Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-00218/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-00218-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 790
Nature of Suit: Other Labor Litigation
Cause of Action: 05:704 Labor Litigation

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

SEAN M HOYT, JR.,

Plaintiff,

v.

AMAZON.COM, INC., et al.,

Defendants.

Case No.19-cv-00218-JSC 

ORDER RE: DEFENDANTS’ MOTION 

TO DISMISS, STAY OR TRANSFER 

THE ACTION

Re: Dkt. No. 16

Plaintiff Sean M. Hoyt, Jr. sues Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc. (together, 

“Amazon”) pursuant to the Private Attorneys General Act, California Labor Code § 2698, et seq., 

alleging wage and hour violations.

1

 (Dkt. No. 1.)2 Now pending before the Court are Amazon’s 

motion to dismiss, stay or transfer the action and accompanying request for judicial notice. (Dkt. 

Nos. 16 & 17.) After careful consideration of the parties’ briefing, and having had the benefit of 

oral argument on March 28, 2019, the Court grants Amazon’s motion in part, and transfers this 

action to the Western District of Washington pursuant to the first-to-file rule because an earlierfiled case in that district involves substantially similar parties and issues. 

BACKGROUND

I. Complaint Allegations

The gravamen of Plaintiff’s complaint is that Amazon violated California wage and hour 

laws by misclassifying its California delivery drivers as independent contractors instead of 

employees. Plaintiff is a current resident and citizen of Arizona who worked full-time “for 

Amazon as a ‘Flex’ driver delivering packages in San Francisco” for “several months in 2018”

 

1 All parties have consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

636(c). (Dkt. Nos. 9 & 14.) 

2 Record citations are to material in the Electronic Case File (“ECF”); pinpoint citations are to the 

ECF-generated page numbers at the top of the documents. 

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while living in Oakland, California. (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶¶ 1,6, 25.) Plaintiff typically worked as a 

Flex driver “8-12 hours per day, 7 days per week.” (Id. at ¶ 27.) His job with Amazon was “his 

sole source of income.” (Id. at ¶ 1.) 

Amazon classifies its Flex drivers as independent contractors, and hires and pays them 

“through its Amazon Flex smartphone application” (“Flex app”). (Id. at ¶¶ 12, 20.) Prospective 

Flex drivers must complete an application, undergo a background check, watch “approximately 20 

mandatory training videos about how to deliver packages in accordance with Amazon’s rules[,]” 

and pass a quiz after watching each training video. (Id. at ¶ 13.) 

Once hired, drivers use the Flex app to “sign up for shifts of varying lengths (from 2 to 12 

hours).” (Id. at ¶ 14.) A Flex driver starts his or her shift by checking-in on the Flex app. (Id. at ¶

23.) Amazon then assigns the driver to “a specific fulfillment center,” where he or she picks up a 

set number of assigned packages that must be delivered during the shift “regardless of how long it 

takes.” (Id. at ¶¶ 14-15, 17, 23.) The time a Flex driver spends waiting at the fulfillment center 

“to receive the assigned packages[ ] counts as part of the shift.” (Id. at ¶ 15.) The Flex driver 

“does not control how many packages he or she will be assigned or the drop-off locations for the 

packages.” (Id. at ¶ 23.) Amazon pays its Flex drivers “only for the number of scheduled hours in 

the shift,” not for the actual time it takes to deliver all assigned packages. (Id. at ¶ 18.) 

The Flex app provides drivers with “the exact route” for each delivery. (Id. at ¶ 23.) Flex 

drivers must use the app to inform Amazon “that the package has been delivered and take a picture 

of the package as proof” of delivery. (Id.) “In delivering packages and interacting with 

customers, Flex drivers must always follow Amazon’s strict guidelines, which they learned from 

mandatory training videos.” (Id.) 

In June 2018, Plaintiff arrived for his shift “at the Amazon fulfillment center in San 

Francisco and was forced to wait 4 hours to receive his packages for delivery.” (Id. at ¶ 28.) After 

receiving his packages, Plaintiff was further delayed by traffic, resulting in deliveries “far behind 

schedule.” (Id.) Amazon terminated Plaintiff that day without explanation by removing his access 

to the Flex app. (Id. at ¶¶ 1, 28.) Plaintiff “attempted to contact Amazon to seek reinstatement, 

but was never able to reach a live person.” (Id. at ¶ 29.) After losing his job, Plaintiff “could not 

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make the payments on his house in Oakland, and was forced to move back home to Arizona.” 

(Id.) 

“As an aggrieved employee, Plaintiff sues on behalf of the State of California [under the 

Private Attorneys General Act] to recover all available civil penalties for Amazon’s labor 

violations” stemming from its misclassification of Plaintiff as an independent contractor and not 

an employee. (Id. at ¶ 32.) 

II. Procedural History

On January 11, 2019, Plaintiff filed his complaint in this Court based on diversity 

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, seeking civil penalties under the Private Attorneys 

General Act (“PAGA”). (Dkt. No. 1.) Amazon then moved to dismiss, stay or transfer the action 

on February 20, 2019. (Dkt. No. 16.) The motion is fully briefed, (see Dkt. Nos. 20 & 22), and 

the Court heard oral argument on March 28, 2019. 

REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE

Generally, “district courts may not consider material outside the pleadings when assessing 

the sufficiency of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).” Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 

F.3d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 2018). When such materials “‘are presented to and not excluded by the 

court,’ the 12(b)(6) motion converts into a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56.” Id.

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d)). There are, however, “two exceptions to this rule: the 

incorporation-by-reference doctrine, and judicial notice under Federal Rule of Evidence 201.” Id.

A judicially noticed adjudicative fact must be one “that is not subject to reasonable dispute 

because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be 

accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” 

Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Here, Amazon requests judicial notice of 26 exhibits consisting of court 

documents filed in other cases in California state court and federal district courts in California and 

Washington. (Dkt. No. 17, Ex. A-Z.) Plaintiff does not oppose Amazon’s request. 

Judicial notice is appropriate for “undisputed matters of public record, including 

documents on file in federal or state courts.” Harris v. Cty. of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1132 (9th 

Cir. 2012) (internal citation omitted); see also Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 803 n.2 

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(9th Cir. 2002) (recognizing that courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both 

within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to 

matters at issue.”). Accordingly, the Court grants judicial notice of Exhibits A-Z because they are 

undisputed matters of public record. 

DISCUSSION

A PAGA claim “is a statutory action in which the penalties available are measured by the 

number of Labor Code violations committed by the employer. An employee bringing a PAGA 

action does so ‘as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies.’” Sakkab v. 

Luxottica Retail N. Am., Inc., 803 F.3d 425, 435 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Iskanian v. CLS Transp. 

Los Angeles, LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348, 380 (2014)). Plaintiff’s PAGA claim alleges the following 

Labor Code violations: (1) intentional misclassification under section 226.8; (2) overtime 

violations under section 510; (3) expense reimbursement under section 2802; (4) meal and rest 

breaks under section 512; (5) itemized wage statements under section 226; (6) waiting time 

penalties under section 203; and (7) illegal contract terms under section 432.5. (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶

32(a)-(f).) 

Amazon moves to dismiss, stay or transfer this action to the Western District of 

Washington under either the first-to-file rule or 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). (Dkt. No. 16.) Amazon 

moves for dismissal or stay based on “nine earlier filed cases[ ] alleging the same or similar 

misclassification-related claims on behalf of the same or a similar group of putative aggrieved 

employees (Amazon delivery partners) against the same defendant (Amazon).” (Dkt. No. 16 at 2.) 

Amazon moves to transfer the action to Western District of Washington because the first-filed 

federal action is pending in that district. Amazon further moves to dismiss under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) Plaintiff’s PAGA claim for waiting time penalties under California Labor 

Code § 203. As the Court concludes that the action should be transferred to the Western District 

of Washington, it does not reach Amazon’s merits argument.

I. First-to-File Rule

The principle of federal comity refers to a court’s discretion to decline jurisdiction when 

the same issues are already pending before another federal court. “[T]hough no precise rule has 

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evolved, the general principle is to avoid duplicative litigation” in the interests of judicial 

economy and avoiding inconsistent results. Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United 

States, 424 U.S. 800, 817 (1976). The Ninth Circuit employs a “first-to-file” rule to implement 

the principle: district courts have discretion to transfer, stay, or dismiss an action if the same 

parties and issues are already at issue in a proceeding before another district court. Pacesetter 

Sys., Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 94-95 (9th Cir. 1982). In determining whether to apply 

the rule, courts must consider the “chronology of the lawsuits, similarity of the parties, and 

similarity of the issues.” Kohn Law Grp., Inc. v. Auto Parts Mfg. Mississippi, Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 

1240 (9th Cir. 2015). The parties and issues in each action “need not be identical, only 

substantially similar.” Id. at 1240-41. (9th Cir. 1989). 

The court’s analysis “should be driven to maximize economy, consistency, and comity,”

and the first-to-file rule “should not be disregarded lightly.” Id. at 1239-40 (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). That said, the rule is not a “rigid or inflexible rule to be mechanically 

applied, but rather is to be applied with a view to the dictates of sound judicial administration.” 

Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95. Thus, “[t]he most basic aspect of the first-to-file rule is that it is 

discretionary.” Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prods., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 628 (9th Cir. 1991). 

Amazon argues that dismissal, stay or transfer of this action to the Western District of 

Washington under the first-to-file rule is warranted because this case involves substantially similar 

parties and the same underlying theory of liability asserted in nine earlier-filed, pending federal 

and state actions. Plaintiff counters that “equity and fairness weigh in favor of allowing this 

PAGA-only case to proceed” in this Court, and that the “first-to-file rule does not apply because 

the parties and issues are distinct.” (Dkt. No. 20 at 8-11.) The Court concludes that the parties 

and issues in this case are substantially similar to those in the earliest-filed federal action and that 

transfer to that district under the first-to-file rule is warranted. 

A. Chronology of Federal Lawsuits

Plaintiff does not dispute that the following earlier-filed, pending or consolidated federal 

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actions3involve the same underlying theory of liability arising out of Amazon’s alleged 

misclassification of Flex drivers as independent contractors instead of employees4: 

Rittmann, et al. v. Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case 

No. 16-01554-JCC (W.D. Wash. filed Oct. 4, 2016) (collective and 

class action asserting claims under Federal Labor and Standards Act 

(“FLSA”) and Washington and California state law) 

Keller, et al. v. Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case 

No. 17-cv-2219-RS (N.D. Cal. filed Mar. 13, 2017) (class action 

asserting violations of California Labor Code, Business & Professions 

Code, and common law claims)

Mack (formerly Lawson) v. Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, 

Inc., Case No. 17-cv-02515-AB (C.D. Cal. filed Mar. 31, 2017)

(representative action asserting PAGA claim) (transferred to W.D. 

Wash. and consolidated with Rittmann)

Knipe v. Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case No. 17-

cv-1889-WQH (S.D. Cal. filed Aug. 9, 2017) (class action asserting 

violations of California Labor Code, Business & Professions Code, 

and PAGA claim)

Ponce v. Amazon.com Servs., Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case 

No. 19-cv-00288-EMC (N.D. Cal. filed Nov. 1, 2018) (class action 

asserting violations of California Labor Code, Business & Professions 

Code, and PAGA claim) (related to Keller by order filed Feb. 12, 

2019)

Ronquillo, et al. v. Amazon.com, Inc., Case No. 19-cv-207 (C.D. Cal. 

filed Nov. 15, 2018; first amended complaint filed Feb. 21, 2019)

(class action asserting violations of California Labor Code, Business 

& Professions Code, and PAGA claim)

 

3 For purposes of the first-to-file rule involving actions removed from state court, courts in this 

district consider the timing of the filing of the state court action, not the date of removal. See 

Motiv Power Sys., Inc. v. Livernois Vehicle Dev., LLC, No. 13-CV-4811 YGR, 2014 WL 94370, at 

*2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 2014) (noting that the “date of removal is immaterial to the first-to-file 

analysis.”) (citing Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co. v. Margolis, 956 F.2d 1166 (9th Cir. 1992)); see 

also Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Bhd. Of Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers Local No. 70, 415 

U.S. 423, 436 (1974) (“After removal, the federal court takes the case up where the State court left 

it off.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, “courts focus on the date upon 

which the party filed its original, rather than its amended complaint.” Ward v. Follett Corp., 158 

F.R.D. 645, 648 (N.D. Cal. 1994). 

4 Plaintiff likewise does not dispute that the following state court actions asserting the same 

misclassification theory were filed before the instant action: Clinton v. Amazon.com, Inc. and 

Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case 30-2017-00938102 (Sup. Ct. Orange Cty. filed Aug. 16, 2017) 

(representative action asserting PAGA and Unfair Competition Law claims); Luckett v. 

Amazon.com, Inc., et al., Case No. CGC-17-557507 (Sup. Ct. Alameda Cty. filed Oct. 5, 2018)

(representative action asserting PAGA claim); Romero, et al. v. Amazon.com Servs., Inc. and 

Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case No. 30-2018-01031789-CU-OE-CXC (Sup. Ct. Orange Cty. filed 

Nov. 7, 2018) (representative action asserting PAGA claim). (See Dkt. No. 17, Exs. Q, N, V.) 

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(Dkt. No. 17, Exs. A-M, R-S, X-Z.) On September 19, 2017, the Mack court transferred that 

PAGA-only action to the Western District of Washington pursuant to the first-to-file rule based on 

the earlier-filed class action in Rittmann. (Dkt. No. 17-6, Ex. F.) The Rittmann court then 

consolidated the two cases. (Dkt. No. 17-7, Ex. G.) The Court refers to this consolidated action 

as Rittmann/Mack. 

The first element of the first-to-file rule is satisfied because it is undisputed that 

Rittmann/Mack, and indeed all of the federal actions noted above, were filed before the instant 

lawsuit. 

B. Similarity of Parties

As previously discussed, the parties in each action need only be “substantially similar” to 

satisfy the “similarity of parties” factor. Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240-41. That bar is met here, at least 

as to Rittmann/Mack. Amazon is the defendant in Rittmann/Mack and this action, and the 

plaintiffs in both actions are substantially similar. The PAGA plaintiff in Rittmann/Mack brought 

his PAGA claim “as a representative action on behalf of the State of California,” pursuant to 

California Labor Code § 2699, et seq., for Labor Code violations against California Amazon 

delivery drivers “who have contracted directly with Amazon and have been classified as 

independent contractors. (See Dkt. No. 17-5, Ex. E at ¶ 1.) Likewise, Plaintiff in this action sues 

Amazon under PAGA for Labor Code violations because “Amazon’s Flex delivery drivers are 

misclassified as independent contractors under California law.” (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶¶ 3-5.) Thus, 

Plaintiff’s PAGA claim asserts the same misclassification theory and represents the same interests

asserted in Rittmann/Mack by the PAGA plaintiff. See Weinstein v. Metlife, Inc., No. C 06-04444 

SI, 2006 WL 3201045, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2006) (“If the parties represent the same interests 

the court may determine the second action is duplicative.”) (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted). 

Plaintiff argues that “[t]he claim and parties in this case are distinct from those in any of 

the cases to which Amazon refers in its Motion” because “[t]his PAGA-only action is brought on 

behalf of the State of California (the real party in interest) by Mr. Hoyt, who is not a party in any 

other case.” (Dkt. No. 20 at 5.) Plaintiff’s argument fails to persuade. The State of California is 

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also the “real party in interest” in Rittmann/Mack on the PAGA claim for the same reason it is the 

real party in interest on Mr. Hoyt’s PAGA claim. 

In sum, the second element is met because the parties in the instant action and 

Rittmann/Mack are substantially similar. 

C. Similarity of Issues

As with the parties, “[t]he issues in both cases . . . need not be identical, only substantially 

similar.” Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240-41. “To determine whether two suits involve substantially 

similar issues, [courts] look at whether there is substantial overlap between the two suits.” Id. at 

1241 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, there is substantial overlap between

Rittmann/Mack and the instant action because both cases involve PAGA claims based on the same 

misclassification theory, and both allege violations of California Labor Code §§ 226(a), 2802. 

Because the PAGA claims in both cases hinge on the same underlying issue—whether Amazon 

misclassified its California Flex drivers as independent contractors—this Court and the Rittmann

court will be litigating the same issue. Indeed, the Mack court recognized as much when it 

transferred that action to the Western District of Washington based on Rittmann. See Mack, 2017 

WL 8220436, at *3 (noting that “[a] central question in both cases remains whether Defendants 

committed violations of California Labor Code sections 2802 and 226(a) with respect to delivery 

drivers classified as independent contractors in California,” and the court would thus be required 

to “address[ ] the common factual issues implicated in both cases.”) (internal quotation marks and 

citation omitted). Such duplicative litigation and risk of conflicting determinations is precisely the 

result the first-to-file rule seeks to avoid. See Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 96 (affirming the district 

court’s application of the first-to-file rule where “permitting multiple litigation of . . . identical 

claims could serve no purpose of judicial administration, and the risk of conflicting determinations 

as to the [claims] . . . was clear.”). 

Plaintiff asserts that because “[t]his case is a PAGA-only action against Amazon, . . . there 

is no reason to defer to any pending action, particularly where [Plaintiff’s] PAGA claim presents 

unique concerns and issues that do not overlap with the vast majority of the claims in the other 

actions.” (Dkt. No. 20 at 10 (citing Wilkie v. Gentiva Health Servs., Inc., Civ. No. 10-1451 

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FCD/GGH, 2010 WL 3703060, at * (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2010)).) 

There is overlap, however, between the specific Labor Code violations alleged in the 

instant action and those alleged in Rittmann/Mack. This action and Rittmann/Mack both allege 

violations of California Labor Code §§ 226(a), 2802. (Dkt. No. 17-3 (Second Amended 

Complaint, Rittmann, Case No. 16-01554-JCC (W.D. Wash. filed Apr. 20, 2017), ECF No. 83 

(alleging violations of Cal. Lab. Code §§ 226(a), 2802)); Dkt. No. 17-5 (Amended PAGA 

Representative Complaint, Mack, Case No. 17-02515-AB (C.D. Cal. filed 7/27/17), ECF No. 19 

(alleging as predicate PAGA violations Cal. Lab. Code §§ 226(a), 2802, and 1174(d)). This 

action, but not Rittmann/Mack, however, also alleges PAGA overtime violations (Cal. Labor Code 

§ 510), meal and rest break violations (Cal. Labor Code § 512), waiting time penalties (Cal. Labor 

Code § 203), and Labor Code § 432.5, which prohibits an employer from requiring an employee to 

agree to any term or condition that the employer knows to be unlawful. Plaintiff’s theory on the 

latter claim is that Amazon violated section 432.5 by requiring its Flex drivers to agree to a 

contract provision prohibiting them from bringing representative PAGA claims. While Plaintiff’s 

PAGA action has additional predicate Labor Code violations, for application of the first-to-file 

rule the issues need only be “substantially similar,” not identical. See Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240-41. 

The issues in both cases are substantially similar because each and every claim is premised on a 

finding that Amazon improperly classified the Flex drivers as independent contractors rather than 

employees. 

Plaintiff’s reliance on Wilkie v. Gentiva Health Servs., Inc. is misplaced. The defendant in 

Wilkie moved to transfer the plaintiff’s “putative nation-and California-wide class action,” which 

alleged claims under the FLSA and California Labor and Business & Professions Code, pursuant 

to the first-to-file rule. 2010 WL 3703060, at *1. The defendant sought transfer to a district 

where an earlier-filed, pending class action also alleged FLSA claims against the same defendant, 

as well as claims under New York and North Carolina state law (the “Rindfleisch action”). Id. at 

*1-2. The Wilkie court determined that the first-to-file rule was inapplicable because neither the 

plaintiffs nor the issues in the two actions were substantially similar. Id. at *3-5. As to the issues,

the court found that they did not substantially overlap in part because the Rindfleisch action did 

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not contain any California state law claims. Id. at *3-5 (concluding that “the Rindfleisch action 

alleges no California state law claims, so no overlap can exist; this makes the issues dissimilar.”). 

There are no equivalent dissimilarities here; instead, the Rittmann/Mack action and the 

instant action both contain a PAGA claim based on the same underlying misclassification theory, 

involving the same California Amazon drivers, against the same defendants, and including two of 

the same California Labor Code violations. Thus, there is substantial overlap between the issues 

to be litigated in the two cases. That the instant action alleges additional Labor Code violations

not present in Rittmann/Mack does not change the substantial overlap of issues because liability 

for all violations alleged in both cases is premised on the same misclassification theory. Similarly, 

that Rittmann/Mack is both a collective and class action that includes FLSA and Washington state 

law claims is of no moment because the PAGA claim in Rittmann/Mack is based on the same 

misclassification theory asserted here and involves the same California Amazon drivers. Because 

a PAGA plaintiff brings the claim on behalf of the State of California rather than personally, 

“nonparty employees as well as the government are bound by the judgment in an action brought 

under [PAGA].” Arias v. Superior Court, 46 Cal. 4th 969, 986 (2009). These are precisely the 

circumstances the first-to-file rule is designed to avoid: having the same parties litigating the same 

issues in two different federal courts race to see which court first enters a final preclusive 

judgment. See Kohn Law Grp., Inc., 787 F.3d at 1240.

Accordingly, the Court concludes that the issues here and in Rittmann/Mack are 

substantially similar. 

D. Balance of Equities

The requirements of the first-to-file rule are met; however, because the rule is 

discretionary, the Court “may disregard it in the interests of equity.” Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, 

Inc., 711 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1149 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (citing Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 623). Plaintiff 

argues that “prejudice to the State of California and the California Amazon drivers . . . will occur 

if these claims are tied up with any of the other pending cases, all of which may be subject to a 

lengthy or indefinite delay” because the federal actions are class actions and “the PAGA claim is 

likely to get lost and delayed among the numerous other legal issues at play—including proposed 

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class claims . . . that might be subject to arbitration.” (Dkt. No. 20 at 9-10.) The Court is not 

convinced for two reasons. 

First, the Rittmann/Mack court recently lifted the stay in that case for the limited purpose 

of resolving Defendants’ motion to dismiss, or in the alternative to compel arbitration. See Minute 

Order, Rittmann/Mack, Case No. 16-01554-JCC (W.D. Wash. filed Jan. 29, 2019), ECF No. 101. 

Briefing on that motion was due by March 6, 2019. Id. Thus, the risk of “a lengthy or indefinite 

delay” based on the procedural posture of Rittmann/Mack is not necessarily present.5 Further, the 

Mack court rejected the same argument “that the PAGA claim will be ‘lost’ if it were to be 

asserted in Rittmann” in light of “the number of overlapping issues that exist between the PAGA 

claims [in Mack] and the other California claims asserted in Rittmann.” See Mack, 2017 WL 

8220436, at *4. The Court agrees and finds the argument even less persuasive here given that 

Rittmann/Mack now includes essentially the same PAGA claim asserted here. 

Second, Plaintiff’s argument regarding prejudice to the State of California and California 

Amazon drivers fails to consider the three PAGA-only actions currently pending in California 

state court, all of which were filed before the instant action and all of which assert the same 

misclassification theory and most of the same Labor Code violations asserted here.

6

 See e.g., 

Clinton v. Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case 30-2017-00938102 (Sup. Ct. 

Orange Cty. filed Aug. 16, 2017) (representative action asserting PAGA claim); Luckett v. 

Amazon.com, Inc., et al., Case No. CGC-17-557507 (Sup. Ct. Alameda Cty. filed Oct. 5, 2018)

(representative action asserting PAGA claim); Romero, et al. v. Amazon.com Servs., Inc. and 

Amazon Logistics, Inc., Case No. 30-2018-01031789-CU-OE-CXC (Sup. Ct. Orange Cty. filed 

Nov. 7, 2018) (representative action asserting PAGA claim). This Court’s application of the first-

 

5 Amazon asserts that Plaintiff recently indicated to defense counsel that he would be pursuing “a 

claim for unpaid wages under Labor Code § 558 as part of this action.” (Dkt. No. 22 at 12.) 

Amazon contends that “such a claim for individual, victim-specific relief under section 558 would 

be arbitrable,” and thus, “Amazon will soon bring a motion to compel individual arbitration” of 

that claim and “stay the remainder of [Plaintiff’s] PAGA claims pending the resolution” of 

arbitration. (Id.) This argument does not factor into the Court’s first-to-file rule analysis, 

however, because the Court must only “consider the pleadings and the cases as they currently 

exist.” See Wilkie, 2010 WL 3703060, at *5. 

6 The California Labor Code violations alleged in the state actions overlap with Plaintiff’s claims 

as to all but Plaintiff’s claim under Labor Code § 432.5. 

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to-file rule has no bearing on those state court PAGA-only actions, which all represent the same 

interests asserted here. Thus, the Court fails to see how the State of California or California 

Amazon drivers will be prejudiced by application of the first-to-file rule in this federal action

when three separate PAGA-only actions based on the same underlying facts are currently being 

litigated in state court. In the absence of any discernible prejudice to the State of California or 

California Amazon drivers, considerations of judicial efficiency and the avoidance of conflicting 

judgments weigh sharply in favor of application of the first-to-file rule. 

Plaintiff’s reliance on Wilkie and Adoma for his “equity and fairness” argument is 

unpersuasive. First, the Wilkie court determined that the requirements of the first-to-file rule were 

not met given that the plaintiffs and issues between the two actions were not substantially similar. 

2010 WL 3703060, at *3-5. The Wilkie court addressed the interests of equity regardless, and 

found that statute of limitations concerns regarding the FLSA claims in both actions and 

potentially prejudicial class certification issues that could “seriously infringe the rights of potential 

collective members of plaintiff’s proposed nation-wide class” weighed “against applying the firstto-file rule.” Id. at *5. Those concerns are not present here. Similarly, the Adoma court 

recognized statute of limitations concerns because both actions included FLSA claims, and also 

noted that the plaintiff sought additional “relief under California state law” not requested in the 

first-filed action, thus “demonstrat[ing] that judicial resources [would] not be significantly 

conserved.” 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1150. Again, application of the first-to-file rule in this case does 

not implicate the same concerns. 

In sum, the balance of equities favors application of the first-to-file rule. Plaintiff does not 

argue that the recognized exceptions to the rule (i.e., bad faith, anticipatory suits, and forum 

shopping) otherwise apply, and the Court concludes that they do not. See Ward, 158 F.R.D. at 648 

(citing Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 628). 

E. Transfer

The Court must next determine whether to dismiss, stay or transfer the case. See Alltrade, 

946 F.2d at 623 (noting that courts have discretion to dismiss, stay or transfer an action where the 

requirements of the first-to-file rule are met). Given that this action involves additional California 

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Labor Code violations not alleged in Rittmann/Mack, dismissal is not appropriate. See Intersearch 

Worldwide, Ltd. v. Intersearch Grp., Inc., 533 F. Supp. 2d 949, 963 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (“Dismissal 

is proper where the court of first filing provides adequate remedies.”) (citing Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 

627-28). Further, the Court sees no reason why staying this action rather than transferring it 

would “maximize economy, consistency, and comity,” see Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1239-40 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted), because Plaintiff’s PAGA claim is based on the same 

misclassification theory involving the same California Amazon drivers and serves the same 

interests as the PAGA claim pending in Rittmann/Mack. Absent a transfer, the similarities 

between the PAGA claim here and the one in Rittmann/Mack will require this Court and the 

parties to this action to engage in the same efforts as the Rittmann/Mack court and the parties to 

that action (the same parties present here). Accordingly, transferring this action to the Western 

District of Washington now will best serve the interests of judicial efficiency and avoiding 

duplicative litigation. 

***

The first-to-file rule applies because litigation involving substantially similar parties and 

issues is pending in an earlier-filed case in the Western District of Washington, and transfer of this 

action to that district will maximize judicial efficiency and consistency. The Court need not 

address Amazon’s alternative basis for transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court grants Amazon’s motion to dismiss in part, and 

transfers this action to the Western District of Washington pursuant to the first-to-file rule. 

This Order disposes of Docket No. 16

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 28, 2019

JACQUELINE SCOTT CORLEY

United States Magistrate Judge

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