Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_19-cv-01859/USCOURTS-casd-3_19-cv-01859-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 18:1836(a) Injunction against Misappropriation of Trade Secrets

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JAVO BEVERAGE CO., INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

CALIFORNIA EXTRACTION 

VENTURES, INC. AND STEPHEN 

COREY,

Defendants.

AND RELATED COUNTERCLAIMS

Case No.: 19-CV-1859-CAB-WVG

ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

[Doc. No. 20]

On September 26, 2019, Plaintiff Javo Beverage Co., Inc. (“Javo”) filed a complaint 

alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, intentional interference with contractual 

relations, and seeking declaratory judgment of ownership of the patents in issue against 

Defendants California Extraction Ventures, Inc. (“CEV”) and Stephen Corey (collectively 

“Defendants”). [Doc. No. 1.] Javo primarily asserts, among other things, that Defendant 

Corey’s filing of the provisional patent application, U.S. Pat. App. No. 62/134,497 (the 

“’497 Provisional Application”), in connection with his new business at CEV, disclosed 

Javo’s confidential and trade secret information that Defendant Corey researched and 

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invented during his time as a co-founder and employee at Javo.

On November 14, 2019, Javo filed a motion for preliminary injunction. [Doc. No. 

20.] Javo seeks to prohibit Defendants from further using Javo’s trade secrets and other 

confidential information in connection with: CEV’s process or selling any products derived 

from such information; raising money from investors; filing any new patent applications;

and taking any steps to license or grant to third parties any rights in any issued patents or 

pending patent applications claiming priority to the ’497 Provisional Application. [Id. at 

2.1] A hearing was held on the motion on January 23, 2020. [Doc. No. 57.] For the reasons 

set forth on the record at the hearing and as discussed below, the motion is denied.

I. BACKGROUND

As set forth in the Court’s previous Order denying the Defendants’ motion to 

dismiss, [Doc. No. 29], the factual background of this case is summarized as follows:

Since 1993, Javo has been engaged in the business of coffee, tea, and botanical 

extracts, ingredients, and flavor systems, which are sold across the country. [Doc. No. 1 

at ¶ 13.] Javo researched and developed a proprietary process for its manufacture of 

extracts of coffee, tea, and other botanicals which includes, among other things, 

introducing purified, deionized water within particular temperature and pressure ranges 

into a proprietary columnar extraction vessel containing an extractable material (e.g., 

roasted coffee) that has been ground into multiple particle sizes and specially packed into 

the vessel into which deionized water is introduced, eventually resulting in a pure, 

concentrated extract flowing from the top of the vessel. [Doc. No. 1 at ¶¶ 1, 14.] Javo 

alleges it has continually maintained this process as a proprietary trade secret within the 

industry. [Id.] Defendant Corey was an original co-founder of Javo and its predecessors, 

and a principal inventor of Javo’s trade secret extraction process. [Id. at ¶ 2.] During his 

time as an employee and before his departure from the company, Corey assigned all rights 

 

1 Document numbers and page references are to those assigned by CM/ECF for the docket entry.

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and interests he may have had in the proprietary process to Javo through his Employment 

Agreement (“EA”) and the associated Employee Confidentiality and Invention Assignment 

Agreement (“CIAA”), executed on December 5, 2001. [Id. at ¶ 3.]

On January 24, 2011, Javo commenced a Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding to, 

among other things, restructure its debt. [Id. at ¶ 42.] In or about August 2011, Javo 

terminated Corey without cause because of the elimination of his position due to the 

restructuring under the bankruptcy plan. [Id. at ¶ 47.] 

Kurt Toneys, a former President/CEO of one of Javo’s predecessors, is now involved 

with Defendant CEV as its current CEO, alongside Corey who is CEV’s current President. 

[Id. at ¶ 7, 22.] Javo alleges that Corey and CEV misused Javo’s trade secrets and other 

confidential information to benefit CEV, constituting a breach of Corey’s EA and CIAA 

with Javo, when Corey improperly disclosed the information in publicly-available patent 

applications he filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and assigned to 

CEV. [Id. at ¶¶ 15, 18.] CEV offered and sold securities to fund, at least in part, the 

preparation and filing of Corey’s provisional patent application, the ’497 Provisional 

Application, which Corey filed on March 17, 2015. [Id. at ¶ 49–50.] The ’497 Provisional 

Application lists Corey as the inventor and contains terminology frequently used by Corey 

at Javo and refers to “Javo” processes in certain figures. [Id. at ¶ 51.] Thus far, Corey has 

obtained seven issued patents and has seven additional published patent applications all 

claiming priority to Corey’s ’497 Provisional Application which have all been assigned to 

CEV. [Id. at ¶ 65.] Javo alleges that the issued patents and published patent applications 

disclose material that substantially describes and overlaps with the proprietary confidential 

information and trade secrets of Javo, constituting a violation of Corey’s obligations to 

refrain from disclosing confidential information of Javo and to transfer all interest in any 

inventions to Javo. [Id. at ¶ 66.]

On May 30, 2019, Javo demanded, among other things, that Defendants immediately 

assign rights in the patents and applications claiming priority to the ’497 Provisional 

Application. [Id. at ¶ 68.] Javo then filed its complaint on September 26, 2019, and its 

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motion for preliminary injunction on November 14, 2019.2

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.” 

Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008); see Earth Island Inst. v. 

Carlton, 626 F.3d 462, 469 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[P]laintiffs seeking a preliminary injunction 

face a difficult task in proving that they are entitled to this ‘extraordinary remedy.’”)

(quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 24). It is “a device for preserving the status quo and 

preventing the irreparable loss of rights before judgment.” Sierra On-Line, Inc. v. Phoenix 

Software, Inc., 739 F.2d 1415, 1422 (9th Cir. 1984). “The grant or denial of a motion for 

a preliminary injunction lies within the discretion of the district court.” Johnson v. 

California State Bd. of Accountancy, 72 F.3d 1427, 1429 (9th Cir. 1995).

In Winter, the Supreme Court held that a plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction 

must establish “[1] that he is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer 

irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in 

his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. The 

Ninth Circuit balances these “Winter factors” using a “sliding scale” approach, where “a 

stronger showing of one element may offset a weaker showing of another.” All. for the 

Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011). However, Winter “requires 

the plaintiff to make a showing on all four prongs.” Id. at 1135.

 

2 Both parties filed evidentiary objections to declarations filed by the other, arguing that certain assertions 

are inadmissible. But “the rules of evidence do not apply strictly to preliminary injunction proceedings” 

because of “the urgency of obtaining a preliminary injunction at a point when there has been limited 

factual development.” Herb Reed Enters., LLC v. Florida Entm’t Mgmt., Inc., 736 F.3d 1239, 1250 n.5 

(9th Cir. 2013). A trial court may give “inadmissible evidence some weight, when to do so serves the 

purpose of preventing irreparable harm before trial.” Flynt Distrib. Co. v. Harvey, 734 F.2d 1389, 1394 

(9th Cir. 1984); see also Republic of the Philippines v. Marcos, 862 F.2d 1355, 1363 (9th Cir. 1988) (“It 

was within the discretion of the district court to accept . . . hearsay for purposes of deciding whether to 

issue the preliminary injunction.”). Accordingly, the Court OVERRULES all evidentiary objections. 

[Doc. No. 45-5; Doc. No. 54.]

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III. DISCUSSION

On the record before it the Court is not persuaded, at least for the purposes of the 

instant motion, that Javo has sufficiently established a likelihood of success on the merits 

or any of the remaining Winter factors to prevail on its motion for preliminary injunction.

A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

To state a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets under California’s Uniform 

Trade Secrets Act (“CUTSA”), a plaintiff must allege: (1) the existence and ownership of 

a trade secret, and (2) misappropriation of the trade secret. Pellerin v. Honeywell Int’l, 

Inc., 877 F. Supp. 2d 983, 988 (S.D. Cal. 2012) (citation omitted). A claim for 

misappropriation under the Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”) has substantially similar 

elements. See 18 U.S.C. § 1836.

i. Trade Secret

In establishing the existence of a trade secret, “[a] plaintiff need not ‘spell out the 

details of the trade secret,’” Autodesk, Inc. v. ZWCAD Software Co., No. 5:14-cv-1409-

EJD, 2015 WL 2265479, at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 13, 2015) (citation omitted), but must 

“describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it 

from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special persons who are skilled in the 

trade, and to permit the defendant to ascertain at least the boundaries within which the 

secret lies.” Pellerin, 877 F. Supp. 2d at 988 (quoting Diodes, Inc. v. Franzen, 260 Cal. 

App. 2d 244, 253 (1968)). Both the DTSA and CUTSA define a “trade secret” as:

all forms and types of financial, business, scientific, technical, economic, or 

engineering information, including patterns, plans, compilations, program devices, 

formulas, designs, prototypes, methods, techniques, processes, procedures, 

programs, or codes, whether tangible or intangible, and whether or how stored, 

compiled, or memorialized physically, electronically, graphically, photographically, 

or in writing if-

(A) the owner thereof has taken reasonable measures to keep such information 

secret; and

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(B) the information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from 

not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable through proper 

means by, another person who can obtain economic value from the disclosure or use 

of the information;

18 U.S.C. § 1839(3); see also Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(d).

Here, Javo describes its proprietary extraction vessel and process as its trade secret. 

Javo contends its process derives independent economic value and is subject to rigorous 

measures to prevent its disclosure. Javo also claims that its process was not generally 

known and that Corey and Toneys were aware of this from their time working at Javo. 

Javo details the steps and parameters of its proprietary extraction vessel and process in a 

declaration by its Vice President, Brad Petersmeyer. [Doc. No. 20-2; Sealed Doc. No. 22

at ¶¶ 29—49]. 

Defendants contend that the apparatus and methods for coffee bean extraction 

disclosed in Corey’s U.S. provisional patent application no. 62/134,497, dated March 17, 

2015 [Doc. No. 1-3] and U.S. Patent Application Publication, No. 2016/0270586, 

published September 22, 2016 [Doc. No. 7-3] do not reveal Javo’s alleged trade secrets. 

They deny Corey and CEV have misappropriated Javo’s proprietary vessel or methods.

ii. Misappropriation

Misappropriation is defined as:

(1) Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has 

reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means; or

(2) Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied 

consent by a person who:

(A) Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or

(B) At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that his or 

her knowledge of the trade secret was:

(i) Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means 

to acquire it;

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(ii) Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its 

secrecy or limit its use;

(iii) Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person 

seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or

(C) Before a material change of his or her position knew or had reason to 

know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by 

accident or by mistake.

Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(b). Misappropriation under the DTSA is nearly identical. See 18 

U.S.C § 1839(5).

Javo alleges that Corey and CEV have misappropriated Javo’s trade secrets by taking 

Javo’s proprietary extraction process, publicly disclosing it, and falsely claiming it as their 

own–first by filing patent applications and now by plotting to unfairly compete with a new 

coffee extract product. Javo further alleges that Corey assigned to Javo all rights and 

interest he may have had in Javo’s extraction process through his EA and the associated 

CIAA. Defendants contend that Javo’s motion is devoid of any evidence explaining how 

Javo’s purportedly trade secret extraction process overlaps with the processes described in 

Defendants’ patents. Defendants argue that Javo makes sweeping, conclusory allegations 

regarding “substantial similarities” between Javo’s process and Defendants’ patents but 

Javo has failed to substantiate these claims.

The Corey applications are for an apparatus and methods for coffee bean extraction. 

A comparison of the disclosures in the patent applications and accompanying figures, to 

the asserted proprietary information set forth in Javo’s supporting declaration [Doc. No. 

22, at ¶¶ 29—49] does not persuade the Court that the asserted proprietary information was 

disclosed. For example, the specific ratio aspect of the Javo extraction vessels set forth in 

¶ 30 of the Petersmeyer declaration [id.] is not disclosed in the patent applications. [See

Doc. 1-3 at 9—11; Doc. 7-3 at 19.] The configurations of the extraction column caps are 

distinctly different. [See Doc. No. 22, Ex. 6 and Doc No. 7-3, Fig. 1.] 

Although the Corey applications employ the term “grind matrix,” the specific grind 

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combination described as the Javo proprietary method at ¶¶ 33—34 of the Petersmeyer

declaration [Doc. No. 22] does not correspond to the disclosure regarding coffee bean 

preparation in the patent applications. [See Doc No. 7-3 at 33.] The additional process 

steps identified by Javo as its trade secrets further fail to correspond to the patent 

disclosures. At this time the Court is not persuaded that Javo has established a likelihood 

of success in proving that the proprietary aspects of Javo’s extraction vessel and process 

were misappropriated by Corey and CEV and disclosed in the Corey patent applications.

Javo’s remaining claims for intentional interference and declaratory judgment of 

patent ownership are largely based on the same set of facts underlying its trade secret 

misappropriation claim. For the reasons set forth above, Javo has similarly failed to

sufficiently establish a likelihood of success on the merits of either of these claims.

B. Irreparable Harm

Even if Javo had established a likelihood of success on the merits, its motion would 

still fail because it has not established irreparable harm. It is well established that monetary 

injury is not “irreparable harm.” Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Comm’n v. NFL, 634 

F.2d 1197, 1202 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 88 (1974)). The 

fact that adequate compensatory damages will be available in the ordinary course of 

litigation weighs heavily against a claim of “irreparable” harm. Sampson, 415 U.S. at 90. 

Moreover, delay in seeking a preliminary injunction weighs against a finding of irreparable 

harm. See Garcia v. Google, Inc., 786 F.3d 733, 746 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding that the 

district court did not abuse its discretion by finding a month’s long delay in seeking an 

injunction undercut her claim of irreparable harm); Oakland Tribune, Inc. v. Chronicle 

Publ’g Co., 762 F.2d 1374, 1377 (9th Cir. 1985) (“Plaintiff’s long delay before seeking a 

preliminary injunction implies a lack of urgency and irreparable harm.”); Lydo Enters., Inc. 

v. City of Las Vegas, 745 F.2d 1211, 1213 (9th Cir. 1984) (“A delay in seeking a

preliminary injunction is a factor to be considered in weighing the propriety of relief”).

Here, the gravamen of Javo’s complaint is that Corey misappropriated and publicly 

disclosed its confidential trade secrets in the ’497 Provisional Application. According to

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Javo’s complaint, Javo learned of the alleged misappropriation in May 2019. However, 

Javo did not file its complaint until September 26, 2019, and then further delayed moving

for the preliminary injunction until November 14, 2019. Javo’s delay alone weighs heavily 

against a finding of irreparable harm. Javo argues that it will suffer irreparable harm if a 

competitor like CEV is permitted to wrongfully take and misuse Javo’s proprietary 

information to manufacture competing products. The issue with this argument, as detailed 

above, is that the Court is not convinced on the record before it that CEV has taken or 

misused Javo’s trade secrets. Defendants have also shown that contrary to Javo’s 

assertions, CEV is not close to production as construction of its facility is not completed, 

and it is still in the process of seeking regulatory approvals. Furthermore, Javo’s 

conclusory assertion that there is a risk of further evisceration of Javo’s trade secrets 

through additional disclosure is unavailing and speculative as Javo has not demonstrated 

any additional confidential or trade secret information that has yet to be disclosed.

More importantly, Javo has also failed to demonstrate that monetary damages would 

be inadequate. Javo primarily contends that Defendants’ wrongdoing has decreased the 

value of Javo and interfered with recent efforts to sell the company. Javo has not 

established, and the Court is not convinced, that adequate monetary damages following a 

trial would be insufficient to redress Javo’s alleged injuries which appear to consist of 

purely economic harm. If Javo is successful at trial it can also seek declaratory ownership 

of Defendants’ patents as alleged. Further, Javo’s own witnesses have stated that its 

revenues have continually increased in recent years. At this point in the litigation, in 

connection with the failure to establish a likelihood of success on the merits that 

Defendants indeed disclosed Javo’s trade secrets, the Court is unwilling to presume a 

likelihood of irreparable harm. Accordingly, Javo has not established that it would suffer 

irreparable harm in the absence of a preliminary injunction.

C. Balance of Equities

To qualify for injunctive relief, Javo must establish that “the balance of equities tips 

in [its] favor.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. A court has the “duty . . . to balance the interests 

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of all parties and weigh the damage to each.” L.A. Mem’l Coliseum Comm’n, 634 F.2d at 

1203. 

Here, as set forth by Defendants’ papers and at the hearing, the Court is persuaded 

that in weighing the potential damage to each, the balance of equities tips in the 

Defendants’ favor. Granting Javo’s preliminary injunction would effectively shut down 

Defendants’ business by forcing Defendants to cease all operations moving forward. While 

Javo contends that the Defendants’ actions have decreased the value of Javo and interfered 

with recent efforts to sell the company, Javo has failed to sufficiently show that it faces any 

immediate and significant threat to continue doing business or continue with its efforts to 

sell the company. Accordingly, Javo has failed to establish that the balance of equities tips 

in its favor.

D. Public Interest

Where, as here, an injunction’s reach is narrow and affects only the parties without 

impacting non-parties, “the public interest will be at most a neutral factor in the analysis 

rather than one that favors granting or denying the preliminary injunction.” Stormans, Inc. 

v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1139 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotes and brackets omitted). 

Accordingly, this factor does not weigh in favor of granting or denying Javo’s motion.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Javo’s motion for preliminary injunction is DENIED. 

It is SO ORDERED.

Dated: February 24, 2020

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