Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-3_22-cv-08035/USCOURTS-azd-3_22-cv-08035-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 350
Nature of Suit: Motor Vehicle Personal Injury
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Fed. Question

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Joseph Lucero,

Plaintiff,

v. 

STI Trucking Incorporated, et al.,

Defendants.

No. CV-22-08035-PCT-SMB

ORDER 

Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for New Trial and Renewed Motion 

for Judgement as a Matter of Law (Doc. 181). The Court has read and considered the 

Motion1, Plaintiff’s Response (Doc. 194), and Defendant’s Reply (Doc. 203) and will deny 

the Motion.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff filed the Complaint in this case after he was injured in a trucking accident. 

(See Doc. 1.) Plaintiff was driving a tractor trailer eastbound in the outside lane of 

Interstate 40. Defendant Alexander Kim, an employee of STI Trucking, Inc., was also 

driving a tractor trailer but was on the inside lane. Defendant Kim was driving slightly 

faster than Plaintiff. As the front end of Kim’s tractor trailer passed Plaintiff’s, Kim 

attempted to move into Plaintiff’s lane, which resulted in Kim’s vehicle side-swiping the 

cab of Plaintiff’s vehicle. Plaintiff was briefly knocked unconscious but was able to 

1 Defendants also filed, and the Court reviewed, a Supplemental Motion for New Trial at 

ECF No. 208. Defendant’s supplemental brief was not substantive but merely added 

citations to the complete trial transcripts.

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 1 of 7
- 2 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

navigate his tractor trailer to a safe stop at the side of the road. Plaintiff sustained injuries 

as a result of the accident. The case went to trial on May 7, 2024. After seven days, the 

jury found in favor of Plaintiff and awarded $2.25 million dollars in damages.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Judgment as a Matter of Law

“A judgment as a matter of law is appropriate when the evidence permits only one 

conclusion.” Price v. Kramer, 200 F.3d 1237, 1244 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Lawson v. 

Umatilla County, 139 F.3d 690, 692 (9th Cir. 1998)). “A district court court can grant a 

Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as a matter of law only if ‘there is no legally sufficient 

basis for a reasonable jury to find for a party on an issue.’” Krechman v. Cty. of Riverside, 

723 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013) (Jorgensen v. Cassiday, 320 F.3d 906, 917 (9th Cir. 

2003)). When ruling on such a motion, the Court “‘may not substitute its view of the 

evidence for that of the jury.’” Id. (quoting Winarto v. Toshiba Am. Elecs. Components, 

Inc., 274 F.3d 1276, 1283 (9th Cir. 2001)). Additionally, the Court must draw all 

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party and take care not to reweigh the 

evidence. See Tan Lam v. City of Los Banos, 976 F.3d 986, 995 (9th Cir. 2020).

B. New Trial

Under Rule 59(a)(1)(A), a court may grant a new trial after a jury trial for “any 

reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal 

court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(A). A motion for new trial may be granted based on 

insufficiency of the evidence “only if the verdict is against the ‘great weight’ of the 

evidence or ‘it is quite clear that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result.’” 

Venegas v. Wagner, 831 F.2d 1514, 1519 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting Digidyne Corp. v. Data 

General Corp., 734 F.2d 1336, 1347 (9th Cir. 1984)). “The authority to grant a new 

trial . . . is confided almost entirely to the exercise of discretion on the part of the trial 

court.” Allied Chem. Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 36 (1980); Dees v. Cty. of San 

Diego, 960 F.3d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 2020).

III. DISCUSSION

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 2 of 7
- 3 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

A. Judgment as a Matter of Law

Defendants renew their motion for judgment as a matter of law on the issue of 

causation related to Plaintiff’s eye condition and lost wages. (Doc. 181 at 1, 9–10.) 

Specifically, Defendants argue that medical testimony was necessary to tie Plaintiff’s eye 

condition to the accident. (Id. at 10.) In response, Plaintiff argues that medical testimony 

was not necessary under Arizona law. (Doc. 194 at 15–17.)

Ordinarily, “a jury would require expert medical evidence to help it to determine 

whether an illness resulted from particular acts.” Crystal Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. 

Cathey, 317 P.2d 1094, 1100 (Ariz. 1957). Indeed, “expert causation testimony is 

necessary unless causation is readily apparent to the jury on the facts.” Sampson v. Surgery 

Cntr. of Peoria, LLC, 491 P.3d 1115, 1119 (Ariz. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted); 

W. Bonded Prods. v. Indus. Comm’n, 647 P.2d 657, 658 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1982) (“It has long 

been the law of this jurisdiction that where the result of an accident is not clearly apparent 

to a layman, the causal connection must be determined by expert medical testimony”). 

Thus, the Court’s inquiry necessarily becomes whether, causation was readily apparent to 

a lay jury. See Bogutz v. Arizona, No. CV 03-454-TUC-RCC, 2007 WL 8723928, at * 3 

(D. Ariz. Dec. 11, 2007). 

Plaintiff argues that causation is satisfied through his own testimony coupled with 

a note in a medical record recognizing that his eye may have suffered trauma from the 

accident. (See Doc. 194 at 17.) Plaintiff testified that he “hit [his] head and broke . . . the 

glass” window of his truck. (Doc. 197 at 127.) Additionally, plaintiff testified that as a 

result of striking his head against the window, he suffered blurred vision, headaches, and 

neck pain. (See, e.g., id. at 140.) To ameliorate the issues with his left eye after the 

accident, Plaintiff testified that he had been receiving injections on the left side of his face. 

(See id.) 

Defendants presented the testimony of Dr. Jay Schwartz, who testified that the 

accident did not cause Plaintiff’s vision problems. (Doc. 203-1 at 48.) Defendants also 

highlight that Plaintiff had a history of eye problems before the accident, including blurry 

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 3 of 7
- 4 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

vision and fluid in the eye. (Doc. 208-1 at 47, 55.) Therefore, Defendants argue that the 

evidence on record makes causation purely speculative without supporting expert 

testimony.

The Court disagrees with Defendants. Here, the question of whether the accident 

would have led to Plaintiff’s vision problems is not readily apparent to a layman. However, 

the jury was presented medical testimony from Defendants’ expert Dr. Jay Schwartz, who 

testified that the accident did not cause Plaintiff’s vision problems. (Doc. 203-1 at 48.) 

Evidently, the jury rejected Dr. Schwartz’s testimony, finding a causal link between the 

accident and Plaintiff’s eye injury. Indeed, a jury is not bound by expert testimony and can 

accept it or reject it, in whole or in part. Moreover, there is sufficient circumstantial 

evidence of an immediate eye injury from Plaintiff’s testimony and Plaintiff’s Exhibit 

27(c), which contained a differential diagnosis about the eye that includes “trauma given 

recent [motor vehicle accident].” That evidence is sufficient for a jury to draw reasonable 

inferences to support a finding of proximate cause. See Morrison v. Acton, 198 P.2d 590, 

594 (Ariz. 1948) (Testimony coupled with the reasonable inferences to be drawn are 

sufficient to justify the jury finding of proximate cause.)

B. New Trial

Defendants move for a new trial on the grounds that the jury was not instructed on 

comparative fault, Plaintiff’s lost wages damages are excessive and unsupported by 

causation, and Plaintiff’s counsel prejudiced Defendants by using “reptile” tactics and 

implying insurance would pay any verdict. (Doc. 181 at 1.)

Defendants requested a jury instruction on comparative fault at trial, and the Court 

denied Defendants’ request. “A district court therefore commits error when it rejects 

proposed jury instructions that are properly supported by the law and the evidence.” Clem 

v. Lomeli, 566 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2009). Defendants essentially argue that evidence 

supported a comparative fault instruction because Plaintiff did not react quickly enough 

when Defendant Kim drove into Plaintiff’s Lane. (Doc. 181 at 2–4.) Defendants contend 

that “[b]ecause Lucero failed to see what was happening to the side and in front of him, he 

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 4 of 7
- 5 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

did nothing to protect himself by avoiding or minimizing the contact.” (Doc. 208 at 4.) 

In response, Plaintiff contends that the record is bereft of evidence showing fault on 

his part. (See Doc. 194.) The Court agrees. First, Plaintiff notes that, from the beginning 

of trial, Defendants maintained that they were at fault and take responsibility for the 

accident. (Doc. 194 at 5.) Defendants, however, contested the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries 

and the calculation of the resulting damages. Here, both video and testimonial evidence 

reflects that Plaintiff was driving in the slow lane, properly wearing his seatbelt, and, after

Kim struck his vehicle, Plaintiff managed to avoid the side rail and direct his trailer to a 

safe stop. (See generally id.) Defendants offer no other material evidence to show that 

Plaintiff was at fault. Therefore, the Court finds no error in refusing to give a comparative 

fault instruction.

Next, Defendants argue that a new trial should be granted because the jury verdict 

included damages for lost wages for which there is no support. (Doc. 181 at 4.) 

Specifically, Defendants contend that there is no competent evidence showing a causal link 

between the accident and any eye condition that rendered Plaintiff unable to work driving 

a truck. (Id.) In his Response, Plaintiff contends that there is no support in the record for 

the assertion that the jurors awarded any particular amount of money for economic 

damages. (Doc. 194 at 9–10.) First, as discussed, the Court finds that the evidence did 

support the jury finding of causation. Second, the verdict form did not delineate between 

damages for injuries and damages for lost wages, and Defendants did not ask for specific 

findings regarding damages. (See id. (citing Doc. 131; Doc. 132).) Therefore, the Court 

finds no error in the amount of damages the jury awarded Plaintiff. Additionally, the Court 

agrees with Plaintiff that the amount of damages awarded is supported solely by the 

physical injuries and damages related to mental, physical, and emotional pain.

Finally, Defendants claim prejudice because Plaintiff included a slide that 

mentioned insurance during closing argument and Plaintiff employed “reptile” tactics. 

(Doc. 181 at 5–7.) Regarding the insurance issue, Plaintiff points out that the slide does 

not contain the word “insurance”—the slide contains the phrase “who pays.” (Doc. 194 

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 5 of 7
- 6 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

at 11.) Moreover, insurance was not mentioned at trial when this slide was displayed. 

Thus, a juror would not necessarily infer that Defendants would be resting on its insurer to 

pick up the damages tab, and thereby cause prejudice to Defendants. The other instance at 

trial that the Court ought to weigh for prejudice regarding “who pays” the Plaintiff comes 

from Defense counsel’s own line of questions. During the cross-examination of Plaintiff’s 

expert economist Nik Volkov, Defendants’ counsel asked about whether anyone would be 

“writing a check” at the end of the trial. (Id. at 11, 44–45.) Although, if prejudicial would 

be a self-inflicted wound, Defense counsel’s comments about who would be “writing a 

check” are benign. At bottom, the Court finds that the jury did not infer Defendants had 

insurance that would pay a verdict. Moreover, even if such an inference could be made, it 

was unlikely that such an isolated mention prejudiced Defendants in the context of the 

entire trial.

Regarding reptile tactics, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s counsel used fear to 

motivate the jury to punish Defendants by awarding damages. (Doc. 181 at 7–9.) To 

support this argument, Defendants excerpt several pieces of the trial transcript, including 

parts of Plaintiff’s opening statement, a single quotation during Plaintiff’s own testimony, 

and statements made during closing argument. (See id.) The Court finds that the quoted 

passages focused the jury’s attention to the safety issues implicated in the case but were 

not specially designed to inflame the jury. See People of Guam v. Quichocho, 973 F.2d 

723, 727 (9th Cir. 1992) (stating that appeals to the jury to act as a conscience of the 

community are not impermissible unless they are specifically designed to inflame the jury); 

cf. Roaf v. Stephen S. Rebuck Consulting, LLC, 550 P.3d 173, 179–180 (Ariz. 2024) 

(finding prejudice where the plaintiff’s counsel argued at closing that the jury must act “as 

the conscience of the community” to punish defendant for being “a company [that] does 

wrong” (alteration in original)). Therefore, the Court finds that no error occurred.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED denying Defendants’ Motion for New Trial and 

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 6 of 7
- 7 -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Renewed Motion for Judgement as a Matter of Law (Doc. 181) and Supplemental Motion 

(Doc. 208).

Dated this 16th day of January, 2025.

Case 3:22-cv-08035-SMB Document 213 Filed 01/16/25 Page 7 of 7