Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca3-14-02697/USCOURTS-ca3-14-02697-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT 

_____________

No. 14-2697

_____________

CHRISTOPHER BOYD,

 Appellant

v.

SUPERINTENDENT WAYMART SCI; 

DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA; 

ATTORNEY GENERAL, COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

_____________

 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania 

District Court No. 2-06-cv-00491

District Judge: The Honorable Edmund V. Ludwig

 

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

October 6, 2015

Before: FUENTES, SMITH, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

(Filed: December 17, 2015) 

_____________________

 OPINION*

_____________________ 

 

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does 

not constitute binding precedent.

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

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In July of 2000, Christopher Boyd brutally beat Raymond Jones with a baseball 

bat. Boyd was charged with committing several Pennsylvania criminal offenses, 

including attempted murder. A plea offer was tendered to trial counsel in January of 

2001, which would have required that Boyd serve a sentence of four to eight years (48 to 

96 months).

1 The offer was deemed “unacceptable” by counsel. Thereafter, on October 

29, 2001, Boyd entered an open guilty plea in the Court of Common Pleas of 

Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, to aggravated assault and possession of an instrument 

of crime. Several other charges, including the attempted murder charge, were nol 

prossed. The Pennsylvania standard sentencing guideline range was 54 to 72 months plus 

or minus 12 months. On December 18, 2001, the state court sentenced Boyd to 96 to 264 

months of imprisonment. Boyd filed a timely appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court. 

On direct appeal and represented by new counsel, Boyd presented several 

arguments, including a claim that he had been prejudiced by counsel’s deficient 

performance during the plea-bargaining stage of his case. Boyd’s brief on direct appeal 

asserted that trial counsel had been ineffective because he failed to discuss the merits of 

accepting the prosecution’s offer with the defendant. 

On November 18, 2002, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania affirmed Boyd’s 

conviction and sentence. After considering Boyd’s affidavit in support of his 

ineffectiveness claim and the transcript of the change of plea proceeding, the Superior 

Court concluded that 

 1 The Commonwealth maintains that the plea deal was for four to ten years, not four to eight.

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counsel informed [Boyd] of the existence of the first plea bargain and the 

recommended sentence. [Boyd] did not accept the first plea bargain. 

Instead, on the advice of counsel, [Boyd] entered an open guilty plea, 

creating an opportunity for the court to impose a less lengthy term of 

imprisonment. Thus, counsel fully informed [Boyd] about the availability 

of the original plea offer, but [Boyd] decided to take his chances on the 

discretion of the court as to sentencing.

Thereafter, Boyd pursued relief under the Pennsylvania Post-Conviction Relief 

Act (PCRA). This time Boyd presented a different ineffectiveness claim. He alleged, 

inter alia, that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for rejecting a plea offer 

without first discussing the terms of the offer with him. The trial court denied Boyd’s 

PCRA ineffectiveness claim on the basis that it had been previously litigated. 

The Superior Court recognized that Boyd’s PCRA ineffectiveness claim was not 

the same as the claim Boyd had pressed on direct appeal. Nonetheless, because the 

Superior Court previously determined that Boyd’s counsel had informed Boyd of, and 

discussed the terms of, the first plea offer with him, it reasoned that Boyd’s new claim, 

which required the court “to accept the contrary conclusion that trial counsel did not 

discuss the plea agreement with [Boyd],” qualified as a previously litigated issue. 

Having “rejected the factual predicate of Boyd’s PCRA ineffectiveness claim, [the 

Superior Court] did not have occasion to apply either prong of the Strickland test.” Boyd

v. Waymart, 579 F.3d 330, 336 n.7 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc). 

Boyd then filed a timely § 2254 petition in the United States District Court for the 

Eastern District of Pennsylvania, raising the same ineffectiveness claim presented in his 

PCRA proceeding. A magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing. Thereafter, the 

District Court granted Boyd a conditional writ of habeas corpus. 

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The Commonwealth appealed. Sitting en banc, we concluded that Boyd exhausted

his claim, that it was not procedurally defaulted, id. at 367-68, and that it was governed 

by the test for ineffectiveness articulated in Strickland, id. at 332 (citing Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, (1984)). Because the Superior Court had rejected the factual 

predicate for the PCRA ineffectiveness claim, we concluded that there had been an 

adjudication on the merits and that the deferential standard of review set out in the 

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), 

applied. 579 F.3d at 332, 336. Thus, the District Court’s application of de novo review 

had been error. For that reason, we reversed the judgment of the District Court and 

remanded for further proceedings. In addition to directing the District Court to apply 

AEDPA’s deferential standard, we instructed the District Court to determine if the federal 

evidentiary hearing could be considered in resolving Boyd’s claim in light of AEDPA’s 

limitations on evidentiary hearings set out in § 2254(e)(2). 579 F.3d at 336-37. 

On remand, the District Court concluded that it could not consider the evidence 

adduced at the federal hearing because Boyd had failed to develop that claim in state 

court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). Considering only the record from the state court, the 

District Court decided that the Superior Court had reasonably determined that trial 

counsel had “informed Boyd of the initial plea offer and Boyd chose not to accept it.” 

The District Court further concluded that Boyd had failed to demonstrate that he had been 

prejudiced by counsel’s performance. 

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This timely appeal followed. We granted a certificate of appealability.2 Boyd

argues that the Superior Court’s findings of fact are “unreasonable” under § 2254(d)(2), 

and that relief should be granted under de novo review. 

In determining whether the state court decision was “based on an unreasonable 

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court 

proceeding,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), we must be mindful that “a state-court factual 

determination is not unreasonable merely because [we] would have reached a different 

conclusion in the first instance. . . . even if ‘[r]easonable minds reviewing the record 

might disagree’ about the finding in question, ‘on habeas review that does not suffice to 

supersede the trial court’s . . . determination.’” Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010)

(quoting Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 341-42 (2006)). See also Brumfield v. Cain, 135 

S. Ct. 2269, 2277 (2015) (reiterating the same). A state court factual finding, however, is

unreasonable under § 2254(d)(2) if “it [is] not supported by the record.” Rolan v. 

Vaughn, 445 F.3d 671, 681 (3d Cir. 2006). 

In conducting our review under § 2254(d)(2), deference must be given to “factual 

determinations of both state trial and appellate courts.” Lewis v. Horn, 581 F.3d 92, 111 

(3d Cir. 2009). Deference is due under AEDPA for not only express findings by a state 

court, but also implicit findings of fact. Id.; Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d 280, 286 (3d 

Cir. 2000).

 2 The District Court exercised jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 2254. We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253.

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Here, on direct appeal, Boyd presented a claim of ineffectiveness that asserted his 

counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel failed to fully advise Boyd about 

the significance of the plea offer. The claim, by its nature, acknowledged there was

interaction between Boyd and his trial counsel. The brief made this point explicit, stating 

that “[a]lthough [Boyd] accepted the advice of trial counsel and rejected the plea, the 

advice was faulty, as trial counsel did not fully review and explain to [Boyd] either what 

the Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines called for in a case such as his, nor discuss[ed] 

the likelihood of a stiff sentence because of the aggravating factual circumstances.” 

The Superior Court considered Boyd’s affidavit and concluded that he had been 

informed of the existence of the first plea offer. In addition, the Superior Court stated 

that “counsel fully informed Appellant about the availability of the original plea offer, but 

[Boyd] decided to take his chances on the discretion of the court as to sentencing.” 

Thereafter, the Superior Court noted that Boyd’s guilty plea colloquy was thorough, that 

Boyd had affirmed that he had a chance to discuss his case with his trial counsel, and that 

he was satisfied with counsel’s advice. After Boyd answered those inquiries, the trial 

court further asked if Boyd had talked to his counsel about wanting a jury or nonjury 

trial, “or whether [h]e wanted to plead guilty.” Boyd answered: “yes,” that he had 

discussed as much with counsel. The trial judge then advised Boyd that in light of these 

answers it would be unlikely that a “higher court would somehow find that his lawyer 

was ineffective or didn’t do a good job.” Boyd affirmed that he understood. Boyd

further affirmed that he was pleading guilty of his own free will and that he had decided 

he wanted to plead guilty. And the Superior Court pointed out that Boyd pleaded guilty 

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even though he knew his sentence exposure was twelve and half years’ to twenty-five 

years’ imprisonment. 

We conclude that the record, particularly the guilty plea colloquy, supports the 

Superior Court’s determination that Boyd and his trial counsel discussed the plea offer. 

To be sure, Boyd’s affirmation in his affidavit that trial counsel “did not discuss the offer 

directly with me on that date or at any other time” conflicts with Boyd’s responses to the 

trial judge that he had in fact talked with counsel about his case and pleading guilty. 

Thus, the state court record conceivably supports both the Superior Court’s determination

that there was a discussion about the substance of the plea offer, as well as Boyd’s 

subsequent assertion that there was never any discussion before the offer was rejected. 

Because the state court record can support either finding, we cannot conclude that the 

Superior Court’s factual determination was unreasonable under § 2254(d)(2). For this 

reason, the Superior Court permissibly rejected the factual predicate for Boyd’s 

subsequent PCRA ineffectiveness claim. In the absence of a factual basis for the PCRA 

ineffectiveness claim, which Boyd presented again in this federal habeas proceeding,

there is no need for us to address either the performance or the prejudice prong of that 

claim. See Boyd, 579 F.3d at 336 n.7.

We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

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