Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_09-cv-02473/USCOURTS-casd-3_09-cv-02473-4/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 790
Nature of Suit: Other Labor Litigation
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Labor/Mgmnt. Relations

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ERIC STILLER and JOSEPH MORO,

on behalf of themselves individually

and all other similarly situated,

Plaintiffs,

v.

COSTCO WHOLESALE

CORPORATION and DOES 1 through

25, inclusive,

Defendants.

 

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Case No. 3:09-cv-2473-GPC-BGS

ORDER GRANTING COSTCO’S

MOTION TO DECERTIFY

CLASS AND COLLECTIVE

ACTIONS

(ECF NOS. 146)

INTRODUCTION

In this collective and class action, plaintiffs Eric Stiller (“Stiller”) and Joseph

Moro (“Moro”) (both, “Plaintiffs”) allege defendant Costco Wholesale Corporation

(“Costco”) violated federal and state wage and hour laws through the implementation

of closing procedures that resulted in unpaid, off-the-clock (“OTC”) time. (ECF No.

96-1, Fourth Amend. Compl.)

On December 13, 2010, prior to this case’s transfer to the undersigned, the

Honorable Marilyn L. Huff, U.S. District Judge, certified a statewide California class

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) (“California Class”) and conditionally

certified a nationwide collective action under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA

Class”). (ECF No. 104 (“Certification Order”).) 

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With regard to the California Class, Judge Huff’s Certification Order did not

expressly “define the class and the class claims, issues, or defenses” as required by

Rule 23(c)(B). Neither did the Certification Order expressly define the FLSA Class. 

The Certification Order did, however, direct the parties “to confer and submit a

joint proposed notice to the Classes.” After conferring, the parties agreed to correct the

liability period for the FLSA Class, and the Classes were ultimately defined asfollows:

California Rule 23 Class: All persons who worked for Costco Wholesale

Corporation in California as hourly, non-exempt, non-union employees

who were subject to Costco’s closing lockdown procedures between May

15, 2005 and October 1, 2009.

FLSA Class: All persons who worked for Costco WholesaleCorporation

in the United States asfull-time, hourly, non-exempt employees who were

subject to Costco’s closing lockdown procedures between March 1, 2008

and October 1, 2009.

(See ECF No. 217.) 

Moro is the named plaintiff for the California Class, and Stiller is the named plaintiff

for the FLSA Class.

On April 13, 2012, Costco filed a motion to decertify the collective and class

actions (“Motion to Decertify”). (ECF No. 146.) On July 5, 2012, Plaintiffs filed a

response in opposition to Costco’s Motion to Decertify, (ECF No. 172), and on July

27, 2012, Costco filed a reply, (ECF No. 177). Thereafter, the parties filed several

supplemental documents. (See ECF Nos. 178, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,

199, 205, 206, 219, 220.)

On August 14, 2013, the Court granted Plaintiffs leave to submit additional

evidence in support of their Opposition to Costco’s Motion to Decertify. (ECF Nos.

181, 200, 208.) And, at the Court’s direction, Plaintiffs submitted a proposed trial plan

that outlines the common evidence that Plaintiffs would rely on if this case proceeded

to trial. (ECF No. 210.) Costco filed a response to Plaintiffs’ proposed trial plan. 

(ECF No. 211.)

The Court held a hearing on Costco’s Motion to Decertify on September 27,

2013, at which counsel for Costco and Plaintiffs appeared. (ECF No. 216.)

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After a thorough consideration of the parties’ submissions, the arguments of

counsel, the record in this matter, and the applicable law, and for the reasons that

follow, the Court will GRANT Costco’s Motion to Decertify.

BACKGROUND

I. Costco’s Closing Procedures

Plaintiffs allege in their currently operative Fourth Amended Complaint that

“Plaintiffs and other hourly, non-exempt employees were regularlyforced, against their

will, to remain locked inside of . . . [Costco] warehouses throughout California and the

United States, after clocking out at the end of closing shifts.” (ECF No. 96-1 at 5.) 

Plaintiffs allege that, “[d]uring this unpaid lock-in time, . . . Costco’s Supervisors and

Managers . . . performed closing activities, such as removing jewelry from cases and

emptying cash registers.” (Id.) Thus, following certification, Plaintiffs represent

classes of individuals who were subject to “Costco’s closing lockdown procedures.” 

(Id. at 6-7.) In essence, Plaintiffs claim Costo had a uniform, companywide policy of

locking its employees in warehouses during closing lockdown procedures without pay.

A. Plaintiffs’ Evidence

It is undisputed that Costco had no express policy requiring its employees to be

locked in warehouses without pay while supervisors and managers performed closing

activities. Indeed, Plaintiffs do not contend that such an express policy existed. 

Instead, Plaintiffs assert that it was a combination of Costco’s closing, payroll, and

timecard policies—asset forth in various manuals, agreements, and othersources—that

resulted in a de facto companywide policy of locking employees in warehouses during

closing lockdown procedures without pay.

1. Costco Manuals

Plaintiffs rely heavily on language from various versions of Costco’s “Member

Service and Loss Prevention Manual” and Costco’s “Front End Manual” (both,

“Manuals”). The Member Service and Loss Prevention Manual offered by Plaintiffs

contains language from October 2004 stating:

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After the last member has been served, all perimeter alarms must be set. 

One door may be bypassed if a local audible alarm is installed and

activated. This door, used for employees to exit the building, should be

opened only on a fixed schedule (suggest 15 minute intervals). No

employees should be given access to or allowed to exit the building while

register tills are collected and secured in the vault.

The same manual provides that these procedures are “not meant to limit the warehouse

manager’s authority but are intended as minimum guidelines that must be followed to

protect all company assets.” The same manual further provides that, if management

deems it appropriate, more stringent procedures may be implemented at the regional

manager’s discretion.

Turning to the October 2006 Front End Manual, it states:

After the last member leaves the warehouse, the following tasks should

be accomplished as quickly as possible. The front door closed

immediately. Nobody should enter or exit the warehouse while the tills

and jewelry are being collected and secured in the Vault. This process

should be done as quickly as possible to minimize security risk, and to

minimize any delay in employees entering or exiting from the warehouse.

(Emphasis added.)

Plaintiffs refer to the foregoing language from Costco’s Manuals as Costco’s

“Lockdown Policy.”

2. Costco’s Employee Agreements

Plaintiffs also rely heavily on language from Costco’s March 2004 and March

2007 Employee Agreements (“EAs”). Both the 2004 and 2007 EAs provide that

employees must “swipe” in and out on Costco’s automated timecard system (“ATS”)

exactly at the start and end of their shifts. The EAs provide that “excessive” violations

of this “swipe” policy could result in escalating discipline (up to termination), and that

three separate “swipe” violations in a thirty-day period is considered “excessive.” 

Costco’s Director of Human Resources and 30(b)(6) deponent, Mark Stalwick

(“Stalwick”), confirmed that an employee that regularly clocked out one minute after

his or her scheduled shift could be subject to disciplinary action.

Plaintiffs note that Costco’s EAs further provide that employees may not work

overtime without prior manager approval. On that topic, Plaintiffs provide training

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materials which instruct managers to discipline employees that work unauthorized

overtime. Plaintiffs further provide the deposition transcript of class member Albert

Cooper, who testified: “[W]e would have to clock out as soon as our shift ended, so to

wait until we had seen a manager to clock out, they would write us up for – for not

clocking out when we were done with our shift.”

Plaintiffs further provide that, while Costco has an “Exception Log” to permit

managersto adjust “swipe” times, recording lockdown time was not an established use

for the log. Rather, Costco’s “Employee Instructions on How to Accurately Record

Their Time” provides that “The ATS Exception Log is only to be used in a situation

in which you cannot swipe your name badge or additional information is needed to

explain your recorded swipes.” A document entitled “Automated Timecard System

Policies” confirms: “The Exception Log will only be available to hourly employees if

the time clock is not functioning.”

Plaintiffs refer to the foregoing language from Costco’s EAs and Exception Log

documents as Costco’s “Timecard Policy” and “Compensation Policy.”

3. Uncompensated Detention Time

To establish that Costco’s so-called Lockdown, Timecard, and Compensation

Policies operate in a way that caused employees to remain locked in warehouses

without compensation, Plaintiffs rely on the deposition testimony and declarations of

several Costco employees.

Plaintiffs provide deposition testimony and declarations from over 100

employees stating they were locked in warehouse without compensation while

managers and supervisors completed closing procedures. (See ECF No. 173-12.) 

These employees testified or declared that they experienced unpaid delays from 50%

to 100% of the closing shifts they worked, and that they were delayed for periods of 5

to 60 minutes.

4. Uniform, Companywide Enforcement

As evidence that Costco sought uniform, companywide compliance with

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language from its Manuals, Plaintiffs provide Stalwick’s deposition testimony that the

Member Service and Loss Prevention Manual applies to all warehouses. Plaintiffs also

provide the 30(b)(6) deposition testimony of Yusuf Ahmed, who testified that the

Member Service and Loss Prevention Manual lays out opening and closing procedures

for all of the warehouses in the United States. 

As to the uniform, companywide use of Costco’s EAs, Plaintiffs provide the

deposition testimony of a Costco executive vice president, Mark Schutt, who stated that

the EAs are used companywide. Plaintiffs also note that the March 2004 EA states

(with regard to the standard of ethics for managers/supervisors) that managers “must

adhere to Company policies and directives in all aspects of operation.”

Plaintiffs assert the “mandatory nature ofthese policies” isfurther evidenced “by

the fact that Costco’s Warehouse Operations Department[] not only develops, but

actively audits compliance with the Manuals’ procedures in every warehouse in the

country twice a year.” Audit documents show that some 385 specific policies,

including “closing procedures” and the administration of the ATS and payroll, are

audited to identify “Audit Issues.” Audit Memoranda discuss the Audit Issues,

referring managers to specific sections of the Manuals as correct procedures.

The audit reports are sent to Costco’s Warehouse Operations Department, in

addition to executive, regional, and district VPs. The reports are reviewed by regional

vice presidents to assess compliance with the audit points. Plaintiffs assert that

Director of Warehouse Operations, Eric Harris, regularly pointed managers to the

Manuals to identify controlling policies and procedures.

As noted above, Plaintiff also filed two requests for leave to file supplemental

evidence, both of which the Court granted. The first request pertained to additional

audit documents, including Costco’s Auditing Manual, audit checklists, and more audit

memoranda. The audit checklists and memoranda reiterate and cite the aforementioned

language from the Manuals. Plaintiffs also claim that these newly submitted Audit

Checklists and memoranda record instances of employees being delayed by Costco’s

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closing procedures. For example, one Audit Checklist states:

On 6/1, closing procedures were not completed as quickly as possible to

minimize the security risk and delay in employees exiting the warehouse. 

After the last member left the building at 8:55 p.m., the jewelry procedure

was not completed until 9:37 p.m., and the till procedure was not

completed until 9:58 p.m. Several employees had to wait up to 20

minutesfor the proceduresto be completed before they were let out of the

building.

1

(ECF No. 181-7 at 5-6.)

Plaintiffs’ second request for leave to file supplement evidence pertained to

internal email communications,memoranda, warehouse audit documents, and materials

stored on Costco’s intranet. Several emails from upper-level management to

warehouse managers relate to compliance with Costco’s policies and procedures. For

example, a May 30, 2008 email sent from executive VP Dennis Zook to all warehouse

managers after a robbery had occurred states:

It is imperative that we reiterate the necessity for strictly adhering to the

opening and closing procedures set forth in the operations policy and

procedures manual in the loss prevention section . . . . Again it is

imperative that we adhere strictly to the Opening/Closing guidelines to

protect both our people and other company assets. The link to the Loss

Prevention Portion of the operations manual [on Costco’s intranet] is

below. Opening and Closing Procedures are section 6 and should be

reviewed at length with your staff.

(ECF No. 200-3 at 11-12.) Plaintiffs also provide documents showing that executive

VPs were copied on Audit Memoranda summarizing individual warehouse compliance

issues.

Plaintiffs also quote language from a Costco intranet page entitled, “Operations

Audit,” which states that, “Critical Control Concerns are areas where locations are

deficient in related procedural controls, which combined, can create an environment

for fraud.” (ECF No. 200-4 at 14.) The intranet page also states, “A need has been

established to focus on select locations in order to help them establish better controls. 

The Court notes that, while this evidence demonstrates Costco was aware that its closing 1

procedures may have caused unpaid delays, it also demonstrates Costco took steps to avoid unpaid

delays. This additional fact weighs against a finding that Costco had a de facto policy of detaining

employees during lockdown closing procedures without pay.

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These locations will receive operations audits on a 90-day schedule until specific and

measurable improvement has been achieved.”

Plaintiffs also point to the fact that warehouse managers were expected to

conduct self-audits on a quarterly basis to confirm compliance with Costco’s policies

and procedures. An April 6, 2009 Warehouse Self Audit Checklist provides,

“Warehouses should conduct quarterly self-audits. Audits should be performed more

frequently, if directed by Regional Managers. CHECKLISTS FOR COMPLETED

SELF-AUDITS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED TO YOUR WAREHOUSE REGIONAL

MANAGER ON A QUARTERLY BASIS.” (ECF No. 200-4 at 16.) Audit points in

the checklist include compliance with what Plaintiff’s coin as Costco’s Lockdown,

Timecard, and Compensation Policies.

Plaintiffs also provide documents indicating that warehouse managers were

required to send responsesto auditstoCostco headquarters and regional managers. For

example, Plaintiffs provide an email from the Warehouse Operations Department to a

warehouse manager stating: “AUDIT RESPONSE DUE: FEBRUARY 12, 2008. 

Please ‘Forward’ Response to ‘Warehouse Operations’ Outlook Mail and to ALL the

CC mail recipients,” which included Warehouse Operations staff, executive VPs,

regional VPs, and district VPs. (ECF Nos. 200-4 at 47, 200-5 at 2.) In their responses,

managers explained the reasons for any lack of compliance with Costco’s policies and

procedures and the steps taken to remedy any deficiencies.

Plaintiffs also assert that Costco was aware that its lockdown, timecard, and

compensation policies and procedures created unpaid delays. Plaintiffs provide a letter

from class member Joshua Blum to Costco personnel specialist Jamie Cox stating:

On Tuesday the 7th of April 2009 . . . I wasscheduled to work from 12:30

p.m. to 9:00 p.m. . . . [After I clocked out], I walked to the exit door to

find that it had been locked . . . . I went back to the front end to clock

back in and help clean while I was waiting to be let out. My manager,

Billy Ware, told me that I could not clock back in and work because he

did not want to pay for the overtime . . . .

I asked, “Why, if I wasscheduled until 9:00p.m., didn’t you wait to let me

out and then lock the door?” He said he needed to pull the “tills.” I said,

“I understand, but if I’m scheduled to get off at a certain time, then I

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expect to get off at that time. If I cannot, then I should be able to remain

working.” Again, he said, “no”. Also, I was not the only employee

scheduled to be off at this time–this is a common occurrence . . . .

When I was finally let out it was past 9:15pm.

(ECF No. 200-6 at 2.)

Cox asked for Stalwick’s input with regard to Blum’s letter, and Stalwick

responded: “If it’s true [Blum] is right we need to call the GM and sure he/she is aware

that employees need to be paid for any time under the control of the employer,

including time pulling tills and jewelry if they can’t leave. [¶] What state is this in?”

2

Plaintiffs also provide documents pertaining to Costco’s decision to change the

language in its Manualsto ensure employees were compensated for any OTC detention

time. Plaintiffs provide an email from a warehouse manager to his regional manager

in which the warehouse manager suggests, as a remedy to the “employees off the clock

during jewelry and till pull lawsuit,” a requirement that all buildings “pull jewelry and

tills at roughly the same time,” and the installation of “a lockout on the time clock

scanning system (ATS) during this time.” (ECF No. 200-6 at 7.)

Plaintiff provides that, in late 2009, Costco amended its Front End Manual to

provide:

During the jewelry and till pull, station a manager at the exit door to allow

clocked-out employees to exit as soon as the outside observer gives an

“all clear.” Where safety orsecurity concerns require delays in employees

exiting, have them do “go backs” or otherwise use the time clock or use

the exception log to claim compensation for delays.

Plaintiffs assert that, consistent with Costco’s “top-down policy-making, the

2009 change in Costco’s Lockdown, Timecard and Compensation policies was

executed first through memoranda from the [executive VPs] to all warehouse

managers[] and then revisions to the Manuals.” Plaintiffs provide a memo from

executive VP Joe Portera to lower-level management, stating in part: “During the

closing procedures of our buildings, we may be detaining employees from exiting the

The Court again notes that, while this evidence demonstrates Costco was aware that its 2

closing procedures may have caused unpaid delays, it also demonstrates Costco took steps to avoid

unpaid delays.

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warehouse,” and thus managers should let employees exit with “[n]o delays!” This

memo was received, reviewed, and signed by warehouse managers under Portera. 

(ECF No. 200-6 at 9-62.)

B. Costco’s Rebuttal Evidence

Costco’s evidence is comprised almost entirely of deposition testimony and

declarations from various Costco employees. (See ECF Nos. 146-2 through 155-1.) 

Costco asserts Plaintiffs have not offered substantial evidence showing that

Costco had a uniformly enforced policy oflocking class membersin warehouses during

closing procedures without pay. Costco contends that, to the contrary, its only

uniformly enforced, companywide policy was, and is, to compensate employees for all

time worked. In support of its contention, Costco provides Stalwick’s Declaration,

which states:

Costco requires that nonexempt employees accurately record the hours

they work on the Automated Timecard System(“ATS”). To correct errors

in ATS-recorded time, employees may use the daily ATS Time Card

Exception Log and state the reason for the exception. Employees are paid

for all hours worked, including hours recorded on the ATS clock system

and hours recorded through Costco’s exception log. Costco does not

permit nonexempt employees to work off the clock and requires those

employees to accurately record all time worked. If employees believe that

they have not been paid for all hours worked or if they feel there are

inaccuracies regarding their recorded time, they may speak to their

managers or the payroll department to have any errors corrected. Costco

does not encourage managers to discipline or performance-coach

employees for adjusting their time records by using an exception log,

except to the extent that the use of the exception log shows that an

employee has repeatedly failed to use the swipe card or has repeatedly

forgotten to clock in or out. 

3

In support of his Declaration, Stalwick cites Section 11.9 of the 2004 EA and Section

11.10 of the 2007 and 2010 EAs. These sections are nearly identical and provide in

relevant part:

Timecards refer to both manual timecards and the Automated Timecard

System. The Automated Timecard Systemaccurately records your time as

you swipe your employee badge through the reader. You are responsible

for accurately recording your time. Failure to accurately record your time

Stalwick similarly testified in his deposition that Costco’s policy was, and is, to compensate 3

its employees for all hours worked. 

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is a violation of Company Policy.

Please record the exact time of the following:

1. When you begin your shift.

2. When you leave for your meal period.

3. When you return from your meal period.

4. When you end your shift.

It is your responsibility to be at your position when your shift begins. All

time spent preparing for work (hanging up your coat, etc.) should be

completed before you sign in. Other important points are as follows:

1. Never fill in a timecard ahead of time.

2. Always sign your timecard at the end of your last shift.

3. Never fill in another person’s timecard.

4. All overtime requires Supervisor approval PRIORto working overtime.

[The 2007 and 2010 EAs vary with regard to these “Other important

points.” The 2010 Agreement provides:]

1. Never fill in a timecard ahead of time.

2. Always sign your timecard at the end of your last shift.

3. Never fill in another person’s timecard.

4. All overtime requires Supervisor approval PRIORto working overtime. 

If you work overtime without prior approval, you must still accurately

record all of your time worked.

5. Review, approve, and sign your time card each pay period. Excessive

failure to sign the time records may result in disciplinary action.

6. Pick up your check or direct-deposit form each pay period.

Costco then providesthe deposition testimony of employees who indicated they

were able to resolve any payroll issues(e.g., incorrect orshort hours) by talking to their

managers or other payroll personnel. This includes plaintiff Stiller who testified in his

deposition that, other than not being paid for time waiting at the door, he never had a

problem with getting paid for the hours he worked or correcting payroll errors.

Turning to its closing procedures, Costco provides deposition testimony and

declarations indicating that its warehouses posted closing times of 8:30 p.m. on

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weekdays and 6:00 p.m. on weekends, but that managers did not uniformly close the

customer doors at these times because of variations in: when the number of remaining

customers in the warehouse could be counted, the availability of personnel to

accomplish the closing process, and the possibility of customers entering just before

the posted closing time. Thus, according to the deposition testimony and declarations

of Costco personnel, the customer doors were typically closed between 5 and 15

minutes after the posted closing time.

Costco provides deposition testimony and declarations indicating that, after the

customer doors were closed, managers would wait up to 40 minutes to begin a “soft

push” or “sweep” to encourage any remaining customers to migrate to the front of the

warehouse for checkout. According to deposition testimony and declarations, this

could take from 5 to 15 minutes, depending on: the types of items purchased, the time

the last customer of the day entered the warehouse, whether customers lingered in the

food court, the day of the week, and the time of the year. Thus, according to deposition

testimony and declarations of Costco personnel, the time that the last customer actually

left the warehouse varied from 5 to 45 minutes after the posted closing time.

Once the last customer left, Costco asserts its managers would then “decide”

whether to close all doors and set the perimeter alarm or act otherwise by, for example,

letting clocked-out employees exit before locking down the warehouse. Costco asserts,

for example, that if the last customer exited the warehouse at 8:55 p.m., and a group

of employees was scheduled to clock out at 9:00 p.m., the manager could let the

clocked-out employees exit before locking down the warehouse. Costco provides 4

several deposition transcripts and declarations that state clocked-out employees could

exit without delay as long as a customer was still in the warehouse, which makes sense

because the customer doors remained open until the last customer exited.

In support of this assertion, Costco cites: “Hyatt Dec. ¶ 9, Vasquez Dec. ¶ 7.” Neither of 4

these sources, however, supports Costco’s assertion. The Hyatt Declaration is not listed in Costco’s

Appendix of Evidence. (See ECF No. 146-2.) And the Vasquez Declaration does not say at ¶ 7 that

managers could wait for clocked-out employees to exit after the last customer departed before locking

down the warehouse. (See ECF No. 146-13 at 99-100.)

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Costco asserts that, after the customer doors were closed, managers and

supervisors would begin pulling register tills and jewelry. Costco asserts the amount

of time it would take to do this would vary. Costco provides deposition testimony and

declarations of its personnel indicating that some managers would begin the till and

jewelry pulls immediately, while other managers waited for clocked-out employees to

leave. For example, Costco cites the Chelini Declaration, which states:

sometimes we kept the member exit door open for a few minutes after the

last member exited if we saw employees who had clocked out walking

towards the door . . . . [or] if we saw Costco employees wearing orange

vests on “cart duty” approaching the member exit door so they could exit

the warehouse and begin collecting the carts from the parking lot.

Costco also provides the deposition transcript of Robin Gau, who testified “there was

not one day where her shift ended and she could clock out and leave” if the tills were

being pulled. Gau testified,“Pretty much everybody got stuck there. It’s like as soon

asthey rolled the [customer] door down, you had a 15-minute grace period before they

would pull the tills.” “So in that 15-minute window, a manager would go over to the

man door or the exit door and wait and people could get out then.”

Costco provides deposition testimony and declarationsshowing the length ofthe

till and jewelry pull process could take from 3 to 30 minutes depending on the methods

used (e.g., pulling tills and jewelry simultaneously or consecutively, using more/fewer

employees to complete process).

Taking on the Loss Prevention Manual language stating that managers “should

not” allow employees to exit during till pulls, Costco provides deposition testimony

and declarations of its personnel demonstrating variations in the amount oftime, if any,

that Costco’s closing procedures caused clocked-out employees to suffer delays in

exiting.

Costco provides deposition testimony and declarations indicating that some

managers: would sometimes warn employees that the warehouse was going to be

locked down in an effort to allow clocked-out employees to exit; would sometimes

allow employees to stay on the clock and/or to clock back in during the pulls; believed

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they had the ability to permit, and indeed sometimes permitted, employees to record

their lockdown time on an exception log ; and attempted to avoid unpaid detention time

5

by scheduling employees to work shifts outside the window in which jewelry and till

pulls were likely to occur.

Costco also offers deposition testimony and declarations indicating

that—contrary to the Manuals’ instruction that no one should be allowed to enter or

exit during pulls—some managerssometimes allowed employees to exit during the till

and jewelry pulls. Deposition transcripts and declarations similarly show that some

managers would station someone near the employee exit door to let clocked-out

employees leave or would require employees to check with managers before clocking

out.

Costco further provides deposition testimony and declarations showing that

employees themselves made choicesthat affected whether they would experience pullrelated delays. Costco cites the Gardner Declaration, for example, in which Gardner

states:

My managers have told me that I’m not supposed to clock out unless a

manager is already there and ready to let me out. On occasion, I might

clock out before a manager is there to let me out if I want to socialize a bit

before leaving. Because it’s my choice to stay a little longer to socialize,

I don’t feel right about being on the clock for this time, so I’ll talk for a

minute or so while waiting for a manager to walk up to let me out.

(ECF No. 154-1 at 70.)

Costco also provides deposition testimony and declarations indicating that

pharmacy departments in warehouses closed before the posted closing times, and thus

pharmacy employees did not experience any unpaid detention time.

Finally, Costco offers deposition testimony and declarations demonstrating that

some employees experienced exiting delays after the pulls were completed. Costco

cites the deposition transcript of Chris Anglin, who testified that he was delayed in

Only one manager, however, stated that employees actually used the exception log to record 5

detention time resulting from Costco’s closing procedures. (ECF Nos. 148-1 at 52, 146-12 at 14-15.) 

Thus, even if the Exception Log were theoretically available to employees to record detention time

resulting from Costco’s closing procedures, Costco has offered practically no evidence demonstrating

that the Exception Log was in fact used for this purpose.

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exiting by an average of ten to fifteen minutes due to post-pull activities, such as

managers counting money in the vault or “be[ing] in back, doing receiving

procedures.” (ECF No. 146-4 at 25, 31.) Costco also cites, for example, the deposition

testimony of Shevon Cunningham, claiming she “only waited to exit during shifts

ending at 10 p.m., half the time she waited five minutes, but it could take up to 20

minutes.” (ECF No. 152-1 at 44.) Cunningham, however, did not testify that she

“only waited to exit during shifts ending at 10 p.m.” She testified that, from the time

the tills and jewelry were put away, she waited anywhere from 10 to 30 (typically 20)

minutes to be released. (ECF No. 146-4 at 223-24.) Regarding her shifts that ended

at 10:00 p.m., Cunningham testified that she experienced exiting delays after

approximately 50% of her shifts for an average of 5 minutes. (Id. at 226-27.)

DISCUSSION

The Court will first address Costco’s Motion to Decertify as it pertains to the

California Class, after which the Court will consider Costco’s Motion as to the FLSA

Class.

I. Rule 23 Class

A. Legal Standard

“An order that grants or denies class certification may be altered or amended

before final judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(C); Rodriguez v. West Publ’g Corp.,

563 F.3d 948, 966 (9th Cir. 2009) (“A district court may decertify a class at any time.”). 

In deciding whether to decertify a class, a court may consider “subsequent

developments in the litigation.” Gen. Tel. Co. of S.W. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160

(1982). “In considering the appropriateness of decertification, the standard of review

is the same as a motion for class certification: whether the Rule 23 requirements are

met.” Marlo v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 251 F.R.D. 476, 479 (N.D. Cal. 2008).

“A party seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate his

compliance with [Rule 23(a)]—that is, he must be prepared to prove that there are in

fact sufficiently numerous parties, common questions of law or fact, etc.” Wal-Mart

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Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011) A court must thus conduct a

“rigorous analysis” in determining whether the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) have been

satisfied. Id. This “rigorous analysis” frequently “entail[s] some overlap with the

merits of the plaintiff’s underlying claim.” Id.

“Just as the party moving for class certification bears the burden of

demonstrating that the proposed class satisfies the elements of Rule 23, the party

moving for class decertification . . . bears the burden of demonstrating that an element

of Rule 23 is not satisfied.” Iorio v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2008 WL

8929013, at *23 (S.D. Cal. July 8, 2008) (citing Gonzalez v. Arrow Fin. Servs. LLC,

389 F. Supp. 2d 1140 (S.D. Cal. 2007)). To prevail on a motion to decertify, the

defendant “faces a heavy burden because doubts regarding the propriety of class

certification should be resolved in favor certification.” Gonzalez, 389 F. Supp. 2d at

1154 (internal quotation marks omitted)(citing Slaven v. BP America, Inc., 190 F.R.D.

649, 651 (C.D. Cal. 2000)).

B. Analysis

Costco argues Rule 23(a)’s commonality requirement and Rule 23(b)’s

predominance and superiority requirements are no longer satisfied. The Court will

address these requirements in turn.

1. Commonality

i. Legal Standard

A class may remain certified only if “there are questions of law and fact common

to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(a)(2). Commonality requires the plaintiff to

demonstrate that the “class members have suffered the same injury.” Dukes, 131 S. Ct.

at 2551 (quotation marks omitted). Whatever the common theory of liability is, it

“must be of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution—which means that

determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity

of each one of the claims in one stroke.” Id.

The commonality inquiry does not require plaintiffs to demonstrate the

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“predominance” of common issues over individualized ones, nor the “cohesion” of the

class. Negrete v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 287 F.R.D. 590, 601-02 (C.D. Cal.

2012) (citing Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2556 (disclaiming any intent to overlap “Rule

23(a)(2)’s commonality requirement withRule 23(b)(3)’s inquiry into whether common

questions ‘predominate’ over individual ones”)). When considering commonality,

dissimilarities should not be considered “to determine whether common questions

predominate,” as Rule 23(b)(3) requires; “even a single common question will do.” 

Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2556.

ii. Analysis

In finding the commonality requirement satisfied, Judge Huff found that Moro

had sufficientlydemonstrated “that Costco’s 2004 Loss Prevention Procedures Manual,

which provided the guidelines for closing procedures, including lockdowns, applied

to all of its United States Warehouses.” (ECF No. 104 at 8.) Judge Huff found,

“Common factual issuesinclude whether these policiesforced class membersto spend

unpaid time in lockdowns.” (Id.) In sum, Judge Huff concluded “the claims of the

Plaintiff and the prospective class share central questions of fact and law regarding

Costco’s official centralized policywhich caused employees to be detained without pay

during lockdowns.” (Id. at 8-9.)

Costco argues the commonality requirement is no longer satisfied because, under

the more exacting standard announced in Dukes, liability for unpaid detention time

cannot be established in one stroke under the circumstances of this case. Costco asserts

the question of whether its closing practices caused class members to “remain at work

without pay after clocking out for the day” cannot be answered the same way for each

class member. Costco argues that, instead, “[t]he success of Plaintiffs’ theory of

liability depends on which class member testifies.” 

Costco argues “[t]he alleged till-pull policy Moro relies upon does not establish

commonality, because that alleged policy, even if established, would not establish

liability for the class in one stroke.” Costco contends that:

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[e]ven if every warehouse followed a supposed policy that employees not

exit during a register till pull, there would not necessarily be liability to

each class member, because liability in every case would turn on answers

to numerous additional questions implicating the differing scheduling and

release practices that different managers followed at different warehouses.

Costco provides that, “Many class members could exit the warehouse before the exit

door closed,[] and other class members worked shifts that ended only after till pulls

were completed.” “Other class members, if they reached the time clock without

realizing the doors were closed, could simply stay on the clock and continue working

while the tills were pulled or use exception logs to be paid for delays.” Costco thus

asserts that:

whether any employee actually incurred significant unpaid waiting time

because oftill pulls would entail individualized inquiries asto (1) whether

the exiting employee experienced a delay, and even if so, whether it was

more than a de minimis delay,[] (2) whether the employee waited in the

warehouse as a matter of personal choice, (3) whether the employee

remained clocked in, or clocked back in, during till pulls (and thus

received pay), and (4) whether the employee was paid for any delay

through use of an exception log—among many other reasons.

Moro argues in response that, contrary to Costco’s position, discovery taken

since Judge Huff certified the California Class “has confirmed—through a variety of

evidence, including admissions—that Costco’s policies caused unpaid lockdown time

across California and the United States.” Moro argues that Costco has produced no

new and determinative evidence that demonstrates a lack of commonality. Citing

Schulz v. Qualxserv, LLC, 2012 WL 1439066, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 26, 2012), Moro

argues that “[a]ssessing the existence, impact, and legality of Costco’s nationwide

policies will result in precisely the sort of ‘common answer’ that was lacking in WalMart.” 

In this regard, Moro asserts he and Stiller are not, as Costco asserts, challenging

unpaid delays arising only from the till and jewelry pulls, but are instead challenging

unpaid delays experienced even after the till and jewelry pulls were completed due to

Costco’s requirement that warehouses be locked down once the last customer left, with

employees only being allowed to exit through a designated door on a fixed schedule.

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Moro asserts the existence and unlawful effect of Costco’s policies can be

proved on a classwide basis using, among other things, Costco’s Manuals, EAs, audit

memoranda and checklists, internal communications, class member testimony, and

other documentation demonstrating that these policies was implemented and enforced

on a companywide basis. Moro argues the combined effect of these policies “bridges

the gap between an individual grievance and class-wide injury.”

Here, Moro’s theory of commonality rests on the assertion that Costco had a

uniformly enforced, companywide policy of locking employees, who had already

clocked-out, in warehouses for a compensable amount of time without pay while

closing procedures were completed. Plaintiffs have, of course, offered no evidence that

Costco had an express policy of this nature. Rather, Plaintiffs contend Costco had an

implied or de facto policy of this nature. The Court refers to this de facto policy as the

“Alleged Policy.”

California law requires that employees be compensated for all time “during

which an employee is subject to the control of an employer,” which includes “all the

time the employee is suffered or permitted to work, whether or not required to do so.” 

Morillion v. Royal Packing Co., 22 Cal. 4th 575, 585-87 (2000). Thus, in addition to

the common questions of whether the Alleged Policy existed and operated on a

companywide basis, an additional common question is whether the Alleged Policy

resulted in employees being subject to Costco’s control. See Otsuka, 2010 WL

366653, at *6 (“[A]pplication of the ‘control’ rule presents a common question of law

that can be resolved on a class basis, outweighing any individualized inquiriesthat will

be required.”); Cervantez v. Celestica Corp., 253 F.R.D. 562, 572 (C.D. Cal. 2008)

(“Plaintiffs have established at least one common question of law common to all

members of the security line class: whether time spent in the security line at the end of

a shift is compensable under the California Labor Code.”); Brinker Rest. Corp. v.

Super. Ct., 53 Cal. 4th 1004, 1051 (2012) (“Claims alleging that a uniform policy

consistently applied to a group of employees is in violation of the wage and hour laws

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are of the sort routinely, and properly, found suitable for class treatement.”); Schulz v.

QualxServ, LLC, 2012 WL 1439066, at *4 (S.D. Cal. 2012) (“[W]hether the

Defendants’ policies and practices comply with California’s specific requirements is

the type of question that can be answered on a classwide basis.”) (citing Dukes, 131 S.

Ct. at 2551; Dilts v. Penske Logistics, LLC, 267 F.R.D. 625, 632-33 (S.D. Cal. 2010)

(finding “common factual questions, such as whether Defendants’ policies deprived the

putative class members of meal periods, rest periods, overtime pay, and reimbursement

for installation tool expenses, and common legal questions, such as Defendants’

obligations under California [law].”)).6

The Court concludes Costco has failed to satisfy its “heavy burden” of

demonstrating that Rule 23(a)’s commonality requirement is no longer satisfied. In

addition to the evidence Judge Huff relied on in finding the commonality requirement

satisfied, Plaintiffs have offered substantial, albeit partially rebutted, evidence

demonstrating that Costco had a de facto policy of detaining employees in warehouses

during closing procedures without pay.

That said, the Court finds that determining whether the Alleged Policy existed,

was enforced on a companywide basis, and operated in a way that resulted in

employees being under Costco’s control, will only answer the question of whether

employees were sometimes detained without pay as a result of the Alleged Policy. 

Costco has offered convincing evidence that not all employees experienced

unpaid delays as a result of the Alleged Policy. And, if it can only be determined on

a classwide basis whether the Alleged Policy sometimes resulted in unpaid OTC time,

individualized determinations will be required to determine the question of liability. 

This is because liability hinges on whether employees actually performed OTC work.

See York v. Starbucks Corp., 2011 WL 8199987, at *17 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 23, 2011)

The Court’s finding that Plaintiffs have offered substantial proof of the existence of the 6

Alleged Policy distinguishes this case from those relied on by Costco: Corwin v. Lawyers Title

Insurance Co., 276 F.R.D. 484 (E.D. Mich. 2011), Scott v. First American Title Insurance Company,

276 F.R.D. 471 (E.D. Ky. 2011), and Gonzalez v. Millard Mall Services, Inc., 281 F.R.D. 455 (S.D.

Cal. 2012).

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(“[A] plaintiff may establish liability for an off-the-clock claim by proving that (1) he

performed work for which he did not receive compensation; (2) that defendants knew

orshould have known that plaintiff did so; but that (3) the defendants stood ‘idly by.’”)

(quoting Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, Inc., 270 F.R.D. 543, 548 (E.D. Cal. 2010));

Ortiz v. CVS Caremark Corp., 2013 WL 6236743, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2013) (“To

prove an off-the-clock claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that she actually worked off

the clock, that she was not compensated for it, and the employer was aware or should

have been aware that she was performing off the clock work.”). 

Of course, the existence of individualized questions does not per se defeat

commonality. Rather, the commonality requirement is met so long as there is a single

common question that goes to the core of Plaintiffs’ claims and that can be answered

on a classwide basis. The Court finds the questions of whether the Alleged Policy

existed, was enforced on a companywide basis, and resulted in Costco’s control over

employees satisfy the commonality requirement. Accordingly, the Court will not

decertify the California Class for lack of commonality.

2. Predominance

i. Legal Standard

The predominance inquiry focuses on “the relationship between the common and

individual issues” and “tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to

warrant adjudication by representation.” Vinole, 571 F.3d at 945 (quoting Hanlon, 150

F.3d at 1022). The predominance inquiry also includes consideration of whether

“adjudication of common issues will help achieve judicial economy.” Vinole, 517 F.3d

at 945 (quoting Zinser v. Accufix Research Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d 1180, 1189 (9th Cir.

2001)).

Recently, the Supreme Court explained that the same “rigorous analysis”

required of Rule 23(a)’s commonality requirement also applies to Rule 23(b)(3)’s

predominance requirement. Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426, 1432 (2013)

(“If anything, Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance criterion is even more demanding than

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Rule 23(a).”) Thus, courts should “take a close look at whether common questions

predominate over individual ones.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

In Lou v. Ma Laboratories, Inc., the Northern District of California found Rule

23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement unmet in an OTC overtime case where the

plaintiff employees “ha[d] not identified a common method of proof on a classwide

basis for their off-the-clock claims” where “employee time-keeping and overtime

practices varied greatly.” 2014 WL 68605, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2014). Reviewing

more than 64 declarations submitted by the parties, the court noted there were

variations in when employees would work overtime, request overtime, and claim

overtime. Id. The court found “[t]hese collective variations cause plaintiffs’ off-theclock claims to necessarily dissolve into a series of mini-trials.” Id. at *4. 

The Lou court rejected the opinion offered by plaintiffs’ proposed expert, Dr.

Richard Drogin (the same expert retained by plaintiffs in this case), that individualized

damages could be calculated using time-clock data and OTC time estimates based on

the phone calls employees made and the emails employees sent while at work. Id. In

rejecting Dr. Drogin’s opinion, the court noted there were “individualized variances”

with regard to time-clock data. Id. The court further noted the phone calls and emails

were “not evidence that the employee was doing compensable work,” given that they

could have been making personal calls and sending personal emails. Id. The court

further noted Dr. Drogin only reviewed email data for 15 employees and phone data

for 42 employees—“a small subset of the proposed class.” Id. The Court concluded

that, “[w]ithout a method of classwide damages proof tethered to plaintiffs’ theory of

liability, it becomes difficult to imagine how plaintiff’s class action could proceed.” 

Id.

ii. Analysis

Costco argues individualized questions predominate over common questions

because, as the Court concluded above, the Alleged Policy does not trigger automatic

liability. Costco asserts individualized determinations are required to determine

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whether each class member:

(1) clocked out while intending to immediately exit, (2) was unable to exit

because the manager was conducting a till pull, (3) did not radio or

otherwise ask anyone to open the warehouse doors (and explain why), (4)

did not clock back into the ATS system (and explain why), (5) waited for

a compensable amount of time, and (6) did not log the waiting time in the

exception log (and explain why).

Costco goes on to argue that its defenses also require individualized

determinations. Costco emphasizesthat determining whether employees were delayed

for longer than a de minimis amount of time would require individualized inquiries

because each employee’s individual circumstances would have to be evaluated to

determine the length of any OTC time. Costco asserts this is not merely a matter of

damages because the de minimis rule is a defense to liability.

7

In response, Moro assertsthatCostco’s purported individual questions regarding

when an employee clocked out and was or was not allowed to clock back in are

determinable on a classwide basis by resort to Costco’s timecard and compensation

policies. Moro argues that Costco’s purported individualized questions regarding

whether employees were unable to exit a warehouse and/or whether they waited a

compensable amount of time are determinable on a classwide basis by resort to

Costco’s lockdown policy. The exact time of any delays, Moro argues, can be

estimated by a just and reasonable inference, as set forth more fully below.

In support of his position, Moro cites Lopez v. G.A.T. Airline Ground Support,

Inc., 2010 WL 3633177 (S.D. Cal. 2010). In Lopez, the court found the predominance

requirement satisfied despite the need for some individualized inquiries “in light of the

It is not clear that the de-minimis rule applies under California law. See Bustamante v. 7

Teamone Emp’t Specialists, LLC, 2011 WL 1844628, at *10 (Cal. Ct. App. May 17, 2011) (noting

plaintiff’s argument that de minimis rule is inconsistent with California wage and hour law, but

declining to determine whether the de minimis rule applies to California wage and hour cases.)

The California cases that apply the rule do not address the preliminary question of whether it

should be applied under California law. See Gomez v. Lincare, Inc., 173 Cal. App. 4th 508, 526

(2009) (applying de minimis rule without question); LoJack Corp., Inc. v. Super. Ct., 2010 WL

1137044, at *8 (Cal. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 2010) (citing Gomez as authority that de minimis rule applies).

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size of the class.” The court further reasoned: “Where, as here, the claim asserted by 8

a proposed class is based upon a consistent employer practice, class certification is

usually appropriate.” Id. at *8 (citing Kamar v. Radio Shack Corp., 254 F.R.D. 387,

398 (C.D. Cal. 2008)). Among other claims, the plaintiffs in Lopez argued their

employer’s policy of requiring employees to ride a shuttle bus to work resulted in

unpaid OTC time. The employer asserted that individualized inquires regarding

whether employees could have used other transportation or were even required to use

the shuttle defeated predominance. The court rejected this argument, finding these

individualized inquiries “go directly to the common legal question of whether [the

employer] should have compensated employees for their travel time.” Id. at *10.

9

Moro also relies on Jimenez v. Allstate Insurance Co., 2012 WL 1366052 (C.D.

Cal. Apr. 18, 2012). In Jimenez, the plaintiff brought a putative class action on behalf

of himself and about 1,300 other insurance claims adjusters, claiming Allstate failed

to pay required overtime compensation and provide required meal and rest breaks. The

plaintiff sought to certify a class that was defined to include all claims adjusters with

similar titles and/or job duties that worked for Allstate during the class period.

When it came to predominance, the court agreed that “a number of

individualized questions [existed],includingwhether individual employees worked offthe-clock.” Id. at *19. The court nonetheless found the predominance requirement

satisfied, noting that “courts have certified classes and allowed collective actions to

proceed notwithstanding such circumstances.” Id. The court observed: “Generally, the

more narrowly defined the class, and the more evidence of a controlling company-wide

policy, the more likely it is that the class will be permitted to proceed.”

 The class size was comprised of less than 1,400 individuals. 8

This Court finds the Lopez analysis unpersuasive because the employer’s proffered

9

individualized inquiries did not go to the common legal question of whetherthe employer should have

compensated employees for their travel time; rather, they went to demonstrating that the employer did

not in fact have a policy that required all employees to ride the shuttle to work. Post Dukes, the Lopez

court likely would have determined whether the employer did in fact have a companywide policy that

would allow a fact finder to resolve the issue of OTC liability on a classwide basis.

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The Jimenez court found that, while Allstate had a policy of paying all overtime

compensation owed, the plaintiff had “presented sufficient evidence to support the

inference that Allstate ha[d] a common practice of not following its overtime policy.” 

Id. at *8. The court thus found the predominance requirement met despite the need for

individualized determinations, emphasizing the relatively small class size and the fact

that any managerial discretion in causing unpaid OTC time was limited to “the details

of enacting a company-wide policy or directive.” Id. at *19.

Moro further assertsthat, in the Ninth Circuit, “individual damages questions do

not defeat the propriety of class certification.” Moro relies on Stearns v. Ticketmaster

Corp., in which the Ninth Circuit reiterated that “the mere fact that there might be

differences in damage calculations is not sufficient to defeat class certification.” 655

F.3d 1013, 1026 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Yokoyama v. Midland Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 594

F.3d 1087, 1094 (9th Cir. 2010).10

Regarding Costco’s defenses, Moro claims they can be decided using common

proof. Moro first assertsthat the de minimis defense islargely a damagesissue that can

be decided on a classwide basis by determining the regularity and aggregate amount

of unpaid time. Moro asserts that, even if Costco’s de minimis defense requires

individualized inquiries, common questions still predominate.

At the outset, the Court rejects Moro’s assertion that individualized damages

issues cannot defeat predominance. The Supreme Court’s decision in Comcast makes

Moro similarly relies on Williams v. Superior Court of Los Angeles, 221 Cal. App. 4th 1353 10

(2013), to support its argument that variations in OTC time do not defeat predominance. In Williams,

the California Court of Appeal found a class action appropriately certified where a group of auto

insurance adjusters claimed they had incurred uncompensated OTC time in performing their duties

(e.g., “setting voicemail messages and checking for schedule and travel changes”) before and/or after

completing their scheduled onsite auto inspections. In applying California’s class-certification rules,

the court concluded predominance was not defeated by any variations in the amount of OTC each

adjuster incurred because that was ultimately a question of damages and because “differences in the

amount of individual damages do not by themselves defeat class certification.” Id. at 1365-66. The

court recognized, however, that “under federal class action rules, differences in method of calculating

damages arising from individualized damages may defeat certification of class.” Id. (citing Comcast,

133 S. Ct. at 1432-33); see also Jones v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 221 Cal. App. 4th 986, 996-96 (2013)

(applying California class action rules to find OTC claims suitable for certification even though

amount of OTC time each class member incurred varied).

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clear that individualized damages determinations can defeat Rule 23(b)(3)’s

predominance requirement. 133 S. Ct. at 1433, 1435. It thus appears that Comcast

abrogates Stearns and Yokoyama in this regard.

“It is clear that considering whether questions of law or fact common to class

members predominate begins, of course, with the elements of the underlying cause of

action.” Stearns v. Ticketmaster Corp., 655 F.3d 1013, 1020 (9th Cir.2011). To prove

an OTC claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1) he or she performed work, for which

(2) he or she did not receive compensation, and of which (3) the employer was aware

or should have been aware. Adoma, 270 F.R.D. at 548; Ortiz v. CVS Caremark Corp.,

2013 WL 6236743, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2013).

As discussed above, common questions exist with regard to whether the Alleged

Policy existed, was enforced on a companywide basis, and resulted in Costco’s control

over employees. These common questions, however, go to whether OTC work

resulting from the Alleged Policy constituted “work” (i.e., whether class members

subject to the Alleged Policy were under Costco’s control and whether Costco was

aware that employees experienced unpaid detention times) and whether Costco took

action to remedy any unpaid detention times. In other words, these common questions

go to the second and third elements of an OTC claim. As to the first element, however,

there is no common answer as to whether each class member actually performed

uncompensated OTC work. 

Assuming Plaintiffs prove the existence of the Alleged Policy and that the

Alleged Policy sometimes resulted in unpaid detention time, there is no classwide

method, of determining whether, how often, and for how long class members actually

experienced unpaid OTC time as a result of the Alleged Policy. As such, liability

cannot be proved on a classwide basis without thwarting Costco’s ability to

demonstrate that some class members, due to a variety of circumstances, did not

actually experience unpaid OTC time despite being subject to the Alleged Policy. See

Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2561 (rejecting trial-by-formula approach were defendant would

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be deprived oflitigating individualized defenses); Mendoza v.Home Depot, USA, Inc.,

2010 WL 424679, at *10 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2010) (denying class certification where

variations in employee experiences made it appropriate to provide defendant

opportunity to raise individualized defenses).

Plaintiffs provide in their proposed trial plan that, once common questions

related to liability are answered in a “Stage One” proceeding, the Court can choose

from among four methods to ascertain the actual amount of unpaid detention time

experienced by individual class members as a question of damages in a “Stage Two”

proceeding. 

To establish liability, Plaintiffs contend the following issue would need to be

resolved in the “Stage One” proceeding:

Whether, during the respective liability periods, Costco’s lockdown,

timecard, and compensation policies caused members of the Plaintiff

classes to performwork for which they were improperly compensated and

the amount and extent of that work “as a matter of just and reasonable

inference,” determined as the “reasonable time” taken for the activities

performed during the lockdown periods while employees were detained.

(ECF No. 210 at 6 (emphasis added) (citing, e.g., Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery

Co., 328 U.S. 680, 687 (1946).) To establish this predicate to liability, Plaintiffs intend

to rely on “Costco’s Payroll and ATS databases containing the scheduled shifts, hours

worked, and wages paid to all class members”; “The study and report of time-andmotion expert Jeffrey Fernandez measuring the time required to perform the activities

that had to take place while employees were being detained without pay”; and “A

database Costco represents to include records of cash register logouts.” The Court

rejects this approach.

Using Costco’s payroll and scheduling records, along with Costco’s cash register

data, one could infer that a number of employees who clocked out during a till pull

were detained without pay because of language in Costco’s Manuals requiring

warehouses to be secured during such pulls. However, such an inference is rebutted

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out employees were permitted to leave once warehouses were locked down. Even if

managers were not vested with such discretion, Plaintiffs do not limit their claims to

unpaid detentions caused by Costco’s till-pull procedures. Plaintiffs include unpaid

detentions caused by, among other activities, Costco’s jewelry-pull procedures. And

there are no records–like the cash register logouts–that would permit an inference that

clocked-out employees were being detained during closing procedures.

As for the time-and-motion expert opinion, the Court disagrees that this is an

acceptable form of common proof of liability. Among other cases, Plaintiffs cite

McDonald v. Kellog Co., 2011 WL 6372870, at *3 (D. Kan. Dec. 20, 2011), for the

proposition that reasonable estimates of the time required for all closing activities may

be used to determine whether the Alleged Policy caused employees to “perform work”

and also the “amount and extent of that work.” While such estimates might be able to

measure the amount and extent of any “work,” they may not be used to establish

liability. The McDonald court explained thatsuch estimates were only available to use

as common proof “upon a liability determination.” Id. (emphasis added). There, all

employees were affected by a uniform policy in the same way; thus, none of the

liability issues in that case hinged on whether every employee experienced

uncompensated time. Here, by contrast, Plaintiffs have only established that the

Alleged Policy resulted in unpaid OTC time for some employees. Thus, liability issues

in this case will indeed turn on individualized inquiries.

The Court rejects Plaintiffs’ assertion that the approach used in Mt. Clemens can

be used here to establish, “as a matter of just and reasonable inference,” the average

frequency and length of detention time that the Alleged Policy caused. Again,

Plaintiffs put the damages cart before the liability horse. Mt. Clemens first requires

that an employee “prove[] that he has in fact performed work for which he was

improperly compensated.” Id. at 687. Accordingly, while the Mt. Clemens approach

may offer a classwide basis of proving damages, proving liability in this case first

requires individuals to show they performed uncompensated “work” as a result of the

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Alleged Policy. See Gomez v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 2013 WL 5516189, at * (D. Neb.

Oct. 1, 2013) (“The relaxed burden [described in Mt. Clemens] applies only to

damages, not liability—it does not help plaintiffs show that there was a violation under

the FLSA; it only allows them to prove damages by way of estimate, if they had already

established liability.” (citing O’Brien v. Ed Donnelly Enterprises, Inc., 575 F.3d 567,

602 (6th Cir.2009)).

Still, at least one court has certified a OTC class despite the existence of

individualized questions where the class was narrowly defined, consisted of about

1,300 members, and where there was evidence of a controlling company-wide policy. 

See Jimenez, 2012 WL 1366052 at *19 (compiling cases). Here, while there is

evidence of a controlling company-wide policy, the California Class is, in the first

place, not narrowly defined and, in the second place, is comprised of approximately

30,000 individuals. As currently defined, the California Class includes anyone subject

to the Alleged Policy. Thus, at a minimum, the class would need to be redefined to

include employees who were not only subject to the Alleged Policy, but who also

experienced unpaid detention times as a result of the Alleged Policy. Defining the

California Class in this way, however, would–in essence–require a liability finding as

to each employee to determine whether he orshe were even a member of the California

Class. And undertaking individualized inquiries as to approximately 30,000

individuals—even in a bifurcated proceeding as Plaintiffs propose—would result in the

commons questions here being overcome by individualized inquiries. See O’Donnell

v. Robert HalfInt’l, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 77, 81 (D. Mass. 2008) (concluding predominance

requirement unsatisfied where plaintiffs had presented no evidence to suggest that

determining whether every employee was subject to improper payroll deductions on

a class-wide basis).

This case is unlike Otsuka v. Polo Ralph Lauren Corp., 2010 WL 366653, where

every class member experienced the same type of unpaid detention as a result of Polo’s

companywide policy requiring its employees’ bagsto be searched before leaving work. 

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It is also unlike Cervantez v. Celestica Corp., 253 F.R.D. 562, where every class

member experienced the same type of unpaid detention as a result of a companywide

policy requiring employees to pass through security before entering and leaving work.

This case is more like Koike v. Starbucks Corp., 378 Fed. App’x 659, where the

Ninth Circuit affirmed a district court’s denial of class certification based on a finding

that “individualized factual determinations were required to determine whether class

members did in fact engage in OTC work and whether Starbucks had actual or

constructive knowledge of the OTC work performed.” Id. at 661. This case is also

more like Cornn v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 2005 WL 2072091, where the district

court concluded Rule 23(b)(3) was not satisfied because individualized inquiries as to

whether each class member actually performed compensable work before his or her

recorded start time predominated over any common questions.

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds Costco has satisfied its burden of

demonstrating that Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement is no longer satisfied. 

See Babineau v. Fed. Express Corp., 576 F.3d 1183, 1187 (11th Cir. 2009) (affirming

district court’s finding that predominance requirement unmet in OTC case where

individualized inquiries were required to determine whether and why employees

arrived early orstayed late); Basco v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 216 F. Supp. 2d 592, 601-

03 (E.D. La. 2002) (finding predominance requirement unmet in OTC case where

individualized issues would “arise fromthe myriad of possibilities that could be offered

to explain why any one of the plaintiffs worked off-the-clock.”); Purnell v. Sunrise

Senior Living Mgmt., Inc., 2012 WL 1951487 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2012) (finding

predominance requirement unmet where (1) plaintiff offered no evidence of a

companywide policy of requiring employees to miss meal and rest breaks, and (2)

individualized inquiries required as to whether and why employees missed breaks);

Espenschield v. DirectSat USA, LLC, 2011 WL 2009967, at *5 (W.D. Wis. May 23,

2011) (decertifying class despite existence of uniform policies and practices because

evidence suggested success of plaintiffs’ claims depended on how individual class

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members responded to the numerous policies and practices at issue).

Because the Court finds Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement is no longer

satisfied, the Court does not address Costco’s argument thatRule 23(b)(3)’s superiority

requirement is no longer satisfied. The Court thus goes on to determine whether the

FLSA Class should also be decertified.

II. FLSA Collective Action

A. Legal Standard

The FLSA providesthat “no employer shall employ any of his employees . . . for

a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation for

his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and

one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). 

Section 16(b) of the FLSA provides that an employee may bring a collective action on

behalf of himself and other “similarly situated” employees. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). In a

§ 216(b) collective action, employees wishing to join the suit must “opt-in” in order to

be bound by the outcome of the collective action. Id.; Leuthold v. Destination Am.,

Inc., 224 F.R.D. 462, 466 (N.D. Cal. 2004).

The FLSA does not define the term “similarly situated,” and there is no Ninth

Circuit precedent specifically interpreting the term. Adams v. Inter-Con Sec. Sys., Inc.,

242 F.R.D. 530, 536 (N.D. Cal. 2007). Rather, district courts employ a two-tiered

approach to decide whether collective treatment is appropriate. At the first-tier stage,

the court determines, “based primarily on the pleadings and any affidavits submitted

by the parties, whether the potential class should be given notice of the action.” Smith

v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 2007 WL 2385131, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2007). After

discovery is complete, the “more rigorous” second-tier analysis is designed to

determine whether the plaintiffs are “similarly situated” to justify proceeding as a

collective action. Leuthold, 224 F.R.D. at 467; T-Mobile, 2007 WL 2385131, at *7. 

“The second-stage analysis, however, is still ‘considerably less stringent than the

requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) that common questions predominate.’” Troy v. Kehe

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Food Distribs., Inc., 276 F.R.D. 642, 649 (W.D. Wash. 2011) (quoting Grayson v. K

Mart Corp., 79 F.3d 1086, 1096 (11th Cir. 1996)). Whether certification of a § 216(b) 11

collective action is appropriate is within a district court’s discretion. Leuthold, 224

F.R.D. at 466.

In her Certification Order, Judge Huff conditionally certified an FLSA collective

action and determined “Plaintiffs ha[d] presented sufficient allegations of Costco’s

official centralized policy affecting its hourly employees.” (See ECF No. 104 at 6.) 

Judge Huff further determined that, because discovery was ongoing, the second-stage

analysis should be reserved for a later date. (Id.) Judge Huff therefore directed that

notice be sent to Costco employees to determine whether they wanted to opt into the

collective action. (Id.) Following dissemination of the FLSA notice, slightly over

1,500 Costco employees submitted forms to opt into the collective action. (See ECF

Nos. 116, 117, 118, 121, 122.)

Discovery has concluded, and this case is now at the second stage of the

“similarly situated” analysis. See Beauperthuy v. 24 Hour Fitness USA, Inc., 772 F.

Supp. 2d 1111, 1118 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (citing Reed v. Cnty. of Orange, 266 F.R.D. 446,

449 (C.D. Cal. 2010)). At this stage, “it is plaintiffs’ burden to provide substantial

evidence to demonstrate that they are similarly situated.” Reed 266 F.R.D. at 449. In

deciding whether plaintiffs have met their burden, courts consider: “(1) the disparate

factual and employment settings of the individual plaintiffs; (2) the various defenses

available to defendants with respect to the individual plaintiffs; and (3) fairness and

procedural considerations.” Beauperthuy, 772 F. Supp. 2d at 1118 (citing Reed, 266

Contrary to Costco’s position, this Court finds no controlling authority stating that the Rule 11

23 commonality analysis that the Supreme Court articulated in Dukes must inform a district court’s

application of the FLSA’s “similarly situated” standard. Indeed, the cases Costco cites for this

proposition were each decided before the Supreme Court decided Dukes. While there may be

similarities between Rule 23’s commonality standard and the FLSA’s “similarly situated” standard,

the standards are separate and distinct. See, e.g., Troy, 276 F.R.D. at 651 (“[C]ourts have made clear

that the FLSA’s ‘similarly situated’ requirement is less demanding than the Rule 23 commonality

requirement that was at issue in Dukes.”); Houston, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 832 (E.D. Va. 2008) (“[C]ourts

have observed that the requirements for class certification of a collective action under FLSA are

similar, but not identical, to those that pertain to certification of a class under [Rule] 23.”).

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F.R.D. at 449).

B. Analysis

1. Factual & Employment Settings

Costco asserts the opt-in claimants worked different shifts, performed different

job duties, worked at different warehouses, and reported to different managers. Costco

thus reiterates that liability would hinge on factors related to when the last customer

left each day, when employees clocked out, whether employees were permitted to exit

after clocking out, and whether employees were detained for a compensable time.

In response, Stiller argues that Costco’s companywide, uniformly enforced

policy of detaining employees during closing procedures without pay renders

immaterial any marginal differences in the opt-in claimants’ factual and employment

settings.

The Court has found that Plaintiffs have offered substantial evidence of a

companywide, uniformly enforced policy of detaining employees during closing

procedures without pay (i.e., the Alleged Policy). The Court has also found, however,

that the Alleged Policy did not always result in employees being detained without pay. 

Rather, the Alleged Policy only resulted in some employees being detained without

pay. Thus, while examining the existence and effect of the Alleged Policymay provide

answers to questions that are central to this case (e.g., whether the Alleged Policy

resulted in Costco’s control over employees and whether Costco knew the Alleged

Policy caused employees to be detained without pay), the Court agrees with Costco that

differencesin the waymanagersimplemented the Alleged Policy require individualized

inquiries to establish liability. The Court finds these differences weigh against a

finding that the opt-in claimants are “similarly situated.”

2. Individualized Defenses

Costco contends that each of its defenses—that any unpaid detention time was

de minimis, that the statute of limitations has run as to some instances of unpaid

detention time, and the possible lack of credibility of each opt-in plaintiff—requires

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individualized determinations.

Stiller argues in response that Costco’s defenses are susceptible to common

proof under the Mt. Clemens model of representative proof.

The Court has already determined that the Mt. Clemens model may only be used

to calculate damages. (See n.14, above.) And, under the FLSA, the de-minimis rule

is a defense to liability. See Lindlow v. United States, 738 F.2d 1057, 1061-62 (9th

Cir. 1984) (“As a general rule, employees cannot recover for otherwise compensable

time if it is de minimis.”). Still, where employees report a common experience—such

as donning/doffing without pay—the issue of whether the time employees spent

engaged in that experience was de-minimis may by determined by common proof. See

Reed, 266 F.R.D. at 464 (finding de-minimis defense in donning/doffing case subject

to common proof); Wren v. RGIS Inventory Specialists, 256 F.R.D. 180, 213 (N.D.

Cal. 2009) (same). In contrast, operation of the Alleged Policy in this case only

sometimes resulted in employees being detained during closing procedures without

pay. Thus, whether the opt-in claimants performed uncompensated work as a result of

the Alleged Policy depends on several individualized facts, including whether any

uncompensated work was de minimis. In the same vein, the Court finds Costco should

have the opportunity to determine whether individual opt-in claimants are being

truthful about experiencing unpaid detention time as a result of the Alleged Policy.

Conversely, the Court finds Costco’s statute-of-limitations defense may be

determined on a collective basis. The statute of limitations for an FLSA claim is

extended from two to three years where the FLSA violation was willful. 29 U.S.C. §

255(a). Because Plaintiffs have offered substantial evidence that the Alleged Policy

existed and sometimes resulted in unpaid detention time, the Court finds the issue of

whether Costco willfully implemented the Alleged Policy, knowing it resulted in

unpaid detention time, may be resolved on a collective basis.

3. Fairness & Procedural Considerations

Costco argues a collective trial would be unfair because only individualized

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proof can establish liability and common proof of damages is entirely absent. Costco

assertsthat relying on experts to establish liability and damages would result in a “trial

by formula” that would strip Costco of its right to mount individualized defenses. 

Costco claims that, even if one could find representative proof, Costco would still be

unable to put on a defense through representative proof because each claim of unpaid

waiting time would require individualized scrutiny.

In response, Stiller argues that fairness and procedural considerations favor

continued certification because determining whether Costco’s policies violate wage and

hour laws will lower the burden on individual claimants, whose recovery would be

relatively low compared to the cost of individual litigation. Stiller also argues that

separate trials would be the worst possible outcome in terms of judicial efficiency.

While continued FLSA certification would conserve judicial resources and

significantly lower the burden on individual opt-in claimants, the Court cannot escape

the fact that Plaintiffs have failed to offer a viable method of establishing liability on

a classwide basis. See Disc. § I(B)(2)(ii), above (finding individualized inquiries

predominate over common questions under the more exacting Rule 23(b)(3)). The

Court thus finds that procedural concerns weigh against continued certification.

Having considered the foregoing factors, the Court finds they weigh in favor of

concluding that Stiller and each of the opt-in claimants are not “similarly situated.” 

The Court will therefore decertify the FLSA Class.

CONCLUSION & ORDER

Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Costco’s Motion to

Decertify, (ECF No. 146), is GRANTED. Both the California Class and the FLSA

Class are hereby DECERTIFIED.

DATED: April 15, 2014

HON. GONZALO P. CURIEL

United States District Judge

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