Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_20-cv-00078/USCOURTS-azd-4_20-cv-00078-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Peter Pototsky,

Plaintiff,

v. 

City of Nogales, et al.,

Defendants.

No. CV-20-00078-TUC-DCB

ORDER 

On February 20, 2020, the Plaintiff filed this action and asked to proceed without 

prepayment of fees. He does not file the form for proceeding in forma pauperis but attached 

a Minute Entry form the Nogales City Court appointing him counsel in a criminal 

proceeding. Plaintiff asserts that he is currently unemployed and relies solely on disability 

payments of less than $20,000 per year. The standards differ between appointing counsel 

for criminal defendants, who cannot afford the expense of hiring an attorney, and granting 

in forma pauperis status to cover the cost of the filing fee and service in a civil case. The 

former decision is made to protect one of the most basic constitutional rights which is the 

right to be represented by counsel in a criminal proceeding. For the latter, the Court 

considers whether the action is frivolous or malicious; fails to state a claim on which relief 

may be granted; or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such 

relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915e(2) (establishing criteria for dismissing a case even if in forma 

pauperis status has been granted). Here, the Plaintiff must submit the in forma pauperis

affidavit, Application to Proceed Without Prepaying Fees or Costs, required under 28 

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U.S.C. 1915(a)(1), which may be found on the website for the U.S. District Court, 

www.azd.uscourts.gov, at the tab for “For Proceeding without an Attorney,” “Forms for 

Self-Represented Litigants.” The Court notes, without deciding the question of indigency, 

that the Plaintiff’s alleged income exceeds the 2020 poverty level for a single person, which 

is $12,760 annually.1 www.aspe.hhs.gov/poverty.

As explained above, because the plaintiff seeks in forma pauperis status, the Court 

screens the Complaint under § 1915e(2). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction 

and may only adjudicate those cases over which they have subject matter jurisdiction: 

basically, those cases involving diversity of citizenship or a federal question. Kikkonen v. 

Guardian Life Ins. Comp.. of America, 511 U.S. 375 (1994). Where there is neither 

diversity nor a constitutional violation of an individual's rights, this Court has no 

jurisdiction and must dismiss the case.

Section 1915(e) provides for dismissal of a Complaint filed in forma pauperis if the 

Court is convinced that the action is frivolous. Frivolousness exists if the plaintiff would 

not be entitled to relief under any arguable construction of law or fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 

490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). Factual frivolousness includes allegations that are "clearly 

baseless," "fanciful," "fantastic," or "delusional." Id. at 327-28. Unlike Rule 12(b)(6), 

screening pursuant to § 1915 "`accords judges not only the authority to dismiss a claim 

based on an indisputably meritless legal theory, but also the unusual power to pierce the 

veil of the complaint's factual allegations and dismiss those claims whose factual 

contentions are clearly baseless.'" Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 31 (1992) (quoting 

Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327). Alternatively, legal frivolousness justifies dismissal under § 

1915(e) where a complaint is based on "an indisputably meritless legal theory...[such as] 

claims against which it is clear that the defendants are immune from suit, and claims of 

infringement of a legal interest which clearly does not exist...." Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327.

1

In 2016, the Plaintiff reported that his disability income was $2,100 per month and he had 

$1,000 income from a rental. He had just stopped working at his job which paid him $5,000. 

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied him in forma pauperis status to appeal this 

Court’s dismissal of Potosky v. United States Border Patrol. (CV 14-2418 TUC DCB 

(Docs. 79 and 81). 

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Plaintiff's Complaint states that he seeks relief against Keith Barth, a part-time 

Magistrate, the City of Nogales, the Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors, and Michele 

Cardillo for a constitutional violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 18 U.S.C. § 242.

First, section 242 is a criminal statute, making it a crime to, under color of law, 

subject a person to the deprivation of any federal right, privilege or immunity on account 

of said person's color or race. Criminal statutes, including 18 U.S.C. § 242, prohibiting the 

violation of an individual's civil rights on account of a person's color or race, do not provide 

a private cause of action or basis for civil liability. See Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 

1092 (9th Cir.1980) (holding 18 U.S.C. §§ 241-242 provide no private right of action and 

cannot form basis for civil suit). 

Section 1983 imposes liability only upon one “who, under color of any statute, 

ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be 

subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to 

the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and 

laws . . . .” The first inquiry is whether the Plaintiff has been deprived of a right “secured 

by the Constitution and laws.” Secondly, any such deprivation must result from acts done 

by a state actor, i.e., a person acting under color of law. Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 

139–40 (1979). Private individuals and entities not affiliated with a state or municipal 

government generally do not act “under color of state law.” See Florer v. Congregation 

Pidyon Shevuyim, N.A., 639 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir.2011) (starting point is: presume 

conduct by private actor is not state action); Price v. State of Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707–

08 (9th Cir.1991) (“[P]rivate parties are not generally acting under color of state law.”)

The Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges the factual bases for his constitutional claims as 

follows. He spoke at a Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors study session in favor of 

closing the Justice of the Peace Court in Sonoita, Arizona, and that Barth, the JP, assaulted 

him at the end of the session. Additionally, the Plaintiff believes that the assault was in 

retaliation of a complaint the Plaintiff made against Barth to the Commission on Judicial 

Conduct because the Commission subsequently issued a letter of reprimand to Barth. 

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Plaintiff alleges that “Defendant Barth has a long history of misconduct, filing false charges 

and “moving on” from one law enforcement agency to another.” Plaintiff alleges that Barth 

reversed the facts and claimed that Plaintiff assaulted him, and shortly thereafter charges 

were brought against plaintiff. “Defendants have delayed proceedings with the specific 

intent to use the legal process to harass and retaliate against Plaintiff for exercising his 

rights under the Constitution. Defendants have maintained the prosecution in violation of 

the Six Amendment.” (Complaint (Doc. 1) at 5.)

In Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed without Prepayment of Fees (Doc. 20, Plaintiff 

describes the assault by Barth as follows: “All three members of the board gave brief 

speeches that they were in favor of CLOSING the tiny little courthouse. . . . Immediately 

after the session ended, Barth attempted to block people from exiting the building to 

address the public. It was at this point that Barth, hearing his job of 12 years was OVER, 

assaulted Plaintiff.” (Motion (Doc. 2) at 1) (emphasis in original). As noted above, liability 

under § 1983 depends on Defendant Barth being a state actor, i.e., a JP for Santa Cruz 

County, acting under the color of law. The Complaint needs to allege facts which support 

the assertion that Defendant Barth was a state-actor as of the time of the assault.

The Complaint does not assert a First Amendment right to freedom of speech claim, 

but the alleged facts that the assault was in retaliation for filing an ethics complaint, may 

support one. The facts cannot support a claim of malicious prosecution under the Fourth 

Amendment or state law, which requires facts showing damages due to a criminal 

prosecution, which terminated in his favor, with defendant as prosecutor or complaining 

witness acting without probable cause and with malice.” Bearup v. Bearup, 596 P.2d 35, 

36 (Ariz. App. 1979). “[T]he existence of probable cause is a complete defense to [a] claim[ 

] of...malicious prosecution.” Hockett v. City of Tucson, 139 Ariz. 317, 678 P.2d 502, 505 

(Ariz. Ct. App. 1983). The favorable termination element for a malicious prosecution claim 

means the claim cannot be plead until and unless the Nogales City Court proceeding is 

terminated in favor of the Plaintiff. This “avoids parallel litigation over the issues of 

probable cause and guilt” and “precludes the possibility of the claimant succeeding in the 

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tort action after having been convicted in the underlying criminal prosecution, in 

contravention of a strong judicial policy against the creation of two conflicting resolutions 

arising out of the same or identical transaction.” Heck v. Humphry, 512 U.S. 477, 484 

(1994); McDonough v. Smith, 139 S.Ct. 2149, 2158 (2019). The favorable termination 

element is the same for malicious prosecution claims brought under 1983. Heck, 512 U.S. 

at 486.

The Complaint does allege a Sixth Amendment claim, which provides many 

protections and rights to a person accused of a crime, including the right to a speedy trial, 

right to counsel, and to confront one’s accuser. The Court assumes that the Plaintiff is 

attempting to invoke the right to a speedy trial. The Plaintiff has, however, failed to allege 

any specific facts against any of the Defendants, other than Barth, and there are no facts 

suggesting the prosecution by the City of Nogales was not independent of Barth. “It is a 

well-settled principle that the ‘[f]iling of a criminal complaint immunizes investigating 

officers ... from damages suffered thereafter because it is presumed that the prosecutor 

filing the complaint exercised independent judgment in determining that probable cause 

for an accused’s arrest exists at that time.’ ” Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 

1027 (9th Cir. 2008). Prosecutors are absolutely immune from suit for the initiation and 

pursuit of a criminal prosecution, including presentation of the state's case at trial. Imbler 

v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 (1976). 

To the extent the Plaintiff seeks to allege a Sixth Amendment claim related to the 

ongoing criminal proceeding in Nogales City Court, this Court as noted above is limited in 

its jurisdiction. This Court is barred by the abstention doctrine from enjoining an ongoing 

state criminal proceeding. Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971) (holding that a federal 

court must abstain). It lacks jurisdiction to review “final judgments of a state court in 

judicial proceedings,” because only the United States Supreme Court has jurisdiction to 

review final state court judgments on appeal. Dist. of Columbia Court of Appeals v. 

Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 482 (1983); see also Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 

415-16 (1923). 

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A federal court “should assume that state court procedures will afford an adequate 

remedy in the absence of unambiguous authority to the contrary.” Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, 

Inc., 4381 U.S. 1, 15 (1987), with this Court having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 2254, to 

consider a writ of habeas corpus if he were unlawfully incarcerated.

The Court finds that the Plaintiff’s Complaint, even construed in the broadest sense, 

fails to state a claim because it fails to allege any factual basis for federal jurisdiction. An 

in forma pauperis, pro se litigant should, however, be given an opportunity to amend the 

compliant to overcome a deficiency unless it is clear that no amendment can cure the defect. 

See eg., Potter v. McCall, 433 F.2d 1087, 1088 (9th Cir. 1970); Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 

1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superceded by statute, Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1129-

1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (determining that a district court retains its discretion to dismiss a pro 

se prisoner’s in forma pauperis complaint with or without leave to amend under Prisoner’s 

Litigation Reform Act)

“District judges have no obligation to act as counsel or paralegal to pro se litigants” 

because this would undermine district judges’ role as impartial decisionmakers. Pliler v. 

Ford, 542 U.S. 225, 231 (2004); see also Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1131, n.13 (declining to decide 

whether the court was required to inform a litigant of pleading deficiencies under the 

PLRA, but noting that the pro se litigant, unskilled in the law, is far more prone to making 

errors in pleading than the person who has the benefit of being represented by counsel) 

(citing Noll, 809 F.2d at 1448). So, while the Court may not serve as advocate for the pro 

se litigant nor act as legal advisor, the Court has explained the pleading deficiencies and 

affords the pro se litigant an opportunity to amend the Complaint. Noll, 809 F.2d at 1448.

The Amended Complaint must comport with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure which provides that the pleading shall contain “a short and plain statement of 

the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P.8(a)(2). The purpose 

of Rule 8 is to prevent vague and ambiguous claims and ensure that defendants will be able 

to frame a responsive pleading.

In drafting the Amended Complaint, the Plaintiff must include sufficient factual 

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details so that this Court can determine each claim existing against each Defendant. The 

Plaintiff must refer by name to particular Defendants, whenever possible, in the body of 

the Amended Complaint, so that it is possible to determine which Defendant is being 

charged with responsibility for each particular grievance. Jackson v. Nelson, 405 F.2d 872, 

873 (9th Cir. 1968).

Plaintiff's obligation to provide the “‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires 

more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 

action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964 (2007). At the 

pleading stage, the Plaintiff must allege enough facts, if taken as true, to suggest that a 

claim exists. This does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage, it simply 

calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence 

to support the claim. Id. at 1966. “[F]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to 

relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint 

are true even if doubtful in fact.” Id. at 1965.

All factual allegations are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to 

the nonmoving party, Iolab Corp. v. Seaboard Sur. Co., 15 F.3d 1500, 1504 (9th Cir.1994), 

and all reasonable inferences are to be drawn in favor of that party as well. Jacobsen v. 

Hughes Aircraft, 105 F.3d 1288, 1296 (9th Cir.1997). Dismissal is appropriate if the facts 

alleged do not state a claim that is “‘plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 

678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Plausibility is not attained if the facts are 

merely consistent with the claims. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545, 557. “Where a complaint 

pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the 

line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).

Subsequent to the filing of the First Amended Complaint, if the action goes forward 

the Court shall grant the Plaintiff leave to electronically file in this case. The Court denies 

the Plaintiff’s Motion for Change of Judge and Venue Transfer to Phoenix. Plaintiff asserts 

that federal judges in Tucson are too close to be unbiased regarding the allegations he 

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makes against Justice of the Peace Barth. Plaintiff mistakenly asserts that he is suing Judge 

Tommy Fink, a Santa Cruz County Judge; the Complaint neither names him nor alleges 

any facts involving him. Regardless, such Demographic proximity is not a reason for all 

the federal judges in Tucson to recuse and transfer venue to Phoenix. To the extent the 

Plaintiff complains about this Court’s unfavorable dismissal of a prior case CV 14-2418 

TUC DCB, Potosky v. United States Border Patrol, prior unfavorable rulings by a court 

are equally insufficient to require recusal. To be clear, this Court has the duty and it is 

within its jurisdiction to decide the Motion to Change Judge and Venue. United States v. 

Studley, 783 F.2d 934, 940 (9th Cir. 1986) (it has been "held repeatedly that the challenged 

judge himself should rule on the legal sufficiency of a recusal motion in the first instance").

"The standard for recusal under 28 U.S.C. §§ 144, 455 is `whether a reasonable 

person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the judge's impartiality might 

reasonably be questioned.’” Id. at 939. A court’s recusal must be predicated upon 

extrajudicial conduct rather than on judicial conduct. Disqualifying bias must be a personal 

bias as distinguished from a judicial one. Id.; Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555-

555 (1994).

In short, the alleged prejudice must result from an extrajudicial source; a judge's 

prior adverse ruling is not sufficient cause for recusal. A motion for recusal based entirely 

on prior adverse rulings is insufficient and will be denied. Mayes v. Leipziger, 729 F.2d 

605, 607 (9th Cir. 1984). Plaintiff’s charge of bias fails because it is solely related to the 

Court’s rulings in CV 14-2418 TUC DCB, Potosky v. Border Patrol. The Court finds that 

no reasonable person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the Court’s 

impartiality might reasonably be questioned.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that the Motion for Change of Judge and Venue (Doc. 6) is 

DENIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED taking the Motion for Electronic Filing (Doc. 7) 

UNDER ADVISEMENT.

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IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Plaintiff shall supplement the Motion to 

Proceed without Prepayment of Fees (Doc. 2) by filing the Court approved Application To 

Proceed Without Prepaying Fees and Costs. www.azd.uscourts.gov/forms-selfrepresented-litigants. In the event in forma pauperis status is denied, the Plaintiff shall be 

directed to pay the filing fee in order to proceed.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED dismissing the Complaint, sua sponte, WITH 

LEAVE TO AMEND by filing a First Amended Complaint by April 13, 2020.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that THE AMENDED COMPLAINT MUST BE 

CLEARLY DESIGNATED AS "FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT" ON THE FACE OF 

THE DOCUMENT. The Amended Complaint must state specific allegations against 

proper Defendant(s), named as Defendant(s); and identify who participated in which 

activities alleged in the Complaint; and state what injury, if any, Plaintiff suffered as a 

result of the activities of each Defendant. THE AMENDED COMPLAINT MUST BE 

RETYPED OR REWRITTEN IN ITS ENTIRETY AND MAY NOT INCORPORATE 

ANY PART OF THE ORIGINAL COMPLAINT BY REFERENCE. Local Rule 7.1(c).

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to DISMISS 

all claims and to close this case, without further notice to the Plaintiff, if he fails to file the 

First Amended Complaint by April 13, 2020.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that in the event Plaintiff proceeds with this action, 

he must follow the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Local Rules of Practice for 

the U.S. District Court of Arizona (local rules). www.azd.uscourts.gov/local-rules. Plaintiff 

is instructed to take special notice of Local Rule 7.2 which provides specifics for civil 

motions, especially subsection (i) which provides that failure to file a timely response, or 

any other such non-compliance, "may be deemed a consent to the denial or granting of the 

motion and the Court may dispose of the motion summarily."

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that in the event Plaintiff proceeds with this action, 

he must comply with the rules of service, Fed. R. Civ. P. 4-6, except to the extent that he 

is granted in forma pauperis status in which case service of the First Amended Complaint, 

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only, will be performed by the United States Marshal. Plaintiff shall serve upon 

Defendants or upon their counsel, a copy of every further pleading submitted to the Court. 

Plaintiff shall include a certificate stating the date a true and correct copy of any document 

was mailed to each Defendant or their counsel. The Court will disregard any document 

which has not been filed with the Clerk or which fails to include a Certificate of Service.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Plaintiff shall not have any ex parte

communications with this Court, including telephone calls and letters.

Dated this 18th day of March, 2020.

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