Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_04-cv-05107/USCOURTS-cand-3_04-cv-05107-18/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 442
Nature of Suit: Civil Rights Employment
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Fed. Question: Employment Discrimination

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

KIRAN PANDE,

Plaintiff(s),

v.

CHEVRON, 

Defendant(s).

___________________________________/

Case No. C-04-5107 JCS

COURT’S PROPOSED JURY INSTRUCTIONS

DATED: October 19, 2007

___________________________

Hon. Joseph C. Spero

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 1 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 1

DUTY OF JURY

Members of the Jury: Now that you have heard all of the evidence and the arguments of the

attorneys, it is my duty to instruct you as to the law of the case.

Each of you has received a copy of these instructions that you may take with you to the jury

room to consult during your deliberations.

You must not infer from these instructions or from anything I may say or do as indicating

that I have an opinion regarding the evidence or what your verdict should be.

It is your duty to find the facts from all the evidence in the case. To those facts you will

apply the law as I give it to you. You must follow the law as I give it to you whether you agree with

it or not. And you must not be influenced by any personal likes or dislikes, opinions, prejudices, or

sympathy. That means that you must decide the case solely on the evidence before you. You will

recall that you took an oath to do so. 

In following my instructions, you must follow all of them and not single out some and ignore

others; they are all important. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 2 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 2

WHAT IS EVIDENCE

The evidence you are to consider in deciding what the facts are consists of: 

(1) The sworn testimony of any witness; 

(2) The exhibits which are received into evidence; and

(3) Any facts to which the lawyers have agreed.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 3 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 3

WHAT IS NOT EVIDENCE

In reaching your verdict, you may consider only the testimony and exhibits received into

evidence. Certain things are not evidence, and you may not consider them in deciding what the facts

are. I will list them for you:

Arguments and statements by lawyers are not evidence. The lawyers are not witnesses. 

What they have said in their opening statements, will say in their closing arguments, and at other

times is intended to help you interpret the evidence, but it is not evidence. If the facts as you

remember them differ from the way the lawyers have stated them, your memory of them controls.

Questions and objections by lawyers are not evidence. Attorneys have a duty to their clients

to object when they believe a question is improper under the rules of evidence. You should not be

influenced by the objection or by the court’s ruling on it.

Testimony that has been excluded or stricken, or that you have been instructed to disregard,

is not evidence and must not be considered. In addition sometimes testimony and exhibits are

received only for a limited purpose; when I give a limiting instruction, you must follow it.

Anything you may have seen or heard when the court was not in session is not evidence. 

You are to decide the case solely on the evidence received at the trial. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 4 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 4

DIRECT AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

Evidence may be direct or circumstantial. Direct evidence is direct proof of a fact, such as

testimony by a witness about what the witness personally saw or heard or did. Circumstantial

evidence is proof of one or more facts from which you could find another fact. You should consider

both kinds of evidence. The law makes no distinction between the weight to be given to either direct

or circumstantial evidence. It is for you to decide how much weight to give to any evidence.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 5 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 5

FAILURE TO EXPLAIN OR DENY EVIDENCE

You may consider whether a party failed to explain or deny some unfavorable evidence.

Failure to explain or to deny unfavorable evidence may suggest that the evidence is true. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 6 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 6

CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES

In deciding the facts in this case, you may have to decide which testimony to believe and

which testimony not to believe. You may believe everything a witness says, or part of it, or none of

it. Proof of a fact does not necessarily depend on the number of witnesses who testify about it.

In considering the testimony of any witness, you may take into account:

(1) The opportunity and ability of the witness to see or hear or know the things testified

to;

(2) The witness's memory;

(3) The witness's manner while testifying;

(4) The witness's interest in the outcome of the case and any bias or prejudice;

(5) Whether other evidence contradicted the witness's testimony;

(6) The reasonableness of the witness's testimony in light of all the evidence; and

(7) Any other factors that bear on believability.

The weight of the evidence as to a fact does not necessarily depend on the number of

witnesses who testify.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 7 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 7

EXPERT OPINION

Some witnesses, because of education or experience, are permitted to state opinions and the

reasons for those opinions. 

Opinion testimony should be judged just like any other testimony. You may accept it or

reject it, and give it as much weight as you think it deserves, considering the witness’s education and

experience, the reasons given for the opinion, and all the other evidence in the case.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 8 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 8

CHARTS AND SUMMARIES NOT RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE

Certain charts and summaries not received in evidence have been shown to you in order to

help explain the contents of books, records, documents, or other evidence in the case. They are not

themselves evidence or proof of any facts. If they do not correctly reflect the facts or figures shown

by the evidence in the case, you should disregard these charts and summaries and determine the facts

from the underlying evidence.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 9 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 9

CHARTS AND SUMMARIES IN EVIDENCE

Certain charts and summaries have been received into evidence to illustrate information

brought out in the trial. Charts and summaries are only as good as the underlying evidence that

supports them. You should, therefore, give them only such weight as you think the underlying

evidence deserves.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 10 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 10

USE OF NOTES

Some of you have taken notes during the trial. Whether or not you took notes, you should

rely on your own memory of what was said. Notes are only to assist your memory. You should not

be overly influenced by the notes.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 11 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 11

BURDEN OF PROOF – PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE

When a party has the burden of proof on any claim or affirmative defense by a

preponderance of the evidence, it means you must be persuaded by the evidence that the claim or

affirmative defense is more probably true than not true.

You should base your decision on all of the evidence, regardless of which party presented it.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 12 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 12

BURDEN OF PROOF – CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE

When a party has the burden of proof on any claim or defense by clear and convincing

evidence, it means you must be persuaded by the evidence that the claim or defense is highly

probable. This is a higher standard of proof than proof by a preponderance of the evidence.

You should base your decision on all of the evidence, regardless of which party presented it.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 13 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 13

CORPORATIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS – FAIR TREATMENT

Defendant Chevron is a corporation.

All parties are equal before the law and a corporation or company is entitled to the same fair

and conscientious consideration by you as any party.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 14 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 14

VIOLATION OF FMLA / CFRA - INTERFERENCE WITH RIGHTS – 

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Ms. Pande claims that Chevron interfered with and/or denied the exercise of her right to

medical leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act and the California Family Rights Act. To

establish this claim, Ms. Pande must prove all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence:

1. That Ms. Pande was eligible for medical leave;

2. That Ms. Pande requested and took medical leave for her own serious health condition; 

3. That Ms. Pande provided reasonable notice to Chevron of her need for medical leave,

including its expected timing and length; 

4. That one or more of the following occurred: 

 (a) Ms. Pande’s taking of medical leave constituted a negative factor in Chevron’s

decision to terminate her; and/or 

 (b) Ms. Pande’s taking of medical leave constituted a negative factor in Chevron’s

decision not to hire her for alternative positions;

5. That Ms. Pande was harmed; and

6. That Chevron’s conduct was a substantial factor in causing Ms. Pande’s harm.

The parties have stipulated in this case that Ms. Pande was eligible for medical leave, that

she requested and took medical leave for her own serious health condition, and that she provided the

requisite reasonable notice to Chevron. You therefore must find for Ms. Pande on these causes of

action if you determine that she has proven elements 4, 5, and 6 above.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 15 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 15

AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE – EMPLOYMENT WOULD HAVE CEASED

Chevron claims that it was not required to allow Ms. Pande to return to work when her

medical leave was over because her employment would have ended for other reasons. To succeed,

Chevron must prove both of the following by a preponderance of the evidence: 

1. That Chevron would have terminated Ms. Pande’s employment even if she had

continued to work during the leave period; and

2. That Ms. Pande’s medical leave was not a negative factor in Chevron’s decisions (1) to

terminate Ms. Pande’s employment and (2) not to hire her for alternative positions. 

An employee on medical leave has no greater right to his or her job or to other employment

benefits than if he or she had continued working during the leave. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 16 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 16

RETALIATION – ELEMENTS

Ms. Pande claims that Chevron retaliated against her for her complaints about gender

discrimination, racial discrimination, and harassment. To establish this claim, Ms. Pande must prove

all of the following:

1. That Ms. Pande complained to supervisors about gender discrimination, racial

discrimination, and/or harassment;

2. That Chevron subjected Ms. Pande to one or more adverse employment action;

3. That Ms. Pande’s complaints about gender discrimination, racial discrimination, and

harassment were a motivating reason for Chevron’s decision to take any of these adverse

employment actions against her;

4. That Ms. Pande was harmed; and

5. That this retaliatory conduct by Chevron was a substantial factor in causing Ms.

Pande’s harm.

A substantial factor in causing harm is a factor that a reasonable person would consider to

have contributed to the harm. It must be more than a remote or trivial factor. It does not have to be

the only cause of the harm. Conduct is not a substantial factor in causing harm if the same harm

would have occurred without the conduct.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 17 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 17

“ADVERSE EMPLOYMENT ACTION”

An action or series of actions constitute an adverse employment action if one or more of

those actions, individually or collectively, materially affects the terms, conditions or privileges of

employment, taking into account the unique circumstances of the affected employee as well as the

workplace context of the claim.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 18 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 18

CONTINUING VIOLATION DOCTRINE

Ms. Pande may recover for retaliatory actions that occurred more than one year before she

filed her charge of discrimination with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing

only if those actions are related to actions within one year before her filing. Actions are sufficiently

related if they are similar in kind, occurred with reasonable frequency, and it was not clear at the

time of the actions that occurred more than one year before the filing that further efforts to stop the

retaliatory actions would be futile. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 19 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 19

WRONGFUL DISCHARGE IN VIOLATION OF PUBLIC POLICY

ESSENTIAL FACTUAL ELEMENTS

Ms. Pande claims she was discharged from employment for reasons that violate a public

policy. To establish this claim, Ms. Pande must prove all of the following by a preponderance of the

evidence: 

1. That Ms. Pande was employed by Chevron;

2. That Chevron discharged Ms. Pande;

3. That Ms. Pande’s medical leave and/or alleged complaints of discrimination and

harassment were motivating reasons for the discharge; and

4. That the discharge caused Ms. Pande harm. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 20 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 20

DAMAGES – PROOF

It is the duty of the Court to instruct you about the measure of damages. By instructing you

on damages, the Court does not mean to suggest for which party your verdict should be rendered.

If you find for Ms. Pande, you must determine Ms. Pande’s damages. Ms. Pande has the

burden of proving damages by a preponderance of the evidence. Damages means the amount of

money which will reasonably and fairly compensate Ms. Pande for any injury you find was caused

by Chevron. You should consider the following: the reasonable value of earnings and benefits lost

to the present time; the reasonable value of earnings and benefits which, with reasonable probability,

will be lost in the future. 

It is for you to determine what damages, if any, have been proved by Ms. Pande.

Your award must be based upon evidence and not upon speculation, guesswork or

conjecture.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 21 of 32
United States District Court

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 21

DAMAGES

If you find for Ms. Pande, then you must decide the amount of damages that she has proven

she is entitled to recover, if any. To make that decision, you must: 

(1) Decide the amount that Ms. Pande would have earned up to today had Chevron not

terminated her employment, including any benefits and pay increases; and 

(2) Add the present cash value of any future wages and benefits that she would have

earned for the length of time the employment with Chevron was reasonably certain to continue.

In determining the period that Ms. Pande’s employment was reasonably certain to have

continued, you should consider such things as: 

(1) Ms. Pande’s age, work performance, and intent regarding continuing employment with

Chevron;

(2) Chevron’s prospects for having available positions for Ms. Pande; and 

(3) Any other factor that bears on how long Ms. Pande would have continued to work.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 22 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 22

DAMAGES – EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

The Plaintiff in this action is not seeking damages or compensation for emotional distress. 

Accordingly, you may not award any damages to Ms. Pande for any stress or emotional distress that

you believe she may have suffered. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 23 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 23

MITIGATION OF DAMAGES

Ms. Pande must make every reasonable effort to minimize or reduce her damages for loss of

compensation by seeking employment. This is referred to as “mitigation of damages.” Chevron

must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Ms. Pande failed to mitigate her damages for

loss of compensation.

If you determine that Ms. Pande is entitled to damages, you must reduce these damages by:

1. What Ms. Pande earned since her termination; and

2. What Ms. Pande could have earned by reasonable effort during the period

since Ms. Pande’s discharge.

Ms. Pande must accept employment that is “of a like nature.” In determining whether

employment is “of a like nature,” you may consider: 

1. The type of work;

2. The hours worked;

3. The compensation;

4. The job security;

5. The working conditions; and 

6. Other conditions of employment.

You must consider whether Ms. Pande acted reasonably in not seeking or accepting a

particular job. If you determine Ms. Pande did not make reasonable efforts to obtain another similar

job, you must decide whether any damages resulted from Ms. Pande’s failure to do so. 

You must not compensate Ms. Pande for any portion of her damages resulting from Ms.

Pande’s failure to make reasonable efforts to reduce Ms. Pande’s damages.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 24 of 32
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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 24

DAMAGES ARISING IN THE FUTURE – DISCOUNT TO PRESENT CASH VALUE

Any award for future economic damages must be for the present cash value of those

damages.

Present cash value means the sum of money needed now, which, when invested at a

reasonable rate of return, will pay future damages at the times and in the amounts that you find the

damages will be incurred or would have been received.

The rate of return to be applied in determining present cash value should be the interest that

can reasonably be expected from safe investments that can be made by a person of ordinary

prudence, who has ordinary financial experience and skill. 

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 25 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 25

PUNITIVE DAMAGES

If you decide that Chevron’s conduct caused Ms. Pande’s harm, you must decide whether

that conduct justifies an award of punitive damages. The purposes of punitive damages are to punish

a wrongdoer for the conduct that harmed the plaintiff and to discourage similar conduct in the future.

You may award punitive damages against Chevron only if Ms. Pande proves that Chevron

engaged in that conduct with malice, oppression, or fraud. To do this, the Ms. Pande must prove one

of the following by clear and convincing evidence:

(1) That the conduct constituting malice, oppression, or fraud was committed by one or

more officers, directors, or managing agents of Chevron, who acted on behalf of Chevron; or

(2) That the conduct constituting malice, oppression, or fraud was authorized by one or

more officers, directors, or managing agents of Chevron; or

(3) That one or more officers, directors, or managing agents of Chevron knew of the

conduct constituting malice, oppression, or fraud and adopted or approved that conduct after it

occurred.

“Malice” means that Chevron acted with intent to cause injury or that Chevron’s conduct was

despicable and was done with a willful and knowing disregard of the rights or safety of another. A

person acts with knowing disregard when he or she is aware of the probable dangerous

consequences of his or her conduct and deliberately fails to avoid those consequences.

“Oppression” means that Chevron’s conduct was despicable and subjected Ms. Pande to

cruel and unjust hardship in knowing disregard of her rights.

“Despicable conduct” is conduct that is so vile, base, or contemptible that it would be looked

down on and despised by reasonable people.

“Fraud” means that Chevron intentionally misrepresented or concealed a material fact and

did so intending to harm Ms. Pande.

Case 3:04-cv-05107-JCS Document 168 Filed 10/19/07 Page 26 of 32
United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

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An employee is a “managing agent” if he or she exercises substantial independent authority

and judgment in his or her corporate decision making such that his or her decisions ultimately

determine corporate policy.

There is no fixed standard for determining the amount of punitive damages, and you are not

required to award any punitive damages. If you decide to award punitive damages, you should

consider all of the following in determining the amount:

1. How reprehensible was Chevron’s conduct? In deciding how reprehensible

Chevron’s conduct was, you may consider, among other factors:

(a) Whether the conduct caused physical harm;

(b) Whether Chevron disregarded the health or safety of others;

(c) Whether Ms. Pande was financially weak or vulnerable and Chevron knew

Ms. Pande was financially weak or vulnerable and took advantage of her;

(d) Whether Chevron’s conduct involved a pattern or practice; and

(e) Whether Chevron acted with trickery or deceit.

2. Is there a reasonable relationship between the amount of punitive damages and Ms.

Pande’s harm?

3. In view of Chevron’s financial condition, what amount is necessary to punish it and

discourage future wrongful conduct? You may not increase the punitive award above an amount

that is otherwise appropriate merely because Chevron has substantial financial resources.

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 26

NO DOUBLE RECOVERY

If you find in favor of Ms. Pande on more than one of her claims for relief, you may not

award damages twice for the same injury.

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 27

JURORS NOT TO CONSIDER ATTORNEY FEES AND COURT COSTS

You must not consider, or include as part of any award, attorney fees or expenses that the

parties incurred in bringing or defending this lawsuit.

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 28

DUTY TO DELIBERATE

When you begin your deliberations, you should elect one member of the jury as your

presiding juror. That person will preside over the deliberations and speak for you here in court.

You will then discuss the case with your fellow jurors to reach agreement if you can do so. 

Your verdict must be unanimous.

Each of you must decide the case for yourself, but you should do so only after you have

considered all of the evidence, discussed it fully with the other jurors, and listened to the views of

your fellow jurors.

Do not hesitate to change your opinion if the discussion persuades you that you should. Do

not come to a decision simply because other jurors think it is right.

It is important that you attempt to reach a unanimous verdict but, of course, only if each of

you can do so after having made your own conscientious decision. Do not change an honest belief

about the weight and effect of the evidence simply to reach a verdict.

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 29

COMMUNICATION WITH COURT

If it becomes necessary during your deliberations to communicate with me, you may send a

note through the Courtroom Deputy, Karen Hom, signed by your presiding juror or by one or more

members of the jury. No member of the jury should ever attempt to communicate with me except by

a signed writing; and I will communicate with any member of the jury on anything concerning the

case only in writing, or here in open court. If you send out a question, I will consult with the parties

before answering it, which may take some time. You may continue your deliberations while waiting

for the answer to any question. Remember that you are not to tell anyone — including me — how

the jury stands, numerically or otherwise, until after you have reached a unanimous verdict or have

been discharged. Do not disclose any vote count in any note to the Court.

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JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 30

RETURN OF VERDICT

A verdict form has been prepared for you. After you have reached unanimous agreement on

a verdict, your presiding juror will fill in the form that has been given to you, sign and date it, and

advise the Court that you are ready to return to the courtroom.

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