Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-akd-3_15-cv-00215/USCOURTS-akd-3_15-cv-00215-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 462
Nature of Suit: Naturalization, Petition For Hearing of Denial
Cause of Action: 8:1446 Petition for Naturalization Hearing

---

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF ALASKA

Francisco E. Munar, Jr., )

)

Plaintiff, ) 3:15-cv-215 JWS

)

vs. ) ORDER AND OPINION

)

Jeh C. Johnson, et al., ) [Re: Motion at docket 28]

)

Defendants. )

)

I. MOTION PRESENTED

At docket 28 plaintiff Francisco E. Munar, Jr. (“Munar”) moves for an award of

attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412

(“EAJA”). Defendants oppose the motion at docket 30, and Munar replies at docket 34.

Oral argument was not requested and would not assist the court.

II. BACKGROUND

Munar, a lawful permanent resident of the United States, filed an application to

become a naturalized citizen on November 3, 2014. Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1446(a),

the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (“USCIS”) investigated Munar’s

application. On January 8, 2015, USCIS examined Munar. Munar was re-examined on

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 1 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

May 21, 2015. No determination on Munar’s application was made at that time,

because the investigation “raised concerns of fraud.”1 As a result, Munar’s application

was referred by USCIS’ Anchorage Field Office to USCIS’ Fraud Detection and National

Security division on May 22, 2015.2 The application was returned to the Anchorage

Field Office on August 25, 2015.3 That office made a request to Munar for additional

information on October 28, 2015.4 He responded on November 25, 2015.5

USCIS failed to make a determination on Munar’s application within 120 days

from his re-examination as contemplated by 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b) and as required by 8

C.F.R. § 335.3. The 120-day period for action by USCIS is of significance, for as the

Ninth Circuit has explained: “[a] central purpose of the statute was to reduce the waiting

time for naturalization applicants.”6 After the passage of more than five months from his

re-examination without a decision by USCIS, Munar filed this lawsuit pursuant to 8

U.S.C. § 1447(b). Munar’s three-count complaint was filed on November 5, 2015. It

prayed that the court assume jurisdiction, review Munar’s application de novo, order

defendants to refrain from further delaying the determination of Munar’s application,

and award attorneys’ fees and costs.7

 While a de novo decision by the court was

1Doc. 11 at 2 ¶ 8.

2

Id.

3

Id. ¶ 9.

4

Id. ¶ 10.

5

Id. at 3 ¶ 12.

6United States v. Hovsepian 359 F.3d 1144, 1163 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

7Doc. 1 at 22.

2

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 2 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

obviously Munar’s preferred relief, as an alternative he asked the court to remand the

issue to USCIS to adjudicate the matter “immediately and by a date certain.”8

Section 1447(b) gives this court jurisdiction to either hear the matter or remand it to

USCIS. Deciding whether to hear the matter or remand is committed to the court’s

discretion.9

On January 11, 2016, defendants moved for an order remanding the matter to

USCIS, representing that “USCIS is prepared to adjudicate Munar’s [application] within

seven days following remand from his Court,”10

 a representation supported by the

Declaration of Lynn Edwards, an employee of USCIS.11 Munar opposed the motion to

remand, pointing out that substantial time had elapsed after completion of the

application procedure, while 8 C.F.R. §335.3 required a determination to be made

within 120 days.

12

 Of course, it may also be the case that Munar feared USCIS would

disapprove the application. Were that the result of the remand, Munar would have

been forced to seek review of the denial pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c).

Relying on defendants’ representation that a determination would be made within

seven days following remand and knowing that it would take considerably more than

seven days to resolve the matter if the court were to proceed to hear it de novo, the

court exercised its discretion to remand with instructions to determine the application

8

Id. at 20 ¶ 53.

9Hovsepian, 359 F.3d at 1161.

10Doc. 10 at 7.

11Doc. 11 at 3 ¶ 14,

12Doc. 16 at 2.

3

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 3 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

within seven days.

13

 Six days later Munar filed a motion asking the court to reconsider

its remand decision and a motion asking for a temporary restraining order to prevent

UCSIS from adjudicating the application until the court ruled on Munar’s motion for

reconsideration.14 The very next day, April 5, 2016, defendants filed a notice advising

that Munar’s application had been adjudicated and approved on April 1, 2016, and that

he had been scheduled for the upcoming naturalization ceremony in this court to be

held on April 15, 2016.15 Later on April 5, 2016, Munar moved to hold his two pending

motions in abeyance.16

 After Munar had been naturalized, the court deemed the

pending motions to have been withdrawn.17 A judgment dismissing the litigation was

filed.18 Munar then filed a timely motion for attorneys’ fees and expenses, which is the

subject of this order.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Entitlement to an Award

The EAJA generally requires courts to award a party who prevails in an action

against the United States (other than a tort claim action) fees and expenses “unless the

court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that

13Docs. 19 and 20.

14Doc. 21 (motion for temporary restraining order); doc. 22 (motion for reconsideration).

15Doc. 23.

16Doc. 24.

17Doc. 26.

18Doc. 27.

4

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 4 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

special circumstances make an award unjust.”19

 Obviously, the first issue to consider is

whether Munar is a prevailing party.

To be a prevailing party, one must obtain a material change in a legal

relationship which has been sanctioned by the court, and the change must be one

sought by the person claiming prevailing party status.20 Clearly, there has been a

material change in Munar’s legal relationship with defendants, because he has

progressed from lawful permanent resident status to citizenship. Furthermore, that

change has been sanctioned by this court because it is the result of this court’s order

directing USCIS to make a determination on Munar’s application. Defendants do not

contest that conclusion.

Defendants do contend that Munar is not a prevailing party on the grounds that

he did not request the relief the court awarded. As defense counsel puts it:

[T]he relief granted is of the type that would ordinarily make Munar “a

prevailing party” under the meaning of the statute. However, it must be

considered that Munar never, at any point in the proceedings, sought

relief in the form of a remand to USCIS. He did not request such relief in

his Petition. And he strenuously opposed such relief when it was sought

by Defendants. He even went so far as to ask the Court to reconsider its

order, and to seek a temporary restraining order against such relief after it

was granted by the Court. Where the Court ordered relief that Munar

never sought, and that he vigorously opposed throughout the

proceedings, there is good reason to find that Munar is not a “prevailing

party” under the meaning of the EAJA.21

1928 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A).

20Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands Center v. U. S. Bureau of Land Mgt., 589 F.3d 1027, 1030

(9th Cir. 2009).

21Doc. 30 at 6.

5

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 5 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Defendants’ assertion that Munar “never, at any point” asked for a remand with a

specific deadline for USCIS action is incorrect. As noted above, Munar’s complaint

asked for that relief as an alternative to a de novo decision by this court.22 While Munar

did not include the alternative in the complaint’s prayer for relief, that does not

adequately support defendants’ position.23 Munar is a prevailing party, and qualifies for

an award under the EAJA.24

The preceding conclusion notwithstanding, defendants are correct to suggest

that Munar’s opposition to the remand order and attempt to have it reconsidered must

be addressed. In the court’s view, those concerns may be addressed in terms of

whether they “constitute special circumstances that make an award unjust.”25 It is also

necessary to determine if the defendants’ position in the litigation was “substantially

justified.”26 Defendants have the burden of proving special circumstances or substantial

justification.27 Furthermore, with respect to substantial justification, it is defendant’s

burden to make a “strong showing.”28

22Doc. 1 at 20 ¶ 53.

23Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c); Z Channel Ltd. P’ship v. Home Box Office, Inc., 931 F.2d 1338,

1341 (9th Cir. 1991).

24Munar qualifies under 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d0(2)(b) because he is an individual whose

net worth did not exceed $2,000,000. See Munar’s Declaration at doc. 28-2.

2528 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A).

26

Id.

27Love v. Reilly, 924 F.2d 1492, 1495 (9th Cir. 1991).

28Healey v. Leavitt, 485 F.3d 63, 67 (2nd Cir. 2007).

6

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 6 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

The court faces an unusual situation. Munar got the ultimate result he

wanted—citizenship. But, he obtained that result soon after he filed the lawsuit only

because the court agreed with defendants’ request for a remand and rejected Munar’s

opposition to that remand. On the other hand, if USCIS had complied with the

requirement to render a decision on the application within 120 days, there would have

been no lawsuit.

Defendants seek shelter for the substantial delay in processing Munar’s

application behind the proposition that there was evidence of fraud which required an

investigation by personnel outside Alaska and also required Munar to provide additional

information. They also contend that defendants’ position was substantially justified

because of the need for further investigation. Munar contends that the only reason for

the delay was the prejudice of various officials against him because he had married

Nilda Galvaz Dumo (“Nilda”), a citizen who was twenty-one years older than Munar.

Defense counsel asserts that “evaluation of Munar’s file and testimony raised

concerns of fraud.”29 USCIS employee Lynn Edwards makes the same assertion in her

declaration supporting defendants’ motion to remand.30 There is nothing in the record

before the court—such as a citation to facts or omissions in Munar’s file, or a reference

to a portion of Munar’s testimony—which supports the assertion. Without evidentiary

support, the conclusory assertion is not persuasive. USCIS asked Munar for additional

information on October 28, 2015. According to Edwards, USCIS sought “additional

29Doc. 30 at 2.

30Doc. 11 at 2 ¶ 8.

7

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 7 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

evidence of bona fides to demonstrate compliance with the terms of Munar’s admission

and other information not previously disclosed.”31 Defendants’ briefing does not identify

what terms of Munar’s admission were in question, what information was needed, why it

was needed, or how the information might relate to concerns about fraud. The bare

assertion that more information was needed is not persuasive. In sum, defendants

have failed to carry their burden to show that the delay was substantially justified or that

there were special circumstances making an award unjust.

B. Quantum of Attorneys’ Fees

1. Hourly Rate

Munar initially requested an award of $28,315 in attorneys’ fees32 and expenses

of $935.74.33 After reviewing defendants’ opposition, Munar conceded that seeking

remuneration for clerical charges and certain of the time entries as EAJA attorneys’

fees was inappropriate.34 As a result, Munar reduced his attorneys’ fees request to

$23,531.07.35

EAJA attorneys’ fees are based on the prevailing market rate, except that 

“attorney fees shall not be awarded in excess of $125 per hour unless the court

determines that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited

31

Id. ¶ 10.

32Doc. 28-8 at 12.

33Doc. 28-9 at 2.

34Doc. 34 at 2.

35Doc. 34-1 at 8.

8

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 8 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.”36

Munar has presented evidence that the $125 rate should be increased to $190.28 to

account for increases in the cost of living.

37

 Defendants do not contest the $190.28

hourly rate. However, Munar also asks the court to enhance that rate and make an

award for attorney Stock’s work at an hourly rate of $500 for work performed in 2015

and $502.35 for work performed in 2016. To support this request, Munar submitted

Ms. Stock’s very impressive resume.38 As pertinent here, Ms. Stock’s resume

establishes that she is very experienced in the field of immigration law.

Munar also supports his request for an enhanced fee with the Declaration of

Maris J. Liss.39 Ms. Liss’ declaration and her attached curriculum vitae establish that

she is an experienced immigration lawyer. The declaration also shows that she is well

acquainted with Ms. Stock and that she has reviewed the file in this case. She also

says that she is familiar with the rates charged by lawyers doing “specialized litigation,”

but does not say what kind of specialized litigation, nor does she say where this

litigation is conducted. Her conclusion is that $500 per hour is “below the prevailing

market rate for the period 2015-2016 for an attorney of [Ms. Stock’s] experience and

expertise.”40 The court finds the support for that conclusion to be weak. Ms. Liss’

reference to specialized litigation is notable for not saying she is referring to immigration

3628 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A).

37Doc. 28-5 at 2.

38Doc. 28-6.

39Doc. 28-7.

40

Id. at 6 ¶ 10.

9

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 9 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

litigation. Ms. Liss does not profess to have any knowledge about the practice of law in

the District of Alaska. 

Even assuming that Ms. Liss’ general reference to “specialized litigation” is

meant as a reference to immigration litigation, her declaration falls short of what is

required to support an enhanced fee. The court finds persuasive the reasoning in 

Healey v. Leavitt.41 There, a trial court had awarded an enhanced EAJA fee partly on

the basis that the case was a complex class action involving the complicated field of

Medicare law. Yet, the circuit court reversed saying:

[A] case requires “specialized expertise” within the meaning of the EAJA

only when it requires some knowledge or skill that cannot be obtained by

a competent practicing attorney through routine research or legal

experience. This case, although certainly challenging, is typical of most

litigation brought under modern administrative statutes. While one cannot

deny the complexity of the Medicare statute and the regulations

promulgated thereunder, this regulatory scheme is no mor complex than

countless other federal regulatory schemes, and attaining proficiency in

these areas is “not beyond the grasp of a competent practicing attorney

with access to a law library and the other accoutrements of modern legal

practice.”42

Munar has not shown that his case in specific or immigration law in general is beyond

the grasp of a competent practicing attorney with access to a law library and the other

research tools available in a modern legal practice. While Ms. Stock may be among the

most knowledgeable immigration law attorneys in the country, Munar has not shown

that his case could not have gone forward absent her formidable expertise. An

enhanced fee is not warranted. The court will use a rate of $190.28 for all lawyers’ time

41485 F.3d 63 (2nd Cir. 2007).

42

Id. at 70 (quoting Chenoweth v. Sullivan, 920 F. 2d 648, 650 (10th Cir. 1990)).

10

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 10 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

entries. The court will use a rate of $135 per hour for all paralegals’ time entries, a rate

not contested by defendants, and one which the court finds to be reasonable.

2. Number of Compensable Hours

The court has discretion to deny recovery for time which unduly and

unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the case.43

 In the exercise of its

discretion, the court finds that Munar’s motions to halt execution of the remand order44

and to have the remand order reconsidered45 unduly and unreasonably protracted the

proceedings. That work on these motions should not be compensated is clear when

one considers the four possible outcomes had Munar not challenged the remand order. 

On remand, USCIS would either approve or deny his application. Were USCIS

to approve the application (as it did), the matter would end. Were USCIS to deny the

application, Munar would have been able to obtain a fair hearing before an independent

USCIS officer within 180 days,46 who would either affirm or reverse the original

examining officer’s decision.47 Were the reviewing officer to approve the application,

the matter would end. Were he or she to affirm the denial, Munar could obtain judicial

review of his application under 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c). Such a review would be conducted

pursuant to the same de novo standard Munar sought to invoke in his complaint.48 As

4328 U.S.C. § 2412(c)(1)(C).

44Doc. 21.

45Doc. 22.

46See 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c); 8 C.F.R. § 336.2.

478 C.F.R. § 336.2.

48Hovesepian, 359 F.3d at 1162.

11

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 11 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

the above demonstrates, at worst, remand would have delayed Munar’s receipt of

judicial review. Contrary to Munar’s assertions in his motion papers, remand did not

pose a threat of irreparable harm that justified his challenges to the order.

The court finds that the following billing entries relate to Munar’s decision to

challenge the remand order:

1. MF entry on 3/30/16 for 1.60 hours 

2. DG entry on 3/30/16 for .40 hours

3. MF entry on 3/31/16 for 1.00 hours

4. DG entry on 3/31/16 for .20 hours

5. LRC entry on 3/31/16 for .40 hours

6. LRC entry on 3/31/16 for 1.00 hours

7. MF entry on 4/1/16 for .60 hours

8. LRC entry on 4/4/16 for 1.40 hours

9. LRC entry on 4/5/16 for .60 hours

The total time entered for attorney D. Gabaandor (DG) is .60 hours, which at an hourly

rate of $190.28 is $144.17. The total time entered for the paralegals (MF and LRC) is

6.6 hours, which at an hourly rate of $135 is $891. The total for all time keepers is

$1,035.17. That amount will be subtracted from the total time sought.

Next, it is necessary to consider defendants’ argument that “Munar seeks fees

for tasks and costs that are not related to this litigation, and instead are related to his N400 application before USCIS, and preparation for the citizenship proceeding after his

application was granted.”49 It is defendants’ position that such matters are nonadversarial and fall outside the ambit of the sovereign immunity waiver in the EAJA. 

Defendants rely on Ardestani v. I.N.S.50

 Munar has conceded the point by filing her

49Doc. 30 at 11.

50502 U.S. 129 (1991).

12

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 12 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

updated request for attorneys’ fees which omits all of the time related to the

administrative proceeding.

51

 Similarly, Munar has conceded defendants’ argument

about time spent relating to citizenship proceedings by omitting the entry for 4/13/16

and the two entries for 4/14/16 from her updated request for attorneys’ fees.

Using the hourly rate of $190.28 for Munar’s lawyers and $135 per hour for their

paralegals and the amount of time reflected in the updated application would result in

an award of $13,004.32 for attorneys’ fees. However, when the time spent on matters

which unduly and unreasonably protracted the litigation is subtracted, the award of

attorneys’ fees is $11,969.15.

C. Quantum of Expenses Award

Munar seeks an award of expenses in the amount of $935.74. Expenses are

recoverable by a prevailing party under the EAJA.52 The court has examined the costs

for which Munar seeks an award. The costs for the court filing fee, postage for delivery

of the summons, and copies of the complaint and summons are recoverable. The total

amount sought for those items is $625.45. However, the court finds that the other costs

sought relate to matters which unduly and unreasonably protracted final resolution as

discussed above. They will not be included in the award.

51Compare doc. 28-8 at 2 (showing entries from 4/21/15 thru 8/14/15) with doc. 34-1

(which omits all of those entries).

52Costs recoverable under 28 U.S.C. § 1920 are authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 2412(a)(1).

Other expenses may be recovered pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(a).

13

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 13 of 14
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

D. Request To Strike

In his reply, Munar asks the court to strike certain copies of emails which were

provided as an attachment to defendants’ opposition pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 408. 

The court has not relied on those emails and so declines to address the request to

strike.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, the motion at docket 28 is granted in part and denied in

part as follows: Defendants shall pay Francisco Estrada Munar, Jr. the sum of

$12,594.60, consisting of $11,969.15 in attorneys’ fees and $625.45 in costs.53

DATED this 8th day of July 2016.

/s/ JOHN W. SEDWICK

SENIOR JUDGE, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

53The award should be paid to Munar, not his lawyer. Astrue v. Ratliff, 560 U.S. 586,

589 (2010).

14

Case 3:15-cv-00215-JWS Document 36 Filed 07/08/16 Page 14 of 14