Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_14-cv-00787/USCOURTS-casd-3_14-cv-00787-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

RODERICK OLAF FONSECA,

Plaintiff,

CASE NO. 14cv787-LAB (BLM)

ORDER REJECTING REPORT AND

RECOMMENDATION;

ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR

INJUNCTIVE RELIEF;

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT;

AND

ORDER OF DISMISSAL

vs.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF

CORRECTIONS AND

REHABILITATION, et al.,

Defendants.

Roderick Fonseca, a California state prisoner, filed this action pursuant to § 1983,

claiming that Defendants have been violating his religious freedom. Fonseca is Jewish and

has been provided with meals he admits are kosher. His complaint is that the kosher meals

include less meat than other meals, and that meat is included in only two meals per week. 

The complaint seeks injunctive relief and damages. The two named Defendants are the

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), and Jeffrey A. Beard,

Secretary of the CDCR. Fonseca’s claims arise under 28 U.S.C. § 1983 (for alleged First and

Fourteenth Amendment violations) and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons

Act (RLUIPA).

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This matter was referred to Magistrate Judge Barbara Major for report and

recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72, and Civil Local Rule 72.3.

After that, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative for summary judgment;

and Fonseca filed a motion for injunctive relief. 

On June 10, 2015, Judge Major issued her report and recommendation (the "R&R")

recommending that Defendants’ motion be granted in part and the action dismissed, and

denying Fonseca’s motion for injunctive relief. The R&R gave the parties until July 3, 2015

to file objections, and Fonseca has now filed his objections.

Legal Standards for Review of Report and Recommendation

A district court has jurisdiction to review a Magistrate Judge's report and

recommendation on dispositive matters. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b). "The district judge must

determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's disposition that has been properly

objected to." Id. "A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the

findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The

Court reviews de novo those portions of the R&R to which specific written objection is made. 

United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “The statute

makes it clear that the district judge must review the magistrate judge's findings and

recommendations de novo if objection is made, but not otherwise.” Id. The Court may also

reject or modify the R&R even in the absence of objections. See § 636(b)(1); Baldin v. Wells

Fargo Bank, N.A., 2013 WL 796712, slip op. at *1 (D.Or., March 4, 2013) ("While the level

of scrutiny under which I am required to review the [magistrate judge's findings and

recommendations] depends on whether or not objections have been filed, in either case, I

am free to accept, reject, or modify any part of the [findings and recommendations].") In

addition, the Court may reconsider any pretrial matter the magistrate judge has ruled on. 28

U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A).

Ruling on Motion for Injunctive Relief

Fonseca’s motion for injunctive relief (Docket no. 17) requests that the Court order

officials at Corcoran State Prison (where he is now) to provide him with the kosher diet he

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desires, and also that the Court order him transferred to Richard J. Donovan State Prison,

where he thinks his rights will be better respected. 

While the motion is in the nature of a motion for preliminary injunction and therefore

is similar to a pretrial motion, § 636(b)(1)(A) specifies that Magistrate Judges may not decide

motions for injunctive relief: "[A] judge may designate a magistrate judge to hear and

determine any pretrial matter pending before the court, except a motion for injunctive relief

. . . ." (emphasis added). The motion at issue here does not deal with a collateral issue such

as discovery or sanctions; rather, it goes to the merits of Fonseca’s claims. See Fuentes v.

Knowles, 2007 WL 404864, at *1 (E.D. Cal., Feb. 2, 2007) (holding that magistrate judges

may issue orders compelling action, as long as they do not determine the merits of the action

or completely stay the action). The R&R should have made a recommendation, rather than

ruling on the motion directly. That portion of the R&R purporting to deny Fonseca’s motion

for injunctive relief and transfer is therefore VACATED.

Because the R&R erroneously treated denial of injunctive relief as an order rather than

a recommendation, the parties were not on notice that they could file objections to it. The

Court will therefore rule on the motion directly. 

For reasons discussed more fully below, it is clear the complaint must be dismissed.

Because the underlying claims are being dismissed, his claim for injunctive relief, arising

from the same facts under the same theories, cannot succeed either. 

Motion to Dismiss, or for Summary Judgment

The R&R recommended that the complaint be dismissed for failure to exhaust

administrative remedies. It also found the claims inadequately pled, and recommended

dismissal with leave to amend (apparently as an alternative to dismissal for non-exhaustion). 

The R&R’s reasoning on the exhaustion question does not adequately address the "ongoing

violation" argument Fonseca has raised in support of his exhaustion argument. The Court

also rejects the R&R’s conclusion that the complaint could be saved by amendment. Having

reviewed Defendants’ motion and Fonseca’s opposition, the Court determines that dismissal

without leave to amend is required. The Court REJECTS the R&R, and will rule on the

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pending motion to dismiss directly. While this renders Fonseca’s objections partially moot,

they are useful as a supplement to Fonseca’s earlier briefing.

CDCR’s Immunity

The CDCR argued that, as an agency of the state, it is absolutely immune from suit,

and this argument is well-taken. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp.v. Halderman, 465 U.S.

89, 98 (1984); Montana v. Goldin, 394 F.3d 1189, 1195 (9th Cir. 2005) (unless they

specifically waive their immunity, state agencies are immune from private actions for

damages or injunctive relief in federal court). In addition, states and their agencies cannot

be sued under § 1983. See Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989); Wolfe

v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 364 (9th Cir. 2004). All claims against the CDCR must therefore

be dismissed with prejudice.

Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies

Defendants both moved for summary judgment on the basis of non-exhaustion. The

Prison Litigation Reform Act requires administrative exhaustion of claims, and exhaustion

cannot be waived. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 211 (2007) ("There is no question that

exhaustion is mandatory under the PLRA and that unexhausted claims cannot be brought

in court."); Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 85 (2006) (holding that failure is a defense to any

suit challenging conditions of confinement); see also id. at 90 ("Proper exhaustion demands

compliance with an agency’s deadlines and other critical procedural rules . . . .") The R&R

correctly sets forth the standards for summary judgment on the grounds of non-exhaustion,

and cites documentary evidence showing the chronology of Fonseca’s appeals process. But

Fonseca has cited Cal. Code Regs. 3084.6(c)(4), which provides that if the matter being

complained of is ongoing, an appeal may be filed at any time during its duration. Though he

raised this argument in his opposition, the R&R did not address it, but assumed the deadline

ran from the date the new policy was announced. Ordinarily, the Court would either require

the issuance of a new report and recommendation addressing this argument, or rule on the

motion directly. But here, the complaint is being dismissed with prejudice for other reasons,

so the Court need not reach the exhaustion issue. 

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Failure to State a Claim

When determining whether a complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a

claim, the Court accepts all allegations of material fact in the complaint as true and construes

them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Cedars–Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Nat’l

League of Postmasters of U.S., 497 F.3d 972, 975 (9th Cir.2007) (citation omitted). The

Court may also consider documents attached to the complaint. Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v.

Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). The Court is “not required

to accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in

the complaint,” and does “not . . . necessarily assume the truth of legal conclusions merely

because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide,

Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir.2003) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Ordinarily

when a complaint is dismissed, leave to amend is freely granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. But

leave may be denied if amendment would be futile or the amended complaint would not

withstand a motion to dismiss. See Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1298 (9th

Cir.1998). 

One crucial argument the R&R did not address is Defendants’ contention that

Fonseca is being served meat, far more often than his allegations would suggest. They point

out that Fonseca’s own exhibits show he was served beef, chicken, or fish five times per

week, and not twice a week as he claims. (See Compl. at 26–28, Ex. C.)1 In his opposition,

Fonseca admits the menus are accurate and admits he is being served the foods shown

there. He explains that his argument is based on his reading of Jewish dietary law (kashrut),

arguing that the fish he was served does not count as meat. The Court, of course, is in no

position to adjudicate religious disputes, see Presbyterian Church v. Hull Memorial

Presbyterian Church, 393 U.S. 440 (1969), but here it is not called upon to do so. Fonseca’s

1

 Fonseca’s exhibits show he was served tuna sandwiches (at two different meals),

breaded chicken with barbeque sauce, a bologna sandwich, and breaded fish each week.

Vegetarian protein foods, including some designed to mimic foods such as tacos, enchiladas,

sausage, and chili, are served at all other meals. The menus also lists barbeque sandwiches

on several other days, some of which are marked as being vegetarian. Defendants are willing

to concede, arguendo, that all barbeque sandwiches are vegetarian, even those not marked

as such.

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Equal Protection claim arises under federal law, not Jewish law, and the Court looks to

federal standards to resolve it. The pleadings show Fonseca is regularly served some kind

of animal protein (fish, chicken, or kosher meat) at about five meals per week, only slightly

less often than other prisoners are served meat. His conclusion that fish is not an adequate

substitute for poultry or beef is not binding on the Court. 

Substantial Burden

Fonseca’s First Amendment (free exercise) and RLUIPA claims require, among other

things, a showing that prison regulations substantially burden his sincerely held religious

belief. Holt v. Hobbs, 135 S.Ct. 853, 862 (2015) (RLUIPA); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878,

885 (9th Cir. 2008) (§ 1983). Fonseca does not claim that his religion requires him to eat

meat often (nor, for that matter, ever) — merely that it allows him to eat kosher meat.2 See

McKenzie v. Ellis, 541 Fed. Appx. 784, 785 (9th Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal of prisoner’s

claim that because his religion allowed him to eat poultry, his religious diet should have

included poultry). Nor does he argue that the meals he is served are nutritionally inadequate.

Prisoners have no right to any particular quantum of meat in their diets. And even if it were

true that Fonseca were eating a vegetarian diet, that would not amount to a substantial

burden. See, e.g., See Shoemaker v. Williams, 2013 WL 528306, at *2 (D.Or., Feb. 11,

2013) (rejecting prisoner’s claim that meat-free diet infringed his religious rights). Compare

Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 888 (9th Cir. 2008) (refusing to dismiss Muslim prisoner’s

2

 Defendants’ response to Fonseca’s opposition to their motion expresses the concern

that Fonseca was attempting to change his allegations to claim that he had a religious

obligation to eat kosher meat daily, as opposed to its merely being permitted. But the Court

finds this concern unfounded; the opposition makes clear Fonseca is merely claiming his

religion permits to eat meat daily, and does not claim this is a religious obligation, much less

a daily requirement. (See Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss at 4–5 (repeatedly using permissive

language such as "right to eat meat," "permission to eat meat," and "may eat meat").) The

opposition does refer to Jewish Kabbalistic teaching (without claiming that Fonseca adheres

to or sincerely believes in this teaching) that encourages slaughtering and eating animals.

(Id. at 5.) But even here, there is no suggestion that slaughtering animals or eating their meat

is a daily obligation (id.) — or that, if it were, the state’s legitimate interests would not

outweigh it. See, e.g., Curry v. California Dept. of Corrections, 2013 WL 75769, at *9 (N.D.

Cal., Jan. 4, 2013) (collecting cases for the principle that legitimate governmental interests

preclude the need for state prisons to serve particular kinds of foods).

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claim that vegetarian diet violated his religious rights, where the diet exacerbated his medical

condition and rendered him ritually unclean). The situation here renders Fonseca’s claim

weaker than most, because he is in fact not eating a vegetarian diet. Rather, his only claim

is that he is being served fish more often than beef or chicken, and not being served meat

as often as he would like. That does not amount to a substantial burden.

Equal Protection

The Equal Protection aspect of Fonseca’s claim focuses on the disparity between the

amount of meat in his meals and the amount of meat in other prisoners’ meals. Depriving

some prisoners but not others of meat in their diets for no good reason might violate Equal

Protection. See Perez v. Westchester Cnty. Dept. of Corr., 587 F.3d 143, 150 (2d. Cir. 2009)

(expressing doubt that Equal Protection allowed the county to serve religiously-acceptable

meat to Muslim prisoners only twice a year while other prisoners received it regularly). But

that is not happening here.

By their nature, different diets are bound to include different foods, and people each

have their own preferences. Restrictions, such as the kashrut prohibition on serving meat

and dairy at the same meal, introduce even more variation among the diets. The fact that

prisoners with different dietary requirements are served different foods is not an Equal

Protection violation, even if some of them wish they were eating beef or chicken rather than

fish, or vice versa. See Sefeldeen v. Alamaida, 238 Fed. Appx. 204, 206 (9th Cir. 2007)

(explaining that prison officials are not required to accommodate individual prisoners’

personal — as opposed to religious — food preferences); Curry, 2013 WL 75769 at *9

(collecting cases). Equal Protection requires that similarly situated people be treated

similarly, not identically. Hartmann v. Calif. Dept. of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1123

(9th Cir. 2013). Furthermore, prison officials are allowed to consider factors such as

administrative ease and cost. Sefeldeen, at 206. 

Here, Fonseca has conceded the decision was at least partly based on cost. (Compl.

at 3 (alleging the policy was adopted "to cut cost to the Jewish Kosher Diet Program"); Obj.

to R&R, at 6 ("The defendants[‘] interest of not serving Jewish descendant kosher adherents

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meat product[s] daily is based not on government interest nor penological interest but on

financial cost.")) The Court rejects Fonseca’s suggestion that cost is not a legitimate

penological or governmental concern. See Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 1993)

(treating cost of providing kosher meals as a legitimate government concern); Sefeldeen at

206 ("Here, the legitimate governmental interest is to reasonably accommodate thousands

of inmates' religious dietary needs while also considering budgetary, staff, and security

limitations.") 

Furthermore, Equal Protection claims brought under § 1983 require a showing of

intentional unlawful discrimination or discriminatory intent. See Monteiro v. Tempe Union

High Sch. Dist., 158 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998); Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021,

1030 (9th Cir. 2013). Here, there are no allegations that could reasonably give rise to such

an inference, and Fonseca’s allegations show that the changes were motivated by a desire

to cut costs, which is a legitimate government concern.

Conclusion and Order

The CDCR is immune from suit, and Fonseca has not stated a claim against

Defendant Beard. It is clear he cannot successfully amend his complaint to state a

meritorious claim against either Beard or any other potential Defendant. Defendants’ motion

to dismiss is GRANTED. Fonseca’s motion for injunctive relief or transfer is DENIED. This

action is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE, and the Court certifies that any appeal from this

dismissal would not be taken in good faith.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: July 10, 2015

HONORABLE LARRY ALAN BURNS

United States District Judge

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