Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-almd-2_13-cv-00459/USCOURTS-almd-2_13-cv-00459-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 443
Nature of Suit: Civil Rights Accommodations
Cause of Action: 42:3601 Fair Housing Act

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA 

NORTHERN DIVISION 

SETH MOATES and ) 

LISA MOATES, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiffs, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Civ. Action No. 2:13-cv-459-WHA 

 ) (WO) 

PLANTATION OAKS ) 

HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOC., INC. ) 

 ) 

 Defendant. ) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER 

I. INTRODUCTION

This cause is before the court on a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint 

(Doc. # 20), filed by the Defendant,1 on August 29, 2013. The Plaintiffs filed their original 

Complaint (Doc. # 1) in this case on June 28, 2013. On August 1, 2013, the Defendant filed its 

first Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and Failure to State a Claim. (Doc. # 11.) On 

 

1

 On August 22, 2013, Plaintiffs filed the Amended Complaint in this action and omitted Dale 

Pughsley as a Defendant. Pursuant to Rule 41, this amendment amounted to a voluntary 

dismissal and was without prejudice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A)(i) (“[T]he plaintiff may dismiss 

an action without a court order by filing [...] a notice of dismissal before the opposing party 

serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment[, and] [u]nless the notice or 

stipulation states otherwise, the dismissal is without prejudice.”). Moreover, in the Plaintiffs’ 

Notice of Voluntary Dismissal of Dale Pughsley (Doc. # 17), also filed on August 22, 2013, the 

Plaintiffs assert that their notice of voluntary dismissal did not “concern Mr. Pughsley, in his 

official capacity as a member of the Board of Directors for Plantation Oaks Homeowners 

Association, or his capacity as a member of the Plantation Oaks Homeowners Association, as is 

necessary to preserve Defendant Plantation Oaks Homeowners Association’s ability to provide 

full relief to Plaintiffs.” (Doc. # 17 at 1.) However, because the Plaintiffs omitted Dale Pughsley 

from their Amended Complaint, he is not a party in this case. Lowery v. Ala. Power Co., 483 

F.3d 1184, 1219 (11th Cir. 2007) (noting that “an amended complaint supersedes the initial 

complaint and becomes the operative pleading in the case”). Furthermore, in light of the 

Amended Complaint and voluntary dismissal in this action, the court will deny as moot 

Defendant’s first Motion to Dismiss. 

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August 22, 2013, the Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint (Doc. # 16) and a Notice of 

Voluntary Dismissal of Defendant Dale Pughsley in his individual capacity (Doc. # 17). On 

August 29, 2013, the Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint. 

(Doc. # 20.) 

In the Amended Complaint the Plaintiffs bring claims under the Fair Housing Act 

(“FHA”), 42 U.S.C. § 3601, et seq., for failure to provide a reasonable accommodation and 

failure to permit a reasonable modification. 

For reasons to be discussed, the Motion to Dismiss is due to be DENIED. 

 

II. MOTION TO DISMISS 

The court accepts the plaintiff's factual allegations as true, Hishon v. King & Spalding, 

467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984), and construes the complaint in the plaintiff's favor, Duke v. Cleland, 5 

F.3d 1399, 1402 (11th Cir. 1993). In analyzing the sufficiency of pleading, the court is guided by 

a two-prong approach: one, the court is not bound to accept conclusory statements of the 

elements of a cause of action and, two, where there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court 

should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to entitlement 

to relief. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). “[A] plaintiff's obligation to 

provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, 

and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint need not 

contain “detailed factual allegations,” but instead the complaint must contain “only enough facts 

to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. The factual allegations “must be 

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555. 

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III. FACTS 

The Amended Complaint includes these allegations: 

Plaintiffs Seth and Lisa Moates are a married couple who have lived in Plantation Oaks, a 

subdivision in Elmore County, Alabama, since the summer of 2011. Mr. Moates has been a 

paraplegic for twenty-five years after a workplace accident left him with limited function in his 

legs. Because of this accident, Mr. Moates has required the use of mobility equipment, including 

a wheelchair, to move around. 

Defendant Plantation Oaks Homeowners’ Association, Inc. (“HOA”), an Alabama notfor-profit corporation, enforces the subdivision’s Covenants as described in the Declaration of 

Protective Covenants for Plantation Oaks. The HOA is governed by the Plantation Oaks Board 

of Directors (“the Board”), an elected body with the authority to control the HOA’s actions. The 

Board also appoints the members of the Architectural Review Committee (“ARC”), which 

functions to approve or deny new construction on Plantation Oaks lots. 

Using a manual wheelchair has caused Mr. Moates additional strain on his body. 

Therefore, Mr. Moates has been prescribed and is preparing to use a power wheelchair. To 

transport the wheelchair from his home in Elmore County to work in Birmingham, Alabama, Mr. 

Moates wants to purchase and install a wheelchair lift on the back of his personal vehicle. 

However, such a modified vehicle will not fit in the current garage attached to the house. 

Because of that, the Plaintiffs want to build a larger, separate garage capable of housing the 

newly modified vehicle and physical therapy equipment. 

On March 18, 2013, the Moateses finalized a proposal with a contractor to build a 

detached accessory building on their Plantation Oaks lot. The Moateses intended to use the 

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building both as sheltered parking for the modified vehicle and as extra space for storing Mr. 

Moates’s physical therapy equipment. The HOA Covenants allowed the building of detached 

garages and storage buildings with ARC approval, without size restrictions. On March 20, 2013, 

the Moateses submitted to the ARC their proposed building plans for approval. The original 

application specified that the proposed building would be sixteen feet by thirty feet in size, 

would be wheelchair accessible, and would use materials that reasonably matched the Moateses’ 

home. 

The ARC denied the Moateses’ initial request on April 8, 2013 for the stated reason that 

alternate garages and structures were inconsistent with the other Plantation Oaks homes and not 

in the best interest of the neighborhood. The Covenants were changed to make the building 

requested by the Moateses prohibited. Subsequently, on April 11, 2013, the Moateses attended a 

meeting of the Board. At the meeting, the Moateses asked the Board to approve the proposed 

building as a reasonable accommodation under the FHA. The Board did not approve the 

Moateses’ request, but ordered the ARC to resolve the issue with the Moateses. 

On May 6, 2013, the Moateses resubmitted their proposal to the ARC. The new 

application stated that the proposed building would shelter the Moateses’ modified vehicle. The 

application also requested that the building be allowed as a reasonable accommodation under the 

FHA. 

On May 28, 2013, the ARC informed the Moateses that their second application had been 

denied. The ARC gave the stated reasons that the proposed building failed to meet the 

Covenants’ allowable standards and that the Moateses had failed to demonstrate the need for a 

detached, covered parking area as it related to Mr. Moates’ disability. On June 6, 2013, the 

Moateses met with two ARC members and the Vice President and Secretary of the Board. The 

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meeting concluded with the Plantation Oaks representatives allowing the Moateses to build the 

proposed building, but only on the condition that the Moateses bring the property back into 

compliance with the Covenants when and if the Moateses sold their house or the accessory 

building was no longer needed by the Moateses. To bring the building back into compliance, the 

Moateses would need to either alter the building to conform to the Covenants, seek a permanent 

variance from the ARC at a future date, or demolish the building at the Moateses’ expense. The 

Moateses rejected this proposal as an unreasonable condition. The accessory building will cost 

the Moateses approximately $30,000 to build. 

On June 24, 2013, the Board dissolved the original ARC and created a new ARC. On 

June 27, 2013, the new ARC conditionally approved the Moateses’ proposed building as a 

needed and reasonable accommodation under the FHA, but it still required the owners of the 

property to bring the property into compliance after the need for the building ended. The 

Moateses rejected this proposal, and this suit was filed the next day. Mr. Moates has ordered a 

motorized wheelchair with his physician’s prescription. 

The Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment, an injunction to require the Defendant to 

approve their requested accommodation or modification without the required restriction, and 

damages. 

IV. DISCUSSION 

 The HOA argues that the Moateses have not stated a claim for which relief can be 

granted, that the Moateses lack standing in this case, and that the case is moot. The HOA also 

argues that injunctive relief is inappropriate because the requested relief is too speculative. For 

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the following reasons, the HOA’s arguments fail, and the Motion to Dismiss is due to be 

DENIED. 

 Neither party has set forth sufficient arguments to determine whether the claim at issue in 

this case concerns a modification, an accommodation, or both.2

 Based on the arguments made by 

the parties, however, such a determination is unnecessary at this point in the litigation. The court 

examines the arguments of both parties as to the general grounds for the suit. 

Discrimination on the basis of a handicap under the FHA includes “a refusal to permit, at 

the expense of the handicapped person, reasonable modifications of existing premises occupied 

or to be occupied by such person if such modifications may be necessary to afford such person 

full enjoyment of the premises” or “a refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules, 

policies, practices, or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such 

person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(A)–(B). The FHA 

defines a “handicapped individual” as one who has “(1) a physical or mental impairment which 

substantially limits one or more of such person’s major life activities, (2) a record of having such 

an impairment, or (3) be[en] regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h)(1)–

(3). “Major life activities means functions such as caring for one’s self, performing manual tasks, 

walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning and working.” 24 C.F.R. § 100.201 

(2008). 

To state a prima facie case for failure to provide a reasonable accommodation, a plaintiff 

must establish that (1) he is disabled or handicapped within the meaning of the FHA, (2) he 

requested a reasonable accommodation, (3) such accommodation was necessary to afford him an 

 

2

 The Moateses assert that this is predominantly a claim related to a constructive denial of a 

modification because it involves construction of a new building on the Moateses’ existing lot. 

(Doc. # 24 at 5.) The HOA contends that the claim relates to an accommodation. (Doc. # 21 at 

20.) 

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opportunity to use and enjoy his dwelling, and (4) the defendants refused to make the requested 

accommodation. Hawn v. Shoreline Towers Phase 1 Condo. Assoc., 347 F. App’x 464, 467 (11th 

Cir. 2009).

The Amended Complaint contains sufficient allegations that Mr. Moates is a handicapped 

individual. Mr. Moates is a paraplegic and cannot walk. He has been confined to a wheelchair for 

twenty-five years. Mr. Moates is a handicapped individual under the FHA, and he has 

sufficiently alleged that he satisfies the first element of the prima facie case. 42 U.S.C. 

§ 3602(h)(1); 24 C.F.R. § 100.201. 

Furthermore, the Amended Complaint contains sufficient factual allegations to defeat a 

motion to dismiss on the second element that the Moateses requested a reasonable 

accommodation. The Moateses submitted an application to the ARC with explicit language that 

the application was a request for a reasonable accommodation from the HOA’s Covenants, 

especially as they concerned alternate garages. The Moateses desire a modified vehicle capable 

of transporting the new, prescribed power wheelchair that Mr. Moates has ordered. Moreover, 

the Amended Complaint states that the lift will not only allow the power wheelchair to be 

transported, it will prevent Mr. Moates from experiencing additional and unnecessary strain, 

suffering, and pain. Finally, the Moateses point to the need for a sheltered parking area for the 

modified vehicle so as to prevent weather damage, property theft, and any of the other numerous 

risks that arise from on-street parking. Based on these allegations, the Moateses have pled facts 

sufficient to proceed beyond a motion to dismiss and to allow further factual development to 

determine reasonableness. Jankowski Lee & Assocs. v. Cisneros, 91 F.3d 891, 896 (7th Cir. 

1996) (“Whether an accommodation is ‘reasonable’ is a question of fact, determined by a close 

examination of the particular circumstances.”); Solodar v. Old Port Cove Lake Point Tower 

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Condo. Ass’n, No. 12-80040-CIV, 2012 WL 1570063, at *6 (S.D. Fla. May 2, 2012) (stating that 

the determination of whether a reasonable accommodation has been granted “requires a factual 

analysis not appropriate at the motion to dismiss stage”); Jeffrey O. v. City of Boca Raton, 511 F. 

Supp. 2d 1328, 1338 (S.D. Fla. 2007) (denying summary judgment because of the fact-specific 

inquiry of whether plaintiffs’ accommodation request was reasonable). 

In addition, the Moateses have pled sufficient allegations to defeat a motion to dismiss on 

the third element that the requested accommodation is necessary to afford Mr. Moates the 

opportunity to use and enjoy his dwelling. “‘[E]qual opportunity’ can only mean that 

handicapped people must be afforded the same (or ‘equal’) opportunity to use and enjoy a 

dwelling as non-handicapped people, which occurs when accommodations address the needs 

created by the handicaps.” Schwarz v. City of Treasure Island, 544 F.3d 1201, 1226 (11th Cir. 

2008) (emphasis in original). The Amended Complaint alleges that the power wheelchair and the 

power wheelchair lift will alleviate unnecessary pain and suffering associated with Mr. Moates’s 

disability. Moreover, others in the neighborhood are allowed to park their vehicles in garages, 

thus affording protection. Affording Mr. Moates a similar opportunity by allowing a larger 

garage wherein he can park his car, in the same way as his neighbors, plausibly will grant Mr. 

Moates the same peace of mind and security as everyone else in Plantation Oaks. Thus, based on 

the factual allegations in the Amended Complaint, the Moateses have sufficiently pled the third 

element to defeat a motion to dismiss and to warrant further development of the facts to 

determine necessity. See id., 544 F.3d at 1228 (discussing necessity as a fact issue); Hawn, 347 

F. App’x at 468 (same); see also 10th Street Partners, L.L.C. v. Cnty. Comm’n for Sarasota 

Cnty., Fla., No. 8:11-cv-2362-T-33TGW, 2012 WL 4328655, at *8 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 20, 2012) 

(stating that whether a reasonable accommodation is necessary is a highly fact-specific inquiry); 

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Akridge v. City of Moultrie, Ga., No. 6:04CV31(HL), 2006 WL 292179, at *8 (M.D. Ga. Feb. 7, 

2006) (same). 

Finally, the Moateses have sufficiently pled facts to defeat a motion to dismiss on the 

fourth element that the HOA refused to make the accommodation. First, “[u]nder the Fair 

Housing Act, [...] a violation occurs when the disabled resident is first denied a reasonable 

accommodation, irrespective of the remedies granted in subsequent proceedings.” Bryant Woods 

Inn, Inc. v. Howard Cnty., Md., 124 F.3d 597, 602 (4th Cir. 1997) (quoted approvingly in United 

States v. Hialeah Hous. Auth., 418 F. App’x 872, 878 n.5 (11th Cir. 2011)). The ARC’s initial 

denial of the proposed building could be found to constitute a violation of the FHA, and thus the 

fourth element has been sufficiently pled to defeat a motion to dismiss. Second, the HOA 

conditioned final approval of the garage with the restriction that, when the necessity for the 

garage ends, the building will have to come into compliance with neighborhood Covenants. As 

stated in the Amended Complaint, the HOA listed three potential outcomes in the future: “(a) 

alter the building to conform with Covenants; (b) seek a permanent variance from the ARC at a 

future date, to be granted or denied at the HOA’s discretion at that time; or (c) demolish the 

building, at the Moateses’ expense.” (Doc. # 16 at 8.) Under any of these three options, there is a 

potential that the Moateses, as persons affected by a disability, may receive different treatment 

than persons who are not handicapped individuals. Under this condition, at some point in time, 

the accommodation offered may lead to some form of financial detriment for the Moateses, 

whether from a tangible expenditure of funds to alter or demolish the building or from a lowered 

resale value due to the future homeowner’s liability on the property. The Moateses may have 

been disadvantaged on the basis of their disability, and therefore, under the allegations of the 

Amended Complaint, they plausibly were right to view the conditional approval as a constructive 

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denial. Thus, the Amended Complaint’s allegations are sufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss 

on the fourth element and to allow further development of facts on whether the condition 

constituted a constructive denial or whether the condition was reasonable. See Groome Res. Ltd. 

v. Parish of Jefferson, 234 F.3d 192, 199–200 (5th Cir. 2000) (finding that an indeterminate 

delay in that case, while not a formal denial of a request for accommodation, “had the same 

effect of undermining the anti-discrimination purpose” of the Act and therefore amounted to a 

constructive denial). 

Moreover, based on the language of 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f), disability discrimination 

includes “a refusal to permit, at the expense of the handicapped person, reasonable modifications 

of existing premises occupied or to be occupied by such person if such modifications may be 

necessary to afford such person full enjoyment of the premises.” For many of the same reasons 

listed in the Amended Complaint, as with the Moateses’ accommodation request, the HOA 

plausibly has both expressly and constructively refused the Moateses’ reasonable modification of 

their lot necessary for them to be afforded full enjoyment of the premises. Therefore, the 

Moateses have sufficiently pled a claim for which relief can be granted so as to defeat a motion 

to dismiss, and the HOA’s argument on that point fails. 

Furthermore, the claim is not moot as the HOA contends. As explained, accepting the 

allegations of the Amended Complaint, the HOA plausibly expressly and constructively denied 

the Moateses’ request by placing an unreasonable burden on the proposed building. Because the 

injury is ongoing for as long as the condition remains, thus effectively denying the Moateses 

their ability to construct their garage, and because an injury occurred when the ARC first denied 

the Moateses’ request, the claim is not moot. Fla. Pub. Interest Research Grp. Citizen Lobby, 

Inc. v. EPA, 386 F.3d 1070, 1086 (11th Cir. 2004) (stating that, because “the potential for real 

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and concrete injury continue[d], and injunctive relief may [have been] appropriate” in that case, 

“the controversy [had] not been mooted” by the Defendant’s actions). 

In addition, the Moateses have standing in this case. The HOA argues that the Moateses 

have not suffered any injury-in-fact and that the case is thus not ripe. Specifically, because the 

Moateses have not yet acquired the power wheelchair or wheelchair lift, they have not suffered 

any injury. However, such a level of completeness is not required for an injury to have occurred. 

Instead, “the imminent threat of future injury [can be] enough to make [a] case ripe for review.” 

Ecee, Inc. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 611 F.2d 554, 557 n.7 (5th Cir. 1980).3 In this 

case, the injury is imminent. It is alleged that Mr. Moates has ordered his chair, and as the 

situation currently stands, he will not be able to shelter and protect his chair adequately upon 

arrival. Thus, the injury is imminent, and the case is ripe for review. Furthermore, as the 

Moateses argue, an injury under the reasonable accommodation statute occurs as soon as the 

request is denied. See Caron Found. of Fla. v. City of Delray Beach, 879 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1365 

(S.D. Fla. 2012). Likewise, the injury in a request for a reasonable modification must necessarily 

occur at least when the request is refused. Because the Moateses have allegedly been injured in 

this case by the HOA’s constructive denial of their request and by the initial express denial, the 

Moateses have standing to bring this action and the claim is ripe. 

Finally, the HOA argues that the injunctive relief requested by the Moateses is too 

speculative to be warranted. However, the Moateses have effectively requested the court to 

remove the condition from the current agreement and ensure that the stated conditions are not 

enforced as to the Moateses’ second garage. Such a request is neither too speculative nor too 

complex, and therefore this argument fails. Pennsylvania v. West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553, 593 

 

3

 In Bonner v. City of Pritchard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the Eleventh 

Circuit adopted as precedent the decisions the former Fifth Circuit rendered prior to October 1, 

1981. 

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(1923) (“One does not have to await the consummation of threatened injury to obtain preventive 

relief. If the injury is certainly impending, that is enough.”). 

V. CONCLUSION 

 The court finds that the allegations of the Amended Complaint are sufficient to allow the 

case to advance past the pleading stage, subject to consideration of subsequent motions which 

might be made after factual development. 

For these reasons, the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint is 

DENIED. Furthermore, Defendant’s first Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint is due to be 

DENIED AS MOOT. 

 Done this 7th day of October, 2013. 

 /s/ W. Harold Albritton 

 W. HAROLD ALBRITTON 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

 

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