Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_22-cv-01585/USCOURTS-caed-1_22-cv-01585-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ESMELING L. BAHENA,

Plaintiff,

v.

LEMON, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 1:22-cv-01585-BAM (PC)

ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO 

RANDOMLY ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

REGARDING DISMISSAL OF CERTAIN 

CLAIMS AND DEFENDANTS

ECF No. 21

FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE

Plaintiff Esmeling L. Bahena (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in 

forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff initiated this 

action on June 10, 2022 in the Sacramento Division of the United States District Court of the 

Eastern District of California. (ECF No. 1.) The action was transferred to the Fresno Division on 

December 12, 2022. (ECF No. 14.) Plaintiff moved for leave to file a first amended complaint 

and leave was granted. The Court screened Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, and Plaintiff was 

granted leave to amend. Plaintiff second amended complaint, filed on February 21, 2023, is 

currently before the Court for screening. (ECF No. 21.)

I. Screening Requirement and Standard

The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 

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governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous 

or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary 

relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b).

A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 

required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as 

true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires 

sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable 

for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret 

Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully 

is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility 

standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969.

II. Plaintiff’s Allegations

Plaintiff is currently housed at California State Prison in Sacramento, California. The 

events in the complaint are alleged to have occurred while Plaintiff was housed at Kern Valley 

State Prison (“KVSP”) and Salinas Valley State Prison (“SVSP”). Plaintiff names as defendants: 

(1) Kathleen Allison, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Secretary, (2) D. 

Williams, Sergeant, KVSP, (3) Mendoza, correctional officer, KVSP, (4) Allen, CC1 correctional 

counselor, KVSP, (5) J. Duran, I.G.I. correctional officer, KVSP, (6) J. Guerra, correctional 

officer, KVSP, (7) Jane Doe, correctional officer at SVSP. All individuals are sued in their 

individual and official capacities.

In claim 1, Plaintiff alleges deliberate indifference and failure to protect in violation of the 

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Eighth Amendment and violation of Due Process. On 6/17/21, while Plaintiff appeared before

(ICE) at SVSP Ad-Seg Unit Committee, Plaintiff notified Jane Doe correctional counselor and 

Warden T. Lemon that Plaintiff had safety concerns at KVSP. If Plaintiff were to be sent to 

KVSP, Plaintiff’s life would be in danger due to an ongoing lawsuit Plaintiff had against active 

duty KVSP officers. Plaintiff feared that correctional officers or their co-workers will retaliate 

against Plaintiff or use other inmates to harm Plaintiff as they had done so in the past. Plaintiff 

requested from CC2 Jane Doe 2-9

1 Ad-Seg correctional counselor to help Plaintiff and not to send 

him to KVSP. For Plaintiff’s health and safety, if she sent him to KVSP and something were to 

happen to Plaintiff, she would be responsible. CC2 Jane Doe failed to do her job and neglected 

Plaintiff’s request, knowing the seriousness of Plaintiff’s situation. Defendant Jane Doe (CC3) 

still sent Plaintiff to KVSP without taking into consideration Plaintiff’s health and safety and was 

deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s life and safety. CC2 Jane Doe was put on notice, was aware

that Plaintiff’s life could be in danger if she sent Plaintiff to KVSP, and she still sent Plaintiff to 

KVSP. She knew the repercussions Plaintiff could suffer at KVSP and did suffer; all of which

could have been avoided if Jane Doe CC2 had done her job and sent Plaintiff to another 

institution. Plaintiff suffered physical and mental injuries, loss of property, harassment, and 

retaliation.

In claim 2, Plaintiff alleges a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection, 

failure to protect in violation of the Eighth Amendment and negligence.

On 8/12/21, when Plaintiff arrived at KVSP Receiving and Release, Plaintiff reported to 

defendant Sergeant D. Williams that Plaintiff had safety concerns due to an ongoing lawsuit

Plaintiff had against active duty correctional officers currently working in Charlie yard. 

Defendant D. Williams was going to send Plaintiff to Charlie yard. Plaintiff explained that the 

last time Plaintiff was housed in Charlie yard, correctional officers harassed and assaulted

Plaintiff for which Plaintiff filed and had an ongoing lawsuit. Plaintiff begged D. Williams not to 

send Plaintiff to Charlie yard or re-house Plaintiff in Ad-Seg while D. Williams investigated

1 Plaintiff has not named as a defendant in the list of defendants Jane Does 2-9 correctional 

counselor. Fed.R.Civ.P. 10(a). Nonetheless, the Court will liberally construe the allegations.

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Plaintiff’s allegations. Plaintiff told D. Williams that officers or coworkers will retaliate against 

Plaintiff by causing harm or will harass Plaintiff or use other inmates to harm Plaintiff. D. 

Williams said “no” you cannot do that, and Defendant was not going to help Plaintiff. He sent 

Plaintiff to Charlie yard where Plaintiff claimed he had safety concerns. Plaintiff told D. 

Williams that if anything happened to Plaintiff D. Williams would be responsible. In Charlie 

yard, Plaintiff suffered physical and mental injuries, loss of personal property, loss of lawsuit,

suffered harassment and retaliation.

In claim 3, Plaintiff alleges violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection, 

violation of the Eighth Amendment and retaliation and excessive force. On about 10/11/21, while

housed at KVSP, building 8 on Charlie yard, cell #203 EOP Building, second watch control tower 

officer Mendoza cracked Plaintiff’s cell door open a little bit such that Plaintiff was able to stick

his hand out. Mendoza always did that to tell and notify inmates that they had mental health 

group. As Plaintiff was waiting for Mendoza to fully open the door, an inmate worker 

approached Plaintiff’s front cell door and handed Plaintiff a CD with a CD case through the crack 

of Plaintiff’s cell door. As Plaintiff reached to grab the CD, Defendant Mendoza immediately 

shut Plaintiff cell door closed. It was like Mendoza was purposely waiting for Plaintiff to put his 

hand out so he could close the door. Mendoza had done this in the past, and this was the third 

time.

When Mendoza closed the door, Plaintiff’s fingers got caught. If Plaintiff had not pulled 

his hand back, Plaintiff’s whole hand would have gotten caught. Plaintiff screamed and the 

building worker screamed for Mendoza to open the door because Plaintiff’s fingers were caught. 

Plaintiff’s hand was bleeding very badly and Plaintiff was in severe pain. Mendoza just laughed 

and walked away from the section window. Plaintiff’s cellmate started screaming at Defendant 

Mendoza to open the door because Plaintiff’s hand was caught in the door. Mendoza kept 

ignoring their pleas by walking away from the tower section window. The inmate worker went to 

get the floor officers. Officers Arellano and a female officer told Defendant Mendoza to open 

Plaintiff’s cell door so they could take Plaintiff to medical. 

When Plaintiff was taken to the building rotunda medical to see the nurse to get something 

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to stop the bleeding. The nurse gave Plaintiff some gauze to hold the blood and stop the bleeding 

because Plaintiff was bleeding with blood dripping down his fingers. The nurse asked Plaintiff to 

move his fingers, but he could not. 

As Plaintiff was waiting, “Arellano and Defendant Mendoza tried to minimize and hurt 

me so I won’t report this incident.” Both officers said that they felt bad and if I didn’t report any 

of the incident, they would give Plaintiff a building porter job. Plaintiff responded with “okay” 

and Plaintiff knew the officers were doing it to bribe Plaintiff to keep the incident silent.

In claim 4, on 10/22/21, Defendant Officer J. Duran while working overtime in KVSP, C8 building, denied plaintiff of his right to his scheduled phone call and also denied Plaintiff his 

right to work. Defendant J. Duran knew Plaintiff from the last time Plaintiff was in KVSP and 

was aware that Plaintiff is suing some of Duran’s co-workers. So J. Duran kept Plaintiff inside 

his cell and denied Plaintiff access contact with his family and his worker hours. On 2/4/22 

around third watch in KVSP, C-8 building, J. Guerra was in charge of inventorying and trans 

packing Plaintiff’s personal property. Defendant J. Guerra purposely and maliciously threw away 

half of Plaintiff’s property and disposed of the rest of Plaintiff’s property. She also threw away 

Plaintiff’s legal documents that were related to the lawsuit Plaintiff had against KVSP.

In claim 5, Plaintiff alleges failure to protect and deliberate indifference and negligence. 

Plaintiff wrote a notification letter to the Secretary of CDCR, Defendant Allison, notifying her of 

his safety concerns at KVSP. Plaintiff asked Allison to help him while housed at SVSP and 

before his transfer to KVSP. Plaintiff asked that the transfer to KVSP be stopped because 

Plaintiff’s life would be in danger based upon the ongoing lawsuit against active duty KVSP 

correctional officers. Plaintiff also put her on notice that if she failed to do her job and help 

Plaintiff, she would held accountable for what happens to Plaintiff. “Defendant”2 was harassed 

and physically hurt by KVSP officials because Defendant Allison failed to do her job and help 

Plaintiff.

As remedies, Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages, a restraining order, and 

2 The court believes that Plaintiff erroneously wrote “Defendant” when he meant to refer to 

himself as “Plaintiff.” (ECF No. 21, p. 9.)

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declaratory relief.

III. Discussion

With the exception of the claim described below, Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply 

with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8, 18 and 20 and fails to state a cognizable claim under 42 

U.S.C. § 1983. Despite being provided the relevant pleading and legal standards, Plaintiff has 

been unable to cure the deficiencies.

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8

Pursuant to Rule 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim 

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Detailed factual allegations 

are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). Plaintiff must 

set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on 

its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). While factual allegations 

are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57; Moss, 

572 F.3d at 969.

Here, Plaintiff’s complaint is relatively short, but it is not a plain statement of his claims 

showing that he is entitled to relief. Many of Plaintiff’s allegations are conclusory and do not 

state what happened, when it happened, or which defendant was involved. General assertions 

regarding who knew what about Plaintiff are not sufficient, and Plaintiff may not merely state the 

elements of a cause of action without providing any factual allegations in support of his claims. 

For instance, Plaintiff does not state any facts of what happened to him once he was moved to 

KVSP, but instead alleges the was “harassed,” “suffered physical and mental injuries,” and lost 

property. These are not factual allegations. Further, Plaintiff improperly joins claims. Plaintiff 

has been unable to cure this deficiency.

B. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 18 and 20

Plaintiff may not bring unrelated claims against unrelated parties in a single action. Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 18(a), 20(a)(2); Owens v. Hinsley, 635 F.3d 950, 952 (7th Cir. 2011); George v. Smith, 

507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007); Mackey v. Price, 2020 WL 7319420, at *3–4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 

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11, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 843462 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2021).

Plaintiff may bring a claim against multiple defendants so long as (1) the claim arises out of the 

same transaction or occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences, and (2) there are 

commons questions of law or fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2); Coughlin v. Rogers, 130 F.3d 1348, 

1351 (9th Cir. 1997). The “same transaction” requirement refers to similarity in the factual 

background of a claim. Id. at 1349. Only if the defendants are properly joined under Rule 20(a) 

will the Court review the other claims to determine if they may be joined under Rule 18(a), which 

permits the joinder of multiple claims against the same party.

Plaintiff was informed that Plaintiff may not raise different claims against different 

defendants in a single action. For instance, Plaintiff may not bring multiple claims arising in 

different institutions, KVSP and SVSP. Claims arising in different institutions must be brought in 

different lawsuits. Merely because Plaintiff was concerned about his safety at different 

institutions does not make every injury or incident related.

In addition, Plaintiff was informed in the Court’s prior screening order that “Plaintiff may 

not change the nature of this suit by adding new, unrelated claims in his second amended 

complaint” (ECF No. 19, p. 15.) Plaintiff has added a new, unrelated claim of retaliation (claim 

4) for being deprived of phone calls and work. This claim was not in the first amended complaint 

and is unrelated to the main claim regarding safety concerns in his move to KVSP. The Court 

declines to expend its already taxed resources to screen unrelated claims which were joined in 

violation of the Court’s screening order. Plaintiff was previously informed that “if unrelated 

claims are joined, the Court will select which cognizable claim may proceed.” (ECF No. 19 p. 6.)

C. Supervisory Liability

To the extent Plaintiff seeks to hold the Secretary liable based solely upon their 

supervisory role, he may not do so. Liability may not be imposed on supervisory personnel for 

the actions or omissions of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. at 676–77; Simmons v. Navajo Cty., Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020–21 (9th Cir. 2010); Ewing v. 

City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th 

Cir. 2002). “A supervisor may be liable only if (1) he or she is personally involved in the 

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constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor's 

wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977 (9th 

Cir. 2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted); accord Lemire v. Cal. Dep't of Corrs. & 

Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074–75 (9th Cir. 2013); Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 915–16 

(9th Cir. 2012) (en banc). “Under the latter theory, supervisory liability exists even without overt 

personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory officials implement a policy so deficient 

that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and is the moving force of a 

constitutional violation.” Crowley, 734 F.3d at 977 (citing Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 

(9th Cir. 1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff alleges that he wrote Defendant Allison for help in stopping the transfer and she 

did not help him. This allegation fails to establish she is personally involved in the constitutional 

deprivation. There is no allegation that Plaintiff actually sent the letter (he alleges he wrote it), or 

that Defendant Allison received and read the letter. Plaintiff merely relies on the supervising 

Defendant’s responsibilities to ensure the safety and health of the prisoners, but this claim is 

based on respondeat superior which is not cognizable under section 1983. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677. 

Such conclusory allegations are insufficient to state the causal link between such defendant and 

the claimed constitutional violation.

D. Official Capacity

Claims for damages against the state, its agencies, or its officers for actions performed in 

their official capacities are barred under the Eleventh Amendment, unless the state waives its 

immunity. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 169 (1985) (Eleventh Amendment bars a damages 

action against a State in federal court); see also Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 

58, 71 (1989). Suits for injunctive relief are also generally barred. See Nat'l Audubon Soc'y v. 

Davis, 307 F.3d 835, 847 (9th Cir. 2002); Evans v. Diaz, No. 1:22-CV-00291 ADA BAMPC, 

2022 WL 17417816, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2022) (Plaintiff may not pursue his claims for 

monetary damages against Defendant Warden in his official capacity), report and 

recommendation adopted, No. 1:22-CV-00291 ADA BAM PC, 2023 WL 317287 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 

19, 2023). Plaintiff cannot state a claim against the officers in their official capacities.

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E. Failure to Investigate

To the extent Plaintiff alleges that a failure to investigate his security concerns, violated 

his rights for an inadequate investigation, Plaintiff's claims are not a basis for a plausible §1983 

claim. Baker v. Beam, 2019 WL 1455321, at *6 (E.D. Cal. 2019); Drake v. Ibal, No. 1:22-CV01149 BAM PC, 2022 WL 18027808, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 30, 2022) (no claim for faulty 

investigation for removal of evidence from the investigative file). To the degree Plaintiff is trying 

to hold the individuals or others liable for an independent, unspecified constitutional violation 

based upon an allegedly inadequate investigation, there is no such claim. See Gomez v. Whitney, 

757 F.2d 1005, 1006 (9th Cir. 1985) (per curiam) (“[W]e can find no instance where the courts 

have recognized inadequate investigation as sufficient to state a civil rights claim unless there was 

another recognized constitutional right involved.”); Page v. Stanley, 2013 WL 2456798, at *8–9 

(C.D. Cal. June 5, 2013) (dismissing Section 1983 claim alleging that officers failed to conduct 

thorough investigation of plaintiff's complaints because plaintiff “had no constitutional right to 

any investigation of his citizen's complaint, much less a ‘thorough’ investigation or a particular 

outcome”); Tirado v. Santiago, No. 1:22-CV-00724 BAM PC, 2022 WL 4586294, at *5 (E.D. 

Cal. Sept. 29, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:22-CV-00724 JLT BAM PC, 

2022 WL 16748838 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2022) (no constitutional claim for failing to investigate an 

appeal). Plaintiff cannot cure this deficiency.

F. Failure to Protect

The crux of Plaintiff’s allegations is a failure to protect him from alleged harm.

The Eighth Amendment requires that prison officials take reasonable measures to 

guarantee the safety of prisoners. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994). In particular, 

prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners. Id.

at 833. The failure of prison officials to protect inmates from attacks by other inmates or from 

dangerous conditions at the prison violates the Eighth Amendment when two requirements are 

met: (1) the deprivation alleged is, objectively, sufficiently serious; and (2) the prison official is, 

subjectively, deliberately indifferent to inmate health or safety. Id. at 834. A prison official is 

deliberately indifferent if he knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety 

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by failing to take reasonable steps to abate it. Id. at 837.

The official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a 

substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference. Id. However, an 

Eighth Amendment claimant need not show that a prison official acted or failed to act believing 

that harm actually would befall an inmate; it is enough that the official acted or failed to act 

despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm. Id. at 842. Neither negligence nor 

gross negligence will constitute deliberate indifference. Id. at 835-36 & n.4. 

A prison official need not “believe to a moral certainty” that an inmate is at risk of harm 

“before [he] is obligated to take steps to prevent such an assault,” but “he must have more than a 

mere suspicion that an attack will occur.” Berg v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986) 

(citation omitted). “[S]peculative and generalized fears of harm at the hands of other prisoners do 

not rise to a sufficiently substantial risk of serious harm to [an inmate's] future health.” Williams 

v. Wood, 223 F. App'x 670, 671 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).

Plaintiff must identify the individuals who he contends failed to protect him, and cannot 

refer to all as “Defendants.” Plaintiff has only alleged that he told at KVSP Defendant D. 

Williams of Plaintiff’s safety concerns. But Plaintiff has not alleged what happened and who was 

involved and link each named individual to the alleged constitutional violations. Each Defendant 

is entitled to know what conduct allegedly violated Plaintiff’s rights. Plaintiff does not allege 

what happened to him and who was involved in being set up. Conclusory allegations are 

insufficient. Plaintiff has not alleged what each did or did not do that subjected Plaintiff to injury 

from unknown enemies. Indeed, the allegations do not assert what happened to him, who injured 

him, how was he injured or that Plaintiff was injured. Further, Plaintiff may not join this claim 

with other unrelated claims.

H. Eighth Amendment -Excessive Force and Deliberate Indifference to Medical 

Care

The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and 

from inhumane conditions of confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 

2006). The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain violates the Cruel and Unusual 

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Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Hudson v McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 5 (1992) 

(citations omitted). Although prison conditions may be restrictive and harsh, prison officials must 

provide prisoners with food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety. 

Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832–33 (1994) (quotations omitted).

“[W]henever prison officials stand accused of using excessive physical force in violation 

of the [Eighth Amendment], the core judicial inquiry is...whether force was applied in a goodfaith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” 

Hudson, 503 U.S. at 6-7. Not “every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal 

cause of action.” Id. at 9. De minimis uses of physical force do not violate the constitution 

provided that the use of force is not of a sort “repugnant to the conscience of mankind.” Whitley 

v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 327 (1986) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976).

For claims of excessive physical force, the issue is “whether force was applied in a goodfaith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” 

Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7. Relevant factors for this consideration include “the extent of injury... [,] 

the need for application of force, the relationship between that need and the amount of force used, 

the threat ‘reasonably perceived by the responsible officials,’ and ‘any efforts made to temper the 

severity of a forceful response.’ ” Id. (quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 1078, 1085 (1986) ). 

Finally, because the use of force relates to the prison's legitimate penological interest in 

maintaining security and order, the court must be deferential to the conduct of prison officials. 

See Whitley, 475 U.S. at 321–22.

As to the medical care, a prisoner's claim of inadequate medical care does not constitute 

cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment unless the mistreatment rises 

to the level of “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 

1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for 

deliberate indifference requires Plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating 

that failure to treat a prisoner's condition could result in further significant injury or the 

‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,’ ” and (2) “the defendant's response to the need was 

deliberately indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. A defendant does not act in a deliberately 

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indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate 

health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994). “Deliberate indifference is a 

high legal standard,” Simmons v. Navajo County, Ariz, 609 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2010); 

Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004), and is shown where there was “a 

purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need” and the 

indifference caused harm. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096.

Liberally construing the allegations in the second amended complaint, Plaintiff alleges an 

excessive force claim against Defendant Mendoza for the incident of closing the cell door on 

Plaintiff’s fingers and deliberate indifference to medical care for failure to seek medical treatment

by walking away despite repeated calls for help.

I. Access to Courts

Inmates have a fundamental right of access to the courts. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 

346 (1996); Silva v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1103 (9th Cir. 2011) (“We have recognized that 

prisoners’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to access the courts without undue interference 

extend beyond the pleading stages”), overruled on other grounds as stated by Richey v. Dahne, 

807 F.3d 1202, 1209 n.6 (9th Cir. 2015). The right is limited to direct criminal appeals, habeas 

petitions, and civil rights actions. Id. at 354. Claims for denial of access to the courts may arise 

from the frustration or hindrance of “a litigating opportunity yet to be gained” (forward-looking 

access claim) or from the loss of a meritorious suit that cannot now be tried (backward-looking 

claim). Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 412-15 (2002). A plaintiff must show that he 

suffered an “actual injury” by being shut out of court. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 350-51. An “actual 

injury” is one that hinders the plaintiff's ability to pursue a legal claim. Id. at 351.

A plaintiff must identify the underlying lawsuit that forms the basis of the claim with 

sufficient detail so that the court can determine whether it was a non-frivolous, arguable claim. 

Christopher v. Harbury,536 U.S. at 415 (“It follows that the underlying cause of action, whether 

anticipated or lost, is an element that must be described in the complaint, just as much as 

allegations must describe the official acts frustrating the litigation.”) A plaintiff must further 

identify the acts that frustrated his claim, and how his claim was frustrated, as well as identify the 

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remedy sought. Further, this claim is not properly joined with other unrelated claims. Plaintiff 

has been unable to cure this deficiency.

J. Deprivation of Property

Plaintiff alleges that his property was taken.

The Due Process Clause protects prisoners from being deprived of property without due 

process of law, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974), and prisoners have a protected 

interest in their personal property, Hansen v. May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. 1974). Authorized 

intentional deprivation of property pursuant to an established state procedure is actionable under 

the Due Process Clause. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 532 & n.13 (1984) (citing Logan v. 

Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 435–36 (1982)); Quick v. Jones, 754 F.2d 1521, 1524 (9th 

Cir. 1985). On the other hand, “an unauthorized intentional deprivation of property by a state 

employee does not constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process 

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful post-deprivation remedy for the loss is 

available.” Hudson, 468 U.S. at 533. And “California law provides an adequate post-deprivation 

remedy for any property deprivations.” Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816–17 (9th Cir. 1994) 

(citing Cal. Gov't Code §§ 810–95). Additionally, “the Due Process Clause is [ ] not implicated 

by a negligent act of an official causing unintended loss of or injury to ... property.” Daniels v. 

Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328 (1986).

Plaintiff appears to be alleging an unauthorized intentional deprivation of his property. As 

California law provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim 

under the Due Process Clause for deprivation of his property.

K. Retaliation

There are five basic elements to a First Amendment retaliation claim: “(1) An assertion 

that a state actor took some adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner's 

protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate's exercise of his First Amendment 

rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. 

Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005) (footnote omitted).

“ ‘[A] plaintiff who fails to allege a chilling effect may still state a claim if he alleges he 

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suffered some other harm,’ Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1269, that is ‘more than minimal,’ Robinson, 

408 F.3d at 568 n.11. That the retaliatory conduct did not chill the plaintiff from suing the 

alleged retaliator does not defeat the retaliation claim at the motion to dismiss stage. Id. at 569.” 

Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original).

Plaintiff appears to allege numerous adverse actions, including that certain defendants 

tried to incite violence against Plaintiff and that someone helped orchestrate the theft of his legal 

papers and legal work. However, Plaintiff's allegations are conclusory. Moreover, while Plaintiff 

alleges that the adverse actions were done in retaliation, this is also conclusory. He does not 

describe anything someone said or did specifically that would indicate that they took an adverse 

action based on Plaintiff filing lawsuits. Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged that any defendant 

took an adverse action against Plaintiff because he engaged in protected conduct. Further, 

Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim against Arellano and Mendoza, because, among other 

deficiencies, Plaintiff does not allege any adverse action by Arellano and Mendoza. Plaintiff has 

been unable to cure these deficiencies.

L. Equal Protection

The Equal Protection Clause requires the State to treat all similarly situated people 

equally. See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 

L.Ed.2d 313 (1985). This does not mean, however, that all prisoners must receive identical 

treatment and resources. See Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 n. 2, 92 S.Ct. 1079, 31 L.Ed.2d 263 

(1972); Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 880 (9th Cir. 1993); Allen v. Toombs, 827 F.2d 563, 568–69 

(9th Cir. 1987).

“To prevail on an Equal Protection claim brought under § 1983, Plaintiff must allege facts 

plausibly showing that ‘ “the defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against 

[them] based upon membership in a protected class,’ ” (citing Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 425 

F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 2005)) (quoting Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 686 (9th Cir. 

2001)), or that similarly situated individuals were intentionally treated differently without a 

rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose, Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agr., 553 

U.S. 591, 601-02, 128 S.Ct. 2146, 170 L.Ed.2d 975 (2008); Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 

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U.S. 562, 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000); Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 

580, 592 (9th Cir. 2008); North Pacifica LLC v. City of Pacifica, 526 F.3d 478, 486 (9th Cir. 

2008).

Plaintiff has not stated a cognizable equal protection claim. Plaintiff does not allege that 

he was discriminated against because of his membership in any protected class. He also does not 

allege factual support that he was intentionally treated differently than other similarly situated 

inmates without a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Plaintiff has not provided 

any factual support for this claim. Fletcher v. Clendenin, No. 1:22-CV-00249 AWI BAM, 2022 

WL 2791480, at *5 (E.D. Cal. July 15, 2022) (Equal Protection claim dismissed for failure to 

allege factual support for denial of treatment based on membership in a protected class). Plaintiff 

has been unable to cure this deficiency.

M. State Law Claims

To the extent Plaintiff also alleges violations of California law, Plaintiff was informed that 

the California Government Claims Act requires that a tort claim against a public entity or its 

employees be presented to the California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board 

no more than six months after the cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov't Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 

945.4, 950-950.2. Presentation of a written claim, and action on or rejection of the claim are 

conditions precedent to suit. State v. Superior Court of Kings County (Bodde), 32 Cal.4th 1234, 

1239 (Cal. 2004); Shirk v. Vista Unified School District, 42 Cal.4th 201, 209 (2007). To state a 

tort claim against a public employee, a plaintiff must allege compliance with the California Tort 

Claims Act. Cal. Gov't Code § 950.6; Bodde, 32 Cal.4th at 1244. “[F]ailure to allege facts 

demonstrating or excusing compliance with the requirement subjects a compliant to general 

demurrer for failure to state a cause of action.” Bodde, 32 Cal.4th at 1239.

As Plaintiff has not alleged compliance with the Government Claims Act, he has failed to 

state a claim under California law.

Moreover, to the extent that defendants have not complied with applicable state statutes or 

prison regulations, these deprivations do not support a claim under § 1983. Section 1983 only 

provides a cause of action for the deprivation of federally protected rights. See e.g., Nible v. Fink, 

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828 Fed. Appx. 463 (9th Cir. 2020) (violations of Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations 

do not create private right of action); Nurre v. Whitehead, 580 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(section 1983 claims must be premised on violation of federal constitutional right); Prock v. 

Warden, No. 1:13-cv-01572-MJS (PC), 2013 WL 5553349, at *11–12 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 8, 2013) 

(noting that several district courts have found no implied private right of action under title 15 and 

stating that “no § 1983 claim arises for [violations of title 15] even if they occurred.”); Parra v. 

Hernandez, No. 08cv0191-H (CAB), 2009 WL 3818376, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 2009) 

(granting motion to dismiss prisoner's claims brought pursuant to Title 15 of the California Code 

of Regulations); Chappell v. Newbarth, No. 1:06-cv-01378-OWW-WMW (PC), 2009 WL 

1211372, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 1, 2009) (holding that there is no private right of action under 

Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations).

IV. Conclusion and Recommendation 

Based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s second amended complaint states a 

cognizable claim against Defendant Mendoza for excessive force for the incident of closing the 

cell door on Plaintiff’s fingers and deliberate indifference to medical care for failure to seek 

medical treatment by walking away despite repeated calls for help. However, Plaintiff’s 

complaint fails to state any other cognizable claims for relief against any other Defendants.

Accordingly, the Court HEREBY DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to randomly assign a 

district judge to this action.

Further, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 

1. This action proceed on Plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed on February 21, 2023, 

(ECF No. 21), against Defendant Mendoza3for excessive force for the incident on 

October 11, 2021 of closing the cell door on Plaintiff’s fingers and deliberate indifference 

to medical care for failure to seek medical treatment by walking away despite repeated

calls for help, in violation of the Eighth Amendment; and

3 Plaintiff alleges this incident occurred on October 11, 2021, while housed at KVSP, Building 8 

on Charlie yard, cell #203, EOP Building, and Defendant Mendoza was Second Watch Control 

Tower Officer.

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2. All other claims and defendants be dismissed, with prejudice, based on Plaintiff’s failure 

to state claims upon which relief may be granted.

* * *

These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 

Judge assigned to the case, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) days after 

being served with these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections 

with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings 

and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that the failure to file objections within the specified 

time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual findings” on 

appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 

F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 15, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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