Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_08-cv-00161/USCOURTS-casd-3_08-cv-00161-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

NEHEMIAH ROBINSON,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 08-CV-00161 H BLM

ORDER GRANTING

DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

vs.

T. CATLETT, et al.,

Defendants.

On January 25, 2008, Plaintiff Nehemiah Robinson (“Plaintiff”), a state prisoner

proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed a complaint alleging Constitutional violations

and violations of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act arising from events occurring while Plaintiff

was incarcerated at Calipatria State Prison. (Doc. No. 1.) The Court granted Plaintiff’s motion

in part to file a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on December 1, 2009. (Doc. Nos. 62,

72.) Defendants answered Plaintiff’s SAC on December 4, 2009. (Doc. No. 73.)

On March 18, 2010, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 84.)

On March 18, 2010, the Court issued an order pursuant to Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952 (9th

Cir. 1998) (en banc) and Klingele v. Eikenberry, 849 F.2d 409 (9th Cir. 1988) warning

Plaintiff that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment seeks to have the case dismissed.

(Doc. No. 85.) Plaintiff filed a response in opposition to Defendants’ motion on June 23, 2010.

(Doc. No. 96.) On June 30, 2010, Defendants filed a reply in support of their motion. (Doc.

No. 97.) For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary

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judgment.

DISCUSSION

I. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure if the moving party demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

A fact is material when, under the governing substantive law, it could affect the outcome of

the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); United States v. Kapp,

564 F.3d 1103, 1114 (9th Cir. 2009). A dispute is genuine if a reasonable jury could return a

verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 

A party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial burden of establishing the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The moving party can

satisfy this burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence that negates an essential element

of the nonmoving party’s case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to

establish an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case on which the nonmoving party

bears the burden of proving at trial. Id. at 322-23. “Disputes over irrelevant or unnecessary

facts will not preclude a grant of summary judgment.” T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec.

Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). Once the moving party establishes the

absence of genuine issues of material fact, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth

facts showing that a genuine issue of disputed fact remains. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. The

nonmoving party cannot oppose a properly supported summary judgment motion by “rest[ing]

on mere allegations or denials of his pleadings.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 259. 

When ruling on a summary judgment motion, the court must view all inferences drawn

from the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec.

Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The Court does not make

credibility determinations with respect to evidence offered. See T.W. Elec., 809 F.2d at

630-31. Summary judgment is therefore not appropriate “where contradictory inferences may

reasonably be drawn from undisputed evidentiary facts . . . .” Hollingsworth Solderless

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Terminal Co. v. Turley, 622 F.2d 1324, 1335 (9th Cir. 1980).

II. Eighth Amendment Claims

A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when (1) the deprivation alleged is

objectively, “sufficiently serious”; and (2) the official acted with deliberate indifference to an

inmate’s health or safety. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) ; see also Morgan v.

Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2006); Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 737-38

(2002); Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 299-300 (1991) (discussing subjective requirement).

To violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, a prison official must have a

“sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834.

Denial of medical attention to prisoners constitutes an Eighth Amendment violation if

the denial amounts to deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of the prisoners. See

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-05 (1976); Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir.

2006); Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d 898, 904 (9th Cir. 2002); Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122,

1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Mere delay of medical treatment, “without more, is

insufficient to state a claim of deliberate medical indifference.” Shapely v. Nevada Bd. of

State Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985)

“A ‘serious’ medical need exists if the failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result

in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” McGuckin,

974 F.2d at 1059 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. at 104); see also Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096;

Doty v. County of Lassen, 37 F.3d 540, 546 (9th Cir. 1994). The court should consider

whether a reasonable doctor would think that the condition is worthy of comment, whether the

condition significantly affects the prisoner’s daily activities, and whether the condition is

chronic and accompanied by substantial pain. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1131-32; Doty, 37 F.3d

at 546 n.3 (citing McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059-60). 

In some cases, it may be important to balance the “competing tensions” between “the

prisoners’ need for medical attention and the government’s need to maintain order and

discipline,” in determining the prison officials’ subjective intent. Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d

at 905 n.4. “In deciding whether there has been deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious

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medical needs, [the court] need not defer to the judgment of prison doctors or administrators.”

Hunt v. Dental Dept., 865 F.2d 198, 200 (9th Cir. 1989). “[S]tate prison authorities have wide

discretion regarding the nature and extent of medical treatment.” Jones v. Johnson, 781 F.2d

769, 771 (9th Cir. 1986).

A. Cell Assignment

To assert an Eighth Amendment claim for deprivation of humane conditions of

confinement, a prisoner must satisfy two requirements, an objective and a subjective one.

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Under the objective requirement, the prison official’s acts or

omissions must be sufficiently serious to deprive the inmate of the “minimal civilized measure

of life’s necessities.” Id.; Allen v. Sakai, 48 F.3d 1082, 1087 (9th Cir. 1994). Objectively,

there is no Eighth Amendment violation so long as the institution “furnishes sentenced

prisoners with adequate food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.

Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 1982).

The subjective component requires deliberate indifference. Allen, 48 F.3d at 1087.

Deliberate indifference exists when a prison official “knows of and disregards an excessive

risk to inmate health and safety; the official must be both aware of facts from which the

inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw

the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837.

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Catlett, Garrett, and Arvizu violated his Eighth

Amendment rights when he was placed in an upper bunk assignment. (SAC at 5.) Rather than

request a lower bunk assignment, Plaintiff submitted two inmate appeals in which he requested

to be placed in a “vacant cell.” (SAC at 8; Doc. No. 84-5 at 1.) Defendants believed

Plaintiff’s efforts were focused on trying to get a cell to himself, instead of attempting to get

a lower bunk. (Doc. No. 97 at 1.) After an interview with Defendant Catlett regarding one of

the appeals, Plaintiff was assigned to a lower bunk. (Doc. No. 84 at 3.) 

Plaintiff fails to meet the objective requirement because the short-term housing

arrangement was not sufficiently serious to deprive Plaintiff of the “minimal civilized measure

of life’s necessities.” See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Plaintiff also fails to meet the subjective

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requirement because Defendants did not know, or draw the inference, that a substantial risk

of harm existed when Plaintiff was assigned to an upper bunk. See id. at 837. Accordingly,

the Court concludes that Defendants Catlett, Garrett, and Arvizu were not deliberately

indifferent when they did not place Plaintiff in a lower bunk assignment after Plaintiff

submitted two inmate appeals requesting a vacant cell.

B. Plaintiff’s Attempt to Strike Another Inmate With his Cane

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Johnson and Catlett violated the Eighth Amendment

concerning the confiscation of Plaintiff’s cane. (SAC at 8.) On August 17, 2007, Plaintiff was

observed attempting to strike another inmate. (Doc. No. 84-5 at 33.) The hearing officer

agreed that Plaintiff was observed attempting to strike the inmate. (Id. at 33.) Possession of

the cane by Plaintiff would pose a threat to the safety and security of staff, inmates, and the

institution. (Id.) The Court concludes that Defendants Catlett and Johnson were not

deliberately indifferent to his rights as the cane was properly confiscated for the safety of other

inmates, and the incident report did not prejudice Plaintiff’s rights.

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Widmann violated his Eighth Amendment rights when

he gave Plaintiff paperwork to complete for the return of his cane. (SAC at 11.) Defendant

Widmann declared that he knew Plaintiff’s file prohibited Plaintiff from possessing a cane

after he was observed attempting to strike another inmate. (Doc. No. 84-9 at 2.) Defendant

Widmann believed it was necessary for Plaintiff to fill out the proper paperwork before he

could possess another cane. (Id.) As a result, Defendant Widmann gave Plaintiff a Health

Care Services Request Form with instructions to fill out the form and submit it to the medical

department. (SAC at 11.) Plaintiff submitted the paperwork and Associate Warden Janda

approved the request on September 25, 2007. (Id. at 12.) The Court concludes that Defendant

Widmann was not deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s medical needs when he gave Plaintiff

paperwork for permission to possess another cane. Moreover, Plaintiff was able to attend his

hearing and only walked a short distance without his cane. (Doc. No. 84 at 13-14.)

C. Pain Medication

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Noriega, a Licensed Vocational Nurse, violated his

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Eighth Amendment rights concerning his pain medication. (SAC at 13-14.) Defendant

Noriega had no involvement in recommending, approving, or ordering the medication, and

the medication was normally given in the evening after her shift ended. (Doc. No. 84 at 16;

Doc. No. 84-7 at 2.) Defendant Noriega typically worked a shift that ended at 2:00 p.m.,

but on June 17, 2007, she worked a double shift that ended at 10:00 p.m. (Doc. No. 84-7 at

2.) Defendant Noriega first became aware of Plaintiff’s prescription for pain medication

when Plaintiff spoke to her about the prescription on June 17, 2007. (Id.) Defendant

Noriega provided Plaintiff with the medication whenever she was aware that she was

supposed to do so. (Id. at 3.) The Court concludes that Defendant Noriega was not

deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s medical needs when she provided the medication to

him as soon as she was made aware of his prescription.

The Court concludes that Defendants have met their burden of demonstrating the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. 

See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in

favor of Defendants on Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims.

III. ADA and Rehabilitation Act

 Courts apply the same standards to discrimination claims under the Rehabilitation Act

as they do to discrimination claims under the ADA. See Walton v. United States Marshals

Serv., 492 F.3d 998, 1003 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007). The Ninth Circuit stated that “[t]here is no

significant difference in analysis of the rights and obligations created by the ADA and the

Rehabilitation Act. See 42 U.S.C. § 12133 (‘The remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in

[the Rehabilitation Act] shall be the remedies, procedures, and rights [applicable to ADA

claims].’)” Zukle v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.1999). In order

to state a claim under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) he

or she is an individual with a disability under the Act; (2) he or she is “otherwise qualified” to

participate in or receive the benefit of the entity’s services, programs, or activities, i.e., he or

she meets the essential eligibility requirements of the entity, with or without reasonable

accommodation; (3) he or she was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits

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of the entity’s services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the

public entity solely by reason of his or her disability; and (4) the entity is a public entity (for

the ADA claim) or receives federal financial assistance (for the Rehabilitation Act claim). See

id. at 1045. The ADA defines “disability” as: (A) a physical or mental impairment that

substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such

an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment (as described in paragraph

(3)). 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). “[M]ajor life activities include, but are not limited to, caring for

oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting,

bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and

working.” Id. § 12102(2)(A). An individual is “substantially” limited in a major life activity

if her limitation “is a severe restriction . . . compared to how unimpaired individuals normally”

engage in that activity. See Walton, 492 F.3d at 1007. 

In order to recover monetary damages under the ADA, Plaintiff must show intentional

discrimination. Duvall v. County of Kisnap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1138 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff

fails to do so. Plaintiff does not allege that he was denied the benefits of the entity’s services,

programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity solely by

reason of his disability. As discussed above, Defendants have come forward with admissible

evidence justifying the reasons for their actions in cell placement, removal of his cane for

inmate safety, and providing paperwork for Plaintiff to seek permission to possess another

cane. Once Defendants make a motion for summary judgment under Celotex, Plaintiff must

come forward with admissible evidence showing intentional discrimination or deliberate

indifference. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. After reviewing the evidence under the standards

for summary judgment, the Court concludes that Defendants are entitled to summary judgment

on the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims.

IV. First Amendment Retaliation Claim

In order to sue prison officials for First Amendment retaliation under section 1983,

Plaintiff must satisfy five elements: “(1) an assertion that a state actor took some adverse

action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such

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action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did

not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559,

567-68 (9th Cir. 2005). Prisoners have a First Amendment right to petition the government

through prison grievance procedures. Id. at 567. The Court evaluates a claim for retaliation

in light of the deference that must be accorded to prison officials. Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d

802, 806 (9th Cir. 1995). Plaintiff must establish a link between the exercise of his

constitutional rights and the allegedly retaliatory action. Id. at 807. 

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Catlett and Johnson retaliated against Plaintiff. (SAC

at 8-9.) As explained above, Plaintiff was observed attempting to strike another inmate with

his cane on August 17, 2007. (Doc. No. 84-5 at 33.) The other inmate suffered head injuries

consistent with being struck with the cane. (Id. at 19, 27.) The hearing officer agreed that

Plaintiff was observed attempting to strike another inmate with his cane, and still indicated that

possession of the cane could pose a threat to the safety and security of inmates and staff. (Doc.

No. 84-5 at 33.) Under the circumstances, confiscation of the cane served a legitimate

correctional goal. The Plaintiff bears the burden of proving the absence of legitimate

correctional goals for the specified conduct. Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 806 (9th Cir.

1995). The Court concludes that Plaintiff has not met his burden of proof on his retaliation

claim.

The Court concludes that Defendants have met their burden of demonstrating the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. See

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of

Defendants on Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim.

V. Qualified Immunity

Alternatively, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on these claims.

“[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions [are entitled to] a qualified

immunity, shielding them from civil damages liability as long as their actions could reasonably

have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have violated.” Anderson v.

Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638 (1987); Sorrels v. McKee, 290 F.3d 965, 969 (9th Cir. 2002). 

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State officials are entitled to qualified immunity if “their conduct does not violate

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have

known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). The inquiry has two parts: (1)

whether the law governing the official’s conduct was clearly established; and (2) whether

under that law, a reasonable official would have believed the conduct was lawful. Saucier v.

Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 199 (2001); Somers v. Thurman, 109 F.3d 614, 617 (9th Cir. 1997). The

standard gives “ample room for mistaken judgments by protecting all but the plainly

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229

(1991); Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 (9th Cir. 2001). Even if the plaintiff has alleged

violations of a clearly established right, the government official is entitled to qualified

immunity if he or she made a reasonable mistake as to what the law requires. See Saucier, 533

U.S. at 205; Wilkins v. City of Oakland, 350 F.3d 949, 955 (9th Cir. 2003).

The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the right allegedly violated was clearly

established at the time of the violation; if the plaintiff meets this burden, then the defendant

bears the burden of establishing that the defendant reasonably believed the alleged conduct was

lawful. See Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 916-17 (9th Cir. 1996); Sorrels v. McKee, 290 F.3d

at 969.

In sum, a reasonable officer would not have clearly understood that the officer was

violating the Eighth Amendment or First Amendment rights under the circumstances.

Accordingly, the Defendants are alternatively entitled to qualified immunity.

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of

Defendants. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: July 19, 2010

________________________________

MARILYN L. HUFF, District Judge

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

COPIES TO:

All parties of record 

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