Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_23-cv-02371/USCOURTS-azd-2_23-cv-02371-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 830
Nature of Suit: Patent
Cause of Action: 35:271 Patent Infringement

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Champion Power Equipment Incorporated,

Plaintiff,

v. 

Firman Power Equipment Incorporated,

Defendant.

No. CV-23-02371-PHX-DWL

ORDER 

Pending before the Court is the parties’ joint motion for discovery dispute 

resolution. (Doc. 102.) The Court concludes that oral argument is unnecessary and rules 

as follows.

The dispute concerns Champion’s Interrogatory No. 5, which seeks to compel 

Firman to disclose the identity of “every person who provided documents or information 

used in the preparation of Your responses to any of Champion’s discovery requests in the 

Litigation.” (Id.) Firman argues that “Interrogatory No. 5 is overly broad, seeks irrelevant 

information, and potentially seeks information protected from disclosure by the attorneyclient privilege and the attorney work product doctrine.” (Id. at 5.) On the issues of 

relevance and overbreadth, Firman elaborates that it has already identified, in its initial 

disclosures under Rule 26, all of the individuals likely to have discoverable information 

that it may use to support its claims or defenses, so the requested information is “only 

relevant to how Firman manages its discovery process—which has no relevance to the 

parties’ claims or defenses. Courts permit this discovery on discovery—known as metaCase 2:23-cv-02371-DWL Document 104 Filed 12/05/24 Page 1 of 4
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discovery—only when a party has identified a specific deficiency in the other parties’ 

discovery responses, which [is not the case here].” (Id. at 5-6.) Meanwhile, Champion 

argues that Firman’s claims of privilege and work-product protection are unavailing 

because Interrogatory No. 5 does not seek the substance of any communications or any 

mental impressions; that any undue-burden argument fails because Firman “already knows 

the universe of custodians”; that the requested information is relevant, and not duplicative 

of the information contained in Firman’s Rule 26 disclosures, because “Rule 26 only 

requires that Firman provide information as to those individuals Firman may use to support 

its claims or defenses” whereas Interrogatory No. 5 may help Champion identify 

individuals who only possess information that is harmful to Firman’s claims and defenses; 

and that Interrogatory No. 5 does not qualify as “meta-discovery” because “it seeks no 

information or detail as to how Firman solicited that information.” (Id. at 2-4.)

This dispute presents a close call. On the one hand, it is permissible for a party to 

use the discovery process to seek to identify individuals who may possess information that 

is harmful to its opponent’s claims and defenses. Because Firman was not necessarily 

required to disclose the identities of such individuals in its Rule 26 disclosures, Champion 

may use other discovery tools in an attempt to discern their identities. See, e.g., E.E.O.C. 

v. Jewel Food Stores, Inc., 231 F.R.D. 343, 349 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (“The mandatory 

requirement in Rule 26(a)(1) that a party disclose the information it may use to advance a 

claim or defense does not exempt a party from the obligation to disclose, in response to a 

discovery request, other information that may hurt its case. There is no ‘bad information’

exception to the obligation to respond to discovery requests.”); 1 Gensler, Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure, Rules and Commentary, Rule 26, at 791 (2022) (“The 2000 amendments 

[to Rule 26] explicitly relieved parties of the duty to disclose the names of all persons with 

relevant and discoverable information or all relevant documents, including harmful 

witnesses or ‘smoking gun’ documents that the party does not intend to use. Thus, parties 

are likely to identify only the materials that help their cause. However, nothing in Rule 

26(a)(1) places unhelpful or damaging information outside the scope of discovery. The 

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identities of harmful witnesses and the existence and location of smoking gun documents 

or ESI may still be discovered through party-initiated discovery requests.”). Additionally, 

the Court agrees with Champion that the limited information sought in Interrogatory No. 5 

does not implicate the attorney-client privilege or the work-product doctrine. Jewel Food 

Stores, Inc., 231 F.R.D. at 346-49.

On the other hand, Interrogatory No. 5 does not directly seek the identities of 

individuals who may possess information that is harmful to Firman’s claims and defenses. 

Instead, it more broadly seeks the identities of all persons from whom Firman and Firman’s 

counsel gathered information in the course of responding to Champion’s discovery 

requests. Although it is theoretically possible that some of those individuals may both (1) 

possess information that is harmful to Firman’s claims and defenses and (2) be omitted 

from Firman’s Rule 26 disclosures, this strikes the Court as an imprecise way to smoke out 

the identities of such individuals (assuming they even exist). Effectively, Champion is 

propounding meta-discovery or something very close to meta-discovery—that is, 

“discovery into another party’s discovery process,” which “is disfavored” and should 

generally only be permitted “where there is some indication that a party’s discovery has 

been insufficient or deficient,” Jensen v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 328 F.R.D. 557, 566 (S.D. 

Cal. 2019) (cleaned up)—because it believes such discovery may be useful for a purpose 

that has nothing to do with evaluating the sufficiency of Firman’s discovery responses. 

The Court is concerned that endorsing this approach would create an unwarranted loophole 

in the existing restrictions on meta-discovery. Cf. Ashcraft v. Welk Resort Group, Co., 

2021 WL 3017512, *2 (D. Nev. 2021) (“While the request arguably seeks both metadiscovery and merits discovery, its overly broad nature places it in the meta-discovery 

bucket.”).

Rule 26(b)(1) provides the applicable framework for balancing these considerations. 

Under Rule 26(b)(1), “[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter 

that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, 

considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, 

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the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance 

of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed 

discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Here, although Interrogatory No. 5 seeks 

information that is nonprivileged and has enough potential utility to Champion to clear 

Rule 26’s “low bar” of relevance,1it is not proportional to the needs of the case given its 

imprecision (and resulting relative unimportance in resolving the disputed issues in this 

action) and the disfavored nature of any inquiry into an opposing party’s process for 

responding to discovery requests.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that the parties’ joint motion for discovery dispute resolution 

(Doc. 102), which the Court construes as a motion to compel filed by Champion, is denied.

Dated this 4th day of December, 2024.

1 Continental Circuits LLC v. Intel Corp., 435 F. Supp. 3d 1014, 1018-19 (D. Ariz. 

2020) (“Relevant information need not be admissible at trial to be discoverable. . . . 

Relevancy in civil litigation is a relatively low bar. Under Rule 401 of the Federal Rules 

of Evidence, information having any tendency to make a fact in dispute more or less 

probable is relevant. And courts generally recognize that relevancy for purposes of 

discovery is broader than relevancy for purposes of trial.”) (cleaned up).

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