Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-5_19-cv-00728/USCOURTS-cand-5_19-cv-00728-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 446
Nature of Suit: Americans with Disabilities Act - Other
Cause of Action: 42:12101 Americans w/ Disabilities Act (ADA)

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

LENA MACIAS,

Plaintiff,

v.

GAPIR FASAIL, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 19-cv-00728-SVK 

ORDER FOR REASSIGNMENT TO A 

DISTRICT JUDGE

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 

ON PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR

DEFAULT JUDGMENT AGAINST ALL 

DEFENDANTS

Re: Dkt. No. 13

Plaintiff Lena Macias filed this action for violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act 

and several California statutes. Dkt. 1. The defendants named in the action are Gapir Fasail 

(“Fasail”), Pamela Chau (“Chau”), and Somora, Inc. (“Somora”), whom Plaintiff contends are 

“the owners, operators, lessors, and/or lessees” of A Bite of Wyoming restaurant in San Jose, 

California (the “Restaurant”), which is the subject of this lawsuit. Id. ¶ 7.

Following Plaintiff’s filing of the instant motion for default judgment, Defendant Somora 

filed an opposition to the motion. Dkt. 16. Somora, which challenges whether Plaintiff’s service 

of the complaint on the company was valid, has not answered or otherwise appeared in the action. 

Defendants Fasail and Chau have not appeared in the action or opposed the motion for default 

judgment. The Court deems the motion for default judgment appropriate for determination 

without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b).

Although Plaintiff has consented to the jurisdiction of the undersigned magistrate judge 

under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) (Dkt. 7), none of the Defendants has consented. Accordingly, the Court 

directs the clerk to REASSIGN this case to a district judge with the following REPORT AND 

RECOMMENDATION that Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment be DENIED as to all three 

Defendants. If the Defendants later consent to magistrate jurisdiction, the case may be reassigned 

to the undersigned magistrate judge.

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 1 of 7
2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that architectural barriers exist at the Restaurant that violate 

Plaintiff’s rights under the ADA and several California statutes. Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 9-13. 

According to Plaintiff, Defendants Fasail and Chau were served with the summons and 

complaint at 3:26 p.m. on February 13, 2019. Dkt. 13-1 at 2-3. The proof of service submitted by 

Plaintiff states that service of Defendants Fasail and Chau was made by leaving the summons, 

complaint, and associated paperwork with Gloria Reyes, the “Person in Charge Of Office,” at 

Burrito Express, located at 2435 Telegraph Avenue in Oakland, California, and by subsequently 

mailing the documents to Defendants Fasail and Chau at that address. Dkt. 13-3. The process 

server’s “Declaration of Diligence” indicates that he effected substitute service on Ms. Reyes after 

being unable to personally serve Defendants Fasail and Chau on the same date and time – in other 

words, the process server tried only once to serve those Defendants personally before effecting 

substitute service. Id. Plaintiff provides no evidence tying Defendants Fasail and Chau to the 

Burrito Express location in Oakland where Ms. Reyes was served.

Plaintiff claims to have served Defendant Somora by serving Ignascio Camarena, a 

“Person Authorized to Accept Service of Process,” by leaving the summons, complaint, and 

associated documents with Kathy Nguyen, the “Person in Charge of Office,” at 111 N. Market 

Street, Suite 300, San Jose, California 95113, and by subsequently mailing copies to Mr. 

Camarena at the same address. Dkt. 13-4. The process server’s “Declaration of Diligence” 

indicates that he effected substitute service on Mr. Camarena/Ms. Nguyen on February 12, 2019, 

after learning that the “Subject [was] not in” at the business named “Patane Gumberg Avila, LLP” 

at the same location, date, and time. Id. A Statement of Information filed with the California 

Secretary of State on March 28, 2016, identified Mr. Camarena as agent for service of process for 

Defendant Somora, but the address listed was Camarena Law Office, 95 S. Market Street, Suite 

300, San Jose, California 95113, a different address than the one at which Plaintiff purported to 

serve Mr. Camarena/Ms. Nguyen. Dkt. 13-6.

Mr. Camarena, who identified himself as an attorney representing Defendant Somora, 

communicated with Plaintiff’s counsel by email on March 21, 2019. Dkt. 13-5.

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 2 of 7
3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

None of the Defendants filed an answer or other response to the complaint. The Clerk of 

Court entered defaults against all three Defendants on July 9, 2019. Dkt. 10. Plaintiff now moves 

for default judgment against all three Defendants. Dkt. 13. Plaintiff filed a proof of service of the 

motion upon Defendants Fasail and Chau at the same Oakland address where substitute service 

was made, and a proof of service on Somora, Inc. c/o Mr. Camarena at the 111 N. Market Street 

address in San Jose and a different address in Salinas. 

Defendant Somora filed an opposition to the motion for default judgment, although the 

opposition was filed two weeks after the deadline. Dkt. 16. Defendants Fasail and Chau have not 

filed a response to the motion.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

After entry of default, a court may, in its discretion, enter default judgment. See Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 55; Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). Before entering a default 

judgment, the Court must assess the adequacy of the service of process on the party against whom 

default is requested. See Trustees of ILWU-PMA Pension Plan v. Coates, No. C-11-3998 EMC, 

2013 WL 556800, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2013). The Court must also determine whether it has 

subject matter jurisdiction over the action and personal jurisdiction over the defaulted defendant. 

Id. at *3-4. If the Court concludes that the defaulted defendant was properly served and that the 

Court has jurisdiction, the Court must next consider whether default judgment is appropriate, 

considering seven factors set forth by the Ninth Circuit: (1) the possibility of prejudice to the 

plaintiff; (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claims; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; 

(4) the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of dispute concerning material facts; 

(6) whether default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy under the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-

72 (9th Cir. 1986). In considering these factors, the Court takes all well-pleaded factual allegations 

in the complaint as true, except those concerning damages. Televideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 

F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987).

Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 54(b) states that “the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or 

more, but fewer than all, . . . parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason 

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 3 of 7
4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

for delay.” The Ninth Circuit has held that “where a complaint alleges that defendants are jointly liable 

and one of them defaults, judgment should not be entered against the defaulting defendant until the 

matter has been adjudicated with regard to all defendants.” In re First T.D. & Inv., Inc., 253 F.3d 520, 

532 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Frow v. De La Vega, 82 U.S. 552 (1872)).

III. DISCUSSION

As discussed above, before considering the default judgment factors, the Court must first 

evaluate whether the defaulted defendants were properly served and whether the Court has 

jurisdiction. Based on the record provided by Plaintiff, the Court is unable to conclude that 

service on any of the Defendants was adequate. Accordingly, the Court does not reach the other 

factors and RECOMMENDS DENIAL of Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment as to all 

Defendants.

A. Service on Individual Defendants Fasail and Chau

With regard to service on individual Defendants Fasail and Chau, Plaintiff cites Federal 

Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e)(1), which permits an individual defendant to be served “following 

state law for serving a summons in an action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state 

where the district court is located or where service is made.” Plaintiff relies on Section 415.20(a) 

of the California Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that “[i]n lieu of personal delivery of a 

copy of the summons and complaint to the person to be served ... a summons may be served by 

leaving a copy of the summons and complaint during usual office hours in his or her office or, if 

no physical address is known, at his or her usual mailing address ... with the person who is 

apparently in charge thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and complaint by 

first-class mail, postage prepaid to the person to be served at the place where a copy of the 

summons and complaint were left.” See Dkt. 13-1 at 2. However, Section 415.20(a) applies only 

to “a person to be served as specified in Section 416.10, 416.20, 416.30, 416.40, or 416.50,” and 

all of those sections refer only to service on corporations, not individual defendants. The 

applicable section regarding substitute service of individual defendants is Section 415.20(b), 

which permits substitute service only “[i]f a copy of the summons and complaint cannot with 

reasonable diligence be personally delivered to the person to be served, as specified in Section 

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 4 of 7
5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

416.60, 416.70, 416.80, or 416.90.” 

“[T]he burden is upon the plaintiff to show reasonable diligence to effect personal service 

and each case must be judged upon its own facts.” Evartt v. Superior Court, 89 Cal. App. 3d 795, 

801 (Cal. Ct. App. 1979). Although there is no established formula for reasonable diligence, 

“[t]wo or three attempts to personally serve defendant at a ‘proper place’ ordinarily qualifies as 

‘reasonable diligence.’” Weil and Brown, California Practice Guide: California Civil Procedure 

Before Trial, ¶ 4:198 (The Rutter Group June 2019) (citing cases). A proper place for service of 

an individual defendant is his or her usual place of abode (i.e., dwelling), usual place of business, 

or usual mailing address (other than a U.S. Postal Service post office box). Cal. Code Civ. Proc. 

§ 415.20(b). 

Plaintiff has failed in two respects to establish that the individual Defendants were properly 

served. First, Plaintiff has not provided any evidence that the Oakland “Burrito Express” where 

Plaintiff attempted to complete substitute service is the usual place of business of Defendants 

Fasail or Chau. Second, even if service was made at a proper location, Plaintiff has failed to carry 

her burden of showing reasonable diligence to effect personal service. Instead, the “Declaration of 

Diligence” submitted by Plaintiff’s process server identifies only a single unsuccessful attempt to 

serve the individual Defendants personally before resorting to substitute service. Dkt. 13-3. 

Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to show that service of 

Defendants Fasail or Chau was adequate.

Even if service on the Defendants Fasail and Chau was proper, the Court would 

nonetheless RECOMMEND DENIAL of Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment because, as 

discussed below, service on Defendant Somora was not appropriate. Under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 54(b), that “the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or more, but fewer than 

all, . . . parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay.” Where, as 

here, the complaint alleges that defendants are jointly liable, the Court RECOMMENDS that judgment 

should not be entered against a defaulting defendant until the matter has been adjudicated with regard 

to all defendants. In re First T.D. & Inv., Inc., 253 F.3d at 532.

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 5 of 7
6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

B. Service on Defendant Somora

With regard to service on corporate Defendant Somora, Plaintiff cites Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 4(h)(1)(B), which permits service on a corporation “by delivering a copy of the 

summons and complaint to an officer, a managing director or general agent, or any other agent 

authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process and—if the agent is one 

authorized by statute and the statute so requires—by also mailing a copy of each to the defendant.” 

Plaintiff alternatively cites Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e)(1) and (h)(1)(A), which authorize 

service on a corporation in accordance with state law, and California Code of Civil Procedure 

416.10, which provides that a corporation may be served by delivering a copy of the summons and 

complaint to a person designed as agent for service of process or other specified persons 

associated with the corporation. 

Plaintiff contends that it delivered copies of the summons and the complaint to Somora’s 

agent for service of process “at the address on file with the California Secretary of State.” Dkt. 

13-1 at 3; see also Dkt. 13-2 ¶ 10 (declaration of Plaintiff’s attorney that attached Exhibit DD 

“lists the most current name and address of the agent for service of process” for Somora and that 

the address for the agent for service of process “matches with the address at which” Somora was 

served). Contrary to Plaintiff’s representations, however, the addresses do not match. The 

Secretary of State’s records show that the registered agent’s address is 95 S. Market St., Suite 300, 

San Jose, California 95113, but the proof of service shows service was made at a different 

address—111 N. Market St., Suite 300, San Jose, California 95113. Compare Dkt. 13-5 and 13-6. 

Moreover, whereas the Secretary of State’s records indicate that the place of business for the agent 

for service of process, Ignascio Camarena, was “Camarena Law Office,” the proof of service 

states that the service attempt was made at “Patane Gumberg Avila, LLP” at the 111 N. Market 

Street address. Id.

In her reply brief, Plaintiff provides a printout of Mr. Camarena’s record from the 

California State Bar website, which identifies Mr. Camarena’s address as “Camarena Law Office, 

A.P.C., 111 N. Market St, Ste 300, San Jose, CA 95113.” Dkt. 17-2. Although this address 

matches the address at which substitute service was purportedly made, the printout is dated 

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 6 of 7
7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

United States District Court

Northern District of California

November 21, 2019, which is over nine months after attempted service. In addition, the proof of 

service indicates that the service was attempted at “Patane Gumberg Avila,” not “Camarena Law 

Office.” Dkt. 13-4. In any event, Plaintiff provides no authority that service of an agent for 

service of process at an address different than that on file with the California Secretary of State is 

proper.

Accordingly, based on the record before the Court, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has 

failed to show that service of Defendants Somora was adequate and therefore RECOMMENDS 

DENIAL of Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment against Somora.

IV. DISPOSITION

Because Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that service on any of the Defendants was 

adequate, the Court finds it unnecessary to consider the other factors regarding entry of a default 

judgment. For the reasons discussed above, the Court orders the Clerk to REASSIGN this case to 

a district judge, and the Court RECOMMENDS that the district judge DENY default judgment 

against Defendants Gapir Fasail, Pamela Chau, and Somora, Inc. 

Any party may file objections to this Report and Recommendation within fourteen days. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); N.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 72-2.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 31, 2020

SUSAN VAN KEULEN

United States Magistrate Judge

Case 5:19-cv-00728-LHK Document 18 Filed 01/31/20 Page 7 of 7