Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_19-cv-01500/USCOURTS-caed-1_19-cv-01500-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Civil Rights Act

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JENNIFER MENDOZA,

Plaintiff,

v.

CITY OF FRESNO, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 1:19-cv-01500-DAD-EPG

SCREENING ORDER REQUIRING

PLAINTIFF TO:

(1) FILE A FIRST AMENDED 

COMPLAINT;

OR

(2) NOTIFY THE COURT THAT SHE 

WISHES TO STAND ON HER

COMPLAINT, SUBJECT TO THIS 

COURT ISSUING FINDINGS AND 

RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE

DISTRICT JUDGE CONSISTENT WITH 

THIS ORDER

(ECF No. 1)

THIRTY (30) DAY DEADLINE

Plaintiff, Jennifer Mendoza, is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this action 

brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983. The Complaint, filed October 23, 2019, alleges claims 

against the City of Fresno, Adam Estrada, Matthew Clifton, Scott Payn, Kenda Navarro, and 

Sharon Takayama. (ECF No. 1.) The Court has screened the Complaint and has determined that

Plaintiff has failed to state any cognizable claim.

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I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), in any case in which a plaintiff is proceeding in forma 

pauperis, the Court must conduct a review of the claims brought by the plaintiff to determine 

whether it “state[s] a claim on which relief may be granted,” is “frivolous or malicious,” or 

“seek[s] monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” If the Court 

determines that the complaint fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, it must be 

dismissed. Id. Similarly, if the Court determines the complaint is frivolous or malicious, it must 

be dismissed. Id. An action is deemed to be frivolous if it is “of little weight or importance: 

having no basis in law or fact” and malicious if it was filed with the “intention or desire to harm 

another.” Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 2005). Leave to amend may be granted 

to the extent that the deficiencies of the complaint can be cured by amendment. Cato v. United 

States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995).

A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 

required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual 

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal 

conclusions are not. Id. at 678.

In determining whether a complaint states an actionable claim, the Court must accept the 

allegations in the complaint as true, Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Trs. of Rex Hospital, 425 U.S. 738, 740 

(1976), construe pro se pleadings liberally in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, Resnick v. 

Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000), and resolve all doubts in the Plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins 

v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less 

stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 

(9th Cir. 2010) (holding that pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after 

Iqbal).

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II. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS

The Complaint alleges the following: On July 8, 2018, an acquaintance of Plaintiff lost 

items at Plaintiff’s apartment. When the acquaintance could not locate those items, she called the 

police and said she had been assaulted by a female on drugs and that this female was in Plaintiff’s 

apartment. The police came to Plaintiff’s apartment with the apartment complex’s manager, who 

had a key to Plaintiff’s apartment. The manager opened the door and asked police to wait outside 

while she checked on Plaintiff. The manager made contact with Plaintiff in the living room. The 

manager and Plaintiff then proceeded to the front door. Officer Estrada was standing outside the 

front door and was making comments about how Plaintiff’s apartment looked. Officer Estrada 

asked if they could come in and Plaintiff told him, “no,” because her apartment was a mess. 

Officer Estrada entered into Plaintiff’s home without her consent as Plaintiff did not give the 

officer permission to enter her apartment.

For relief, Plaintiff is seeking to have “the ruling of a lower court to be reversed”; “for 

evidence against me be dismissed which is the reason protective service took my children”; and 

for monetary damages for violation of her right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. 

(ECF No. 1 at 5-6.)

III. SECTION 1983

The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides:

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of 

any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any 

citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the 

deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, 

shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper 

proceeding for redress....

42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely 

provides ‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor, 490 

U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)); see also 

Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 618 (1979); Hall v. City of Los Angeles, 

697 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012); Crowley v. Nevada, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir. 2012); 

Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006).

To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendant acted under 

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color of state law, and (2) the defendant deprived him of rights secured by the Constitution or 

federal law. Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Marsh 

v. Cnty. of San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing “under color of state 

law”). A person deprives another of a constitutional right, “within the meaning of § 1983, ‘if he 

does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative act, or omits to perform an act which 

he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.’” Preschooler 

II v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Bd. of Trs., 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 

588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978)). “The requisite causal connection may be established when an 

official sets in motion a ‘series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should 

know would cause others to inflict’ constitutional harms.” Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1183 

(quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). This standard of causation “closely resembles the standard 

‘foreseeability’ formulation of proximate cause.” Arnold v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., 637 F.2d 

1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981); see also Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1026 (9th Cir. 

2008).

Additionally, a plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally 

participated in the deprivation of her rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must 

be an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged 

to have been suffered by Plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 

691, 695 (1978). 

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Claims Against City of Fresno

“[A] local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its 

employees or agents.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. Instead, a governmental entity may be held liable 

under § 1983 only where a policy, practice, or custom of the entity can be shown to be a moving 

force behind a violation of constitutional rights. Id. (“Instead, it is when execution of a 

government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts 

may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity 

is responsible under § 1983.”).

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To state a claim for governmental entity liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege 

facts demonstrating “(1) that [the plaintiff] possessed a constitutional right of which he was 

deprived; (2) that the municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy amounts to deliberate 

indifference to the plaintiff’s constitutional right; and (4) that the policy is the moving force 

behind the constitutional violation.” Plumeau v. Sch. Dist. No. 40 Cnty. of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 

438 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted; alterations in original).

Here, Plaintiff has not alleged any policy or custom of the City of Fresno that caused her 

injury. She has thus failed to state a § 1983 claim against the City of Fresno, and the City of 

Fresno is therefore subject to dismissal.

If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint and is claiming that the City of Fresno 

has a policy or custom, she must include facts in her amended complaint showing that she was 

deprived of a constitutional right; that the City of Fresno has a policy; that this policy is 

deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s constitutional rights; and that the policy is the reason or 

“moving force” behind the violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights.

If Plaintiff is claiming that individual officers violated her constitutional rights, she must 

include in her amended complaint the name(s) of the officer(s), and exactly what actions they 

took to violate her constitutional rights. If Plaintiff does not know the names of the officer(s), she 

should name the unknown officer(s) as “Doe” Defendants, e.g., Doe Defendant 1, Doe Defendant 

2, etc.

B. Rooker-Feldman Doctrine

Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, lower federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction 

in “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments 

rendered before the [federal] district court proceedings commenced and inviting [federal] district 

court review and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 

544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). In other words, a federal district court generally does not have 

authority to review state court decisions let alone reverse those decisions. The purpose of this 

doctrine “is to protect state judgments from collateral federal attack. Because [federal] district 

courts lack power to hear direct appeals from state court decisions, they must decline jurisdiction 

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whenever they are ‘in essence called upon to review the state court decision.’” Doe & Associates 

Law Offices v. Napolitano, 252 F.3d 1026, 1030 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Feldman, 460 U.S. at 482 

n.16).

1. Plaintiff’s Claim Seeking to Reverse Ruling of a State Court

Plaintiff is seeking to have this Court reverse a ruling of another court (ECF No. 1 at 5). 

Based on the allegations in the Complaint that Plaintiff’s children were taken by protective 

services, the other court ruling Plaintiff seeks to have reversed is a state court decision. Under the 

Rooker-Feldman doctrine, this Court lacks jurisdiction (authority) to review and reverse the state 

court’s decision. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim seeking to reverse the state court decision cannot 

proceed in this federal court and must be dismissed. To the extent Plaintiff seeks to have the state 

court decision reviewed, she must do so by filing a timely appeal from that decision in a state 

appellate court.

2. Plaintiff’s Claims against Defendants Estrada, Clifton, Payn, Navarro, and 

Takayama 

Where a “federal plaintiff does not complain of a legal injury caused by a state court 

judgment, but rather of a legal injury caused by an adverse party, Rooker–Feldman does not bar 

jurisdiction.” Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1163 (9th Cir. 2003). 

Here, in addition to seeking the have the state court judgment reversed, Plaintiff is also 

seeking monetary damages against Defendants Estrada, Clifton, Payn, Navarro, and Takayama 

for violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable search and 

seizure. The Fourth Amendment claim seeking monetary damages against these individual 

defendants is not challenging a legal injury caused by a state court judgment but is instead 

challenging the actions and alleged injury caused by these individual defendants. Accordingly, 

Rooker-Feldman does not preclude the exercise of jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s Fourth 

Amendment claim against the individual defendants for money damages. Noel, 341 F.3d at 1163.

C. Heck v. Humphrey

Under the favorable termination rule laid out in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 

(1994), to recover damages in a § 1983 action for an alleged constitutional violation that would 

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necessarily imply that a criminal conviction or sentence is invalid, a plaintiff must prove that the 

conviction or sentence was reversed, expunged, or otherwise invalidated. If the criminal 

conviction or sentence has not been reversed, expunged, or otherwise invalidated, claims that 

would necessarily imply the invalidity of the criminal conviction or sentence must be brought in a 

petition for writ of habeas corpus rather than through a § 1983 case. See id; Muhammad v. Close, 

540 U.S. 749, 750-751 (2004).

Here, Plaintiff alleges that officers searched her apartment in violation of her Fourth 

Amendment rights, and that this search led to the discovery of evidence that was used against her 

in another court and resulted in that court ruling against Plaintiff. (ECF No. 1 at 5.) She seeks 

“dismissal” of this evidence. (Id. at 6.) It is unclear what type of ruling was issued against 

Plaintiff, but the ruling apparently resulted in Plaintiff’s children being removed from Plaintiff’s 

custody.

If the evidence seized from Plaintiff’s apartment was used in a criminal proceeding, 

Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim would, if successful, necessarily imply that any resulting 

conviction or sentence was invalid. As a result, Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim is barred 

unless Plaintiff can demonstrate that she was found not guilty, or that any criminal charges 

against her have been overturned or otherwise ended in her favor. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87 

(where success in § 1983 action would necessarily implicate the validity of plaintiff’s conviction 

or the duration of her sentence, plaintiff must first achieve favorable termination of her 

underlying conviction or sentence). 

On the other hand, if Plaintiff was not criminally charged and convicted in connection 

with the search and seizure of evidence seized from her apartment, it appears that the present 

action would not be barred by Heck’s favorable termination rule. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 487 (If 

the court “determines that the plaintiff’s action, even if successful, will not demonstrate the 

invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed 

to proceed, in the absence of some other bar to the suit.” (footnotes omitted)).

The Court will provide Plaintiff with an opportunity to amend her complaint to clarify the 

type of case in which the evidence seized from her apartment was used. If the evidence was used 

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in a criminal case, Plaintiff must include facts in her amended complaint explaining that any 

criminal conviction has been overturned, or that she was found not guilty, or that the criminal 

case otherwise ended in her favor. If the evidence was used in a non-criminal case, Plaintiff must 

include facts in her amended complaint explaining the type of non-criminal state court case that 

the evidence was used in.

V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

The Court has screened Plaintiff’s complaint and finds that it fails to state any cognizable 

claim for the reasons set forth above. The Court notes that it is not determining the merits of 

Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim.

Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “leave to amend shall be freely 

given when justice so requires.” Accordingly, the Court will provide Plaintiff with time to file an 

amended complaint. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-30 (9th Cir. 2000).

Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, Lacey v. 

Maricopa County, 693 F.3d. 896, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc) and must be complete without 

reference to the prior or superseded pleading, Local Rule 220. Therefore, in an amended 

complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be 

sufficiently alleged. The amended complaint should be clearly and boldly titled “First Amended 

Complaint,” refer to the appropriate case number, and be an original signed under penalty of 

perjury.

Plaintiff should also note that although she has been given the opportunity to amend, it is 

not for the purpose of changing the nature of this lawsuit or adding unrelated claims. George v. 

Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no “buckshot” complaints).

Alternatively, instead of filing an amended complaint Plaintiff may choose to stand on her 

Complaint, in which case this Court will issue findings and recommendations to the assigned 

district judge, recommending that this case be dismissed without prejudice.

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. The Clerk of Court shall send Plaintiff a civil rights complaint form; 

2. Within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff shall either: 

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a. File a First Amended Complaint; or

b. Notify the Court that she wishes to stand on the complaint, subject to this 

Court issuing findings and recommendations to the assigned district judge 

consistent with this order;

3. If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, Plaintiff shall caption the amended 

complaint “First Amended Complaint” and refer to the case number 1:19-cv-01500-

DAD-EPG; and

4. If Plaintiff fails, within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order, to either

(1) file an amended complaint or (2) notify the Court that she wishes to stand on her 

Complaint, the Court will issue findings and recommendations to the assigned district 

court judge recommending that Plaintiff’s case be dismissed for failure to prosecute 

and failure to comply with a Court order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: February 10, 2020 /s/

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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