Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca6-18-05565/USCOURTS-ca6-18-05565-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 19a0135p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JANE DOE, et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

CITY OF MEMPHIS,

Defendant-Appellee.

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No. 18-5565

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.

No. 2:13-cv-03002—John Thomas Fowlkes, Jr., District Judge.

Argued: January 29, 2019

Decided and Filed: June 27, 2019

Before: CLAY, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Bryan M. Meredith, THE SPENCE LAW FIRM, Memphis, Tennessee, for 

Appellants. Robert D. Meyers, GLANKLER BROWN, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for 

Appellee. ON BRIEF: Bryan M. Meredith, Robert L. J. Spence, Jr., THE SPENCE LAW 

FIRM, Memphis, Tennessee, Ricky E. Wilkins, Sharon Harless Loy, THE LAW OFFICES OF 

RICKY E. WILKINS, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellants. Robert D. Meyers, Jessica L. 

Indingaro, GLANKLER BROWN, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee, Jon P. Lakey, WALK COOK 

LAKEY, PLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee.

CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which WHITE, J., joined. McKEAGUE, 

J. (pp. 21–27), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

>

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_________________

OPINION

_________________

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Jane Doe No. 2 appeals the district court’s March 9, 2017 

Order granting Defendant City of Memphis summary judgment, and the district court’s May 22, 

2018 Order granting Defendant’s motion to strike class allegations. For the reasons set forth 

below, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND 

Plaintiffs, Jane Doe No. 1, Jane Doe No. 2, and Jane Doe No. 3, are three women who 

allege that Defendant failed to submit for testing the sexual assault kits (“SAKs”) prepared after 

their sexual assaults. Each Plaintiff separately reported a sexual assault to the Memphis Police 

Department (“MPD”), and a bodily fluid sample was taken from each Plaintiff and placed in an 

SAK. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant possessed over 15,000 such kits that it failed to submit for 

testing, resulting in spoliation. Plaintiffs sought to certify a class of women whose kits 

Defendant failed to test. 

Discovery revealed that the SAKs of Jane Doe No. 1 and Jane Doe No. 3 were both 

tested soon after their assaults. However, Jane Doe No. 2’s SAK, with which this appeal is 

concerned, was submitted for testing in 2013, and the results were received in 2014—eleven 

years after her assault in 2003. This appeal concerns only Jane Doe No. 2 and the purported 

class, inasmuch as Plaintiffs do not appeal the grant of summary judgment for Defendant on the 

claims of Jane Doe No. 1 or Jane Doe No. 3. 

Plaintiffs filed a complaint on December 20, 2013, alleging various constitutional 

violations. Pursuant to Defendant’s subsequently filed motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims, the 

district court dismissed with prejudice all of Plaintiffs’ claims except their claims of sex 

discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Discovery proceeded on Plaintiffs’ 

remaining Equal Protection claim and lasted nearly two years. 

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During discovery, Defendant produced materials on MPD’s policies, procedures, and 

training relating to sexual assault, investigative files for the three representative Plaintiffs, and 

affidavits by Major Don Crowe of the Special Victims Unit and Sergeant Margaret Houston of 

the Sex Crimes Division. Defendant also produced spreadsheets it had prepared containing data 

from 2001 to 2005 related to MPD’s investigations into sexual assaults and other violent crimes. 

This information constituted 7,200 pages of spreadsheets detailing 15,465 criminal 

investigations. Defendant claims that producing this discovery cost the City over $1 million. 

Because the scope of discovery and the events surrounding the discovery process are the crux of 

this case, more details of the nearly two years of discovery that occurred will be provided below.

On January 25, 2016, Defendant moved for summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ 

claims. On February 5, 2016, Defendant filed a Motion to Strike Class Allegations pursuant to 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(d)(1)(D). On March 9, 2017, the district court granted 

Defendant’s motions for summary judgment as to Jane Doe No. 1, Jane Doe No. 2, and Jane Doe 

No. 3. 

On March 15, 2017, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Reconsider Order Granting Summary 

Judgment as to Jane Doe No. 2, and on May 17, 2018, the district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion. 

On May 22, 2018, the district court granted Defendant’s Motion to Strike Class Allegations. 

Plaintiffs then appealed to this Court the district court’s order granting Defendant 

summary judgment and its order granting Defendant’s motion to strike class allegations.1

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Spadafore v. Gardner, 

330 F.3d 849, 851 (6th Cir. 2003). Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue 

as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. 

 

1Plaintiffs purported to appeal the district court’s denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration, but 

Plaintiffs failed to develop arguments on appeal sufficient to preserve these claims. United States v. Johnson, 

440 F.3d 832, 845–46 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[A]n appellant abandons all issues not raised and argued in its initial brief on 

appeal.” (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Still, 102 F.3d 118, 122 n.7 (5th Cir. 1996))). 

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Civ. P. 56(a). In considering such a motion, the court construes all reasonable factual inferences 

in favor of the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 

574, 587 (1986). The central issue is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to 

require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter 

of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251–52 (1986).

“This court reviews a district court’s decision on a Rule 56(d) motion for discovery for an 

‘abuse of discretion.’” In re Bayer Healthcare & Merial Ltd. Flea Control Prods. Mktg. & Sales 

Practices Litig., 752 F.3d 1065, 1074 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Dairy Farmers of 

Am., Inc., 426 F.3d 850, 862 (6th Cir. 2005)). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the 

reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear 

error of judgment.” FTC v. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d 611, 623 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting

United States v. Hunt, 521 F.3d 636, 648 (6th Cir. 2008)). To reverse, this Court must find that 

the district court’s “ruling was arbitrary, unjustifiable, or clearly unreasonable.” Id. 

Analysis

While Plaintiffs’ underlying claim pertains to Equal Protection Clause violations, 

Plaintiffs acknowledge that their primary argument “is the absence of a meaningful opportunity 

to conduct discovery” prior to the entry of summary judgment. (Appellants’ Br. 20.) Plaintiffs 

do not argue in their briefs that the district court erred in striking class allegations based on the 

record before the court. Thus, we emphasize at the outset that all we are asked to consider is 

whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment and striking Plaintiffs’ class 

allegations before Plaintiffs had a meaningful chance to pursue further discovery.

a. Sex Discrimination Claim

To the extent that the merits of Plaintiffs’ underlying claims are relevant to our analysis 

of whether the district court abused its discretion in denying further discovery, we briefly note 

the elements of Plaintiffs’ claim of sex discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection 

Clause. 

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For a plaintiff to succeed on an Equal Protection claim of sex discrimination, she “must 

show that she is a member of a protected class and that she was intentionally and purposefully 

discriminated against because of her membership in that protected class.” Jones v. Union 

County, 296 F.3d 417, 426 (6th Cir. 2002). The latter showing requires a demonstration that it is 

the policy or custom of Defendant to provide less protection to victims of sexual assault than 

those of other crimes, and that gender discrimination was the motivation for this disparate 

treatment. See id. Absent direct evidence of discriminatory motivation, “[a] discriminatory 

effect which is severe enough can provide sufficient evidence” of such motivation under 

appropriate circumstances. See United States v. Thorpe, 471 F.3d 652, 661 (6th Cir. 2006) 

(quoting United States v. Tuitt, 68 F. Supp. 2d 4, 10 (D. Mass. 1999)). 

To adequately review the claims made in this appeal relating to discovery, we must 

scrutinize the details of the discovery process. After a May 2014 scheduling order, Plaintiffs 

submitted their first set of interrogatories and requests for production of documents, which 

included, as relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims on appeal, the following:

INTERROGATORY NO. 3: For each SAK collected by the Defendant 

during the years 1980 to the present, identify the following:

a) the name, gender, and race of the individual from whom the SAK was 

collected;

b) the date of collection of the SAK;

c) the crime being investigated;

d) the physical location(s), person/entity with custody of each SAK, dates 

that each SAK was in a particular location; and

e) any other identifying information used by the Defendant to distinguish 

between SAKs.

INTERROGATORY NO. 4: For each SAK identified in the preceding 

Interrogatory, state and identify the following:

a) whether and when the SAK has been tested for serology;

b) whether and when the SAK underwent forensic DNA analysis;

c) any reason that each SAK was or was not submitted for testing within 

96 hours of recollection;

d) any reason that each SAK was submitted for testing on the date(s) it 

was submitted;

e) any individual or agency that requested and/or approved submission of 

the SAK for serology/DNA testing;

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f) any individual or agency that declined to approve submission of the SAK 

for serology/DNA testing;

g) any cost associated with the testing of each SAK and what person/entity 

bore any cost identified;

h) and whether and when the suspect of the crime for which the SAK was 

collected and charged with a crime for which the SAK was collected.

* * *

INTERROGATORY NO. 5: For each DNA sample collected by the 

Defendant during the years 1980 to the present for crimes other than sexual 

assault, identify the following:

a) the name, gender, and race of the individual from whom the DNA sample 

was collected;

b) the date of collection of the DNA sample;

c) the crime being investigated;

d) the physical location(s), person/entity with custody of each DNA sample, 

dates that each DNA sample was in a particular location; and

e) any other identifying information used by the Defendant to distinguish 

between DNA samples.

INTERROGATORY NO. 6: For each DNA sample identified in the 

preceding Interrogatory, state and identify the following:

i) whether and when the DNA sample has been tested for serology;

j) whether and when the DNA sample underwent forensic DNA analysis;

k) any reason that each DNA sample was or was not submitted for testing 

within 96 hours of recollection;

l) any reason that each DNA sample was submitted for testing on the date(s) 

it was submitted;

m) any individual or agency that requested and/or approved submission of the 

DNA sample for serology/DNA testing;

n) any individual or agency that declined to approve submission of the DNA 

sample for serology/DNA testing;

o) any cost associated with the testing of each DNA sample and what 

person/entity bore any cost identified;

p) and whether and when the suspect of the crime for which the DNA sample 

was collected and charged with a crime for which the DNA sample was 

collected.

* * *

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REQUEST NO. 18: Produce any and all documents and electronically stored 

information which relate to and/or pertain to your response to Interrogatory No. 3.

* * *

REQUEST NO. 19: Produce any and all documents and electronically stored 

information which relate to and/or pertain to your response to Interrogatory No. 4.

* * *

REQUEST NO. 20: Produce any and all documents and electronically stored 

information which relate to and/or pertain to your response to Interrogatory No. 5.

* * *

REQUEST NO. 21: Produce any and all documents and electronically stored 

information which relate to and/or pertain to your response to Interrogatory No. 6.

(R. 25-2, Plaintiffs’ First Set of Discovery Requests, Page ID# 488–90, 500.) Request for 

Production Nos. 18 through 21 contemplate the production of the investigative files of the 

victims of sexual assault and other violent crimes, inasmuch as these files were the source 

material for Defendant’s eventual responses to Interrogatory Nos. 3 and 4. 

Defendant did not respond to this set of discovery requests by the June 2014 deadline to 

do so. Instead, Defendant sought to limit the scope of discovery via a motion for a protective 

order in August 2014, which the court denied in January 2015. Also in August 2014, Plaintiffs 

sought to compel responses to their discovery requests, which were months overdue. 

In September 2014, the district judge allowed Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint 

and noted that “Plaintiff’s diligence is largely dependent on the depth of discovery, which is 

currently limited by Defendant.” (R. 36, Order, Page ID# 366.) 

On January 12, 2015, the court ordered Defendant to respond to Interrogatories 3 and 4 

by January 31, 2015, but limited the scope of those interrogatories to SAKs collected between 

January 1, 1987 and June 1, 2014. The court did not directly address Plaintiffs’ requests for 

production in this order, instead ordering the parties to attempt to resolve their disputes on their 

own and report back to the court as to the resolution of their dispute. 

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On January 30, 2015, Defendant moved to extend its deadline for responding to the 

discovery requests, and the court ordered that “Defendant shall have up to and including 

February 4, 2015 to properly respond to Plaintiffs’ First Set of Interrogatories and Requests for 

Production of Documents.” (R. 60, Order, Page ID# 615.) On February 4, Defendant provided 

an initial response to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. Responding to Interrogatory Nos. 3 and 4, 

Defendant referred Plaintiffs to a spreadsheet that it had created containing some information 

responsive to those requests. Defendant included a disclaimer that while “every attempt has 

been made to assure the accuracy of the information contained in the spreadsheet,” “the only way 

to verify its accuracy is to review each investigative file.” (R. 153-3, Responses to 

Interrogatories, Page ID# 9098.) The response also made clear that reviewing the investigative 

files for the spreadsheet was an ongoing process and that the spreadsheet would be updated 

accordingly. Defendant’s response to Plaintiffs’ Request for Production Nos. 18 and 19 also 

referred Plaintiffs to the spreadsheet. Defendant provided several supplemental responses to 

Plaintiffs’ discovery requests from April 20152through August 2015, but never suggested that 

these supplements made its responses to Plaintiffs’ requests complete.

At a July 9, 2015 status conference, Plaintiffs complained that discovery had not 

progressed, and the Court admonished Defendant to provide Plaintiffs with responses to their 

discovery requests.

On August 31, 2015, a status conference was held on Plaintiffs’ August 2014 motion to 

compel. Plaintiffs agreed to withdraw their motion, as some documents had been produced and 

production was ongoing. By September 2015, Defendant estimated that its responses to 

Plaintiffs’ discovery requests could be completed by May 2016.

In a December 2015 status conference, Defendant acknowledged that its discovery 

responses remained incomplete and reiterated its estimate that it could complete those responses 

by May 2016. Yet the following month Defendant moved for summary judgment. It was only 

 

2On February 2, 2015, Plaintiffs filed an unopposed motion to stay discovery pending the resolution of an 

issue relating to Plaintiffs’ counsel’s potential disqualification from representing Plaintiffs in the case. The district 

court stayed discovery on March 11, 2015. On April 8, 2015, the issue was resolved when the district court held that 

Plaintiffs’ counsel was not disqualified from the case, and the stay was lifted. 

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after the motion for summary judgment was filed that Defendant produced three of the five years 

of spreadsheet information that constituted the bulk of its responses to Plaintiffs’ discovery 

requests.

Moreover, it was not until February 2016 that Defendant first produced the complete 

investigative file of Jane Doe No. 2. It was also in February 2016 that Plaintiffs filed their Rule 

56(d) affidavit, as an attachment to their response in opposition to summary judgment. That 

affidavit complained, as relevant to this appeal, that Defendant had not “allowed the Plaintiffs to 

review and inspect source documents related to the members of the class.” (R. 103-2, Affidavit, 

Page ID# 1089.) The affidavit argued that summary judgment was improper because Defendant 

had failed to produce, among other things, “[s]ource investigatory documents in sexual assault 

cases in which SAKs were created which contain proof of discriminatory and/or stereotypical 

law enforcement practices.” (R. 103-2, Page ID# 1090.) 

Turning to the main issue on appeal—the district court’s denial of further discovery—

when a party moves for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, Rule 

56(d) allows the “nonmovant [to] show[] by affidavit . . . that, for specified reasons, it cannot 

present facts essential to justify its opposition,” and upon such showing, “the court may: 

(1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations to 

take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d).3 

The purpose behind Rule 56(d) is to ensure that plaintiffs receive “‘a full opportunity to 

conduct discovery’ to be able to successfully defeat a motion for summary judgment.” Ball v. 

Union Carbide Corp., 385 F.3d 713, 719 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 257 (1986)). “A party invoking [the] protections [of Rule 56(d)] must do so 

in good faith by affirmatively demonstrating . . . how postponement of a ruling on the motion 

will enable him . . . to rebut the movant’s showing of the absence of a genuine issue of fact.” 

E.M.A Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d at 623 (quoting Willmar Poultry Co. v. Morton-Norwich 

Prods., Inc., 520 F.2d 289, 297 (8th Cir. 1975)). The affidavit must “indicate to the district court 

[the party’s] need for discovery, what material facts it hopes to uncover, and why it has not 

 

3This rule was known as Rule 56(f) until it was renumbered as 56(d) in 2010. Block v. Meharry Med. 

Coll., 723 F. App’x 273, 284 n.4 (6th Cir. 2018).

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previously discovered the information.” Ball, 385 F.3d at 720 (quoting Cacevic v. City of Hazel 

Park, 226 F.3d 483, 488 (6th Cir. 2000)). 

Moreover, “[t]he party opposing a motion for summary judgment . . . possesses no 

absolute right to additional time for discovery under Rule 56.” Emmons v. McLaughlin, 

874 F.2d 351, 356 (6th Cir. 1989). “A district court does not abuse its discretion in denying 

discovery when the discovery requested would be irrelevant to the underlying issue to be 

decided.” Bayer Healthcare, 752 F.3d at 1074 (quoting Dairy Farmers of Am., Inc., 426 F.3d at 

862). Similarly, a district court has “discretion to limit the scope of discovery where the 

information sought is overly broad or would prove unduly burdensome to produce.” Id. (quoting 

Info–Hold, Inc. v. Sound Merch., Inc., 538 F.3d 448, 457 (6th Cir. 2008)).

Although our standard of review is abuse of discretion, this Court has cited approvingly 

other circuits’ view that “[a] . . . motion requesting time for additional discovery should be 

granted almost as a matter of course unless the non-moving party has not diligently pursued

discovery of the evidence.” E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d at 623 n.7 (second alteration in 

original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Convertino v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

684 F.3d 93, 99 (D.C. Cir. 2012)); see also id. (“[D]istrict courts should construe motions that 

invoke [Rule 56(d)] generously, holding parties to the rule’s spirit rather than its letter.”

(quoting Resolution Trust Corp. v. N. Bridge Assocs., 22 F.3d 1198, 1203 (1st Cir. 1994)).

This Court has made clear that in reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion for 

further discovery, there are five factors to consider:

(1) when the appellant learned of the issue that is the subject of the desired 

discovery; (2) whether the desired discovery would have changed the ruling 

below; (3) how long the discovery period had lasted; (4) whether the appellant 

was dilatory in its discovery efforts; and (5) whether the appellee was responsive 

to discovery requests.

CenTra, Inc. v. Estrin, 538 F.3d 402, 420 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Plott v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

71 F.3d 1190, 1196–97 (6th Cir. 1995)). 

As an initial matter, it does not appear that the district court considered all five of the 

Plott factors, as it never acknowledged them. In deciding Defendant’s motion for summary 

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judgment, the district court did not specifically rule on whether Plaintiffs had a sufficient 

opportunity to conduct discovery. Addressing Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration, the district 

court rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that they had an inadequate opportunity to conduct discovery, 

but primarily relied on the length of time discovery was open and purported deficiencies in 

Plaintiffs’ counsel’s affidavit. The district court also minimized Defendant’s noncompliance 

with discovery requests, reasoning that the noncompliance was primarily a result of 

administrative burden. In its ruling on Defendant’s motion to strike class allegations, the district 

court again rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments for the same reasons, but further explained that no 

amount of additional discovery would allow Plaintiffs to sufficiently demonstrate commonality.

We will consider each factor.

1) Whether Plaintiffs Were Dilatory in Their Discovery Efforts

Although this is the third factor listed in Plott, we have stated elsewhere that our “main 

inquiry is ‘whether the moving party was diligent in pursuing discovery.’” E.M.A. Nationwide, 

Inc., 767 F.3d at 623 (quoting Dowling v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 593 F.3d 472, 478 (6th Cir. 

2010)).4 We thus examine this factor first and ask whether Plaintiffs were diligent or dilatory in 

their discovery efforts, a factor the district court did not specifically analyze.

 

4The dissent asserts that we misread this quote because “diligence in pursuing discovery is a term of art.” 

(Dissent at 23.) The dissent admits its reading is counterintuitive, since “[i]n common parlance” being diligent and 

not being dilatory are equivalent, (Dissent at 23), and we note that this is generally true in legal parlance as well. 

See Diligence, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“Steady application to one’s business or duty; persevering 

effort to accomplish something undertaken.”). Further, any ambiguity in the meaning of “diligence” is put to rest by 

a closer reading of E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc. Following the quote in that case about our “main inquiry” being 

diligence, there is a footnote in which we quote language from other circuits emphasizing that the most important 

consideration in these cases is whether the moving party acted “diligently,” as opposed to “lackadaisically.” 

767 F.3d at 623 n.7 (quoting Convertino v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 684 F.3d 93, 99 (D.C. Cir. 2012) and Resolution 

Trust Corp. v. N. Bridge Assocs., 22 F.3d 1198, 1203 (1st Cir. 1994)). The implied assertion that “diligently” 

pursuing discovery is the opposite of “lackadaisically” doing so is strong evidence that these terms carry their 

standard definitions, as opposed to the unnatural one proposed by the dissent (unless the dissent is prepared to argue 

that “lackadaisical” is also a term of art).

In support of its argument, the dissent cites this Court’s statement that our “overarching inquiry in these 

[Plott] factors is whether the moving party was diligent in pursuing discovery.” Dowling, 593 F.3d at 478. But this 

quote in fact supports our conclusion. To the extent other Plott factors (e.g., when the moving party learned of the 

issue that is the subject of the desired discovery) may bear on whether the moving party was diligent, those factors 

too will relate to our “main” or “overarching inquiry.” See Scadden v. Werner, 677 F. App’x 996, 1000 (6th Cir. 

2017) (“In [] reviewing [a district court’s decision on a Rule 56(d) motion], we look to various factors but consider 

primarily whether the party seeking an extension was ‘diligent in pursuing discovery.’” (quoting E.M.A. Nationwide, 

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Plaintiffs filed their first set of discovery requests just a week after the scheduling order 

was entered. Defendant acknowledges that “Plaintiffs fully participated in the Court’s status 

conferences.” (Appellee’s Br. 40.) However, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs were not diligent 

in pursuing discovery inasmuch as they “withdrew their Motion to Compel in September 2015, 

and despite the Court’s invitation [in its September 8, 2015 Order], never filed a more focused 

and targeted motion to identify the specific, current issues regarding any discovery responses.” 

(Appellee’s Br. 39–40 (referencing R. 84, Order, Page ID# 769).) 

Plaintiffs respond that the motion that the court invited Plaintiffs to file “was not to 

compel the City to respond to discovery but rather was to be filed by Plaintiffs if needed – after 

discovery was produced – to address any deficiencies.” (Reply Br. 6.) Plaintiffs argue that their 

withdrawal of their motion to compel did not affect the court’s January 12, 2015 Order requiring 

Defendant to produce information to Plaintiffs. Indeed, the court’s September 8, 2015 Order 

stated that a new motion to compel could be filed “should the circumstances require it.” (R. 84, 

Order, Page ID# 769.) This order did not remove any obligations from Defendant to produce 

information, and Defendant in fact continued to produce information after this order. Plaintiffs 

argue convincingly that because Defendant was producing some documents during the year 

before Defendant moved for summary judgment, and because the court was overseeing this 

production through regular status conferences, it was reasonable for Plaintiffs not to file further 

motions to compel. Further, at status conferences—including one as late as December 2015—

Defendant estimated that responding in full to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests would take until 

May 2016. Plaintiffs apparently relied on Defendant’s estimate and could not have known that 

Defendant would instead move for summary judgment in January of that year. Plaintiffs argue 

that they reasonably believed the discovery process would go on several months longer than it 

did and that they cannot be faulted for being unable to foresee that their chance to file a second 

motion to compel would be cut short. 

There is no evidence that Plaintiffs delayed discovery or were not diligent in pursuing 

discovery or choosing not to file a second motion to compel. The record instead indicates that 

 

Inc., 767 F.3d at 623)). Nevertheless, because one factor squarely asks whether the moving party was dilatory in 

pursuing discovery, that factor is the most important to our inquiry.

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Plaintiffs were diligent in pursuing discovery. Thus, this factor—which represents our “main 

inquiry” in this type of case—favors Plaintiffs. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d at 623.

2) When Plaintiffs Learned of the Issue that Is the Subject of the Desired Discovery

This factor primarily pertains to situations where there was something that prevented a 

party from learning about a subject of desired discovery until after some discovery had already 

been sought. See Woods v. McGuire, 954 F.2d 388, 391 (6th Cir. 1992) (considering an 

argument that a case decided late in the discovery period made more discovery necessary by 

changing the law applicable to the plaintiff’s claim). Because the desired discovery in this case 

was sought in Plaintiffs’ first set of discovery requests, this factor is not applicable to the facts in 

this case and is therefore neutral.

3) Whether the Desired Discovery Would Have Changed the Ruling Below 

This factor favors Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs seek additional discovery relating to the individual 

investigative files, as well as statistics, deposition testimony, training documents, internal affairs 

documents, and internal correspondence. Defendant argues that because Plaintiffs received Jane 

Doe No. 2’s investigative file and have not alleged that the file evidenced discriminatory intent, 

further discovery would not change the ruling. However, this was a premature conclusion. 

To make out their Equal Protection claim, Plaintiffs must show that it was Defendant’s 

policy to provide less protection to victims of sexual assault than those of other violent crimes 

and that this was motivated by gender discrimination. Jones, 296 F.3d at 426. Just because 

gender animus was not present on the face of Jane Doe No. 2’s investigative file does not mean 

that it would not be evident upon a review of other sexual assault victims’ investigative files. 

A plaintiff can prove animus by direct or circumstantial evidence. See Washington v. Davis, 

426 U.S. 229, 242 (1976) (“Necessarily, an invidious discriminatory purpose may often be 

inferred from the totality of the relevant facts, including the fact, if it is true, that the law bears 

more heavily on [a protected class].”). What appears in the spreadsheets might not faithfully 

reflect, or give a full picture of, the sort of investigation that sexual assault crimes received as 

compared with other violent crimes. Indeed, Defendant admitted that “the only way to verify 

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[the spreadsheets’] accuracy is to review each investigative file.” (R. 153-3, Responses to 

Interrogatories, Page ID# 9098.)

As an example of how further discovery might change the outcome below, if Defendant 

had produced a randomly selected, representative sample of investigative files, it might be 

evident that much more time was spent investigating other violent crimes than was spent on 

sexual assault investigations—which might be seen in the level of detail included in the 

investigative file even though it might not appear in Defendant’s spreadsheet purporting to 

summarize what was in the files. Further evidence of animus might also be found in emails not 

yet produced and if Plaintiffs were permitted to depose the officers involved in those 

investigations. Plaintiffs cannot be faulted for not seeking depositions earlier, as it is not unusual 

to await substantial completion of document production prior to conducting depositions.5

Finally, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) motion was properly denied because 

it did not “identify any specific facts relating to alleged discriminatory animus that counsel hopes 

to uncover.” (Appellee’s Br. 43.) It is true that a party cannot avoid summary judgment by 

filing an affidavit which does not “substantiate . . . allegations of harassment with any details” 

and which suffers from a “lack of specificity, without any apparent justification.” Emmons v. 

McLaughlin, 874 F.2d 351, 357 (6th Cir. 1989). In contrast with some affidavits this Court has 

found deficient, see, e.g., Cacevic v. City of Hazel Park, 226 F.3d 483, 489 (6th Cir. 2000), 

Plaintiffs’ affidavit outlined various types of evidence that would help establish the single 

dispositive issue: whether Defendant’s acknowledged failure to test (or timely test) thousands of 

SAKs was the result of discrimination on the basis of sex. Further, even assuming the affidavit 

lacked sufficient specificity, Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) affidavit contains justification for its lack of 

details and specificity. The affidavit stated that “although the City has produced spreadsheets 

 

5The dissent criticizes us for “vaguely referencing the possibility that the depositions and emails could 

show animus.” (Dissent at 26.) However, because discriminatory animus is very difficult to prove, “[a] trial court 

must be cautious about granting summary judgment to an [defendant] when, as here, its intent is at issue. Because 

writings directly supporting a claim of intentional discrimination are rarely, if ever, found among an [entity]’s 

corporate papers, affidavits and depositions must be carefully scrutinized for circumstantial proof which, if believed, 

would show discrimination.” Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. P’ship, 22 F.3d 1219, 1224 (2d Cir. 1994). 

The dissent does not fairly consider the inherent difficulty in proving claims like these and is overly cavalier in 

dismissing the likelihood that circumstantial proof from statistics, depositions, emails, and other sources could 

permit Plaintiffs to survive a summary judgment motion in a case where Defendant admits that it possessed but 

failed to submit for testing many thousands of sexual assault kits.

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purportedly summarizing some [SAKs] and their status, demographic factors, and other factors, 

the City has not . . . allowed the Plaintiffs to review and inspect source documents related to the 

members of the class.” (R. 103-2, Affidavit, Page ID# 1089.) 

Without at least a representative sample of investigative files, Plaintiffs cannot be 

punished for being unable to make more specific allegations about what the files will prove. 

Because additional investigative files, as well as other discovery Plaintiffs sought but were 

denied, might well have changed the outcome below, this factor weighs in favor of Plaintiffs.

4) How Long the Discovery Period Had Lasted 

The district court emphasized that “the parties conducted expensive and rigorous 

discovery for a significant period of time—nearly two (2) years.” (R. 144, Order Denying 

Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider, Page ID# 8887.) However, what constitutes a reasonable 

length of time for the duration of discovery is so particular to the facts and circumstances of a 

given case that examining what lengths of time this Court has found sufficient for discovery in 

the past in not particularly helpful. This Court has stated that a discovery period lasting nearly 

five months was “a sufficient amount of time . . . to conduct some discovery” and therefore the 

factor did not favor either party. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d at 625; see also Emmons, 

874 F.2d at 359 n.8 (“We do not believe that nine months before entry of summary judgment is 

necessarily too short a period in which to expect discovery to be completed in a [constitutional 

tort involving alleged police misconduct].”).

A discovery period of nearly two years is certainly somewhat lengthy. See Woods, 954 

F.2d at 391 (holding there was no abuse of discretion where district court closed discovery 

almost two years after tort case involving the Westfall Act was filed). However, a claim in 

which Plaintiffs must prove discriminatory motivation, and might seek to do so using large 

quantities of data demonstrating a discriminatory effect so severe as to be evidence of 

discriminatory motivation, see United States v. Thorpe, 471 F.3d 652, 661 (6th Cir. 2006), will 

be entitled to a longer discovery period than claims that are easier to prove. 

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Moreover, for the reasons discussed below, the length of this delay is in large part 

attributable to Defendant’s delays.

This factor is thus largely neutral.

5) Whether the Appellee Was Responsive to Discovery Requests 

This factor weighs in favor of Plaintiffs because Defendant was generally unresponsive to 

Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. Defendant missed discovery deadlines, promised to complete its 

responses to Plaintiffs’ initial discovery requests by May 2016, and then instead moved for 

summary judgment in January of that year. These facts, as well as the fact that Defendant 

continued to provide Plaintiffs with new information after filing for summary judgment, strongly 

suggest that Defendant may have purposefully drawn out the discovery process in order to secure 

summary judgment before having to respond in full to Plaintiffs’ interrogatories and requests for 

production.

Defendant missed the initial June 2014 deadline to respond to Plaintiffs’ first set of 

discovery requests and still had not responded to these requests by August 2014. Defendant was 

then ordered to respond to certain interrogatories by January 31, 2015, but Defendant moved for 

an extension the day before its responses were due. 

Up until December 2015, Defendant assured Plaintiffs and the court that it would be able 

to complete its discovery responses by May 2016. However, in January 2016, Defendant moved 

for summary judgment. 

Plaintiffs note that Defendant produced “approximately one hundred . . . pages from the 

investigatory files of Jane Doe No. 1 and Jane Doe No. 2 ... for the first time one (1) week after

the City filed its Motions for Summary Judgment.” (R. 103-2, Affidavit, Page ID# 1090.) It was 

also not until after Defendant had moved for summary judgment that it produced three of the five 

years of spreadsheet information. Thus, a major portion of what Defendant produced in response 

to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests was not turned over until after it had filed for summary 

judgment.

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Although Defendant claims that it spent over $1 million in producing the spreadsheets, it 

is odd that Defendant would expend such a large amount of money producing spreadsheets, 

rather than either offering Plaintiffs a representative sample of investigative files that Plaintiffs 

would bear the cost of reviewing or otherwise negotiating with Plaintiffs about a less costly way 

to satisfy Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. Defendant’s expenses were ostensibly for the purpose of 

answering Interrogatory Nos. 3 through 6; however, the record does not indicate that Defendant 

ever attempted to respond to Request for Production Nos. 18 through 21, other than with the 

spreadsheets. It does not appear from the record why Defendant seemed to believe the source 

material for its responses to Interrogatory Nos. 3 through 6 (namely, the investigative files) 

would not be subject to Request for Production Nos. 18 through 21. Defendant offered as 

excuses for its delay in producing the spreadsheets the fact that the case was data-heavy and 

providing the information involved reviewing both paper and electronic documents, which were 

stored on different electronic systems because the systems had been updated over time. 

However, Defendant offered no valid excuse for its failure to produce the documents Plaintiffs 

requested; indeed, allowing Plaintiffs to review a representative random sample of some of the 

investigative files could have significantly reduced Defendant’s time and effort. 

Defendant’s delay in producing discovery suggests that it could have been hoping to 

obtain summary judgment before having to comply in full with Plaintiffs’ discovery requests. 

Defendant’s repeated assurances that it would comply by May 2016 before it moved for 

summary judgment in January 2016 further suggests the possibility of a strategic delay motivated 

by a desire to deprive Plaintiffs of a full opportunity for discovery. 

In any event, Defendant was not responsive to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests, and this 

factor weighs for Plaintiffs.

In sum, Plaintiffs were moderately diligent in pursuing discovery, although somewhat 

blameworthy in relying on Defendant’s representations that discovery would be forthcoming. 

Defendant, on the other hand, was even more blameworthy than Plaintiffs due to its unreasonable 

delays in producing the discovery material. And it is evident that additional discovery might 

have changed the outcome below. Together, this suffices to convince this Court that Plaintiffs 

did not receive “‘a full opportunity to conduct discovery’ to be able to successfully defeat a 

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motion for summary judgment.” Ball v. Union Carbide Corp., 385 F.3d 713, 719 (6th Cir. 2004) 

(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 257 (1986)). It is true that discovery has 

lasted an extended time and cost Defendant some amount of money; however, as the above 

analysis illustrates, it is unclear why much of this time and cost was not avoided, and 

expenditures of time and money alone do not justify terminating discovery where a plaintiff has 

been diligent and may still discover information that could establish a genuine issue of material 

fact.

Therefore, this Court finds that the district court abused its discretion in granting 

Defendant summary judgment and striking Plaintiffs’ class allegations before there was a full 

opportunity to conduct discovery. We remand with instructions that the district court allow 

discovery to proceed. We note that, rather than requiring a complete production of all of the 

source files, it may be more appropriate to allow Defendant to produce a sufficient representative 

sampling of the investigative files or permit Plaintiffs to review a representative sampling of 

these files. After that, the district court should allow additional discovery as necessary in further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

b. Class Certification Claim

Because of our conclusion that additional discovery might establish a genuine issue of 

material fact as to sex discrimination against Jane Doe No. 2 by showing that Defendant had a 

pattern or practice of not taking sexual assault crimes as seriously as other violent crimes, we 

also hold that additional discovery might also allow Plaintiffs to identify and certify a class. 

As discussed above, the investigative files might reveal evidence of gender-motivated 

discrimination. If so, this evidence could allow Plaintiffs to find further class representatives and 

could ultimately result in certification of a class.

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To certify a class, a party must demonstrate that four prerequisites are met:

(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;

(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or 

defenses of the class; and

(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the 

class.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Rule 23(b) places an additional requirement on putative class 

representatives that is inapplicable to this appeal. 

The district court struck the class allegations because “discovery thus far does not, and 

additional discovery would not, allow Plaintiffs to sufficiently demonstrate [the] commonality” 

requirement of Rule 23(a)(2). (R. 145, Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Strike Class 

Allegations, Page ID# 8911.) The district court summarized that “given the discretion of 

different investigators, the discretion in varying supervisor chains, and the multitude of reasons 

for not testing or timely testing a SAK, Plaintiffs cannot show a common mode of exercising 

discretion in this case.” (R. 145, Page ID# 8918–19.) 

In support of its holding, the district court cited Pilgrim v. Universal Health Card, LLC, 

in which this Court affirmed a district court’s order striking class allegations due to the class’s 

inability to meet the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b). 660 F.3d 943, 946 (6th Cir. 

2011). In rejecting the plaintiffs’ request for further discovery on the certification issue, this 

Court noted, “Their claims are governed by different States’ laws, a largely legal determination, 

and no proffered or potential factual development offers any hope of altering that conclusion, 

one that generally will preclude class certification.” Id. at 949. The instant case is 

distinguishable from Pilgrim, however, in that there is no choice of law issue, nor any other sort 

of “prototypical factual issue that will vary from place to place and from region to region” that 

the Pilgrim Court emphasized. Id. at 948. The district court noted the discretion individual 

investigators have in deciding whether to submit a SAK for testing and compared this with the 

Supreme Court’s statement in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes that absent the plaintiffs 

establishing a “common mode of exercising discretion that pervades the entire company,” the 

commonality requirement of Rule 23(a) could not be met. 564 U.S. 338, 356 (2011). This is 

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true, and the similarities to the instant case are evident; however, the key distinction is that in 

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., it was the plaintiffs who moved for class certification, and the motion was 

filed after they had an opportunity for meaningful discovery. Id. at 346. By contrast, in this case 

it was Defendant who moved to strike class allegations, and the motion was filed before 

Plaintiffs had an opportunity for meaningful discovery—making Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 

inapposite. Based on the record before us, Plaintiffs may be unable to satisfy the commonality 

requirement; however, on remand further discovery could provide Plaintiffs with evidence of 

commonality and could result in certification of a class.

The district court prematurely concluded that no amount of discovery could possibly 

demonstrate commonality in this case. The above quote from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. implies as 

much, as the Court suggests that a “common mode of exercising discretion that pervades the 

entire company” would suffice to prove commonality. Indeed, Plaintiffs’ theory of the case 

largely turns on whether there was a pattern or practice of taking sexual assault crimes less 

seriously than other violent crimes. In reviewing the investigative files and additional evidence, 

Plaintiffs on remand will be free to pursue their class allegations, as the additional discovery 

might satisfy the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2). 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of Defendant’s 

motion for summary judgment as to Jane Doe No. 2 and motion to strike class allegations, and 

REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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_________________

DISSENT

_________________

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I dissent for three reasons. First, because the 

majority does not accord due deference to the district court’s interpretation of the facts. Second, 

because the majority incorrectly analyzes the Plott factors of whether Doe was dilatory and 

whether Doe’s desired discovery would have changed the district court’s ruling. And third, 

because the majority’s instructions on remand go too far, mandating that the district court permit 

discovery, rather than instructing the district court to consider whether additional discovery is 

warranted in light of its holding.

I

We may find that the district court abused its discretion if its “ruling was arbitrary, 

unjustifiable, or clearly unreasonable.” F.T.C. v. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d 611, 624 

(6th Cir. 2014). This discretion must at least mean that we will not second guess the district 

court’s judgment and reweigh the Plott factors on appeal. We should constrain our review to 

determining whether the district court’s conclusions are supported by the record and correct as a 

matter of law. See Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 446 U.S. 1, 10 (1980) (explaining 

that in reviewing a district court’s decision to certify a question for appeal for an abuse of 

discretion “the proper role of the court of appeals is not to reweigh the equities or reassess the 

facts but to make sure that the conclusions derived from those weighings and assessments are 

juridically sound and supported by the record.”). Instead, the majority effectively applies de 

novo review to the district court’s decision, conducting its own analysis, reweighing the Plott

factors, and dictating how discovery should proceed. 

While the district court did not formally consider each Plott factor, its analysis is 

sufficiently robust to warrant deference. As the majority points out, the district court neither 

acknowledged the Plott factors nor reviewed each in a formal manner. A review of the opinion, 

however, shows that the district court considered three of the five factors: whether the desired 

discovery would change its ruling, how long the discovery period lasted, and whether the City of 

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Memphis (the City) was responsive to discovery requests. See Plott v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

Packard Elec. Div., 71 F.3d 1190, 1196–97 (6th Cir. 1995). Presumably, it found the 

combination of those three factors dispositive. The district court did not address whether Doe 

was dilatory and when Doe learned of the issue, the latter of which the majority concludes is not 

applicable. The district court’s failure to address the dilatory Plott factor could warrant reversal 

if none of the Plott factors the district court analyzed are dispositive. As I discuss below, the 

appropriate instruction on remand would be for the district court to reweigh the Plott factors 

taking the dilatory factor into account, not mandating discovery. 

The majority errs in making a credibility determination to support its conclusion that the 

responsiveness Plott factor—whether the City was responsive to discovery requests—weighs in 

Doe’s favor. Id. at 1196. The district court noted that “to the extent Defendant was noncompliant with discovery requests, the record show[s] that such difficulties were largely due to 

the administrative burden of producing thousands of documents spanning multiple years.”

R. 144, at PID 8889. Instead of deferring to the district court, the majority effectively makes a 

credibility determination that the City’s excuses for its delays in producing some requested 

discovery were not valid. The majority does not explain why it believes the district court’s 

conclusions were unwarranted. Instead the majority speculates that the City’s actions suggest 

some strategic motive to deprive Doe of discovery. Although it is possible to interpret the City’s 

actions as strategic, the record also supports the district court’s conclusion that the City’s noncompliance was due to a significant administrative burden. Where the facts support multiple 

interpretations, we should not impose our own over the district court’s.

The majority similarly errs in imposing its own interpretation of the facts to weigh the 

length-of-discovery Plott factor without explaining why the district court lacked support in the 

record for its determination. The district court explained that Doe had adequate time for 

discovery because, “[p]rior to the Order granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, 

the parties conducted expensive and rigorous discovery for a significant period of time—nearly 

two (2) years.” Id. at 8887. The majority acknowledges that what constitutes a reasonable 

length of time for discovery is highly particularized to the facts and circumstances of the case. 

Instead of deferring to the district court, however, the majority decides that proving 

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discriminatory motivation requires large quantities of data and therefore that the length-ofdiscovery Plott factor is neutral. Determining whether a certain case is one in which the scope of 

the claim requires more than two years of discovery is precisely the kind of particularized fact 

determination that should be left to the district court. 

II

In addition to erring in reweighing the Plott factors instead of giving the district court its 

due deference, the majority errs in its analysis of two of the Plott factors: (1) whether Doe was 

dilatory in seeking discovery and, (2) whether Doe’s requested discovery would have changed 

the district court’s ruling.

1. Whether Doe Was Dilatory in Seeking Discovery is Not This Court’s “Main Inquiry”

I agree that Doe was not dilatory in seeking discovery. I disagree, however, with the 

significance the majority gives that fact. We have held that when reviewing the decision to stay 

discovery, “[t]his Court’s main inquiry is ‘whether the moving party was diligent in pursuing 

discovery.’” E.M.A. Nationwide, 767 F.3d at 623 (citation omitted). Diligence is determined 

through an analysis of all the Plott factors, of which a party’s dilatoriness is just one factor. See

Dowling v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 593 F.3d 472, 478 (6th Cir. 2010) (“The overarching 

inquiry in these [Plott] factors is whether the moving party was diligent in pursuing discovery.”). 

The majority, however, equates finding that Doe was not dilatory with finding that Doe was 

diligent. The majority’s error is understandable. In common parlance, finding someone to not 

be dilatory might be the same as saying that they are diligent. Our caselaw, however, makes 

clear that diligence in pursuing discovery is a term of art. Simply because Doe was not dilatory 

does not mean, so far as the Plott factors are concerned, that she was diligent. The majority is 

incorrect to attribute the significance it does to the fact that Doe was not dilatory.

2. Doe’s Desired Discovery Would Not Have Changed the District Court’s Decision

I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that Doe’s desired discovery would have 

changed the district court’s decision. Doe fails to offer any reason why she believes that most of 

the additional discovery identified in her Rule 56(d) affidavit exists. Much of the material Doe 

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requests rests only on conclusory allegations that documents containing discriminatory practices 

exist and have been withheld from production. For example, Doe alleges that the City has emails 

detailing discriminatory practices that Doe has not yet received. Doe does not, however, contend 

that the City has failed to turn over emails generally, or provide any explanation for why she 

believes emails containing discriminatory practices exist. Of the discovery Doe identifies in her 

Rule 56(d) affidavit that is not based on conclusory allegations, that material has already been 

substantially produced. The majority focuses on the City’s failure to turn over “investigative 

files,” the provision of spreadsheets in response to interrogatory requests with the caveat that 

they were subject to verification by the source material, emails that were allegedly not produced, 

and the lack of depositions, so I address those with specificity.

Doe never requested the City’s “investigative files,” so the majority’s speculation as to 

what Doe might be able to prove with the investigative files is unwarranted. All Doe asked for 

in the requests for production and Rule 56(d) affidavit was the source material used to respond to 

certain interrogatory requests. Those interrogatory requests, and thus the requested documents, 

included specific information about each DNA sample that had been collected for sexual assault 

and violent crimes other than sexual assault. For instance, Doe sought the name, gender, and 

race of the individual; the collection date; and the crime investigated. For sexual assault crimes, 

Doe also sought any reason why the sexual assault kit was or was not submitted for testing 

within 96 hours of collection. The City provided all of that information, albeit for a limited 

range of years, in spreadsheets as part of its response to Doe’s interrogatory requests.

Certainly, some of the source documents used to answer the interrogatory requests would 

be contained in investigative files. But none of the interrogatory requests, the requests for 

production, or Doe’s Rule 56(d) affidavit is sufficiently broad in scope to require the City to turn 

over information or documents in investigative files that were not the source materials used to 

respond to the interrogatory requests. Doe never even defines the term “investigative file.” If 

Doe had actually requested the investigative files it would be reasonable for her to define the 

term so that the City would know what Doe’s request encompassed. The closest Doe’s Rule 

56(d) affidavit gets to requesting the investigative files is in subparagraph (g) of paragraph 10. 

There, Doe lists as documents that have yet to be produced “investigatory documents in sexual 

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assault cases . . . which contain proof of discriminatory and/or stereotypical law enforcement 

practices.” R. 103-2, at PID 1090. As an initial matter, Doe’s request is conclusory, merely 

assuming that investigative documents containing proof of discrimination exist in investigative 

files. Further, Doe’s request does not ask for all investigative documents for violent crimes. Nor 

does Doe’s request encompass the entire investigative file. Instead, Doe’s request is limited to 

only documents in investigative files containing proof of discriminatory and or stereotypical law 

enforcement practices. 

Even if Doe received the requested investigative file documents, Doe would still not 

receive a statistically meaningful sample of investigative files from which she could draw 

inferences. By receiving only what was requested—the specific pages or parts of pages with the 

source material relevant to her interrogatory requests—Doe would have nothing more in 

substance than she did before the Rule 56(d) motion. Doe could not, for example, determine 

whether it was evident that more time was spent investigating other violent crimes than sexual 

assault crimes because she could not analyze the number of documents in each file and would 

not receive source material detailing the time and resources used to investigate the various 

crimes. In sum, there is no basis for the majority to conclude that the investigative files could 

change the district court’s ruling.

Neither would production of the source materials used for the City’s interrogatory 

spreadsheet responses change the district court’s ruling. The majority makes much of the caveat 

accompanying the City’s interrogatory response spreadsheets that the information was subject to 

verification with the source material. Using this statement to conclude that the source material 

could change the district court’s ruling, however, goes too far. First, the district court did not 

indicate that the caveat accompanying the spreadsheets impacted its decision. Therefore, even 

were the information verified with the source material, the verification itself would not change 

the district court’s ruling. Second, Doe does not contend that the spreadsheets themselves failed 

to answer the interrogatory requests or were unreliable. Instead, Doe is unsatisfied with the 

spreadsheets because they did not cover the entire period from 1980 to the date of the request. 

Doe contends that there has been on-going discrimination since 1980. So, while adding 

additional years of data might impact the extent of her claim, the availability of only some years 

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of data should not affect whether she can make out a claim in the first place. Finally, even if the 

spreadsheets could not be relied on to the same degree without production of the source material, 

there is no indication that the spreadsheets contain systemic errors. The lack of confidence 

affects only the statistical significance to assign statistical inferences that can be drawn from the 

data, not whether inferences can be drawn at all. There is no reason to think that marginally 

increased statistical confidence would provide evidence that was different in kind, rather than 

merely different in degree. And since the district court made its ruling on the absence of any 

evidence, not the lack of a sufficient degree of evidence from the spreadsheet data, the source 

material would not change its ruling.

Although the majority indicates that the requested depositions and alleged lack of emails 

could change the district court’s decision, the majority only supports its declaration by vaguely 

referencing the possibility that the depositions and emails could show animus. The majority 

does not explain its basis for that conclusion and does not address the fact that Doe’s requests 

concerning emails and depositions are based on conclusory allegations. Doe’s Rule 56(d) 

affidavit seeks only emails and internal correspondence to the extent that they contain 

discriminatory and or stereotypical law enforcement practices. Doe’s requests, therefore, make 

the conclusory allegation that emails containing discriminatory practices exist and were withheld 

by the City. Doe does not offer any basis for her allegation that emails containing discriminatory 

practices exist. She does not, for example, allege any bad faith on the part of the City in 

suppressing responsive material. Since the City has already made substantial productions, 

including of internal documents, there is doubly a lack of reason to believe that emails containing 

evidence of discrimination exist and were withheld. Similarly, for the depositions, although it is 

true that depositions might reveal animus, Doe provides no reason why she believes that 

depositions would provide evidence of animus. It is always true that a deposition might provide 

smoking gun evidence. But without any indication that such smoking gun evidence exists and 

could be found via deposition, mere speculation that depositions could change the district court’s 

ruling is just that—speculation. As all Doe offers for why emails and depositions could change 

the district court’s ruling are conclusory allegations and speculation, Doe’s assertions to the 

contrary in the Rue 56(d) affidavit should not be credited. See Emmons v. McLaughlin, 874 F.2d 

351, 358 (6th Cir. 1989).

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In sum, Doe failed to identify anything in the Rule 56(d) affidavit that could change the 

district court’s decision. Therefore, I disagree with the majority that this Plott factor weighs in 

Doe’s favor.

III

Even if remand were justified, our instructions on remand should account for the 

deference we give the district court. Unless our review of the Plott factors means that the district 

court could reach only one conclusion, we should not foreclose the district court from 

reconsidering the Plott factors on remand in light of our decision. Here, the majority does not 

indicate that, taken as a whole, the Plott factors could mean only that the district court should 

grant additional discovery. Nor has the majority identified any Plott factor as dispositive, 

meaning the district court would have to permit additional discovery regardless of how it 

weighed the other factors. Thus, even taking the majority’s opinion to announce what the record 

could support, rather than its own interpretations of the facts, the proper instruction on remand 

would be for the district court to determine whether additional discovery is warranted in light of 

the majority’s opinion. It is incorrect to simply mandate that the district court permit additional 

discovery.

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