Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_14-cv-01197/USCOURTS-casd-3_14-cv-01197-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 510
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Vacate Sentence
Cause of Action: 28:2255 Motion to Vacate / Correct Illegal Sentence

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

MICHAEL DWAYNE TRYALS, 

Plaintiff,

v. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Defendant.

 Case No.: 08-cr-0256-L (7) 

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 

VACATE, SET ASIDE, OR 

CORRECT SENTENCE PURSUANT 

TO 28 U.S.C. § 2255 [ECF NO. 685]; 

Petitioner, Michael Dwayne Tryals (“Petitioner”) filed a motion to vacate, set 

aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (“Motion” or “Mot”). The 

government filed a Response in Opposition (“Opposition” or “Oppo”) to Petitioner’s 

Motion, and Petitioner has replied (“Traverse”). The Court has reviewed the record, the 

submissions of the parties, and the supporting exhibits. For the reasons set forth below, 

the Court DENIES Petitioner’s motion 

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I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

FBI agents began surveillance on Petitioner’s criminal co-conspirator Lee Walker 

in 2007. As part of that effort, Walker’s cell phones were wiretapped and video camera 

surveillance was conducted on his apartment. In numerous wiretapped calls, Petitioner 

and Walker discussed buying, supplying, or financing large quantities of crack cocaine. A 

drug expert testified regarding the significance of the amount of crack cocaine and the 

terminology used by Petitioner and Walker during their calls which used coded language 

to refer to the cost and amount of drugs. For example, in one recorded call, Petitioner 

told Walker that he went to Church’s Chicken (code for his crack supplier) “to get a box 

of chicken . . . ten for five dollars [ten ounces of crack cocaine at $500 per ounce],” but 

that the supplier “only gave me eight pieces for the same amount of money.” (Rptr’s Tr. 

at 679-80 (Mar. 1, 2011)). Petitioner and Walker also used phrases such as “four 

sandwiches” and “four carne asadas” to refer to drug amounts. After the wiretapped cell 

phone calls, video camera surveillance and telephone records showed that Petitioner 

picked up crack cocaine at Walker’s apartment on January 8, 2008 during both the 

morning and afternoon, shortly after Walker’s supplier was seen making deliveries. 

On January 16, 2008, FBI agents executed a search warrant at Petitioner’s home in 

San Diego, California where they discovered digital scales with crack cocaine residue; 

nine cell phones; $1,360 in cash; an unused glass crack pipe; and assorted drug 

paraphernalia. Petitioner was arrested for conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine and was 

arraigned on a complaint the next day. On January 30, 2008, a grand jury charged 

Petitioner and 12 co-defendants in a 10-count indictment with conspiracy to distribute 

crack cocaine, which carried a 10-year mandatory minimum sentence. 

During trial the jury received all the above referenced evidence including the cell 

phones, wiretap calls, crack cocaine, video surveillance evidence and also heard 

testimony about voice identification, drug distribution and business records linking 

Petitioner’s phone to the evidence. 

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Petitioner now claims that he received deficient performance from trial and 

appellate counsel, and asserts a claim of actual innocence. 

II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Petitioner was charged in a Second Superceding Indictment on September 14, 2010 

with conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846. The 

Court conducted a jury trial from March 1, 2011 to March 3, 2011. On March 4, 2011, 

the jury returned a guilty verdict against Petitioner on Count 1. On September 14, 2011, 

this Court sentenced Petitioner to the mandatory minimum sentence of 240 months in 

custody with a 10 year term of supervised release to follow. 

Petitioner appealed his conviction, and on May 15, 2013 the Ninth Circuit affirmed 

the conviction and sentence. United States v. Tryals, 525 Fed.Appx. 554 (9th Cir. 

2013)(unpublished). On May 12, 2014, Petitioner filed the present motion to vacate, set 

aside, or correct sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which he amended with leave of 

Court on July 28, 2014. 

The government filed a response in opposition to Petitioner’s motion on September 

25, 2014, and Petitioner filed a Traverse on December 3, 2014. For the reasons set forth 

below, the Court denies Petitioner’s motion. 

III. DISCUSSION

A. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel 

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must prove by a 

preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the assistance provided by counsel fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for 

counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). To satisfy the deficiency prong of the Strickland 

test, the Petitioner must show that his counsel’s performance “fell below an objective 

standard of reasonableness” and was not “within the range of competence demanded of 

attorneys in criminal cases.” Id. at 687 (quoting in part McMahan v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 

759, 771 (1970). In considering this issue, there is a “strong presumption that counsel’s 

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conduct falls within a wide range of professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 

Moreover, courts typically find that post hoc complaints about the strategy or tactics that 

defense counsel employed are insufficient to satisfy the first prong of Strickland. See, e.g.,

United States v. Simmons, 923 F.2d 934, 956 (2d. Cir. 1991) (holding that appellant’s 

displeasure with strategy employed by trial counsel was insufficient to establish 

ineffectiveness). Counsel’s poor tactical decisions only amount to ineffective assistance 

when the defendant can produce enough evidence to “overcome the presumption that, 

under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). 

1. Claim One- Failure to File Timely Notice of Appeal 

With regard to trial counsel, Petitioner claims his attorney Mr. David Bartick1

, 

promised to file a notice of appeal the day Petitioner was sentenced, but the notice of 

appeal was submitted much later. (Mot. 8)2

 The Government counters that Mr. Bartick 

did not promise to file an appeal the day of sentencing. Instead, Bartick asked to have 

new counsel appointed for Petitioner due to the potential conflict posed by Petitioner’s 

plan to challenge trial counsel’s performance. (Reporter’s Transcript at 1338 (Sep. 12, 

2011).) 

The record belies Petitioner’s contention. On the day Petitioner was sentenced, 

Bartick requested “that new counsel be appointed for Mr. Tryals on appeal” stating that 

he believed there would be “a conflict if I handle his appellate matter.” (Id.). The Court 

appointed appellate counsel Jerald L. Brainin the next day, who filed a notice of appeal 

that day. (Id. at 1341). By acknowledging the potential conflict of serving as Petitioner’s 

trial and appellate counsel, Bartick’s representation fell within the range of competence 

required of criminal defense attorneys because the right to “conflict-free counsel” is 

                                               

1

 Petitioner’s trial counsel is now a United States Magistrate Judge, however, the Court will refer to him 

as “Mr. Bartick” or “Bartick,” as that is how he was known during the trial court proceedings. 

2

 The Court refers to the page numbers inserted on the top right corner per the Court’s electronic filing 

system for consistency purposes. 

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guaranteed to defendants under the Sixth Amendment, and failure to provide such 

counsel constitutes grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. McMahan, 397 

U.S. at 771; United States v. Baker, 256 F.3d 855, 859-60 (9th Cir. 2001). Accordingly, 

Mr. Bartick’s representation was not deficient for his failure to file a Notice of Appeal 

and this portion of Claim One fails. 

2. Claim Three - Code-word Testimony 

Petitioner faults trial counsel with failing to call a code-word expert and effectively 

cross-examine the prosecution’s code-word expert in light of the fact that the prosecution 

relied heavily on references to code-words to demonstrate Petitioner’s involvement with 

the drug transactions. (Mot. 16.) Petitioner contends that counsel’s failure was made 

more prejudicial by the fact that the evidence against him was merely circumstantial, 

therefore, the code-word evidence was highly damaging. The Government contends 

there is no merit to Petitioner’s claim arguing: 1) the Government did not call an expert 

witness but instead allowed the case agent to testify as a lay witness about the meanings 

of various coded words; 2) trial counsel made a strategic decision after thorough 

investigation to refrain from pursuing an attack on the code-word analysis for multiple 

reasons; and 3) evidence existed that Petitioner referenced dollar and drug amounts 

without using code words during some calls leading defense counsel to make a tactical 

decision to downplay the code words and focus on other weaknesses in the prosecution’s 

case. (Oppo. 11-13.) 

At trial, evidence was presented that Petitioner and his co-conspirators used code 

words to refer to both type and amount of drugs. For instance, when speaking to drug 

supplier Lee Walker, Petitioner said he was going to Church’s Chicken (code for the 

crack supplier) “to get a box of chicken . . . ten for five dollars [ten ounces of crack 

cocaine at $500 per ounce],” but that the supplier “only give me eight pieces for the same 

amount of money.” (Rptr’s Tr. 679-80 (Mar. 1, 2011).) However, at other times, 

Petitioner and Walker did not use code words. In a phone conversation immediately 

following, Petitioner states that the drug cost “five thirty-five man, per ounce” without 

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using any code words. (Id. 680-81; Government Supplemental Excerpts of Record 

(“SER”) at 1194 [ECF NO. 719.]) Similarly, in a November 16, 2007 phone call, Walker 

told Petitioner that “the minimum [sale] is like a hundred twenty-five [125 grams], like 

four and a half [4 1⁄2 ounces].” (Rptr’s Tr. at 730-32 (Mar. 2, 2011); SER at1242-43 [ECF 

NO. 719.]) 

Although Petitioner argues that his trial counsel erred by failing to call an expert in 

code word analysis to rebut the prosecution’s expert, the Government did not utilize an 

expert witness but instead used the case agent to provide lay witness testimony about 

code words, with the Court’s approval. (Gov’t Motion in Limine at 14-16; Rptr’s Tr. at 

12; (Feb. 22, 2011); Rptr’s Tr. at 671-682 (Mar. 1, 2011).) Moreover, defense counsel 

states he made a “strategic decision not to use a defense code word expert, as [he] 

believe[d] that contesting the code word analysis overtly during the presentation of 

evidence would be a losing battle that would hurt [his] credibility with the jury” noting 

that some of Petitioner’s phone calls did not use code words. (Gov’t Oppo., Ex. A, 

Affidavit of David Bartick at 1.) This decision was made after counsel employed a 

private investigator to determine whether there could be any non-drug related 

interpretation of the words, including research into whether Church’s Chicken sold a ten 

piece meal during the relevant time for $5. (Id. at 3.) Trial counsel recollects that after 

procuring writs to transport many of Petitioner’s former co-defendants to San Diego, 

California, to be interviewed, the individuals failed to exonerate Petitioner and admitted 

that “they did use words like ‘chicken,’ ‘tacos,’ and ‘burritos’ as code words for ounces 

of crack cocaine.” (Id. at 3.) As a result, trial counsel chose to focus on the lack of drug 

seizures from Petitioner, the small number of times he was observed at Walker’s 

apartment, and the lack of forensic evidence rather than focus on code-word evidence. 

(Id. at 4.) 

As is clear from defense counsel’s affidavit, he made a strategic decision to refrain 

from challenging the code-word evidence after engaging in focused investigation and 

weighing the advantages and disadvantages of attacking the code-word testimony. 

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Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91 (“[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of 

law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic 

choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent 

that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”) 

Instead, he chose to attack the circumstantial nature of the evidence via other paths, and 

chose to maintain his credibility with the jury to ensure these arguments were well 

received. Therefore the Court finds no deficient performance and denies Petitioner’s 

claim. 

3. Claim Four- Projected Image 

In his fourth claim, Petitioner contends that during opening statements the 

prosecution displayed a large image of him via a projector that had the word “Guilty” 

labeled across his face, yet trial counsel did not request a mistrial despite the clearly 

prejudicial effect of this incident. (Mot. at 24). Petitioner argues that he is certain the 

jurors saw the image because the Court instructed the jurors to turn on their monitors at 

the beginning of the prosecution’s opening statements. (Traverse at 13.) Although trial 

counsel raised the issue before the Court and noted his concern about the image, he did 

not move for a mistrial, and did not accept the Court’s offer to have the court clerk sworn 

in when she stated that the jurors could not see the image, which was a strategic error. 

(Id.) Petitioner argues that no curative instruction was given to the jurors compounding 

the error. (Id. 12.) 

No such incident occurred according to the government. Instead, the last slide of 

the prosecution’s opening statement Power Point presentation displayed the word 

“guilty” in all caps on a blank screen under the case name (which included Petitioner’s 

name) and was visible only at counsel’s table. (Oppo. 14-15). The jury did not see the 

image because the court clerk confirmed that the individual monitors were not activated 

at that time. There was no basis for trial counsel to object and request a mistrial in light 

of the fact that the image was not broadcast to the jurors. (Id.) 

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The Court finds no deficiency in trial counsel’s performance. The record 

demonstrates that trial counsel raised the issue before the Court outside the presence of 

jurors when he stated: 

At the end of closing statements, I think just actually prior to the first witness 

taking the witness stand, flashed on our screen was a picture of Mr. Tryals, his name, and 

then “GUILTY” underneath it. I anticipate that that was part of a Power Point for Mr. 

Schopler for his closing. But it just concerned me that it was displayed on our computer 

monitor at counsel table. I have spoken to your clerk. It’s my understanding that it 

wasn’t displayed to the jury on their monitors, but I just wanted to make a formal record 

of it. 

(Rptr’s Tr. at 664 (Mar. 1, 2011).) 

The Court confirmed with the courtroom clerk that the image was not displayed to 

the jury and the prosecutor stated it was a part of his opening statement Power Point but 

was not displayed to the jurors. (Id. at 664-65.) According to the sworn declaration 

provided by Mr. Bartick, 

The scene that Mr. Tryals describes, however, never happened. The 

prosecution never projected a photo of Mr. Tryals with the word “guilty” 

across his face, although the last slide of the prosecution’s opening statement 

Power Point presentation did display the word “guilty” in all caps on a blank 

screen under the case name. 

(Oppo. Ex. 1 at 4.) 

Mr. Bartick stated that “the prosecution’s opening statement and Power Point 

presentation were unobjectionable, as prosecutors routinely forecast to juries in opening 

that they will prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Id.) 

Both the trial transcript and Mr. Bartick’s sworn statement indicate that the image 

described by Petitioner was not displayed on the jurors’ monitors. Even so, trial counsel 

made a record of the incident. Because the image of Petitioner was not displayed for the 

jury to see, Petitioner suffered no prejudice. The Court finds no error in trial counsel’s 

failure to object and move for a mistrial as such demonstratives are permissible in 

openings and closings. Baumann v. United States, 692 F.2d 565, 572 (9th Cir. 1982)(“The 

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failure to raise a meritless legal argument does not constitute ineffective assistance of 

counsel”). For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Petitioner’s ineffective 

assistance of trial counsel claim on this ground. 

B. Appellate Counsel 

The right to effective assistance of counsel on appeal is guaranteed to every 

criminal defendant. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 391-97 (1985). Ineffective assistance 

of appellate counsel claims are considered under the standard set forth in Strickland

which requires that the Petitioner “show that appellate counsel's representation fell below 

an objective standard of reasonableness, and that, but for counsel's errors, a reasonable 

probability exists that he would have prevailed on appeal.” Hurles v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 

768, 785 (9th Cir. 2014). 

1. Claim One- Speedy Trial Act 

Petitioner claims that his appellate counsel failed to engage in meaningful 

discovery regarding the facts underlying his Speedy Trial Act claim and failed to 

challenge the Court’s finding that his discovery motion had been abandoned for purposes 

of the excludable time calculation. (Mot. at 8). As a result of counsel’s errors, Petitioner 

contends he was not able to challenge the Court’s determination that he was entitled to 

only 54 days of non-excludable time when it should have been more than 200 days of 

non-excludable time under the Act and would have required dismissal of the indictment. 

(Id.) 

In response, the Government notes that although Petitioner raised this issue during 

trial, on appeal, and now via collateral attack, this Court and three Circuit Judges 

previously ruled that his Speedy Trial Act claim was meritless. (Oppo. at 16.) In 

addition, the Government notes that if Petitioner is correct that his discovery motion was 

not abandoned but was pending until it was heard at the Speedy Trial Act hearing, all the 

time between the filing of the motion and the hearing would have been excluded from the 

70 day clock, and his trial would have commenced within the allowable time, foreclosing 

a Speedy Trial Act violation claim. (Id.) 

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The record demonstrates that counsel did not render ineffective assistance for 

failing to pursue the Speedy Trial Act claim on Petitioner’s behalf. Petitioner filed his 

discovery motion on January 8, 2009. [ECF NO. 180.] During the January 19, 2010, 

hearing, Petitioner contended that he had not been receiving discovery in a timely 

manner, to which the government responded that discovery production had concluded. 

(Rptr’s Tr. at 276 (Jan. 19, 2010).) At that hearing, the Court told Petitioner that Bartick 

was preparing other motions to file and indeed, while the discovery motion was pending, 

a Motion to Dismiss the Indictment due to Speedy Trial Act Violation was filed on his 

behalf on June 3, 2010, which stopped the Speedy Trial Act clock from running. [ECF 

NO 456.] On June 17, 2010, the Court conducted a hearing on Petitioner’s Motion to 

Dismiss under the Speedy Trial Act, at which time the parties acknowledged that the 

originally filed discovery motion had, in essence, been abandoned by the time the 

January 19, 2010 hearing occurred because, in part, all the requested discovery had been 

turned over. (Rptr’s Tr. at 348, 352 (Jun. 17, 2010).) 

Generally, a discovery motion will toll the Speedy Trial clock if there is a live 

dispute or if the motion is “continued until a date certain or the happening of an event 

certain.” United States v. Sutter, 340 F.3d 1022, 1028-29, 1032 (9th Cir. 2003). Here, 

the Court concluded that the discovery motion was moot on January 19, 2010, which 

started the clock running again. By the time of the Speedy Trial Act hearing on June 17, 

2010, 54 of the 70 days allowed under the Speedy Trial Act had elapsed. Because the 

facts demonstrate that the Court correctly calculated the excludable time under the Act, 

appellate counsel’s choice to refrain from pursuing a meritless claim to challenge the 

Speedy Trial Act calculation on Petitioner’s behalf was not objectively unreasonable. 

Strickland, 466 U.S. 687. Even if appellate counsel did not conduct any investigation or 

allow Petitioner to assist in his appeal, as Petitioner contends, there was no reasonable 

probability that he would have prevailed on appeal in light of the fact that there was no 

Speedy Trial Act violation. Hurles, 752 F.3d at 785. Finally, the government is correct 

that if Petitioner’s discovery motion was pending from the time it was filed until the 

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hearing on the Speedy Trial Act motion, all that time would have been excluded under 

the Speedy Trial Act, which would ensure no violation. Accordingly, Petitioner’s claim 

fails. 

2. Claim Two- Sentencing Challenges 

Petitioner argues that appellate counsel failed to challenge his 20-year mandatory 

minimum sentence despite the fact that 1) the sentence is “longer than authorized by the 

statute of the conviction;” 2) the Sentencing Guidelines are advisory and not mandatory, 

and 3) he is entitled to relief under Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 2151 (2013). 

(Mot. at 13.) 

In response, the Government argues that Petitioner’s 20-year sentence was well 

within the authorized guidelines because the jury found Petitioner guilty of conspiracy to 

distribute 280 grams or more of crack cocaine, resulting in a statutory maximum possible 

sentence of life in prison. (Oppo. at 17.) In light of the fact that the statutory 20-year 

mandatory minimum applied, the Government contends that the advisory nature of the 

Guidelines is irrelevant. (Id.) Finally, the Government claims that Alleyne has no 

relevance to Petitioner’s case. (Id.) 

The Court finds no deficient performance in appellate counsel’s failure to 

challenge the length of Petitioner’s sentence because the statutes under which Petitioner 

was convicted authorize a sentence of up to life in prison, therefore, his 20-year sentence 

was not “longer than authorized by the statute of conviction.” See 21 U.S.C. §§ 

841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (any person who violates 841(a) “shall be sentenced to a term of 

imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years or more than life.”) Moreover, 

Petitioner had a prior felony drug conviction which increased his penalty to a statutory 

20-year mandatory minimum. Id. Although Petitioner claims that the Court, and not the 

jury, improperly found that he had the requisite predicate offense to support the 

mandatory minimum enhancement under Alleyne, findings such as the one made by the 

Court here have been upheld by the Ninth Circuit. United States v Miller, 568 Fed.Appx. 

502, 503 (9th Cir. Apr. 11, 2014)(unpublished)(“[A] prior conviction is a sentencing 

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factor, not an element of the crime, therefore it need not be charged in the indictment or 

found by the jury.”) Because Petitioner’s sentence was statutorily authorized, any 

challenge would have been futile, therefore, appellate counsel did not render deficient 

performance for failing to appeal the sentence. See Wildman v. Johnson, 261 F.3d 832, 

840 (9th Cir. 2001) (“appellate counsel's failure to raise issues on direct appeal does not 

constitute ineffective assistance when appeal would not have provided grounds for 

reversal.”) 

3. Claim Five- Client Communication & Right to Counsel 

In Claim Five, Petitioner argues that his appellate counsel failed to communicate 

with him for long periods of time, failed to act on Petitioner’s requests, and neglected 

“exculpatory elements of issue[sic] such as conviction, sentencing and submitting 

motions.” (Mot. at 23.) More specifically, Petitioner claims he had a right to assistance 

in filing his petition for certiorari with the United States Supreme Court under the 

Criminal Justice Act, 18 U.S.C. §3006 A, and Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 44(a), 

but that his attorney, Brainin, refused Petitioner’s request for help. (Id.) 

The government disagrees, arguing that neither section 3006A nor Rule 44(a) 

guarantee a right to assistance of counsel for a writ of certiorari. (Oppo. at 17.) Instead, 

the government contends that a criminal defendant has no right to counsel for a 

discretionary petition for writ of certiorari, therefore the Court need not engage in a 

Strickland analysis of appellate counsel’s performance. (Id. at 18.) 

It is unclear from the Petition whether Petitioner is claiming that the lapses in 

communication with his appellate counsel relate to his desire to file a writ of certiorari to 

the Supreme Court, or whether they concern his ongoing appeal. To the extent he is 

complaining of counsel’s perceived inadequacies as it relates to a writ of certiorari, 

Petitioner’s claim is without merit, as the government correctly points out that a criminal 

defendant has no right to counsel for a discretionary petition of writ of certiorari. See 

Smith v. Idaho, 392 F.3d 350, 357 (9th Cir. 2004)(“It is well-established that criminal 

defendants have no constitutional right to counsel beyond their first appeal as of right.”) 

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As to Petitioner’s contentions that appellate counsel did not communicate with him 

or respond in a timely fashion to requests, it is well-established that the right to effective 

representation includes the right to communicate with counsel during critical stages in the 

proceedings. See Daniels v Woodford, 428 F.3d 1181, 1197 (9th Cir. 2005.) However, 

here, Petitioner does not support his claim with specific facts but instead makes a cursory 

allegation that “Counsel Brainin began the appeal process with his client by not 

communicating with [sic] for long amount of time. By not responsing[sic] to any 

verbally[sic] or written request.” (Pet at 28.) Although a Petitioner proceeding pro se 

enjoys great latitude with respect to pleading standards, bare allegations standing alone 

are insufficient to maintain a claim. Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). 

The record reflects that some kind of breakdown occurred in the attorney-client 

relationship during the appellate process as Petitioner requested multiple extensions of 

time to file his opening brief and ultimately requested that Brainin be removed as 

counsel. However, the appellate court denied Petitioner’s request, and Brainin timely 

filed the opening brief on May 25, 2012. United States v. Tryals, No. 11-50365 (9th Cir. 

May 25, 2012). The Court finds no support for Petitioner’s claim that Brainin rendered 

deficient performance and notes that despite Petitioner’s dissatisfaction with counsel, his 

appeal proceeded in a timely and efficient manner under Brainin’s guidance. See 

Pollard v. White, 119 F.3d 1430, 1435 (9th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, the Court denies 

Petitioner’s claim. 

6. Claim Six- Alleyne 

Petitioner argues that his sentence was wrongly increased from 120 months to a 

mandatory minimum of 240 when the Court determined that his prior conviction 

qualified as a sentence enhancing predicate offense despite the holding in Alleyne, 133 

S.Ct. at 2151 that established that any factor which increases sentencing must be found 

by a jury. (Mot. at 29 [ECF No. 700.]) Because appellate counsel did not challenge the 

Court’s finding, Petitioner claims his representation was deficient. (Id.) 

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 The government counters that the holding of Alleyne, and its progeny, actually 

support and approve of the Court’s determination that that Petitioner’s prior conviction 

for a felony drug offense was a sentencing factor, not an element of the crime to be found 

by the jury. (Oppo at 18-19.) 

 The government is correct. In Alleyne, the United States Supreme Court held that 

“any fact that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is an ‘element’ that must be 

submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt.” Alleyne, 133 S.Ct. at 2155. 

An exception exists for prior convictions which are treated as sentencing factors and not 

as an “element” of the crime, and may therefore be found by a judge, not a jury, without 

running afoul of Alleyne. See United States v. Pacheco-Zepeda, 234 F.3d 411, 415 (9th

Cir. 2000); Alamendarez-Torrez v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 246 (1998). Here, 

Petitioner received a 20 year mandatory minimum sentence based on two findings: 1) the 

drug quantity, which the jury determined (Jury Verdict [ECF NO. 564.]); and (2) his prior 

felony drug offense conviction, which the Court determined. (Rptr’s Tr. at 18 (Sep. 12, 

2011) [ECF NO. 635.]) As a result, appellate counsel did not render deficient 

performance for failing to challenge the Court’s sentencing determination in light of the 

fact that a prior conviction may warrant an enhancement. For the foregoing reasons, 

Petitioner’s claim fails. 

 7. Claim Nine- Witness Testimony 

 Petitioner contends his appellate counsel did not challenge the trial testimony of 

witnesses who testified as both lay and expert witnesses, despite trial counsel’s objections 

to that testimony during trial, and instead told Petitioner he must raise those issues on 

collateral attack in a section 2255 motion. (Mot. at 38 [ECF NO. 700.]) In response the 

government asserts that the claim has no merit because no fact witnesses gave any expert 

testimony. Instead, the Court permitted the government’s case agent to translate various 

code words as a matter of lay opinion and allowed a few Spanish terms to be translated 

without any expert testimony. (Oppo. 20.) Further, to the extent the government called 

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expert witnesses, Petitioner received sufficient notice of the content of their testimony. 

(Id.) 

 Petitioner has not provided any facts supporting his allegation and does not give 

the name or subject matter of the testimony of any witness who allegedly wore two hats 

by testifying as both a lay and expert witness. Indeed, the Court has found no evidence in 

the record that any witnesses gave both lay and expert testimony, therefore, appellate 

counsel did not render ineffective assistance for refusing to pursue claims on direct 

appeal regarding “dual hat” testimony. Turner v. Calderon, 281 F.3d 851, 872 (9th Cir. 

2002)(“A failure to raise untenable issues on appeal does not fall below the Strickland 

standard.”) Accordingly, Petitioner’s claim fails. 

C. Claim Seven- Actual Innocence 

In Claim Seven, Petitioner argues that there was insufficient evidence to support 

his conviction and sentence, yet appellate counsel did not challenge his conviction. (Mot. 

34.) In response, the Government contends that Petitioner fails to present any evidence 

that he is actually innocent of the crime, and his argument that there was insufficient 

evidence fails because there was an abundance of evidence, as reflected by the statement 

of facts. (Oppo. 19.) 

 In order to establish actual innocence, a petitioner must demonstrate that, in light of 

all the evidence, “it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted 

him.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S 298, 327 (1995). Here, Petitioner’s claim is devoid of any 

facts or evidence supporting his claim. Moreover, the evidence overwhelmingly supported 

the jury’s verdict. A search warrant executed at Petitioner’s home yielded nine cell phones, 

over $1,000 in cash, two scales with crack cocaine residue on them, and assorted drug 

paraphernalia. (Rptr’s Tr. 854, 860-61, 895, 900, 909, 926 (Mar. 2, 2011); Rptr’s Tr. at 

953-54, 981, 1002-06, 1010-11, 1123-25, 1131, 1148, 1150 (Mar. 3, 2011).) The FBI 

recorded multiple conversations between Petitioner and a crack dealer named Lee Walker 

via wiretap in which they discussed buying, supplying or financing over 3 1⁄2 pounds of 

crack cocaine. (Rptr’s Tr. at 991-1001 (Mar. 3, 2011); Rptr’s Tr. at 1331 (Sep. 12, 2011).) 

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After the conclusion of the wiretap, video camera surveillance and telephone call records 

showed Petitioner picking up crack cocaine at Walker’s apartment twice. (Rptr’s Tr. at 

738-51 (Mar. 2, 2011); Rptr’s Tr. at 1275-76 (Sep. 12, 2011).) 

Petitioner’s claim similarly fails even if the Court construes liberally construes it as 

an insufficient evidence claim. When addressing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, the 

Court asks, “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). The 

evidence clearly supported the jury’s finding of the elements of the crime with which 

Petitioner was charged, as indicated above. For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies 

Petitioner’s motion on this ground. 

D. Claim Eight- 20 Year Sentence Enhancement 

Petitioner argues that this Court erred when it found that his 1997 conviction under 

California Penal Code section 11378 for possession of methamphetamine for sale 

qualified as a felony involving drugs that triggered the 20-year statutory maximum 

sentence. (Mot. 35.) Instead, Petitioner contends section 11378 does not categorically 

qualify as a drug trafficking offense because 1) it criminalizes more substances than are 

included in the controlled substances act, and 2) the federal term “drug trafficking 

offense” does not include “transportation of a controlled substance for personal use, and 

offers to transport, sell, furnish, administer or give away a controlled substance,” citing 

United States v. Descamps, 133 S.Ct. 2276 (2013). (Mot. 35-37). In response the 

Government asserts that Descamps is inapplicable here because Petitioner’s conviction 

for possession of methamphetamine for sale in violation of Cal. Health & Safety Code 

§11378 is a “prior conviction for a felony drug offense” under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) 

which triggers the statutory 20-year minimum mandatory. (Oppo. 20.) 

 “[U]nder the categorical approach set forth in Taylor, courts ‘look only to the fact 

of conviction and the statutory definition of [a] prior offense’ to determine whether that 

prior offense can be used for a sentencing enhancement under the federal Guidelines.” 

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United States v Valdavinos-Torres, 704 F.3d 679, 691 (9th Cir. 2012)(internal citations 

omitted). Where a state statute is overbroad because it criminalizes conduct which would 

not constitute a drug trafficking offense under federal sentencing law, a prior conviction 

under that statute “does not categorically qualify as a basis for enhancing [a] defendant's 

sentence.” Id. In that case, the court must turn to the so-called “modified categorical 

approach” in which the Court conducts a “limited examination of documents in the 

conviction record to determine if there is sufficient evidence to conclude whether the 

defendant was convicted of the elements of the generically defined crime, even though 

Section 11378 is facially over-inclusive.” Valdavinos-Torres, 704 F.3d at 687. 

In the present case, Petitioner pled guilty in San Diego Superior Court case number 

SCD 122199 to felony possession of methamphetamine for sale pursuant to California 

Health & Safety Code § 11378 on May 9, 1997. (Information to Establish Prior 

Conviction, Notice of Penalty Enhancement, Ex E-3 [ECF NO. 555-3.]) The Ninth 

Circuit has held that “California's controlled substances schedules are broader than their 

federal counterparts and punish some substances not included in the Controlled 

Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. § 802. See, e.g., Valdavinos-Torres, 704 F.3d at 687; Ruiz–

Vidal v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir.2007)(abrogated on other grounds; 

Cabantac v. Holder, 736 F.3d 787, 792 (9th Cir.2013) (same). As a result, this Court 

conducts the modified categorical approach and looks to the charging documents to 

determine whether the elements of the section 11378 conviction meet the definition of a 

“drug trafficking offense” as defined under Section 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Valdavinos-Torres, 

704 F.3d at 687. The Court may look to “the statutory definition, charging document, 

written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the 

trial judge to which the defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 

(2005)(abrogated on other grounds). 

The court documents in Petitioner’s underlying conviction include the felony 

complaint, information, guilty plea form, judgment and abstracts of judgment. (Info. to 

Establish Prior Conv., Notice of Penalty Enhancement Exhibits 1-5 [ECF NO 555-1-5.]) 

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Petitioner was charged in Count 1 of the Felony Complaint and Information, with 

“possession for purpose of sale a controlled substance, to wit, methamphetamine.” (Id. 

Ex. 551-E1,2). In the Plea of Guilty form, Petitioner initialed the box indicating he was 

pleading guilty to Count 1, the violation of section 11738 listed in the Complaint and 

Information. (Id. Ex 551-E3). Finally, the Judgment indicates that Petitioner was 

committed to the Department of Corrections to a term of 4 years on count 1 for a 

violation of section 11378. (Not. Ex 551-E4). Each of these documents references 

section 11378 which provides a sufficient link to show that Petitioner pled guilty to 

possession of methamphetamine for sale. See Valdavinos-Torres, 704 F.3d at 692. 

 Because methamphetamine is one of the drugs listed on the federal controlled 

substances schedules, Petitioner’s prior conviction is a “drug trafficking offense” as 

defined under Section 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) and serves as a predicate for the 20 year sentencing 

enhancement. See 21 U.S.C. §841(b)(1)(1)(A). (“If any person commits a violation under 

section 841 “after a prior conviction for a felony drug offense has become final, such 

person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 20 years 

and not more than life imprisonment.”) In light of the above, Petitioner’s claim that his 

underlying conviction does not support the 20 year sentencing enhancement lacks merit 

and is denied. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Vacate, Set

Aside, or Correct Sentence under 28 U.S.C. §2255. 

IT IS SO ORDERED 

Dated: 8/9/2017

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