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Nature of Suit Code: 893
Nature of Suit: Environmental Matters
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 03-3331

___________

Robert Shain; James Sheetz, *

*

Plaintiffs/Appellants, *

* 

v. *

*

Ann M. Veneman, Secretary of * Appeal from the United States

Department of Agriculture; Gilbert * District Court for the Southern

Gonzalez, Jr., Undersecretary of * District of Iowa. 

Agriculture for Policy and Planning; *

David Dowdy, Rural Development *

Specialist, *

*

Defendants/Appellees. *

*

_____________________ *

*

City of Kinross, Iowa; Regional *

Utility Service Systems, *

*

Amici on Behalf of *

Appellees. *

___________

Submitted: April 12, 2004

Filed: July 22, 2004 

___________

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.

___________

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The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the

Southern District of Iowa. 

2

Plaintiffs sued Ann M. Veneman, the Secretary of Agriculture, and others in

their capacity as officials in the USDA. For the sake of simplicity, we refer to the

defendants collectively as "the government." 

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BYE, Circuit Judge.

Robert Shain and James Sheetz brought this action for declaratory and

injunctive relief under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), alleging the United

States Department of Agriculture (USDA) would violate federal law by financing the

building of a sewage-treatment plant on a flood plain near the property Mr. Shain

owns and land Mr. Sheetz rents and farms outside the city of Kinross, Iowa. The

district court1

 granted the government's2 motion to dismiss for lack of standing and

dismissed the government's alternative motion for summary judgment as being moot.

On appeal, the plaintiffs argue the treatment plant increases the risk of flooding

on their lands and they therefore possess standing to sue because they face an

imminent injury traceable to the government's conduct and redressable by a

mandatory injunction to dismantle the plant. We agree with the district court the

plaintiffs failed to allege a cognizable injury, and we therefore affirm on that basis

without reaching other justiciability issues. 

I

In 1997, the City of Kinross had no sanitary sewage treatment system, and

sewage water from private septic systems flowed into a common drain that emptied

into Smith Creek. After a receiving a complaint from the state of Iowa about the

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The USDA has yet to disburse the grant. When the plaintiffs filed this lawsuit,

the USDA decided to withhold release of the money pending the outcome of the

litigation. Kinross and RUSS have filed an amicus brief in which they explain they

completed the project by securing other loans. As a result, the lawsuit has forced

Kinross to pass on the costs of interest payments to customers, whose monthly service

bills have risen from roughly $24 to $51. 

4

The parties dispute the exact distance separating the lagoons from Mr. Shain's

property. The distance is not controlling. 

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discharge from one resident's septic tank, Kinross studied the possibility of building

a community sewer system.

In 2000, Kinross and the Regional Utility Service System (RUSS), an

intergovernmental agency, entered into an agreement pursuant to Iowa law whereby

RUSS agreed to finance, construct, and jointly maintain a $585,000 sewer system

serving forty-two users in rural Kinross. To this end, RUSS secured in principle a

$128,500 loan and a $367,500 grant from the USDA.3

On June 19, 2002, Kinross condemned 4.74 acres of land to build two retention

ponds, or lagoons, for the treatment facility. The local compensation commission

awarded $21,500 in damages to the landowners and $100 to Mr. Sheetz as a tenant.

When Mr. Sheetz later unsuccessfully appealed the award in state court, he did not

challenge the taking on environmental grounds. 

 The lagoons were finished and became fully operational in March 2003. They

are located on a 100-year flood plain for an unnamed tributary of Smith Creek. The

tributary runs through land Mr. Sheetz rents and farms adjacent to the lagoons, and

Mr. Shain owns farmland 1,000 feet to one-half mile4

 down stream. 

On December 24, 2002, Mr. Shain filed a complaint in federal district court

challenging the USDA's funding of the project. Following the government's motion

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to dismiss for lack of standing, Mr. Shain amended the complaint to include Mr.

Sheetz as a plaintiff. On May 27, 2003, the government filed an amended motion to

dismiss and for summary judgment, once again contesting the standing to sue. 

In their complaint, the plaintiffs alleged the USDA would violate federal law

by funding the project without requiring Kinross to participate in the National Flood

Insurance Plan, as required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42

U.S.C. § 4106(a), and without considering alternatives to avoid adverse effects and

incompatible development in a designated flood plain, as required by Executive Order

11988. The district court dismissed the complaint, concluding the plaintiffs lacked

standing because they had alleged a speculative or conjectural injury, or alternatively,

because the alleged injury was not redressable by judicial relief. Without reaching

other issues (redressability, ripeness), we affirm for the plaintiffs' failure to plead a

cognizable injury. 

II

The court reviews de novo a district court's dismissal for lack of standing,

accepting as true all of the complaint's material allegations and construing the

complaint in favor of the complaining party. Gardner v. First American Title Ins. Co.,

294 F.3d 991, 993 (8th Cir. 2002). 

The standing doctrine serves to limit federal jurisdiction to cases and

controversies as required by Article III of the United States Constitution. Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 559-61 (1992). A party invoking federal

jurisdiction has the burden of establishing standing, Schanou v. Lancaster County

Sch. Dist., 62 F.3d 1040, 1045 (8th Cir. 1995), by alleging and eventually proving he

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A plaintiff may also be denied standing, even if he meets the Article III

standing requirements, if he runs afoul of certain judicially-constructed prudential

limits on standing. These are not at issue here because the plaintiffs fail to meet even

the irreducible constitutional requirements. 

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has suffered an injury-in-fact traceable to the defendant's challenged action and

redressable by the court's favorable decision.5

 Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-561. 

The district court correctly concluded the complaint in this case failed to allege

a cognizable injury-in-fact. For purposes of standing, a plaintiff's injury must consist

of an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized

and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical. Id. The district court

held the plaintiffs failed to allege even an imminent injury because the occurrence of

a 100-year flood is by definition speculative and unpredictable. As a matter of law,

we agree. 

In the district court, the plaintiffs alleged they faced two imminent injuries in

the event of a 100-year flood. First, effluent from the lagoons will spill onto and

contaminate the land when a flood exceeds the height of the lagoons' embankments.

Second, the embankments will displace flood waters and increase the risk of flooding

on their property. Probably because the government presented undisputed evidence

a flood could not reach even the base of the embankments, the plaintiffs have

apparently abandoned the contamination argument on appeal.

Instead, the plaintiffs advance the displacement argument alone, essentially

contending the word "imminent" does not mean immediate but only certain. They

reason the 100-year designation means a flood will certainly occur, albeit potentially

many years from now. When such a flood occurs, the embankments will surely

displace water, leading to an increased risk of flooding on the plaintiffs' lands. We

detect several problems with this argument as a basis for conferring standing. 

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First, the plaintiffs must establish they will suffer the imminent injury. If the

possibility of a 100-year flood is remote in the abstract, the possibility the flood will

occur while they own or occupy the land becomes a matter of sheer speculation.

Indeed, one wonders whether any of the parties (or the court) in this case will be alive

the next time a 100-year flood occurs upon the land. Second, the allegations in the

complaint strike us as vague and conclusory; they only generally underscore the

obvious fact the embankments will displace a certain volume of water. Left to

conjecture are the questions whether the marginal rise in the water level will move

in the direction of the plaintiffs' land, reach the property, and cause cognizable harm

which would not have occurred absent the lagoons. Finally, the 100-year label, as a

term of art, designates lands most immune from flood damage. If the plaintiffs have

alleged a cognizable injury, then as practical matter, any plaintiff who conceivably

could be harmed by a defendant's conduct would possess standing to sue in federal

court. For these reasons, we conclude the plaintiffs have failed to allege a cognizable

injury, and we hold they lack standing to sue the government in this case. 

The plaintiffs cite several circuit cases for the proposition that a heightened risk

of future harm is a cognizable injury. A close reading of these cases, however,

reveals the circuits have recognized only an increase in risk sufficient to take the

probability of harm out of the realm of the hypothetical and speculative. To illustrate,

we will examine the two cases that most strongly support the plaintiffs' argument.

 

In Village of Elk Grove Village v. Evans, 997 F.2d 328 (7th Cir. 1993), the

plaintiffs were concerned the erection of a radio tower on a flood plain would limit

the creek's drainage area and increase the risk of flooding. The court held the

plaintiffs possessed standing to sue, declaring in dicta "even a small probability of

injury is sufficient to create a case or controversy, to take a suit out of the category

of the hypothetical. . . ." Id. at 329. 

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In our mind, Elk Grove is easily distinguishable from this case. There, the

flood plain was a common flood area, which continually imposed sandbagging and

other flood-control costs on the Village of Elk Grove. Thus, the Village had a direct

stake in ensuring the defendant's conduct did not aggravate a known and predictable

danger, even if the marginal increase in risk defied calculation. Here, in contrast, the

danger of the flood itself is remote and improbable. To whatever extent the lagoons

increase the theoretical risk of flooding on the plaintiffs' property, they will do so

only if the remote risk of a 100-year flood first materializes while the plaintiffs have

a property interest in the land. 

In Mountain States Legal Found. v. Glickman, 92 F.3d 1228 (D.C. Cir. 1996),

the court conferred standing on the plaintiffs who challenged the Forest Service's plan

to prohibit logging on a national forest. The plaintiffs established the plan would

increase the likelihood of a catastrophic fire by permitting fuel to accumulate in dead

trees. Id. at 1234-35. The analogy between Glickman and the instant case, of course,

is flawed. There, the defendant's conduct directly and measurably increased the

chances a fire would start; the defendant's conduct was not merely an intervening

factor that could aggravate an independently occurring natural disaster. For this case

to become truly analogous to Glickman, the lagoons would have to increase the

probability of a 100-year flood itself. 

We conclude the jurisprudence of our sister circuits is consistent with our

holding in this case. 

III

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's dismissal of the

plaintiffs' complaint for lack of standing. 

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