Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-03060/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-03060-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 895
Nature of Suit: Freedom of Information Act of 1974
Cause of Action: 05:552 Freedom of Information Act

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

IRVIN MUCHNICK,

Plaintiff,

 v.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND

SECURITY,

Defendant.

 /

No. CV 15-3060 CRB

ORDER ON MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

George Gibney used to coach the Irish Olympic swim team. He immigrated to the

United States in the early 1990s and has lived here ever since. He also allegedly sexually

abused young female swimmers throughout the 1960s and 1970s – and perhaps since. 

Plaintiff Irvin Muchnick wants to know why American authorities let Gibney enter the

country and remain here. He sued under the Freedom of Information Act to find out.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Framework

Congress enacted the Freedom of Information Act (“the FOIA”) to “pierce the veil of

administrative secrecy and to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” U.S. Dep’t

of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991). The FOIA sets a “strong presumption in favor of

disclosure” and puts the burden on the government to justify withholding requested

documents. Id. To avoid disclosure, a document must fall within one of the FOIA’s

“narrow” exemptions. Id. Three concern the Court here.

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 Hamdan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 797 F.3d 759, 778 (9th Cir. 2015), made clear that the

government must show that disclosure risks “circumvention of the law” for law enforcement

“guidelines” but not “techniques” or “procedures.”

2

 http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/frank-mccann-consummate-actor- and-calculatingkiller-1.77547 

3

 http://www.irishtimes.com/news/former-irish-swimming-coach- admits-sexual-abuse

-of-girls-1.129869

2

First, Exemption 6 shields “personnel and medical files and similar files” if disclosing

them would result in “a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. §

552(b)(6). Second, Exemption 7(C) shields information “compiled for law enforcement

purposes” if disclosing it “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). Third, Exemption 7(E) shields

information “compiled for law enforcement purposes” if disclosing it would reveal either

“guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions” that “could reasonably be

expected to risk circumvention of the law,” or “techniques and procedures for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions.”1

 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). 

B. Factual Background

This case starts with the sordid history of the Irish Amateur Swimming Association,

the now-defunct governing body for the sport in Ireland. In 1992, Frank McCann – a team

manager throughout the 1980s – confessed to murdering his wife and child to prevent them

from discovering that he had fathered a child with an underage swimmer. Frank McCann:

“Consummate Actor” And Calculating Killer, The Irish Times (Aug. 17, 1996).2 An Irish

jury convicted him of murder in 1996. Id. 

In 1993, Irish authorities began investigating Derry O’Rourke, a former coach of

Ireland’s Olympic swim team. Former Irish Swimming Coach Admits Sexual Abuse of

Girls, The Irish Times (January 30, 1998).3 For years, O’Rourke sexually abused young

female swimmers in a now-infamous “chamber of horrors.” Id. He ultimately pleaded guilty

to 29 counts of sexual abuse in 1998. Id.

George Gibney got away. Another former Irish Olympic coach, Gibney was charged

with multiple counts of sexual assault for a string of abuse dating back to the 1960s. 

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 Public reports suggest that Gibney was arrested in 1993 and prosecuted until 1994, and only

then left Ireland for Scotland and then the United States. See, e.g., Muchnick Decl. Ex. B (dkt. 17-2).

But it seems possible he left Ireland for good as early as 1992. Whatever the truth, it does not affect the

Court’s analysis.

3

See Muchnick Decl. Ex. C (dkt. 17-4). He got off in 1994, when the Irish Supreme Court

ruled that the statute of limitations had run. See id. Gibney then left Ireland, making his way

to Scotland and then the United States.4

 Id. He now reportedly lives in Florida. Id.

Plaintiff Irvin Muchnick is a freelance journalist investigating sexual abuse in amateur

sports. Quite naturally, he wants information about Gibney. See Muchnick Decl. (dkt. 17-1)

¶ 2. He hopes to uncover how American authorities allowed an alleged sexual predator to

enter and reside in the United States despite the scandal swirling around him in his native

Ireland. Id. ¶ 3. He also suspects that the American Swimming Coaches Association greased

the wheels for Gibney’s relocation. Id.

C. Procedural History

Muchnick requested documents under the FOIA from United States Citizenship and

Immigration Services (“USCIS”), a subdivision the Department of Homeland Security

(“DHS”), in February 2015. See Muchnick Decl. Exs. A-C (dkt. 17-1, 2 & 3). He asked for

visa and green card files on Gibney. See Eggleston Decl. (dkt. 16) at 4. DHS conducted a

search and identified 102 pages of responsive documents in Gibney’s Alien File (“A-file”). 

See id. A-files contain, among other things, documents surrounding “the processing and

adjudication of applications and petitions submitted for citizenship, asylum, and other

immigration benefits.” See 76 Fed. Reg. 70739-01 (Nov. 15, 2011). 

DHS produced four pages and withheld the other 98 pages under several FOIA

exemptions. See Eggleston Decl. at 4. DHS moved for summary judgment and created a

Vaughn Index to justify the withholding. See Mot. (dkt. 15) at 16-20. Because the Vaughn

Index did not meet Ninth Circuit standards, the Court denied the motion and ordered DHS to

produce a better one. See Order (dkt. 21) at 6-7. The Court also ordered DHS to

demonstrate why it could not redact exempt portions of withheld documents and disclose the

rest. See id.

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With supplemental Vaughn Index in hand, DHS has again moved for summary

judgment. Sec. Mot. (dkt. 30) at 1. The dispute now concerns twenty documents spanning

forty-three pages. Id. at 2; Opp’n (dkt. 32) at 8. DHS has provided the Court with

unredacted copies for in camera review. The parties could not resolve the matter after

receiving a tentative order, so the Court resolves it now. See Joint Resp. (dkt. 39).

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The Court may grant a motion for summary judgment “if the movant shows that there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(a). A principal purpose of summary judgment “is to

isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

323-24 (1986). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict” for either party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Id. at

248-49 (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288 (1968)). 

Moreover, if the evidence presented is “merely colorable” and not “significantly probative,”

the court may decide the legal issue and grant summary judgment. Id. at 249-50 (citations

omitted). To determine whether a genuine dispute as to any material fact exists, the court

must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. at 255.

III. DISCUSSION

A. The Government’s Supplemental Vaughn Index

Vaughn Indexes exist because the “lack of knowledge by the party seeking

disclosure” in a FOIA case “seriously distorts the traditional adversary nature of our legal

system.” Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820,824 (D.C. Cir. 1973). DHS compromised the

adversarial process when it filed its initial, inadequate Vaughn Index. See Wiener, 943 F.2d

972, 978 (9th Cir. 1991). Its supplemental Vaughn Index, in all candor, fares little better. 

No matter. Normally, in camera review “is not an acceptable substitute for an

adequate Vaughn Index” because it “does not permit effective advocacy.” Wiener, 943 F.2d

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at 979. But here, for the reasons discussed below, the Court rules (largely) in Muchnick’s

favor. Concerns about the adversary system are therefore of no moment. 

B. Exemptions 6 and 7(C)

Exemptions 6 and 7(C) both require the Court to balance the affected party’s privacy

interests – here Gibney’s – against the public’s interest in the information. See Nat’l

Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 171 (2004). But before reaching that

question, the Court must determine whether the withheld documents qualify as “personnel

and medical files and similar files” under Exemption 6 or information “compiled for law

enforcement purposes” under Exemption 7(C). See 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(6), (7)(C).

1. Threshold Questions

The phrase “similar files” in Exemption 6 extends to most any record “containing

information that applies to particular individuals.” Kowack v. U.S. Forest Serv., 766 F.3d

1130, 1137 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). It therefore covers “files containing

citizenship information on specific individuals,” like the A-File at issue here. See id.

 Exemption 7(C) – and for that matter Exemption 7(E) – also extends to A-Files.

Under these exemptions, DHS must show only a “rational nexus” between its law

enforcement duties and Gibney’s A-File. See Wiener v. F.B.I., 943 F.2d 972, 985-86 (9th

Cir. 1991). A-files meet this test because they are “compiled for adjudicative and

enforcement purposes” within DHS’s statutory authority. See, e.g., Gosen v. USCIS, 75 F.

Supp. 3d 279, 288-89 (D.D.C. 2014); Mezerhand de Schnapp v. USCIS, 67 F. Supp. 3d 95,

100 (D.D.C. 2014); Techserve Alliance v. Napolitano, 803 F. Supp. 2d 16, 29 (D.D.C. 2011);

Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 806 F. Supp. 2d 105, 113-16 (D.D.C. 2011).

Muchnick counters that Wiener compels a contrary result. See Opp’n at 17. Not so. 

Wiener held that the FBI did not establish a “rational nexus” between a legitimate law

enforcement purpose and documents compiled about John Lennon’s anti-Vietnam War

activities. See 943 F.2d at 985-86. The dispute hinged on whether investigating “possible

violations of the Civil Obedience Act” was a bona fide law enforcement objective or a

pretext for unconstitutional surveillance of the late Beatles singer. See id. Here, by contrast,

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 Compare 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C) (shielding any information that “could reasonably be

expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy”), with 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)

(shielding only information that “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy”

(emphasis added)).

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there can be no doubt that DHS compiled George Gibney’s A-File for legitimate law

enforcement and adjudicative purposes. Exemption 7(C) is in play.

2. Balancing

Because “the standard for evaluating a threatened invasion of privacy interests

resulting from the disclosure of records compiled for law enforcement purposes is somewhat

broader than the standard applicable to personnel, medical, and similar files,” any

information properly withheld under Exemption 7(C) will also be properly withheld under

Exemption 6.5

 See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. 749, 756 (1989);

Gosen, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 286-87. The only public interest that matters is how disclosure will

shed light “on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties or otherwise let citizens know

what their government is up to.” U.S. Dep’t of Defense v. Fed. Labor Rel. Auth., 510 U.S.

487, 497 (1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). Information for information’s sake will

not do. What is more, the rights of the press under the FOIA are no different from those of

anyone else. Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 771. 

a. Private Interest

The FOIA protects an “individual’s control of information concerning his or her

person.” Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 763. That includes “criminal history that may have

been wholly forgotten,” even if scattered bits and pieces are in the public domain. Id. at

764-71. The FOIA therefore protects criminal rap sheets, given the “vast difference”

between information that could only be found “after a diligent search of courthouse files,

county archives, and local police stations throughout the country” and the single

computerized “clearinghouse of information” that a rap sheet contains. Id. at 764. At the

same time, privacy interests in information fade when members of the general public

“already know” about it. See Kowack, 766 F.3d at 1133.

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6

 Paperback copies are $18.95 on Amazon.com.

7

 Even if Gibney retained some scintilla of a privacy interest in preventing these allegations

from being disclosed anew, the public interest would outweigh it. See Part III.B.2.b.

7

Gibney finds little shelter under Reporter’s Committee. At least as to allegations of

sexual abuse, his A-File is no “compilation of otherwise hard-to-obtain information.” See

Reporter’s Committee, 489 U.S. at 764. Anyone who bothers Googling his name can get

their hands on the sordid details of his alleged crimes. Anyone itching to know more can

read Deep Deception: Ireland’s Swimming Scandals, a 2009 book by award-winning

journalist Justine McCarthy.6

 

So like the third parties in Kowack, Gibney has “no privacy interests” in preventing

disclosure of the widely known allegations swirling around him. See 766 F.3d at 1133. And

without a privacy interest, there can be no invasion of personal privacy, let alone an

unwarranted one. See id.; Nat’l Archives, 541 U.S. at 164-66 (addressing whether third

parties had any privacy interest in withheld information before reaching balancing test). 

Accordingly, DHS may not withhold under Exemption 6 or 7(C) portions of documents

merely reciting criminal allegations against Gibney.7

 

That said, the public does not have easy access to information about Gibney’s past

addresses, salary history, and – most relevant here – immigration decisions made by DHS. 

Gibney retains a privacy interest in such information. 

b. Public Interest

When “there is a privacy interest protected by” the FOIA and the requester asserts a

public interest in showing – as here – “that responsible officials acted negligently or

otherwise improperly in the performance of their duties,” he must “produce evidence that

would warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged [g]overnment impropriety

might have occurred.” Nat’l Archives, 541 U.S. at 174 (emphasis added); see also Prudential

Locations LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Housing & Urban Dev., 739 F.3d 424, 433 (9th Cir. 2013). 

Muchnick has made that showing. Charges against Gibney came to light no later than

1993. See Muchnick Decl. (dkt. 17-1) Ex. C. In 1994, the Irish Supreme Court put an end to

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 DHS does not invoke Exemption 5, which protects pre-decisional “inter-agency or intraagency memorandums,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5), to encourage “candid disagreements and give-and-take

within the federal bureaucracy,” James T. O’Reilly, Federal Information Disclosure § 15:16 (Summer

2016). See Mot. at 4-5. Even if it had, the argument would fall flat because none of the documents

contain pre-decision mental impressions of agency personnel. See Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t

of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

9

 The same cannot be said for things like fingerprint forms, addresses, salary history, and the

like. DHS may redact those pieces of information.

8

the case – not for lack of evidence, but because the statute of limitations had run. See id.

This was no secret. But it did not stop American authorities from allowing Gibney to enter

the United States and remain here ever since. See id. So although the information Muchnick

seeks “is tied solely to one individual,” Mot. at 9, much of it sheds light on multiple

decisions by multiple DHS personnel.8

 It details what they knew about Gibney’s past and

when they knew it. Those details shed light on DHS’s performance of its statutory duties and

most certainly lets citizens know “what their government is up to.” See Dep’t of Defense,

510 U.S. at 497 (internal quotation marks omitted).9

 And given Gibney’s past, it is enough to

“warrant a belief by a reasonable person” that – perhaps – more should have been done. See

Nat’l Archives, 541 U.S. at 174.

Hunt v. F.B.I., 972 F.2d 286 (9th. Cir. 1992), is not to the contrary. There, the

requester alleged that a female FBI agent used sexual favors to induce him to waive his right

to counsel and plead guilty. Id. at 288. He wanted the FBI to hand over its investigation file. 

Id. at 287. The Ninth Circuit refused him, reasoning that the agent’s privacy interests

outweighed the public interest in disclosure. Id. at 287-88. The plaintiff sought only a

“single file” with information “about one particular [FBI] agent,” which the court held would

not “shed any light on whether all such FBI investigations are comprehensive or whether

sexual misconduct by agents is common.” Id. at 288-89. Furthermore, the file detailed a

“thorough investigation” into the allegations and “contained credible evidence” that the

misconduct had not occurred. Id. at 289. On the other side of the scale, the allegations were

“lewd,” “highly personal,” and not widely known. Id. at 288.

This is a different case. For a start, the privacy interests at stake here are lower than in

Hunt. The world already knows about the sexual abuse allegations facing Gibney, lewd as

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they are. And although he has a privacy interest in DHS immigration decisions, the public

has a strong interest in understanding how and why their government allowed a man with a

far-worse-than-checkered past (and perhaps present) to stay here for more than two decades. 

In other words, the allegations here are far better substantiated than those in Hunt – and with

them the claim of possible government misfeasance.

This case is also quite different from the four D.D.C. decisions that DHS calls

“Similar Alien File Cases.” See Mot. at 15. Gosen and Mezerhand de Schnapp sided with

the government because Exemptions 6 and 7(C) were used “to redact only names and some

identifying information.” See 75 F. Supp. 3d at 289-90 (emphasis added); 67 F. Supp. 3d at

103-104. Therefore, the redacted information indeed shed no light on whether USCIS had

negligently delayed asylum applications, something that neither court held was an

insufficient public interest under the FOIA. See 75 F. Supp. 3d at 289-90; 67 F. Supp. 3d at

103-104. Rojas-Vega and Iswele concerned similarly uninteresting identifying information

and ought else. See 132 F. Supp. 3d 11, 19-20 (D.D.C. 2015); 85 F. Supp. 3d 337, 358-59

(D.D.C. 2015). So although those cases dealt with A-Files, the similarities end there.

C. Exemption 7(E)

As already discussed, DHS compiled everything in Gibney’s A-File “for law

enforcement purposes.” See supra Part III.B.1. And under Exemption 7(E), DHS does not

have to disclose any information that would reveal “techniques and procedures for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions” – full stop. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). DHS

may also withhold information that reveals “guidelines” for enforcement – but only if doing

so would “risk circumvention of the law.” See Hamdan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 797 F.3d

759, 778 (9th Cir. 2015).

As an initial matter, DHS has properly redacted documents that reveal the databases

USCIS uses, “coded information,” “biometric checks,” and other technical information. See

Reply at 6. Those are law enforcement “techniques” under Exemption 7(E). See Mezerhand

de Schnapp, 67 F. Supp. 3d at 100-02. The real fight here is whether DHS must disclose

what those “techniques” revealed, namely the sexual abuse accusations. See id.

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DHS argues that doing so would reveal “the specific types of information sought by

immigration officials in conducting background checks,” and that disclosure would therefore

be inappropriate. Mot. at 11 (quoting Supp. Vaughn Index). This argument proves too

much. Cf. Rosenfeld v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 57 F.3d 803, 815 (1995) (“If we were to

follow such reasoning, the government could withhold information under Exemption 7(E)

under any circumstances . . . simply by saying that the ‘investigative technique’ at issue is . .

. the application of the practice to particular facts . . .”). So long as DHS redacts how it

obtained information about Gibney, disclosing what it found out would not disclose a law

enforcement technique, procedure, or guideline. That is all the more true given that the

allegations here are no secret. 

IV. CONCLUSION

DHS is ORDERED to disclose substantive information contained in the A-File about

Gibney’s alleged crimes, decisions about immigration benefits he sought, and the dates any

documents containing such information were created. DHS may continue to withhold

identifying information about third parties other than Gibney, as well as Gibney’s past

addresses, salary history, A-number, and the like. It may also continue to withhold portions

of documents revealing the investigative procedures used to obtain information about

Gibney, but not the information itself.

Based on the foregoing, DHS has properly redacted or withheld some documents but

not others. The Court has separated those two categories and highlighted what DHS must

disclose to comply with this order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 6, 2016 ________________________________ 

CHARLES R. BREYER

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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