Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_14-cv-02514/USCOURTS-azd-4_14-cv-02514-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

JOSEPH CESARE, et al.,

Plaintiffs, 

vs.

PIMA COUNTY, et al.,

Defendants. 

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 No. CIV 14-2514-TUC-CKJ(EJM)

ORDER

On December 7, 2015, Magistrate Judge Eric J. Markovich issued a Report and

Recommendation (Doc. 50) in which he recommended Counts Four, Six, Eight, Twelve,

Thirteen, and Fourteen be dismissed for lack of standing, Count Ten be dismissed for lack

of standing, but only as to the second and third duties, and Counts Six, Seven, Eight, Nine,

Eleven, and Fifteen be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Magistrate Judge Markovich

also recommends Count Ten, as to the first duty alleged and only on a theory of common law

negligence, and Counts One, Two, and Three to go forward, as well as Count Five, which

was not at issue in the Motion to Dismiss. The magistrate judge advised the parties that

written objections to the Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) were to be filed within

fourteen days of service of a copy of the “R&R” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b).

Plaintiffs have filed an Objection (Doc. 51) and Defendants have filed a response

(Doc. 52).

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Report and Recommendation

This Court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or

recommendations made by the magistrate.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Further, under 28 U.S.C.

§ 636(b)(1), if a party makes a timely objection to a magistrate judge's recommendation, then

this Court is required to “make a de novo determination of those portions of the [report and

recommendation] to which objection is made.” The statute does not “require [] some lesser

review by [this Court] when no objections are filed.” Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149-50,

106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985). Rather, this Court is not required to conduct “any

review at all . . . of any issue that is not the subject of an objection.” Id. at 149. 

Failure to Respond

Plaintiffs object to the Magistrate Judge’s statements that they did not respond directly

to Defendants’ arguments. Plaintiffs assert Defendants made the same argument regarding

standing multiple times as to separate claims. Plaintiffs assert that their response to this

repetitive single argument was made under one heading, rather than repeating it again and

again.

In their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants set forth the principles regarding standing of

LLC members, then argued why each claim at issue lacked standing. In their response,

Plaintiffs argued general principles in support of the assertion that standing exists, but did

not argue standing as to each individual claim. Therefore, the Court agrees with the

Magistrate Judge that Plaintiffs did not directly respond to Defendant’s arguments as to

specific claims. However, as such findings are not necessary for resolution of the issues, the

Court finds such language superfluous and declines to adopt those findings of the “R&R.”

Factual Background

Plaintiffs include a subsection entitled “Factual Background” under its “Objections”

section. However, Plaintiffs do not appear to be objecting to the Factual and Procedural

Background of the Report and Recommendation. Rather, they appear to be providing

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additional facts for the Court’s consideration. As no objections to any particular facts have

been made, the Court adopts the Factual and Procedural Background of the Report and

Recommendation.

Count Four: Tortious Business Interference

The Magistrate Judge recommended that Count Four, Tortious Business Interference,

be dismissed for lack of standing because the injury asserted in this claim is the termination

of the contract to purchase 572 lots at Star Valley by L.G.I., Inc. (“LGI”), which properly

belongs to USH/SVA Star Valley, LLC (“LLC”). Plaintiffs assert the Magistrate Judge erred

in his reasoning because the Magistrate Judge failed to acknowledge and address that Count

Four is not only based on the termination of the LGI contract. Rather, Plaintiffs also assert

that Lennar Home Builders (“Lennar”), Plaintiffs’ partner in the LLC, had threatened to

terminate the partnership of the LLC, and to file suit against Plaintiffs Joseph Cesare

(“Cesare”) and S.VA. Corporation (“SVA”). Plaintiffs also assert the claim is based on

tortious interference with Mr. Cesare’s future business expectancies. 

Defendants argue that, because Plaintiffs did not refer to these allegations in their

response, they cannot now complain that it was not specifically discussed by the Magistrate

Judge. Greenhow v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 863 F.2d 633, 638-39 (9th Cir. 1988)

(overruled in part on other grounds). Indeed, a “district judge has discretion to consider new

evidence or legal arguments made only in the objections to the magistrate judge's report[.]”

United States v. Song Ja Cha, 597 F.3d 995, 1003 n. 7 (9th Cir. 2010). Additionally, the

Court agrees with Defendants that every paragraph of a complaint need not be addressed in

considering whether a motion to dismiss should be granted. However, in its discretion, the

Court finds it appropriate to consider this argument.

Defendants assert there is no basis to support Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Magistrate

Judge did not consider the allegations which were included in the First Amended Complaint.

Defendants point out that Plaintiffs do not allege Lennar’s threat to file suit ever materialized.

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Further, Defendants argue that these assertions do not change the fact that the gravamen of

the claim continues to be the harm to the LLC regarding the sale of the Star Valley Lots.

Plaintiffs allege in Count Four of the First Amended Complaint:

220. Plaintiffs incorporate the allegations contained in the preceding paragraphs of

this complaint.

221. Defendants’ actions, allegations and insinuations have interfered with Plaintiffs’

existing and prospective contractual relations, causing Plaintiffs harm.

222. Defendants’ wrongful conduct alleged in this complaint was aimed at Mr. Cesare

personally, and the damage suffered by USH/SVA, as an entity, is collateral to the

damage suffered by Mr. Cesare.

223. Plaintiffs, through their entities, had an existing contractual relationship with

LGI for the sale of 572 lots at Star Valley.

224. Defendants were aware of this relationship.

225. This contract was terminated by LGI when it discovered that Defendants are

refusing to grant building permits at Star Valley, and are wrongfully instituting the

abandonment and re-platting of Blocks 4, 7 and 8 of the Star Valley development, and

when it heard Defendants’ disparaging and false allegations and insinuations about

Mr. Cesare.

226. Mr. Cesare, in his personal capacity and through his business entities, also has

a business expectancy of selling the remainder of the Star Valley development,

including the lots that have not yet sold.

227. Mr. Cesare has been a property developer in Pima County for over forty years.

228. Mr. Cesare has a legitimate and reasonable expectancy that he and his business

entities will continue to conduct the business of property developer in Pima County

for at least another fifteen years.

229. Mr. Cesare, through his business entities, earned substantial profits from his

property development efforts in Pima County from 1975 to 2013.

230. Because of the County’s words and actions toward Mr. Cesare, including the

County’s falsehoods regarding Mr. Cesare’s professional and business integrity, Mr.

Cesare’s business opportunities and expectancies have been dramatically reduced.

231. Because of the County’s words and actions towards Mr. Cesare, including the

County’s falsehoods regarding Mr. Cesare’s professional and business integrity,

business opportunities and expectancies that Mr. Cesare could reasonably have

expected to realize in the future (based on his proven track record) have been

destroyed or injured.

232. Immediately after receipt of Ms. Blackwell’s letter dated April 9, 2014, and

because of Ms. Blackwell’s letter, members of the HOA declared to each other that

“we do need to start passing out flyers to future homebuyers regarding these issues,”

indicating that, as a result of Ms. Blackwell’s letter, they planned to slow sales within

the Star Valley development.

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233. At a public meeting held on May 4, 2013, the County Administrator stated aloud

“[S]ometimes the issue of publicity and adversity to sales causes the developers and

the home builders to pay a lot more attention to homeowners that are in existing

developments... I would suggest that as a good course of action.”

234. Defendants induced or caused the termination of at least one existing contractual

relationship of one of Plaintiffs’ entities.

235. Defendants were aware of the business expectancy that Plaintiffs have in selling

the remaining lots at the Star Valley development.

236. Defendants’ interference with Plaintiffs’ current and future business expectancies

was intentional.

237. Defendants have an improper motive in that their real intent was to deflect the

public’s attention from Mr. Cesare’s questions regarding mismanagement of public

funds as well as political retribution from Supervisor Bronson who perceived that Mr.

Cesare supported her political rival in 2012.

238. The County was, or should have been, fully aware of the consequences of

publishing its falsehoods and incitements to about 1400 homeowners.

239. As a direct result of Defendants’ conduct towards Mr. Cesare as alleged herein,

Lennar has threatened to terminate the partnership of USH/SVA, and to file suit

against Mr. Cesare and SVA.

240. The County intended to cause, or negligently caused, such damage to Mr. Cesare

and has, in fact caused damage, in an amount to be proven at trial.

241. Each and every one of these actions has interfered with Plaintiffs’ existing and

prospective contractual relations, causing Plaintiffs harm in an amount to be proven

at trial.

First Amended Complaint (Doc. 31), pp. 35-38.

Although Plaintiffs’ claim for Tortious Business Interference includes allegations of

falsehoods and incitements about Cesare and that those falsehoods and incitements interfered

with Cesare’s relationship with Lennar and with his future business expectancies, the Court

agrees with the Magistrate Judge that the gravamen of this claim is the injury to the LLC.

The Court will adopt this portion of the R&R.

Counts Six and Eight – Violation of Equal Protection

Plaintiffs object to the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that these claims properly

belong to the LLC because the acts of withholding building permits and threatening to re-plat

primarily affects the LLC. Plaintiffs argue the Magistrate Judge erred in failing to recognize

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that the burden is on the County to show that differential treatment has a rational basis.

Engquist v. Oreg. Dept of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 603 (2008) (“This differential treatment

raised a concern of arbitrary classification, and we therefore required that the State provide

a rational basis for it.”). However, in Engquist, the review was that of a summary judgment

ruling, not of a ruling on a motion to dismiss. Further, as another district court summarized,

“to prevail on the rational basis element, the burden is on the plaintiff to negate ‘any

reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the

classification.’” Solis v. Fresno Police Dept., No. 1:11–CV–00053 AWI GSA, 2011 WL

3568889 * 8 (E.D.Cal. 8/15/11) (citations omitted). 

Plaintiffs also argue that “injury” is not itself an element of a claim for violation of

equal protection. Thus, Plaintiffs argue the Magistrate Judge’s statement that “Plaintiffs

contend that their injury is Defendants’ actions [withholding of building permits and

threatening to re-plat]” is incorrect: Plaintiffs allege that the withholding of the building

permits and the threat to re-plat are the bad acts that resulted in treating Mr. Cesare

differently, not that they are the injury. The Court agrees with Defendants that it may bar this

argument as not being raised before the Magistrate Judge. Song Ja Cha, 597 F.3d at 1003,

n. 7.

Additionally, the Court agrees with Defendants that it is a resulting injury that

provides a basis for standing “only to those persons who are personally denied equal

treatment by the challenged discriminatory conduct.” United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737,

743 (1995) (citation omitted); Arakaki v. Lingle, 477 F.3d 1048, 1060 (9th Cir. 2012);

Braunstein v. Arizona Dept. of Transp., 683 F.3d 1177, 1185 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation

omitted) (“The rule that a plaintiff must assert a particularized injury, rather than a

generalized grievance, ‘applies with as much force in the equal protection context as in any

other.’”). The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge that the injury alleged by Plaintiffs,

however it is named, primarily affects the LLC and, because the gravamen of Counts Six and

Eight is injury to the LLC, Plaintiffs do not have standing to bring these claims.

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Plaintiffs also assert that the Magistrate Judge’s analysis of derivative standing is

irrelevant to Counts Six and Eight because these Counts do not allege injury by devaluation

of stock. The Court agrees with Defendants that the Magistrate Judge construed the

Amended Complaint in favor of Plaintiffs by identifying and addressing a possible theory

that could support an injury that would afford Plaintiffs standing. While the Court does not

disagree with Plaintiffs’ assertion that the discussion does not apply to Plaintiffs’ claim, the

Court will nonetheless adopt this portion of the R&R because such a discussion is

appropriate in construing the Amended Complaint in favor of Plaintiffs.

In addition to addressing standing issues, the R&R also addresses the arguments

regarding whether the Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Plaintiffs object to the Magistrate Judge’s

conclusion that Plaintiffs had failed to allege sufficient facts to establish an equal protection

violation because the County had met its burden of showing that the differential treatment

had rational reasons. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The Court agrees with Defendants that, in light

of the conclusion Plaintiffs do not have standing to bring these claims, this issue need not be

addressed. Nonetheless, the Magistrate Judge appropriately considered the Notice of Default

and Intent to Re-Plat, which included as a reason for the County’s intentions that there was

a lack of proper assurance agreements and transfer of title of blocks 4, 7, and 8 without

County authorization. Although Plaintiffs argue that this is a de minimus basis, it nonetheless

provides a rational basis for the differential treatment. Further, that same rational basis as

discussed by the Magistrate Judge as to the re-platting provides a rational basis for the

decision to withhold building permits. The Court will adopt this portion of the R&R.

Counts Seven and Nine -- Federal and State Substantive Due Process 

Plaintiffs argue that the Magistrate Judge should not have dismissed Counts Seven and

Nine on the basis, in contravention of Arizona law, that alternative pleading is not permitted.

However, the Magistrate Judge did not determine that alternative pleading was not permitted.

Rather, the Magistrate Judge concluded that the weight of authority holds that “where the

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First Amendment explicitly protects against the harm Plaintiffs allege, then the claims must

be brought under that specific amendment and not the more generalized notion of substantive

due process.” R&R (Doc. 50), pp. 39-40. “[W]here a particular Amendment provides an

explicit textual source of constitutional protection against a particular sort of government

behavior,” that framework is a more appropriate analysis for claims than “the more

generalized notion of substantive due process.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395

(1989).

Plaintiffs also assert that Magistrate Judge failed to recognize that substantive due

process does protect property rights. However, this is not a fair reading of the Magistrate

Judge’s discussion. Rather, the essence of the Magistrate Judge’s discussion is that the

allegation of retaliation is a First Amendment violation and this more generalized claim fails

in light of the First Amendment claim. The Court agrees with the conclusion of the

Magistrate Judge as to this issue.

Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED:

1. The Report and Recommendation (Doc. 50) is ADOPTED.

2. The Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 38) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN

PART.

3. Counts Four, Six, Eight, Twelve, Thirteen, and Fourteen are DISMISSED for

lack of standing.

4. Count Ten is DISMISSED for lack of standing, but only as to the second and

third duties alleged.

5. Counts Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Eleven, and Fifteen are DISMISSED for

failure to state a claim.

6. Count Ten, as to the first duty alleged, and only on a theory of common law

negligence, is allowed to go forward.

7. Counts One, Two, Three and Five are allowed to go forward.

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8. This matter is referred back to Magistrate Judge Eric J. Markovich for all

further pretrial proceedings and report and recommendation in accordance with the

provisions of 28 U. S. C. § 636(b)(1) and L.R.Civ.P. 72.1 and 72.2.

DATED this 3rd day of March, 2016.

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