Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08099/USCOURTS-azd-3_10-cv-08099-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Jim Kanelos, 

Plaintiff, 

vs.

County of Mohave, et al., 

Defendants. 

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No. CV-10-8099-PCT-GMS

ORDER

Pending before the Court are Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 86)

and Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 88). For the reasons discussed

below, Defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part and Plaintiff’s motion is

granted in part and denied in part. Judgment is entered on all Plaintiff’s claims.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Jim Kanelos is a resident of Mohave County and a member of the Western

States Constitutionalist Alliance (“WSCA”). The WSCA passes out literature several times

a year in front of the Mohave County Administration Building (the “MCAB”), located in

Kingman, Arizona. This literature typically includes a copy of the United States Constitution

or Declaration of Independence and a leaflet about joining the WSCA. 

On October 13, 2010, Plaintiff stood outside the MCAB’s main entrance distributing

literature to people entering and exiting the building. He was located about 25 to 30 feet from

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The location where Plaintiff distributed fliers—about 25 to 30 feet from the front

doors—has been established by both Plaintiff’s unopposed statement of facts and Richard

Weldon’s deposition.(Doc. 89, ¶ 21; Doc. 89-1, Ex. 1 at 29). Defendant does not provide any

evidence or argument to the contrary.

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the building’s front doors.1

 As he passed out flyers, Plaintiff was approached by non-party

Richard Weldon, County Risk Manager, and Defendant Bill Ekstrom, Deputy County

Attorney. Weldon and Ekstrom told Plaintiff he was prohibited from passing out literature

at the building pursuant to Administrative Procedures (3-1): Administration Building &

Facilities Rules and Policies (“AP 3-1”). Plaintiff immediately stopped distributing literature.

AP 3-1 was drafted by Defendant Ron Walker, the Mohave County Manager, with the

assistance of the County’s civil attorneys. On March 1, 2010, Walker signed AP 3-1, thereby

enacting it. Plaintiff opposes the following provisions in AP 3-1:

PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES: No part of the Administration

Building and Facilities may be used for the following purposes.

1. Political campaigning, including solicitation either in support

of or against a political candidate, or potential political

candidate, an issue before or potentially before the voters or an

incumbent government official or employee. This provision does

not prohibit the expression of personal opinions or beliefs if

done in a manner that does not disrupt the business conducted

within the premises.

2. Distribution of or gathering signatures on petitions including

nomination, referendum or recall petitions.

3. Solicitation of campaign contributions.

4. The erection or display of campaign signs or banners.

Provided that this provision will not prohibit a political sign of

reasonable size attached to or painted on a vehicle, while the

vehicle is parked on the premises for the legitimate conduct of

government business. This provision will also not prohibit the

wearing of campaign buttons or apparel in support of or against

a candidate or issue while the wearer is on the premises for the

conduct of legitimate government business.

5. Leafleting or distribution of material either in support of or

against a candidate or an issue before the voters.

6. Political assembly, rallies, demonstrations or picketing.

No Solicitation: No part of the Administration Building and

Facilities may be used for the following purposes.

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 The Board of Supervisors is the governing body of Mohave County.

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. . . . 

2. Rallies, demonstrations, picketing or assembly, whether for

political, commercial or personal purposes.

3. Solicitation of funds.

4. Leafleting or distribution of flyers or other literature.

(Doc. 87-1, Ex. F at 2). These provisions, in essence, prohibit five types of activities at the

MCAB and on its grounds: 1) political campaigning, 2) distribution of petitions or leaflets,

3) solicitation of funds, 4) display of signs, and 5) rallies, demonstrations, picketing or

assembly. 

Defendants Tom Sockwell, Gary Watson, and Buster Johnson, who together constitute

the Mohave County Board of Supervisors,2

 state that they “supported the implementation of”

AP 3-1. (Doc. 64, ¶ 9). The Board did not, however, review AP 3-1 before its enactment, as

the Board had delegated to Walker the authority to institute policies for the building without

the Board’s approval. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. F at 1; Id., Ex. E at 26:22–27:10). 

Prior to the enactment of AP 3-1, Ekstrom had advised both the prior County Manager

and Walker to restrict certain expressive activities at County buildings. In 1990, Ekstrom

wrote a letter advising the County Manager to prohibit political campaigning and political

advertisements on the premises of the County’s buildings to “avoid any appearance as a

County . . . [of] supporting particular persons or issues.” (Doc. 87, Ex. J). In 2006, the

County moved its offices to the current building. In 2007, Ekstrom wrote a letter to Walker

and other County officials stating that County buildings are not public forums and are to be

strictly used for County business, and that individuals who “approach or harass” people

conducting County business should be advised to “leave the premises and [take] their activity

to [ ] traditional public forums.” (Id.). Ekstrom contends that this practice of prohibiting

political activities at County buildings is based on A.R.S. § 11-410 (2001), which states, in

relevant part, that “[a] county shall not use its personnel, equipment, materials, buildings or

other resources for the purpose of influencing the outcome of elections.” (Doc. 87, Ex. C at

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25). 

Plaintiff claims that prior to AP 3-1’s enactment, he distributed literature at the

MCAB on multiple occasions without being told to leave. Plaintiff wishes to continue

distributing WSCA literature in front of the building, but states that he is prevented from

doing so by County officials’ enforcement of AP 3-1. (Doc. 89, ¶ 35).

In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment from this Court

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 (2010) that AP 3-1 violates his First Amendment rights. (Doc.

61, ¶¶ 35–38). Based on this alleged First Amendment violation, Plaintiff also brings claims

against the individual Defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for compensatory and nominal

damages. (Id. at ¶¶ 39–43). In addition, Plaintiff seeks punitive damages from defendants

Ekstrom, Sockwell, and Walker. 

Defendants now move for summary judgment on all claims. (Doc. 86). Plaintiff,

meanwhile, moves for summary judgment on his declaratory relief claim. (Doc. 88). Oral

argument regarding these motions was held on August 10, 2012.

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party, demonstrates “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED.R.CIV.P. 56(a). Substantive

law determines which facts are material and “[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the

outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary

judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “A fact issue is

genuine ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the

nonmoving party.’” Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2002)

(quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). When the nonmoving party “bear[s] the burden of proof

at trial as to an element essential to its case, and that party fails to make a showing sufficient

to establish a genuine dispute of fact with respect to the existence of that element, then

summary judgment is appropriate.” Cal. Architectural Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Franciscan

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Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466, 1468 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986)). 

II. Analysis

A. Section 1983 Claims against Smith, Johnson, Sockwell and Watson

Plaintiff concedes that Defendant Smith is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s

§ 1983 claim against him in his individual capacity. (See Doc. 91 at 12 n.1) (“Plaintiff

requests the Court dismiss defendant Matt Smith.”). For the reasons discussed below, the

Court will also grant summary judgment to Defendants Johnson, Sockwell, and Watson in

their individual capacities.

Plaintiff contends that Johnson, Sockwell, and Watson are subject to supervisory

liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “Supervisory liability is imposed against a supervisory

official in his individual capacity.” Larez v. City of Los Angeles, 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th Cir.

1991). An official is not automatically liable for the acts of those he supervises under the

theory of vicarious liability, but may incur liability where he “implement[s] a policy so

deficient that the policy ‘itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights’ and is ‘the moving

force of the constitutional violation.’” Redman v. County of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435,

1446–47 (9th Cir. 1991) (citing Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 304 (5th Cir. 1987)).

Plaintiff has provided no evidence that Board members Johnson, Sockwell, or Watson

“implemented” or were the “moving force” behind AP 3-1. AP 3-1 was drafted and enacted

not by the Board, but by Ron Walker, the Mohave County Manager. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. F at 1;

Ex. E at 26:22–27:10). Because the Board has delegated policy-making authority regarding

County buildings to Walker, he had the authority to enact and implement AP 3-1 without the

Board’s approval. Id. Plaintiff contends that the Board members are liable because they

“supported” the policy by not repealing it and by not removing Walker from his post as

County Manager. Without more, however, their passive support of AP 3-1 does not make the

Board members the “moving force” behind AP 3-1.

Plaintiff further contends that Supervisor Johnson “supported the Policy by stopping

the Zannas from distributing literature” at the MCAB. (Doc. 91 at 11). Gianluca Zanna and

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Bridget Langston-Zanna are individuals who have filed a separate action in this Court. They

allege in that action that in November 2009—prior to the enactment of AP 3-1—Johnson

stopped them from handing out flyers inside the MCAB. Johnson could not, however,

support a written policy that was not in existence at the time he is alleged to have supported

it. Moreover, that Johnson may have stopped other individuals from handing out flyers does

not make him the moving force behind the alleged infringements of Plaintiff’s constitutional

rights.

Lastly, Plaintiff argues that Sockwell “vociferously supported the Policy in [ ]

articles” which he wrote to the newspaper. (Doc. 91 at 12). Although the articles may

constitute evidence of Sockwell’s support for AP 3-1, they do not show that he implemented

the policy or was the moving force behind it. In short, Plaintiff has failed to create a genuine

issue of fact that the Board members are subject to supervisory liability or any other form of

§ 1983 liability. Accordingly, they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law and will, along

with Smith, be dismissed from this lawsuit in their individual capacities. See Celotex, 477

U.S. at 322 (stating thatsummary judgment is appropriate against a party who “failsto make

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and

on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial”).

B. Section 1983 Claim against Walker

Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against Walker in his individual

capacity fails as a matter of law because “the only conduct alleged against Mr. Walker

(adopting the policy) occurred in his official capacity as County Manager.” (Doc. 86 at 6).

This argument mistakenly assumes that individual liability cannot attach to actions taken in

one’s official government capacity. In fact, suits against officials in their individual capacity

generally do involve acts committed during the course of performing governmental functions.

See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25 (1991) (“Personal-capacity suits . . . seek to impose

individual liability upon a government officer for actions taken under color of state law.”).

Defendants also claim that Plaintiff, in his Response, “has not contested, and thus

concedes,” that Walker is entitled to summary judgment. To the contrary, Plaintiff contends

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3

 Plaintiff’s counsel stated at oral argument that Plaintiff is not making anything other

than an as-applied challenge to the County’s enforcement of AP 3-1 on October 13, 2010.

(“ THE COURT: All right. Are you making anything other than an as-applied challenge to

the written policy? MS. ANCHORS: As applied to Mr. Kanelos on that day, yes, Your

Honor, that is our claim, that it was -- that the policy is unconstitutional as applied to him

engaging in his free speech rights on that day.”) (emphasis added). 

4

 These leaflets contained a copy of the Constitution and a leaflet about joining the

WSCA. They did not advocate for or against particular issues or candidates. (Doc. 89-1, Ex.

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in his response that “Walker is liable because he drafted and enacted the Policy that imposes

a broad prohibition on public speech . . . that he knew or reasonably should have known the

Policy would inflict constitutional injury on Mr. Kanelos.” (Doc. 91 at 11) (citing Harris v.

Roderick, 126 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 1997)). Plaintiff’s claim against Walker in his

individual capacity does not, therefore, fail as a matter of law, nor has he conceded this

claim. The Court will not grant summary judgment in Walker’s favor on this ground. 

C. Plaintiff’s Standing to Challenge AP 3-1

The “irreducible constitutional minimum of standing” requires that “the plaintiff must

have suffered an ‘injury in fact’—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a)

concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not ‘conjectural’ or ‘hypothetical.’”

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). “Since they are not mere pleading requirements but rather an indispensable

part of the plaintiff’s case, each [‘injury in fact’] element must be supported in the same way

as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof.” Id. at 561.

As noted above, there are two leafleting provisions in AP 3-1. The first prohibits

leafleting “either in support of or against a candidate or an issue before the voters.” (Doc. 87-

1, Ex. F at 2). The second is an absolute prohibition on all leafleting. (Id.). Plaintiff’s

leafleting activities on October 13, 20103

 were clearly implicated by this second prohibition,

and he therefore has standing to challenge it. Plaintiff’s activities that day, however, were not

implicated by the first leafleting provision, as the leaflets Plaintiff distributed on that day

were not related to a particular candidate or issue before the voters.4

 Accordingly, Plaintiff

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has not shown actual or imminent injury from the first leafleting provision establishing his

standing to challenge it.

Nor has Plaintiff established actual or imminent injury from the remaining provisions

in AP 3-1. Plaintiff notes that he would like to “solicit donations” in front of the building.

He does not, however, claim to have previously solicited donations at the building; nor does

he otherwise establish that the County’s ban on solicitation places him in any danger of

imminent injury. Plaintiff further notes that he would like to engage in other “expressive

activities” at the building. Plaintiff does not particularize, however, which expressive

activities he would like to engage in, much less provide evidence that the remaining allegedly

unconstitutional provisions in AP 3-1 have caused actual or imminent injury to him.

 For instance, Plaintiff raises both vagueness and strict scrutiny challenges to AP 3-1’s

prohibition against “political campaigning.” This provision prohibits all “solicitation either

in support of or against . . . an issue before or potentially before the voters or an incumbent

government official or employee,” except for “the expression of personal opinions or

beliefs.” (Doc. 87-1, Ex. F at 2). Plaintiff does not contend, however, that on the day of the

challenged incident he solicited in support of or against political issues at the building. To

the contrary, Plaintiff states that when he passed out fliers in front of the building he “merely

wished passersby a good morning, and asked if they would like a free copy of the

Constitution.” (Doc. 89, ¶ 23). Wishing somebody a good morning or distributing a copy of

the Constitution does not constitute solicitation regarding “an issue before or potentially

before” the voters or government officials. Although AP 3-1’s political campaigning

prohibition may be vague in regard to certain types of speech, Plaintiff has not shown that

the speech he engaged in at the MCAB is threatened by this prohibition. He therefore lacks

standing to challenge the political campaigning prohibition. See Holder v. Humanitarian Law

Project, 130 S. Ct. 2705, 2718–19 (2010) (“We consider whether a statute is vague as

applied to the particular facts at issue, for ‘[a] plaintiff who engages in some conduct that

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is clearly proscribed cannot complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to the conduct

of others.’”) (emphasis added) (citing Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.,

455 U.S. 489, 495 (1982)). Plaintiff has similarly failed to establish his standing to challenge

AP 3-1’s prohibitions on solicitation of funds, display of signs, rallies, demonstrations,

picketing or assembly. The Court, therefore, will only address the constitutionality of the

provision imposing an absolute prohibition on leafleting.

 D. Forum Analysis

Even on government property, “[c]itizens are not entitled to exercise their First

Amendment rights whenever and wherever they wish.” Kindt v. Santa Monica Rent Control

Bd., 67 F.3d 266, 269 (9th Cir. 1995). “The Government, ‘no less than a private owner of

property, has the power to preserve the property under its control for the use to which it is

lawfully dedicated.’” U.S. v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171, 178 (1983) (citing Adderly v. Florida, 385

U.S. 39, 47 (1966)). A court must perform “forum analysis to determine when a

governmental entity, in regulating property in its charge, may place limitations on speech.”

Christian Legal Soc. Chapter of the Univ. of Cal., Hastings Coll. of the Law v. Martinez, 130

S. Ct. 2971, 2984 (2010). Where forum analysis is concerned, government property is sorted

into four categories: “(1) a traditional public forum, (2) a designated public forum, (3) a

limited public forum, or (4) a nonpublic forum.” Wright v. Incline Vill. Gen. Improvement

Dist., 665 F.3d 1128, 1134 (9th Cir. 2011). See also Martinez, 130 S. Ct. at 2984 n.11; Ark.

Educ. Television Comm’n v. Forbes, 523 U.S. 666, 677 (1998). Plaintiff contends that the

entryway area in front of the MCAB is a traditional public forum. Defendants, meanwhile,

argue that this area is a nonpublic forum.

A traditional public forum is “government property that has been traditionally open

to the public for expressive activity.” United States v. Kokinda, 497 U.S. 720, 727 (1990).

For instance, locations such as streets and parks have been recognized as public forums, as

they are open to the public and have traditionally been used for “communicating thoughts

between citizens, and discussing public questions.” Int’l Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.

v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672, 679 (1992) (quoting Hague v. Comm. for Indus. Org., 307 U.S. 496,

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515 (1988)). That an area is “open to the public” is nevertheless insufficient to establish it

as a public forum. Kokinda, 497 U.S. at 729. The area must also be “dedicated to [ ]

expressive activity.” Id. at 730. The Ninth Circuit has created a three-factor balancing test

to determine whether a public location is a traditional public forum: 

(1) the actual use and purposes of the property, particularly

status as a public thoroughfare and availability of free public

access to the area, (2) the area’s physical characteristics,

including its location and the existence of clear boundaries

delimiting the area, and (3) traditional or historical use of both

the property in question and other similar properties. 

Wright, 665 F.3d at 1135 (quoting ACLU of Nev. v. City of Las Vegas, 333 F.3d 1092,

1100–01 (9th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotations omitted).

1. Purposes of the Property

First, the Court must consider “the actual use and purposes of the property,

particularly status as a public thoroughfare and availability of free public access to the area.”

Id. In the instant case, it is useful to consider the purposes of both the area in front of the

doors and the building to which this area is connected. 

a. The Area in Front of the MCAB

The area at issue is a modestly-sized entryway in front of the MCAB that is used by

patrons to navigate between the parking lot and the building. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. L). Neither this

concrete area nor any of the exterior walkways are connected to any public streets or

sidewalks, and there are no benches, tables, or other such structures on or near the entrance

which might encourage visitors to linger there. The Supreme Court held in U.S. v. Kokinda

that a sidewalk “constructed solely to assist postal patrons to negotiate the space between the

parking lot and the front door of the post office” was not a public forum. 497 U.S. 720, 728

(1990). See also Monterey County Democratic Cent. Committee v. U.S. Postal Service, 812

F.2d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1987) (“That a sidewalk is situated on publicly owned property

without more, [ ] is insufficient to accord it public forum status.”). The area at issue in this

case, although wider than a sidewalk, is similarly limited in use and purpose. Such limited

use and purpose weigh against the area being a public forum. 

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b. The MCAB

The MCAB has a variety of purposes. It houses the offices of the County’s treasurer,

recorder, and assessor, and is used by County residents to pay taxes and apply for licenses

and permits. The building also regularly houses the meetings of two “legislative

bod[ies]”—the Mohave County Board of Supervisors and the Mohave County Planning and

Zoning Commission. (Doc. 105 at 2).The Board of Supervisors holds regular meetings in an

auditorium in the MCAB at which it conducts official County business, and County residents

may attend these meetings and voice their opinions about issues before the Board. (See Doc.

89-1, Ex. 3 at 1) (“If members of the public wish to address the Board regarding an item they

may fill out the Request to Speak Form . . . located in the back of the room. The form should

then be given to the Clerk of the Board prior to the meeting.”). In short, the MCAB houses

both administrative and legislative activities. 

Where a government building houseslegislative activities, courts have typically held

that the building’s grounds are a traditional public forum. See, e.g., Lederman v. U.S., 291

F.3d 36, 44 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (sidewalk at foot of U.S. Capitol steps is a public forum);

Pouillon v. City of Owosso, 206 F.3d 711, 713, 715–17 (6th Cir. 2000) (city hall steps are a

traditional public forum); Pinette v. Capitol Square Rev. & Advisory Bd., 30 F.3d 675, 678

(6th Cir. 1994) (ten-acre public square surrounding Ohio State Capitol is a public forum);

Chabad-Lubavitch of Ga. v. Harris, 752 F. Supp. 1063, 1067–68 (N.D. Ga. 1990) (plaza in

front of Georgia State Capitol is a public forum). These courts, however, have typically cited

the grounds’ history of being used for expressive activities. See, e.g., Pinette, 30 F.3d at 678

(“Capitol Square is, indeed, a traditional public forum. Over the years, groups . . . have held

rallies and sponsored speeches in the square.”); Harris, 752 F. Supp. at 1066 (“[T]he plaza,

the parties agree, has been used repeatedly in demonstrations and rallies. Consequently . . .

the plaza is a public forum.”). As the Sixth Circuit explained in Pouillon v. City of Owosso,

“[although] [n]umerous cases have held that the United States Capitol, as well as state

capitols, are proper fora for demonstrations. . . . [i]n most of these cases, the [public forum]

issue is decided by reference to the history of the building’s use.” 206 F.3d 711, 717 (6th Cir.

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2000).

In sum, the mere fact that a building is used for legislative purposes, without more,

is insufficient to render its entire grounds a public forum. Nonetheless, courts have implied

that the legislative purpose of a building is a factor which should be taken into consideration

when conducting a forum analysis. See Lederman, 291 F.3d at 42 (“[T]he primary purpose

for which the Capitol was designed—legislating—is entirely consistent with the existence

of all parades, assemblages, or processions which may take place on the grounds.”) (internal

citation and quotation marks omitted); Jeannette Rankin Brigade v. Chief of Capitol Police,

342 F. Supp. 575, 584 (D. D.C. 1972) ([“T]he fundamental function of a legislature in a

democratic society assumes accessibility to [popular] opinion.”). Accordingly, that legislative

activities are conducted inside the building weighs in favor or the building being a public

forum.

2. The Area’s Physical Characteristics

Second, the Court must weigh “the area’s physical characteristics, including its

location and the existence of clear boundaries delimiting the area.” Wright, 665 F.3d at 1135

(internal citation and quotations omitted). “[A]reas that are centrally located and integrated

into the surrounding locale provide no alteration of expectationsthat would justify nonpublic

forum status.” City of Las Vegas, 333 F.3d at 1102. In contrast, where an area is not

integrated into surrounding public locales, any expectation that this area is open for

expressive activities is weakened. For instance, the Seventh Circuit held that the sidewalks

at Chicago’s government-owned Navy Pier—which contains recreational and commercial

facilities—are not traditional public forums because they “are not through routes; they lead

only to the pier facilities themselves.” Chicago Acorn v. Metropolitan Pier and Exposition

Authority, 150 F.3d 695, 702 (7th Cir. 1998); see also Citizens to End Animal Suffering and

Exploitation, Inc. v. Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Inc., 745 F. Supp. 65, 70 (D. Mass. 1990)

(finding it significant that “[m]any pedestrians wholly uninterested in the Marketplace’s

offerings cross its lanes daily in traveling to the waterfront”). The area at issue in this case

is not centrally located or integrated into any surrounding public locale. It leads only to the

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MCAB. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. L). Moreover, the area is not expansive and is located directly in

front of the building. Accordingly, any expressive activities conducted thereon take place

“near” or “in the immediate vicinity of” the MCAB. Jeannette, 342 F. Supp. at 584 (finding

significant that “the [U.S.] Capitol Grounds . . . are so extensive that demonstrations which

may take place upon them might not be ‘near’ or ‘in the immediate vicinity of’ the Capitol

itself”). The “physical characteristics” factor weighs against the area being a traditional

public forum. 

To be sure, in Lederman v. U.S., the D.C. Circuit held that a sidewalk near the East

Front of the U.S. Capitol was a public forum, even though it was not integrated into the

surrounding public locale. 291 F.3d 36, 44 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[T]he East Front sidewalk

borders no public streets.”). Nonetheless, that sidewalk “wrap[ped] around the Capitol’s East

Front almost without interruption, providing pedestrian access to the entire front of the

building in addition to the doors, thereby facilitating tourist access to the Capitol.” Id. at 44.

The area at issue in this case, on the other hand, leads from the parking lot to the building’s

entrance. It more closely resembles the walkway at issue in Monterey County Democratic

Central Committee v. U.S. Postal Service, which the Ninth Circuit held was not a public

forum. 812 F.2d 1194 (9th Cir. 1987). Like the walkway in Monterey County, the entrance

area in the instant case is “separated from the municipal sidewalks by the [building’s]

parking area. The isolated nature of the building . . . indicate[s] to all who approach that the

walkway services [ ] patrons entering the building and that it is not a thoroughfare for

passersby intent on other errands.” Id. at 1197.

3. Traditional or Historical Use of Both the Property in Question and

Other Similar Properties

Lastly, the Court must evaluate “the traditional or historical use of both the property

in question and other similar properties.” Wright, 665 F.3d at 1135 (quoting City of Las

Vegas, 333 F.3d at 1100–01) (internal quotations omitted). In other words, the Court must

examine the area’s “historic use as a public forum and whether it is part of the class of

property which, by history and tradition, has been treated as a public forum.” City of Las

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Vegas, 333 F.3d at 1103.

a. Historical Use of the Pathway

Defendants have adequately established that Mohave County has a longstanding

“policy” that County property “is not meant to be a public forum available to pamphleteers,

petitioners, and others engaging in protected free speech.” (Doc. 87-1, Ex. J) (2007 letter

from Ekstrom to Walker and other County officials). Where the “historical use” analysis of

the area in front of the MCAB’s is concerned, however, Defendants must not only show that

the County had this policy, but that it actually enforced the policy in the area at issue. In

other words, Defendants must show that expressive activity on the area in front of the

MCAB has been “traditionally restricted.” Pouillon, 206 F.3d at 717 (“[I]n the absence of

a showing that the steps of this public building have been traditionally restricted, we hold that

the steps . . . are a traditional public forum.”). Where a governmental entity has historically

permitted expressive activities to occur in a given venue, it “may not by fiat assert broad

control over [such] speech or expressive activities.” Int’l Soc’y for Krishna Consciousness,

Inc. v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672, 700 (1992) (Kennedy, J., concurring). See also City of Las Vegas,

333 F.3d at 1105 (9th Cir. 2003). 

The Parties do not dispute that prior to the October 2010 incident where Plaintiff was

told to stop leafleting, he had on several occasions “handed out written material such as the

Declaration of Independence, information about different projects to be discussed by the

Mohave County Planning and Zoning Council and the Board of Supervisors, and information

about the Northwest Arizona Watershed Council” near the building’s entrance, and that “no

county official had ever told [him] to stop.” (Doc. 89, ¶¶ 39, 42) (Plaintiff’s unopposed

statement of facts). Moreover, Supervisor Sockwell attests that he is not “aware of any action

taken by Mohave County to curtail . . . the passing out of literature” prior to November 2009.

And a Mr. Val Starr attests that prior to the enactment of AP 3-1 he had passed out literature

in front of the MCAB on several occasions and was never asked to stop. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. G

at 39) (stating that on one occasion his group was “approached by security who asked us not

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to block the main entrance and stand to the side” but that he was never asked to stop

leafleting altogether).

 Defendants, meanwhile, contend that it has always been their practice to stop

leafleting near the entrance. (Doc. 94 at 6). They provide the deposition testimony of County

Risk Manager Richard Weldon, who attests that “[e]very time someone is found to be

standing in front of the doors . . . passing out material, security calls one of my personnel,

and we respond to the location and stop that.” (Doc. 87-1, Ex. A at 18). Weldon further

attests that he sees no difference between what he is doing to stop people under AP 3-1 and

what he did to stop people prior to the enactment of AP 3-1. (Id. at 22:12–16). 

Defendants argue, citing United States v. Gilbert, 920 F.2d 878 (11th Cir. 1991), that

“isolated incident[s] of one citizen getting past the policy” do not create an issue of fact.

(Doc. 94 at 6). In Gilbert, the Eleventh Circuit held that the entryway to a federal courthouse

was a nonpublic forum because the plaintiff had produced “absolutely no evidence that the

government intentionally permits others, either by written or unwritten policy, to use the

[entryway] for demonstrations.” 920 F.2d at 885. The court acknowledged that there was

some evidence in the record that the entryway had occasionally been used during protest

activity, but stated that “the most [plaintiff] has shown are isolated instances of undiscovered

violations.” Id. In this case, on the other hand, Plaintiff has produced evidence of more than

undiscovered violations. For instance, as discussed, Mr. Starr attests that he leafleted in front

of the MCAB on several occasions prior to the enactment of AP 3-1. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. G at

39). He further attests that the building security was aware of and permitted this leafleting,

simply requesting that he stand to the side and not block the entrance. (Id.). In short, the

evidence creates a genuine issue of fact as to whether the County actually permitted

leafleting near the MCAB entrance.

b. Historical Use of Other Similar Properties

The Court must also weigh whether venues similar to the MCAB entryway have

historically been held to be public forums. Wright, 665 F.3d at 1135; City of Las Vegas, 333

F.3d at 1103. As discussed above, the MCAB does not fit neatly into either the state capitol

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category of cases, in which courts have deemed large plazas near state capitol buildings to

be public forums, nor into the post-office sidewalk category of cases, in which courts have

deemed sidewalks leading from the parking lot to the front door of a post-office not to be

public forums. The MCAB’s entrance area is, however, similar to the venue in Pouillon v.

City of Owosso, 206 F.3d 711 (6th Cir. 2000).

In Pouillon, the Sixth Circuit determined that the City of Owosso’s city hall steps

were a public forum. 206 F.3d at 717. The court’s determination was based, in part, on the

lack of evidence that the city had traditionally restricted expressive activities on the steps:

[T]he record before us indicates that no one raised the question

of how Owosso’s city hall steps had been used in the past,

whether made available to demonstrations or not. But in the

absence of a showing that the steps of this public building have

been traditionally restricted, we hold that the steps of Owosso’s

city hall are a traditional public forum.

Id. Like Owosso’s city hall, the MCAB “is a venue that seems in the highest degree linked,

traditionally, with the expression of opinion.” Id. at 716–17. As discussed above, however,

there is a genuine issue of fact as to whether expressive activity near the MCAB’s entrance

has been “traditionally restricted.” Id.

4. Balancing of the Factors

While the physical characteristics of the area in front of the MCAB—namely its

modest size and proximity to the entrance—weigh against it being a public forum, that the

MCAB houses legislative activities weighs in favor of it being a public forum. Accordingly,

the area’s forum status hinges on a genuine issue of fact—whether the County has

historically allowed this area to be used for expressive activities. As discussed below,

however, the Court need not determine whether the area is a public or nonpublic forum: even

if the entrance area is a nonpublic forum, the leafleting regulations as applied to Plaintiff are

unconstitutional.

E. Constitutionality of Leafleting Prohibition

In a nonpublic forum, speech restrictions must be “(1) reasonable in light of the

purpose of the forum; and (2) viewpoint neutral.” Alpha Delta Chi-Delta Chapter v. Reed,

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648 F.3d 790, 798 (9th Cir. 2011). Plaintiff concedes that AP 3-1’s leafleting prohibition is

viewpoint neutral. He argues, however, that in light of the purposes of the forum, the

restriction is unreasonable as applied to him.

“The ‘reasonableness’ requirement for restrictions on speech in a nonpublic forum

‘requires more of a showing than does the traditional rational basis test; i.e., it is not the same

as establish[ing] that the regulation is rationally related to a legitimate governmental

objective, as might be the case for the typical exercise of the government's police power.’”

Sammartano v. First Judicial Dist. Court, in & for County of Carson City, 303 F.3d 959,

966–67 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Tucker v. State of California Dept. of Educ., 97 F.3d 1204,

1215 (9th Cir.1996)). “There must be evidence in the record to support a determination that

the restriction is reasonable. That is, there must be evidence that the restriction reasonably

fulfills a legitimate need.” Sammartano, 303 F.3d at 967 (emphasis added and internal

citation omitted).

AP 3-1 prohibits all “[l]eafleting or distribution of flyers or other literature.” (Doc. 87-

1, Ex. F at 2). Defendants argue that this total ban on leafleting is reasonable because it

ensures that County taxpayers are not paying to clean up after leafleteers, supports the public

perception of partisan neutrality, and prevents disruptions to the flow of traffic. (Doc. 86 at

12). Defendants have failed, however, to identify evidence in the record that the restriction,

as applied to Plaintiff, “reasonably fulfills a legitimate need.” Sammartano, 303 F.3d at 967.

First, Defendants have provided no evidence that Plaintiff’s leafleting activities—or

anyone else’s leafleting activities for that matter—are likely to cause extra clean up for the

County. Moreover, even if leafleting would create extra clean-up costs for the County, a mere

increase in cleaning costs is not a reasonable grounds on which to restrict leafleting. Martin

v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141, 143 (1943) (holding that the right to distribute literature

cannot be withdrawn based on “the minor nuisance for a community of cleaning litter from

its streets”).

Nor does the record show that there is a risk of the public mistaking Plaintiff for a

county representative or otherwise determining based on his behavior that the County is

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partisan to Plaintiff’s viewpoints. Reasonable persons are not likely to view private citizens

leafleting outside the MCAB as being endorsed by the County. Cf. Tucker v. State of Cal.

Dept. of Educ., 97 F.3d 1204, 1215 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Reasonable persons are not likely to

consider all of the information posted on bulletin boards or walls in government buildings

to be government-sponsored or endorsed.). And “[c]ertainly a total ban on [leafleting] is an

unreasonable means of obviating such a concern.” Id.

Lastly, Defendants have not provided evidence that one or two leafleteers standing

in the area Plaintiff stood would obstruct others’ access to the building. Defendants’ counsel

conceded during oral argument that Plaintiff was not obstructing access to the building. In

addition, Weldon conceded in his deposition that he had received no reports of Plaintiff being

“disruptive” and that he did not see any disruptive behavior while observing Plaintiff’s

leafleting activities. (Doc. 87-1, Ex. A at 30) To be sure, the County has a legitimate need

to maintain a clear walkway from the parking lot to the MCAB’s front doors; and it “need

not choose the least restrictive alternative” to fulfil this need. Sammartano, at 966–67.

Nonetheless, the speech restrictions the County chooses must be “tailored to [its] legitimate

concerns.” Id. at 968. And a total ban on all leafleting anywhere on MCAB premises is not

“tailored” to the County’s alleged crowding concerns. See id. at 968–69 (holding that

although a government complex “has a legitimate need to preserve an orderly and safe place

to conduct the public’s business,” “a total ban on [a particular type of ] expressive activity,

applying to a visitor to the volunteer services office or the office of the Advocate to End

Domestic Violence and even to individuals who will do no more than walk in the Complex

halls, is an unreasonable means of obviating the concerns articulated by [the defendants]”).

“This is especially so given the far less restrictive alternative of [ ] rules or orders . . . limited

to [specific areas or disruptive behaviors].” Id.

In sum, AP 3-1’s sweeping ban on leafleting is unreasonable as applied to a person

leafleting away from the front doors, and who does not attribute his views to the County or

obstruct access to the building. The reasonableness determination is to be made “in the light

of the purpose of the forum.” Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S.

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Although the County states without citing to the record that it “leaves open alternate

forums for leafleting activity on public property nearby,”(Doc. 94 at 9), there are not any

public sidewalks or other public forums in the immediate vicinity of the MCAB. (Doc. 105-1,

Ex. A; Doc. 87-1, Ex. K).

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788, 809 (1985). And as discussed, one of the key purposes of the MCAB is to house the

County’s legislative bodies. Given County residents’ obvious interest and stake in County

decisions, it is unreasonable to deprive those residents of the ability to leaflet anywhere on

the MCAB premises without the County showing a legitimate need to do so, particularly

where the broad scope of AP 3-1’s other prohibitions has closed off virtually all alternative

channels of communication. (See Doc. 87-1, Ex. F at 2).5

The Court will therefore grant Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment insofar

as it pertains to AP 3-1’s absolute prohibition on leafleting and declare this provision

unconstitutional as applied to Plaintiff to the extent that he desires to distribute material while

not impeding access to the MCAB or otherwise being disruptive. 28 U.S.C. § 2201 (2010)

(“In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, any court of the United States . . .

may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such

declaration.”). See also Foti v. City of Menlo Park, 146 F.3d 629, 635 (9th Cir. 1998) (“An

as-applied challenge contends that the law is unconstitutional as applied to the litigant’s

particular speech activity, even though the law may be capable of valid application to others.

An as-applied challenge does not implicate the enforcement of the law against third parties.

. . . A successful as-applied challenge does not render the law itself invalid but only the

particular application of the law.”) (internal citation omitted). As discussed, Plaintiff has not

established standing to challenge AP 3-1’s other allegedly unconstitutional provisions. The

Court will therefore grant Defendants’ motion for summary judgment with regard to these

provisions.

F. Qualified Immunity

Defendants contend that Ekstrom and Walker are entitled to qualified immunity. The

doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials “from liability for civil damages

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insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights

of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982). Whether a reasonable government official should have known of a right in a

particular factual context depends on whether a principle of law had been “clearly established

at the time” the official took the contested action. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S., 223, 244

(2009). “Even in the context of clearly established law, ‘[i]f the [official’s] mistake as to

what the law requires is reasonable . . . the [official] is entitled to the immunity defense.’”

Galvin v. Hay, 374 F.3d 739, 745 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 205

(2001)). Accordingly, “the qualified immunity defense . . . provides ample protection to all

but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475

U.S. 335, 341 (1986).

In the Ninth Circuit, a court looks first to Supreme Court precedent, and then to Ninth

Circuit caselaw to find whether a principle has been clearly established. If those sources are

not decisive, a court may turn to “whatever decisional law is available to ascertain whether

the law is clearly established.” Capoeman v. Reed, 754 F.2d 1512, 1514 (9th Cir. 1985)

(considering out-of-circuit cases, including district court and state court cases from other

circuits, to conclude that a right was clearly established in the absence of Ninth Circuit

precedent).

Defendants contend that it “is not clearly established that Plaintiff had a right to hand

out leaflets at the County Administration Building,” citing cases in which courts have upheld

restrictions on leafleting near a state fair, an abortion clinic, a power laboratory, and a

performing arts complex. See Heffron v. Int’l Soc’y for Krishna Consciousness, 452 U.S.

640, 647 (1981) (state fair); Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703, 715, 729–30 (2000) (abortion

clinic); Knolls Action Project v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, 771 F.2d 46 (2d Cir.

1985) (power laboratory); Hotel Emples. & Rest. Emples. Union, Local 100 v. City of N.Y.

Dep’t of Parks & Rec., 311 F.3d 534, 554 (2d Cir. 2002) (performing arts complex). Plaintiff,

on the other hand, references caselaw in which courts have invalidated speech restrictions

in large plazas near legislative buildings, and argues that the instant case is “easily

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distinguishable” from the cases referenced by Defendants, which involve non-legislative

forums. (Doc. 91 at 12). Unlike the legislative buildings referenced by Plaintiff, however, the

MCAB does not have a large plaza on its premises; rather, the area in front of the building

where the County enforced the leafleting provision is modest and connects to a pathway that

leads from the building to the parking lot. As discussed above, the Supreme Court held in

Kokinda that the government could prohibit solicitation on a sidewalk “constructed solely

to assist postal patrons to negotiate the space between the parking lot and the front door of

the post office.” 497 U.S. at 728. A reasonable County official could therefore have

concluded that broad leafleting restrictions near the entrance area to the MCAB were valid.

Ekstrom and Walker are entitled to qualified immunity and will be dismissed from this

lawsuit in their individual capacities.

G. Punitive Damages

In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff requests punitive damages against Defendants

Ekstrom, Sockwell, and Walker. “Punitive damages are available against individual

[government officials] in a § 1983 claim only where the [officials’] ‘conduct is shown to be

motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to the

federally protected rights of others.’” Dubner v. City and County of San Francisco, 266 F.3d

959, 969 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983)). As discussed above,

Ekstrom, Sockwell, and Walker are dismissed from this action in their individual capacities.

Plaintiff is therefore precluded from seeking punitive damages against them. See City of

Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247, 271 (1981) (holding that punitive damages are

not recoverable against a state official sued in his or her official capacity). 

Moreover, even if Ekstrom, Sockwell, or Walker were liable in their individual

capacity, Plaintiff would not be entitled to punitive damages. Plaintiff contends, without

citing to the record, that punitive damages are appropriate against Walker because he has

“expressed animosity toward [Plaintiff’s] speech activities.” (Doc. 91). Although Walker has

publically voiced his strong opinion that members of the WSCA have no right to engage in

“partisan politics” on County property, (Doc. 92-1 at 53), Plaintiff has not produced evidence

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by which a reasonable fact finder could determine that Walker’s opinion rose to the level of

“evil [ ] intent” or “reckless or callous indifference” to Plaintiff’s rights. Dubner, 266 F.3d

at 969. Nor has Plaintiff demonstrated that Ekstrom or Sockwell were so motivated.

Accordingly, there is “insufficient evidence to support an allegation as to punitive damages.”

Id.

CONCLUSION

Plaintiff concedes that Defendant Smith is entitled to summary judgment. Moreover,

Plaintiff has not shown a genuine issue of fact that Defendants Johnson, Sockwell, or Watson

implemented or were the moving force behind AP 3-1. That Defendant Walker’s alleged

unconstitutional actions were taken in his capacity as County Manager does not render him

immune to claims against him in his individual capacity. 

There is no evidence in the record that AP 3-1’s absolute leafleting prohibition is

tailored to a legitimate County need. It is therefore unreasonable and, as applied to Plaintiff,

violates the First Amendment. Plaintiff does not have standing to challenge the other

allegedly unconstitutional provisions. Defendants Ekstrom and Walker are entitled to

qualified immunity and will not be liable for any punitive damages.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT:

1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 86) is granted in part and

denied in part.

2. Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 88) is granted in part

and denied in part.

/ / /

/ / /

/ / /

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3. The following provision in AP 3-1 is hereby declared unconstitutional as it

applies to Plaintiff’s nonobstructive distribution of leaflets around the MCAB: “Leafleting

or distribution of flyers or other literature.”

4. Because this Order resolves all Plaintiff’s claims against all parties, the Clerk

of Court is directed to terminate this action.

DATED this 6th day of September, 2012.

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