Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_24-cv-00377/USCOURTS-azd-2_24-cv-00377-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Breach of Contract

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Linda Hulewat,

Plaintiff,

v. 

Medical Management Resource Group LLC, 

et al.,

Defendants.

No. CV-24-00377-PHX-DJH

ORDER 

Defendants Medical Management Resource Group, L.L.C. d/b/a American Vision 

Partners, Barnet Dulaney Perkins Eye Center, PC, the Southwestern Eye Center, Ltd., Marc 

Ellman, M.D., P.A. d/b/a Southwest Eye Institute, and the Eye Associates of Nevada d/b/a 

Wellish Vision Institute (collectively, “Defendants”) have moved for a stay of discovery 

in this matter pending their Motions to Dismiss1(“the Motion to Stay”). (Doc. 57). 

Plaintiffs Linda Hulewat, Karen Foti Williams, Ralph Gallegos, Michael Martinez, Lynnae 

Anderson, Candia Franklin, Marie Therese Montoya, Charles Peterson, Robert Kirk, 

Marilyn Zajacka, Lynda Israel, Latricia Pelt, Barry Pelt, Ken Waters, Brenda MorenoDecerra, Robert Ahrensdorf, and David Yeager (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) oppose a stay. 

(Doc. 59). Defendants have not filed a Reply. The Court grants Defendants Motion to 

Stay in part and denies it in part. 

“The power to stay proceedings is incidental to the power inherent in every court to 

1 All Defendants have filed a Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim (Doc. 52). 

Defendants Eye Associates of Nevada and Southwest Eye Institute have also separately 

filed a Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. (Doc. 51). 

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control the disposition of the cases on its docket with economy of time and effort for itself,

for counsel, and for litigants.” Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936). “Discovery 

may be stayed when a dispositive motion does not require discovery, but discovery should 

not be stayed if it is necessary to decide the dispositive motion.” Flynn v. Nevada, 345 

F.R.D. 338, 343 (D. Nev. 2024) (citations omitted). A motion to stay discovery pending 

resolution of a potentially dispositive motion may be granted for good cause. See Body 

Xchange Sports Club, LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 2021 WL 2457482, at *2 (E.D. Cal. 

June 16, 2021) (“Though the Ninth Circuit has not provided a clear standard for evaluating 

a motion to stay discovery pending resolution of a potentially dispositive motion, it has 

affirmed that district courts may grant such a motion for good cause.”) (citations omitted). 

Good cause exists to stay discovery “when the district court is ‘convinced that the plaintiff 

will be unable to state a claim for relief.’ ” Flynn, 345 F.R.D. at 343 (quoting Wood v. 

McEwen, 644 F.2d 797, 801-02 (9th Cir. 1981) (citation omitted). 

Generally speaking, “a pending motion challenging [personal] jurisdiction strongly 

favors a stay, or at a minimum, limitations on discovery until the question of jurisdiction 

is resolved.” Kabo Tools Co. v. Porauto Indus. Co., 2013 WL 5947138, at *2 (D. Nev. 

Oct. 31, 2013) (citation omitted). However, “the filing of a motion challenging personal 

jurisdiction does not mandate a stay of discovery and the Court retains discretion to require 

discovery to go forward.” Id. 

The Ninth Circuit has not set forth a clear standard for district courts to apply when 

deciding to stay a case pending the resolution of a potentially dispositive motion. See

Williams v. Experian Info. Sols. Inc., 2024 WL 739676, at *2 (D. Ariz. Feb. 23, 2024). 

However, “[m]ost federal district courts . . . apply a two-part test under which it is 

appropriate to stay discovery [where] (1) the pending motion must be potentially 

dispositive of the entire case, or at least dispositive on the issue at which discovery is aimed 

and (2) the pending, potentially dispositive motion can be decided absent additional 

discovery. Discovery should proceed if either prong of the test is not met. This test has 

the Court take a ‘preliminary peek’ at the underlying motion without exhaustively 

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reviewing the merits.” Id. (citing Ferrell v. AppFolio, Inc., 2024 WL 132223, *1 (C.D. 

Cal. 2024)). “The party seeking the stay bears the burden of proving that it is warranted.” 

Aliphcom v. Fitbit, Inc., 154 F. Supp. 3d 933, 937 (N.D. Cal. 2015). Alternatively, the 

district court “may, in lieu of a general stay, impose protective orders, seal interrogatories, 

impose a stay for a finite period of time, or limit a stay to a particular subject matter.” 

Lizarraga v. City of Nogales Arizona, 2007 WL 215616, at *1 (D. Ariz. Jan. 24, 2007) 

(internal citations omitted).

Defendants argue that a stay is appropriate here because (1) they have filed motions 

which could dispose of the entire case against some or all Defendants and/or substantially 

narrow the claims in this case, and (2) a brief stay will not prejudice Plaintiffs, but 

commencing discovery now will unduly prejudice Defendants. (Doc. 57 at 5, 8). Plaintiffs 

argue that a stay is inappropriate here because (1) Defendants’ Motions are not likely to 

dispose of Plaintiffs’ claims; (2) Defendants have not demonstrated undue burden or 

irreparable injury; and (3) granting Defendants’ Motion will prejudice Plaintiffs. (Doc. 59 

at 3, 7–8). 

With regard to those Defendants seeking dismissal for failure to state a claim, the 

Court finds that a stay is not proper here. The Court must be convinced that the plaintiff 

will be unable to state a claim for relief. See Wood, 644 F.2d at 801–02. At this juncture, 

the Court is not convinced. Plaintiffs bring sixteen different counts in this class action 

lawsuit for: Negligence, Negligence Per Se, Unjust Enrichment, Breach of Express and 

Implied Contract, Breach of Confidence, Breach of Third-Party Beneficiary Contract, 

Breach of Fiduciary Duty, Invasion of Privacy, Violation of Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, 

Violations of Texas Deceptive Trade Practices, Violations of Nevada Deceptive Trade 

Practices Act, and Declaratory Judgment. (Doc. 28 at ¶¶ 336–504). 

Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the substantive law of the state in which 

they sit. See Clark v. Eddie Bauer LLC, 30 F.4th 1151, 1154 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing Albano 

v. Shea Homes Ltd. P’ship, 634 F.3d 524, 530 (9th Cir. 2011). In Arizona, to establish a 

claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: “(1) a duty requiring the 

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defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that 

standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant's conduct and the resulting injury; 

and (4) actual damages.” Diaz v. Phoenix Lubrication Serv., Inc., 230 P.3d 718, 721 

(Ariz. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Gipson v. Kasey, 150 P.3d 228, 230 (Ariz. 2007)). 

Taking a “preliminary peek” at Defendants’ Motion and Plaintiffs’ Amended 

Complaint without exhaustively reviewing the merits, the Court finds that, at the very least, 

Plaintiffs have likely plead a plausible claim for negligence. In their Amended Complaint, 

Plaintiffs plead all four of these elements. First, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant American 

Vision “owed a duty to Plaintiffs and Class Members to exercise reasonable care in 

obtaining, securing, safeguarding, storing, and protecting Plaintiffs’ and Class Members’ 

PII/PHI within their control from being compromised, lost, stolen, accessed, and misused 

by unauthorized persons.” (Doc. 28 at ¶ 337). Next, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant 

American Vision “breached these duties by failing to exercise reasonable care in 

safeguarding and protecting Plaintiffs’ and Class Members’ PII/PHI.” (Id. at ¶ 342). Third, 

Plaintiffs allege that they would not have been compromised but for Defendant American 

Vision’s wrongful and negligent breach of its duties and that it “created conditions 

conducive to a foreseeable, intentional criminal act, namely the unauthorized access and 

copying of PII/PHI by unauthorized third parties.” (Id. at ¶ 344). Finally, Plaintiffs allege 

that: 

As a direct and proximate result of American Vision’s conduct, Plaintiffs and 

Class Members have and will suffer damages including: (i) the loss of rental 

or use value of their PII/PHI; (ii) the unconsented disclosure of their PII/PHI 

to unauthorized third parties; (iii) out-of-pocket expenses associated with the 

prevention, detection, and recovery from identity theft, fraud, and/or 

unauthorized use of their PII/PHI; (iv) lost opportunity costs associated with 

addressing and attempting to mitigate the actual and future consequences of 

the Data Breach, including, but not limited to, efforts spent researching how 

to prevent, detect, contest, and recover from fraud and identity theft; (v) time, 

effort, and expense associated with placing fraud alerts or freezes on credit 

reports; (vi) anxiety, emotional distress, loss of privacy, and other economic 

and non-economic losses; (vii) the continued risk to their PII/PHI, which 

remains in Defendant’s possession and is subject to further unauthorized 

disclosures so long as Defendant fails to undertake appropriate and adequate 

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measures to protect it; (viii) future costs in terms of time, effort and money 

that will be expended to prevent, detect, contest, and repair the inevitable and 

continuing consequences of compromised PII/PHI for the rest of their lives; 

and (ix) any nominal damages that may be awarded.

(Id. at ¶ 346). As illustrated, Plaintiffs appear to state a plausible claim for negligence; so, 

the Court is not convinced that Plaintiffs are unable to state a claim for relief when it 

addresses Defendants’ Motion. See Flynn, 345 F.R.D. at 343. Thus, a stay with regard to 

these Defendants is not appropriate. See Body Xchange Sports Club, LLC, 2021 WL 

2457482, at *2. 

However, the Court will grant a stay as to Defendants Eye Associates of Nevada 

and Southwest Eye Institute. These Defendants separately filed a Motion to Dismiss for 

lack of personal jurisdiction (Doc. 51) asserting that this Court does not have personal 

jurisdiction over them as they are Nevada and Texas residents, respectfully. (Id. at 1–2). 

From a cursory review of this Motion, the Court finds that this Motion has merit as they 

assert that they have virtually no connections to Arizona. (Id.) For example, they aver that 

they have never:

(1) maintained any branch, office, facility, surgical center, or clinic in 

Arizona; (2) been registered as a foreign corporation conducting business in 

Arizona; (3) had an authorized agent for service in Arizona; (4) prior to this 

lawsuit, sued or been sued in an Arizona court; (5) maintained any bank 

accounts, books, records, or documents in Arizona; (6) had any employees 

in Arizona; (7) leased or owned property in Arizona; (8) paid taxes or been 

asked to pay taxes in Arizona; or (9) entered into any contract in Arizona.

(Id. at 2). 

The Court also finds that, under the two-part test discussed in Williams, the Motion 

is (1) potentially dispositive of the entire case against Defendants Eye Associates of 

Nevada and Southwest Eye Institute and (2) it can be decided absent additional 

discovery. See Williams, 2024 WL 739676, at *2. Thus, a stay is warranted as to 

Defendants Eye Associates of Nevada and Southwest Eye Institute because their pending 

Motion challenging the Court’s jurisdiction “strongly” favors a stay. Kabo Tools, 2013 

WL 5947138, at *2 (emphasis added). 

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Accordingly, 

Defendants’ Motion to Stay (Doc. 57) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 

Discovery is stayed related to Defendants Eye Associates of Nevada and Southwest Eye 

Institute until the Court can address their Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal 

Jurisdiction. (Doc. 51). Discovery shall proceed as to the remaining Defendants. A 

Scheduling Order shall issued by separate Order. 

Dated this 3rd day of January, 2025.

Honorable Diane J. Humetewa

United States District Judge

Case 2:24-cv-00377-DJH Document 60 Filed 01/03/25 Page 6 of 6