Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca10-95-01316/USCOURTS-ca10-95-01316-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 

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PUBLISH 

~TEDSTATESCOURTOFAPPEALS 

TENTH CIRCUIT 

BURLINGTON NORTHERN RAILROAD ) 

COMPANY, ) 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

vs. ) 95-1316 

) 

MARY HUDDLESTON, in her capacity as ) 

Property Tax Administrator of the State of ) 

Colorado, and DIVISION OF PROPERTY ) 

TAXATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ) 

LOCAL AFFAIRS OF THE STATE OF ) 

COLORADO, ) 

) 

Defendants-Appellants. ) 

. FILED 

Vaited States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

AUG 2 6 1996 

PATRICK FISHER 

Clerk 

APPEAL FROM THE ~TED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO 

(D. C. No. 95-S-472) 

Richard A. Maim of Dickinson, Mackaman, Tyler & Hagan, P.C., Des Moines, Iowa, 

(Walter J. Downing of Knudsen, Berkheimer, Richardson & Endacott, Denver, Colorado, 

and Stephen D. Goodwin of Baker, Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell, Memphis, 

Tennessee, with him on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellee. 

Larry A. Williams, First Assistant Attorney General, State Services Section, (Gale A 

Norton, Attorney General, with him on the brief), Denver, Colorado, for 

Defendants-Appellants. 

Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 1 
Before BALDOCK, LOGAN, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges. 

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge. 

Pursuant to its taxing power under Colo. Const. art. X, the Colorado legislature has 

enacted procedures for the taxation of personal property within the State. Colo. Rev. Stat. 

§§ 39-1-101 to 39-2-131 (1994). Colorado law generally exempts from taxation the value 

of intangible personal property including computer software. I d. § 39-3-118. Colorado 

law, however, does not exempt from taxation the value of intangible personal property 

owned by public utilities. I d. § 39-22-611. For property tax purposes, Colorado law 

defines a public utility as any "railroad company, airline company, electric company, 

rural electric company, telephone company, telegraph company, gas company, gas 

pipeline carrier company, domestic water company ... , pipeline company, coal slurry 

pipeline, or private car line company." ld. § 39-4-101(3). Section 306 of the Railroad 

Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (4-R Act) proscribes certain forms of 

state taxation deemed to unreasonably burden rail carriers engaged in interstate 

commerce. The issue presented is whether the Defendant Colorado Property Tax 

Administrator's refusal to exempt the value ofthe Plaintiff Burlington Northern 

Railroad's computer software from taxation constitutes tax discrimination under§ 306 of 

the 4-R Act. Under the unique procedural posture of this case, we hold that it does. We 

therefore uphold the district court's judgment permanently enjoining Defendant from 

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Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 2 
assessing an ad valorem tax against the value of Plaintiffs computer software. 

I. 

Under Colo. Rev. Stat.§§ 39-4-101 & 106 (1994), Defendant annually assesses 

Plaintiffs rail transportation property for ad valorem tax purposes. Defendant bases the 

assessment on the value of Plaintiffs rail transportation property located within the State 

of Colorado. Defendant apportions the assessed value of the property among the State's 

various counties. The counties thereafter apply a tax levy and collect taxes from Plaintiff. 

In 1994, Plaintiff requested a tax exemption based upon the value of its computer 

software. Defendant denied Plaintiffs request. Plaintiff then instituted this action in the 

district court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under§ 306(l)(d) of the 4-R Act. 1 

1 Section 306(1), codified at 49 U.S.C. § 11503(b), states: 

(I) The following acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against 

interstate commerce, and a State, subdivision of a State, or authority acting 

for a State or subdivision of a State may not do any of them: 

(a) assess rail transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to 

the true market value of the rail transportation property than the ratio 

that the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property in the 

same assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of the other 

commercial and industrial property. 

(b) levy or collect a tax on an assessment that may not be made under 

clause (a) ofthis subsection. 

(c) levy or collect an ad valorem property tax on rail transportation 

property at a tax rate that exceeds the tax rate applicable to commercial 

and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction. 

(d) impose another tax that discriminates against a rail carrier ... 

[engaged in interstate commerce]. 

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Section 306( d)( 1) prohibits a state from levying "another tax that discriminates 

against a rail carrier" engaged in interstate commerce. According to the complaint, the 

"imposition of a property tax on the value of [Plaintiffs] intangible computer software, 

where the computer software of other commercial and industrial taxpayers in Colorado is 

not taxed, results in discriminatory treatment of a common carrier by rail in violation of 

Section 306( 1 )(d)." Plaintiff alleged the value of its computer software located in the 

State of Colorado was at least $8,000,000, which entitled Plaintiff to a property tax 

deduction of at least $2,250,000. Defendant did not dispute Plaintiffs factual allegations, 

and never submitted an answer to the complaint. Rather, Defendant filed a motion to 

dismiss which disputed only as a matter of law Plaintiffs conclusion that the failure to 

exempt the value of Plaintiffs computer software from the property tax assessment 

constituted tax discrimination in violation of the 4-R Act. According to the Defendant, 

§ 306 would not afford Plaintiff relief under any set of facts because in Department of 

Revenue of Oregon v. ACF Industries. Inc., 510 U.S. 332 (1994), the Supreme Court held 

that the 4-R Act did not apply to tax exemptions. Thereafter, Plaintiff filed a motion for a 

preliminary injunction seeking to enjoin Defendant from collecting the disputed tax. The 

parties agreed that the amount of disputed tax totaled $184,767.89. Plaintiff deposited 

that amount in the district court's registry pending resolution of the case. 

Aside from the allegations of the complaint, at no time did either party seek to 

introduce any factual evidence tending to establish or negate the alleged discriminatory 

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Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 4 
effect of the State of Colorado's intangible property tax exemption. By failing to submit 

an answer or other pleading denying the factual allegations of Plaintiffs complaint, 

Defendant admitted those allegations, thus placing no further burden upon Plaintiff to 

prove its case factually. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d) ("Averments in a pleading to which a 

responsive pleading is required ... are admitted when not denied in the responsive 

pleading."). Defendant certainly would have been entitled to file an answer upon the 

district court's denial ofthe motion to dismiss, Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4)(A), but chose not 

to. Instead, the parties' requested the court to decide the case as a matter of law on the 

record they presented. The court entered an order "permanently" enjoining Defendant 

from assessing a tax based on the value of Plaintiffs computer software.2 The court 

reasoned that because Defendant excluded only public utilities as an "isolated and 

targeted group" from the State's general exemption on intangible property, the tax 

Defendant imposed upon the value of Plaintiffs computer software was discriminatory in 

2 The dissent argues that Plaintiff failed to prove its case. Of course, if Defendant 

had denied the factual allegations of the complaint and required Plaintiff to prove that the 

failure to grant Plaintiff the property tax exemption had a discriminatory effect in 

violation of§ 306( 1 )(d), then we might have a different situation. But the Defendant "put 

all its eggs in one basket," arguing only that under ACF, 510 U.S. at 366, property tax 

exemptions were not subject to challenge under § 306( 1 )(d). Thus, "what sort of proof 

the railroad must present and what rebuttals or defenses are available to the taxing 

authority are questions for another day." Burlington Northern Railroad Co. v. City of 

Superior, 932 F.2d 1185, 1188 (7th Cir. 1991). In any event, even ifDefendant had 

required Plaintiff to meet its burden of proof, the most that can be said is 

Plaintiff has not proven its case as a matter of law. Plaintiff presumably would still be 

permitted to engage in discovery, and, if a genuine dispute of material fact existed, 

proceed to trial, and given the opportunity to prove its case as a matter of fact. 

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Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 5 
violation of§ 306(d)(l). Defendant appealed. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291. We review questions of law turning on the interpretation and application of a 

federal statute de novo. Dikeman v. National Educators. Inc., 81 F.3d 949, 951 (lOth Cir. 

1996). We affirm.3 

II. 

Prior to 1994, Defendant exempted the value of Plaintiff's computer software from 

Plaintiff's property tax assessment because Defendant believed§ 306(1)(d) of the 4-R Act 

mandated the exemption. In January 1994, however, the Supreme Court decided 

Department ofRevenue of Oregon v. ACF Industries. Inc., 510 U.S. 332 (1994). Since 

ACF, Defendant has asserted that the State of Colorado lawfully may deny public 

utilities, including Plaintiff, the general exemption for intangible property. 

In ACF, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the State of Oregon 

violated§ 306(1)(d) of the 4-R Act "by imposing an ad valorem tax upon railroad 

3 As a jurisdictional matter, we note that the district court in this case failed to 

enter a "final judgment" on a separate document as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 58. To 

eliminate uncertainty as to the finality of district court decisions and ease appellate 

jurisdictional review, we encourage all district courts to comply with Rule 58's separate 

document requirement in every proper instance. Nevertheless, the circuit court has 

jurisdiction of"final decisions" of the district court under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. If no 

question exists as to the finality of the district court's decision, the absence of a Rule 58 

judgment will not prohibit appellate review. Bankers Trust Co. y. Mallis, 435 U.S. 381, 

382-88 (1978); Kunkel v. Continental Casualty Co., 866 F.2d 1269, 1272 n.3 (lOth Cir. 

1988). In this case, the district court permanently enjoined Defendant from taxing the 

value of Plaintiff's computer software. Because the district court's order granted Plaintiff 

its requested relief and effectively terminated the action, we may properly exercise 

appellate jurisdiction over this appeal under § 1291. 

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Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 6 
property while exempting various other, but not all, classes of commercial and industrial 

property." J.d.. at _ (emphasis added). In that case, Oregon imposed an ad valorem tax 

upon all real and personal property within its jurisdiction, except property granted an 

express exemption. Various classes of business personal property were exempt, including 

agricultural machinery and equipment; nonfarm business inventories; livestock; poultry; 

bees; fur-bearing animals; and agricultural products in the possession of farmers. ACF, 

510 U.S. at_. Companies which leased railroad cars to railroads and shippers claimed 

that the tax constituted "another tax that discriminates against a rail carrier," in violation 

of§ 306( I)( d), because the state exempted certain classes of commercial and industrial 

property, but taxed railroad cars in full. Id. at_. 

The Court held that "a State may grant exemptions from a generally applicable ad 

valorem property tax without subjecting the taxation of railroad property to challenge 

under the relevant provision of the 4-R Act,§ 306(l)(d) .... " Id. at_. Interpreting the 

4-R Act as a whole, the Court concluded that railroads may not challenge property tax 

exemptions to a generally applicable ad valorem property tax under § 306. I d. at_-_. 

That, Defendant claims, should be the end of our inquiry, and necessarily, Plaintiffs 

challenge to the State of Colorado's intangible property tax exemption for all commercial 

and industrial taxpayers other than public utilities must fail. 

The Court recognized, however, that ACF was "not a case in which the railroads--

either alone or as part of some isolated and targeted group--are the only commercial 

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Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 7 
entities subject to an ad valorem tax." I.d.. at_. The Court explained that "[i]fsuch a 

case were to arise, it might be incorrect to say that the State 'exempted' the nontaxed 

property. Rather, one could say that the State had singled out railroad property for 

discriminatory treatment." !d.. at _. Relying on this language, Plaintiff claims that the 

State of Colorado has unlawfully "isolated and targeted" railroads and other public 

utilities as a group, and subjected them to an intangible personal property tax, from which 

all other commercial and industrial taxpayers within the State are "exempt." 

III. 

Given the Supreme Court's qualifying language in ACE that state tax 

"exemptions" denied to an "isolated and targeted group," might violate§ 306(l)(d), we 

reject Defendant's assertion that no "property tax exemption," regardless of its nature or 

effect, is subject to challenge under§ 306. Otherwise, states could circumvent§ 306 

simply by enacting a tax of"general application," and then "exempting" from the tax all 

but a certain class oftaxpayers, which, as the Court noted in ACF, is really not an 

"exemption" at all, but a singling out of certain taxpayers for discriminatory treatment. 

ACE, 510 U.S. at_ ("'term "exemption" does not mean every exclusion from the reach 

of a levy"') (quoting J. Hellerstein & W. Hellerstein, State and Local Taxation 973 (5th 

ed. 1988)). We therefore apply ACF and construe the validity of Colorado's intangible 

property tax exemption. 

Construing§ 306 in its entirety, the Court in ACF inferred that the proper 

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comparison class in analyzing whether a tax discriminates against a railroad in violation 

of§ 306(1)(d), is "other commercial and industrial taxpayers". ACF, 510 U.S. at_-_; 

see~ Atchison. Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. State of Arizona, 78 F.3d 438, 

441-42 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that proper comparison class under § 306(1 )(d) is "other 

commercial and industrial taxpayers."); Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. McNamara, 

817 F.2d 368, 375 (5th Cir. 1987) (same). The 4-R Act defines "commercial and 

industrial property" as "property, other than transportation property and land used 

primarily for agricultural purposes or timber growing, devoted to a commercial or 

industrial use .... " 49 U.S.C. § 11503(a)(4). Both subsections (l)(a) and (1)(c) of 

§ 306 establish a comparison class of"commercial and industrial property," and we can 

think of no sound reason why Congress did not intend the same class to be used in 

analyzing discrimination claims under subsection (1)(d). See ACE, 510 U.S. at_ 

(interplay between subsections (1)(a) and (1)(c), and the 4-R Act's definition of 

"commercial and industrial property" "central" to the construction of subsection ( 1 )(d)). 

Unlike the tax exemption at issue in ACF, Colorado's intangible property tax 

exemption applies to all commercial and industrial taxpayers other than "public utilities." 

In ACF, most taxpayers in the comparison class were subject to the disputed tax. A large 

portion of the property exempted was agricultural, which does not fall within the 4-R 

Act's definition of commercial and industrial property. But in this case, Colorado 

imposes an intangible property tax only upon a narrow group of taxpayers, consisting of 

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interstate interests. Such interests, Congress and the Court have noted, are "'easy prey for 

State and local tax assessors' in that they are 'nonvoting, often nonresident, targets for 

local taxation,' who cannot easily remove themselves from the locality." Western Air 

Lines. Inc. v. Board ofEqualization, 480 U.S. 123, 131 (1987) (quoting S. Rep. No. 91-

630, p.3 (1969)). Accordingly we hold that Colorado's intangible property tax exemption 

singles out Plaintiff as part of an "isolated and targeted group" for discriminatory tax 

treatment in violation of§ 306(1)(d) of the 4-R Act, as interpreted by the Supreme Court 

in ACF. Defendant is permanently enjoined from assessing an ad valorem tax against the 

value of Plaintiffs computer software. 

AFFIRMED. 

10 

Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 10 
95-1316, Burlington Northern Railroad Co. v. Huddleston 

BRISCOE, Circuit Judge, dissenting: 

I respectfully dissent. In DtWartment ofRevenue of Oregon v. ACF Industries, 

114 S. Ct. 843 (1994), the Supreme Court described a narrow set of facts under which 

railroads might successfully challenge state tax exemptions pursuant to§ 306(1)(d) of the 

4-R Act (codified at 49 U.S.C. § 11503(b)(4)). Specifically, the Court noted that if a case 

were to arise "in which the railroads--either alone or as part of some isolated and targeted 

group--are the only commercial entities subject to an ad valorem property tax[,] ... one 

could say that the State had singled out railroad property for discriminatory treatment." 

ld. at 851. 

In challenging the State of Colorado's assessment of property taxes on its computer 

software, plaintiff claims the facts of this case are precisely those described in ACF. 

Although the majority agrees with plaintiff, I conclude plaintiff has failed to satisfy its 

burden of proof under the 4-R Act. 

In tax discrimination suits filed under the 4-R Act, "[t]he burden of.proof ... is 

governed by State law." 49 U.S.C. § 11501(c). In this case, Colorado law provides that 

"the burden of proof in any civil action shall be by preponderance ofthe evidence." Colo. 

Rev. Stat. § 13-25-127(1) (1995); see generally Gerner v. Sullivan, 768 P.2d 701, 703-04 

(Colo. 1989) (en bane) (discussing the burden of proof requirements of§ 13-25-127(1)). 

Thus, plaintiff has the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the tax 

scheme at issue violated§ 306(1)(d) of the 4-R Act. More specifically, plaintiff must 

demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the challenged tax scheme 

"single[s] out" railroads, "either alone or as part of some isolated and targeted group." 

ACF, 114 S. Ct. at 851. 

Appellate Case: 95-1316 Document: 01019281031 Date Filed: 08/26/1996 Page: 11 
Under the challenged tax scheme, the exemption for intangible personal property 

generally afforded to Colorado taxpayers does not apply to public utilities, see Colo. Rev. 

Stat.§ 39-22-611 (1995), which are defined under Colorado law to include any entity 

doing business "as a railroad company, airline company, electric company, rural electric 

company, telephone company, telegraph company, gas company, gas pipeline carrier 

company, domestic water company selling at retail except nonprofit domestic water 

companies, pipeline company, coal slurry pipeline, or private car line company." Colo. 

Rev. Stat.§ 39-4-101(3) (1995). Since railroads are not singled out alone by the tax 

scheme but are included in the group defined as "public utilities," plaintiff must 

demonstrate this group of entities is "isolated and targeted" as described by the Supreme 

Court in ACF. 

Although ACF does not specifically indicate what type of proof plaintiff must 

present to make this showing, other circuits have developed helpful guideposts. In 

referring to an "isolated and targeted group," ACF cites the Seventh Circuit opinion in 

Burlington Northern R. Co. v. City of Superior, 932 F.2d 1185 (7th Cir. 1991) (Superior). 

In Superior, the State of Wisconsin enacted a statute empowering municipalities to levy 

an occupational tax on the owners and operators of "iron ore concentrates docks." 932 

F.2d at 1186. Notably, there were only three such docks in the state, all in the city of 

Superior, and all operated by Burlington Northern. In a challenge brought under the 4-R 

Act, the Seventh Circuit concluded that, in light of§ 306( 1 )(d), the states are "confined to 

taxing railroads as members of larger taxpayer groups--owners of commercial or 

industrial property, recipients of gross income, recipients of net income, whatever." Id. at 

1188. Because the challenged tax affected only railroads, the Seventh Circuit concluded 

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it was in violation of subsection ( 1 )(d). In dicta, the court also briefly discussed the 

implications of a tax levied upon railroads as part of a larger group: 

Another difficult question that we need not decide today is how the judicial 

inquiry should be structured if the tax is imposed on an activity in which railroads 

are not the sole, but are the principal, actors. Suppose a tax of 5 cents per ton 

handled by all docks in the State of Wisconsin is levied, and railroads handle 85 

percent of all the cargo handled by docks in Wisconsin. Trailer Train Co. v. 

Leuenberger, supra, 885 F .2d at 418, holds, sensibly in our view, that the inclusion 

of some nonrail activities in a class of activities dominated by railroads does not 

immunize a tax from challenge under section 306. But what sort of proof the 

railroad must present and what rebuttals or defenses are available to the taxing 

authority are questions for another day. 

ld. at 1188. (Emphasis added.) 

In a more recent post-ACF challenge brought by a group of railroads (including 

plaintiff) against another Wisconsin tax scheme, the Seventh Circuit again touched upon 

the type of proof that might be necessary to demonstrate discrimination under 

§ 306(l)(d). Burlington Nortbem R. Co. v. Wisconsin Dept. ofRevenue, 59 F.3d 55 (7th 

Cir. 1995) (Wisconsin). The Wisconsin court noted that, if a railroad claims it is singled 

out as part of a larger targeted group of industries, "one would presumably have to look at 

the percentage of the total tax levy falling on the targeted group in determining whether 

the tax was one of general application." Id. at 58 n.2. 

Here, plaintiff presented one type of evidence to the district court in support of its · 

claim of discrimination--affidavits concerning the amount of plaintiffs alleged tax 

savings if its computer software was not subject to property tax assessment. In my 

opinion, this evidence is wholly insufficient to satisfy plaintiffs burden of proof. 

Specifically, this evidence does not allow us to determine whether railroads "dominate" 

the class of entities deemed "public utilities" under the challenged tax scheme, or whether 

they are a small part of that class. Nor does it indicate whether the railroads' share of the 

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total tax on personal intangible property is dominant, or whether they pay a small 

percentage of the tax. Further, it does not indicate whether the class of"public utilities" 

under the scheme could be considered an "isolated" group when compared to the general 

class of commercial and industrial taxpayers in Colorado. Finally, it does not indicate 

whether the class of"public utilities" is made up of primarily "local" taxpayers, or 

whether the group contains primarily "foreign" taxpayers (such as the railroads). ~ 

Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. McNamara, 817 F.2d 368, 375 (5th Cir. 1987) ("The 

only simple way to prevent tax discrimination against the railroads is to tie their tax fate 

to the fate of a large and local group of taxpayers" who "will have the political and 

economic power to protect itself against an unfair distribution ofthe tax burden."). 

The majority would relieve plaintiff of its burden of proof in this case because 

defendant argued it should prevail as a matter of law under ACE. The basis for this 

conclusion arises from the faulty premise that defendant had somehow conceded that 

defendant's failure to grant plaintiff the property tax exemption was discriminatory, in 

violation of§ 306( 1 )(d). 

In holding that the challenged tax scheme violates the 4-R Act, the majority 

sidesteps the burden of proof problem based upon what it characterizes as "the unique 

procedural posture of this case." Majority opinion at 2. Specifically, the majority notes 

defendant filed a motion to dismiss the complaint but never filed an answer specifically 

denying the factual allegations in the complaint. According to the majority, "[b ]y failing 

to submit an answer or other pleading denying the factual allegations of Plaintiffs 

complaint, Defendant admitted those allegations, thus placing no further burden upon 

Plaintiff to prove its case factually." ld. at 5. This conclusion is untenable. Under Fed. 

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R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4), the filing of a motion to dismiss alters the time period for filing an 

answer to the complaint. In particular, an answer need not be filed until ten days after the 

district court "denies the motion [to dismiss] or postpones its disposition until the trial on 

the merits." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4)(A). Here, the district court denied defendant's 

motion to dismiss at the same time it granted plaintiffs motion for preliminary injunction. 

Thus, the case was completely resolved before the ten-day time period under 12(a)(4)(A) 

was triggered and defendant was under no obligation to file an answer to plaintiffs 

complaint. 

Further, it is apparent from reviewing the pleadings in this case, as well as the 

district court's final order, that defendant denied the challenged tax scheme was 

discriminatory. For example, in its motion to dismiss, defendant specifically asserted that 

plaintiffs "complaint fail[ed] to state a claim pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 11503(b)(4) upon 

which relief can be granted." R. at 20. In ruling on defendant's motion to dismiss, the 

district court acknowledged defendant's "failure to state a claim" argument and concluded 

it went "to the merits of the case." I d. at 199. At no time did plaintiff assert, nor did the 

district court conclude, that defendant admitted the tax scheme was discriminatory. 

Setting aside the erroneous conclusion that defendant admitted the allegations of 

plaintiffs complaint, it is apparent that the majority's ultimate conclusion in this case is 

unsupported by the record. The majority's conclusion that the group of "public entities" is 

an "isolated and targeted group" is at best an assumption. Not only does this assumption 

provide a windfall to plaintiff, it effectively, in my opinion, broadens the narrow 

exception left open by the Supreme Court in ACF. Under the majority opinion, a railroad 

can now arguably prevail under § 306(1 )(d) by demonstrating simply that a challenged 

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' a 

tax scheme affects a group of public entities, of which railroads are a part. 

For these reasons, I would reverse the decision of the district court and remand for 

entry of judgment in favor of defendant.4 

4 In footnote 2 of the majority opinion, it is suggested that "even if Defendant had 

required Plaintiff to meet its burden of proof, the most that can be said is Plaintiff has not 

proven its case as a matter oflaw," and should therefore be allowed to engage in 

discovery and prove its case as a matter of fact. I wholly disagree. Plaintiff willingly 

chose to forego discovery in this case and instead requested the district court to rule on its 

complaint as a matter of law. Because the facts provided by plaintiff were insufficient to 

satisfy plaintiffs burden of proof, the matter must be resolved in favor of defendant, and 

plaintiff should not be allowed a "second bite at the apple." 

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