Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_08-cv-01644/USCOURTS-azd-2_08-cv-01644-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Donald Gross, 

Plaintiff, 

vs.

James R. Ray, 

Defendant. 

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No. CV 08-1644-PHX-JAT

ORDER

Pending before this Court is Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction seeking

to freeze Defendant’s shares of stock in Green Earth Technologies, Inc. Following a hearing

on September 15, 2008, the Court finds the following facts:

1. Judgment was entered against Defendant James R. Ray, and in favor of

Plaintiff in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York on

October 18, 2007.

2. The Judgment was for the sum of $475,000. Doc. #1 at 5. Plaintiff calculates

that with interest the judgment is now $694,732.50. Doc. #6 at 2.

3. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1963, this judgment was registered in the District of

Arizona on October 19, 2007. Doc. #1.

4. Defendant owns or controls shares of stock in Green Earth Technologies, Inc.

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Generally, the law governing the issuance of a preliminary injunction under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 65 requires the moving party to show: 1) a strong likelihood of

success on the merits, 2) the possibility of irreparable injury to the moving party if injunctive

relief is not granted, 3) a balance of hardships favoring the moving party, and 4)

advancement of the public interest (in cases implicating the public interest). Earth Island

Institute v. U.S. Forest Service, 351 F.3d 1291, 1297 (9th Cir. 2003). The moving party may

meet this burden by showing either: (1) a combination of probable success on the merits and

a possibility of irreparable injury, or (2) the existence of serious questions going to the merits

and that the balance of hardships tips sharply in its favor. Id. at 1298. “These two

alternatives represent extremes of a single continuum, rather than two separate tests.” Id.

(internal quotations and citation omitted).

In this case, the preliminary question faced by the Court is whether Plaintiff can use

the equitable remedy of an injunction to freeze Defendant’s assets (specifically Defendant’s

stock in Green Earth Technologies, Inc.) to aid in Plaintiff’s collection efforts. Neither

Plaintiff nor Defendant cited a single case in their proposed findings of fact and conclusions

of law. Thus, this Court is left to research this question with no assistance from the parties.

The Court’s research reveals the following:

1. Generally, collection of money judgments, such as this one, are governed by

the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69.

2. “Ordinarily, the equitable remedies provided under Rule 70 are not appropriate

in enforcing a monetary judgment.” Spain v. Mountanos, 690 F.2d 742, 744-

45 (9th Cir. 1982).

3. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69, the “procedure for the

execution of a federal court judgment is determined by the law of the state

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1

 When a judgment has been registered in a district other than the issuing district

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1963, the judgment is enforced as if it were the judgment of the court

where it is registered. Wright, Miller & Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d

§ 3013, at 156-57 (1997).

2

 Generally, once a writ of execution issues, the Court will not enter an injunction to

stop the sale. 30 Am. Jur. 2d Executions, Etc. § 447.

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where the federal court sits,” which in this case is Arizona. 30 Am. Jur. 2d

Executions, Etc. § 2.1

4. “In the usual case, money judgments are enforced by lien and foreclosure or

execution.” 30 Am. Jur. 2d Executions, Etc. § 11.

5. “The issuance of a writ of execution gives the judgment creditor the right to

sell the personal assets of a judgment debtor to satisfy the judgment.” 30 Am.

Jur. 2d Executions, Etc. § 8.2

6. The “usual case” of execution appears to be the method used in Arizona. See

A.R.S. 12-1551(A); 12-1552(1)&(2).

7. Further, Arizona law specifically anticipates the judgment creditor using the

execution procedure to force the sale of the judgment debtor’s stock to satisfy

the judgment. A.R.S. § 12-1558(B); see also McCoy v. Brooks, 9 Ariz. 157

(1905).

8. And state law governs the type of property that is subject to execution. 30 Am.

Jur. 2d Executions, Etc. § 2.

Plaintiff in this case argues that the Court should use the equitable power of the grant

of a preliminary injunction to freeze Defendant’s stock to prevent Defendant from selling the

stock and absconding with the proceeds of such stock. However, 

9. “In an equitable proceeding to enforce a judgment at law, it must be shown

that the plaintiff has recovered a judgment against the defendant and that it

remains unsatisfied and that the plaintiff has caused an execution to issue in

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the county where ... the defendant resided.” 30 Am. Jur. 2d Executions, Etc.

§ 13.

In this case, there is no evidence that Plaintiff has attempted to collect the stock at

issue by execution, accordingly, the Court finds the request for equitable assistance to be

premature. 

10. Further, even applying the TRO/PI test, Plaintiff cannot meet its burden if the

relief sought is remediable by money damages. See Stanley v. Univ. of Calif.,

13 F.3d 1313, 1320-21 (1994) (to obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving

party must demonstrate that her remedy at law was inadequate; and, to the

extent she is seeking money damages, her remedy at law is adequate).

In this case, the only relief sought by Plaintiff is payment of the judgment, which is

specifically a request for money damages.

11. Finally, as stated above, under either formulation of the TRO/PI test, Plaintiff

must show either irreparable injury or that the balance of hardships tips sharply

Plaintiff’s favor. Earth Island Institute, 351 F.3d at 1298. Here, if Plaintiff’s

alleged harm occurs, specifically that Defendant sells the stock and absconds

with the proceeds, Arizona law may permit Plaintiff to void the sale and

recover the stock. See A. R. S. § 44-1007. 

Because Arizona law provides a potential remedy, the Court finds that Plaintiff cannot

show irreparable harm or that the balance of hardships tip sharply in its favor. Thus, based

on the current record before this Court,

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction, Doc. #6, is

denied, without prejudice to refiling the motion if there is a change in circumstances.

DATED this 15th day of September, 2008.

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