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Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 

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In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 15-1231

KATIUSKA BRAVO Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MIDLAND CREDIT MANAGEMENT, INC.

AND MIDLAND FUNDING, LLC,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 14 C 4510 — Gary Feinerman, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED DECEMBER 2, 2015 — DECIDED FEBRUARY 8, 2016

____________________

Before KANNE, SYKES, Circuit Judges, and GILBERT, District

Judge*. 

GILBERT, District Judge. Katiuska Bravo first sued Midland 

Credit Management, Inc. and Midland Funding, LLC (together, “Midland”) in 2014 over its efforts to collect several 

debts from her. The case settled. After settlement, Midland 

 * Of the Southern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.

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sent Bravo’s attorney two letters requesting payment of the

debts that were resolved in the settlement. Bravo then filed 

this action alleging that the letters violate the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. The 

district court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a 

claim, and we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND.

Bravo sued Midland for violations of the FDCPA in January 2014 and that matter settled in March 2014. Midland 

agreed to forgive two of Bravo’s debts (GE/Lowe’s and Citibank/Sears) as part of the settlement agreement. David J. 

Philipps, an attorney who specializes in consumer litigation,

represented Bravo in the initial suit and in the case at bar.

In May 2014, Midland sent two letters addressed as follows:

Kaliuska Bravo

C/O David J. Philipps

9760 S. Roberts Rd Ste 1

Palos Hills, IL 60465-1686

The letters were received at Philipps’ business office and were 

basically identical. One letter requested the payment of the 

GE/Lowe’s account and the other letter requested the payment of the Citibank/Sears account. Philipps did not forward 

the correspondence to his client, but opened and reviewed the 

content of the letters.

Bravo claims that the letters violate § 1692c of the FDCPA

which 1) prohibits contact with a consumer regarding debts 

once the consumer notifies the debt collector that she is represented by counsel, and 2) prohibits a debt collector from 

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No. 15-1231 3

continuing to communicate a demand for payment to a consumer once the consumer has refused to pay. Bravo further 

alleges that the letters violate § 1692e by making false and 

misleading statements. 

Neither party disputes that Midland is a debt collector and 

that Bravo is a consumer as defined by the FDCPA.

II. DISCUSSION

We review a dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, and the Court accepts as true 

all allegations in the complaint. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 

89, 94 (2007) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 

(2007)). The complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This requirement is satisfied if the 

complaint (1) describes the claim in sufficient detail to give 

the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds 

upon which it rests and (2) plausibly suggests that the plaintiff has a right to relief above a speculative level. Bell Atl., 550 

U.S. at 555; see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); EEOC 

v. Concentra Health Servs., 496 F.3d 773, 776 (7th Cir. 2007). 

A. Continued Communication with a Represented

Consumer.

The FDCPA § 1692c(a)(2) states that a debt collector may 

not communicate with a consumer, in connection with the collection of any debt, if the debt collector knows that the consumer is represented by counsel. It further requires a debt 

collector to cease further communication with the consumer, 

with limited exceptions not applicable here, once a consumer 

has notified the debt collector that the consumer refuses to 

pay a debt. § 1692c(c).

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Bravo argues that since the letters were directed to Bravo–

regardless of the delivery address–Midland was communicating with Bravo after Midland was notified that Bravo was 

represented by counsel.

This Court held in Tinsley v. Integrity Financial Partners, 

Inc., 634 F.3d 416 (2011), “that § 1692c as a whole permits debt 

collectors to communicate freely with consumers’ lawyers.” 

Id. at 419. The Plaintiff in Tinsley had retained counsel who 

sent a letter to the debt collector advising it that the Plaintiff 

refused to pay. The correspondence also directed the debt 

collector to “cease all further collection activities and direct all 

future communication to our office.” The debt collector refrained from communicating with the Plaintiff; however, he 

called the lawyer with a request for payment. Thereafter, the 

Plaintiff filed suit under the FDCPA alleging that the Act 

“prohibits debt collectors from contacting a debtor’s legal 

counsel as well as the debtor himself, once the debtor refuses 

to pay.” Id. at 416.

In Tinsley, we asked, “Why would Congress have provided that hiring a lawyer makes it impossible for the debtor 

and debt collector to communicate through counsel?” We 

found “[t]hat would be an implausible understanding of

§ 1692c(a)(2).” One of the purposes of § 1692c(a)(2) is to provide a legal buffer for the consumer and “[a] debtor who does 

not want to be pestered by demands for payment, settlement 

proposals, and so on, need only tell his lawyer not to relay 

them.” Id. at 419.

There is no case law cited that supports Bravo’s position 

that a letter addressed to a debtor, but sent to the debtor at an 

attorney’s address, is a per se violation of § 1692c(a)(2) of the 

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FDCPA. We find that holding so would undermine the findings in Tinsley that a debt collector should be able to communicate freely and directly with counsel upon notification 

that a debtor is properly represented. Then, as occurred in 

this case, the attorney can review the correspondence and 

take any steps necessary. A consumer’s name on an envelope 

does not equate to communication with that consumer when 

it is sent in “care of” and to the address of an attorney.

B. Continued Communication with Regard to the Collection

of a Debt.

Bravo also argues that the two letters were a continued attempt to collect a debt in violation of § 1692c(c). Bravo states 

that nothing in Tinsley would allow a debt collector, in the face 

of multiple cease collection demands, to continue its collection efforts. She goes on to argue that a debt collector may

contact the attorney, but not to demand payment of the debt

from the consumer. Bravo argues that this matter is distinguishable from Tinsley as the debt in Tinsley was still owed 

and in this matter, the debts had been discharged. 

Whether a debt is pending or discharged is irrelevant. A 

debt collector may not even be aware–until he contacts 

debtor’s counsel–that a debt has been resolved. “Courts do 

not impute to debt collectors other information that may be in 

creditors’ files–for example, that debt has been paid or was 

bogus to start with.” Randolph v. IMBS, Inc., 368 F.3d 726, 729 

(7th Cir. 2004). If the Court cannot impute creditors’ 

knowledge to a debt collector, it stands to reason that it cannot

limit a debt collector’s ability to communicate with a debtor’s

counsel to only those incidents where a debt is owed.

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C. False, Deceptive, or Misleading Statements.

Next Bravo argues that Midland’s letters violate the general provision of § 1692e of the FDCPA, which states that a

debt collector may not use any “false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection 

of any debt.” Bravo contends that the letters falsely stated 

that Bravo stilled owed debts that had been discharged by the 

prior settlement. 

This Court has consistently held that with regard to “false, 

deceptive, or misleading representations” in violation of 

§ 1692e of the FDCPA, the standard is: (1) whether the debt 

collector’s communication would deceive or mislead an unsophisticated, but reasonable, consumer if the consumer is not 

represented by counsel or (2) whether a competent attorney 

would be deceived, even if he is not a specialist in consumer 

debt law. See Zemmeckis v. Global Credit & Collection Corp., 679 

F.3d 632, 635 (7th Cir. 2012); Wahl v. Midland Credit Mgmt., 

Inc., 556 F.3d 643, 645 (7th Cir. 2009); Ruth v. Triumph, 577 F.3d 

790, 799-800 (7th Cir. 2009); Evory v. RJM Acquisitions Funding,

L.L.C., 505 F.3d 769, 774-775 (7th Cir. 2007); Sims v. GC Servs.

L.P., 445 F.3d 959, 963 (7th Cir. 2006); Turner v. J.V.D.B. & Assocs., 330 F.3d 991, 995 (7th Cir. 2003).

Plaintiff relies on Evory, et al. v. RJM Acquisitions Funding

L.L.C., 505 F.3d 769 (7th Cir. 2007), to argue that every false 

statement to an attorney is a per se violation of § 1692e. That 

overstates Evory. The Evory court held the “competent attorney” standard applies regardless of whether a statement is 

false, misleading or deceptive. Id. at 775.

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This case involves alleged false representations to a

debtor’s attorney. Therefore, the standard is whether a competent attorney, even if he is not a specialist in consumer debt 

law, would be deceived by two letters requesting payment for 

debts resolved in a settlement. On the facts before us, we believe a competent attorney would be able to determine 

whether his client continued to owe a debt after it was settled 

in full and would therefore not be deceived by the two letters.

D. Violations of § 1692e(5) of the FDCPA.

Lastly, Bravo argued that the letters violate §1692e(5) of 

the FDCPA. She alleges that the letters contained threats of 

actions that Midland was not legally able to take. The first 

threat was demanding payment of debts eliminated by settlement. The second threat was the statement, “[T]his account 

may still be reported on your credit report as unpaid.” These

arguments were not brought at the district level, and arguments not raised to the district court are waived on appeal. 

See Puffer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 709, 718 (7th Cir. 2012);

Brown v. Auto. Components Holding, LLC, 622 F.3d 685, 691 (7th

Cir. 2010); Robyns v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 130 F.3d 

1231, 1238 (7th Cir. 1997).

III. CONCLUSION

Although the Complaint describes the claim in sufficient 

detail to give Midland fair notice of what the claim is and the 

grounds upon which it rests, it fails to plausibly suggest that 

the Bravo has a right to relief above a speculative level. The 

Court finds that the two letters were not continued communication to a consumer and that the letters would not have deceived a competent attorney who was aware that the debts 

had been resolved. 

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For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of 

the district court.

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