Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-1_15-cv-02181/USCOURTS-alnd-1_15-cv-02181-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 442
Nature of Suit: Civil Rights Employment
Cause of Action: 42:2000 Job Discrimination (Sex)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

EASTERN DIVISION

TRACY HARRIS,

Plaintiff,

v.

KOCH FOODS OF ASHLAND,

LLC; KOCH FOODS OF

ALABAMA, LLC; AND KOCH

FOODS, INC., 

Defendants.

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Case No.: 1:15-CV-2181-VEH

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER1

Thisis the third complaint that Plaintiff Tracy Harris has filed in this case. She

alleges violations of Title VII and the Equal Pay Act in the forms of discriminatory

pay and retaliation. Like a matador waving her red cape, Harris’s filing of a new

complaint induced Defendants Koch Foods, Inc. (“Koch Foods”), Koch FoodsAshland,LLC(Koch-Ashland”), and Koch Foods-Alabama,LLC (“Koch-Alabama”),

to charge in with a partial motion to dismiss in the hope that they could gore a count

or two. But la matadora is too swift, or at least the bulls charged too soon. The

motion will be DENIED.

1

 The clerk of court is DIRECTED to update the case style as reflected herein. 

FILED

 2016 Jul-26 PM 02:38

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 1 of 9
I. Factual Background2

Tracy Harris, a woman, began working for Tyson Foods in 1993 until Tyson

Foods was purchased by Koch Foods, Inc., which is the parent corporation of Koch

Foods-Ashland, LLC and Koch Foods-Alabama, LLC. (Doc. 32, ¶¶ 22–25, 28).

Harris was promoted to a position as Complex Benefits Manager for Koch Foods.

(Id., ¶ 33). In 2010 and while Harris was employed as a Complex Benefits Manager,

Koch Foods hired William Summerville, a man, for the same position. (Id., ¶ 37). He

was hired to work at Defendants’ Montgomery complex, which is part of KochAlabama. (Id., ¶ 38). Harris has 22 years of experience working in Defendants'

industry and 8 years of experience working for Defendants. (Id., ¶ 43).

After learning in 2012 that Summerville is paid more than she is, Harris has

continuously complained about the difference in pay to their mutual supervisor,

Bobby Elrod. (Id., ¶ 45) Elrod has not taken action after hearing any of these

complaints. (Id.). In September 2014, Harris complained again, and Elrod retaliated

against her in a number of ways, including demoting her, monitoring her more than

other employees, and refusing to provide her vital information for performing her job.

(Id., ¶¶ 138–48).

2

 The facts herein are limited to those relevant to this motion to dismiss. 

2

Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 2 of 9
II. Standard

Generally, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require only that the complaint

provide "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled

to relief." FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2). However, to survive a motion to dismiss brought

under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

A claim has facial plausibility "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that

allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly,

550 U.S. at 556). That is, the complaint must include enough facts "to raise a right to

relief above the speculative level." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citation and footnote

omitted). Pleadings that contain nothing more than "a formulaic recitation of the

elements of a cause of action" do not meet Rule 8 standards, nor do pleadings suffice

that are based merely upon "labels or conclusions" or "naked assertion[s]" without

supporting factual allegations. Id. at 555, 557 (citation omitted). 

Once a claim has been stated adequately, however, "it may be supported by

showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint." Id. at 563

(citation omitted). Further, when ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court must "take the

factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most

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Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 3 of 9
favorable to the plaintiff." Pielage v. McConnell, 516 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir.

2008) (citing Glover v. Liggett Group, Inc., 459 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006)).

III. Discussion 

The Defendants move to dismiss Harris’s retaliation claims, which are Counts

Three, Four, and Five, because (they say) the allegedly retaliatory acts were no more

than petty slights or minor annoyances and therefore not offensive enough to serve

as retaliatory acts as a matter of law. On these same counts, Defendants also argue

that Harris has inadequately pleaded a causal relationship between her protected

activity and any retaliatory acts. Finally, as to Count V only, Defendants argue that

Harris has insufficiently pleaded facts showing that Koch Foods of Alabama, LLC

(“Koch-Alabama”) is Harris’s employer and therefore, Koch-Alabama should be

dismissed. These arguments will be taken in turn. 

A. The Sufficiency of the Retaliatory Acts

Title VII prohibitsretaliation against any employee “because [she] has opposed

any practice” made unlawful by Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). “To establish a

prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, a plaintiff must show that (1) [she]

engaged in statutorily protected expression;(2) [she]suffered an adverse employment

4

Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 4 of 9
action; and (3) there is some causal relation between the two events.”

3 Pennington v.

City of Huntsville, 261 F.3d 1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). The

allegedly adverse action must be “materially adverse,” as judged from the point of

view of a “reasonable employee.” Burlington N. and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548

U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (citation omitted). “Materially adverse” action “would “dissuade[]

a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Id.

(citation omitted). 

Defendants suggest, and the court agrees, that Harris alleges seven adverse

acts. They are: (1) Elrod’s failing and/or refusing to inform employees at different

plant locations of Plaintiff’s job title in such a manner as to interfere with her duties;

(2) requiring Plaintiff to report her whereabouts and her daily operationsto five other

managers; (3) denying Plaintiff access to information relevant to her job duties; (4)

other employees being instructed to watch Plaintiff and not provide her information

relevant to her position; (5) changes in her duties and responsibilities; (6) Plaintiff’s

job title has changed; and (7) Plaintiff was demoted. (Doc. 32, ¶¶ 138–48).

It is true that requiring an employee to report her whereabouts and a

nondescript “change in duties” are each insufficient to constitute retaliatory conduct.

3

 The court assumes, as the parties apparently do, that retaliation under the Equal Pay Act

is governed by the same standards as Title VII. 

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Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 5 of 9
But it is quite plausible that a reasonable employee would think twice about engaging

in protected activity if, in response, her employer denied her access to relevant job

information, refused to inform other employees of who she was in such a way as to

interfere with her performance, and demotes her. None of the (non-binding) casesthat

Defendants cite are any help to them; only one is even a 12(b)(6) appeal and, in that

case, McCone v. Pitney Bowes, Inc., 582 F. App’x. 798 (11th Cir. 2014), the pro se

plaintiff’s change in duties was advanced as evidence of disparate treatment, not a

retaliatory act. 

Defendants take particular issue with Harris’s allegation thatshe was demoted

by advancing the bizarre argument that being “demoted” is a legal conclusion not

entitled to the presumption of truth. A demotion is a fact, and unlike, say,

“conspiring,” it is not even a hybrid factual-legal conclusion. Undoubtedly, Harris’s

complaint could be more detailed (perhaps by describing the nature of the demotion

or the information withheld from her), and her statement to the contrary is ludicrous,

but Twiqbal’s treatment of legal conclusions is too harsh for the concept of “legal

conclusion” to be interpreted so capaciously that it includes every sloppily developed

factual allegation. This ground for dismissal is meritless. 

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Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 6 of 9
B. Causation of the Retaliatory Act

It appears that causation is more frequently litigated at the summary judgment

stage but, at that point, “a plaintiff merely has to prove that the protected activity and

the negative employment action are not completely unrelated.” Goldsmith v. Bagby

Elevator Co., 513 F.3d 1261, 1278 (11th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added) (quoting

Olmstead v. Taco Bell Corp., 141 F.3d 1457, 1460 (11th Cir. 1993)). “A plaintiff

satisfies this element if [s]he provides sufficient evidence of knowledge of the

protected expression and that there was a close temporal proximity between this

awareness and the adverse action.” Higdon v. Jackson, 393 F.3d 1211, 1220 (11th

Cir. 2004) (alteration in original) (citation, internal quotation marks, and ellipsis

omitted). A “close temporal proximity” may provide sufficient circumstantial

evidence of the causal relationship, although itssufficiency diminishesthe longer the

time period that elapses between. See id. If the retaliatory act occurs within the same

month, that is usually sufficient to allow a court to infer causation. Id. 

Defendants assail the causal relationship between Harris’s complaint and the

retaliatory acts first, on the ground that no decision-maker had knowledge of her

protected activity, and second, that her laconic assertion that the retaliatory acts

occurred after her protected activity is too attenuated to plead causation. Their first

grievance is premised on a mistaken reading of Harris’s complaint: she alleges

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Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 7 of 9
explicitly that Elrod retaliated against her. (Doc. 32, ¶ 105). As to the temporal

proximity of the retaliation, she claims to have initially complained in September

2014, id., ¶ 103, and she alleges that Elrod retaliated in the same month. (Id., ¶ 105).

This is sufficient to plead causation. 

C. Koch-Alabama as Harris’s Employer

Harris argues that whether Koch-Alabama is also her employer is an issue that

is too fact-intensive to be resolved at the motion to dismiss stage.4 The court agrees.

District courts “routinely” decline to consider certain fact-intensive issues prior to

summary judgment. Schojan v. Papa John’s Int’l., Inc., 34 F. Supp 3d. 1206, 1210

(M.D. Fla. 2014); see also Larach v. Standard Chartered Bank, Int’l., 724 F. Supp.

2d 1228, 1238 (S.D. Fla. 2010) (declining, in consumer protection case, to consider

whether entities were acting as banks or brokers at motion to dismiss). And while

Iqbal is premised on the transsubstantive nature of the Rules of Civil Procedure—a

premise in tension with the court’s decision here—nothing in that case requires

4

 She also, for the third time, attaches materials to her response to the partial motion to

dismiss in a bid to convert it into a motion for summary judgment. The court is nonplussed at

Harris’s repeated omission of the facts contained in these documents from her pleadings; if she is

aware of facts that would adequately demonstrate the claimed relationship, why not plead them?

The fact that the Rules of Civil Procedure require “short and plain statement[s],” FED R. CIV. P.

8(a)(2), does not mean that the pleader should omit relevant facts in the name of brevity.

Anyway, and it is only tangentially related, the court observes that while it is not impossible for a

non-movant to convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, promiscuous

permission of this tactic would allow an end-run of one of the most important functions of Rule

12(b)(6), which is to prevent notice pleading from becoming discovery-on-demand. 

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Case 1:15-cv-02181-VEH Document 41 Filed 07/26/16 Page 8 of 9
principles of docket-management to yield absolutely and without exception to the

Rules of Civil Procedure. 

Of course, the courtshould avoid such an exercise of its inherent powers when

doing so would work injustice, but there is no risk of that here: the same counsel

represents all of the Koch entities, and Rule 11 (as well as the discovery rules) are

available to the court and all parties in the event that any of the filings in this case are

submitted vexatiously or in disregard of the truth. Further, it is clear beyond

peradventure that an Equal Pay Act claim has been adequately pleaded, but

Defendants’ Walkovsky-style

5

corporate structure (there is nothing wrong with it)

makes it difficult for a plaintiff to plead precisely the information required to prove

joint-employment. At this point, Iqbal’s admonition that the court use its common

sense, 556 U.S. at 679, overcomes Iqbal’s more mechanical, and more oft-quoted,

provisions. The motion is DENIED. 

DONE and ORDERED this 26th day of July, 2016.

 

 VIRGINIA EMERSON HOPKINS

United States District Judge

5

 In Walkovsky v. Carlton, the New York Court of Appeals considered the “rather

common practice in the taxicab industry of vesting the ownership of a taxi fleet in many

corporations, each owning only one or two cabs.” 223 N.E.2d 6, 7 (1966).

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