Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_06-cv-02454/USCOURTS-cand-3_06-cv-02454-33/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 830
Nature of Suit: Patent
Cause of Action: 15:1126 Patent Infringement

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United States District Court

For the Northern District of California

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

STORUS CORPORATION,

Plaintiff,

 v.

AROA MARKETING, INC., et al.,

Defendants

 /

No. C-06-2454 MMC

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’

MOTION FOR SUMMARY

ADJUDICATION; VACATING HEARING

Before the Court is defendants Aroa Marketing, Inc. (“Aroa”) and Skymall, Inc.’s

(“Skymall”) motion for summary adjudication, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure, filed December 28, 2008. Plaintiff Storus Corporation has filed opposition,

to which defendants have replied. Having read and considered the papers filed in support

of and in opposition to the motion, the Court finds the motion suitable for decision on the

papers submitted, VACATES the hearing scheduled for February 1, 2008, and rules as

follows.

In its First Amended Consolidated Complaint, plaintiff alleges defendants infringe

U.S. Patent 5,520,230 (“‘230 Patent”) and U.S. Patent 6,082,422 (“‘422 Patent”). By the

instant motion, defendants seek summary adjudication in their favor as to two issues: (1)

whether eight accused products, specifically, “TM 287 Gold,” “TM 288 Nickel,” “TM 498

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Defendants describe the subject eight products as the “most current accused

products.” (See Defs.’ Mot. at 4:24-25.)

2

In its opposition, plaintiff argues various accused products other than the eight at

issue in the instant motion are infringing as well. (See, e.g., Pl.’s Opp. at 11:5-11

(discussing asserted infringement by defendants’ “TM235 and TM 241” products).) 

Because defendants seek summary adjudication of non-infringement only with respect to

the eight Current Products, the Court does not address plaintiff’s arguments pertaining to

other products.

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Defendants state Skymall is a “customer” of Aroa. (See Defs.’ Mot. at 14-15.) 

Neither party distinguishes between the two defendants for purposes of the instant motion.

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Gold,” “TM 498 Nickel,” “TM 499 Gold,” “TM 499 Nickel,” “TM 335 Nickel,” and “TM 498

Gold with Watch” (collectively, “the Current Products”)1

 infringe either of the two patents at

issue herein; and (2) with respect to the ‘230 Patent, whether plaintiff is precluded from

recovering damages for infringement occurring prior to the date the instant action was filed.

A. Current Products

Each asserted independent claim in the ‘230 Patent claims a “one-piece holder”

comprising certain elements; the Court has construed “one-piece holder” as “a holder

having no parts that separate from the unit during normal operation and containing no parts

that are not integrally formed.” Each asserted independent claim in U.S. Patent 6,082,422

(“‘422 Patent”) claims a “holder” comprising certain elements, including a “stop”; the Court

has construed “stop” as “an impediment or obstacle that blocks forward movement of the

cards.” Defendants argue none of the Current Products is a “one-piece holder” and none

of them has a “stop.”2

1. One-Piece Holder

In support of their argument that the Current Products are not “one-piece,”

defendants rely on the declaration of Alexander Elnekaveh, Chief Executive Officer of Aroa,

who states the Current Products are “constructed from separate components that are not

integrally formed,” specifically, “a plate and latch member that is biased to a mount by a

leaf spring so that the free end of the latch member may bear against the plate.” (See

Elnekaveh Decl. ¶ 4.)3 Plaintiff offers no evidence to the contrary, and, further, does not

assert that any of the Current Products is a “one-piece” holder. Nonetheless, plaintiff

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argues, defendants, for two reasons, are not entitled to summary adjudication as to the

issue of whether the Current Products infringe the ‘230 Patent. The Court finds neither

argument persuasive.

First, plaintiffs argue the term “one-piece,” which is found in the preamble of each

asserted independent claim in the ‘230 Patent, is not a claim limitation, but, rather, states a

purpose or intended use of the claimed holder. Plaintiff made no such argument in

connection with the claim construction hearing conducted on March 5, 2007, and, indeed,

at that time, sought a construction of “one-piece,” albeit a proposed construction different

from that adopted by the Court. In any event, plaintiff offers no cognizable argument as to

why reconsideration of the Court’s construction is warranted. See Civil L.R. 7-9(b) (setting

forth grounds for motion for leave to file motion for reconsideration). Further, assuming

reconsideration is proper, the Court finds “one-piece” is a claim limitation. “[T]erms

appearing in a preamble may be deemed limitations of a claim when they give meaning to

the claim and properly define the invention.” See In re Paulsen, 30 F. 3d 1475, 1479 (Fed.

Cir. 1994) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Here, during the prosecution history,

plaintiff successfully distinguished certain prior art references by describing the claimed

invention as a “one-piece holder” comprising certain elements, while describing such prior

art references as lacking a “money-clip portion” that was “integrally formed with the frame

portion.” (See Lauson Decl. Ex. 9 at 61.) In other words, plaintiff identified the “one-piece”

nature of the device as being a novel aspect of the invention. Thus, contrary to plaintiff’s

newly-raised argument that “one-piece” merely describes a purpose or intended use of the

invention, the Court finds “one-piece” is necessary to properly define the invention.

Plaintiff next argues a triable issue of fact exists as to the doctrine of equivalents. 

Under the doctrine of equivalents, an accused device infringes where “the differences

between the claimed invention and the accused device or process are insubstantial.” 

Texas Instruments Inc. v. Cypress Semiconductor Corp., 90 F. 3d 1558, 1563-64 (Fed. Cir.

1996) (internal quotation and citation omitted). If, however, “a theory of equivalence would

vitiate a claim limitation, . . . there can be no infringement under the doctrine of equivalents

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as a matter of law.” See Tronzo v. Biomet, Inc., 156 F. 3d 1154, 1160 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

(holding accused device having hip implant cup in “hemisherical shape” not, as matter of

law, equivalent to claimed cup having “generally conical outer surface,” even though

patentee offered expert testimony that shape of cup was “irrelevant to achieving the desired

result and that after successful implantation any shape would function essentially the same

way”). Here, plaintiff argues the Current Products are substantially equivalent to the

claimed “one-piece holder” because the Current Products achieve “the same results; i.e.,

they hold currency on one side of the combination holder.” (See Pl.’s Opp. at 15:20-22.) If

plaintiff’s argument were accepted, the “one piece” limitation would be rendered a nullity,

i.e., plaintiff’s theory of equivalence “would vitiate [the] claim limitation.” See Tronzo, 156 F.

3d at 1160.

Accordingly, the Court finds defendants are entitled to summary adjudication in their

favor as to the issue of whether the Current Products infringe the ‘230 Patent.

2. Stop

In support of their argument that the Current Products do not have a “stop,”

defendants submit a photograph of each of the Current Products, none of which shows any

impediment or obstacle to block forward movement of cards placed in the card-holder side

of the device. (See Elnekaveh Decl. Ex. B.) Defendants also offer the declaration of

Elnekaveh. As described by Elnekaveh, a card in the Current Products “slides freely

through the card receptacle with no impediment or obstacle to block forward movement of

the card”; rather, the Current Products “use springs to hold the card[,] . . . allowing the card

to slide freely out both ends of the receptacle.” (See id. ¶ 3.)

In opposition, plaintiff, with respect to six of the Current Products, specifically, TM

498 Gold, TM 498 Nickel, TM 499 Gold, TM 499 Nickel, TM 335 Nickel, and TM 498 Gold

with Watch, offers no evidence to support a finding that any one or more of such products

has, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, a “stop.”

With respect to the remaining two Current Products, specifically, “TM 287 Gold” and

“TM 288 Nickel,” plaintiff relies, inter alia, on Aroa’s responses to interrogatories,

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The Court observes, as plaintiff points out, that the depictions of the TM 287 Gold

and TM 288 Nickel in defendants’ October 2007 catalog do not exactly match the

photographs of such products offered by defendants in support of the instant motion. 

(Compare Elnekaveh Decl. Ex. B with Gruber Decl. Ex. P.)

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specifically, Aroa’s statement that “the TM287 and TM288 were only sold for a limited time

with a ‘stopper.’” (See Andara Decl. Ex. PP at 4:22-5:1.) Defendants fail to address in any

respect such apparent admission that those two products had a stop, other than to state, “If

plaintiff can prove earlier versions of the TM 287/288 . . . included stops, then those units

may be found to infringe at trial.” (See Defs.’ Reply at 4:20-22.)4

Accordingly, the Court finds defendants are entitled to summary adjudication in their

favor as to the issue of whether six of the Current Products, specifically, “TM 498 Gold,”

“TM 498 Nickel,” “TM 499 Gold,” “TM 499 Nickel,” “TM 335 Nickel,” and “TM 498 Gold with

Watch,” infringe the ‘422 Patent, but are not entitled to such summary adjudication with

respect to TM 287 Gold and TM 288 Nickel.

B. Damages

Defendants argue plaintiff lacks evidence to support a finding of entitlement to

damages for any infringement of the ‘230 Patent occurring before the instant case was

filed. Specifically, defendants argue plaintiff lacks evidence to prove plaintiff marked its

products with the ‘230 Patent in conformity with 35 U.S.C. § 287(a), and that plaintiff lacks

evidence to prove plaintiffs gave defendants actual notice of infringement of the ‘230 Patent

at any time before filing the instant action.

A patentee “may give notice to the public that the [plaintiff’s article] is patented,

either by fixing thereon the word ‘patent’ or the abbreviation ‘pat.’, together with the number

of the patent, or when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to it,

or to the package wherein one or more of them is contained, a label containing like notice.” 

See 35 U.S.C. § 287(a). “In the event of failure to so mark, no damages shall be

recovered by the patentee in any action for infringement, except on proof that the infringer

was notified of the infringement and continued to infringe thereafter, in which event

damages may be recovered only for infringement occurring after such notice.” Id.

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Consequently, under § 287(a), a patentee is entitled to damages “from the time it either

began marking its product in compliance with section 287(a) (constructive notice), or when

it actually notified the accused infringer of its infringement, whichever was earlier.” See

Maxwell v. J. Baker, Inc., 86 F. 3d 1098, 1111 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation,

alterations and citation omitted). Where a patentee relies on marking to establish

constructive notice, the patentee must prove such marking was “substantially consistent

and continuous,” i.e., that it “consistently marked substantially all of its patented products.” 

See id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). Where a patentee relies on actual notice,

the filing of an action for infringement constitutes such notice. See 35 U.S.C. § 287(a). If

the patentee relies on earlier notice, the patentee must prove it communicated to the

defendant a “specific charge of infringement by a specific accused product or device.” See

Amsted Industries Inc. v. Buckeye Steel Castings Co., 24 F. 3d 178, 187 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

Here, plaintiff argues there is a triable issue of fact as to its compliance with

§ 287(a) because it marked its holder with the ‘230 Patent, or, alternatively, because it gave

defendants actual notice of infringement of the ‘230 Patent in January 2001. The Court

disagrees.

With respect to marking, plaintiff relies on the declaration of its President, Scott

Kaminsky (“Kaminsky”). Kaminsky states that plaintiff’s “Smart Money Clip” product is

“covered by” the ‘230 Patent, (see Kaminsky Decl. ¶ 5), that “[i]n 1998,” plaintiff began

selling the “Smart Money Clip” to Aroa, (see id. ¶ 9), and that “[d]uring this time, the Smart

Money Clip was stamped with either the ‘019 Patent, the ‘230 Patent, or the ‘422 Patent,”

(see id.). Kaminsky further states that “[i]n January 2001,” Aroa began to sell a product

plaintiff believed infringed the ‘422 Patent, (see id. ¶ 10), and that plaintiff’s relationship with

Aroa “subsequently ended,” (see id.). Read in the light most favorable to plaintiff, see

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986),

Kaminsky’s reference to plaintiff’s stamping as having occurred “during this time,” although

immediately following Kaminsky’s reference to 1998, could be understood to refer not only

to 1998, but to the “time” plaintiff sold the Smart Money Clip to Aroa, which, as noted,

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ended in or around January 2001. Kaminsky fails, however, to state how many of plaintiff’s

products “during this time” were marked with the ‘230 Patent, as opposed the ‘019 or ‘422

Patents, both of which he also references. Further, Kaminksy does not address, in any

respect, whether plaintiff marked its products with the ‘230 Patent after January 2001, nor

does plaintiff otherwise offer evidence to support a finding that plaintiff so marked any

product with the ‘230 Patent, let alone that any such marking was done on a “substantially

consistent and continuous” basis. See Maxwell, 86 F. 3d at 1111.

With respect to actual notice prior to the filing of the instant action, plaintiff relies on

evidence that Kaminsky, on January 16, 2001, faxed a letter to EVS Holding Corporation,

Inc. (“EVS”). (See Kaminksy Decl. ¶ 11, Ex. A.) The letter states plaintiff had “become

aware of a card and money holder being advertised and sold by [EVS] in [EVS’s] January,

2001 Gadget Universe catalogue” and that plaintiff is the “exclusive licensee” of the ‘230

patent.” (See id. Ex. A.) The letter further states that a copy of the ‘230 Patent, and other

patents, are “attached for [EVS’s] review,” and ends with the following sentence: “I would

like to discuss this matter with and would appreciate a call from you once you have

reviewed the attached patents as they apply to your advertised and sold product.” (See id.) 

Even assuming, arguendo, notice to EVS constitutes notice to defendants herein, and

further assuming the letter’s reference to a “card and money holder being advertised” in a

specified catalog would have been understood by EVS as a reference to a specific accused

device or product, the letter does not charge EVS with infringement of the ‘230 Patent;

rather, as noted, the letter invites EVS to “review” the ‘230 Patent and to thereafter

“discuss” with plaintiff whether the ‘230 Patent “appl[ies].” (See id.) A communication of

such nature does not, as a matter of law, constitute a “specific charge of infringement by a

specific accused product or device.” See Amsted Industries, 24 F. at 186-87 (holding letter

informing defendant of plaintiff’s ownership of patent and stating defendant “should . . .

refrain from supplying or offering to supply component parts which would infringe” was

insufficient to afford defendant actual notice of charge of infringement).

Consequently, the Court finds plaintiff has failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to

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its having given defendants either constructive notice or actual notice, within the meaning

of § 287(a), prior to the filing of the instant action. Accordingly, defendants are entitled to

summary adjudication in their favor as to the issue of whether plaintiff is precluded from

recovering damages for infringement of the ‘230 Patent occurring prior to the date the

instant action was filed.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, defendants’ motion is hereby GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part, as follows:

1. The motion is GRANTED and defendants shall have judgment in their favor on

the issue of infringement of the ‘230 Patent by TM 287 Gold, TM 288 Nickel, TM 498 Gold,

TM 498 Nickel, TM 499 Gold, TM 499 Nickel, TM 335 Nickel, and TM 498 Gold with

Watch.

2. The motion is GRANTED and defendants shall have judgment in their favor on

the issue of infringement of the ‘422 Patent by TM 498 Gold, TM 498 Nickel, TM 499 Gold,

TM 499 Nickel, TM 335 Nickel, and TM 498 Gold with Watch.

3. The motion is GRANTED and defendants shall have judgment in their favor on

the issue of damages for infringement of the ‘230 Patent occurring prior to the date the

instant action was filed.

4. In all other respects, the motion is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 31, 2008 

MAXINE M. CHESNEY

United States District Judge

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