Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_19-cv-01888/USCOURTS-casd-3_19-cv-01888-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 370
Nature of Suit: Other Fraud
Cause of Action: 28:1331fr Fed. Question: Fraud

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

MARY-ELIZABETH JOHNSON,

Plaintiff,

v.

ATHENIX PHYSICIANS GROUP, INC.

ET AL.,

Defendants.

Case No.: 3:19-cv-01888-AJB-MDD

ORDER:

(1) DISMISSING PLAINTIFF’S 

COMPLAINT WITH LEAVE TO 

AMEND, (Doc. No. 1);

(2) DENYING AS MOOT 

PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO 

PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS, 

(Doc. No. 2); AND

(3) DENYING AS MOOT 

PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO APPOINT 

COUNSEL, (Doc. No. 3)

Pro se Plaintiff Mary-Elizabeth Johnson (“Plaintiff”) filed a Complaint against 

various state court judges, attorneys, and medical professionals, alleging fraud on the court. 

(Doc. No. 1.) Plaintiff has not paid the filing fee required to commence this action, but 

instead has filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) and a Motion to Appoint 

Counsel. (Doc. Nos. 2–3.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court DISMISSES

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Plaintiff’s Complaint WITH LEAVE TO AMEND and DENIES AS MOOT Plaintiff’s

motion to proceed IFP and motion to appoint counsel.

I. SCREENING UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), when reviewing an IFP motion, the Court must rule 

on its own motion to dismiss before the complaint is served. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 

1127 (9th Cir. 2000). The Court must dismiss the complaint if it is frivolous, malicious, 

fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a 

defendant immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 

845, 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (noting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) is “not limited to 

prisoners”); Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1127 (“[§] 1915(e) not only permits but requires a district 

court to dismiss an [IFP] complaint that fails to state a claim.”). 

“The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 

which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 

1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must contain “a 

short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” FED.

R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2). “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, 

to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 

(2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547 (2007)). Detailed 

factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of 

action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. Accordingly, the 

Court “may dismiss as frivolous complaints reciting bare legal conclusions with no 

suggestion of supporting facts . . . .” Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1228 (9th Cir. 

1984) (internal quotation omitted). 

Additionally, pro se pleadings are held to “less stringent standards than formal 

pleadings drafted by lawyers” because pro se litigants are more prone to making errors in 

pleading than litigants represented by counsel. Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980) 

(internal quotations omitted); see Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), 

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superseded by statute on other grounds; Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1126–30 (9th Cir. 2000). Thus, 

the Supreme Court has stated that federal courts should liberally construe the “‘inartful 

pleading’ of pro se litigants.” Eldridge v. Block, 832 F.2d 1132, 1137 (9th Cir. 1987) 

(quoting Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364, 365 (1982)); see, e.g., Balistreri v. Pacifica 

Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988) (reasoning that pro se pleadings are 

liberally construed).

II. DISCUSSION

Plaintiff brings this action against various state court judges, attorneys, and medical 

professionals, alleging fraud on the state court. (Complaint (“Compl.”), Doc. No. 1.) As 

background, Plaintiff alleges that on January 15, 2016, Plaintiff suffered irreversible injury 

from “what should have been a simple Tummy Tuck.” (Id. at 1–2.) According to Plaintiff, 

the surgeon who operated on Plaintiff was not properly board-certified and therefore, 

caused injury to Plaintiff, including lymphedema and disfigurement. (Id.) On April 7, 2017, 

Plaintiff filed a medical malpractice lawsuit in the Superior Court of California, County of 

Orange. (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff’s case proceeded to trial on July 23, 2018, and resulted in a 

judgment of nonsuit against Plaintiff for failing to offer sufficient evidence to prove the 

elements of breach and causation. (Id.) Plaintiff now seeks to have her state court judgment 

vacated and set for a new trial, or alternatively for the state court judgment to be rendered 

in her favor. (Id. at 42.) As the basis for her federal action, Plaintiff alleges Defendants

committed fraud on the state court, and she is entitled to relief under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 60(d).

As a preliminary matter, district courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to review 

appeals from state court judgments. Rooker v. Fid. Tr. Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415–16 (1923); 

D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 483 (1983). Accordingly, lower federal 

courts cannot adjudicate actions brought by “state-court losers” seeking relief from “statecourt judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced.” Lance v. 

Dennis, 546 U.S. 459, 460 (2006) (quoting Exxon Mobile Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries, 

Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005)). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine precludes a federal 

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district court from exercising jurisdiction over general constitutional challenges that are 

“inextricably intertwined” with claims asserted in state court. Fontana Empire Ctr., LLC 

v. City of Fontana, 307 F.3d 987, 992 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Feldman, 460 U.S. at 486 

n.16). “Where the district court must hold that the state court was wrong in order to find in 

favor of the plaintiff, the issues presented to both courts are inextricably intertwined.” Doe 

& Assocs. Law Offices v. Napolitano, 252 F.3d 1026, 1030 (9th Cir. 2001). 

A. Claims Against the State Court Judges

First, Plaintiff’s claims against County of Orange Superior Court Judges Theodore 

Howard and Craig Griffin must fail because they are barred by the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine. Plaintiff’s Complaint thoroughly details what Plaintiff believes to be various legal 

errors committed by the state court judges. (Compl. at 18–24.) For example, Plaintiff 

claims Judge Theodore Howard “would not grant [Plaintiff’s] motion for [a] continuance 

to get an attorney” or “reopen discovery” to allow Plaintiff to obtain an expert witness. (Id.

at 19.) Plaintiff also claims Judge Craig Griffin played a part in withholding medical 

records, and only allowed falsified records at trial. (Id. at 24.) It is clear from the Complaint 

that Plaintiff’s grievances against the state court judges are essentially an attack on the state 

court judgment itself. Because the Court would have to hold that both Judges Howard and 

Griffin were “wrong in order to find in favor of the plaintiff,” the Court concludes that the 

issues presented in this Court are “inextricably intertwined” with the issues in state court 

and precluded by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Napolitano, 252 F.3d at 1030.

Additionally, it is well-settled that “[j]udges are immune from suit arising out of 

their judicial acts, without regard to the motives with which their judicial acts are 

performed, and notwithstanding such acts may have been performed in excess of 

jurisdiction, provided there was not a clear absence of all jurisdiction over the subject 

matter.” Sires v. Cole, 320 F.2d 877, 879 (9th Cir. 1963); see also Stump v. Sparkman, 435 

U.S. 349, 356–57 (1978) (explaining that a judge will not be deprived of immunity because 

the action he took was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority).

Here, Plaintiff’s allegations against the state court judges reads like an appeal of the state 

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court proceedings. It is therefore apparent to the Court that all accusations against Judges 

Howard and Griffin arise out their judicial acts while presiding over Plaintiff’s case in state 

court.

Thus, Plaintiff’s claims against the defendant judges must be dismissed under either 

judicial immunity or the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.

B. Claims Against the Attorney and Medical Professional Defendants

Secondly, Plaintiff’s allegations against the attorney and medical professional 

defendants lack facts suggesting fraud on the court. Plaintiff argues that the medical 

professional defendants knowingly provided falsified medical records to the state court, 

and the attorney defendants were also complicit because they filed “declarations to its 

authenticity.” (Compl. at 27–28.) Furthermore, Plaintiff also complains that attorney 

defendants Mark Poliquin and Elizabeth Flatley filed their first motion for summary 

judgment before receiving Plaintiff’s medical records, and only used falsified medical 

documents to support their defense. (Id. at 33–34.) 

Ninth Circuit authority provides that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply

when federal plaintiffs claim that defendants obtained the judgments in the state actions 

through extrinsic fraud. In Kougasian, the plaintiff filed state and federal actions based on 

her husband’s death in a skiing accident. See Kougasian v. TMSL, Inc., 359 F.3d 1136 (9th 

Cir. 2004). In her federal action based on diversity jurisdiction, she sought to set aside the 

judgments in her two state cases, alleging that they were procured through extrinsic fraud 

on the court. Id. at 1139. The plaintiff claimed that, in the first state case, defendants 

committed extrinsic fraud by filing a perjured declaration at the last minute and refusing to 

provide the declarant’s address or telephone number, thus preventing the plaintiff from 

deposing or questioning the declarant. Id. at 1139–40. The Ninth Circuit held that the 

Rooker–Feldman doctrine did not apply to the plaintiff’s claims that were based on the 

alleged extrinsic fraud, because the Rooker–Feldman doctrine “does not bar subject matter 

jurisdiction when a federal plaintiff alleges a cause of action for extrinsic fraud on a state 

court and seeks to set aside a state court judgment obtained by that fraud.” Id. at 1140–41.

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Extrinsic fraud on a court is, by definition, not an error by that court. Id. at 1141. It is, 

rather, a wrongful act committed by the party or parties who engaged in the fraud. Id.

Here, Plaintiff’s medical malpractice case in state court resulted in a judgment of 

nonsuit because Plaintiff failed to provide sufficient evidence to support the elements of 

breach and causation. (Doc. No. 1-14 at 4.) But notably lacking from Plaintiff’s Complaint 

are allegations that the extrinsic fraud perpetrated by Defendants resulted in Plaintiff being

unable to present her case. To the contrary, Plaintiff’s accusations against Defendants 

center around Defendants supposedly falsifying medical records for their own defense. 

(See, e.g., Compl. at 27.) Unlike the plaintiff in Kougasian, Plaintiff here does not allege

that the falsified medical records somehow prevented Plaintiff from being able to put 

forward evidence at trial. Indeed, “these actions would have merely weakened Plaintiff’s 

case, rather than prevented [Plaintiff] ‘from getting into court at all.’” Lewis v. L.A. Metro. 

Transit Auth., No. CV191456PSGJPRX, 2019 WL 6448944, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 

2019). Until Plaintiff can cure these deficiencies, and provide details as to how Defendants’ 

actions prohibited Plaintiff from offering evidence at trial, Plaintiff’s claim for relief 

against the attorney and medical professional defendants must be dismissed.

C. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Additionally, missing from Plaintiff’s Complaint is an adequate statement 

demonstrating that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s suit. Even if 

Plaintiff can allege a claim for extrinsic fraud, an independent basis of jurisdiction must 

still exist. See, e.g., Kougasian, 359 F.3d at 1136 (noting that a plaintiff may bring a federal 

action to vacate state court judgment for extrinsic fraud without running afoul of RookerFeldman, but expressly stating that the instant case was a diversity action). Although 

Plaintiff asserts federal question jurisdiction as a basis for subject matter jurisdiction, the 

Court does not find that “a federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s 

properly pleaded complaint.” Valles v. Ivy Hill Corp., 410 F.3d 1071, 1075 (9th Cir. 2005).

Alternatively, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, federal district courts have original 

jurisdiction over civil actions in diversity cases where the matter in controversy exceeds 

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$75,000 and where there exists complete diversity between the parties. Complete diversity 

means the parties must be “citizens of different States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). At this 

time, the Court is not provided with enough information regarding the parties’ citizenship 

to determine whether it may exercise diversity jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s case. 

III. LEAVE TO AMEND

Leave to amend should be granted if it appears possible that the plaintiff can correct 

the complaint’s deficiency. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); Balistreri, 901 F.2d at 701. The “rule 

favoring liberality in amendments to pleadings is particularly important for the pro se 

litigant. Presumably unskilled in the law, the pro se litigant is far more prone to make errors 

in pleading than the person who benefits from the representation of counsel.” Noll, 809

F.2d at 1448; see Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977–78 (9th Cir. 2013); see also 

Bazrowx v. Scott, 136 F.3d 1053, 1054 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Generally a district court errs in 

dismissing a pro se complaint for failure to state a claim . . . without giving the plaintiff an 

opportunity to amend.”). Therefore, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend her 

complaint. Plaintiff, however, must cure the deficiencies as instructed by the Court herein. 

Failure to add proper defendants, failure to allege proper subject matter jurisdiction, or 

failure to state a short and plain statement of the facts and a claim for relief under Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 8(a) may result in dismissal of her case with prejudice.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated herein, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint with 

LEAVE TO AMEND, (Doc. No. 1). Because Plaintiff’s Complaint is dismissed, the Court 

DENIES AS MOOT Plaintiff’s IFP motion, (Doc. No. 2), and DENIES AS MOOT

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Plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel, (Doc. No. 3.) Plaintiff must file both 

(1) a renewed IFP motion, and (2) an amended complaint by February 10, 2020, or risk 

having her case dismissed with prejudice for failure to prosecute. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 10, 2020

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