Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-24-01261/USCOURTS-ca3-24-01261-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No. 24-1261

JAMES PEPPER,

Appellant

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL PENNSYLVANIA; 

DISTRICT ATTORNEY BUCKS COUNTY

 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(District Court No. 2-23-cv-03252)

District Judge: Honorable Karen S. Marston

Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

November 15, 2024

Before: RESTREPO, MONTGOMERY-REEVES, and AMBRO, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: December 13, 2024)

___________

OPINION*

___________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

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AMBRO, Circuit Judge

James Pepper filed a complaint against a local school official, and he wanted to 

talk publicly about it. But a Pennsylvania law made that a crime, so he challenged it in 

federal court. The District Court ruled that the law violated Pepper’s First Amendment 

rights and enjoined the local district attorney from prosecuting him. Free from the threat 

of prosecution, Pepper took his story public. Even though he sued the Commonwealth 

and won, he appeals, seeking more. Because we can offer him no further effectual relief, 

we dismiss his appeal as moot.

I. Background

In June 2023, Pepper submitted an educator misconduct complaint to the 

Pennsylvania Department of Education through an online portal. The complaint outlined 

his grievances against a school psychologist working at a Bucks County public school. 

In Pennsylvania, complaints like Pepper’s are governed by the Educator Discipline Act, 

24 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Ann. § 2070.1a et seq. (West 2024); see also § 2070.9. The Act

prohibits disclosing “information relating to” such complaints unless the educator is 

ultimately disciplined, or the complainant obtains prior authorization. § 2070.17b(a)–(b), 

(e). After consideration, the Department of Education informed Pepper that his 

complaint would be dismissed and warned him against “any unauthorized release of 

confidential information[.]” App. 149a.

Pepper “desire[d] to disclose the fact that he filed the Misconduct Complaint” and 

discuss its contents and the Department’s decision, so—proceeding under the pseudonym 

John Doe—he sued the Bucks County District Attorney and the Commonwealth’s

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Attorney General in the District Court. App. 58a–62a. He alleged that the Act’s 

confidentiality requirement restricted his free speech in violation of the First Amendment,

both facially and as applied to his conduct. Relevant here, the defendants argued that 

they were immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment and that the confidentiality 

requirement did not violate the First Amendment. The parties cross-moved for summary 

judgment.

The District Court ruled that the Attorney General was immune from suit because 

“the authority given to the Attorney General” to prosecute Pepper “is too attenuated to 

trigger Ex parte Young’s narrow exception to sovereign immunity.” Doe v. Schorn, 711 

F. Supp. 3d 375, 388 (E.D. Pa. 2024) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)).1 So

it granted summary judgment in her favor. Id. at 392.

But on determining that the District Attorney was not immune from suit,2the 

Court considered the merits of Pepper’s First Amendment claims and ruled that the Act’s 

confidentiality requirement was unconstitutional as applied to him.

3

Id. at 408. It also 

1 Generally, state officials sued in their official capacities “are immune from suit under 

the terms of the Eleventh Amendment and the doctrine of sovereign immunity.” Whole 

Woman’s Health v. Jackson, 595 U.S. 30, 39 (2021). But “a person seeking purely 

prospective relief against state officials for ongoing violations of federal law may sue 

under the ‘legal fiction’ of Ex parte Young, despite the text of the Eleventh Amendment.”

Koslow v. Pennsylvania, 302 F.3d 161, 168 (3d Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). To qualify 

for that exception, however, the official must have “some connection with the 

enforcement of the” allegedly unconstitutional “act.” Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 157.

2 The Court concluded that the District Attorney had not “met her burden of showing that 

she is entitled to immunity.” Schorn, 711 F. Supp. 3d at 385 n.3 (emphasis in original).

3 Because the Court declared the Act’s confidentiality provision unconstitutional as 

applied to Pepper, it did not rule on his facial challenges. Id. at 403 n.15.

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entered a permanent judgment order ruling that “Section 2070.17b(a), (b) of 

Pennsylvania’s Educator Discipline Act . . . is DECLARED unconstitutional as applied to 

Plaintiff in connection with his June 22, 2023 misconduct complaint,” and that the 

District Attorney “is PERMANENTLY ENJOINED from bringing criminal sanctions 

against Plaintiff” for violating the confidentiality provision in connection with his 

complaint. App. 3a–4a. This ruling seemed to allay Pepper’s fears of prosecution. He 

and his attorneys gave interviews to the media, discussing the details of his complaint and 

identifying him by name.4 See, e.g., Michael Rubinkam, A Pa. Law Shields Teacher 

Misconduct Complaints. A Judge Ruled That’s Unconstitutional., NBC10 Philadelphia 

(Jan. 25, 2024), [https://perma.cc/8ZBU-NUWX]. 

Even so, Pepper (now proceeding under his real name) timely appealed the 

District Court’s ruling, arguing that the District Court erred when it ruled the Attorney 

General is immune. The Attorney General contends the District Court was correct—her

relationship with enforcement of the confidentiality provision is too attenuated—and, in 

any event, the case is moot. We need consider only the latter point, with which we agree.

We dismiss Pepper’s appeal as moot.

4 We take judicial notice of these facts, which can be “readily determined from sources 

whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). 

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II. Discussion5

Legal questions of mootness are subject to plenary review on appeal. Blanciak v. 

Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 77 F.3d 690, 694 (3d Cir. 1996).

“[A] federal court has no authority to give opinions upon moot questions or 

abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the 

matter in issue in the case before it.” Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 506 

U.S. 9, 12 (1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). A case is moot on appeal if we 

cannot afford “any effectual relief whatever to a prevailing party[.]” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted). We find such a case here.

The District Court has already “DECLARED” the confidentiality provision 

“unconstitutional as applied to Plaintiff.” App. 4a. That decision, which the Attorney 

General did not cross-appeal, is res judicata. See Haaland v. Brackeen, 599 U.S. 255, 

293 (2023) (“[T]he point of a declaratory judgment is to establish a binding adjudication 

that enables the parties to enjoy the benefits of reliance and repose secured by res 

judicata.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).6 Thus, the Attorney General could not 

enforce the provision against Pepper even if she wanted.

Even so, Pepper argues that “the AG continues to refuse to guarantee that she will 

not prosecute Pepper after his putative violation of law.” Reply Br. 5–6. But that 

5 The District Court had jurisdiction over Pepper’s suit under 18 U.S.C. § 1331. We have 

jurisdiction over Pepper’s appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

6 The District Attorney also “acceded to the decision against her, in favor of Pepper.”

Answering Br. 7.

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argument is hard to parse through the prism of reality. The law is unconstitutional as 

applied to the facts of this case. The Attorney General, by failing to cross-appeal, so 

concedes. And Pepper, by going public, seems assured by the District Court’s ruling.

Thus, deciding that the Attorney General is not immune “will have no practical effect 

upon the existing controversy.” Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co. v. Lacey Twp., 772 F.2d 

1103, 1108 (3d Cir. 1985).

These practical considerations have ample support in case law. As several of our 

sister circuits have held, if a statute is declared unconstitutional during litigation, lawsuits 

seeking to challenge the constitutionality of the statute or to vindicate rights thereunder 

become moot. See Wis. Right to Life, Inc. v. Schober, 366 F.3d 485, 492 (7th Cir. 2004) 

(dismissing case as moot where “the statute was declared to be unconstitutional[,] . . . and 

it has never been enforced”); McCoy v. Augusta Fiberglass Coatings, Inc., 593 F.3d 737, 

743–44 (8th Cir. 2010) (similar); Phelps v. Hamilton, 122 F.3d 1309, 1326 (10th Cir. 

1997) (similar). We have similarly held that the “voluntary cessation” of activities 

deemed unconstitutional may moot a case contesting those activities when the defendant 

does not continue to assert their constitutionality. Hartnett v. Pa. State Educ. Ass’n, 963 

F.3d 301, 306–07 (3d Cir. 2020); see also Alpha Painting & Constr. Co., Inc. v. Del. 

River Port Auth. of Pa. N.J., 822 F. App’x 61, 67 n.6 (3d Cir. 2020) (applying that rule in 

a case like this). Here, the contested activity is prosecution under the Act, and the 

defendant is the Attorney General. She has not appealed the District Court’s order 

declaring the Act’s confidentiality provision unconstitutional, and, in this appeal, she 

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7

asserts only that she is not a proper party—not that the Court is wrong about the 

provision’s constitutionality. This moots Pepper’s case. 

* * *

Pepper wanted to publicize his complaint against an educator, but a state law made 

that illegal. He challenged that law, received a ruling that it was unconstitutional as 

applied to him, and went public with his complaint. The Attorney General does not resist 

this outcome. Because Pepper “receive[d] all that he has sought generally,” Deposit 

Guar. Nat’l Bank, Jackson, Miss. v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333 (1980), we dismiss his

appeal as moot.

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