly err. Campbell v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 501 F.2d 196, 206

(9th Cir. 1974). 

II. Motion to Dismiss

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion

the defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted,” generally referred to as a motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether

a complaint states a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts in light of Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement of the

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claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not

require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . it [does] demand[] more than an unadorned,

the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other

words, “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to

relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the

elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing

Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it

tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 677 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id.

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A claim is

facially plausible when the facts pled “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the claim must be probable, but

there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 

Id. Facts “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” fall short of a plausible

entitlement to relief. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Further, the Court

need not accept as true “legal conclusions” contained in the complaint. Id. This

review requires context-specific analysis involving the Court’s “judicial experience

and common sense.” Id. at 678 (citation omitted). “[W]here the well-pleaded facts

do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the

complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to

relief.’” Id. Moreover, “for a complaint to be dismissed because the allegations give

rise to an affirmative defense[,] the defense clearly must appear on the face of the

pleading.” McCalden v. Ca. Library Ass’n, 955 F.2d 1214, 1219 (9th Cir. 1990). 

Relevant here, the Court has a duty to liberally construe a pro se’s pleadings. 

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See Karim-Panahi v. L.A. Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 623 (9th Cir. 1988). “Pro se

complaints are to be construed liberally and may be dismissed for failure to state a

claim only where it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts

in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief.” Barret v. Belleque, 544 F.3d

1060, 1061-62 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

However, the court’s liberal interpretation of a pro se complaint may not supply

essential elements of the claim that were not pled. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. 

Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 

The Court will grant leave to amend unless it determines that no modified

contention “consistent with the challenged pleading . . . [will] cure the deficiency.” 

DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting

Schriber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir.

1986)).

III. Cognizable Claim for Federal Relief

To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Plaintiff must allege that: (1) the

conduct he complains of was committed by a person acting under color of state law;

and (2) that conduct violated a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the

United States. Humphries v. County of Los Angeles, 554 F.3d 1170, 1184 (9th Cir.

2009) (citing West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988)). 

ANALYSIS

I. Due Process Claim

Plaintiff contends that his procedural due process rights were denied during a

disciplinary hearing. (ECF No. 5 at 4.) As a result of the hearing, Plaintiff was

placed in administrative segregation for 184 days. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that during

his placement in administrative segregation he was allowed only one hour of outdoor

exercise per week in a “cage,” had no human contact except with a “celly,” was

restrained during all out-of-cell movement, was not allowed to have personal

property appliances, could only have visitation behind a glass window, was forced to

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eat meals in his cell, had limited law library access, and that his cell door was

covered by a clear plastic cover. (Id. at 4.) Plaintiff contends that these conditions

were more restrictive than the conditions of general population imprisonment. (Id.

at 4-5.) 

A. Summary of Report and Recommendation

Magistrate Judge Stormes concludes that “Plaintiff has not adequately stated a

liberty interest sufficient to invoke the Fourteenth Amendment.” (ECF No. 25 at 5.) 

Specifically, the Magistrate Judge finds that Plaintiff’s placement in administrative

segregation does not rise to the level of an “atypical and significant hardship”

because it did not affect the duration of his sentence or constitute a major disruption

in his environment. (Id. at 5-6.) The Magistrate Judge’s comparison of Plaintiff’s

alleged circumstances to those of plaintiffs in similar cases reveals “that no atypical

and significant hardship was present in cases similar to the one at bar.” (Id. at 6.) 

Accordingly, the R&R recommended that Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s

due process claim be granted. (Id. at 6.)

In the alternative, the R&R recommends that the Court dismiss Plaintiff’s due

process claim against Defendant Delgado. (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff’s only factual

allegation against Defendant Delgado is that he approved the denial of Plaintiff’s

administrative grievance. (ECF No. 5 at 6.) Accordingly, because a prison official’s

denial of a prisoner’s grievance is not, by itself, sufficient to state a claim for a

constitutional violation, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the Court dismiss

Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant Delgado. (ECF No. 25 at 7.)

B. Objections to Report and Recommendation

 Plaintiff avers that his complaint adequately states a liberty interest. (ECF

No. 26 at 4.) Plaintiff contends that he, while confined in administrative

segregation, was subjected to different conditions than prisoners in the general

population. (Id.) Emphasizing the 184 day duration of his confinement in

administrative segregation, Plaintiff contends that his confinement rises to the level

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of an “atypical and significant hardship.” (Id. at 4-5.)

Plaintiff further objects to the Magistrate Judge’s alternative recommendation

that his due process claim against Defendant Delgado be dismissed. (Id. at 6.) 

Plaintiff contends that he has established Defendant Delgado’s “personal

participation” in the alleged acts, and seems to suggest that Defendant Delgado was

personally involved in violating Plaintiff’s procedural due process rights because he

denied Plaintiff’s prison grievance without providing evidence.1

 (Id.) 

C. Analysis

“The requirements of procedural due process apply only to the deprivation of

interests encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment’s protection of liberty and

property.” Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569 (1972). State statutes and

prison regulations may grant prisoners a liberty interest sufficient to invoke due

process protections. Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223-27 (1976). However, the

Supreme Court has significantly limited the instances in which due process can be

invoked. Pursuant to Sandin v. Conner, a prisoner can show a liberty interest under

the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment only if he alleges a change in

confinement that imposes an “atypical and significant hardship . . . in relation to the

ordinary incidents of prison life.” 515 U.S. 472, 483-84 (1995) (citations omitted);

Neal v. Shimoda, 131 F.3d 818, 827-28 (9th Cir. 1997). In Sandin, the Supreme

Court considered three factors in determining whether the plaintiff possessed a

liberty interest in avoiding disciplinary segregation: (1) the disciplinary versus

discretionary nature of the segregation; (2) the restricted conditions of the prisoner’s

confinement and whether they amounted to a “major disruption in his environment”

when compared to those shared by prisoners in the general population; and (3) the

possibility of whether the prisoner’s sentence was lengthened by his restricted

custody. Id. at 486-87. 

1

Although Plaintiff states in his opposition that “Defendant R. Delgado had approved Plaintiff’s prison grievance,” the Court assumes that Plaintiff is instead

complaining of the denial of his prison grievance. (ECF No. 26 at 6.)

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Therefore, to establish a due process violation, Plaintiff must first show the

deprivation imposed an “atypical and significant hardship” on him in relation to the

ordinary incidents of prison life. Id. at 483-84. Plaintiff must allege “a dramatic

departure from the basic conditions” of his confinement that would give rise to a

liberty interest before he can claim a violation of due process. Id. at 485; see also

Keenan v. Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1088-89 (9th Cir. 1996), amended by 135 F.3d 1318

(9th Cir. 1998). 

Here, Plaintiff’s allegations detailing the conditions of his administrative

segregation are insufficient to adequately plead an “atypical and significant

hardship.” Although Plaintiff provides factual allegations demonstrating that the

conditions of his confinement in administrative segregation were different from the

conditions in general population, (ECF No. 5 at 5-6.), the Court does not find these

differences to be sufficient to establish a “dramatic departure from the basic

conditions” of Plaintiff’s confinement. Plaintiff avers only that his administrative

segregation resulted in slightly reduced exercise, communication, property, and

travel privileges compared to privileges given to general population prisoners. 

Importantly, Plaintiff does not plead any facts demonstrating how his confinement in

administrative segregation was different from typical administrative segregation,

which generally does not interfere with a prisoner’s protected liberty interest. See

May, 109 F.3d at 565; Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071, 1078 (9th Cir. 2003)

(“Typically, administrative segregation in and of itself does not implicate a protected

liberty interest.”) The Ninth Circuit has found that administrative segregation

ordinarily falls within the terms of confinement contemplated by a prison sentence. 

May v. Baldwin, 109 F.3d 557, 565 (9th. Cir. 1997). 

 Moreover, as discussed in the Magistrate Judge’s R&R, conditions similar to

Plaintiff’s have been found to not be “atypical and significant.” See Deadmon v.

Grannis, No. 06cv1382-LAB (WMC), 2008 WL 595883, at *6-8 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 29,

2008) (dismissing plaintiff’s complaint that alleged fifteen months of administrative

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segregation that included deprivation of personal property, behind window family

visits, deprivation of privileges awarded to general population prisoners, no phone

calls, one shower every three days, one package a year, and only ten hours per week

of yard time); Bryant v. Cortez, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1160, 1166 (C.D. Cal. 2008)

(holding that eighteen month confinement in administrative segregation that

included reduction in exercise, shower, hygiene, and visitation privileges, as well as

prevented prisoner from participating in vocational, educational, and recreational

programs was not an atypical and significant hardship); see also Overton v. Bazzetta,

539 U.S. 126, 137 (2003) (holding that being denied visitation privileges is not a

dramatic departure from accepted standards of prison confinement); Keel v. Dovey,

459 F. Supp. 2d 946, 955 (C.D. Cal. 2006); Lopez v. Celaya, No. C 06-5071 THE

(PR), 2008 WL 205256, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan 23, 2008). Plaintiff’s complaint falls

short of alleging conditions that have been found to be an atypical and significant

hardship. See Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 223-24 (2005) (holding that

prisoner was subject to an atypical and significant hardship by being given indefinite

detention in a supermax prison where no conversation was permitted and lights were

on for 24 hours a day); Serrano, 345 F.3d at 1078-79 (holding that disabled prisoner

placed in administrative segregation established an atypical and significant hardship

because prisoner was denied use of his wheel chair for more than two months that

created severe difficulty for prisoner to practice hygiene and forced prisoner to drag

himself across a vermin-infested floor). 

Plaintiff’s FAC does not allege that his placement in administrative

segregation affected the duration of his sentence. However, as noted by the R&R,

Plaintiff’s response to the instant motion states that he lost ninety (90) days of good

time credits as a result of the disciplinary hearing. (ECF No. 21 at 5.) Allegations

contained in a prisoner’s opposition motion are “irrelevant for Rule 12(b)(6)

purposes.” Schneider v. California Dept. of Corr., 151 F.3d 1194, 1197 n. 1 (9th

Cir. 1998). Thus, the Court cannot consider Plaintiff’s allegation about revocation

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of time credits for purposes of the instant motion. In effect, Plaintiff has not

presented any facts demonstrating the possibility his sentence was lengthened by his

placement in administrative segregation. See Sandin, 515 U.S. at 486. 

 Accordingly, because Plaintiff does not allege sufficient facts to demonstrate

that his placement in administrative segregation constituted an atypical and

significant hardship, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s

due process claim, but affords Plaintiff leave to amend.2

II. Eighth Amendment Claim

Plaintiff contends that Defendants violated the Eighth Amendment’s

prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment under a failure to protect theory. 

(ECF No. 5 at 8.) Plaintiff claims that the lack of a surveillance camera in the

general population main yard presented a risk of serious harm to Plaintiff and that

Defendants consciously disregarded that risk. (Id.) Plaintiff further contends that

the presence of a surveillance camera would have exonerated him from wrongdoing

in the incident for which Plaintiff was placed in administrative segregation. (Id.) 

Plaintiff also contends that Defendants’ denial of his filed grievance concerning the

lack of a surveillance camera similarly violated his Eight Amendment rights. (Id. at

8-12.)

A. Summary of Report and Recommendation

Magistrate Judge Stormes concludes that “Plaintiff’s concerns about the lack

of a surveillance camera are too speculative to state a claim.” (ECF No. 25 at 8.) 

Specifically, the Magistrate Judge finds that Plaintiff does not allege any specific

harm or threat to his safety, and further fails to allege that a security camera would

reduce any such threat. (Id.) To the extent that Plaintiff alleges that a camera may

have exonerated him from alleged wrongdoing, the Magistrate Judge concludes that

2

Because the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s due process claim against all Defendants, it is unnecessary for the Court to reach the R&R’s alternative recommendation that the

Court dismiss Plaintiff’s due process claim against Defendant Delgado. (See ECF No.

25 at 7.)

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the mere possibility of exoneration from a disciplinary charge does not rise to the

level of a substantial risk of serious harm necessary to state an Eighth Amendment

claim. (Id.) Accordingly, because Plaintiff failed to allege facts demonstrating

Defendants acted with deliberate indifference, the Magistrate Judge recommends

that this Court grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss without prejudice. 

B. Objections to Report and Recommendation

Plaintiff objects to the R&R’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s claim is too

speculative. (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff contends that he has alleged sufficient facts to

demonstrate a threat of harm from the absence of a security camera and that

Defendants were aware of the risk. (Id.) Plaintiff further contends that Defendants

have admitted to the possibility that “there may always be a suspicion and a danger

than an attack can occur.” (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that the filing of his administrative

grievance put Defendants on notice of the inadequate safety measures. (Id. at 8.)

C. Analysis

The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment

requires that prison officials act reasonably in protecting inmates from violence

suffered at the hands of other prisoner. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833

(1994); Berg v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986). To state an Eighth

Amendment failure to protect claim, the Plaintiff must demonstrate: 1) “that he is

incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of harm,” and 2) that the

complained of prison official had a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Id. at 834;

Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir. 2005). To satisfy the state of

mind requirement in stating a failure to protect claim, a plaintiff must allege facts

sufficient to show that defendants were “deliberately indifferent”—that they were

aware of, but nevertheless consciously disregarded an excessive risk to the plaintiff’s

health or safety. Id. If defendants are not alleged to have actual knowledge of a

serious risk of harm, but are alleged to be aware of facts from which the inference

could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, the plaintiff must

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further allege that the officials “also dr[ew] the inference.” Id. at 837; Wilson v.

Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 303 (1991). 

Here, Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently allege any conditions posing a

substantial risk of harm. Petitioner attempts to proceed on the general theory that

there is a potential for violence in the yard where Plaintiff claims a camera should be

installed. (ECF No. 5 at 8.) Plaintiff does not allege any specific harm or threat to

his safety, or that the presence of a surveillance camera would have averted any such

threat. Thus, Plaintiff fails to allege any specific threat to his safety, let alone a

substantial one. 

As to Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Lewis, Kuzil-Ruan, Janda, and

Caffarella, Plaintiff has failed to allege any facts indicating that Defendants

disregarded an “excessive risk” to Plaintiff’s safety. As noted by the Magistrate

Judge, “[n]othing in the FAC indicates that these Defendants disregarded an

‘excessive risk’ to Plaintiff’s safety, because there is no specific threat to Plaintiff

alleged in the complaint.” (ECF No. 25 at 8.) Further, Plaintiff’s allegations that

Defendants denied his grievance about the lack of a video camera is, by itself,

insufficient to state a claim for a constitutional violation. Riley v. Dunn, No. CV 09-

8850-JFW (MLG), WL 2011 4940855, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2011) (“Plaintiff

has no constitutional right to an effective grievance or appeal procedure.”). 

Accordingly, because Plaintiff has failed to allege facts demonstrating that he

was incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk to his health or safety, or

that Defendants acted in conscious disregard of a substantial risk to Plaintiff’s

safety, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Eighth

Amendment claim.

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CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, the Court ADOPTS the R&R in full and

GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss. To avoid any injustice, the Court will

afford Plaintiff a final opportunity to amend his complaint to state a cognizable

claim. If he wishes to do so, Plaintiff SHALL FILE a complaint addressing the

deficiencies noted by the Court within 45 days of the date that this Order is

electronically docketed. 

This order represents the Court’s second dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint

without prejudice for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

Therefore, the Court cautions Plaintiff that further failure to cure the deficiencies

identified may result in dismissal with prejudice. Plaintiff’s amended complaint

must be complete in itself without reference to any superseding pleadings. See Local

Rule 5.1 Defendants not named and all claims not re-alleged in the amended

complaint will be deemed to have been waived. See King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565,

567 (9th Cir. 1987). 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: August 12, 2013

Honorable Janis L. Sammartino

United States District Judge

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