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Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 19a0389n.06

No. 18-5973

UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

BETTYE STEELE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

EDWARD D. JONES & COMPANY L.P., 

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE MIDDLE

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; GRIFFIN and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

COLE, Chief Judge. Plaintiff Bettye Steele appeals the district court’s grant of summary

judgment for Defendant Edward D. Jones & Company after she alleged age discrimination for

terminating her from her job when she was 71 years old.

Because Steele is unable to show that Edward D. Jones & Company’s reason for

terminating her was pretextual, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the

defendant.

I. BACKGROUND

In February 2009, Bettye Steele was hired by Edward D. Jones & Company (“Edward

Jones”) as a Branch Officer Administrator (“BOA”) in Nashville, Tennessee. At the time, Steele

was 66 years old. Tyrone Laws supervised Steele at the branch office until July 2010, when Steele

requested and received a transfer to a “floater” role, where Steele could work at multiple offices

in the Nashville area. 

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In July 2011, about a year after her transfer to the floater position, Laws filed a report with

Edward Jones’s human resources department alleging that Steele made inappropriate comments to

clients and prospective clients. Steele’s comments allegedly included rumors that Laws had

cheated on his wife and was stealing toys from the company’s Toys for Tots charity drive. As a

result of Laws’s report, a representative from Edward Jones contacted Steele and advised her that

she was expected to act professionally and that any other negative comments from her would result

in an investigation and possible termination.

Despite the warning, Steele did not stop making comments about Laws. Two years passed,

and once again, Laws advised Edward Jones’s human resources department in July 2013 that he

continued to hear about Steele’s negative comments about him. Laws had learned of the comments

from a local coffee shop owner, to whom Steele had repeated the rumor that Laws stole from the

company’s Toys for Tots program. Again, a human resources representative contacted Steele to

instruct her on the need to be professional and to use better judgment. The representative also

instructed Steele not to have any contact with the coffee shop owner.

But a few months after this warning, in September 2013, the coffee shop owner filed a

complaint against Steele with Edward Jones’s human resources department. This time, the coffee

shop owner reported that Steele confronted her in her coffee shop for informing Laws about the

rumors. Because of this confrontation, the owner banned Steele from the coffee shop. As a result,

Edward Jonesissued a written warning to Steele for her lack of professionalism and poor judgment,

which she signed. Steele did not write a response contesting the allegations.

In September 2014, Steele accepted a position to return as a BOA in Edward Jones’s

Murfreesboro, Tennessee, office, under the supervision of Alan Brown. Steele was 70 years old

at the time. In December 2014, Brown informed Edward Jones’s human resources department that

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he had reprimanded Steele for a malicious note she had left for another employee. Brown

contacted Edward Jones’s human resources department again in September 2015 to inform them

of his concerns that (1) Steele was unprepared for meetings, (2) she failed to prepare for a major

web-based meeting, (3) she failed to assist Brown with his duties for the company, and (4) she

used inappropriate language. In addition to these professionalism issues, Steele had also been

reported for multiple performance mistakes, including sending a client a $5,000 transfer instead of

the requested $50,000, and shredding a $14,000 rollover check.

On September 24, 2015, representatives from Edward Jones’s human resources department

called Steele, with Brown on the line, to discuss her performance and possibilities for Steele to

improve. When it became clear that Steele would not commit to changing her behavior, a

representative from human resources terminated Steele’s employment at Edward Jones. Steele

was 71 years old at the time.

On November 29, 2016, Steele filed a complaint against Edward Jones alleging that the

company committed discrimination by firing her because of her age and replacing her with a

younger employee. The district court found that while Steele presented evidence for a prima facie

case of age discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C.

§§ 621–634, she was unable to show that Edward Jones’s “legitimate, non-discriminatory reason

for adverse action [was] pretextual.” (Summ. J. Mem., R. 37, PageID 378.)

Steele timely appealed.

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II. ANALYSIS

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Pittman v. Experian

Info. Sol., Inc, 901 F.3d 619, 627 (6th Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

Under the ADEA, it is unlawful for an employer to “discriminate against any individual

with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such

individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). 

To prevail on a claim under the ADEA, it is not sufficient for the plaintiff to show

that age was a motivating factor in the adverse action; rather, the ADEA’s “because

of” language requires that a plaintiff “prove by a preponderance of the evidence

(which may be direct or circumstantial) that age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the

challenged employer decision.”

Scheick v. Tecumseh Pub. Sch., 766 F.3d 523, 529 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Gross v. FBL Fin.

Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 177–78 (2009)).

A plaintiff can prove a violation of the ADEA with either direct or circumstantial evidence,

Geiger v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614, 620 (6th Cir. 2009), and “a plaintiff need only prove one or

the other, not both.” Scheick, 766 F.3d at 529. Here, Steele only alleges circumstantial evidence.

When a plaintiff alleges circumstantial evidence of age discrimination, we have traditionally

applied the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework to the ADEA claims. See

Schoonmaker v. Spartan Graphics Leasing, LLC, 595 F.3d 261, 264 n.2 (6th Cir. 2010); see also

Scheick, 766 F.3d at 530 (“[A]s this and every other circuit has held, application of the McDonnell

Douglas evidentiary framework to prove ADEA claims based on circumstantial evidence remains

consistent with Gross.”). Under this framework, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case

of age discrimination, after which, the burden shifts to the defendant to present “a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.” Loyd v. Saint Joseph Mercy

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Oakland, 766 F.3d 580, 590 (6th Cir. 2014). Finally, if the defendant provides a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action, then the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove

that the defendant’s reason is a “pretext designed to conceal unlawful discrimination.” Id.

Both parties agree that Steele has established a prima facie case of age discrimination:

(1) she was at least 40 years old at the time of the alleged discrimination, (2) she was subject to an

adverse employment action, (3) she was qualified for the position, and (4) she was replaced by

someone younger. See Geiger, 579 F.3d at 622. And Edward Jones has proffered a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action: Steele was terminated, it contends,

because of her lack of professionalism and unwillingness to change her behavior at work.

The only remaining issue for us to decide is whether Steele has provided evidence from

which a jury could find that Edward Jones’s reason is pretext. A plaintiff can refute an employer’s

alleged nondiscriminatory reason “by showing that the proffered reason (1) has no basis in fact,

(2) did not actually motivate the defendant’s challenged conduct, or (3) was insufficient to warrant

the challenged conduct.” Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 576 (6th Cir. 2003)

(en banc) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Steele is unable to meet that burden.

First, Steele has presented no evidence that the proffered reason has no basis in fact. See

Brennan v. Tractor Supply Co., 237 F. App’x 9, 20 (6th Cir. 2007) (“A showing that a proffered

reason had ‘no basis in fact’ consists of evidence establishing that the proffered reasons for the

employer’s decision never happened, or are factually false.”) On the contrary, Steele admitted in

the district court that over the course of her employment at Edward Jones, the human resources

department spoke with her multiple times about her lack of professionalism and need to put her

past issues with Laws behind her. Instead of heeding these warnings, Steele continued to engage

in behavior that Edward Jones found unbecoming for a representative of its company, whose job

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required frequent client interaction. Second, Steele has not provided any evidence that this reason

did not actually motivate the defendant’s conduct or was insufficient to warrant the conduct. Id. 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (“[I]t is well-settled that a court may not reject an employer’s

explanation [of its action] unless there is sufficient basis in the evidence for doing so.”).

Steele’s only challenge to Edward Jones’s proffered reason is that Brown “declined [to]

implement[] [Edward Jones’s] progressive disciplinary policy,” and that a “specific list[] of job

deficiencies weren’t provided to [her]” before she was terminated. (Appellant Br. 21.) Edward

Jones, however, notes that even though it has a progressive disciplinary system, their phone call

with Steele was to determine what level of discipline should be implemented. When it became

clear that Steele—who already had a history of conflict and warnings—refused to accept

responsibility for her actions, the company felt that “there was no choice other than to terminate

her employment.” (Appellee Br. at 21.) Because Steele has not provided evidence to the contrary,

she cannot establish that a reasonable jury could find that Edward Jones’s reason was a pretext.

See Barnhart v. Pickrel, Schaeffer & Ebeling Co., L.P.A., 12 F.3d 1382, 1395 (6th Cir. 1993) (per

curiam) (finding that the plaintiff’s evidence was insufficient to create a material fact dispute that

the defendant’s proffered reason was pretext).

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reason, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor

of Edward Jones. 

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