Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-mc-80112/USCOURTS-cand-3_14-mc-80112-4/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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UNITED 

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COURT

For the Northern District of California

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 The subpoena was issued in Callwave Communications LLC v. AT&T Inc., AT&T Mobility,

LLC, and Google, Inc., No. 12-cv-1701 (D. Del.). In its motion, Callwave states that it is the

plaintiff in five related patent infringement cases being heard in the District of Delaware and that

Location Labs possesses materials that are relevant to at least two of them. See Petition, ECF No. 1

at 5, 7.

2

 Record citations are to documents in the Electronic Case File (“ECF”); pinpoint citations

are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of the documents.

ORDER

C 14-80112 JSW (LB)

UNITED 

STATES 

DISTRICT 

COURT

For the Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

Northern District of California

San Francisco Division

CALLWAVE COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,

Petitioner,

v.

WAVEMARKET, INC. D/B/A LOCATION

LABS,

Respondent.

_____________________________________/

No. C 14-80112 JSW (LB)

ORDER REGARDING CALLWAVE

AND LOCATION LABS’ JOINT

DISCOVERY DISPUTE LETTER

DATED FEBRUARY 6, 2015

[Re: ECF No. 63]

INTRODUCTION

In this miscellaneous action, Petitioner Callwave Communications, LLC (“Callwave”) originally

asked this court to compel Respondent Wavemarket, Inc. d/b/a Location Labs (“Location Labs”), a

non-party to underlying litigation in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware,1

 to

comply with Callwave’s subpoena for certain documents. (See Petition, ECF No. 1.2) After many

months and several discovery disputes, production has begun. Now, however, the parties ask the

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court determine whether Location Labs should be ordered to produce the six documents that it

identified on the privilege log that it provided to Callwave on January 20, 2015. (2/6/2015 Joint

Letter, ECF No. 63 at 1.) The court’s answer is “no.”

STATEMENT

This miscellaneous action relates to five patent infringement actions (the “Underlying

Litigation”) that currently are pending in the United States District Court for the District of

Delaware in which Callwave claims that one of its patents (U.S. Patent No. 6,771,970 (the “‘970

Patent”) was infringed. (See 5/5/2014 Joint Letter, ECF No. 17 at 1.) According to Callwave,

Location Labs provides some of the defendants to the Underlying Litigation with customized

software for locating mobile devices, which Callwave says is the infringing functionality in the

defendants’ products. (Id.) One of the defendants to the Underlying Litigation is AT&T. 

On January 20, 2015, Location Labs provided Callwave with a privilege log. (2/6/2015 Joint

Letter, ECF No. 63 at 1-2 & Ex. D (privilege log).) It lists six documents. (Id., Ex. D.) For five of

the documents, Location Labs asserts that the documents are protected from disclosure under the

attorney work-product doctrine and the common interest doctrine. (Id., Ex. D.) For the sixth

document, Location Labs asserts that it is protected from disclosure under the attorney work-product

doctrine, the common interest doctrine, and the attorney-client privilege. (Id., Ex. D.) Callwave

argues that Location Labs’s assertions are without merit. (See id. at 2-3.) 

ANALYSIS

I. THE COURT APPLIES FEDERAL LAW TO THIS DISPUTE

“Questions of privilege that arise in the course of the adjudication of federal rights are ‘governed

by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in

the light of reason and experience.’” United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554, 562 (1989) (quoting

Federal Rule of Evidence 501); see Heathman v. United States District Court, 503 F.2d 1032, 1034

(9th Cir. 1974) (“[I]n federal question cases the clear weight of authority and logic supports

reference to federal law on the issue of the existence and scope of an asserted privilege.”). Federal

law applies to privilege-based discovery disputes involving federal claims, even if allied with by

pendent state law claims. See, e.g., Pagano v. Oroville Hospital, 145 F.R.D. 683, 687 (E.D. Cal.

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1993); Martinez v. City of Stockton, 132 F.R.D. 677, 681-83 (E.D. Cal. 1990). Because this

miscellaneous action is an outgrowth of the five federal law-based patent infringement actions

pending in the District of Delaware, the court applies federal law when resolving the parties’

dispute.

II. THE SIXTH DOCUMENT IS NOT PROTECTED UNDER THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT

PRIVILEGE

Location Labs asserts that the sixth document is protected from disclosure under the attorneyclient privilege. Location Labs describes the document on its privilege log as a chain of emails

among AT&T’s outside counsel, AT&T’s in-house counsel, and Location Labs’s outside counsel

regarding “indemnification/defense and issues related thereto.” (2/6/2015 Joint Letter, ECF No. 63,

Ex. D.) AT&T’s outside counsel (Chad Rutkowski Jacqueline Lesser, and Michelle Miller) and

AT&T’s in-house counsel (Brian Gaffney) are listed as the authors of the communications, and

Location Labs’s outside counsel (Imran Khaliq, Mark Hogge, and Shailendra Maheshwari) are listed

as the recipients of the communications. (Id., Ex. D.) 

Location Labs says in its section of the parties’ joint letter that the document is protected under

the attorney-client privilege because it “involve[s] matter[s] confidentially disclosed between an

attorney and client” and that Callwave “does not and cannot dispute this.” (Id. at 4.) This is not

correct. In its section of the letter, Callwave clearly argues (albeit in a footnote) that the document is

not privileged because there is no attorney-client relationship between AT&T and Location Labs’s

counsel, or between AT&T’s counsel and Location Labs. (Id. at 2 n.1.)

In any event, the court finds that Location Labs has not met its burden to show that the document

is protected. United States v. Ruehle, 583 F.3d 600, 607 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[A] party asserting the

attorney-client privilege has the burden of establishing the [existence of an attorney-client]

relationship and the privileged nature of the communication.”) (quoting United States v. Bauer, 132

F.3d 504, 507 (9th Cir. 1997)). “Because it impedes full and free discovery of the truth, the

attorney-client privilege is strictly construed.” Id. (quoting United States v. Martin, 278 F.3d 988,

999 (9th Cir. 2002)). An eight-part test determines whether information is covered by the

attorney-client privilege:

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(1) Where legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional legal adviser in

his capacity as such, (3) the communications relating to that purpose, (4) made in

confidence (5) by the client, (6) are at his instance permanently protected (7) from

disclosure by himself or by the legal adviser, (8) unless the protection be waived.

Id. (quoting In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d 1068, 1071 n.2 (9th Cir. 1992)). “The party

asserting the privilege bears the burden of proving each essential element.” Id. at 608 (citing United

States v. Munoz, 233 F.3d 1117, 1128 (9th Cir.2000), superseded on other grounds as stated in

United States v. Van Alstyne, 584 F.3d 803, 817 (9th Cir. 2009)). 

Under this standard, Location Labs’s simple statement that the document is protected under the

attorney-client privilege because it “involve[s] matter[s] confidentially disclosed between an

attorney and client” clearly is insufficient, and Callwave’s point about the lack of an attorney-client

relationship is well-taken. Accordingly, the court finds that Location Labs did not establish that the

sixth document listed on its privilege log is protected under the attorney-client privilege. Whether it

is protected as attorney work product is discussed below.

III. THE DOCUMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO THE ATTORNEY WORK-PRODUCT

DOCTRINE

Location Labs also asserts that all six of the documents listed on its privilege log—including the

sixth document discussed above—are protected from disclosure under the attorney work-product

doctrine. As the party asserting the privilege, Location Labs has the burden of establishing that it

applies to these documents. See Skynet Elec. Co. Ltd. v. Flextronics Int’l, Ltd., No. C 12–06317

WHA, 2013 WL 6623874, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2013) (“Where a party asserts work-product

immunity over a piece of evidence, the proponent of the privilege bears the burden of establishing its

applicability to the present circumstances.”) (citing P. & B. Marina, Ltd. v. Logrande, 136 F.R.D.

50, 53-54 (E.D.N.Y. 1991)). The attorney work-product doctrine is incorporated into Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3)(A), which states: “Ordinarily, a party may not discover documents and

tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by of for another party or its

representative (including the other party’s attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or

agent).” See also In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 357 F.3d 900, 906 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Admiral

Ins. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 881 F.2d 1486, 1494 (9th Cir. 1989)). The plain language of Rule 26

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limits the scope of the attorney work-product doctrine to documents and tangible things, not the

underlying facts. 

The Ninth Circuit has adopted the “because of” standard for determining whether a document

was prepared “in anticipation of litigation.” See In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 357 F.3d at 907. More

specifically,

a document should be deemed prepared “in anticipation of litigation” and thus

eligible for work product protection under Rule 26(b)(3) if “in light of the nature of

the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the document can be

fairly said to have been prepared or obtained because of the prospect of litigation.” 8

Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and Richard L. Marcus, FED. PRACTICE &

PROC. § 2024 (2d ed. 1994). . . . The “because of” standard does not consider

whether litigation was a primary or secondary motive behind the creation of a

document. Rather, it considers the totality of the circumstances and affords

protection when it can fairly be said that the “document was created because of

anticipated litigation, and would not have been created in substantially similar form

but for the prospect of that litigation[.]” [United States v. Adlman, 134 F.3d 1194,

1195 (2d Cir. 1998)].

Id. at 907-08. In making this “totality of the circumstances” inquiry, courts must look at whether the

documents were created for dual purposes, e.g., both litigation and business purposes. “When there

is a true independent purpose for creating a document, work product protection is less likely, but

when two purposes are profoundly interconnected, the analysis is more complicated.” Id. at 908. 

But “[d]ocuments prepared in the ordinary course of business or that would have been created in

essentially similar form irrespective of the litigation are not protectable as work product.” Arfa v.

Zionist Org. of Am., CV 13–2942 ABC SS, 2014 WL 815496, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 2014)

(quoting Umpqua Bank v. First American Title Ins. Co., 2011 WL 997212, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 17,

2011)). 

Callwave argues that Location Labs has not shown that the documents are protected under the

attorney work-product doctrine because Locations Labs has not shown that “the documents contain

the ‘mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a party’s attorney.’” (2/6/2015

Joint Letter, ECF No. 63 at 2 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B)). On the privilege log, Location

Labs describes the documents as letters or emails between AT&T’s outside counsel and Location

Labs’s outside counsel regarding “indemnification/defense and issues related thereto.” (Id., Ex. D.) 

And in its section of the parties’ joint letter, Location Labs says that “[a]ll of the documents are

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 In their letter, the parties refer to the common interest “privilege” rather than the common

interest “doctrine.” The court prefers the term “doctrine.” Although some courts have referred to it

as a privilege, other courts have made clear that the doctrine is not a privilege, but instead is an

exception to general rules that the attorney-client privilege is waived if the attorney-client

communications are made in the presence of, or shared with, third-parties, and that the work-product

privilege is waived by disclosure to third parties which results in disclosure to an adversary party. 

See, e.g., Nidec Corp. v. Victor Co. of Japan, 249 F.R.D. 575, 578 (N.D. Cal. 2007). 

ORDER

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subject to the work[-]product doctrine because they involve matters discussed between counsel for

defense in on-going litigation.” (2/6/2015 Letter, ECF No. 63 at 4.) Although Location Labs did

not state that the documents “were created in anticipation of” or “because of” the Underlying

Litigation, the court believes that this point is implied in this context, where AT&T is a defendant to

the Underlying Litigation and where Location Labs and AT&T apparently have agreed to

indemnification in relation to it. The court finds that Location Labs has met its burden to show that

the documents are subject to the attorney work-product doctrine. Whether Location Labs has

waived the protection of the attorney work-product doctrine is discussed below. 

IV. UNDER THE COMMON INTEREST DOCTRINE, LOCATION LABS DID NOT

WAIVE THE PROTECTIONS OF THE ATTORNEY WORK-PRODUCT DOCTRINE

The parties focus most of their arguments on whether Location Labs waived the protection of the

attorney work-product doctrine by sharing the documents with AT&T’s outside counsel. Location

Labs argues that, under the common interest doctrine, it did not waive the protection because it has a

common interest with AT&T in defending against the Callwave’s claims in the Underlying

Litigation.

The common interest doctrine is not a privilege in and of itself, but rather serves as an exception

to waiver of the attorney-client or attorney work product privilege. See Nidec Corp. v. Victor Co. of

Japan, 249 F.R.D. 575, 578 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (citing United States v. Bergonzi, 216 F.R.D. 487, 495-

96 (N.D. Cal. 2003) (discussing “the common interest exception to waiver of the

attorney-client/work product privilege”)).3

 Because the common interest privilege “is an anti-waiver

exception, it comes into play only if the communication at issue is privileged in the first instance.” 

Id. 

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For the common interest doctrine to apply, the party asserting the privilege must show: “(1) the

communication is made by separate parties in the course of a matter of common interest; (2) the

communication is designed to further that effort; and (3) the privilege has not been waived.” See

Bergonzi, 216 F.R.D. at 495 (citing In re Mortgage Realty Trust, 212 B.R. 649, 653 (Bankr. C.D.

Cal. 1997)). “The privilege does not require a complete unity of interests among the participants,

and it may apply where the parties’ interests are adverse in substantial respects.” Bergonzi, 216

F.R.D. at 495 (quoting In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 406 F. Supp. 381, 392 (S.D.N.Y.

1975)). The parties, however, must have “a common legal, as opposed to commercial, interest.” 

Nidec, 249 F.R.D. at 579 (quoting Bank Brussels Lambert v. Credit Lyonnais (Suisse) S.A., 160

F.R.D. 437, 447 (S.D.N.Y. 1995)). “[I]t [also] is clear that no written agreement is required, and

that a [joint defense agreement] may be implied from conduct and situation, such as attorneys

exchanging confidential communications from clients who are or potentially may be codefendants or

have common interests in litigation.” United States v. Gonzalez, 669 F.3d 974, 979 (9th Cir. 2012). 

Here, Location Labs says that it shares with AT&T a common interest “in a joint defense against

the allegations by Callwave.” (2/6/2015 Joint Letter, ECF No. 63 at 4.) It says that it and AT&T, “a

licensee and licensor, had a common interest in defending against the claims of Callwave, extending

to any indemnification provided, and it is precisely these matters of common interest that were

discussed in the documents at issue.” (Id. at 5.) The court agrees. First, both Location Labs and

AT&T have an interest in defeating Callwave’s claims of patent infringement in the Underlying

Litigation. That they also have negotiated possible indemnification with respect to those claims

does not necessarily cancel that out. (See Am. Eagle Outfitters, Inc. v. Payless ShoeSource, Inc., No.

CV 07-1675(ERK)(VVP), 2009 WL 3786210, at *3-4 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 2009).) Second,

according to Location Labs, the documents reflect its and AT&T’s efforts to further their common

interest. Third, Location Labs has not waived the protections of the attorney work-product doctrine,

as Callwave has not gained access to the documents. Pecover v. Elec. Arts Inc., No. C08-2820 CW

(BZ), 2011 WL 6020412, at 1 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2011)(“Work product protection is waived where

disclosure of the otherwise protected document is made to a third party, and that disclosure enables

an adversary to gain access to the information.”)(citing McMorgan & Co. v. First Cal. Mortg., 931

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F. Supp. 703 (N.D. Cal. 1996)). Because all three requirements are met, the court concludes that all

six documents are protected from disclosure as attorney work product and that, under the common

interest doctrine, Location Labs did not waive that protection. 

V. CALLWAVE HAS NOT MET ITS BURDEN TO SHOW THAT IT HAS A

SUBSTANTIAL NEED FOR THE DOCUMENTS

Finally, Callwave argues that it should still gain access to the “facts” contained in the documents

because it has a “substantial need” for them. One district court recently has explained when the

protections of the attorney work-product doctrine may be overcome:

Even if certain materials qualify as work product, they may still be discovered

under certain circumstances. There are two types of work product, which entail two

different standards for discovery. See Arfa, 2014 WL 815496, at *4. “Ordinary”

work product includes “raw factual information” while “opinion” work product

includes “mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a party's

attorney or other representative concerning the litigation.” Id. (citing St. Paul

Reinsurance Co. v. Commercial Fin. Corp., 197 F.R.D. 620, 628 (N.D. Iowa 2000);

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B)); Caremark, 195 F.R.D. at 616. Ordinary work product

may be discovered if the party seeking the discovery demonstrates a “substantial

need” for the materials and there is no other means for obtaining that information

without undue hardship. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3); Hickman, 329 U.S. at 511. In

contrast, opinion work product enjoys stronger protection, and it may be discovered

only “when mental impressions are at issue in a case and the need for the material is

compelling.” Holmgren v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 976 F.2d 573, 577 (9th

Cir. 1992) (citing Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 401-02 (1981))(“A

party seeking opinion work product must make a showing beyond the substantial

need/undue hardship test required under Rule 26(b)(3) for non-opinion work

product.”).

Hooke v. Foss Maritime Co., Case No. 13-cv-00994-JCS, 2014 WL 1457582, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr.

10, 2014). Callwave posits that the documents likely contain facts (i.e., ordinary work product), and

not mental impressions, relevant to the issue of whether Location Labs is in privity with AT&T. 

(Whether Location Labs and AT&T are in privity is important to Callwave because, if they are, it

could mean that Location Labs improperly filed its second petition for inter partes review with the

United States Patent and Trademark Office. (See 2/6/2015 Joint Letter, ECF No. 63 at 3 n.2 (citing

35 U.S.C. § 315(b)).) Callwave says that Location Labs’s and AT&T’s discussions about the scope

of indemnification and their relative responsibilities are likely to show privity-related facts. 

Callwave also says that it has not been able to get information about this issue in the pending inter

partes review proceedings, which allow for only limited discovery. 

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The court does not believe that Callwave has met its burden to demonstrates a “it has substantial

need for the materials to prepare its case and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial

equivalent by other means.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). As Location Labs points out, Callwave fails

to acknowledge “the numerous documents regarding the indemnification agreement between AT&T

and Location Labs [that] have already been produced to Callwave, including the indemnification

agreements and all correspondence between Location Labs and [AT&T] prior to the date Location

Labs accepted the defense.” (2/6/2015 Joint Letter, ECF No. 63 at 6.) Indeed, nowhere in its

section of the parties’ letter does Callwave say that these already-produced documents do not bear

upon the privity issue. Perhaps this is because saying so would undercut its other argument—that

the six documents listed on the privilege log “likely” contain facts showing privity. If the

indemnification-related documents already produced do not bear upon the privity of Location Labs

and AT&T, then the documents Location Labs listed on the privilege log likely do not either. But if

the indemnification-related documents already produced do bear upon the privity of Location Labs

and AT&T, then Callwave would not have a substantial need for the documents protected by the

attorney work-product doctrine. On this record, then, the court concludes that Callwave has met its

burden to overcome Location Labs’s assertion of the attorney work-product doctrine for the six

documents that Location Labs listed on its privilege log. Location Labs will not be required to

produce them to Callwave.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons describe above, the court denies Callwave’s request for an order requiring

Location Labs to produce the six documents that it identified on the privilege log that it provided to

Callwave on January 20, 2015.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: February 23, 2015 _______________________________

LAUREL BEELER

United States Magistrate Judge

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