Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_04-cv-00541/USCOURTS-azd-4_04-cv-00541-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Civil Rights Act

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Michael Haggerty and Miriam Haggerty,

husband and wife, 

Plaintiffs, 

vs.

The City of Tucson, a municipal

corporation; Officer D. Contreras (Badge

No. 45456), in his official capacity as officer

and employee of the City of Tucson Police

Department; John Does 1-10, fictitious

individual defendants; Jane Does 1-10,

individual defendants, 

Defendants. 

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No. CIV-04-541 TUC JMR

ORDER

Pending before this Court are the parties cross-motions for summary judgment. For

the reasons discussed below, this case is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual history

On September 26, 2003, at 10:00 p.m., Defendant Contreras, a Tucson police officer,

was dispatched to a property owned by Plaintiffs in a response to a loud party call. At that

time the property was rented to Shannon Harrison who was throwing a party for her

daughter. Plaintiffs were not present at the party. Contreras reported the party as "disorderly

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conduct" and "disturbing the peace." He noted that 42 people were observed and that some

were in the front yard and on the west side of the house. He also reported two vehicles

parked facing eastbound on the westbound side of the street. Pursuant to Tucson's "Red-Tag"

ordinance, TC § 16-32(C)(4)(a), Contreras posted a notice on the front window of the

property. The notice indicated that an unruly gathering had occurred on the property and,

according to the ordinance, was to remain posted for 180 days. Any removal or tampering

with the notice within the 180-day time frame would result in further penalties. Contreras

did not issue any other citations. If another violation occurred within the 180-day period, the

owner of the property would be liable for a penalty of $500 (third and fourth violations carry

a penalty of $1,000 and $1,500 respectively).

Plaintiffs were sent notice of the red-tag posting via mail. The ordinance allows an

owner or tenant to contest the posting within 15 days of the mailing of the notice. Harrison

contested the posting, which was upheld in the Tucson City Court on October 21, 2003.

Plaintiffs never contested the posting. The ordinance also allows the owner to petition the

court for removal of the notice on a showing that the owner has taken remedial actions, such

as evicting the tenant responsible for the infraction. There is no evidence that Plaintiffs took

any remedial action or petitioned for removal of the notice. The 180-day period expired in

March 2004. Plaintiffs were not penalized for any red-tag violations during the period.

B. Procedural history

Plaintiffs filed their complaint in the Arizona Superior Court on September 16, 2004.

Plaintiffs ask the Court for a declaratory judgment finding that the red-tag ordinance is

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unconstitutional because it violates their rights under the Due Process Clause of the 14th

Amendments of the United States and Arizona constitutions, is unconstitutionally vague, and

serves as an impermissible land use/zoning regulation. Plaintiffs seek only declaratory relief

and costs and fees. They have not asked for damages. Defendants removed to this Court on

October 8, 2004. Plaintiffs filed their motion for summary judgment on July 13, 2005, and

Defendants responded on August 15, 2005. Defendants filed their motion for summary

judgment on July 18, 2005. Plaintiffs filed neither a reply to Defendants' response nor a

response to Defendants' motion.

Plaintiffs argue that: (1) although the red-tag notice had been removed by the time of

the filing of this suit, a live controversy remains because the challenged action falls within

the "capable of repetition, yet evading review" exception to mootness, (2) the posting of the

tag before the notice to the owners deprived them of their opportunity to be heard, (3) the

ordinance is vague and enforcement is arbitrary, and (4) the ordinance is an impermissible

property restriction that discourages Plaintiffs from renting their property to university

students.

Defendants argue that: (1) Plaintiffs' complaint is moot because the Court cannot

provide any relief to Plaintiffs, (2) Plaintiffs were not deprived of a constitutionally protected

interest, (3) the ordinance provides sufficient due process even if a constitutionally protected

interest were implicated, (4) Plaintiffs have waived any due process claims by not pursuing

administrative procedures, (5) the ordinance is not vague, and (6) the ordinance does not act

as a zoning restriction.

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II. DISCUSSION

Those "who seek to invoke the jurisdiction of the federal courts must satisfy the

threshold requirement imposed by Article III of the Constitution by alleging an actual case

or controversy." City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101 (1983). To satisfy this

requirement, Plaintiffs must show: 

(1) [they have] suffered an injury in fact that is concrete and particularized and

is actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly

traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as

opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable

decision.

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs (TOC)., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-1 (2000)

(citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-1 (1992)) (emphasis added).

It is the third requirement that Plaintiffs fail to show. Plaintiffs seek declarative relief

only. However, at the time of the filing of their complaint, the 180-day posting period had

passed. Therefore, a declarative judgment by this Court could provide no relief for any

injury involving that citation. "Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a

present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief . . . if unaccompanied by any

continuing, present adverse effects." O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 496-7 (1974). While

Plaintiffs do allege some possible economic harm from the posting, they have not asked for

damages for this harm and offer no evidence of it. Furthermore, they do not show how a

declaratory judgment will redress their alleged economic harm. 

Plaintiffs allegation that they may be subject to another posting under the ordinance

some time in the future does not establish standing. Speculation as to a possible harm is

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insufficient to satisfy the requirement. See Lyons, 461 U.S. at 105 (noting that while the use

of an illegal choke-hold on the plaintiff may afford him standing to bring a suit for damages

against individual officers, it did not establish a concrete possibility that he would suffer the

same injury again); Ashcroft v. Mattis, 431 U.S. 171, 172-3 n.2 (1977). 

Plaintiffs' mootness argument evidences their lack of standing. They argue that their

case is not moot because the challenged action is one "capable of repetition yet evading

review" because the 180-day period is too short to allow full litigation of the issues.

However, as noted above, Plaintiffs failed to initiate litigation during the 180-day period.

"[I]f a plaintiff lacks standing at the time the action commences, the fact that the dispute is

capable of repetition yet evading review will not entitle the complainant to a federal judicial

forum." Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 170 (noting that while the Court held in Olmstead

v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999), that a mentally disabled person had standing to challenge her

confinement in a segregated institution despite her postcomplaint transfer, "she would have

lacked initial standing had she filed the complaint after the transfer.") See also Renne v.

Geary, 501 U.S. 312, 320 (1991) ("the mootness exception for disputes capable of repetition

yet evading review . . . will not revive a dispute which became moot before the action

commenced."). 

III. CONCLUSION

Because Plaintiffs seek declaratory relief for an injury that had ceased to exist at the

time of their complaint, they lack standing to challenge the red-tag ordinance.

Accordingly,

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IT IS ORDERED that this case is DISMISSED FOR A LACK OF

JURISDICTION.

DATED this 21st day of February, 2006.

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