Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-5_14-cv-01218/USCOURTS-cand-5_14-cv-01218-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Federal Question: Other Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

ABDOL HOSSEIN NOVIN, et al.,

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

ROBERT COOK, et al., 

Defendants. 

Case No. 5:14-CV-01218-LHK 

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 

DISMISS WITH PREJUDICE 

Re: Dkt. No. 37 

 Following the Court’s Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs Abdol 

Novin and Pooya Pournadi (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a First Amended Complaint against 

Gail Fong and Robert Cook (collectively, “Defendants”) for a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 

(“§ 1983”). See ECF No. 34 (“Order”); ECF No. 36 (“FAC”). Defendants move to dismiss the 

FAC for failure to state a claim. ECF No. 37 (“Mot.”). Having considered the submissions of the 

parties and the relevant law, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss WITH 

PREJUDICE. 

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I. BACKGROUND 

A. Factual Background1

Abdol Novin (“Novin”) is the owner of property located at 3275 Stevens Creek Boulevard, 

San Jose, California (“the Property”). See FAC ¶ 4. The Property has been “exclusively and 

continuously rented and fully occupied by car dealerships since it was erected in 1961.” Id. at ¶ 9. 

At the time Novin purchased the Property, “the building housed more than 25 legitimate licensed 

retail car dealerships all of which had been approved by the DMV.” Id. 

Novin purchased the Property in 2007, but had to renovate and repair the Property in 2009 

after storm damage. See id. at ¶ 10. Thereafter, Novin successfully obtained reissuance of Use 

Permits from the City of Santa Clara to use the Property for retail car dealerships. See id. at ¶ 11. 

Pooya Pournadi (“Pournadi”) is a tenant of Novin who wished to operate a car dealership 

business at the Property. See id. at ¶ 4. After the 2009 renovations, Pournadi and other tenants of 

the Property applied to the California Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) for dealership 

permits. 2

Gail Fong (“Fong”) and Robert Cook (“Cook”), employees of the DMV, refused to issue 

the permits. See id. at ¶¶ 5, 12, 14. Defendants denied the permits because the Property, or the 

tenants’ use of the Property, did not comply with California Vehicle Code § 11709 (“§ 11709”) 

and California Code of Regulations Title 13, § 270.08 (“§ 270.08”). See FAC at ¶ 12. Section 

11709 lists requirements for the display of dealership permits, and § 270.08 lists requirements for 

the display area of the dealer. In denying the permits, Defendants did not precisely explain how 

Novin’s building, or the tenants’ use of the building, was not in compliance with the cited law and 

regulation. See id. at ¶ 13, 14. Plaintiffs obliquely allege that they do in fact comply with both 

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 The Court assumes all facts alleged in the FAC are true. 

2

 As the Court noted in its Order, it is not clear whether Pournadi has ever had a permit to 

operate a car dealership. Order at 15. Both the FAC and Plaintiffs’ Opposition conspicuously fail 

to address this issue directly. Instead, Plaintiffs rely on various parts of the FAC that imply that 

Pournadi had a permit, but never affirmatively plead that Pournadi had a permit, or identify 

precisely what permit Pournadi sought from the DMV. See ECF No. 40 (“Opp.”) at 4-5. 

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sections. Id. at 13 (“Plaintiffs and Plaintiff’s tenants and the tenants of the former owner of the 

building had been found by the DMV to comply . . . and there were no changes in the structure of 

the building or the parking lot. . . [T]enants in the building, including Pournadi, had been 

complying with these laws without incident.”). 

After multiple inquiries by Novin to understand why the permit applications of Pournadi 

and others were denied, he was informed that “[w]hen an established place of business is not 

conducive to retail sales, it often results in vehicles being displayed and sold from unlicensed 

locations.” Id. at ¶ 14. 

Since 2009, the Property “has remained vacant for the most part.” Id. at ¶ 17. Novin has 

tried to rent out the Property to other businesses without much success, because the property is 

located and configured for use by single car dealers. See id.

B. Procedural Background 

On March 14, 2014, Plaintiffs filed their original Complaint against the DMV and 

Defendants for violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 42 U.S.C. § 1988 as well as for intentional 

interference with prospective economic advantage, negligent and intentional interference with 

business relations, and inverse condemnation. ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 2, 16-39. 

On September 5, 2014, Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 22. The Court 

granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, dismissing most claims with prejudice, but giving 

Plaintiffs leave to amend their § 1983 procedural due process claims against Cook and Fong in 

their individual capacities. See Order at 23-24 (dismissing claims against the DMV, claims for 

injunctive and declaratory relief, state law claims, claims based on violations of the Fifth 

Amendment, and § 1983 substantive due process claims with prejudice). 

On January 7, 2015 Plaintiffs filed their FAC, alleging a § 1983 procedural due process 

claim. Pournadi alleges that he was denied his property interest in the dealership permit without 

process of law. See FAC ¶ 19-21. Novin alleges that because previous tenants and potential 

tenants like Pournadi cannot obtain permits from the DMV, Novin has lost income because he is 

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unable to rent the Property to car dealers. See id.3

On January 21, 2015, Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the FAC. ECF No. 37. 

Plaintiffs filed an Opposition, ECF No. 40, to which the Defendants filed a Reply, ECF No. 41 

(“Reply”). 

On March 28, 2015 the Court received two letters related to Ervin Rovcanin, who is not a 

party to this case. ECF Nos. 48, 49. The letters were apparently submitted by Novin, and not his 

attorney. The letters appear to be copies of letters sent by Rovcanin to the DMV. As the Court 

generally only considers the allegations contained in a plaintiff’s complaint when ruling on a 

motion to dismiss, the Court did not consider the letters in ruling on this motion. See Parrino v. 

FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705–06 & n. 4 (9th Cir. 1998), superseded by statute on other grounds as 

stated in Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chem. Co., 443 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2006). Nonetheless, 

the Court notes that even if it did consider the letters, nothing contained therein would persuade 

the Court to reach a different conclusion regarding the Motion to Dismiss. 

II. LEGAL STANDARDS 

A. Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6) 

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a defendant may move to dismiss an 

action for failure to allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell 

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the 

plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a 

‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 

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 The FAC also appears to allege an equal protection violation. Id. at ¶ 15 (“Plaintiffs are 

informed and believe and allege thereon that defendants’ actions were based, at least in part, on 

racial animus against Arab Americans.”). The Court did not give Plaintiffs permission to add any 

new causes of action absent leave of the Court or stipulation of the parties. Order at 24. 

Furthermore, Plaintiffs do not plead any facts in support of an equal protection claim and only 

allege legal conclusions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Accordingly, the Court 

dismisses such a claim, assuming one has been alleged, with prejudice. 

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unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal citations omitted). For 

purposes of ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court “accept[s] factual allegations in the 

complaint as true and construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 

Nonetheless, the Court is not required to “‘assume the truth of legal conclusions merely 

because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.’” Fayer v. Vaughn, 649 F.3d 1061, 1064 

(9th Cir. 2011) (quoting W. Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981)). Mere 

“conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to 

dismiss.” Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004); accord Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 

Furthermore, “‘a plaintiff may plead [him]self out of court’” if he “plead[s] facts which establish 

that he cannot prevail on his [constitutional] claim.” Weisbuch v. Cnty. of L.A., 119 F.3d 778, 783 

n.1 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Warzon v. Drew, 60 F.3d 1234, 1239 (7th Cir. 1995)). 

B. Leave to Amend 

If the Court determines that the complaint should be dismissed, it must then decide 

whether to grant leave to amend. Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave 

to amend “should be freely granted when justice so requires,” bearing in mind “the underlying 

purpose of Rule 15 to facilitate decisions on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or 

technicalities.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (internal quotation 

marks and alterations omitted). When dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim, “‘a 

district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, 

unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” 

Id. at 1130 (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation 

marks omitted)). Accordingly, leave to amend is denied only if allowing amendment would 

unduly prejudice the opposing party, cause undue delay, be futile, or if the moving party has acted 

in bad faith. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008).

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III.DISCUSSION 

Defendants argue that (1) Plaintiffs have failed to plead a due process violation; (2) 

Plaintiffs have failed to allege that Cook and Fong are responsible for any alleged due process 

violation; and (3) Cook and Fong are entitled to qualified immunity. The Court addresses each of 

these arguments below, and finds that Plaintiffs have failed to plead a due process violation 

because neither has alleged a protected property interest or denial of adequate process. Assuming 

that Plaintiffs had pled a due process violation, the Court finds that Cook and Fong would be 

entitled to qualified immunity. In addition, because Plaintiffs “fail[ed] to cure deficiencies by 

amendments previously allowed,” the Court finds that further amendment would be futile and 

dismisses the § 1983 claim with prejudice. Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 

892-93 (9th Cir. 2010). 

A. Plaintiffs Have Failed To Allege a Due Process Violation 

 To establish a § 1983 claim based on a violation of procedural due process, a plaintiff must 

establish (1) a protected liberty or property interest, and (2) a denial of adequate procedural 

protection. Pinnacle Armor, Inc. v. U.S., 648 F.3d 708, 716 (9th Cir. 2011). The procedural 

guarantees of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment apply only when a 

constitutionally protected liberty or property interest is at stake. See Johnson v. Rancho Santiago 

Comm. Coll. Dist., 623 F.3d 1011, 1029 (9th Cir. 2010) (“To succeed on a substantive or 

procedural due process claim, the plaintiffs must first establish that they were deprived of an 

interest protected by the Due Process Clause.”); Neal v. Shimoda, 131 F.3d 818, 827–28 (9th Cir. 

1997). In determining whether an interest triggers constitutional protection, the Court must “look 

not to the ‘weight’ but to the nature of the interest at state.” Bd. of Regents of St. Colls. v. Roth, 

408 U.S. 564, 570–71 (1972). “To have a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have 

more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. 

He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Id. at 577; see also Merritt v. 

Mackey, 827 F.2d 1368, 1370–71 (9th Cir. 1987). “Protected property interests are not created by 

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the Constitution[, but r]ather . . . they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing 

rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law.” Johnson, 623 

F.3d at 1030 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Once a court determines a 

protected interest is at stake, it applies the three-factor balancing test outlined in Mathews v. 

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976): (1) the private interest at stake; (2) the “risk of erroneous 

deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and probable value, if any, 

of . . . substitute procedural safeguards”; and (3) the government’s interest. Id. at 335. 

The Court addresses each Plaintiff in turn, and finds that neither Plaintiff has alleged the 

deprivation of a property interest protected by the Constitution, and that neither Plaintiff was 

denied due process of law. 

a. Plaintiff Novin 

 Novin must allege a property interest that is protected by the Constitution to state a due 

process claim. Pinnacle Armor, 648 F.3d at 716. Novin, as the owner of the Property, alleges a 

property interest in “the continuation of [Novin’s] business[]” and “beneficial use of [Novin’s] 

property.” FAC at ¶ 19, 21.4 Novin argues that he was “deprived of contractual relations and 

entitlements without due process” because he can no longer collect rent from his tenants. Opp. at 

8. In other words, Novin alleges that by denying permits to his potential tenants, the Defendants 

have interfered with Novin’s right to use his property in his chosen manner. 

 In support of Novin’s argument, Plaintiffs cite Truax v. Raich, 239 U.S. 33 (1915). Truax 

involved a state law restriction on hiring immigrants, and was decided on equal protection 

grounds. Id. at 35, 40. Truax does not show that Novin has any protected property interest in his 

tenant’s permits. 

In fact, as Defendants point out, there is a “distinction between government action that 

directly affects a citizen’s legal rights, or imposes a direct restraint on his liberty, and action that is 

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 The Court’s prior Order addressed the denial of “any beneficial use of the property” in 

rejecting Novin’s substantive due process claims. Order at 17. 

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directed against a third party and affects the citizen only indirectly or incidentally.” 

O’Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Ctr., 447 U.S. 773, 788 (1980). Generally, only the former 

actions, and not the latter, invoke interests protected by the due process clause. Id.; see also 

Punikaia v. Clark, 720 F.2d 564 (9th Cir. 1983). 

 In O’Bannon, the Supreme Court held that residents of a nursing home had “no 

constitutional right to participate in” license revocation proceedings related to the residents’ 

nursing home. 447 U.S. at 775. The Supreme Court found that although revoking the nursing 

home’s license would result in requiring the residents to move to a new home, “that impact, which 

is an indirect and incidental result of the Government’s enforcement action, does not amount to a 

deprivation of any interest in life, liberty, or property.” Id. at 787. Similarly, in Punikaia, the 

Ninth Circuit held that patients at a state hospital had no “legitimate entitlement to continued 

medical care” at a specific hospital, and therefore were not entitled to any due process before the 

state closed the hospital. 720 F.2d at 565. 

 Here, Novin is in the same position as the residents or patients in O’Bannon and Punikaia: 

the government has revoked (or refused to issue) permits to a person with whom Novin wishes to 

do business. The FAC explains that Novin has received all of the government permits necessary 

for him to rent his property to car dealer-tenants. FAC at ¶ 11 (alleging that Novin “obtained all 

of the necessary permits to operate.” (emphasis added)). The only thing missing, according to 

Novin, is properly permitted tenants. However, Novin has no entitlement from the government, 

“manifested in legislation, rules, or customs,” to rent his property to specific tenants. Punikaia, 

720 F.2d at 566 (citation omitted). Therefore, Novin has “no constitutional right to participate in” 

license proceedings related to his tenants. O’Bannon, 447 U.S. at 775. 

 As in O’Bannon and Punikaia, the Defendants’ denial of permits to Novin’s tenants has 

only an indirect effect on Novin—the government is not actually preventing Novin from renting 

his building or collecting rents. Novin makes no effort to establish any governmentally-created 

right to rental income, or right to rent to particular tenants. Accordingly, the denial of permits to 

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potential tenants does not implicate a property interest created by the government. Novin has thus 

not alleged the deprivation of an interest protected by the due process clause and cannot state a 

§ 1983 claim as a matter of law. Pinnacle Armor, 648 F.3d at 716. 

Furthermore, Novin was not denied adequate process. The fundamental requirements of 

procedural due process are notice and the opportunity to be heard “at a meaningful time and in a 

meaningful manner.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Novin received both. 

As to notice, Novin (and his tenants) were provided with the specific statutory basis for the 

denial of the permits: § 11709 and § 270.08. FAC at ¶ 12. Section 11709 lists requirements for 

the display of dealership permits, and § 270.08 lists requirements for the display area of the dealer. 

The FAC also alleges that, in response to “multiple inquiries” from Novin, Defendants further 

explained that “[w]hen an established place of business is not conducive to retail sales, it often 

results in vehicles being displayed and sold from unlicensed locations.” Id. ¶ 14. By providing 

Novin and the permit applicants with the statutory basis for denying the permits, and then a further 

explanation of a policy rationale for denying the permits, Defendants provided the applicants with 

sufficient notice of the basis for denial. 

As to an opportunity to be heard, Novin and the tenants also had an adequate opportunity 

to be heard regarding the DMV’s denial of the permits. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333. The tenants 

could have filed an appeal and requested a hearing related to the permits. See Cal. Veh. Code 

§11708. Section 11708 provides: 

(a) Upon refusal of the department to issue a license and special 

plates to a manufacturer, manufacturer branch, remanufacturer, 

remanufacturer branch, distributor, distributor branch, transporter, or 

dealer, the applicant shall be entitled to demand, in writing, a 

hearing before the director or his or her representative within 60 

days after notice of refusal. 

(b) The hearing shall be conducted pursuant to Chapter 5 

(commencing with Section 11500) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 

of the Government Code. 

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 A hearing under § 11708 would have provided Novin or the tenants with sufficient process 

related to the denial of the permits. See Shaw v. State of California Dep’t of Alcoholic Beverage 

Control, 788 F.2d 600, 606 (9th Cir. 1986) (noting that hearings conducted under the California 

Administrative Procedure Act, Cal. Gov’t. Code § 11500 et seq., meet due process requirements). 

 Although Plaintiffs maintain that § 11708 does not apply to them because the section 

relates to the issuance of “a license and special plates,” where here Plaintiffs were only seeking 

permits, and no special plates, the Court does not agree. Although Plaintiffs have never identified 

the precise authorization Plaintiffs were seeking from the DMV, despite the Court noting this 

deficiency in the prior Order, it is apparent from the FAC that Plaintiffs were applying for 

dealership permits and licenses under California Vehicle Code §§ 11701 and 11719. See Order at 

10-11. Both parties use “permit” and “license” interchangeably, apparently without substantive 

difference. The FAC contains numerous references to both dealership permits and licenses. See, 

e.g., FAC ¶¶ 9, 11, 13, 15. Moreover, § 11708 applies to a “dealer” and appears in the same 

Chapter as §11709, which the DMV stated as the basis for denying the dealership permits. See 

Cal. Veh. Code, Div. 5, Ch. 4 (“Manufacturers, Transporters, Dealers, and Salesman”). Section 

11708 would therefore apply to Plaintiffs.

 Accordingly, even assuming that Novin had a property interest in the permit, Novin was 

provided sufficient process in the form of notice of the basis for denial of the permit and an 

adequate opportunity to be heard regarding the permit’s denial. Novin has therefore failed to show 

that he was denied due process, Pinnacle Armor, 648 F.3d at 716, and the Court GRANTS the 

motion to dismiss. In addition, because Plaintiffs “fail[ed] to cure deficiencies by amendments 

previously allowed,” the Court finds that further amendment would be futile and dismisses the 

claim with prejudice. Carvalho, 629 F.3d at 892–93. 

b. Plaintiff Pournadi 

Pournadi alleges that he was denied “the ability to carry on his lawful business in Novin’s 

building as he had for years.” FAC ¶ 19. Construing the facts in the light most favorable to 

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Pournadi, the FAC alleges that Pournadi had been complying with § 11709 and § 270.08 “for 

years,” but the DMV suddenly changed course and denied his permit application for failure to 

comply with those sections. Id. The Court again notes that the FAC fails to affirmatively plead 

the Pournadi had a dealership permit in the past. 

Even assuming that Pournadi or others had received a dealership permit in the past, 

Pournadi did not have a property interest in a new dealership permit. First, Pournadi does not 

allege that Defendants canceled or revoked an issued permit. The FAC refers repeatedly to a new 

application for a dealership permit. That distinguishes this case from situations such as Bell v. 

Burson, 402 U.S. 535 (1971), which involved suspension of an existing license. 

Second, Pournadi has not provided any support for his assertion that he had “more than a 

unilateral expectation” in his permit, but instead had “a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Roth, 

408 U.S. at 577. “A reasonable expectation of entitlement is determined largely by the language 

of the statute and the extent to which the entitlement is couched in mandatory terms.” Association 

of Orange Co. Deputy Sheriffs v. Gates, 716 F.2d 733, 734 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 

937 (1984). Whether a statute creates an entitlement “depend[s] largely upon the extent to which 

the statute contains mandatory language that restricts the discretion of the [Government] to deny 

licenses to applicants who claim to meet minimum eligibility requirements.” Jacobson v. 

Hannifin, 627 F.2d 177, 180 (9th Cir. 1980). 

California Vehicle Code § 11702 (“Issuance or refusal of license”) provides: 

The department may issue, or for reasonable cause shown, refuse to 

issue a license to any applicant applying for a manufacturer’s, 

manufacturer’s branch, remanufacturer’s, remanufacturer’s branch, 

distributor’s, distributor’s branch, transporter’s, or dealer’s license. 

(emphasis added). Because § 11702 leaves the DMV with discretion to deny dealership permits 

“for reasonable cause shown,” it is does create a mandatory entitlement scheme. For example, in 

Jacobson, the Nevada Gaming Commission denied Jacobson’s application for a license to operate 

a casino-hotel. 627 F.2d at 179. The licensing statute at issue provided “the Gaming Commission 

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‘full and absolute power and authority to deny any application for any cause deemed reasonable 

by such commission.’” Id. at 180 (citing Nev. Rev. Stat. § 463.220(6)). The Ninth Circuit found 

that the “the requirement that the basis for [the Commission’s] decisions be reasonable . . . negates 

Jacobson’s claim to a protectible property interest created by the State.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Here too the only limit on the DMV’s decision to deny a permit is “for reasonable cause 

shown.” Cal. Vehicle Code § 11702. The DMV indeed provided “reasonable cause” in the 

DMV’s letter to Novin, stating that “[w]hen an established place of business is not conducive to 

retail sales, it often results in vehicles being displayed and sold from unlicensed locations.” FAC 

at ¶ 14. Because § 11702 leaves the DMV with discretion to grant or deny a dealership permit, 

Pournadi cannot show that he had more than a “unilateral expectation” in his permit, and thus has 

no protected property interest. Roth, 408 U.S. at 577. 

 Even if Pournadi had a protected property interest in his permit, the Defendants provided 

sufficient process in denying his application. As explained supra, the Defendants explained the 

statutory bases for denying the permit, and provided a further written explanation. FAC at ¶¶ 12, 

14. Pournadi could have availed himself of an appeal under Vehicle Code § 11708. Accordingly, 

Pournadi has not pled a due process violation. Pinnacle Armor, 648 F.3d at 716. Because 

Plaintiffs have not shown that they were denied due process of law, the Court GRANTS the 

Motion to Dismiss. In addition, because Plaintiffs “fail[ed] to cure deficiencies by amendments 

previously allowed,” the Court finds that further amendment would be futile and dismisses the 

claim with prejudice. Carvalho, 629 F.3d at 892–93. 

B. Even If Plaintiffs Had Alleged a Due Process Violation, Plaintiffs Have Not 

Adequately Alleged Causation 

Defendants argue that the FAC does not adequately allege that Cook and Fong were 

responsible for the deprivation of Plaintiffs’ property. Mot. at 10; Reply at 5. The Court agrees. 

To state a valid section 1983 claim, “a plaintiff must plead that each government-official 

defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 

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U.S. at 676 (emphasis added). In other words, the complaint must “tie[] the constitutional 

violations to the individual defendants.” OSU Student Alliance v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1069 (9th 

Cir. 2012); see also Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) (order) (“A 

plaintiff must allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show that an individual was personally 

involved in the deprivation of his civil rights. Liability under § 1983 must be based on the 

personal involvement of the defendant.”). 

Here, the FAC simply lumps Cook and Fong together and assumes that both were 

responsible for denying the permit applications. Plaintiffs make no effort to allege what role each 

Defendant played or what actions each Defendant took. Plaintiffs do not even allege what 

positions each Defendant had within the DMV. See, e.g., FAC ¶ 1 (alleging that Cook and Fong 

are “both employees of” the DMV). Plaintiffs simply allege that “Defendants denied the permits” 

and “Defendants deprived Novin of the use of his property.” FAC ¶¶ 12, 17. Plaintiff does not 

attempt to distinguish the individual conduct or roles of the Defendants, despite mentioning them 

collectively several times. As a result, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under § 1983. See OSU 

Student Alliance, 699 F.3d at 1078 (dismissing § 1983 claims against the university president and 

vice president because “[t]he complaint does not tie [them] to the [constitutional violation]”). 

Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged that Defendants 

caused Pournadi’s permit application to be denied, which is yet another basis for granting 

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. 

C. Even If Plaintiffs Had Alleged a Due Process Violation, Cook and Fong Would Be 

Entitled to Qualified Immunity Because Plaintiffs Rights Were Not Clearly 

Established 

Defendants sued in their individual capacity under § 1983 may be entitled to qualified 

immunity. The defense of qualified immunity protects “government officials . . . from liability for 

civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or 

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 

U.S. 800, 818 (1982). A court considering a claim of qualified immunity must determine (1) 

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whether the plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of an actual constitutional right, and (2) whether 

such right was clearly established such that it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his 

conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 

(2009). As explained supra, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not alleged the deprivation of an 

actual constitutional right. Even assuming that Plaintiffs have successfully identified a 

constitutional right, defendants Cook and Fong would still have immunity from damages if a 

reasonable official would have believed their conduct in denying the permits was lawful. Pearson, 

555 U.S. at 232. 

The Court concludes that Cook and Fong are entitled to qualified immunity from an 

individual capacity damages suit under § 1983 because they reasonably relied on their statutory 

authority to deny or issue car dealership permits. Courts have “held that the existence of a statute 

or ordinance authorizing particular conduct is a factor which militates in favor of the conclusion 

that a reasonable official would find that conduct constitutional.” Grossman v. City of Portland, 

33 F.3d 1200, 1209 (9th Cir. 1994) (footnote omitted) (citing Evers v. Cnty of Custer, 745 F.2d 

1196, 1203 (9th Cir. 1984), and Malachowski v. City of Keene, 787 F.2d 704, 713-14 (1st Cir. 

1986)). 

“The existence of an authorizing statute is not dispositive, however. Qualified immunity 

does not extend to a public official who enforces a statute that is ‘patently violative of fundamental 

constitutional principles.’” Dittman v. California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1027 (9th Cir. 1999) (finding 

qualified immunity for official who denied a permit for failure to disclose the applicant’s social 

security number, as required by statute) (quoting Grossman, 33 F.3d at 1209). 

Under California Vehicle Code § 11702, the DMV may deny applications for dealership 

permits for “reasonable cause shown.” This reasonable cause includes any of the same causes for 

suspending or revoking a permit, Cal. Veh. Code § 11703.1, including a violation of any provision 

under California Vehicle Code §§ 11700-11740. See Cal. Veh. Code § 11705(a)(10). The stated 

bases for denying Pournadi’s and other tenants’ permits, § 11709 and § 270.08, are therefore 

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explicitly included as a permissible basis for denying a dealership permit. Accordingly, Cook and 

Fong acted under “a statute or ordinance authorizing [their] particular conduct.” Grossman, 33 

F.3d at 1209. 

Although Plaintiffs allege that they in fact comply with § 11709 and § 270.08, Cook and 

Fong are entitled to qualified immunity for “mere mistakes in judgment, whether the mistake is 

one of fact or one of law.” Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 507 (1978); Pearson, 555 U.S. at 231 

(“The protection of qualified immunity applies regardless of whether the government official’s 

error is a mistake of law, a mistake of fact, or a mistake based on mixed questions of law and 

fact.” (internal quotation omitted)). At best, Plaintiffs have alleged that Cook and Fong were 

mistaken in their view that Plaintiffs’ failed to comply with the cited statute and regulation. The 

appropriate venue for challenging that factual conclusion would have been an appeal of the denial 

under § 11708, or perhaps through the filing of a writ of mandate in state court. See, e.g., Merrill 

v. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 458 P.2d 33, 34 (Cal. 1969) (reviewing judgment granting a writ of 

mandate commanding DMV to set aside a decision denying an application for a dealership 

permit). Here, Plaintiffs cannot impose personal liability on Cook and Fong for “mere mistakes in 

judgment.” Butz, 438 U.S. at 507. 

Because Plaintiffs have not shown that a reasonable officer would believe that enforcing 

§ 11709 and § 270.08 was “patently violative of fundamental constitutional principles,” or that 

Fong and Cook applied § 11709 and § 270.08 “in a manner which a reasonable officer would 

recognize exceeds the bounds of the ordinance,” Fong and Cook are “shielded from personal 

liability.” Grossman, 33 F.3d at 1209-10. The Court therefore GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss. 

In addition, because Plaintiffs “fail[ed] to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed,” 

the Court finds that further amendment would be futile and dismisses the claim with prejudice. 

Carvalho, 629 F.3d at 892–93. 

IV.ORDER 

 For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS WITH PREJUDICE Defendants’ 

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Motion to Dismiss the FAC. The Clerk shall close the file. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

Dated: June 2, 2015 

______________________________________ 

Lucy H. Koh 

United States District Judge 

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