Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_10-cv-02600/USCOURTS-casd-3_10-cv-02600-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 890
Nature of Suit: Other Statutory Actions
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Fed. Question

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

EDUARDO TOVAR, individually

and on behalf of all others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs,

CASE NO. 10cv2600 MMA(MDD)

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT

MIDLAND CREDIT

MANAGEMENT’S MOTION TO

DISMISS

[Doc. No. 5]

vs.

MIDLAND CREDIT MANAGEMENT,

Defendant.

This matter is before the Court on Defendant Midland Credit Management’s motion to

dismiss or stay Plaintiff Eduardo Tovar’s complaint on grounds the Federal Communications

Commission has primary jurisdiction over issues raised in the Complaint [Doc. No. 5]. Plaintiff

filed an opposition to the motion, to which Defendant replied [Doc. Nos. 7 & 8]. The Court found

the matter suitable for determination on the papers and without oral argument pursuant to Civil

Local Rule 7.1.d.1. For the following reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion.

BACKGROUND

In November of 2003, Plaintiff Eduardo Tovar opened a credit card account with Sears. In

his application for credit, Plaintiff did not provide Sears with his cellular telephone number, nor

did he give prior express consent to Sears to call his cellular telephone with an automatic

telephone dialing system using an artificial or prerecorded voice. It was through this transaction

that resulted in the alleged debt Plaintiff owed to Sears. Sears then sold the debt in question to

Defendant Midland Credit Management.

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Thereafter, Defendant repeatedly harassed Plaintiff at all hours on his cellular telephone

with an automatic telephone dialing system that used an artificial or prerecorded voice for nonemergency purposes. Plaintiff did not provide his cellular telephone number to Defendant, nor did

he expressly consent to telephone calls made to his cellular telephone.

On December 17, 2010, Plaintiff filed a class action lawsuit against Defendant on behalf of

himself and others similarly situated. Plaintiff brings two causes of action against Defendant,

claiming that it negligently and willfully violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act

(“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. section 227. On January 10, 2011, Defendant filed the instant motion to stay

or dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint as to all causes of action. 

DISCUSSION

1. Request for Judicial Notice

a) Legal Standard

Generally, in determining whether a complaint should be dismissed, a court may not look

beyond the complaint for additional facts. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.

2003). However, there are exceptions in which a court may consider extrinsic evidence without

converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Lee v. City of Los Angeles,

250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001). Judicial notice may be taken of facts “not subject to reasonable

dispute” because they are either “(1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial

court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy

cannot reasonably be questioned.” FED. R. EVID. 201. Additionally, a court may take judicial

notice of “matters of public record.” Lee, 250 F.3d at 689. 

b) Analysis

 In support of its motion to dismiss or stay, Defendant requests the Court take judicial

notice of seventeen documents: (1) Notice or Proposed Rulemaking, Rules and Regulations

Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (proposed Jan. 22, 2010); (2) Rules

and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Report and

Order, 7 FCC Rcd 8752 (1992); (3) Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act of 1991, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 12391 (1995); (4) 137

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Cong. Rec. S16204-01 (daily ed. Nov. 7, 1991); (5) 137 Cong. Rec. H11307-01 (daily ed. Nov. 26,

1991); (6) Excerpts from In the Matter of Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Report and Order, 18 FCC Rcd 14014 (2003); (7) Rules and

Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Request of ACA

International for Clarification and Declaratory Ruling, 23 FCC Rcd 559 (2008); (8) Department of

Education Comments on Proposed Changes to FCC Regulations; (9) Comment to Proposed

Amendments to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act Regulations, Department of the Treasury

(May 20, 2010); (10) ACA International’s Comment to Proposed Amendments to the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act Regulations (May 21, 2010); (11) Comments of the National Retail

Federation (May 21, 2010); (12) Letter from Rep. Jim Matheson, et. al., to the FCC (Dec. 3, 2010);

(13) Comments of JP Morgan Chase & Co. (May 21, 2010); (14) Comments of the Financial

Services Roundtable, The American Bankers Association, and the Consumer Bankers Association

(May 21, 2010); (15) Comments of Wells Fargo & Co. (May 21, 2010); (16) ACA International’s

Reply Comment to Proposed Amendments to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act Regulations

(June 21, 2010); (17) Letter from Sen. Robert Bennett, et. al., to the FCC (Aug. 24, 2010). 

Plaintiff has not opposed Defendant’s request or disputed the authenticity of these documents.

Defendant correctly asserts that judicial notice of documents (1) through (17) is appropriate

under Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b) because the documents are of public record and are

capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot

reasonably be questioned. Moreover, courts regularly take judicial notice of documents such as

(1), (2), (3), and (6) through (17), which are documents that are administered by or publicly filed

with the administrative agency. See N.W. Envtl. Advocates v. EPA, 537 F.3d 1006, 1026–27 (9th

Cir. 2008) (taking judicial notice of contents of EPA’s request for public comment); Moore v.

Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 2010 WL 3619877 *3 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (taking judicial notice of

published decisions, orders, and policy statements of the FCC); Green v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 2008

WL 351017 at *2 (W.D. Wa. 2008) (taking judicial notice of comments and petitions filed with the

FCC). Additionally, documents (4) and (5) are appropriate because a court may take “judicial

notice of the legislative histories of statutes.” Rocky Mtn. Farmers Union v. Goldstene, 719

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F.Supp.2d 1170, 1186 (E.D. Cal. 2010). Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s request for

judicial notice as to these documents.

2. Defendant’s Motion to Stay or Dismiss on Primary Jurisdiction Grounds

a) Legal Standard

The primary jurisdiction doctrine is applicable only if a claim “requires resolution of an

issue of first impression, or of a particularly complicated issue that Congress has committed to a

regulatory agency.” Clark v. Time Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1114 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting

Brown v. MCI WorldCom Network Servs., 277 F.3d 1166, 1172 (9th Cir. 2002). This doctrine is

not designed to allow courts to acquire expert advice from agencies whenever it is presented with

an issue that is within the agency’s scope of expertise. Id. Although there is no fixed formula as

to when the primary jurisdiction doctrine applies, the 9th Circuit has instructed courts to invoke

the doctrine where there is: (1) a need to resolve an issue that (2) Congress placed within the

jurisdiction of an administrative body having regulatory authority (3) pursuant to a statute that

subjects an industry or activity to a comprehensive regulatory authority that (4) requires expertise

or uniformity in administration. Id. at 1115.

b) Analysis

Defendant asserts the primary jurisdiction doctrine applies to the case at bar, compelling

the Court to stay or dismiss this action pending review by the Federal Communications

Commission (“FCC”) of issues addressed in its January 22, 2010 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

(“NPRM”). In the NPRM, the FCC announced that it is considering revising its TCPA rules to

require companies to obtain express written consent from the called party prior to placing

automated, pre-recorded calls. [Doc. No. 5 (citing Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice

(“RJN”), Exh. 1, pg. 2).] According to Defendant, ruling on the issue posed by the NPRM will

require the FCC to clarify other issues that do impact this case, specifically, “whether the TCPA’s

restrictions apply to debt collectors and, if so, whether the automatic dialing equipment used by

debt collectors falls within the statutory definition of ‘automatic telephone dialing system.” [Doc.

No. 5, pg. 9.] Because Defendant is a debt collector whom Plaintiff alleges used an automatic

dialing system in violation of the TCPA, Defendant argues that adjudication of Plaintiff’s claims

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would undermine the FCC’s authority and decision making in this area. However, the issues

currently before the FCC are not relevant to this action, much less dispositive of Plaintiff’s claims.

Defendant cites to the Clark case for support. In Clark, the court held the FCC had

primary jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claim because the “Notice posed two specific questions”

relevant to the plaintiff’s claim and could not be resolved without first deciding the issue in the

NPRM. Id. at 1113–14. The plaintiff in that case claimed the defendant, a Voice over Internet

Protocol technology (“VoIP”) provider, violated 46 U.S.C. section 258(a), a federal statute

prohibiting telecommunications carriers from switching a consumer’s telephone service without

prior consent. The issue before the court, whether a VoIP provider was considered a

telecommunications carrier, was the same issue addressed in the FCC’s NPRM, which sought

comment on how to define and regulate VoIP and similar services. 

Defendant also relies on the Sixth Circuit’s holding in Charvat v. EchoStar Satellite. In

that case, the court invoked the primary jurisdiction doctrine and referred its case to the FCC

because the answer to the issue before the court “turn[ed] on the meaning of several provisions of

the [TCPA] and its regulations.” Charvat v. EchoStar Satellite, LLC, 630 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir.

2010). The issue, whether the TCPA permitted the plaintiff to recover damages from an entity that

did not place any illegal calls to him but whose independent contractors did, required the FCC’s

statutory authority to interpret the Act because the statute was ambiguous and the issue was one of

first impression. Id. at 465–66.

Unlike the case in Clark where the issue in the NPRM was directly on point with the issue

before the court, here, the NPRM invites comment as to whether the TCPA should be revised to

“requir[e] sellers and telemarketers to obtain telephone subscribers’ express written consent

(including electronic methods of consent) to receive prerecorded telemarketing calls even when

there exists an established business relationship between the caller and the consumer.” 

[Defendant’s RJN, Exh. 1]. Here, Plaintiff simply alleges that he did not give express consent to

Defendant at all. There is no issue posed in the complaint as to the form of consent. This case is

distinguishable from Clark because the issues addressed in the NPRM are different from the issue

before the Court; the NPRM addresses whether to impose a requirement to obtain written consent

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from consumers, not whether the TCPA applies to debt collectors. The FCC has already issued a

declaratory ruling stating debt collectors who make autodialed or prerecorded calls to a wireless

number are responsible for any violation of the TCPA. [See Defendant’s RJN, Exh. 7, ¶¶ 10 &

14.] The FCC’s declaratory ruling on the issue before this Court distinguishes this case from

Charvat as well because the issue here is not one of first impression and does not implicate the

FCC’s authority to interpret the TCPA since it has already ruled on the issue. 

In addition, the FCC has ruled previously on the other key elements of a TCPA claim,

defining “automatic telephone dialing system” and clarifying prior consent. [See Defendant’s

RJN, Exh. 7, ¶¶ 9–14.] The FCC ruled predictive dialers used by debt collectors fall within the

meaning of autodialers, thereby refusing to carve out an exception for debt collectors. [See id.] 

With regard to prior consent, the FCC ruled that it is the creditor’s burden to show the wireless

number was provided by the consumer to the creditor during the transaction that resulted in the

debt owed. [See id.] Therefore, the issue before the Court, whether Defendant, a debt collector,

violated the TCPA provision prohibiting calls made to cellular telephone numbers without

Plaintiff’s consent for non-emergency purposes, is materially different from the narrow issue

presented in the NPRM and has been addressed by the FCC.

The Court acknowledges that while the NPRM does not solicit commentary on the issue

directly before the Court, the selection of comments Defendant includes in its RJN do in fact

comment on issues raised by Plaintiff’s claims. Not surprisingly, these comments are mostly from

creditors and collectors such as Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, American Bankers Association,

and National Retail Federation, urging the FCC to reconsider whether the TCPA should apply to

debt collectors and whether certain technology used by debt collectors should be excluded from

TCPA’s definition of autodialer. Defendant correctly asserts that federal agencies are required to

respond to comments that raise relevant points, and if adopted, would require a change in the

agency’s proposed rule. American Min. Congress v. EPA, 965 F.2d 759, 771 (9th Cir. 1992). 

However, “an agency adopting final rules that differ from its proposed rule are required to

renotice” when the final rules are not a “‘logical outgrowth’ of the rules as proposed.” 

Connecticut Light and Power Co.v. NRC, 673 F.2d 525, 533 (D.C. Cir. 1982); see also Envtl.

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Integrity Project v. EPA, 425 F.3d 992, 998 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (holding the EPA’s final rule was

invalid because it was not a logical outgrowth of its NPRM). 

Here, even if the Court assumes the FCC’s final rule will deviate from its NPRM, the Court

has to further assume the final rule would be deemed valid as a logical outgrowth of the NPRM, an

unlikely outcome when the FCC has already determined the TCPA applies to debt collectors and

the definition of “automatic telephone dialing system” includes “predictive dialers.” Therefore,

the Court finds that the primary jurisdiction doctrine does not apply, and neither dismissal nor a

stay of this case is required. The issues before the Court are not ones of first impression, are not

addressed directly in the NPRM, and do not require the Court to rely upon future action by the

FCC, as resolution of Plaintiff’s claims calls upon the conventional experience of this Court.

The Court further notes although the novelty and creativity of Defendant’s arguments are

commendable, they are misplaced. Defendant does not cite to any case law that supports its

position that the Court should dismiss this case pending the FCC’s resolution of this particular

NPRM. And, after a survey of the available TCPA case law, the Court has not found any case law

that supports Defendant’s position. Nor has Defendant made a convincing argument for why the

Court should stay the case on the basis of third party commentary to an NPRM which addresses an

issue that is tangential, at best, to the case at bar.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to stay or dismiss on the grounds of

primary jurisdiction.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss in its entirety. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: April 13, 2011

Hon. Michael M. Anello

United States District Judge

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