Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca8-05-03106/USCOURTS-ca8-05-03106-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 864
Nature of Suit: Social Security - SSID Title XVI
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 05-3106

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Roger L. Baker,

Appellee,

v.

Jo Anne B. Barnhart,

Commissioner of Social Security,

Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States

District Court for the Northern

District of Iowa.

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Submitted: March 14, 2006

 Filed: June 13, 2006

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Before COLLOTON, HEANEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges. 

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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

 The Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner”) appeals the district

court’s order reversing the Commissioner’s denial of Supplemental Security Income

(“SSI”) disability benefits to Roger L. Baker. The Commissioner argues that the

district court erred in relying on materials not contained in the administrative record,

that substantial evidence supports the Commissioner’s decision to deny benefits and

that even if substantial evidence does not support the Commissioner’s decision, the

proper remedy is a remand to the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) rather than

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an order directing the award of benefits. We reverse the district court and remand

with instructions to reinstate the Commissioner’s denial of benefits.

I. BACKGROUND

In February 2000, Baker slipped and fell on ice and injured his back. Baker’s

family physician, Dr. Kissel, ordered an MRI after the muscle relaxants and pain

killers he prescribed failed to improve Baker’s condition. The MRI showed

degenerative disc disease, bulging disc material and “neuroforamen stenosis.” Dr.

Kissel referred Baker to a neurologist, Dr. Case. Dr. Case confirmed Baker’s back

problems and also diagnosed Baker with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome and tennis

elbow in his left arm. Dr. Case referred Baker to a surgeon, Dr. Durward, for further

treatment of his lumbar disc disease. Dr. Durward scheduled Baker for back surgery.

In September 2000, Baker informed his employer, Enterprise Rent-a-Car, that

he could no longer work because of the pain in his back and legs. Dr. Durward and

his associate, Dr. Noel, performed surgery on Baker in November 2000 to fuse two

lumbar vertebrae. Regarding a follow-up examination on January 8, 2001, Dr.

Durward stated in a memorandum, “As far as his back goes he is doing extremely

well. Lost pretty well all of his preoperative pain syndrome. . . . Moves his back

freely. His straight leg raising is unrestricted. . . . The films that were done last month

demonstrate perfect fusion occurring [in the fused lumbar vertebrae].” After

conducting an examination on January 29, 2001, Dr. Noel noted that Baker was

“[d]oing well” and “[d]enies any complaints.” On April 23, 2001, Dr. Noel noted that

he “encouraged [Baker] to get back to work and he is excited by that.” Dr. Noel

recommended a functional capacity evaluation (“FCE”) “to determine [Baker’s] final

restrictions.” Meanwhile, Baker applied for SSI disability benefits on February 28,

2001, but this application was denied on May 10, 2001 because his condition was “not

expected to prevent [him] from working for a continuous period of 12 months from

the date of [his] surgery.”

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On June 15, 2001, Baker was examined by Dr. Durward. This time, Dr.

Durward noted that Baker was “still complaining of significant pain” that was

“[w]orse with physical activity, even light housework in a bent forward position

exacerbates it.” Dr. Durward characterized Baker’s case as a “[p]uzzling situation.

Seems to have an inordinate amount of pain despite what appears to be a satisfactory

x-ray result.” Dr. Durward referred Baker to Dr. Keppen, a pain specialist, and

recommended delaying the FCE until Baker’s pain situation was addressed. Baker

returned to Dr. Durward on August 6, 2001, and Dr. Durward noted that Baker’s

reported pain had not improved and that physical activity such as raking exacerbated

the pain. However, Dr. Durward also noted that Baker could walk and perform

straight leg raising without restriction. Dr. Durward released Baker for light-tomedium work, restricting him to a maximum occasional lifting limit of 25 pounds, a

frequent lifting limit of 15 pounds and to limited bending at the waist. Dr. Durward

also stated that an FCE would enable him to implement more accurate work

restrictions. 

Baker next visited Dr. Durward on November 11, 2001, complaining of

continuing pain in his back and left forearm. Baker stated that he had raked leaves the

previous day and that doing so exacerbated his back pain. Dr. Durward noted:

I believe that the fusion is solid and [Baker] is not any longer getting any

pain from it. I have released him previously for work with lifting limits

but he has not gone back to work. He has applied for Social Security.

I think I would give the man the benefit of the doubt here and try one

more method of treating his residual symptoms. What I would

recommend is referral to Dr. Mike Donohue for consideration of an

isokinetic rehabilitation program.

Baker returned to Dr. Durward on January 4, 2002 with the same complaints

of pain. This time Dr. Durward noted:

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Very difficult situation. We had referred him for isokinetic rehab but

that was not undertaken. I think there are 2 things that we need to pursue

here. Firstly, it would be worthwhile getting a second opinion to see

whether there was something we have missed or something else that may

be done to help his residual pain. . . . The second thing is that I think it

would be of value to have a [FCE] done after he has had the second

opinion to really try to identify exactly what his limitations are. This

man is only 49. He tells that Social Security was turned down because

his wife does work. I think he is motivated to do some kind of work if

we can find something that does not exacerbate his residual pain

symptoms. 

Baker received the recommended second opinion from Dr. Lynn, but Dr. Lynn

could not identify any cause for Baker’s pain and did not recommend any new

treatment. Baker returned to Dr. Durward on May 29, 2002, after Dr. Durward had

a chance to review the findings of Dr. Lynn as well as those of Dr. Keppen, the pain

specialist. Baker reported that his pain had not decreased and that prolonged sitting,

such as during an extended drive in an automobile, exacerbated his pain. Baker also

reported that he was taking no pain medication other than “intermittent Tylenol.” Dr.

Durward noted:

This man does describe a significant disabling pain syndrome. At this

point in time I do not feel confident that there is any structural cause for

it that I could help. . . . As far as the pain goes, I am going to give him

samples of a non steroidal Bextra or Mobic to see if that gives him some

relief. My recommendations are that he can only work on a light duty

occupation. I would recommend a maximum lifting limit of 25 lbs.,

frequent lifting limit 10 lbs. Avoid bending at the waist. However

because this is a complicated situation and he has significant pain I

would like to get [an FCE] to try and determine more accurately what his

limitations are.

Baker participated in an FCE with licensed physical therapist Terry F. Nelson

on July 23, 2002. The FCE results showed evidence that Baker was exaggerating his

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symptoms and giving less than full effort during testing. Because the district court

found serious fault with these FCE results, we discuss the FCE methodology in detail.

The FCE includes multiple evaluations designed to produce an objective

measure of the patient’s effort and cooperation with the goal of the test. The Pain

Replication Test (“PRT”) is designed to “determine whether or not an organic pain

syndrome is present and how much it is limiting normal function.” The detailed FCE

report describes the nature of the PRT as follows:

The rationale behind the PRT is that a static effort up to a barely

perceptible increase in pain is reproducible within a small margin of

error, a 15% Coefficient of Variation (CV). . . . [If] a barely perceptible

increase in pain is experienced, then that force is not enough to produce

an injury or an aggravation to the injury, but that level of force is

reproducible. However, if the patient is exaggerating their [sic]

symptoms and are not exerting their best effort up to a barely perceptible

increase in their pain, then it will be difficult for them to produce static

exertions with good consistency.

. . . .

[The patients then lift] as hard as they are able to do safely. They must

stay within their perceived safety zone, while attempting to determine

their maximum tolerable pain level of force. . . .

. . . .

The person with an organic pain syndrome in their Low Back and Upper

Body will be able to produce two distinctly different levels of force

exertion, but the symptom exaggerator will not be able to produce two

distinct levels of force and they will occasionally produce results that are

impossible.

Nelson concluded in the detailed FCE report that “Mr. Baker demonstrated a non

organic pain response during which he was unable to consistently replicate two levels

of force based on his pain perception. The result is usually consistent with voluntary

submaximal effort on this test.” 

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In addition to the PRT, the FCE included a Blankenship Reliability Profile. The

detailed FCE report states, “The Blankenship Reliability Profile includes two

objective components, Non Organic Signs and Validity. Patients scoring invalid on

both components are felt to be attempting to control the test results to demonstrate a

greater level of disability than what is actually present, the motivation of which is not

known.” The Non Organic Signs measure is based on comparisons of the patient’s

movement patterns with the patient’s own description of his pain, and also on

“distraction” observations of those movements: 

The Distraction category is defined as any improvement in the

Movement Dysfunction when the patient is not aware that they [sic] are

being observed, compared back to observations . . . when the patient was

fully aware that they were being observed. . . . A positive Distraction

Category is evidence that the patient is attempting to demonstrate a

greater level of pain disability than are [sic] actually present.

In his summary letter to Dr. Durward, Nelson stated, “Mr. Baker exhibited

distracted movement patterns throughout the [FCE]. This patient demonstrated trunk

range of motion that improved significantly with distraction.” Nelson also noted,

“When comparing this patient’s movement patterns throughout the [FCE] to the

patient’s complaints of pain throughout the [FCE], it is felt by this evaluator, that the

patient demonstrated a poor correlation between movement patterns and his

complaints of pain.”

Finally, the detailed FCE report describes the Validity component of the

Blankenship Reliability Profile:

The Validity Profile is comprised of a cohort of individual tests that

collectively help determine whether or not the patient is exerting their

[sic] best effort during all of the FCE tests. . . . If the patient exerts effort

up to the point of a barely perceptible pain increase, or slightly below

that level so there is no pain increase at all, then they will pass the

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overall Validity Profile. If the patient does not pass the overall Validity

Profile, then they [sic] have not exerted their best effort. . . . Current

research, submitted . . . [for publication], shows that a strong indicator

of whether or not an evaluee is cooperating with and exerting their [sic]

best effort on a functional test is the Evaluator’s professional judgment;

however, most of the Validity Criteria of The Blankenship System FCE

are based on published research.

. . . .

There is also an empirical relationship between the number of validity

criteria passed and the degree of effort exerted during testing and the

reliability of the test results for predicting work performance. This

algorithm was developed by K. Blankenship published in the revised

edition of, The Blankenship System Functional Capacity Evaluation: The

Protocol Manual, revision began in 1996, Macon, GA. That revised

algorithm is shown below.

Validity Criteria Degree of Effort Word Descriptor

Passed

90-100% Excellent Effort Valid Results

80-89% Good Effort Valid Results

70-79% Fair Effort Valid Results

70-75% Borderline Valid, 

Results are Conservative

60-69% Poor Effort Borderline 

Invalid Results

<60% Very Poor Effort Invalid Results

< 20 Criteria May Be Unreliable, Professional Judgment 

Required

Nelson’s summary letter to Dr. Durward read, “This patient exhibited a sub

maximal effort throughout the [FCE]. Mr. Baker passed 62% of the validity criteria[,]

36/58 validity criteria scored. . . . The results of the [FCE] will not provide an

accurate aid in the medical management and vocational planning for this patient.”

Nelson concluded that the FCE results, taken at face value, showed an ability to work

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Nelson referenced the terms “sedentary” and “light-medium” to the Dictionary

of Occupational Titles, U. S. Department of Labor, 1991.

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at a “sedentary” level. However, taking into account Baker’s less-than-maximal effort

and symptom exaggeration, Nelson estimated that Baker could handle “light-medium”

work.1

Baker returned to Dr. Durward on August 5, 2002. Dr. Durward, based on his

own judgment, agreed with the FCE report that Baker could work at the light-medium

physical demand category. However, Dr. Durward stated, “He has an eighth grade

education. I am very doubtful that he is going to be able to find meaningful work

within the light job classification. It may be reasonable for him to apply for Social

Security.”

Baker returned to Dr. Kissel for a check-up on October 24, 2002. Dr. Kissel

noted that Baker “says he is unable to do anything. He can’t bend over. He can’t tie

his sho[e]s. He can’t even brush his teeth without having severe pain in his back.”

Dr. Kissel reviewed Dr. Durward’s notes and recognized that Dr. Durward felt

Baker’s functional capacity “was better than [Baker] thinks it is.” Dr. Kissel agreed

that applying for SSI disability benefits was “a good idea.” Dr. Kissel also noted

Baker’s borderline high blood pressure. 

In December 2002, Baker filed a new application for SSI disability benefits,

stating that he suffered from lower back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and high blood

pressure. In the application, Baker stated that he operated his own tree-trimming

business but did none of the physical labor. Baker added that because of the pain, he

no longer mowed or raked his yard and that he had trouble using an eight-pound chain

saw to cut tree branches. In a pain questionnaire, Baker stated that he vacuumed the

floor and helped his wife with the dishes “once in a while,” but avoided any bending

and leaning while doing so. He also stated that he drove his son to and from work and

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The five-step evaluation is as follows:

(i) At the first step, we consider your work activity, if any. If you are

doing substantial gainful activity, we will find that you are not disabled.

. . .

(ii) At the second step, we consider the medical severity of your

impairment(s). If you do not have a severe medically determinable

physical or mental impairment that meets the duration requirement in §

404.1509, or a combination of impairments that is severe and meets the

duration requirement, we will find that you are not disabled. . . .

(iii) At the third step, we also consider the medical severity of your

impairment(s). If you have an impairment(s) that meets or equals one of

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occasionally drove to the grocery store, but that the pressure of the car seat aggravated

his pain. 

Baker received a hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ) on October

30, 2003 and testified that he was born in 1952, completed his education through the

eighth grade and had not taken a GED test, was married and had one adult son who

currently lived with Baker and his wife. Baker also stated that he was self-employed,

devoting ten to twelve hours per week to a tree-trimming service for which he

solicited customers through local ads, drove himself to customers’ sites and gave

estimates for the jobs, and then hired part-time labor to do the physical work. He was

no longer able to wield his small chain saw for more than a few minutes. He took no

pain medications because none of them helped. In general, he was able to sit

comfortably for only about half an hour at a time and then needed to stand up and

walk around. He was able to sleep only two to three hours at a time without

interruption from the pain. Driving 100 miles caused him serious pain.

In an opinion issued January 28, 2004, the ALJ ruled that Baker was not

disabled. Applying the five-step evaluation set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520,2

 the

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our listings in appendix 1 of this subpart and meets the duration

requirement, we will find that you are disabled. . . .

(iv) At the fourth step, we consider our assessment of your residual

functional capacity and your past relevant work. If you can still do your

past relevant work, we will find that you are not disabled. . . .

(v) At the fifth and last step, we consider our assessment of your residual

functional capacity and your age, education, and work experience to see

if you can make an adjustment to other work. If you can make an

adjustment to other work, we will find that you are not disabled. If you

cannot make an adjustment to other work, we will find that you are

disabled. . . .

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4).

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“Residual functional capacity” is defined as the most an individual can still do

despite the “physical and mental limitations that affect what [the individual] can do

in a work setting” and is assessed based on all medically determinable impairments,

including those not found to be “severe.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545.

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ALJ determined that Baker’s tree-trimming business did not qualify as “substantial

gainful activity” for the purposes of step (i). The ALJ also found that Baker’s lower

back impairment, while severe for purposes of step (ii), did not meet or equal one of

the listings in 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1, as required in step (iii). Therefore,

the ALJ proceeded to analyze Baker’s residual functional capacity3

 (“RFC”) for step

(iv):

[T]he claimant’s subjective complaints are inconsistent with the medical

evidence of record. A functional capacity evaluation found evidence of

non-valid criteria and evidence of deconditioning. Moreover, he takes

no medication for his pain in spite of rather significant complaints. He

is capable of full self-care, does a wide variety of household chores and

outdoor tasks, including car washing, mowing the lawn, and raking

leaves. He drives a car every day, shops and runs a number of errands.

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The undersigned finds that the claimant performs a significant amount

of activities of daily living for an individual with such longstanding

intractable pain. 

All the physicians in the file said the claimant could perform light, (or

medium), work or that there was no etiology for the alleged pain

symptoms.

The ALJ recited the results of Baker’s various medical tests and evaluations and

found that Baker retained the RFC to perform light work, specifically finding that “the

claimant’s allegations regarding his limitations are not totally credible.” Finally, for

step (v), the ALJ applied the Medical-Vocational Guidelines of 20 C.F.R. pt. 404,

subpt. P, app. 2 to Baker’s RFC, age, education, and work experience. Rule 202.10

of the Medical-Vocational Guidelines directed a finding of “not disabled.” The

Appeals Council denied administrative review of the ALJ’s decision, making the

ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. Baker sought review in

federal district court.

The district court reversed the ALJ’s decision and ordered that SSI disability

benefits be awarded to Baker. The district court ruled that the ALJ’s finding that

Baker “does a wide variety of household chores and outdoor tasks, including car

washing, mowing the lawn, and raking leaves” and “performs a significant amount of

activities of daily living” was not supported by substantial evidence on the record as

a whole because Baker indicated that merely attempting such activities exacerbated

his pain. The district court also faulted the ALJ’s reliance on the fact that Baker took

no pain medication. However, the district court devoted most of its analysis to what

it deemed to be a flawed FCE report. The district court did not accept that the FCE

could show Baker to be giving valid effort 62 percent of the time and “cheating” 38

percent of the time. The district court stepped through the results from the individual

FCE tests and repeatedly made comments such as “[f]or some reason, this cheater did

not cheat on this category” and:

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Gary L. Soderberg, “A Note on Methods of Testing for Human Performance

Capacity,” available at http://www.costreductiontech.com/pdf/validitypaper.pdf (last

visited May 2, 2006).

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They have been testing him for a number of things. According to the test

administrator, he has cheated. They are now testing him for static

strength and he made a good effort and passed twenty-two out of twentyfive. This demonstrates, from the test administrator’s point of view, that

the plaintiff is now well into the tests and has been cheating all along but

he then decides, “hey, maybe I am cheating too much” so he did not

cheat at all in this category and the test administrator concludes, “it was

a good effort on his part.”

In summary, the district court discredited as a “hard-to-believe scenario” any

conclusion that “a person who admittedly has not been a great student, whose

education is limited” could “put on [such] a real show of deceit.” The district court

also found, without citing to any evidence, that Nelson did not give proper

consideration to Baker’s demonstrated poor cardiovascular fitness or “deconditioning”

in evaluating Baker’s level of effort on the FCE tests. Acknowledging that neither

Baker’s doctors nor the ALJ saw any problems with the FCE, the district court stated

that “[n]ot only did the ALJ not know what was in the test, the doctors seem to have

bought some of it without knowing how Nelson arrived at his scores.”

Finally, the district court took judicial notice of an article4

 (“Soderberg article”)

not contained in the administrative record to discredit Baker’s FCE results. The

district court characterized the article as a treatise. Relying on a brief general criticism

in the Soderberg article of the use of functional capacity evaluations, the district court

found that the FCE methods employed by Nelson were not reliable and that “[t]he ALJ

relied too heavily on this seemingly unreliable test.” 

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With the FCE results discredited, the district court found that the record

overwhelmingly supported a finding of disability and directed the Commissioner to

compute and award benefits. The Commissioner appeals, arguing that the district

court erred in relying on the extra-record Soderberg article and that substantial

evidence supports the ALJ’s decision. In the alternative, the Commissioner argues

that even if substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s decision, the proper

remedy is a remand to the SSA rather than an order directing the award of benefits.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Consideration of Evidence Outside the Administrative Record

The parties contest the role played in the district court’s decision by the extrarecord Soderberg article, noticed sua sponte by the district court. Baker contends that

the district court did not ascribe evidentiary value to the extra-record article, but

instead characterized it as a treatise. In doing so, the district court relied on our

decision in United States v. Eagleboy, 200 F.3d 1137, 1140 (8th Cir. 1999), in which

we held that judicial notice of a document was permissible where the document “[did]

not present new evidence on a disputed question of fact.” We stated further that

“judicial opinions, treatises, law review articles, public records, and the like . . . may

be cited for the first time on appeal in support of a legal theory that was raised in the

trial court.” Id.

The Commissioner, on the other hand, contends that the Soderberg article

constitutes extra-record expert opinion evidence. In the context of judicial review of

a decision of the Commissioner regarding SSI disability benefits, evidence outside the

administrative record generally is precluded from consideration by the court. Delrosa

v. Sullivan, 922 F.2d 480, 483 (8th Cir. 1991); see also Johnson v. Chater, 108 F.3d

942, 946 (8th Cir. 1997) (holding, where the claimant urged the court to take judicial

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If a party shows good cause that new material evidence should be considered,

the district court may remand to the agency for consideration of that evidence.

Delrosa, 922 F.2d at 483-84; see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

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notice of the weight of a gallon of gasoline to controvert the ALJ’s finding regarding

his lifting ability, that “to take judicial notice of a fact such as the one [the claimant]

suggests would undermine the ALJ’s role as the factfinder under the Social Security

Act”); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (“The court shall have power to enter, upon the pleadings

and transcript of the record, a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the

decision of the Commissioner of Social Security, with or without remanding the cause

for a rehearing.” (emphasis added)).5

We find that the district court abused its discretion by taking judicial notice of

the Soderberg article. See Johnson, 108 F.3d at 946 (noting that the court “has

discretion as to whether to take judicial notice”). The district court took judicial

notice of the article as a treatise. A treatise is defined by Merriam-Webster’s

Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) as “a systematic exposition or argument in writing

including a methodical discussion of the facts and principles involved and conclusions

reached.” In addressing the treatise exception to the hearsay rule, the Second Circuit

stated:

Learned treatises are considered trustworthy because “they are written

primarily for professionals and are subject to scrutiny and exposure for

inaccuracy, with the reputation of the writer at stake.” Fed. R. Evid.

803(18) advisory committee note. Failure, therefore, to lay a foundation

as to the authoritative nature of a treatise requires its exclusion from

evidence because the court has no basis on which to view it as

trustworthy.

Schneider v. Revici, 817 F.2d 987, 991 (2d Cir. 1987). 

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This logic applies with equal force where a court takes judicial notice of a

treatise. The district court did not identify, and we cannot discern, any indication that

the Soderberg article qualifies as a treatise of an authoritative nature. The article itself

states, “This note provides a brief overview of various systems or techniques used in

assessing a patient’s capacity to perform.” (Emphasis added.) The article, which is

only five pages long, makes conclusory statements about several methods of testing

human muscle performance and cites published sources for those statements, but the

article does not include any “methodical discussion of the facts and principles

involved.” 

Furthermore, there is no indication that the article itself has been published in

a peer-reviewed journal. The article apparently is available only on the internet at the

web site of Cost Reduction Technologies, LLC and is written by that company’s Chief

Scientist and Technical Director. That company promotes, and sells testing equipment

for, “isokinetic” testing, an alternative to the FCE methods employed by Nelson.

Given the limited depth of the article and the author’s and publisher’s interests in

selling alternative testing equipment, there is no basis upon which we may conclude

that the article’s brief criticism of the FCE is trustworthy in the nature of an

authoritative treatise. Therefore, the district court abused its discretion by taking

judicial notice of the Soderberg article and relying upon it to discredit the FCE results.

B. The Decision of the ALJ

The ALJ found that Baker retained the RFC to do light work and then applied

the Medical-Vocational Guidelines to determine that Baker was not disabled. “The

findings of the Commissioner of Social Security as to any fact, if supported by

substantial evidence, shall be conclusive.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Our standard of review

of the ALJ’s decision is as follows:

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With regard to the FCE’s conclusions about effort and symptom exaggeration,

we find that the district court’s characterization of the physical therapist as merely

watching each FCE test and deciding on an ad hoc basis if the subject is “cheating”

on that test is not supported by the record. Instead, the record indicates that the FCE’s

conclusions about overall effort and symptom exaggeration are drawn in an empirical

fashion by comparing the results of a large number of tests and observations. Because

Baker did not submit any evidence to the ALJ challenging the reliability of the FCE

methods employed by Nelson, and because those methods were accepted by Dr.

Durward and Dr. Kissel, Baker’s treating physicians, we see no reason not to accept

the FCE results.

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Our role on review is to determine whether the Commissioner’s findings

are supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole.

Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance, but is enough that a

reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the Commissioner’s

conclusion. In determining whether existing evidence is substantial, we

consider evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s decision as well

as evidence that supports it. As long as substantial evidence in the

record supports the Commissioner’s decision, we may not reverse it

because substantial evidence exists in the record that would have

supported a contrary outcome or because we would have decided the

case differently. 

McKinney v. Apfel, 228 F.3d 860, 863 (8th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted).

Baker challenges the ALJ’s rejection of Baker’s assertions regarding his

physical limitations, such as his claim that he must alternate between sitting and

standing every half-hour. However, substantial evidence in the record as a whole

supports the ALJ’s finding that Baker’s “allegations regarding his limitations are not

totally credible.” The ALJ was entitled to draw conclusions about Baker’s credibility

based on the FCE pain-replication and distraction analyses indicating that Baker was

exaggerating symptoms and giving less than his full effort.6

 See Clay v. Barnhart, 417

F.3d 922, 930 n.2 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting that two psychologists’ findings that the

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claimant was “malingering” on her IQ tests cast suspicion on the claimant’s

motivations and credibility); Jones v. Callahan, 122 F.3d 1148, 1152 (8th Cir. 1997)

(holding that a physician’s observation “of the discrepancies in [the claimant’s]

appearance in the examining room and those outside when he did not know that he

was observed” supported an ALJ’s finding that the claimant’s complaints were not

fully credible).

Baker also alleges that the ALJ improperly discredited Baker’s subjective

complaints of pain due to the lack of objective evidence. While “an ALJ may not

disregard subjective pain allegations solely because they are not fully supported by

objective medical evidence, an ALJ is entitled to make a factual determination that a

Claimant’s subjective pain complaints are not credible in light of objective medical

evidence to the contrary.” Ramirez v. Barnhart, 292 F.3d 576, 581 (8th Cir. 2002)

(internal citation omitted). In this case, the ALJ discredited Baker’s subjective

complaints of pain after considering the indications of symptom exaggeration during

the FCE, Baker’s choice not to take pain medication, his ability to do a wide variety

of chores and otherwise perform “a significant amount of activities of daily living,”

and the failure of repeated examinations by Dr. Durward, Dr. Noel and Dr. Lynn to

uncover any physical explanation for Baker’s reported lower back and hip pain. 

Baker specifically challenges the ALJ’s finding that he “does a wide variety of

household chores and outdoor tasks, including car washing, mowing the lawn, and

raking leaves.” Baker contends that the record merely reflects that when he attempted

to rake leaves or do other chores, his pain prevented him from doing so. An

examination of the record reveals that Baker told Dr. Durward during his various

visits that “even light housework in a bent forward position exacerbates” the pain

(June 15, 2001); that raking exacerbated the pain (August 6, 2001); and, again, that

raking exacerbated the pain (November 11, 2001). In his December 2002 application

for SSI disability benefits, Baker stated that he no longer mowed or raked his yard,

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7

Although not cited by the ALJ, Dr. Durward’s notes of January 4, 2002 reflect

that Baker also did not undertake the recommended course of physical therapy.

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that he had trouble using an eight-pound chain saw to cut tree branches, and that he

vacuumed the floor and helped his wife with the dishes “once in a while.” Finally,

Baker reiterated before the ALJ that he was no longer able to wield his small chain

saw for more than a few minutes and that he was able to help with the dishes in a

minimal fashion for 15 or 20 minutes at a time. 

We find that this evidence does not constitute substantial evidence on the record

to support the ALJ’s finding that Baker “does a wide variety of household chores and

outdoor tasks, including car washing, mowing the lawn, and raking leaves,” at least

to the extent that the finding suggests Baker performed those activities for more than

a few minutes at a time. However, that finding was just one component of the ALJ’s

finding that Baker’s subjective complaints were not consistent with the record

evidence. The record does contain substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s findings

that Baker “is capable of full self-care” and “drives a car every day, shops and runs

a number of errands.” These findings, especially those regarding the activities

associated with Baker’s tree-trimming business, support the conclusion that Baker

performed “a significant amount of activities of daily living.” 

In addition, the ALJ also discredited Baker’s subjective complaints of pain

based on the indications of symptom exaggeration during the FCE, Baker’s choice not

to take pain medication and the absence of an etiology for the alleged pain symptoms.

All these grounds are supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole.

First, as discussed above, the report of symptom exaggeration on the FCE provides

good cause for the ALJ to discredit Baker’s subjective complaints of pain. Second,

Baker’s decision not to take pain medication was a valid factor for the ALJ to

consider.7

 See Curran-Kicksey v. Barnhart, 315 F.3d 964, 969 (8th Cir. 2003)

Appellate Case: 05-3106 Page: 18 Date Filed: 06/13/2006 Entry ID: 2055638
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(“[E]vidence that [the claimant] did not regularly require prescription medication or

physical therapy could create doubt in a reasonable adjudicator’s mind with regard to

her testimony about the extent of her pain.”). Third, the numerous medical opinions

from Baker’s treating physicians agree that Baker’s reports of pain were inconsistent

with his physical condition. “A treating physician’s opinion is due controlling weight

if that opinion is well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory

diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the

record.” Ellis v. Barnhart, 392 F.3d 988, 995 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Hogan v. Apfel,

239 F.3d 958, 961 (8th Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation omitted).

“We ‘will not disturb the decision of an ALJ who considers, but for good cause

expressly discredits, a claimant’s complaints of disabling pain.’” Goff v. Barnhart,

421 F.3d 785, 792 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Gowell v. Apfel, 242 F.3d 793, 796 (8th

Cir. 2001)). In this case, the ALJ considered Baker’s subjective complaints of pain

but found independent reasons, each supported by substantial evidence, to discredit

those complaints. Therefore, we find that the ALJ did not improperly discredit

Baker’s subjective complaints of pain.

After finding that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s findings that Baker’s

assertions of his limitations and his subjective complaints of pain are not wholly

credible, we also find that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Baker

retained the RFC to do light work. Nelson concluded in the FCE report that Baker

was capable of working in the light-medium category. In addition, after receiving the

FCE report, Dr. Durward examined Baker again and agreed, independent of the FCE,

that Baker was capable of work in the light-medium category. The FCE results and

Dr. Durward’s opinion provide strong support for the ALJ’s finding that Baker

retained the RFC to perform light work.

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Baker contends that the ALJ should have given greater weight to the fact that

both of his treating physicians, Dr. Kissel and Dr. Durward, encouraged him to apply

for Social Security disability benefits. This argument fails. Dr. Durward agreed that

Baker was capable of light/medium work but stated, “[Baker] has an eighth grade

education. I am very doubtful that he is going to be able to find meaningful work

within the light job classification.” Dr. Kissel reviewed Dr. Durward’s notes and

agreed with his conclusion. However, a physician’s opinion regarding a claimant’s

ability to find work within a particular classification is not a “medical opinion.” See

Stormo v. Barnhart, 377 F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir. 2004) (“[T]reating physicians’

opinions are not medical opinions that should be credited when they simply state that

a claimant can not be gainfully employed, because they are merely opinions on the

application of the statute, a task assigned solely to the discretion of the

[Commissioner].” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Finally, the ALJ properly applied the Medical-Vocational Guidelines to

determine if Baker could make an adjustment to other work. Generally, where the

claimant suffers from a nonexertional impairment such as pain, the ALJ must obtain

the opinion of a vocational expert instead of relying on the Medical-Vocational

Guidelines. Ellis, 392 F.3d at 996. However, the Guidelines still may be used where

the nonexertional impairments “do[] not diminish or significantly limit the claimant’s

residual functional capacity to perform the full range of Guideline-listed activities.”

Id. (quotation omitted). In particular, “[w]hen a claimant’s subjective complaints of

pain ‘are explicitly discredited for legally sufficient reasons articulated by the ALJ,’

the Secretary’s burden [at the fifth step] may be met by use of the

[Medical-Vocational Guidelines].” Naber v. Shalala, 22 F.3d 186, 189-90 (8th Cir.

1994) (quoting Hutsell v. Sullivan, 892 F.2d 747, 750 (8th Cir. 1989)). In this case,

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8

The dissent notes that the ALJ did not expressly find that Baker could not

return to his past relevant work. However, this finding was made implicitly when the

ALJ proceeded past step (iv) and reached step (v) of the 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520

analysis. See footnote 2, ante. The absence of an express finding did not prejudice

Baker with respect to burden-shifting at step (v) because use of the

Medical-Vocational Guidelines is sufficient to meet the Commissioner’s burden. See

Naber, 22 F.3d at 189-90 (“[T]he Secretary’s burden [at the fifth step] may be met by

use of the [Medical-Vocational Guidelines].” (quoting Hutsell, 892 F.2d at 750)

(alterations in Naber)).

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as discussed above, the ALJ expressly discredited Baker’s subjective complaints of

pain for legally sufficient reasons; therefore, use of the Guidelines was proper.8

We conclude that the ALJ’s determination that Baker was not disabled is

supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. Therefore, we do not

reach the issue of whether the district court erred in directing the award of benefits

rather than remanding to the SSA for further proceedings.

III. CONCLUSION

We conclude that the district court erred in relying on materials not contained

in the administrative record and in finding that the Commissioner’s denial of benefits

was not supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, we reverse the district court

and remand with instructions to reinstate the Commissioner’s denial of benefits.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

I would remand this case for rehearing because the ALJ failed to fully and fairly

develop the record prior to determining Baker’s eligibility for social security disability

payments. Thus, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion affirming the

Commissioner’s denial of benefits.

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9

The initial examiner for the Social Security Administration determined that

Baker “is not able to return to his previous vocation.” (Admin. R. at 140.)

-22-

It is settled law in this circuit that social security hearings are nonadversarial,

and the ALJ is responsible, independent of the claimant’s burden, for fully and fairly

developing the record. Snead v. Barnhart, 360 F.3d 834, 838 (8th Cir. 2004). The

duty to develop the record extends to cases like this one where the claimant is

represented by counsel. Id. “The ALJ possesses no interest in denying benefits and

must act neutrally in developing the record.” Id. Here, the ALJ failed in several

instances to fully and fairly develop the record.

The ALJ found that Baker had not engaged in substantial gainful employment

since the alleged onset of his disability in February 2002. The ALJ further found that

Baker had a combination of impairments considered severe, but not medically equal

to a listed impairment, and finally that, pursuant to the Medical-Vocational rule

200.10, he was not disabled.

The ALJ found that Baker could “perform the full range of light work,” (App.

at 63), but failed to make a finding regarding Baker’s ability to return to his own past

relevant work. This omission was serious and prejudicial, because if Baker could not

return to his past relevant work, the burden would shift to the Commissioner to prove

that there was other work in the national economy that Baker could perform in light

of his severe impairments.9

 Baumgarten v. Chater, 75 F.3d 366, 368 (8th Cir. 1996).

Baker’s principal occupation from May 1983 to September 2000 was that of a

tree trimmer. (Admin. R. at 106.) Until Baker fell and was injured in September

2000, he did all of the tree work himself. (Id. at 384.) Thereafter, he was limited to

supervising others in the tree trimming operation. (Id. at 377-382.) His work as a tree

trimmer is classified as heavy (Dictionary of Occupational Titles, § 408-.664-010),

and clearly beyond his current functional capacity. Had the ALJ found that tree

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10See, e.g., Admin. Rec. at 143-145, 148-150, 157-158, 160, 175, 180, 184, 189,

192, 202, 216.

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trimming was Baker’s past relevant work, the burden would have shifted to the

Commissioner, as noted above.

Prior to working as a tree trimmer, Baker worked as an assembly line worker

in a hog processing plant from October 1970 to May 1983. (Admin. R. at 106, 110.)

This job is also classified as heavy, and therefore beyond Baker’s present capabilities.

(Dictionary of Occupational Titles, § 525.381-014.) Thus, from 1970 to 2000,

Baker’s past relevant work was in positions classified as “heavy,” and beyond his

current functional capacity.

In addition to the full-time occupations discussed above, Baker supplemented

his income with part-time jobs. From December 1994 to December 1999, Baker

worked approximately fifteen hours a week as a laundry attendant. (Admin. R. at 106,

109.) From December 1999 to September 2002, Baker worked approximately thirtythree hours per week as an automobile detailer for Enterprise Rent A Car. (Id. at 106,

108.) The ALJ failed to determine whether Baker was capable of performing the

duties of either of these past jobs.

The ALJ also erred in holding that Baker was not disabled because he took no

pain medication. The ALJ’s statement that Baker “takes no medications for his pain

in spite of rather significant complaints” is only half true. (App. at 61.) The record

is replete with references to pain medications prescribed by Baker’s treating

physicians and nothing supports an inference that he did not take the prescribed

drugs.10 Baker did report on a Social Security Administration form that he was not

“presently” taking pain medication. (Admin. R. at 128.) But Baker also testified that

he quit taking the pain medication because it did not relieve his pain. (Id. at 384.)

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Quitting pain medication because is does not work is far different from quitting it

because he was not in pain. In Baumgarten, 75 F.3d at 369, the claimant testified that

she quit taking prescription pain medication because it was no more effective than

Tylenol. This court held that the ALJ’s “erroneous assertion” that the claimant

provided no reasonable explanation for discontinuing the pain medication called the

ALJ’s ultimate decision into doubt. Id. 

As the majority notes, the ALJ also incorrectly determined that Baker’s

complaints of pain were inconsistent with his performance of activities of daily living.

The ALJ improperly embellished Baker’s activities, noting that he did a wide variety

of household chores and outdoor tasks, including car washing, mowing the lawn, and

raking leaves. As to household chores, Baker testified:

I don’t do much around the house. I help my wife barely with the dishes.

I take them out of the sink and I stand at the counter. I hand them – the

dishes to my wife, she bends over and leans over to put the dishes in the

dishwasher. And once in a while I’ll wash the pots and pans at the

kitchen sink. And about 15, 20 minutes of doing that it’s just – it’s really

hard on me. I got to quit doing it.

(Admin. R. at 381.) The ALJ asked no further questions regarding household chores.

 The ALJ made its determination regarding car washing, mowing the lawn, and raking

leaves based on the daily activities questionnaire. In answering the questionnaire,

Baker stated that he “rarely” washed the car, “rarely” mowed the lawn, and “rarely”

raked the leaves. (Id. at 124 (emphasis added).) Certainly it was improper for the

ALJ to omit the fact that Baker only rarely did these chores.

Furthermore, this court has consistently held that “the ability to do activities

such as light housework and visiting with friends provides little or no support for the

finding that a claimant can perform full-time competitive work.” Hogg v. Shalala, 45

F.3d 276, 278 (8th Cir. 1995); see also Baumgarten, 75 F.3d at 369 (finding the

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claimant’s ability to make the bed, prepare food, perform light housekeeping, grocery

shop, and visit friends an unpersuasive reason to deny benefits). Accordingly, Baker’s

failure to take prescription pain medication and his rare performance of daily activities

do not support the ALJ’s conclusion that Baker is not entitled to disability benefits.

The ALJ gave significant weight to the residual functional capacity evaluation,

which stated in part:

1. This patient exhibited a sub maximal effort throughout the

functional capacity evaluation. Mr. Baker passed 62% of the

validity criteria 36/58 validity criteria scored. . . . The results of

the functional capacity evaluation will not provide an accurate aid

in the medical management and vocational planning for this

patient.

2. Mr. Baker demonstrated during the functional capacity evaluation,

an ability to work at a Sedentary physical demand level. This

would allow an individual to perform occasional material handling

activities with 10 lbs and less weight, 1-33% of the day. This is

according to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, US

Department of Labor, 1991. The results are considered this

patient’s minimal level of function and his maximal level of

function must be left to conjecture. . . .

3. Estimated Physical Demand Level – The results of the functional

capacity evaluation demonstrated an invalid result. Mr. Baker

during the Occasional Material handling tests demonstrated the

ability to perform material handling activities at a Sedentary

Level, 10 lbs and less, however, the results of the Occasional

material handling tests were invalid. . . . This patient will be

placed at a Light-Medium Physical Demand Level. This would

allow an individual to perform occasional material handling

activities with 35 lbs and less. This is according to the Dictionary

of Occupational Titles, U.S. Department of Labor, 1991.

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(Commissioner’s Factual Addendum for Appellant’s Br. at 69B.)

The district court rejected the ALJ’s finding and questioned the validity of the

test. The district court concluded that it was highly improbable that a 50-year-old man

with an eighth grade education could manipulate the test, that he could have a valid

effort on 62% of the tests and invalid on the remainder. In plain language, the court

opined that it could not accept the tester’s conclusion that Baker had selectively

cheated on the test, and refused to give the test weight in its decision. To buttress its

opinion, the district court improperly considered and quoted from a “treatise” by Gary

L. Soderberg. Irrespective of the Soderberg article, the record sufficiently raises

concerns regarding the FCE as a basis for awarding or denying disability benefits.

This question deserves careful study and consideration by the ALJ and the

Commissioner in the first instance.

Thus, I would remand to the ALJ for a hearing consistent with this dissent, that

includes an opportunity to fully explore the propriety of the use of the FCE in this

case. The ALJ has the responsibility to fully and fairly develop the record,

recognizing that because Baker cannot return to his past relevant work, the burden

shifts to the Commissioner to show that there are jobs in the national or regional

economy in meaningful numbers that Baker can perform despite his disabilities.

______________________________

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