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Nature of Suit Code: 410
Nature of Suit: Antitrust
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 14-4354

_____________

VICTOR F. NOVAK, II, M.D., F.A.C.S.,

Appellant

v.

SOMERSET HOSPITAL; MICHAEL J. FARRELL;

M. JAVAD SAADAT, M.D.; PETER T. GO, M.D.

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

(No. 3-07-cv-00304)

District Judge: Hon. David. S. Cercone

Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

on July 14, 2015

Before: SMITH, GREENAWAY, JR., and SHWARTZ, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed August 20, 2015)

OPINION*

GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

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Victor Novak, M.D. (“Appellant” or “Novak”) brought various antitrust 

allegations against Somerset Hospital, Michael Farrell (Somerset Hospital CEO), Dr. M. 

Javad Saadat, and Dr. Peter T. Go (collectively “Appellees”). The District Court granted 

summary judgment in favor of Appellees. We will affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Novak is a general surgeon located in Somerset, Pennsylvania. He joined the staff

of Somerset Hospital in 1993 and since then, has practiced as an independent general 

surgeon in Somerset and Cambria Counties. Somerset Hospital is located 32.5 miles

from Conemaugh Hospital and is approximately equidistant to two other hospitals —

Meyersdale Hospital and Windber Hospital. In 1998, Novak joined Conemaugh

Hospital’s medical staff and, during the following seven years, he held privileges at both 

Somerset and Conemaugh Hospitals. During that time, Novak performed surgeries at 

both facilities. 

Somerset Hospital is a community hospital and is a smaller and less 

comprehensive facility than Conemaugh Hospital.

1

 Somerset Hospital’s primary service 

area is comprised of the seventeen zip-codes located within its ten-mile radius. Somerset

Hospital draws 90% of its patients from this area. Based on 2005 patient data, 21.6% of 

the patients in Somerset Hospital’s primary service area went to Conemaugh Hospital for 

 

1 Between 2006 and 2008 over 27,000 surgeries were performed at Conemaugh

Hospital. During the same period, only 7,184 surgeries were performed at Somerset

Hospital.

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inpatient general surgery services and 22.36% went to other hospitals for general surgery 

services.2

In August 2005, Novak performed two surgeries without proper authority. Based 

on these transgressions, Somerset Hospital terminated Novak’s privileges. He has 

continued to work at Conemaugh Hospital and maintains an office in Somerset County, 

close to Somerset Hospital. 

Novak brought the instant action against Appellees alleging violations of Sections 

1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 and 2, and seeking an injunction (and 

reinstatement of privileges at Somerset Hospital) under Section 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 

U.S.C. § 26.

3

 At bottom, Novak’s argument is that Farrell, Saadat, Go, and various 

Somerset Hospital board members conspired to terminate his privileges, thereby 

“allow[ing] Somerset to reduce the likelihood that its patients would be treated at 

Conemaugh.” Appellant’s Br. at 6. This, he argues, has illegally restrained patient 

choice for general surgical services in Somerset. He acknowledges that “Conemaugh . . . 

provides substitute services for Somerset,” but argues that “Somerset does not provide 

substitute services for [] larger tertiary care hospitals” such as Conemaugh Hospital. Id.

at 22.

 

2

In other words, in 2005, nearly 44% of the patients in Somerset Hospital’s primary 

service area obtained general surgery services elsewhere.

3 Novak also brought various state law claims, over which the District Court 

declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and which it dismissed without prejudice. 

That decision is not before us on appeal. 

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The District Court determined that Novak did not show that he was shut out of the 

relevant market or that patient choice was restrained. Therefore, the District Court 

concluded, as a matter of law, that Novak failed to establish antitrust injury and granted 

summary judgment in favor of Appellees. We will affirm.

II. ANALYSIS4

“For plaintiffs suing under federal antitrust laws, one of the prudential limitations 

is the requirement of ‘antitrust standing.’” Ethypharm S.A. Fr. v. Abbott Labs., 707 F.3d 

223, 232 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting City of Pittsburgh v. W. Penn Power Co., 147 F.3d 256, 

264 (3d Cir. 1998)) (footnote omitted). Antitrust standing augments the “case or 

controversy” requirement under Article III, but “does not affect the subject matter 

jurisdiction of the court.” Id. Rather, it simply “prevents a plaintiff from recovering 

under the antitrust laws.” Id.

The Supreme Court has articulated several factors that guide our analysis of

whether a plaintiff has antitrust standing: 

(1) the causal connection between the antitrust violation and 

the harm to the plaintiff and the intent by the defendant to 

cause that harm, with neither factor alone conferring standing; 

(2) whether the plaintiff’s alleged injury is of the type for 

which the antitrust laws were intended to provide redress; (3) 

the directness of the injury, which addresses the concerns that 

liberal application of standing principles might produce 

 

4 The District Court had jurisdiction over Novak’s federal antitrust claims pursuant 

to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the 

District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and review the facts in the light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party. Burns v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 642 F.3d 163, 170 

(3d Cir. 2011). We will affirm if our review reveals that “there is no genuine dispute as 

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a).

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speculative claims; (4) the existence of more direct victims of 

the alleged antitrust violations; and (5) the potential for 

duplicative recovery or complex apportionment of damages.

Ethypharm, 707 F.3d at 232–33 (citing Assoc. Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 

Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 545 (1983)). “The second factor, antitrust injury, 

‘is a necessary . . . condition of antitrust standing.’ If it is lacking, [a court] need not 

address the remaining [] factors.” Id. at 233 (quoting Barton & Pittinos, Inc. v. 

SmithKline Beecham Corp., 118 F.3d 178, 182 (3d Cir. 1997)) (citation omitted). To 

state a viable antitrust injury, a plaintiff must generally show that he is a competitor or a 

consumer in the relevant product and geographic markets in which competition was 

adversely impacted. See id.

A. Relevant Product Market

The relevant “product market” is comprised of “commodities reasonably 

interchangeable by consumers for the same purposes.” United States v. E.I. DuPont de 

Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 394 (1956). Interchangeability “implies that one product 

is roughly equivalent to another . . . [and] while there might be some degree of preference 

for the one over the other, either would work effectively.” Allen-Myland, Inc. v. Int’l 

Bus. Machs. Corp., 33 F.3d 194, 206 (3d Cir. 1994).

Novak argues that, by virtue of his Somerset Hospital privileges being terminated, 

he has been prevented from providing general and gastrointestinal (“GI”) surgery 

services to the patient base he served while at Somerset Hospital. He further argues that 

“tertiary care hospitals such as Conemaugh are not in the same product market as 

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Somerset” because Conemaugh Hospital offers more comprehensive services than 

Somerset Hospital. Appellant’s Br. at 42. 

As the District Court stated, the fact that Conemaugh Hospital is “a larger, more 

comprehensive facility,” than Somerset Hospital does not provide a “rational basis . . . 

for concluding that the general/GI surgical services offered at Conemaugh are not 

reasonable substitutes for those same types of services offered at Somerset Hospital.”

5

App. at 29. Accordingly, we agree with the District Court’s conclusion that Novak’s 

“product market definition . . . provides no rational basis for distinguishing between 

[general]/GI surgical services [at Somerset Hospital] and [general]/GI surgical services in 

the larger facilities like Conemaugh.” App. at 29.

B. Relevant Geographic Market

“The relevant geographic market is the area in which a potential buyer may 

rationally look for the goods or services he or she seeks.” Pa. Dental Ass’n v. Med. Serv. 

Ass’n of Pa., 745 F.2d 248, 260 (3d Cir. 1984). As Novak’s expert recognized, in 2005 

more than 32% of patients from Somerset Hospital’s primary service area were admitted 

to Conemaugh, Meyersdale, and Windber Hospitals. As such, Novak’s attempt to define 

the relevant geographic market as only Somerset Hospital is illogical and inconsistent 

with the record.

This conclusion is further supported by Novak’s own argument that Farrell sought

to terminate Novak’s privileges at Somerset Hospital in part because “Farrell disapproved 

 

5 As an example, when Somerset Hospital placed a moratorium on certain bariatric 

surgeries, Novak moved all of his bariatric surgeries to Conemaugh Hospital.

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of Dr. Novak’s treatment of patients at Conemaugh because it reduced income to 

Somerset.” Appellant’s Br. at 6. This argument necessarily (and correctly) assumes that 

potential patients seeking the surgical services Novak provides would rationally look to 

both Somerset and Conemaugh Hospitals. Accordingly, Novak’s definition of the 

relevant geographic market is legally insufficient.

When the relevant product and geographic markets are properly defined as 

including general/GI surgical services at Somerset and Conemaugh Hospitals, there is no 

evidence that Novak was shut out of the relevant market or that patient choice was 

restrained so as to demonstrate an actionable antitrust injury. See Mathews v. Lancaster 

Gen. Hosp., 87 F.3d 624, 641 (3d Cir. 1996). Because Novak failed to do so, we agree 

with the District Court that he lacks antitrust standing to pursue his claims and need not 

address the other antitrust standing factors.

III. CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing analysis, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of 

summary judgment in favor of Appellees.

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