Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_10-cv-01345/USCOURTS-casd-3_10-cv-01345-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition For Removal--Other Contract

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

PERSHING PACIFIC WEST, LLC, a

Delaware limited liability company Civil No. 10-cv-1345-L (DHB)

Plaintiff, ORDER REGARDING JOINT

MOTION FOR

DETERMINATION OF

DISCOVERY DISPUTE 

[ECF No. 95]

v.

MARINEMAX, INC., a Delaware

corporation; MTU DETROIT DIESEL,

INC. D/b/a DETROIT DIESEL

CORPORATION, a Delaware

corporation; MTU Friedrichshafen

GmbH, a Foreign corporation;

FERRETTI GROUP, USA, INC., a

Florida corporation and DOES 1 through

30,

Defendants.

On January 17, 2013, the Plaintiff and Defendants MTU Detroit Diesel

Corporation and MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, filed a joint Motion for Determination of

Discovery Dispute Regarding Responses to Requests for Production of Documents. 

(ECF No. 95.) After reviewing the Joint Motion and supporting exhibits, the Court

GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Plaintiff’s request to compel Defendants to respond

to Plaintiff’s document requests. 

/ / /

/ / /

/ / /

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I. BACKGROUND

This action arises from Plaintiff Pershing Pacific West, LLC’s1

 purchase of a 72-

foot motor yacht manufactured by Pershing S.p.A, an Italian corporation wholly owned

by the Ferretti Group, for $5,000,000. Plaintiff alleges the yacht was in defective

condition at the time of the sale and seeks rescission and/or to recover damages based

upon the purchase. Plaintiff has brought claims against MarineMax as the seller, Ferretti

Group USA (“Ferretti”) as manufacturer of the yacht, and MTU Detroit Diesel

(“MTUDD”) and MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH (“MTUFN”) (collectively, “MTU”) as

manufacturer and warrantor of the yacht’s engines. On February 7, 2013, Plaintiff filed

a Second Amended Complaint, asserting the following claims: (1) Revocation of

Acceptance against MarineMax; (2) Rescission against MarineMax; (3) Breach of

Implied Warranty of Merchantability against MTU; (4) Breach of Implied Warranty of

Merchantability against Ferretti; (5) Negligence against MTU and Ferretti; and (6)

Breach of Express Warranty against MTU. (ECF No. 98.)

Plaintiff alleges the engines and fuel delivery system for the yacht are defective. 

Plaintiff further alleges that MTU was aware of the problems by virtue of similar

problems reported on similar vessels with MTU’s same engines and fuel delivery

systems. Plaintiff states the MTU Defendants neglected and failed to properly and timely

repair Plaintiff’s yacht and failed to advise Plaintiff of the systemic nature of the

problems. MTU counters that Plaintiff’s allegations are meritless and/or grossly

exaggerated. MTU contends Plaintiff’s warranty issues were addressed properly and

timely. 

 Plaintiff propounded Requests for Production of Documents to all Defendants,

including MTUDD and MTUFN. Among the Requests, Plaintiff seeks documents

relating to other vessels with similar engines and fuel delivery systems as used in

Plaintiff’s yacht. MTUDD objected on relevance grounds. MTUFN also objected on

1

 Pershing Pacific West, LLC is a limited liability company formed for the purpose of purchasing

the yacht, and is wholly owned by Eric B. Benson. (ECF No. 98 at ¶ 1.) 

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grounds that the Court does not have jurisdiction over it, that German law does not permit

the discovery sought, and that any discovery must comply with the Hague Convention. 

II. DISCUSSION

The threshold requirement for discoverability under the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure is whether the information sought is “relevant to any party’s claim or defense.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). In addition, “[f]or good cause, the court may order discovery

of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action. Relevant information

need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead

to the discovery of admissible evidence.” Id. The relevance standard is thus commonly

recognized as one that is necessarily broad in scope in order “to encompass any matter

that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue

that is or may be in the case.” Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351

(1978) (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 501 (1947)). However broadly defined,

relevancy is not without “ultimate and necessary boundaries.” Hickman, 329 U.S. at 507. 

Accordingly, district courts have broad discretion to determine relevancy for discovery

purposes. See Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002).

District courts also have broad discretion to limit discovery. For example, a court

may limit the scope of any discovery method if it determines that “the discovery sought

is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that

is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(I).

A. MTUDD’s Responses to Plaintiff’s Requests for Production

1. Requests Relating to Other Similar Boats and Engines

Plaintiff propounded several Requests for Production seeking documents relating

to other vessels and engines that are similar to the subject vessel. Plaintiff claims

documents relating to other vessels are relevant because at least four or five other

Pershing 72 yachts have had similar issues with the fuel delivery system, and Plaintiff has

recently received documents from other defendants that indicate the MTU Defendants

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were aware of the problems and failed to respond properly. MTUDD served objectionsonly responses to these requests. MTUDD contends that it did not manufacture, sell, or

warrant the engines. MTUDD also argues that mechanical problems and warranty claims

related to other engines are not relevant to the warranty claims at issue in this litigation. 

MTUDD further argues that even if the Court finds some of the information Plaintiff

seeks is relevant, the Court should limit the scope of production.

The Court notes that although MTUDD apparently did not manufacture or sell the

engines, it did process warranty claims. The Court finds that information regarding other

vessels that experienced similar engine and/or fuel delivery system malfunctions is

relevant for discovery purposes. Defendant argues the information is not relevant to the

warranty claims. However, Plaintiff has also brought a negligence claim against both

MTU Defendants. If another customer experienced engine or fuel delivery system issues

with a similar 12V2000M93 engine, that would be relevant to whether Defendants knew

of a systemic defect in the engines. In addition, information regarding the warranty work

completed on similar vessels with similar issues may be relevant to whether Defendants

exercised reasonable care in correcting the issues with the subject vessel. Moreover,

although Defendants dispute whether Plaintiff actually experienced mechanical problems,

at this juncture in the litigation, Plaintiff is entitled to receive discovery based on the

claims alleged in the Second Amended Complaint. Therefore, the Court finds the

information sought by Plaintiff is relevant. However, upon reviewing the document

requests, the Court agrees with MTUDD that several of the requests are overbroad. 

Therefore, the Court finds the scope of certain requests should be limited to documents

relating to other vessels with similar engine and/or fuel delivery system issues as the

subject vessel that arose while the other vessels were under warranty. 

MTUDD also objects to several requests on grounds that the requests call for

proprietary trade secrets, and indicates that if the Court compels production, the Court

should enter a protective order. The Court declines to issue a protective order at this

time. However, the Court will entertain a joint motion for a protective order if the parties

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determine such an order is necessary. The parties are directed to Judge Bartick’s

chambers rules2

 regarding protective orders for more information on the Court’s

requirements for all protective orders. In addition, MTUDD objects to some of the

requests on the grounds of attorney-client privilege and attorney work product doctrine. 

To the extent MTUDD withholds any documents as privileged, it is advised that in

accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(5), parties withholding documents

as privileged should identify and describe the documents in sufficient detail to enable the

demanding party to assess the applicability of the privilege or protection. Therefore, for

any document withheld as privileged, MTUDD shall provide Plaintiff with an appropriate

privilege log.

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s request to compel responses to its Requests for Production

is GRANTED in part, and DENIED in part as follows:

a. The Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Request for Production Nos. 25-26,

29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58. However,

the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain to other

vessels with similar engine and/or fuel delivery system problems as

the subject vessel that arose while the other vessels were under

warranty.

b. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 64.

c. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 65-66. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that relate

to the sale or servicing of MTUFN-related products and parts

associated with the engines and/or the fuel delivery system that are

similar to the engines and fuel delivery system in the subject vessel. 

d. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 67. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents pertaining

to distributor agreements relating to engines and/or the fuel delivery

2

Judge Bartick’s chambers rules are available on the Court’s website at: www.casd.uscourts.gov.

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system that are similar to those in the subject vessel.

e. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 69 and

71-73. 

f. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 74-77. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain

to other vessels and/or owners that had warranty claims, or reported

problems with the engines and/or fuel delivery systems within the

warranty period, that are similar to Plaintiff’s claims. 

g. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 80, 81. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain

to warranty claims that are similar to Plaintiff’s claims or the engine

and/or fuel delivery system problems experienced on the subject

vessel.

h. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 84, 85. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain

to problems, errors, defects, or malfunctions that are similar to

Plaintiff’s claims or the engine and/or fuel delivery system issues

experienced on the subject vessel. 

i. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 86-89.

j. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 90, 91. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain

to problems, errors, defects, or malfunctions that are similar to

Plaintiff’s claims or the engine and/or fuel delivery system issues

experienced on the subject vessel. 

k. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 94, 95. 

However, the scope of production is limited to documents that pertain

to proposed or attempted repairs for any problems, errors, defects, or

malfunctions that are similar to Plaintiff’s claims or the engine and/or

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fuel delivery system problems experienced on the subject vessel, and

that occurred while the other vessels were under warranty.

l. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 96-99.

m. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Request for Production Nos. 102-

103. However, the scope of production is limited to documents

pertaining to issues that are similar to Plaintiff’s claims or the engine

and/or fuel delivery system problems experienced on the subject

vessel.

n. The Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 104. The

Court finds this Request is unduly burdensome and seeks information

that is equally accessible to Plaintiff.

2. Sufficiency of Written Responses to Requests Numbers 39, 41, 63 and 70

Plaintiff argues MTUDD’s responses to four of its Requests for Production are

non-responsive and should be supplemented. First, with respect to Request for

Production Nos. 39 and 41, Plaintiff requests that MTUDD conclusively state whether

any responsive documents exist. MTUDD indicates that it will amend its responses as

requested by Plaintiff. Next, Plaintiff argues the response to Request No. 63 is

inadequate because MTUDD does not indicate whether any documents exist regarding

the “purchase and/or sale” of the subject engines, as opposed to only the sale. MTUDD

states that it neither sold nor purchased the engines at issue. Finally, Plaintiff contends

the response to Request No. 70 is insufficient and states MTUDD must provide

documents reflecting warranties for the fuel delivery system, not just the subject engines. 

MTUDD indicates that no separate warranties were issued for the fuel delivery system

of the engine.

Having considered the parties position with respect these Requests for Production,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows:

a. Plaintiff’s request to compel supplemental responses to Requests for

Production Nos. 39 and 41 are denied as MOOT. MTUDD has agreed to

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amend its responses to these Requests. 

b. Plaintiff’s request to compel a supplemental response to Request for

Production No. 63 is GRANTED. MTUDD shall supplement its response

in accordance with its representation that it “neither sold nor purchased the

engines at issue.”

c. Plaintiff’s request to compel a supplemental response to Request for

Production No. 70 is GRANTED. MTUDD shall supplement its response

in accordance with its representation that “no warranties were issued for the

fuel delivery system.” 

3. Proper Timeframe of Responsive Documents

Plaintiff next argues MTUDD improperly limits the time period of responsive

documents to those in existence prior to the filing of the lawsuit. Plaintiff contends the

time frame of responsive documents includes all documents in MTUDD’s possession,

including documents obtained after the filing of the complaint. Plaintiff argues postfiling documents may be relevant to show what MTUDD knew with respect to the

problems on the subject vessel and other vessels with similar problems, how MTUDD

proceeded with Plaintiff’s warranty claims, and how MUTDD addressed the repair

attempts. MTUDD counters that the scope of production should be limited to only those

documents that were in existence prior to the commencement of this action. MTUDD

contends post-complaint documents are irrelevant to Plaintiff’s claims. MTUDD further

argues post-claim documents regarding warranty work constitutes subsequent remedial

measures, which are not admissible in proving liability. 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1) does not impose any limitation on

discovery of matters that occur after the date the complaint is filed. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(b)(1). Therefore, the fact that Plaintiff is seeking documents that came into existence

after this suit was filed is not determinative of whether those documents are discoverable. 

Rather, the general relevance standard applicable to discovery controls. That is, the

information sought is discoverable if it is “relevant to any party’s claim or defense” or

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“appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” Id.

Indeed, district courts within the Ninth Circuit have recognized this principle. See United

States v. City of Torrance, 164 F.R.D. 492, (C.D. Cal. 1995) (rejecting defendant’s

argument that documents created after the complaint was filed were irrelevant, and noting

that “[d]ocuments which bear a date after the filing of a complaint may relate to event

occurring prior to the filing of the complaint.”) (citing Joseph D.B. King v. E.F. Hutton

& Co., 117 F.R.D. 2, 5 (D.D.C. 1987). See also Paolo v. Amco Ins. Co., 2003 WL

24027878 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2003) (“Contrary to [defendant’s] argument, the filing date

of [Plaintiff’s] lawsuit does not control the relevance of the information sought.”). 

Here, the Court rejects MTUDD’s objection that documents created after the

complaint was filed are irrelevant. As Plaintiff contends, post-complaint documents may

reflect on events or statements that occurred prior to the lawsuit which may bear on

Defendants’ liability. Further, Plaintiff’s negligence claims are based on Defendants’

attempts to diagnose and repair the subject vessel, which occurred both before and after

the initiation of the lawsuit. 

The Court further rejects MTUDD’s argument that documents created after the

filing of the complaint are not discoverable because they relate to subsequent remedial

measures. Although Federal Rule of Evidence 407 bars the admissibility of subsequent

remedial measures to prove negligent or culpable conduct, it does not control pretrial

discovery. Granberry v. Jet Blue Airways, 228 F.R.D. 647, (N.D. Cal. 2005). (“Rule 407

governs admissibility. It does not preclude discovery.”). Discovery may be had of

materials that are reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence, even if the

materials themselves are not admissible. See also Bernat v. City of California City, 2010

WL 4008361 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2010) (rejecting discovery objection based on Rule 407,

and stating “though the evidence discovered may not, ultimately, be admitted at trial, this

is no basis for refusing to disclose it during discovery”). 

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that MTUDD shall supplement its

responses to Requests for Production Nos. 23-24, 27-28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43-45,

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47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59-62, 82-83, 92-93, and 100-101 to include all responsive

documents in its possession that predate and postdate the filing of this lawsuit.3

B. MTUFN’s Responses to Plaintiff’s Requests for Production

1. Jurisdiction

MTUFN has served objection-only responses to all of Plaintiff’s Requests for

Production.4

 MTUFN first objects to the discovery on the grounds that it is not subject

to the jurisdiction of this Court. On January 24, 2013, the Honorable M. James Lorenz

denied MTUFN’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. (ECF No. 96 at

4-9.) Accordingly, the Court finds MTUFN’s objection on this ground is moot. 

2. Whether the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or the Hague Convention Should Govern Discovery in This Case

MTUFN’s second objection to Plaintiff’s Requests for Production is that German

law does not permit the discovery sought and that any discovery must comply with the

Hague Convention. Plaintiff counters that the Hague Convention does not provide the

exclusive or mandatory procedures for obtaining discovery from a foreign party, and the

discovery procedures under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available and

controlling. 

The Hague Conference adopted the Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad

in Civil or Commercial Matters (Hague Convention) in 1970. Societe Nationale

Industrielle Aerospatiale v. U.S. Dist. Court for S. Dist. of Iowa, 482 U.S. 522, 524

(1987) (hereinafter “Aerospatiale”). The Hague Convention “prescribes certain

procedures by which a judicial authority in one contracting state may request evidence

located in another contracting state.” Id. Both The United States and Germany have

acceded to this convention. 

3

As the Court stated previously, if MTUDD believes any responsive documents are protected

by a privilege, it must provide Plaintiff with an appropriate privilege log. Further, any concerns

regarding proprietary or trade secret information may be addressed through a joint motion for a

protective order. 

4

 MTUFN states that notwithstanding its objections, it is in the process of reviewing documents

that it intends to voluntarily produce that are related to the vessel and engines at issue.

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However, in Aerospatial, the Supreme Court held the Hague Convention does not

provide the “exclusive and mandatory procedures for obtaining documents and

information located within the territory of a foreign signatory.” Aerospatiale, 482 U.S.

at 529. The Court noted that while the procedures proscribed by the Hague Convention

were not mandatory to satisfy international comity, “the Hague Convention does ‘apply’

to the production of evidence in a litigant’s possession in the sense that it is one method

of seeking evidence that a court may elect to employ.” Id. at 541. The Court further held

that the concept of international comity requires a “particularized analysis of the

respective interests of the foreign nation and the requesting nation,” and created a

balancing test for lower courts to apply. Id. at 543. In determining whether to permit

discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, courts are to balance the following

factors:

(1) the importance to the ... litigation of the documents or other information requested;

(2) the degree of specificity of the request;

(3) whether the information originated in the United States;

(4) the availability of alternative means of securing the information; and

(5) the extent to which noncompliance with the request would undermine

important interests of the United States, or compliance with the request would

undermine important interests of the state where the information is located.

Aerospatiale, 482 U.S. at 544, n.28. 

The Supreme Court noted that this list of factors is not exhaustive. Id. In

Richmark Corp. v. Timber Falling Consultants, 959 F.2d 1468 (1992), the Ninth Circuit

considered two additional factors: “[1] the extent and the nature of the hardship that

inconsistent enforcement would impose upon the person, and [2] the extent to which

enforcement by action of either state can reasonably be expected to achieve compliance

with the rule prescribed by that state.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1475. 

The Court will consider each of these factors in order to determine if disclosure

should be ordered under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or whether Plaintiff should

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adhere to the procedures provided by the Hague Convention.

a. The Importance of the Discovery Requested to the Litigation

“Where the outcome of litigation does not stand or fall on the present discovery

order, or where the evidence sought is cumulative of existing evidence, courts have

generally been unwilling to override foreign secrecy laws. Where the evidence is directly

relevant, however, we have found this factor to weigh in favor of disclosure.” Richmark,

959 F.2d at 1475 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). MTUFN readily

admits that documents related to the engine at issue are important to this litigation. 

However, MTUFN contends that documents related to other engines not at issue are not

important to the litigation.

As the Court has already found, documents pertaining to other vessels and engines

with similar problems as the subject vessel are relevant to this case. In the Second

Amended Complaint, Plaintiff has pled causes of action for breaches of implied and

express warranties of merchantability and negligence against MTUFN. (ECF No. 98, ¶¶

38-45, 53-67.) In order to prove that a plaintiff’s injuries were prominently caused by

a breach of implied warranty of merchantability, courts have often permitted a showing

that, under similar circumstances, similar products manufactured or sold by the defendant

have had similar failures to the product at issue. See 26 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 1. 

Additionally, Plaintiff asserts that MTUFN knew that the other engines had similar

issues, which is relevant to Plaintiff’s causes of action, including its negligence claim. 

Therefore, the information sought by Plaintiff in its Requests for Production is important

for proving Plaintiff’s causes of action. As such, the importance of the documents to the

litigation weighs in favor of compelling disclosure under the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.

b. The Specificity of the Discovery Request

 “A second consideration in evaluating a discovery request is how burdensome it

will be to respond to that request.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1475. Here, while Plaintiff has

propounded a large number of Requests for Production to MTUFN (81 requests in Set

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No. One), each request is sufficiently specific in identifying documents sought relating

to the subject engine, specific components of the engine or fuel delivery system, similar

engines and communications between MTUFN and other defendants or third parties

involved in the manufacture, sale, and installation of the subject engine and similar

engines. Further, as ordered above, the Court has imposed limitations on the scope of

production for several of the Requests. Accordingly, this factor favors disclosure under

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

c. Location of the Information and Parties

 “The fact that all the information to be disclosed are located in a foreign country

weighs against disclosure, since those people and documents are subject to the law of that

country in the ordinary course of business.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1475. It seems likely

that nearly all of the documents requested of MTUFN are located within Germany. 

Therefore, this factor favors non-disclosure under the Federal Rules, and favors

application of the procedures proscribed by the Hague Convention.

d. Alternative Means of Securing the Information

 “If the information sought can easily be obtained elsewhere, there is little or no

reason to require a party to violate foreign law.... In this circuit, the alternative means

must be ‘substantially equivalent’ to the requested discovery.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at

1475. In several of Plaintiff’s Requests for Production, documentation is sought

regarding communications between MTUFN and third party corporations and other

parties to the case, such as Ferreti, Marinemax, VPS, Bosch, and even the Plaintiff,

Pershing. Since these other third persons/parties are United States corporations, these

communications presumably can be obtained through discovery requests to parties, or

subpoenas to the third persons. Therefore, as to communications with United States

parties and third persons, it appears this factor weighs in favor of non disclosure under

the Federal Rules. However, Plaintiff indicates that it has subpoenaed at least two of

these other third parties. Plaintiff reports these entities have not been cooperative in

producing documents. In addition, there are several other Requests that do not relate to

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communications with other parties. These include requests for internal notes and

documents reflecting defects in the subject engines and related engines. Documents

responsive to these Requests are likely only in the possession of MTUFN. Since there

are no clear alternative means of securing the information sought by these requests, this

factor weighs in favor of disclosure under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

e. Balancing of National Interests

“This is the most important factor. We must assess the interests of each nation in

requiring or prohibiting disclosure, and determine whether disclosure would affect

important substantive policies or interests of either the United States or [Germany].” 

Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1476 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In assessing

the strength of Germany’s interests, the Court must consider “expressions of interest by

the foreign state,” “the significance of disclosure in the regulation ... of the activity in

question,” and “indications of the foreign state’s concern for confidentiality prior to the

controversy.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1476, citing Restatement (Third) of Foreign

Relations Law § 442, comment c.

MTUFN is incorrect in asserting that the United States does not have any important

interests involved in this discovery dispute. The United States has a interest in

“vindicating the rights of American plaintiffs.” Richmark, 959 F.2d at 1477. This

interest has been described as “vital.” Reinsurance Co. of Am., Inc. v. Administratia

Asigurarilor de Stat (Admin. of State Ins.), 902 F.2d 1275, 1280 (7th Cir. 1990).

MTUFN asserts that compelling the production of discovery in this case would

force MTUFN to violate the German Federal Data Protection Act, known as the

Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (“BDSG”). The BDSG is a “blocking statute” that penalizes

the unauthorized collection, processing or use of personal information. “Blocking

statutes” such as the BDSG do not deprive American courts of the power to order a party

to produce evidence under the Federal Rules, although the production of the evidence

may violate the statute and subject the defendant to penalties. Aerospatiale, 482 U.S. at

543 n. 29. Such statutes are “relevant to the court’s particularized comity analysis only

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to the extent that [their] terms and [their] enforcement identify the nature of the sovereign

interests in nondisclosure of specific kinds of material.” Id. Therefore, even though civil

penalties can be imposed on MTUFN for violating the BDSG, this Court is not deprived

of the power to order MTUFN to respond to Plaintiff’s Request for Production. 

However, the BDSG does provide insight into Germany’s interests in nondisclosure of

personal data. The BDSG’s explicit purpose is to “protect individuals against

infringement of their right to privacy as the result of the handling of their personal data.” 

(ECF No. 95-7 at 6.)

Here, disclosure can be ordered while still achieving the policies of the BDSG. 

MTUFN can, and allegedly has begun to, obtain consent of its employees for disclosure

of documents containing the personal information. In addition, with the exception of two

Requests,5

 it does not appear that personal information protected by the BDSG is sought

by Plaintiff; Plaintiff is seeking documents relating to the subject engine and similar

engines. Any personal information of German citizens contained in any documents for

which Defendant cannot obtain can be redacted, subject to a subsequent in camera review

if necessary. Alternatively, a protective order can be requested. 

Given the avenues available to MTUFN to safeguard personal information

protected by the BDSG, this factor weighs slightly in favor of the United States’ interest

and disclosure under the Federal Rules.

f. Hardship to MTUFN

 “The effect that a discovery order is likely to have on the foreign company is

another factor to be considered.” Richmark, 595 F.2d at 1477. This factor is concerned

primarily with any sanctions or criminal penalties a foreign defendant may suffer in its

own country for complying with a discovery request in a United States court. See id. at 

1475, 1477. MTUFN contends that if it is ordered to produce documents in violation of

5

The Court notes that Request for Production Nos. 54 and 55 do specifically request documents

revealing the identities of owners of vessels that use the same engines and fuel delivery systems as the

subject vessel. It is unknown if any of these owners are also German citizens. To the extent they are,

the Court finds MTUFN can either obtain consent to disclose their personal information, redact the their

personal information, or request a protective order. 

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the BDSG, it will be liable for “civil penalties ranging from €25,000 to €50,000 per

occurrence, or from €250,000 to €3000,000 for serious violations.” (ECF No. 95 at 18.) 

However, as MTUFN concedes, it is in the process of obtaining consent from its

employees for disclosure of documents containing their personal information. Therefore,

it is not certain that MTUFN will in fact face any civil penalties. Given the potential for

civil penalties, this factor weighs in favor of non-disclosure.

g. Likelihood of Compliance

 “If a discovery order is likely to be unenforceable, and therefore to have no

practical effect, that factor counsels against requiring compliance ....” Richmark, 959 F.2d

at 1478. Even if it were impossible to force a foreign entity to comply with a discovery

order, this would not necessarily preclude ordering discovery under the Federal Rules. 

Id. “[A] clear statement that foreign corporations which avail themselves of business

opportunities in the United States must abide by United States laws might have a

substantial effect on the way [such] corporations do business in the United States in the

future.” Id. 

The Court has already established jurisdiction over MTUFN by determining that

MTUFN has purposefully availed itself to the laws of California. (See ECF No. 96.) 

Additionally, MTUFN has already begun efforts to review documents (relating to the

vessel and engines at issue) and obtain consent of employees whose personal information

appears on these documents for production in response to Plaintiff’s Requests. 

MTUFN’s effort to be responsive to at least some of Plaintiff’s requests suggests that

MTUFN would comply with an order compelling MTUFN to respond and produce

documentation. Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of compelling discovery under

the Federal Rules.

h. Conclusion

Taking all of the above Aerospatiale and Richmark factors into consideration, the

Court concludes that discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure should govern. 

The documentation requested by Plaintiff from MTUFN is identified with sufficient

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specificity, is highly relevant and important to the litigation, does not appear to be readily

available elsewhere, and can be disclosed in such a manner that satisfies the policies of

both United States and German Law. Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 

a. Plaintiff’s request to compel MTUFN to provide supplemental responses its

Request for Production is GRANTED. 

b. The Court’s order with respect to MTUDD, as addressed above, shall apply

equally to MTUFN.

III.CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court HEREBY ORDERS MTUDD and MTUFN

to provide supplemental responses to Plaintiff’s Requests for Production, in accordance

with the terms of this order, within 30 days of the date of this order. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: March 11, 2013

DAVID H. BARTICK

United States Magistrate Judge

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