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Nature of Suit Code: 190
Nature of Suit: Other Contract Actions
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

July 6, 2004

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

For the Fifth Circuit

___________________________

No. 03-30602

___________________________

CHEVRON USA, INC.

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellee

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

TEXACO INC; TEXACO EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INC.

Plaintiffs - Counter Defendants - Appellees

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

AMERADA HESS CORP.

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellee

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

UNION OIL COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellee

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

MOBIL OIL CORP; MOBIL OIL EXPLORATION & PRODUCING SOUTHEAST, INC.

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellees

 Case: 03-30602 Document: 0051479792 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/06/2004
2

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

EXXON MOBIL CORP.

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellee

v.

MARSHALL W. GUIDRY

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

___________________________

EXXON MOBIL CORP.

Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellee

v.

VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Louisiana

Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE and PRADO, Circuit Judges.

W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:

This case returns to us after the Louisiana Supreme Court denied certification, Chevron

USA, Inc. v. Vermilion Parish School Board, La. LEXIS 1696 (La. 2004), of the following

question which is the subject of this appeal:

Whether the notice given in this case by counsel for a lessor on behalf of the

putative class satisfies the requirement of Articles 137-141 of the Louisiana

Mineral Code, requiring the lessor to give written notice of the lessee’s failure to

make timely or proper payment of royalties as a prerequisite to a judicial demand

for damages or dissolution of the lease. 

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1 We agree with the Lewis court that the use of the word “he” in Article 137 does not indicate

legislative intent that each individual lessor must provide the notice required by that provision.

Lewis, 698 So.2d at 1009. Under Louisiana Revised Statutes, Sections 7 and 8, words used in the

singular include the plural and words used in one gender apply equally to the other gender. LSA -

R.S. 1:7 and 8. 

3

The procedural history and background of this case are set forth in our prior opinion. Chevron

U.S.A., Inc. v. Vermilion Parish Sch. Bd., 364 F.3d 607 (5th Cir. 2004). The Royalty Owners

assert that class notice is permissible, based on favorable decisions on this issue by Louisiana

Appellate courts in Lewis v. Texaco Exploration and Prod. Co., 698 So.2d 1001 (La. App. 1 Cir.

1997), and Duhé v. Texaco, Inc., 779 So.2d 1070 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2001). The Oil Companies

contend that class notice is incompatible with the purpose of the Mineral Code provisions

governing this issue. 

Based on the plain language and purpose of LSA - R.S. 31:137 and related Mineral Code

provisions, we conclude that the notice given of a lessee’s failure to make timely or proper

payment of royalties on behalf of a putative class does not satisfy the requirements of the

Louisiana Mineral Code for the unnamed members of the class. 

I. 

Louisiana Mineral Code Article 137 provides:

If a mineral lessor seeks relief for the failure of his lessee to make timely or proper

payment of royalties, he must give his lessee written notice of such failure as a

prerequisite to a judicial demand for damages or dissolution of the lease.

LSA-R.S. 31:137. Neither this provision of the Mineral Code nor any of the related provisions in

Articles 138-141 contain specific guidelines as to the precise requirements of the formal written

demand set forth in LSA-R.S. 31:137. Neither do the statutes indicate explicitly whether notice

must be given by each and every mineral lessor individually.1 As set forth in our prior decision,

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2

 See Lewis v. Texaco Exploration and Production Co., Inc., 698 So.2d 1001 (La. App. 1

Cir. 1997), and Duhé v. Texaco, Inc., 779 So.2d 1070 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2001). Compare Stoute v.

Wagner & Brown, 637 So.2d 1199 (La. App.1 Cir. 1994). 

3

 In predicting how the Louisiana Supreme Court would rule on an issue of state law, the

decisions of intermediate state courts provide guidance to a federal court, but are not controlling.

Matheny v. Glen Falls Ins. Co., 152 F.3d 348, 354 (5th Cir. 1998). 

4

no decisions of the Louisiana Supreme Court directly address the question in this case and

decisions of Louisiana intermediate appellate courts are conflicting.2 

Even if the Louisiana intermediate appellate court decisions were not in conflict, under

Louisiana’s Civil Law tradition, courts look first and foremost to the statutory law.3 Article 1 of

the Louisiana Civil Code instructs that “the sources of law are legislation and custom.” 

La.Civ.Code Ann. art.1. “The primary basis of law for a civilian is legislation, and not (as in the

common law) a great body of tradition in the form of prior decisions of the courts. The concept

of stare decisis is foreign to the Civil Law, including Louisiana” Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line

Corp. v. Transportation Ins. Co., 953 F.2d 985, 988 (5th Cir. 1992); quoting Tate, Techniques of

Judicial Interpretation in Louisiana, 22 La.L.Rev. 727 (1962); other internal citations omitted. 

Therefore, in cases such as this, although we may be guided by decisions rendered by the

Louisiana appellate courts, we are not strictly bound by them, particularly when the jurisprudence

has not developed to the status of jurisprudence constante (a series of decisions in accord on a

given issue). Id. As our analysis calls for interpreting a statute, our starting point is the statute

itself.

To properly understand Article 137, it must be considered in context with its purpose and

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4 See La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 10, “when the language of the law is susceptible of different

meanings, it must be interpreted as having the meaning that best conformsto the purpose ofthe law.”

5

 LSA - R.S. 31:138 states, “Required response of lessee to notice. The lessee shall have

thirty days after receipt of the required notice within which to pay the royalties due or to respond by

stating in writing a reasonable cause for nonpayment. The payment or nonpayment of the royalties

or stating or failing to state a reasonable cause for nonpayment within this period has the following

effect on the remedies of dissolution and damages.”

6

 LSA - R.S. 31:139 states, “Effect of payment in response to notice. If the lessee pays

the royalties due in response to the required notice, the remedy of dissolution shall be unavailable

unless it be found that the original failure to pay was fraudulent. The court may award as damages

double the amount of royalties due, interest on that sum from the date due, and a reasonable

attorney's fee, provided the original failure to pay royalties was either fraudulent or willful and

without reasonable grounds. In all other cases, such as mere oversight or neglect, damages shall be

limited to interest on the royalties computed from the date due, and a reasonable attorney'sfee ifsuch

interest is not paid within thirty days of written demand therefor.”

5

the purpose and function of related articles 138 to 141.4 Article 137 requires a mineral lessor to

give his lessee written notice of his claim of failure to make timely or proper payment of royalties

as a prerequisite to a judicial demand, i.e. filing suit seeking relief. LSA - R.S. 31:137. Once

written notice has been given, Article 138 gives the mineral lessee thirty days to either pay the

royalties due or respond, in writing, by stating a reasonable cause for non-payment.5 Under

Article 139, if the lessee pays the royalties demanded within thirty days after receipt of the lessor's

written notice, the remedy of dissolution of the lease becomes unavailable to the lessor, unless the

lessee fraudulently withheld payment.6 Under Article 140, if the lessee fails to pay royalties due

or fails to inform the lessor of a reasonable cause for failure to pay in response to the notice, the

court may award as damages double the amount of royalties due, interest on that sum from the

date due, and a reasonable attorney's fee, regardless of the cause for the original failure to pay

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 LSA - R.S. 31:140 states, “Effect of nonpayment in response to notice or failure to state

cause therefor. If the lessee fails to pay royalties due or fails to inform the lessor of a reasonable

cause for failure to pay in response to the required notice, the court may award as damages double

the amount of royalties due, interest on that sum from the date due, and a reasonable attorney's fee

regardless of the cause for the original failure to pay royalties. The court may also dissolve the lease

in its discretion.”

8

 Id. See also, LSA - R.S. 31:141 states, “Dissolution not a favored remedy. In a case

where notice of failure to pay royalties is required, dissolution should be granted only if the conduct

of the lessee, either in failing to pay originally or in failing to pay in response to the required notice,

is such that the remedy of damages is inadequate to do justice.”

6

royalties.7 The court may also, in its discretion, dissolve the lease.8 

The Official Comment to LSA-R.S. 31:137 states that “[i]t is the intent of [Mineral Code]

Articles 137-141 to provide lessors with a meaningful remedy while simultaneously giving

operators who have made substantial investments in producing properties the security of title

which the nature and size of their investment deserves.” The Official Comment further describes

the balance struck by these articles as follows:

The total effect of these articles, then, is to provide a spur to timely payment of

royalties due while giving lessees a reasonable way in which to avoid the harsh

remedy of cancellation. The spur is the special remedy. The means for avoiding

cancellation is by responding within the stated period to the notice of failure to pay

required by Article 137. 

LSA - R.S. 31:137, Official Comment.

The Oil Company lessees argue that the above provisions, read as a whole, compel the

conclusion that the notice and response system described above is incompatible with allowing

notice to be given on a class basis, rather than by each individual lessor or royalty owner. We

agree. The notice to lessees required by Article 137 does not simply trigger a thirty day waiting

period before suit may be filed. Rather it triggers an obligation on the lessee to investigate the

complaint and respond in order to avoid substantial penalties, including lease cancellation. The

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putative class as defined by the Royalty Owners in this case would include all royalty and

overriding royalty interest owners in all Louisiana mineral leases owned by the Oil Companies

whose royalties have been computed using either of the two methods challenged by the Royalty

Owners. The Royalty Owners concede that the class would number in the thousands. Permitting

the demand to be made on a class basis, especially in a case such as this, would deprive the lessee

of any real ability to respond within the relatively short time period allowed and upset the balance

of rights between lessor and lessee carefully established by the Louisiana Legislature in Mineral

Code Articles 137 to 141.

The Royalty Owners note that Articles 138 and 140 require only a “reasonable” response

and suggest that a “reasonable” response to a class notice may be that the lessees require

additional time to investigate the claim of improper payment of royalties. The Mineral Code

provisions do not define what constitutes a reasonable response and failure to make what a court

considers a reasonable response carries harsh penalties. These penalties include damages equal to

double the amount of royalties due, interest and attorney’s fees, and even lease cancellation. 

Allowing class notice increases the burden of responding to an Article 137 notice by the additional

complexity necessarily related to multiple and unidentified lessors, multiple leases, multiple

contracts between lessees and their purchasers of oil and gas, and expanded geographic area with

no clear provision that the lessees would be protected in the event that they are unable to resolve

the question raised by the notice within the thirty day period allowed for a response. 

Allowing demand to be made on a class basis also raises other questions not answered by

these Mineral Code provisions. It is questionable whether class notice can satisfy the statutory

prerequisite to litigation for the putative class members because it is unclear whether the putative

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class representatives have the legal authority to make demand under Article 137 for lessors who

do not know that demand is being made on their behalf. It is also unclear to whom the lessees

should respond. Does a reasonable, timely response to the putative class representative protect

the lessee from owing statutory penalties to the individual class members who do not receive a

response? If the lessee elects to respond by paying royalties due, to whom should the payments

be made, to the putative class representative or to individual lessors and royalty owners? These

questions which arise under the interpretation urged by the Royalty Owners but which would not

arise under our reading of these articles are a significant consideration leading us to conclude that

class notice does not satisfy the requirements of the Mineral Code as to unnamed members of the

class. 

II. 

In summary, we conclude that notice given by counsel for a lessor on behalf of a putative

class does not satisfy the requirements of Articles 137-141 of the Louisiana Mineral Code, which

require the lessor to give written notice of the lessee’s failure to make timely or proper payment

of royalties as a prerequisite to a judicial demand for damages or dissolution of the lease. 

Permitting class notice, particularly in a case such as this, upsets the careful balance established by

Mineral Code Articles 137 - 141 between providing an incentive to lessees to promptly pay

royalties, yet giving the lessee a reasonable way to avoid the harsh remedy of lease cancellation. 

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of class certification on this basis. Because class

certification was properly denied, we need not consider whether the district court erred in holding

that a Louisiana school board does not have the legal capacity to act as a class representative. 

AFFIRMED.

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