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Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 23-3026

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GAIA GARDENS, LLC; PETER PAUL LANDSCAPERS, LLC; CARUSO 

PROPERTY SERVICES, LLC; JAMES DYER LANDSCAPING, LLC; E.C.M. 

LANDSCAPING, INC.; HOLMES LANDSCAPE, INC.; MCMILLAN 

LANDSCAPING CONTRACTORS, LLC; O. MIRA LANDSCAPING & DESIGN, 

LLC; PILGRIM PRUNING, LLC; R & J LAND CARE, LLC; SIMON J. HAMILL, 

LLC; JOSPEH BOCCHIARO, DBA Bocchiaro Landscaping; BOB FREDETTE, DBA 

Fredette Landscaping; PASQUALE GANGALA, DBA Gangala Landscaping; JOHN 

MICHURA, DBA JD Lawncare; LOU STANCATO, DBA Stancato Landscaping; 

ROBERT GOLDEN; RICCARDO MANCUSO; AL GREIG MASONRY, LLC,

 Appellants

v.

TOWNSHIP OF MONTCLAIR

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On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. No. 2-23-cv-20733)

District Judge: Honorable Julien X. Neals

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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

on October 29, 2024

Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, PORTER, and CHUNG, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: December 23, 2024)

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/23/2024
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OPINION*

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PORTER, Circuit Judge.

Appellants, New Jersey residents and landscapers, sought unsuccessfully to enjoin 

a Township of Montclair ordinance limiting the use of gas-powered leaf blowers. 

Appellants have not shown that they would suffer irreparable harm, so we will affirm the 

District Court’s order denying preliminary injunctive relief.

I

For many years Montclair has restricted by ordinance the use of gas-powered leaf 

blowers to certain months of the year and hours of the day. In 2023 the Township 

Council introduced and approved Ordinance O-23-31, later amended by Ordinance O-23-

35 (“Ordinance”). The Ordinance prohibits the use of gas-powered leaf blowers within 

the township, prohibits the use of gas or diesel generators to power electric leaf blowers, 

and reimposes hourly restrictions on the use of electric leaf blowers. 

Appellants filed suit, alleging that the Ordinance violates various provisions of the 

United States and New Jersey Constitutions and the New Jersey Civil Rights Act. 

Appellants then moved to preliminarily enjoin enforcement of the Ordinance. The 

District Court denied the motion, holding that Appellants failed to demonstrate a 

likelihood of success on the merits and failed to allege irreparable harm.

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 2 Date Filed: 12/23/2024
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Appellants timely appealed.

II1

In considering whether to grant a preliminary injunction, a district court generally 

considers four factors:

(1) the likelihood that the plaintiff will prevail on the merits at final 

hearing; (2) the extent to which the plaintiff is being irreparably harmed by 

the conduct complained of; (3) the extent to which the defendant will suffer 

irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction is issued; and (4) [that] the 

public interest [weighs in favor of granting the injunction].

Ramsay v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 968 F.3d 251, 256 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting Greater 

Phila. Chamber of Com. v. City of Philadelphia, 949 F.3d 116, 133 (3d Cir. 2020))

(alterations in original). While all four factors are necessary, the first two are the “most 

critical.” Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173, 179 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Nken v. 

Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009)). “[A] failure to show a likelihood of success or a 

failure to demonstrate irreparable injury must necessarily result in the denial of a 

preliminary injunction.” S. Camden Citizens in Action v. N.J. Dep’t of Env’t Prot., 274 

F.3d 771, 777 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting In re Arthur Treacher’s Franchisee Litig., 689 

F.2d 1137, 1143 (3d Cir. 1982)).

Appellants allege that continued operation of the Ordinance would inflict three

kinds of irreparable harm: (1) landscaper Appellants would lose customers and 

1 The District Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction for this 

interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). “We employ a tripartite standard of 

review for . . . preliminary injunctions. We review the District Court’s findings of facts 

for clear error. Legal conclusions are assessed de novo. The ultimate decision to grant or 

deny the injunction is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Kim v. Hanlon, 99 F.4th 140, 

152 n.6 (3d Cir. 2024) (citation omitted).

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 3 Date Filed: 12/23/2024
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employees if forced to employ less efficient methods for leaf removal; (2) landscaper 

Appellants and their employees would face increased risk of personal injury from 

carrying and using electric leaf blowers; and (3) landscaper Appellants would lose 

goodwill they have built up with their communities and customers.

2 Appellants also 

argue that their burden to demonstrate irreparable harm is lessened because “the issues at 

stake are matters of public interest.” Opening Br. at 52.

The District Court found Appellants’ alleged harms to be economic in nature, and 

therefore “capable of ascertainment and award at final judgment.” J.A. 27 (quoting 

Instant Air Freight Co. v. C.F. Air Freight, Inc., 882 F.2d 797, 801 (3d Cir. 1989)). Thus, 

the District Court held, because those losses can be fully compensated, they are not 

irreparable, and they do not support a preliminary injunction.

On appeal, Appellants’ only response to the District Court’s characterization of

their harms as economic is a conclusory assertion that the Ordinance will “caus[e] an 

exodus of employees that is not quantifiable for compensatory damages.” Opening Br. at 

53. We are not convinced. Appellants’ contention, standing alone, does nothing to 

distinguish the potential loss of employees from other business harms that are routinely 

valuated and compensated, such as the loss of customers, equipment, or income.

3 See 

2 Appellants also alleged that Montclair residents facing the prospect of increased leaf 

removal costs might choose to remove trees from their properties. Before us, Appellants 

confine their discussion of this speculative harm to a brief mention in their proposed 

weighing of the public interest.

3 We have recognized that “an exception exists where the potential economic loss is so 

great as to threaten the existence of the movant’s business.” Minard Run Oil Co. v. U.S. 

Forest Serv., 670 F.3d 236, 255 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Vaqueria Tres Monjitas, Inc. v. 

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 4 Date Filed: 12/23/2024
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Frank’s GMC Truck Ctr., Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 847 F.2d 100, 102–03 (3d Cir. 

1988) (concluding that a variety of alleged business harms are compensable by money 

damages).

Appellants also continue to urge that a lower standard for irreparable harm applies 

to their claims. Not so. We have applied a lower standard when that standard is dictated 

by “statutory provision authorizing preliminary injunctive relief upon a showing of 

probable cause that the statute is being violated,” and particularly in the antitrust context. 

Instant Air, 882 F.2d at 803. But we have never extended that practice to all

constitutional claims simply because they involve “matters of strong public interest,” as 

Appellants would have us do. Opening Br. at 52.

Finally, Appellants fault the District Court for not analyzing all four preliminary 

injunction factors. But as the District Court noted in its order, it was not required to do so 

after finding that Appellants failed to satisfy the “most critical,” “threshold” factors—

namely, likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable harm. Reilly, 858 F.3d at 179; 

see also Acierno v. New Castle Cnty., 40 F.3d 645, 647 n.2 (3d Cir. 1994) (declining to 

address the district court’s conclusions regarding a likelihood of success on the merits 

“because of our conclusion that [appellee] failed to show irreparable harm”); Am. Exp. 

Travel Related Servs., Inc. v. Sidamon-Eristoff, 669 F.3d 359, 374 (3d Cir. 2012) 

Irizarry, 587 F.3d 464, 485 (1st Cir. 2009)). Appellants do not argue that this exception 

applies here.

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 5 Date Filed: 12/23/2024
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(“Because Amex was unable to show a likelihood of success on the merits of its claims, 

we need not address the remaining preliminary injunction factors.”).4

* * *

III

The District Court applied the proper standard when analyzing Appellants’ 

irreparable injury allegations and correctly concluded that those allegations fell short. The 

District Court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to reach all four preliminary 

injunction factors, nor when it ultimately concluded that a preliminary injunction was not 

justified. We will therefore affirm the District Court’s order denying Appellants’ motion 

for preliminary injunction. 

4 Likewise, because we conclude that Appellants failed to demonstrate irreparable injury, 

we need not address the District Court’s likelihood of success analysis. 

Case: 23-3026 Document: 61 Page: 6 Date Filed: 12/23/2024