Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_09-cv-00752/USCOURTS-azd-2_09-cv-00752-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

BRIAN A. WILKINS, 

Plaintiff, 

vs.

CITY OF TEMPE; TOM RYFF, in his

individual and official capacity as Tempe

Police Chief; OFFICER MIKE

WALLACE, in his individual and official

capacity; OFFICER T. JOHNSON, in his

individual and official capacity;

DETECTIVE JEFF LOEWENHAGEN, in

his individual and official capacity, 

Defendants. 

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No. CV 09-00752-PHX-MHM

ORDER

Currently before the Court is Defendants City of Tempe, Police Chief Tom Ryff,

Officer Mike Wallace, Officer T. Johnson, and Detective Jeff Loewenhagen’s Motion to

Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint, (Dkt. #22), filed on August 20, 2009.

Thereafter, on August 26, 2009, Plaintiff Brian Wilkins filed his Response in Opposition to

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, (Dkt. #24), which Defendants replied to on September 15,

2009. (Dkt. #25). After reviewing the pleadings, and determining that oral argument is

unnecessary, the Court issues the following Order.

/ / / 

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It appears that the most recent version of Plaintiff’s complaint should properly be

labeled as his Second Amended Complaint, and not, as it is now, his First Amended

complaint. In its August 5, 2008, Order, this Court gave Plaintiff leave to file his Second

Amended Complaint. (Dkt. #20). It appears, however, that Plaintiff labeled his newly

amended complaint his First Amended Complaint, and, as a result it was docketed as First

Amended Complaint. Accordingly, Defendants have asked this Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s

First Amended complaint. It does not appear to this Court, however, that this mislabeling

has caused confusion, as Defendants’ briefing is clearly based on Plaintiff’s most recently

amended complaint.

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I. BACKGROUND

On April 13, 2009, Plaintiff filed suit against Defendants alleging violations of his

constitutionally protected civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 42. U.S.C. § 1985,

selective enforcement of state laws, defamation of character, intentional infliction of

emotional distress, gross negligence, and failure to train. (Dkt. #1). These accusations

stemmed from Plaintiff’s arrest on July 22, 2008, by Tempe Police. Subsequently, Plaintiff

amended his complaint, (Dkt. #5), then moved to amend it once again, filing a Motion for

Leave to Amend Complain and Attached Exhibit on July 13, 2009. This Court granted

Plaintiff’s Motion on August 5, 2009, and Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint that

same day.1

 (Dkt. #21). Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint no longer includes the charge

of gross negligence. Defendants have moved to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims. (Dkt. #22).

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The Court must liberally construe pleadings submitted by a pro se claimant, affording

the claimant the benefit of any doubt. Karim-Panahi v. L.A. Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 623

(9th Cir. 1988). However, the Court “may not supply essential elements of the claim that

were not initially pled.” Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).

To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6),

the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007); see also Morley

v. Walker, 175 F.3d 756, 759 (9th Cir. 1999) (“A dismissal for failure to state a claim is

appropriate only where it appears, beyond doubt, that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts

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that would entitle it to relief.”). In evaluating such a motion to dismiss, a district court need

not limit itself to the allegations in the complaint; courts may take into account “facts that are

[ ] alleged on the face of the complaint [and] contained in documents attached to the

complaint.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005). In addition, “all wellpleaded allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in a light most favorable

to the nonmoving party.” Wyler Summit Partnership v. Turner Broad. Sys. Inc., 135 F.3d

658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). However, “the court [is not] required to accept as true allegations

that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.”

Spreewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 

III. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff’s § 1983 and §1985 Claims

Defendants argue that this Court must dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims because it is

barred by the rule set forth in Heck v. Humprey. 512 U.S. 477 (1994). In Heck the Supreme

Court held:

in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or

imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would

render a conviction or sentence invalid, § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the

conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by

executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such

determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of

habeas corpus 

Id. at 486–87. In other words, “if a criminal conviction arising out of the same facts stands

and is fundamentally inconsistent with the unlawful behavior for which section 1983

damages are sought, the 1983 action must be dismissed.” Smithart v. Towery, 79 F.3d 951,

952 (9th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). Accordingly, “the district court must consider whether a

judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or

sentence; if it would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate

that the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.” Heck, 512 U.S. at 487. If,

however, this Court determines that “plaintiff's action, even if successful, will not

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demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the

action should be allowed to proceed” Id.

The pertinent facts in this case are not in dispute. In his complaint, Plaintiff admits

that Tempe Police arrested him on July 22, 2009, charging him with aggravated assault with

a deadly weapon, possession of marijuana during a gun crime, and three counts of

misconduct involving a weapon. (Dkt. #21, p.5, ¶22). On March 30, 2009, Plaintiff accepted

a plea-bargain, from the Maricopa County Attorney’s office and plead guilty to the Class 6

Undesignated crimes of disorderly conduct and possession of drug paraphernalia charges.

(Dkt. #24, p.2). In support of his § 1983 claim, Plaintiff alleges only that but for the color of

his skin—Plaintiff is African American—he would not have been arrested, and, as a result,

the actions of the Tempe Police violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1 (“No State

shall . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”). It is

clear to this Court that were Plaintiff to succeed on his § 1983, it would necessarily “imply

the invalidity of his conviction,” as an arrest violative of Equal Protection would certainly

call his plea bargain into question.

Still, in his Response, Plaintiff argues that Heck does apply because he did not

actually plead guilty to the original charged against him, but instead to two different offenses;

disorderly conduct and possession of drug paraphernalia. In support of this argument,

Plaintiff cites the Tenth Circuit’s decision in Butler v. Compton. 482 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir.

2007). In Butler, plaintiff brought a § 1983 suit alleging fourth amendment violations

stemming from his arrest for burglary. Id. at 1280. The charges against plaintiff, however,

were later dismissed as part of a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to three

unrelated burglary charges stemming from a completely different incident. Id. at 1279–80.

In holding that Heck did not bar plaintiff’s § 1983 action, the Court emphasized that plaintiff

did “not challenge any conduct relating to his conviction on the three burglary charges to

which he pled guilty,” but that “his sole challenge is to the constitutionality of . . .conduct

during his arrest for the burglary charges that were dismissed.” Id. at 1280. Accordingly,

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 The Court is not unaware that Plaintiff disputes the legality of his plea and is in the

process of challenging it right now. If and when Plaintiff succeeds in overturning his

conviction, Heck will no longer likely present an obstacle to this 1983 claim. 

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the Court found that “[t]here is no related underlying conviction therefore that could be

invalidated by [plaintiff’s] § 1983 action.” Id. at 1280.

The facts of Butler, however, are distinguishable from the instant case. Maricopa

County did not dismiss the charges against Mr. Wilkins in exchange for his agreement to

plead guilty to charges arising out of a separate and wholly unrelated incident. Instead,

Plaintiff accepted a plea agreement that allowed him to resolve the charges that stemmed

from the arrest that is the subject of his 1983 claim. The fact that the crimes which Plaintiff

ultimately plead guilty to were not the ones with which he was originally charged is

irrelevant; his conviction, unlike the one in Butler, arises out of the same incident that led to

the original charges. Consequently, there is no way he can successfully challenge the

constitutionality of his arrest without also demonstrating or implying the validity of his plea

agreement. The Court, therefore, has no choice but to dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims

against Defendants Wallace, Johnson, and the City of Tempe.2

 For the same reasons, the

Court must also dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1985(3) claims, as Heck applies equally to them as well.

See McQuillion v. Schwarzenegger, 369 F.3d 1091, 1098 fn.4 (9th Cir. 2004) (“We agree

with our sister circuits that Heck applies equally to claims brought under §§ 1983, 1985 and

1986.”).

In his Response, however, Plaintiff contends that even if Heck does apply to all claims

stemming from his arrest, it does not present an obstacle to his § 1983 claim against

Defendant Detective Loewenhagen because his complaint alleges that Loewenhagen’s

unconstitutional actions occurred after the conduct that is the subject of his plea agreement.

Plaintiff is correct; Heck does not bar § 1983 suits predicated on events that occurred after

the conduct that constituted the basis for a conviction. See, e.g., Smith v. City of Hemet,

394 F.3d 689, 693 (9th Cir. 2005) (“We . . . hold that Smith's § 1983 action is not barred by

Heck because the excessive force may have been employed against him subsequent to the

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time he engaged in the conduct that constituted the basis for his conviction.”). Plaintiff’s sole

allegation against Defendant Loewenhagen, however, is that he “deemed the case closed the

next morning, and failed to do any further investigation, despite all the obvious

inconsistencies in the report and the fact that the alleged ‘victim’ was on probation for

criminal simulation.” (Dkt. #21, p.5, ¶24). Assuming the truth of this allegation , it still does

not support a § 1983 suit. “A plaintiff must allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show

that an individual was personally involved in the deprivation of his civil rights. Liability

under § 1983 must be based on the personal involvement of the defendant.” Barren v.

Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998). Plaintiff has not alleged that Defendant

Loewenhagen was at the scene of, made, or ordered his arrest, or had anything whatsoever

to do with the events of July 22, 2008. And, Plaintiff has not explained, and this Court does

not understand, how the act of “closing” the case against Plaintiff the next day demonstrates

Defendant Loewenhagen’s personal involvement in the alleged violation of Plaintiff’s civil

rights. Accordingly, the § 1983 claim based on Defendant’s Loewenhagen’s post-arrest

action is also dismissed.

B. Selective Enforcement of State Law

The Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Unites States

Constitution “prohibits selective enforcement of the law based on considerations such as

race.” Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996). “To prevail on [a] claim under

the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a plaintiff must demonstrate that

enforcement had a discriminatory effect and the police were motivated by a discriminatory

purpose.” Rosenbaum v. City and County of San Francisco, 484 F.3d 1142, 1153 (9th Cir.

2007) (citing Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 (1985)). “To establish a

discriminatory effect ..., the claimant must show that similarly situated individuals ... were

not prosecuted.”Id. (quoting United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 465 (1996)). A

plaintiff demonstrates a discriminatory purpose by showing that “the decision-maker ...

selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part ‘because of,’ not merely

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‘in spite of,’ its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.” Id. (quoting Wayte, 470 U.S. at

610 (internal citation omitted)). 

1. Discriminatory Purpose

Plaintiff’s has not plead facts supporting a finding of discriminatory purpose. In his

complaint, Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he City of Tempe and its Police Department have long

held patterns, policies and practices of racial profiling,” (Dkt. #21, p.6, ¶29), and “[t]o the

Tempe Police, as long as crimes are committed against ‘blacks,’ it is overlooked and deemed

de-facto illegal. However, if a ‘black’ has to protect him/herself by force from an attacking

‘white,’ they are arrested regardless of the facts and circumstances.” (Id. at p.7, ¶30). From

this, Plaintiff concludes that the police mistreated and arrested him—a black man—instead

of his neighbor, Mr. Wood—a white man—because of the color of his skin. In support of

this allegation, Plaintiff’s complaint states that both Defendant Wallace and Defendant Ryff

have each, on one separate occasion, been named in lawsuits alleging civil rights violations

based on the impermissible use of race, and that another Tempe Police Officer, Chuck

Shoville, was forced to retire in 2006 for conduct which stereotyped black men. (Id. at p.8,

¶¶32–33). “[T]he court [is not] required to accept as true allegations that are merely

conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Spreewell v.

Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). Even assuming the truth of these

allegations, it is unreasonable to infer a policy or custom of racial discrimination based on

the filing of two lawsuits and the forced retirement of one Tempe policeman. See Trevino v.

Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Liability for improper custom may not be

predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents; it must be founded upon practices of sufficient

duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of

carrying out policy.”). Additionally, Plaintiff has brought to the Court’s attention two

incidents, one in 2005 and one in 2008, where he alleges Tempe Police failed to arrest white

men that fired guns in self-defense at black men, but were not arrested. (Dkt. #21, p.9,

¶¶39–40). Assuming the truth of these allegations, they are insufficient to establish a policy

of discrimination. See, e.g., Davis v. Ellensburg, 869 F.2d 1230 (9th Cir. 1989) (manner of

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one arrest insufficient to establish policy); Meehan v. Los Angeles County, 856 F.2d 102 (9th

Cir. 1988) (two incidents not sufficient to establish custom).

Furthermore, Plaintiff’s allegations do not support a finding that the named officers

had a discriminatory purpose when they arrested Plaintiff. Plaintiff clearly believes he was

the victim, and Mr. Wood, the man who called the police, was the aggressor. Consequently,

he draws the conclusion that Defendants’ decision to arrest him instead of Mr. Wood was

motivated by race. This conclusion, however, is unsupported by any allegations of explicit

racist conduct or any other facts suggesting an improper racial motive on the part of the

officers. Even assuming Plaintiff’s version of events is true, the fact that police chose to

arrest him and not his neighbor, without more, is insufficient to support a finding of a

discriminatory purpose, as it does not rise above mere speculation. See Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007) (stating pleadings must contain more than

speculation).

2. Discriminatory Effect

Plaintiff’s pleadings do not allege a discriminatory effect, as he has not alleged facts

demonstrating that Defendants failed to enforce similar laws against similarly situated

individuals. “The goal of identifying a similarly situated class ... is to isolate the factor

allegedly subject to impermissible discrimination. The similarly situated group is the control

group.” United States v. Aguilar, 883 F.2d 662, 706 (9th Cir.1989) To be considered

“similarly situated,” the control group must be “ prima facie identical in all relevant

respects.” Purze v. Vill. of Winthrop Harbor, 286 F.3d 452, 455-56 (7th Cir. 2004). In his

complaint, Plaintiff does not specifically state which law or laws Defendants enforced against

him, but not other similarly situated members of the community. Presumably, then, the laws

about whose enforcement Plaintiff complains are those the police charged him with violating;

aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, possession of/use of a weapon during a drug

offense, and three counts of misconduct involving a weapon. Plaintiff has not alleged any

facts whatsoever showing that similarly situated individuals were not charged with

possession of/use of a weapon during a drug offense. As to the gun-related charges, as

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mentioned previously, in support of his claim, Plaintiff has brought to the Court’s attention

two alleged incidents that occurred in Tempe, one in 2005 and one in 2008, where “white”

men fired weapons at “black” men in self defense, but were not arrested. (Dkt. #21, p.9,

¶¶39–40). The 2008 incident does not involve a similarly situated person, as the man who

fired his gun, but was not prosecuted, did so during an attempted burglary of his business,

whereas Plaintiff was in his residence at the time he discharged his weapon. The 2005

incident might serve as comparator evidence, as it involves an intruder that was shot and

killed after entering a man’s apartment. Somewhat similarly, Plaintiff claims he fired three

shots into the air to thwart Mr. Wood attempt to assault him with a knife in his home. 

Plaintiff, however, has failed to provide any more details concerning the 2005 incident, such

that the Court can not ascertain if, in fact, he and the shooter in the 2005 incident are

similarly situated. Even, however, if a valid comparison could be made, the unsubstantiated

pleading of one incident that occurred four years ago is likely insufficient to support a

finding of discriminatory effect, especially because the Ninth Circuit specifically mandates

a showing of “similarly situated individuals” not just an individual. Rosenbaum, 484 F.3d

at1153 (quoting United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 465 (1996) (emphasis added)).

The Court need not, however, determine if the 2005 incident alone is sufficient to properly

allege a discriminatory effect, as it has already decided that Plaintiff has not met his burden

concerning discriminatory purpose.

Finally, Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendants engaged in selective enforcement

because they elected not to arrest Mr. Wood is insufficient to maintain a claim of

discriminatory effect. First, Plaintiff has not alleged that he and Mr. Wood are similarly

situated. In fact, the crimes for with which Plaintiff believes Mr. Wood should have been

charged—extortion, violation of parole, assault with a knife, and disorderly conduct—are not

identical to the ones with which he was ultimately charged. Accordingly, Mr. Wood is not

a valid comparator, as he could not have been charged with the same crimes as those brought

against Plaintiff. And, the Court notes that even if Plaintiff is correct in asserting that Mr.

Wood should also have been arrested that night, “[d]ifferent treatment of dissimilarly situated

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persons does not violate the equal protection clause.” E & T Realty v. Strickland, 830 F.2d

1107, 1109 (11th Cir. 1987). Accordingly, because he has not plead facts, assuming their

truth, that may sustain a finding of discriminatory purpose or effect, this Court must dismiss

Plaintiff’s selective enforcement claim. 

C. Failure to Train

A claim for failure to train is made out by showing that “in light of the duties assigned

to specific officers or employees, the need for more or different training is obvious, and the

inadequacy so likely to result in violations of constitutional rights, that the policy-makers ...

can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.” Clement v. Gomez,

298 F.3d 898, 905 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390

(1989)). Where, however, there is no violation of a constitutional right, there is no basis for

finding inadequate training. See Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 916 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[T]here

was no violation of the decedent's constitutional rights, and thus no basis for finding the

officers inadequately trained.”). Because this Court has dismissed all of Plaintiff’s

constitutional claims, there are no longer grounds on which a failure to train claim might be

maintained.

D. State Law Claims

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), this Court may decline to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over a claim if it has dismissed all claims over which it had original

jurisdiction. The only claims over which this Court enjoyed original jurisdiction were

those Plaintiff brought under sections 1983 and 1985, and for selective enforcement of

state laws and failure to train. Because this Court has determined that each of these

claims must be dismissed, all that remains in this case are Plaintiff’s related state-law

claims for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Pursuant to section

1367, then, this Court declines to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s

related state-law claims. See Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir.2001) (holding

that district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over related state law

claims once it has dismissed all claims over which it had original jurisdiction).

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Accordingly,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED granting Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss as to all of

Plaintiff’s federal law claims.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED dismissing for lack of jurisdiction Plaintiff’s

related state law claims for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED directing the Clerk of Court to enter judgment

accordingly. 

DATED this 5th day of January, 2010.

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