Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-02139/USCOURTS-cand-3_15-cv-02139-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 196
Nature of Suit: Franchise
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Fraud

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

AMY MEADOWS, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

DICKEY’S BARBECUE RESTAURANTS 

INC.,

Defendant.

Case No. 15-cv-02139-JST 

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’

MOTION FOR ORDER TO 

CONSOLIDATE ARBITRATIONS

Re: ECF No. 40

Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Order to Consolidate Arbitrations. For the 

reasons set forth below, the Court will deny the motion. 

I. BACKGROUND

This case involves a dispute over whether Defendant Dickey’s Barbecue Restaurants, Inc. 

(“Dickey’s”) made false and misleading representations to its franchisees. ECF No. 10. The 

Plaintiffs are all owners and former owners of Dickey’s franchises in California. Id. 

Dickey’s previously moved to compel arbitration of each Plaintiff’s claims on an 

individual basis based on an arbitration provision in the Franchise Agreement. ECF No. 19. 

Before granting the Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration, this Court noted that “[t]here are 

two materially different versions of [the arbitration provision]: one in the Franchise Agreements

signed by . . . the ‘Toff Plaintiffs’ . . . and another in the Franchise Agreements signed by . . . the 

‘Meadows Plaintiffs.’” ECF No. 35 at 2. As to the Meadows Plaintiffs, the Court found that the 

parties had clearly and unmistakably agreed to delegate all questions of arbitrability to the 

arbitrator. Id. at 6. Consequently, this Court “stay[ed] the litigation to permit the arbitrators[] to 

first [] arbitrate these ‘gateway’ issues, and then, if permissible, to arbitrate the substantive 

claims.” Id. at 23. As to the Toff Plaintiffs, this Court found that the language at issue did not 

clearly and unmistakably delegate the issue of arbitrability to the arbitrator, and therefore this 

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Court decided that issue. Id. at 11. After finding that the parties agreed to apply Texas law, this 

Court found that the Toff Plaintiffs’ arbitration provision is neither procedurally unconscionable 

nor substantively unconscionable under Texas law. Id. at 14-22. Consequently, this Court 

“stay[ed] the litigation to permit the arbitrator(s) to arbitrate [the Toff Plaintiffs’] substantive 

claims.” Id. at 23.

The Plaintiffs subsequently filed a group arbitration demand with the AAA. ECF No. 40-1 

¶ 2. In response, the AAA advised the Plaintiffs that they were required to file individual 

arbitration demands in accordance with Rule R-4(a) of the AAA rules. ECF No. 40, Ex. D. That 

rule requires a claimant to initiate arbitration by filing a demand for arbitration, paying the filing

fee, and submitting a copy of the applicable arbitration agreement. ECF No. 40, Ex. B. The AAA 

further informed the Plaintiffs that they could raise the consolidation issue with the appointed 

arbitrator after satisfying the filing requirements. Id. The AAA explained the consolidation 

process as follows: 

Unless all parties are in agreement to proceed on a consolidated basis, 

each arbitration will proceed on an individual basis. A party may present a 

request for consolidation to an arbitrator once appointed on any of the 

additional cases. . . . AAA will abide by any court order directing the 

administration of these cases to proceed in any particular manner. 

Additionally, the parties may agree to place these cases into abeyance 

while the issue of consolidation is addressed in a single arbitration.

ECF No. 40, Ex. F. The AAA has now placed the matter into abeyance to allow the Plaintiffs to 

seek a court order to consolidate the arbitration proceedings. ECF No. 40, Ex. G. 

II. DISCUSSION

The Plaintiffs now seek an order consolidating their claims into a single arbitration. ECF 

No. 40. They argue that consolidation is appropriate because: (1) California law allows for 

consolidation of the Plaintiffs’ claims into a single arbitration in these circumstances; (2) 

consolidation will promote judicial economy and avoid inconsistent results; and (3) the AAA rules 

do not provide a mechanism for consolidation. Id. The Court refuses to entertain these arguments 

because consolidation is a procedural question for the arbitrator. 

Courts presumptively decide gateway questions of arbitrability, such as “whether the 

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parties have submitted a particular dispute to arbitration” and “whether the parties are bound by a 

given arbitration clause.” Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 8384 (2002). 

However, “[o]nce it is determined . . . that the parties are obligated to submit the subject matter of 

the dispute to arbitration, ‘procedural’ questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on its 

final disposition should be left to the arbitrator.” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston, 84 S. Ct. 

909, 918 (1964); accord Howsam, 537 U.S. at 84-85 (explaining that these procedural questions 

“are presumptively not for the judge, but for an arbitrator, to decide”) (emphasis in original)

(citing John Wiley, 84 S. Ct. at 909). 

The availability of class arbitration is one such procedural question for the arbitrator to 

decide. See Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle, 539 U.S. 444, 452-53 (2003). In Green Tree, 

the Supreme Court held that the availability of class arbitration under the parties’ contracts, which 

were silent on the issue, was not a gateway question of arbitrability for the court to decide because 

it “concern[ed] neither the validity of the arbitration clause nor its applicability to the underlying 

dispute between the parties.” Id. Rather, it was a procedural question concerning “what kind of 

arbitration proceeding the parties agreed to.” Id. (emphasis in original). And the Court noted 

that “[a]rbitrators are well situated to answer that question because it “concerns contract 

interpretation and arbitration procedures.” Id. The Court therefore committed the question of 

class arbitration to the arbitrator, not the court. Id. 

Based on Howsam and Green Tree, the Ninth Circuit has held that consolidation is also a 

procedural issue for the arbitrator to decide. See Certain Underwriters at Lloyds v. Cravens 

Dargan & Co., 197 Fed. Appx. 645 at *2 (9th Cir. 2006) (affirming the district court’s denial of 

the motion to compel arbitration under a consolidated procedure because it was “consistent with 

Howsam’s instruction that courts decide gateway issues, but leave procedural issues to the 

arbitrator”) (citing Green Tree, 539 U.S. 444). Other federal appellate courts have reached the 

same conclusion. See Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s London v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 489 

F.3d 580, 586–87 (3d Cir. 2007); Employers Ins. Co. of Wausau v. Century Indemnity Co., 443 

F.3d 573, 577 (7th Cir. 2006) (“We find based on Howsam that the question of whether an 

arbitration agreement forbids consolidated arbitration is a procedural one, which the arbitrator 

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should resolve.”); Shaw’s Supermarkets, Inc. v. United Food and Commercial Workers Union, 

Local 791, 321 F.3d 251, 254 (1st Cir. 2003) (“The issue before us is who should make the 

determination as to whether to consolidate the three grievances into a single arbitration: the 

arbitrator or a federal court. Since each of the three grievances is itself concededly arbitrable, we 

think the answer is clear. Under [Howsam], this is a procedural matter for the arbitrator.”).1 

The Plaintiffs’ invocation of California Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.3 does not 

compel a different result. It is true that “[p]rior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Green Tree,

California courts applied California statutes governing arbitration procedures to arbitrations 

covered by the FAA.” Yuen v. Superior Court, 121 Cal. App. 4th 1133, 1137 (2004), as modified

(Aug. 31, 2004). After Green Tree, however, California courts have similarly held that 

consolidation is a procedural issue for the arbitrator to decide—even where the party seeking 

consolidation relies on California Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.3. See id. at 1139 

(vacating the lower court’s order to consolidate arbitration proceedings pursuant to section 1281.3 

because “Green Tree mandates that consolidation is [an arbitrable] issue”). 

Based on these principles, it is clear that this Court is precluded from deciding whether to 

consolidate the Plaintiffs’ claims into a single arbitration. This Court has already determined that 

the parties agreed to arbitrate their disputes. See ECF No. 35. The Plaintiffs now seek an order 

consolidating their individual arbitrations, but this request involves a procedural question 

regarding the kind of arbitration proceedings the parties agreed to, and is therefore a question for 

the arbitrator. To the extent that Plaintiffs believe that their claims should be consolidated, each 

Plaintiff needs to individually file their claims with the AAA and then Plaintiffs can request 

consolidation per the AAA’s rules. 

/ / /

/ / /

/ / /

 

1

There is, however, a circuit split on this issue. See Alternative Dispute Resolution Practice 

Guide § 15:19 (describing the circuit split). 

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CONCLUSION

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Order to Consolidate Arbitrations is DENIED without prejudice to 

submitting the matter to the AAA. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 21, 2016

______________________________________

JON S. TIGAR

United States District Judge

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