Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_17-cv-00686/USCOURTS-casd-3_17-cv-00686-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 790
Nature of Suit: Other Labor Litigation
Cause of Action: 28:1332lr Diversity - Labor

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

REUBEN CALLEROS and RALPH 

RUBIO, individually and on behalf of all 

others similarly situated in the State of 

California,

Plaintiffs,

v.

RURAL METRO OF SAN DIEGO, INC., 

RURAL METRO CORPORATION, 

AMERICAN MEDICAL RESPONSE, 

INC. and ENVISION HEALTHCARE 

CORPORATION and DOES, 1 through 

50,

Defendants.

Case No.: 17-cv-00686-CAB-BLM

ORDER ON MOTION FOR 

JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

[Doc. No. 12]

This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motion for judgment on the 

pleadings. [Doc. No. 12.] The Court finds the matter suitable for determination on the 

papers submitted in accordance with Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons set forth 

below, the Court denies the motion. 

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I. Background

Plaintiffs, and the presumptive class they seek to represent, are Emergency Medical 

Technicians, paramedics, drivers, or other employees on ambulance crews of Defendants 

within the four years preceding the filing of this action. [Doc. No. 1-2 ¶ 2.] Plaintiffs

allege Defendants violated California Labor Code section 226.7 and the Unfair 

Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq., because Plaintiffs were 

on call at all times during their statutorily required rest breaks. 

Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ second cause of action, violation of the UCL,

asserting that it is based on an incognizable legal theory. [Doc. No. 12.] On May 16, 2017, 

Plaintiffs filed their opposition, [Doc. No. 16], Defendants in turn filed their reply. [Doc. 

No. 18.].

II. Legal Standard

Under Rule 12(c), a party may move to dismiss a claim based on the pleadings any 

time after the pleadings are closed but early enough not to delay trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). 

“Judgment on the pleadings is proper when the moving party clearly establishes on the face 

of the pleadings that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that it is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc.,

896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir. 1989). “Analysis under Rule 12(c) is ‘substantially identical’

to analysis under Rule 12(b)(6) because, under both rules, ‘a court must determine whether 

the facts alleged in the complaint, taken as true, entitle the plaintiff to a legal remedy.’” 

Chavez v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Brooks v. Dunlop 

Mfg. Inc., No. C 10-04341 CRB, 2011 WL 6140912, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 2011).

“Rule 12(b)(6) authorizes a court to dismiss a claim on the basis of a dispositive

issue of law.” Seismic Reservoir 2020, Inc. v. Paulsson, 785 F.3d 330, 335 (9th Cir. 2015) 

(quoting Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326 (1989)). “[D]ismissal may be based on 

either a lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a 

cognizable legal theory.” Johnson v. Riverside Healthcare Sys., 534 F.3d 1116, 1121 (9th

Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

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III. Discussion

Plaintiffs’ second cause of action is for violation of the UCL. California’s UCL 

prohibits “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice . . . .” Cal. Bus. & 

Prof. Code § 17200. “By proscribing any unlawful business practice, [the UCL] borrows

violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful practices that the [UCL] makes 

independently actionable.” Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 

163, 180 (1999) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “While the scope of 

conduct covered by the UCL is broad, its remedies are limited.” Korea Supply Co. v. 

Lockheed Martin Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 1144 (2003). “[U]nder the UCL, ‘[p]revailing 

plaintiffs are generally limited to injunctive relief and restitution.’” Id. (second alteration 

in original) (quoting Cel-Tech, 20 Cal. 4th at 179). Damages are not recoverable. Clark 

v. Superior Court, 50 Cal. 4th 605, 610 (2010).

Plaintiffs’ UCL claim is predicated upon violations of California Labor Code 

section 226.7. Section 226.7(c) states:

If an employer fails to provide an employee a meal or rest . . . period in 

accordance with a state law, . . . the employer shall pay the employee one 

additional hour of pay at the employee’s regular rate of compensation for each 

workday that . . . period is not provided.

The question before the Court is whether the statutorily required additional hour of 

compensation mandated by section 226.7 is restitution and therefore recoverable in a UCL

action. Having found no controlling precedent from the California Supreme Court, the 

Court “must predict how the California Supreme Court would decide the issue, using 

intermediate appellate court decisions, statutes, and decisions from other jurisdictions as 

interpretive aids.” Gravquick A/S v. Trimble Navigation Int’l Ltd., 323 F.3d 1219, 1222 

(9th Cir. 2006).

Preliminarily it is necessary to make the threshold determination of whether section 

226.7 payments are wages or penalties. If the section 226.7 payments are wages then 

“orders for payment of wages unlawfully withheld from an employee are . . . a 

restitutionary remedy authorized by [the UCL].” Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Prods. 

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Co., 23 Cal. 4th 163, 177 (2000) (emphasis added). But, if the statutory payments are 

considered penalties, they are not be recoverable under the UCL. See Pineda v. Bank of 

Am., N.A., 50 Cal. 4th 1389, 1401 (2010) (holding that the statutorily penalties created by 

section 203 of the UCL are not restitution and therefore not recoverable in a UCL action). 

At the outset, the Court notes that the California Supreme Court’s case law on the issue “is 

murky at best . . . .” Singletary v. Teavana Corp., No. 5:13-CV-01163-PSG, 2014 WL 

1760884, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2014).

A. Section 226.7 Payments as Wages

 The Court begins it analysis with the California Supreme Court decision Murphy 

v. Kenneth Cole Products., Inc., 40 Cal. 4th 1094 (2007). In Murphy, the court considered 

whether the hour of compensation prescribed by section 226.7 for failure to provide

employees required meal or rest breaks should be categorized as a wage or a penalty, as 

the applicable statute of limitations depended on the answer. Id. at 1099. The Murphy 

court concluded the “additional hour of pay” was properly categorized as a wage and not a 

penalty. Id. at 1114.

In so finding the Murphy court “recognized that statutes governing conditions of 

employment are to be construed broadly in favor of protecting employees” and considered 

the legislative history. Id. at 1103-111. Upon consideration of these factors, the court 

reasoned that the legislature did not intend the hour compensation as a penalty. The court 

also contemplated the purpose of the provision of the act, namely to shape employer 

behavior, finding “the behavior-shaping function of section 226.7 . . . [does not] compel 

classifying the remedy as a penalty.” Id. at 1114.

1

 

1

In support of this conclusion, the Murphy court compared the section 226.7 payments to statutorily 

required overtime, reporting-time, and split-shift compensation to denote that a statute can require 

additional compensation without converting that payment into a penalty. Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 1112-14. 

The court noted “[e]ach of these forms of compensation, like the section 226.7 payment, uses the 

employee’s rate of compensation as the measure of pay and compensates the employee for events other 

than time spent working.” Id. at 1113.

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In 2012, the California Supreme Court was again presented with a question related 

to the type of relief afforded under section 226.7. In Kirby v. Immoos Fire Protection, Inc., 

247 P.3d 1160 (Cal. 2012), the court was asked to determine whether a lawsuit seeking

section 226.7 payments was subject to the fee shifting provision of section 218.5. Section 

218.5 allows for an award of attorney fees “[i]n any action brought for the nonpayment of 

wages . . . .” The Kirby court held that “a section 226.7 claim is not an action brought for 

nonpayment of wages; it is an action brought for non-provision of meal or rest breaks” and 

therefore not subject to the fee shifting provision. Id. at 1168. 

Post Kirby there has been confusion regarding whether section 226.7 payments 

should be considered wages. A large part of the confusion is attributable to the seemingly 

disparate holdings of Kirby and Murphy, with courts reaching different conclusions 

depending on their interpretation of these seminal decisions. See, e.g., Brewer v. Gen. 

Nutrition Corp., No. 11-CV-3587 YGR, 2015 WL 5072039, at *18 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 

2015) (collecting cases arriving at inconsistent conclusions). Compare Jones v. Spherion 

Staffing LLC, No. LA CV11-06462 JAK (JCx), 2012 WL 3264081, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 

7, 2012) (concluding that following Kirby section 226.7 payments were not wages)2 with

Parson v. Golden State FC, LLC, No. 16-cv-00405-JST, 2016 WL 1734010 (N.D. Cal. 

May 2, 2016) (finding that section 226.7 payments should be considered wages).

Upon consideration of the different holdings on this issue, the Court finds the 

reasoning of its sister court in Parson to be particularly persuasive and consistent with 

California’s practice of “recogniz[ing] that statutes governing conditions of employment 

are to be construed broadly in favor of protecting employees.” Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 

1103. As the Parson court explained:

Murphy addresses whether the remedy available under section 226.7 is a 

wage, while Kirby addresses whether the legal violation defined by section 

 

2 The court stated “the legal violation underlying a section 226.7 claim is the nonprovision of meal and 

rest periods and the corresponding failure to ‘ensur[e] the health and welfare of employees,’ not the 

nonpayment of wages.” Jones, 2012 WL 3246081, at *8.

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226.7 is for nonpayment of wages. Put another way, although an employee 

who successfully brings a section 226.7 claim is challenging a failure to 

provide rest breaks, the remedy for that failure is additional wages.

Parson, 2016 WL 1734010, at *4. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the payment

provided by section 226.7 is properly categorized as a wage.

B. Section 226.7 Wages as Restitution

The the wages provided by section 226.7 are akin to overtime wages, and thus 

constitute restitution. This conclusion is grounded in the state’s supreme court decisions 

in Murphy and Pineda v. Bank of America, N.A., 241 P.3d 870 (2010), the relevant statute

of limitations, and a review of other pertinent case law.

When addressing whether section 226.7 payments were wages, the Murphy court 

repeatedly compared section 226.7 payments to overtime wages, which its prior holdings 

had found to be recoverable restitution.

3

 See, e.g., Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 1109-1110 (citing

Cortez, 23 Cal. 4th at 167). The court also explained the dual purpose of the remedy 

available under section 226.7 was, “like overtime pay provisions, payment for missed meal 

and rest periods enacted as a premium wage to compensate employees, while also acting 

as an incentive for employers to comply with labor standards.” Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 

1110. Further, the Murphy court reasoned that the dual-purpose remedy did not 

“automatically render the remedy [available under section 226.7] a penalty.” Id. at 1111.

In Pineda, the California Supreme Court determined that section 2034 penalties are

not restitution under the UCL because “permitting recovery of section 203 penalties via 

 

3 For example, in its exploration of the legislative history, the court noted that the bill intended to create a 

“penalty” for failing to provide meal and rest breaks only in the “same way that overtime pay is a ‘penalty,’ 

although it is clear that overtime pay is considered a wage . . . .” Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 1109. Similarly, 

the court noted the legislature used overtime to limit the maximum hours an employee could work in a 

given period, just as a section 226.7 payment was “needed to help force employers to provide meal and 

rest periods.” Id. at 1110.

4 Section 203 imposes a penalty on employers who do not timely pay employees at the end of the 

employer/employee relationship. It provides “[i]f an employer willfully fails to pay. . . an employee who 

is discharged or who quits, the wages of the employee shall continue as a penalty . . . .” CAL. LAB. CODE

§ 203(a).

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the UCL would not ‘restore the status quo by returning to the plaintiff funds in which he 

or she has an ownership interest.’” Pineda, 50 Cal. 4th at 1401 (quoting Korea Supply Co., 

29 Cal. 4th at 1149). In emphasizing the distinction between wages, which are restitution, 

and section 203 penalties, which are not, the court explained, “it is the employers’ action 

(or inaction) that gives rise to section 203 penalties. The vested interest in unpaid wages, 

on the other hand, arises out of the employees’ action, i.e., their labor.” Id.

The applicable statute of limitations provide further illustration of the distinctions 

between sections 226.7 wages and 203 penalties. In Murphy, after finding section 226.7 

payments were wages, the court applied the three-year statute of limitations pursuant to 

section 3385 of the California Code of Civil Procedure. Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 1114. But, 

in Pineda, the court noted that absent its own independent statute of limitations, section 

203 would be governed by the one-year statute of limitations in section 340(a), which 

applies to actions “upon a statute for a penalty.” Pineda, 50 Cal. 4th at 1395 (“Thus, if 

section 203(a) comprised the entire statute, a suit to recover its provided-for penalties 

would undoubtedly have to be filed within one year of the accrual of the cause of action.”). 

Further, the Court has considered the two rulings of its sister courts that Defendants 

rely upon and declines to follow their holdings that payments under section 226.7 are not 

restitution. While the Court agrees with the Parsons finding that section 226.7 payments 

were wages, it disagrees with the court’s conclusion that those wages were not restitution. 

For similar reasons, the Court also disagrees with the Guerrero v. Halliburton Energy 

Servs, No. 1:16-CV-1300-LJO-JLT, 2017 WL 1255777 (E.D. Cal. Feb 3, 2017) opinion.

The Parson court found the section 203 reasoning of Pineda equally applicable to 

section 226.7, as both “impose awards of additional wages if an employe[r] violates the 

provision.” Parson, 2016 WL 1734010, at *7 (emphasis added). However, the Court finds 

this corollary flawed as section 203 does not create an award of wages, rather the statutory 

 

5 California Civil Procedure Code section 338 applies to actions on liability created by statue “other than 

a penalty.” CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 338.

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payments it provides are penalties. Therefore, when the Parson court compared the section 

226.7 wages to section 203 penalties, it was not comparing wages to wages. Additionally, 

the Court does not agree with the Parson court’s suggestion that like the penalties required 

by section 203, “wages awarded for failure to provide rest breaks under section 226.7 

would not be earned by the ‘employee who has given his or her labor to the employer in 

exchange for that property.’” Id. (quoting Cortez, 23 Cal. 4th at 173). The Murphy court 

made clear that the wages required by section 226.7 compensated an employee who had 

worked through her rest or meal break. Murphy, 40 Cal. 4th at 1104 (“If denied two paid 

rest periods in an eight-hour work day, an employee essentially performs 20 minutes of 

‘free’ work . . . .”). Whereas section 203 penalties accrue upon non-tender of earned wages 

at the time of termination and do not require an employee do anything in order to be entitled 

to recovery. The failure to provide rest breaks still arise out of the employee’s labor: the 

labor performed while working through a statutorily required rest break; and are therefore 

restitutionary.

In Guerrero, the eastern district court primarily relied upon Kirby to find that section 

226.7 penalties are not subject to restitution under the UCL. Id. at *7. While noting “that 

several California district courts have found that payments due under CLC § 226.7 are 

recoverable as restitution under the UCL” the Guerrero court declined to follow them as 

all but one of the cases was decided before the decision in Kirby issued. Id. The court also 

cited with approval the Parson decision in support of its analysis. But, as detailed above, 

the Court does not find the Kirby decision to be directly on point and disagrees with the

Parson court’s conclusion that section 226.7 wages are not restitution. 

Finally, the Court finds support for its position in the California Court of Appeals 

decision, Safeway v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 238 Cal. App. 4th 1138 (Cal. 

Ct. App. 2015) (review denied). Contrary to Defendants assertion that the Safeway court 

“never considered whether wages paid in the form of rest period premiums qualify as 

restitution and are therefore recoverable under the UCL,” [Doc. No. 18 at 11], it explicitly 

decided that meal break payments were recoverable under the UCL. After noting how the 

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Labor Code “embodies a public policy in favor of full and prompt payment of wages due 

an employee” the court “conclude[d] that a UCL claim may be predicated on a practice of 

not paying premium wages for missed, shortened, or delayed meal breaks attributable to 

the employer’s instructions or undue pressure, and unaccompanied by a suitable employee 

waiver or agreement.” Safeway, 238 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 1155-56. Moreover, the Court 

is not aware of any authority that meal break payments differ in any respect from rest period 

payments and section 226.7 suggests no such distinction. See CAL. LAB. CODE § 226.7(b) 

(“An employer shall not require an employee to work during a meal or rest or recovery 

period mandated pursuant to an applicable statute. . .”). 

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings

[Doc. No. 12] as to Plaintiffs’ claim under the UCL is DENIED. 

Dated: July 31, 2017

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