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Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted November 19, 2024*

Decided December 3, 2024 

Before

AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge

JOHN Z. LEE, Circuit Judge 

JOSHUA P. KOLAR, Circuit Judge

No. 24-1714 

ADAM TITUS,

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

DAVID GOMEZ, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District 

Court for the Northern District of 

Illinois, Eastern Division. 

No. 23-cv-02036 

John F. Kness, 

Judge. 

O R D E R

Adam Titus, an Illinois state prisoner, sued several prison officials under the 

Eighth Amendment for subjecting him to a prolonged stay in a cell with an unsanitary 

and inoperable toilet and sink. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court screened Titus’s 

amended complaint, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, and dismissed it with prejudice for failure to 

* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the brief and 

the record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would 

not significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. APP. P. 32.1

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No. 24-1714 Page 2 

state a claim. On appeal, Titus asserts that he alleged sufficient facts to state a violation 

of his constitutional rights. We agree, and we therefore vacate and remand for further 

proceedings. 

 We draw the facts of this case from the allegations in the amended complaint, 

which are assumed to be true, along with documents that Titus attached as exhibits. 

See Williamson v. Curran, 714 F.3d 432, 435–36 (7th Cir. 2013). In April 2021, Titus and 

another inmate were transferred to a cell in Stateville Correctional Center’s Edward 

House. Titus described the cell as “condemned” and both the toilet and the sink as 

inoperable. The toilet contained urine and feces, emitting a strong odor. Titus said he 

had to endure the conditions in his cell for “up to 24 hours each day.”

Over a six-day period that first month, Titus and his cellmate complained to 23 

correctional officers, asking that the plumbing be fixed or that they be moved to a 

different cell. The officers repeatedly rejected these requests, as well as requests to use a 

functioning restroom and access safe drinking water. Titus also sought relief through

letters to the warden, David Gomez; a placement officer named Thornton; and an 

unnamed maintenance supervisor. The letters went unanswered, and no work order 

was filed. Titus said he “suffered from headaches, stomach pains, dizziness, blurred 

vision ..., [nausea], vomiting, [and] breathing issues.” He was not moved out of the cell 

until three months later. 

 In March 2023, Titus filed a form § 1983 complaint (which, with attachments, ran 

66 pages) against Gomez, Thompson, the maintenance supervisor, and the unnamed 

correctional officers, alleging deliberate indifference to his inhumane conditions of 

confinement. The district court screened the complaint and dismissed it without 

prejudice for failure to state a claim. The court explained that Titus’s alleged lack of 

access to a working toilet and sink was not sufficiently serious to plead a constitutional 

violation, and that Titus’s letters to the prison officials were insufficient to confer § 1983 

liability on those parties. The court informed Titus that he “should consider that he 

cannot proceed against unidentified parties ... and that the time to identify proper 

defendants to his claim likely ha[d] passed.”

Titus amended his complaint to add allegations that he was denied use of a 

working toilet or sink and that he was not provided drinking water. The district court

concluded that Titus failed to state a violation of his Eighth Amendment rights, and 

dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. The court assumed that the 

conditions were sufficiently serious but determined that Titus failed to plead allegations 

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that any of the defendants acted with deliberate indifference. The court also denied

Titus’s motion for leave to amend his complaint, stating that amendment would fail to 

“cure the defects identified” in the screening order and that the time to identify the 

unnamed defendants had passed. 

Titus—represented at this point by counsel—appealed, arguing that he had 

pleaded sufficient facts to state an Eighth Amendment claim. He alluded to allegations 

that he wrote officials of the “physical pain and mental anguish” that he experienced 

from his “oppressive” conditions, and that they refused to act. He also compared his 

complaint to those in two district court cases in which Stateville prisoners were deemed 

to have stated a claim of deliberate indifference to unconstitutional conditions of 

confinement. In those cases, Titus noted, the district court ordered that interrogatories 

be served upon the warden for the purpose of identifying unnamed defendants. 

Four days after Titus filed his brief, the district judge issued an order expressing

his inclination to reconsider the dismissal order based on appellate counsel’s 

clarification of “facts that previously had been obscured in [Titus’s] pro se pleading.” 

The judge asked this court to remand the case so that he could vacate his judgment and 

reconsider his ruling.

 We ordered Titus to respond to the district court’s order. Titus responded that, 

“in light of the district court’s seeming acknowledgment that he has stated a valid 

claim, [he] believe[d] that his appeal [was] appropriate for summary disposition.” We 

then ordered that “this appeal will proceed to resolution on the merits.” 

Titus challenges the dismissal of his complaint on grounds that the district court 

(1) failed to make reasonable inferences in his favor; and (2) ignored allegations that, 

taken together, sufficiently plead an Eighth Amendment claim. We review the district 

court’s screening decision order de novo, drawing all reasonable inferences in Titus’s 

favor. See Schillinger v. Kiley, 954 F.3d 990, 994 (7th Cir. 2020). A pro se plaintiff need 

plead only a plausible claim for relief—which is “not an exacting standard.” Balle v. 

Kennedy, 73 F.4th 545, 557 (7th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted). Because Titus was pro se 

when he filed his amended complaint, we construe his allegations liberally. Perez v. 

Fenoglio, 792 F.3d 768, 776 (7th Cir. 2015). To state an unconstitutional-conditions-ofconfinement claim under the Eighth Amendment, Titus must allege that the defendants 

were subjectively aware of but disregarded sufficiently serious prison conditions that 

created an excessive risk to his health and safety. Balle, 73 F.4th at 552, 557–58. 

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Titus has adequately pleaded that the defendants violated his Eighth 

Amendment rights. As the district court pointed out, with the assistance of counsel we 

are able to see more clearly the allegations Titus pled. First, regarding the objective 

component of an Eighth Amendment claim, Titus alleged that his conditions of 

confinement were serious. Although a clogged toilet does not violate constitutional 

rights, prolonged exposure to an “unflushable toilet[]” that contains “standing feces and 

urine” can create inhumane conditions. Hardeman v. Curran, 933 F.3d 816, 823–24 

(7th Cir. 2019). This is especially so where, as here, Titus alleged that the toilet created a 

terrible stench, and that he had no access to a functional restroom. See id. at 824; Taylor 

v. Riojas, 592 U.S. 7, 8 (2020) (prisoner’s conditions unconstitutional where he was 

subjected to four-day stay in cell covered in feces); Jackson v. Duckworth, 955 F.2d 21, 22 

(7th Cir. 1992) (same, where toilet had “rusted out” and the cell “smell[ed] of human

waste”). Titus further alleged that his sink provided insufficient water to drink, and that 

the correctional officers ignored his multiple requests for safe, drinkable water. 

See Hardeman, 933 F.3d at 824; Vinning-El v. Long, 482 F.3d 923, 924 (7th Cir. 2007) (sixday stint in a feces-covered cell without working sink or toilet was inhumane). These 

contentions, taken together, suffice to assert a claim of an unconstitutional condition of 

confinement.

As for the subjective component of an Eight Amendment claim, Titus plausibly 

alleged that the defendants were deliberately indifferent. Here, Titus was required to

allege that the defendants “facilitate[d], approve[d], condone[d], or ‘turn[ed] a blind 

eye’” to the conditions. Perez, 792 F.3d at 781 (quoting Vance v. Peters, 97 F.3d 987, 992–

93 (7th Cir. 1996)); see Santiago v. Walls, 599 F.3d 749, 759 (7th Cir. 2010) (allegations that 

prisoner sent grievance to warden and warden took no action were sufficient to plead a 

claim that the warden “actually knew or consciously turned a blind eye toward an 

obvious risk”). He asserts that he informed the correctional officers of his situation and 

that the officers refused to help; this is sufficient to state a claim. As we have noted in 

prior cases, “prisoner requests for relief that fall on ‘deaf ears’ may evidence deliberate 

indifference.” Perez, 792 F.3d at 782 (quoting Dixon v. Godinez, 114 F.3d 640, 645 (7th Cir. 

1997)). Titus also alleged that Gomez, Thornton, and the maintenance supervisor turned 

a blind eye toward his circumstances when he says he repeatedly wrote them, and they 

declined to act. See id. at 781. Although these defendants may not have received Titus’s 

letters within this six-day period, we—at the pleadings stage—draw the inference in 

Titus’s favor that they did. 

Finally, the district court erred in concluding that the unnamed defendants

should be dismissed solely because the time to substitute them with their true identities 

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had passed. “There’s nothing wrong with using placeholder defendants, then using 

discovery to learn and substitute names”—as long as the substitution is completed 

before the statute of limitations expires. Rodriguez v. McCloughen, 49 F.4th 1120, 1121 

(7th Cir. 2022). Here, Titus’s ability to discover the identities of the unnamed defendants

and timely serve them (i.e., before the two-year limitations period ran) was delayed by 

the time necessary to screen his complaint—a delay that arguably constitutes “good 

cause” under the relation-back doctrine of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(C). 

Id. at 1122–23. On remand, the district court should consider in the first instance 

whether the late substitution of the proposed defendants would prejudice the 

defendants or be otherwise incompatible with Rule 15(c)(1)(C). See id. at 1123. 

For these reasons, we VACATE the judgment and REMAND the case for further 

proceedings. 

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