Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca6-14-06499/USCOURTS-ca6-14-06499-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 893
Nature of Suit: Environmental Matters
Cause of Action: 

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) 

File Name: 15a0262p.06 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

_________________ 

KATHY LITTLE; GREG WALKER; DEBRA L. WALKER;

RICHARD EVANS; PHILLIP WHITAKER; FAYE 

WHITAKER, on behalf of themselves and all others 

similarly situated, 

Plaintiffs-Appellees, 

v. 

LOUISVILLE GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY; PPL

CORPORATION, 

Defendants-Appellants. 

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No. 14-6499 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville. 

No. 3:13-cv-01214—Joseph H. McKinley, Jr., Chief District Judge. 

Argued: August 6, 2015 

Decided and Filed: November 2, 2015 

Before: SILER, ROGERS, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges. 

_________________ 

COUNSEL 

ARGUED: Paul D. Clement, BANCROFT PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Steve W. 

Berman, HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP, Seattle, Washington, for Appellees. 

ON BRIEF: Paul D. Clement, Erin E. Murphy, BANCROFT PLLC, Washington, D.C., Sheryl 

G. Snyder, Jason P. Renzelmann, FROST BROWN TODD LLC, Louisville, Kentucky, F. 

William Brownell, HUNTON & WILLIAMS LLP, Washington, D.C., John C. Bender, Richard 

Clayton Larkin, DINSMORE & SHOHL LLP, Lexington, Kentucky, Robert M. Rolfe, 

HUNTON & WILLIAMS LLP, Richmond, Virginia, Nash E. Long, Brent A. Rosser, Sarah 

Anna Santos, HUNTON & WILLIAMS LLP, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellants. Steve 

W. Berman, HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP, Seattle, Washington, Noah Axler, 

DONOVAN AXLER, LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jeffrey M. Sanders, JEFFREY M. 

SANDERS PLLC, Fort Thomas, Kentucky, Charles L. Williams, WILLIAMS & SKILLING, 

P.C., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees. J. Philip Calabrese, PORTER WRIGHT MORRIS & 

>

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No. 14-6499 Little, et al. v. Louisville Gas & Electric Co., et al. Page 2 

ARTHUR LLP, Cleveland, Ohio, Robert L. Brubaker, L. Bradfield Hughes, Eric B. Gallon, 

PORTER WRIGHT MORRIS & ARTHUR LLP, Columbus, Ohio, Quin M. Sorenson, SIDLEY 

AUSTIN LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae. 

_________________ 

OPINION

_________________ 

ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Defendant Louisville Gas & Electric brings this interlocutory 

appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) challenging the district court’s order refusing to dismiss 

state law nuisance, trespass, and negligence claims that defendant argued were preempted by the 

federal Clean Air Act. That order must be affirmed under today’s holding in the companion 

interlocutory appeal of Merrick, et al. v. Diageo Americas Supply, Inc., 14-6198. Plaintiffs 

additionally challenge the district court’s adverse interlocutory orders regarding distinct federal 

law claims, without having cross-petitioned for interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) 

with respect to those orders. We lack jurisdiction to review those distinct interlocutory orders, 

even though they were handed down in the same document as the order properly appealed from. 

The district court summarized the facts underlying this appeal as follows: 

This case involves the operation of the Cane Run power plant in 

southwestern Louisville [which is owned and operated by Louisville Gas and 

Electric Company (“LGE”)]. The Plaintiffs allege that beginning in 2008, they 

and their neighbors began noticing a persistent film of dust that coated their 

homes and properties. They allege that the Cane Run power plant emits dust and 

coal ash into the air and onto their homes and properties several times a month. 

The Plaintiffs state that the dust and coal ash have been emitted from: (1) Cane 

Run’s emission stacks, through which solid particulates are released during the 

coal burning process; and (2) Cane Run’s sludge plant, where the ash is mixed 

with a cementing agent. Further, the Plaintiffs state that ash, dust, and other coal 

combustion byproducts blow onto their properties because they are placed in an 

insufficiently-covered landfill. The Plaintiffs allege that the ash, dust, and coal 

combustion by-products are not only annoying, but also, they are composed of 

dangerous elements, including arsenic, silica, lead, and chromium. 

Louisville’s Air Pollution Control District (the “District”) is the agency 

charged with enforcing [federal and state] environmental regulations in Jefferson 

County. In 2010, the District began investigating complaints about Cane Run. As 

a result of the investigation, the District issued several Notices of Violation 

(“NOVs”) to [LGE] concerning particulate emissions and the odors produced by 

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Cane Run. Specifically, in July of 2011, the District issued an NOV finding that 

LGE allowed fly ash particulate emissions to enter the air and be carried beyond 

its property line. Four months later, in November of 2011, the District issued a 

second NOV, detailing more violations involving the emission of dust and ash 

from Cane Run. Subsequently, between July of 2012 and August of 2013, the 

District issued four additional NOVs. These NOVs were resolved by an 

administrative proceeding before Louisville’s Air Pollution Control Board (“the 

Board”), which resulted in an Agreed Board Order (“ABO”). 

 The ABO required LGE to implement, and comply, with a “Plant-Wide 

Odor, Fugitive Dust, and Maintenance Emissions Control Plan.” In the ABO, the 

Board specifically found that: (1) the required measures would “fully address” the 

alleged violations cited in the NOVs; (2) LGE “demonstrated compliance at the 

Cane Run Generating Station” by submitting to the ABO’s control plan; and (3) 

the proposed resolution in the ABO was “reasonable and adequate under the 

circumstances.” After a public hearing on November 20, 2013, the District 

adopted the ABO. 

 On September 6, 2013, the Plaintiffs provided a Notice of Intent to Sue 

(“NOI”) to the Defendants, the District’s Director, the EPA Administrators, the 

Director of Kentucky’s Division of Waste Management, the Commissioner of 

Kentucky’s Department of Environmental Protection, and the U.S. Attorney 

General. The Plaintiffs filed this action more than 90 days from when the notices 

were delivered. In the action, the Plaintiffs allege violations of the Clean Air Act 

(“CAA”) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”). They also 

bring state-law claims of nuisance, trespass, negligence, negligence per se, and 

gross negligence. LGE and [its parent company,] PPL Corporation (collectively 

“defendants”), argue that the claims must be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 

12(b)(1) and (b)(6). 

Little v. Louisville Gas & Elec. Co., 33 F. Supp. 3d 791, 796–97 (W.D. Ky. 2014) (citations and 

some abbreviations amended). In all, plaintiffs’ complaint featured nine counts. Counts I and II 

alleged past and ongoing violations of RCRA. Count III alleged past and ongoing violations of 

the Clean Air Act. The remaining counts in the complaint sought damages under state common 

law doctrines including nuisance, trespass, and negligence. 

 In a “Memorandum and Order” issued on July 17, 2014, the district court dismissed all of 

plaintiffs’ federal law claims except the claim that defendants were operating Cane Run without 

a valid Clean Air Act permit. Id. at 798–814. In the same “Memorandum and Order,” the 

district court rejected defendants’ argument that the Clean Air Act preempted plaintiffs’ state 

common law claims. Id. at 814–17. 

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 The district court certified for interlocutory appeal “the portion of its July 17, 2014 

Memorandum Opinion and Order that denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state 

common law claims on preemption grounds under the Clean Air Act.” A panel of this court 

granted the appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), stating: 

The issue of whether the CAA preempts the plaintiffs’ state-law claims is an 

unresolved, controlling issue of law that may materially advance the termination 

of the action below. Accordingly, the petition to appeal the July 17, 2014, 

Memorandum Opinion and Order granting in part and denying in part the 

defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED. The parties may brief any issues 

fairly included within that order, and the merits panel will determine which of the 

briefed issues should be resolved in the interlocutory appeal. 

On appeal, defendants contest the district court’s denial of their motion to dismiss, on 

preemption grounds, plaintiffs’ state law claims, while plaintiffs contest the district court’s 

dismissal of their federal law claims. 

Defendants’ Clean Air Act preemption arguments are disposed of by our decision in 

Merrick v. Diageo Americas Supply, No. 14-6198. Plaintiffs’ state common law claims are not 

materially distinguishable from the state common law claims raised in Merrick. For the reasons 

set forth in that opinion, the Clean Air Act does not preempt plaintiffs’ state common law claims. 

 We lack jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs’ challenge to the district court’s orders that 

dismissed most of plaintiffs’ federal law claims. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), this court has 

jurisdiction to review an interlocutory order only to the extent a district court has certified that 

order for interlocutory appeal. The word “order,” in the context of § 1292(b), refers to a specific 

direction or command from the district court, not to the document or opinion in which the court 

explains that direction or command. This plain reading is compelled by the purpose of the 

statute and avoids a formalistic anomaly. The only order the district court certified for 

interlocutory appeal here was its order denying defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ state 

common law claims. Indeed, that is the only order as to which any party sought certification for 

appeal; plaintiffs never filed a cross-petition seeking leave to appeal the district court’s orders 

dismissing most of plaintiffs’ federal law claims. See Fed. R. App. P. 5(b)(2). Because the 

district court did not certify for interlocutory appeal its orders dismissing most of plaintiffs’ 

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federal law claims, § 1292(b) does not empower this court to consider those orders on 

interlocutory appeal. 

It is true that the last paragraph of the motions panel’s order granting defendants leave to 

appeal included a statement that the parties could brief “any issues fairly included within [the 

district court’s July 17, 2014 Memorandum and Order].” While perhaps subject to a broader 

reading, the language can have referred only, for example, to threshold issues or different 

arguments regarding the order appealed from, and not to different orders regarding different 

claims under different statutes, even if the distinct orders were contained in a single document 

entitled “Order.” Indeed, the district court made explicit that its certification extended only to 

“the portion of its July 17, 2014 Memorandum Opinion and Order that denied Defendants’ 

motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state common law claims on preemption grounds under the Clean 

Air Act.” 

We recognize of course that a district court’s certification of an order as containing a 

controlling question of law permits appellate consideration of other legal questions that are 

presented by the certified order. See Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun, 516 U.S. 199, 204 

(1996). But additional legal questions implicated in one order are different from additional

orders that are included in one document that happens to be labeled “order.” Yamaha involved 

the former, an “anterior issue” that was “pivotal” with respect to the certified order. Id. 

Plaintiffs’ arguments in this case involve the latter. 

Allowing interlocutory appeal of directions or commands in a district court opinion, for 

the formal reason that the district court labeled the opinion an “Order,” would be inconsistent 

with the purpose of § 1292(b). That purpose—permitting appellate courts to timely resolve 

disputed, controlling legal questions when doing so might avoid the need for protracted and 

expensive litigation—serves the twin aims of judicial and party economy. See 16 Charles A. 

Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3929 (3d ed. 2012). The purpose is plainly not 

furthered by interpreting § 1292(b) to require appellate review of every direction or command 

given in a district court opinion when only one of those directions or commands “involves a 

controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion,” the 

resolution of which on appeal “may materially advance the ultimate termination of the 

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litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Plaintiffs could have cross-petitioned for interlocutory appeal 

of the orders they now challenge. See Fed. R. App. P. 5(b). That would have given the district 

court and this court the opportunity to evaluate whether interlocutory appeal of the district 

court’s orders was warranted. If granted, moreover, this procedure would have permitted a 

proper sequencing of briefs in a cross-appeal, such that the cross-appellee would have been 

entitled to file a response brief not confined to the length of a reply brief. See Fed. R. App. P. 

28.1(c); Reese v. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., 643 F.3d 681, 689–90 (9th Cir. 2011). 

Interpreting “order” as a specific direction or command from the district court avoids such a 

circumvention of orderly procedure. 

Other circuits have similarly interpreted the word “order” in § 1292(b) to mean a district 

court’s direction or command resolving a discrete motion or claim. In Homeland Stores, Inc. v. 

Resolution Trust Corp., 17 F.3d 1269, 1271 (10th Cir. 1994), for example, the defendant in a 

contract case sought dismissal on the grounds that a statute precluded jurisdiction over the 

damages claim, and in addition that injunctive relief was not available. The district court 

indicated that injunctive relief was not available, but that jurisdiction was not precluded. Id. The 

district court certified the jurisdiction issue for interlocutory appeal, but specifically declined to 

certify the question of whether injunctive relief was available, although the court had discussed 

the issue in the same document. Id. The court of appeals subsequently refused to reach the 

injunctive relief issue, reasoning as follows: 

Homeland correctly points out that it is the district court order that is certified 

under § 1292(b) and not the specific question of law deemed controlling by the 

district court. Homeland contends that, because the certified order discussed the 

question of injunctive relief along with the question of federal jurisdiction, we can 

and should address the injunctive relief issue in this appeal. We disagree. 

If we find that a particular question other than the question specifically 

identified by the district court controls the disposition of the certified order, we 

may, and indeed should, address that question. In this case, however, whether 

injunctive relief is available against the RTC is not such an alternate controlling 

question. The order appealed from concerns whether Homeland’s complaint 

states a claim upon which relief can be granted. Homeland’s request for injunctive 

relief is only as a specific type of remedy for its breach of contract claims. 

Because we hold . . . that Homeland’s complaint does state a claim and, at 

minimum, relief would be available in the form of damages at law, we need not 

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decide on the availability of any specific type of alternate relief here. Thus, we do 

not address the question of the availability of injunctive relief. 

Id. at 1271–72 (internal citations omitted). 

FDIC v. Dye, 642 F.2d 833 (5th Cir. Unit B Apr. 1981), is similar. The district court in 

that case had denied the petitioner’s motion for summary judgment on four counterclaims raised 

by the respondent. Id. at 835. Although the district court had certified just one of those rulings 

for interlocutory appeal, the petitioner sought review of the district court’s rulings with respect to 

all four counterclaims. Id. at 836–37. The Fifth Circuit rejected the petitioner’s attempt to 

appeal the uncertified rulings, noting that “we have not accepted [those rulings] for appeal 

pursuant to § 1292(b).” Id. at 837. The Fifth Circuit further explained that 

[a]lthough grouped nominally in the same order, the denials of summary 

judgment . . . should be considered different orders under § 1292(b). See 

generally Garner v. Wolfinbarger, 433 F.2d 117 (5th Cir. 1970) (party should not 

be allowed to use valid appeal as vehicle for making other appeals which would 

otherwise be impermissible). 

Id. at 837 n.6. The reasoning of the Tenth and Fifth Circuits in these cases supports the 

conclusion that we lack jurisdiction to consider the plaintiffs’ challenges to the dismissal of 

federal law claims on this interlocutory appeal. 

The district court’s order denying defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ state common 

law claims is affirmed. We lack jurisdiction to consider the other, unrelated orders challenged 

by the plaintiffs in their brief on this interlocutory appeal. 

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