Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-1_13-cv-01429/USCOURTS-caed-1_13-cv-01429-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ROBERTO HERRERA, 

 Plaintiff,

 vs.

GILL, et al.,

 Defendants.

1:13-cv-01429-AWI-GSA-PC

 

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO 

DISMISS CASE, WITH PREJUDICE, FOR 

FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

(Doc. 17.)

OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN 

THIRTY DAYS

I. BACKGROUND

Roberto Herrera (APlaintiff@) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis 

with this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. ' 1983. On September 9, 2013, Plaintiff filed 

the initial Complaint for this action. (Doc. 1.) On January 17, 2014, the court dismissed the 

Complaint for failure to state a claim, with leave to amend. (Doc. 11.) On March 24, 2014, 

Plaintiff filed the First Amended Complaint, which is now before the court for screening. 

(Doc. 17.) 

II. SCREENING REQUIREMENT

The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 

governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. ' 1915A(a). 

The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are 

legally Afrivolous or malicious,@ that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or 

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that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. 

' 1915A(b)(1),(2). ANotwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof, that may have been 

paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that . . . the action or 

appeal fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.@ 28 U.S.C. ' 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 

Rule 8(a)‟s simplified pleading standard applies to all civil actions, with limited 

exceptions, none of which apply to § 1983 actions. Swierkeiwicz v. Sorema, N.A., 534 U.S. 

506, 512 (2002). Under federal notice pleading, a complaint is required to contain Aa short and 

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief . . . .@ Fed. R. Civ. P. 

8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but A[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements 

of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.@ Ashcroft v. 

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 

550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (2007)). While a plaintiff=s allegations are taken as true, 

courts Aare not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.@ Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiff 

must set forth Asufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to >state a claim to relief that is 

plausible on its face.=@ Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. While factual allegations are accepted as true, 

legal conclusions are not. Id. The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting this 

plausibility standard. Id. at 678-79; Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 

2009).

III. SUMMARY OF FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT

Plaintiff is presently incarcerated at Corcoran State Prison (CSP) in Corcoran, 

California, where the events at issue in the First Amended Complaint allegedly occurred. 

Plaintiff names as defendants Dr. Gill, LVN Ballesteros, CEO Teresa Macias, CMO Dr. Clark, 

CEO Connie Gipson, and numerous unnamed Doe Defendants (LVNs and other CSP staff). 

Plaintiff‟s factual allegations follow.

Plaintiff suffers from severe chronic pain as the result of a gunshot wound. Plaintiff 

takes prescribed pain medication which needs to be delivered to him three times a day --

///

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morning, noon, and evening. Because Plaintiff is in the Security Housing Unit (SHU), LVNs 

are responsible to deliver the medication to him.

On April 17, 2013, defendant LVN Ballesteros refused/failed to deliver Plaintiff‟s 

medication, leaving him to suffer in pain. On April 24, 2013, Doe Defendant LVN (#1) did the 

same. On June 7, 2013, Doe Defendant LVN (#2) did the same. On April 3, 2013, Doe 

Defendant LVN (#3) did the same. Many other LVNs have done the same.

On August 28, 2013, Plaintiff saw defendant Dr. Gill, primary care provider, and told 

the doctor that his prescribed medication was not effective for his pain. Dr. Gill refused to 

explore other medications, leaving Plaintiff to suffer in pain. 

As acting CMO, defendant Dr. Clark is legally responsible for Corcoran Health Care 

LVNs not delivering Plaintiff‟s pain medication, and for the primary care provider refusing to 

explore other medications for Plaintiff, but Dr. Clark did nothing to stop these events from 

happening. As acting CEO, defendant T. Macias is also legally responsible and knew or should 

have known about these events, but did nothing to stop them from happening. Many other 

CDCR Health Care staff members are also personally responsible, but Plaintiff does not know 

their names.

Plaintiff also alleges that as an indigent prisoner, he was not provided with the required 

number of envelopes, denying him access to the courts. Defendant Connie Gipson is legally 

responsible because she is the custody CEO at CSP and knew or should have known that 

Plaintiff did not receive enough envelopes, but she did nothing to stop it from happening. 

Many other CDCR custody staff members, including CSP prison staff, floor staff, Captains, 

mail room staff, Lieutenants, acting Corcoran CEO, etc., are responsible for Plaintiff being

denied access to the courts, but Plaintiff does not know their names. 

On or about August 18, 2013, Plaintiff was moved from one building to another, and 

floor staff issued him a mattress in very bad condition, torn, old, lumpy, and flat, instead of a 

new mattress, depriving Plaintiff of sleep. As CEO, Connie Gipson is responsible and knew or 

should have known that Plaintiff was issued a bad mattress, but she did nothing to stop it. 

Many other CSP staff members are also responsible, but Plaintiff does not know their names.

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While housed in the SHU, Plaintiff had some active court cases pending and was 

approved to use the prison law library. However, from July 8, 2013 to August 9, 2013, Plaintiff 

was not provided access to the law library. Plaintiff‟s legal documents were taken from him on 

July 8, 2013, and he was moved to another yard. His documents were not returned to him until 

August 25, 2013, and many of the documents were missing. As CEO, defendant Connie 

Gipson was responsible and knew or should have known about these incidents, but she did 

nothing about it. Many other Corcoran prison staff members are also responsible, but Plaintiff 

does not know their names. 

While at CSP, Plaintiff‟s incoming and outgoing mail was tampered with by CSP 

officials who sometimes opened Plaintiff‟s mail out of his presence before delivering it to him, 

sometimes did not deliver it at all, and sometimes did not mail out some of his outgoing legal 

mail, preventing Plaintiff from meeting his legal deadlines. As CEO, defendant Connie Gipson 

was responsible and knew or should have known about these incidents, but she did nothing 

about it. Plaintiff filed prison grievances as required, without resolution of the issues.

Plaintiff requests monetary damages and injunctive relief.

IV. PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS

The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides:

Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or 

causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the 

deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by 

the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an 

action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for 

redress. 

42 U.S.C. ' 1983. ASection 1983 . . . creates a cause of action for violations of the federal 

Constitution and laws.@ Sweaney v. Ada County, Idaho, 119 F.3d 1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 1997) 

(internal quotations omitted). ATo the extent that the violation of a state law amounts to the 

deprivation of a state-created interest that reaches beyond that guaranteed by the federal 

Constitution, Section 1983 offers no redress.@ Id. 

///

///

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A. Personal Participation and Supervisory Liability – Defendants Gipson, 

Macias, and Clark

Plaintiff seeks to hold defendants Connie Gipson, Teresa Macias, and Dr. Clark liable in 

their supervisory capacities. Under section 1983, Plaintiff must demonstrate that each 

defendant personally participated in the deprivation of his rights. Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 

930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added). Plaintiff must demonstrate that each defendant, 

through his or her own individual actions, violated Plaintiff=s constitutional rights. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. at 676. Liability may not be imposed on supervisory personnel under section 1983 on the 

theory of respondeat superior, as each defendant is only liable for his or her own misconduct. 

Id.; Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009). A supervisor may be held 

liable only if he or she Aparticipated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and 

failed to act to prevent them.@ Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989); accord Starr 

v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205-06 (9th Cir. 2011); Corales v. Bennett, 567 F.3d 554, 570 (9th 

Cir. 2009); Preschooler II v. Clark County School Board of Trustees, 479 F.3d 1175, 1182 (9th 

Cir. 2007); Harris v. Roderick, 126 F.3d 1189, 1204 (9th Cir. 1997). 

Plaintiff fails to allege facts demonstrating that defendants Gipson, Macias, or Clark 

personally acted to violate his rights. It is not enough to allege that a defendant is responsible 

because of his or her position. Moreover, Plaintiff‟s allegations that these defendants “knew 

about” or “allowed” the violations, without supporting facts, are vague and conclusory and

without more, fail to state a claim. 

Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state any claims in the First Amended Complaint against 

defendants Gipson, Macias, and Clark. 

B. Eighth Amendment Medical Claim

A[T]o maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on prison medical treatment, an 

inmate must show >deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.=@ Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 

1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285 (1976)). 

The two-part test for deliberate indifference requires the plaintiff to show (1) A>a serious 

medical need= by demonstrating that >failure to treat a prisoner=s condition could result in 

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further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,=@ and (2) Athe 

defendant=s response to the need was deliberately indifferent.@ Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096 (quoting 

McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled on other grounds by WMX 

Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133, 1136 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (internal quotations 

omitted)). Deliberate indifference is shown by Aa purposeful act or failure to respond to a

prisoner=s pain or possible medical need, and harm caused by the indifference.@ Id. (citing 

McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060). Deliberate indifference may be manifested Awhen prison 

officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or it may be shown by 

the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.@ Id. Where a prisoner is alleging a 

delay in receiving medical treatment, the delay must have led to further harm in order for the 

prisoner to make a claim of deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. McGuckin at 

1060 (citing Shapely v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison Comm=rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 

1985)). 

ADeliberate indifference is a high legal standard.@ Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 

1060 (9th Cir. 2004). AUnder this standard, the prison official must not only >be aware of the 

facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,= but 

that person >must also draw the inference.=@ Id. at 1057 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 

825, 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970 (1994)). A>If a prison official should have been aware of the risk, but 

was not, then the official has not violated the Eighth Amendment, no matter how severe the 

risk.=@ Id. (quoting Gibson v. County of Washoe, Nevada, 290 F.3d 1175, 1188 (9th Cir. 

2002)). AA showing of medical malpractice or negligence is insufficient to establish a 

constitutional deprivation under the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 1060. A[E]ven gross negligence 

is insufficient to establish a constitutional violation.@ Id. (citing Wood v. Housewright, 900 

F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990)). 

AA difference of opinion between a prisoner-patient and prison medical authorities 

regarding treatment does not give rise to a ' 1983 claim.@ Franklin v. Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 

1344 (9th Cir. 1981) (internal citation omitted). To prevail, plaintiff Amust show that the course 

of treatment the doctors chose was medically unacceptable under the circumstances . . . and . . . 

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that they chose this course in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to plaintiff=s health.@ 

Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal citations omitted).

Plaintiff has demonstrated that he has a serious medical need because he suffers severe 

chronic pain resulting from a gunshot wound. However, Plaintiff‟s allegations against 

Defendants do not demonstrate deliberate indifference. Plaintiff alleges that Dr. Gill knew 

Plaintiff‟s medication was not effective, yet prescribed him the same treatment, but Plaintiff 

has not shown that Dr. Gill acted, or failed to act, while knowing about and deliberately 

disregarding a substantial risk of serious harm to Plaintiff‟s health. Plaintiff‟s allegations that 

the LVNs failed/refused to issue his medication, without more, are insufficient to state a claim. 

Plaintiff has not alleged facts showing what the LVNs did or said to indicate that they knew 

about Plaintiff‟s serious medical need, how they acted or failed to act, and how they 

deliberately disregarded a substantial risk of harm to Plaintiff. Plaintiff‟s allegations that the 

LVNs “failed/refused” to act is ambiguous and does not describe how each LVN personally 

acted. 

Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state a claim against defendants Dr. Gill, LVN Ballesteros,

and the unnamed LVNs and other staff members, and fails to state an Eighth Amendment 

medical claim against any of the Defendants.

C. Eighth Amendment Claim -- Conditions of Confinement

The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and 

from inhumane conditions of confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th 

Cir. 2006). Extreme deprivations are required to make out a conditions of confinement claim, 

and only those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life=s necessities are 

sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation. Hudson v. McMillian, 

503 U.S. 1, 9, 112 S.Ct. 995 (1992) (citations and quotations omitted). In order to state a claim 

for violation of the Eighth Amendment, the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to support a 

claim that prison officials knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of serious harm to the 

plaintiff. E.g., Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847; Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998). 

The circumstances, nature, and duration of the deprivations are critical in determining whether 

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the conditions complained of are grave enough to form the basis of a viable Eighth Amendment 

claim. Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2006). A[R]outine discomfort inherent in 

the prison setting@ does not rise to the level of a constitutional violation. Id. at 731. 

Plaintiff alleges that he was issued a mattress in very bad condition, torn, old, lumpy, 

and flat, instead of a new mattress, depriving him of sleep. This allegation, without more, does 

not rise to the level of a constitutional violation. Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state an Eighth 

Amendment claim for adverse conditions of confinement based on the mattress he was issued.

D. Denial of Access to Courts

While Plaintiff has a constitutional right to access the courts, the interferences 

complained of by Plaintiff must have caused him to sustain an actual injury. Christopher v. 

Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415, 122 S.Ct. 2179 (2002); Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351, 116 

S.Ct. 2174 (1996); Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010); Phillips v. Hust, 588 

F.3d 652, 655 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 936 (9th Cir. 2004). In order to 

meet the requisite actual injury showing, a plaintiff must plead facts alleging “a nonfrivolous 

legal claim had been frustrated or was being impeded.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 353; see also

Christopher, 536 U.S. at 415. “The complaint should „state the underlying claim in accordance 

with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) just as if it were being independently pursued, and a 

like plain statement should describe any remedy available under the access claim and presently 

unique to it.‟” Gonzalez v. Diaz, No. 1:10–CV–01287–GBC PC, 2011 WL 2671535 (E.D.Cal. 

July 6, 2011) (quoting Christopher, 536 U.S. at 417–18). The absence of an injury precludes an 

access claim. Harbury, 536 U.S. at 415-16; Jones, 393 F.3d at 936.

Inmates do not have the right to a law library or legal assistance. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 

351. Law libraries and legal assistance programs are only the means of ensuring access to the 

courts. Id. Because inmates do not have “an abstract, freestanding right to a law library or 

legal assistance, an inmate cannot establish relevant actual injury by establishing that his 

prison‟s law library or legal assistance program is subpar in some theoretical sense.” Id. 

Plaintiff alleges that he was denied access to the law library and his legal documents,

was not given enough indigent envelopes, and sometimes the mailroom staff failed to mail out 

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some of his outgoing legal mail, preventing Plaintiff from meeting his legal deadlines. 

Plaintiff‟s vague and conclusory allegation that he was prevented from meeting legal deadlines 

is not sufficient to show the injury required to state a claim for denial of access to the courts. 

Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for denial of access to the courts.

E. Mail Interference

Prisoners have Aa First Amendment right to send and receive mail.@ Witherow v. Paff, 

52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995). The right to receive mail is subject to substantial limitation, 

however, and the regulation or policy infringing on the right will be upheld if it is reasonably 

related to legitimate penological interests. Prison Legal News v. Lehman, 397F.3d 692, 699 

(9th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). Isolated incidents of mail interference or tampering will not 

support a claim under section 1983 for violation of plaintiff=s constitutional rights. See Davis 

v. Goord, 320 F.3d 346, 351 (2d. Cir. 2003); Gardner v. Howard, 109 F.3d 427, 431 (8th Cir. 

1997); Smith v. Maschner, 899 F.2d 940, 944 (10th Cir. 1990). 

Prison regulations relating to the regulation of incoming mail are analyzed under the 

Turner reasonableness standard set forth in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89-91 (1987). 

Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 413-14 (1989). The regulation is valid if it is reasonably 

related to legitimate penological interests. Turner, 482 U.S. at 89. In determining the 

reasonableness of the regulation, the court must consider the following factors: (1) whether 

there is a Avalid, rational connection between the regulation and the legitimate government 

interest put forward to justify it,@ (2) Awhether there are alternative means of exercising the 

right,@ (3) the impact that the Aaccommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on 

guards and other inmates,@ and (4) Athe absence of ready alternatives.@ Id. at 89-90. Further, 

the mere fact that prison officials open and conduct a visual inspection of a prisoner=s legal 

correspondence, which appears to be the case here, does not support a claim for violation of a 

prisoner=s constitutional rights. See Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 576-77 (1974); 

Mitchell v. Dupnick, 75 F.3d 517, 523 (9th Cir. 1996).

Censorship of outgoing prisoner mail is justified if the following criteria are met: (1) the 

regulation furthers Aan important or substantial government interest unrelated to the suppression 

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of expression@ and (2) Athe limitation on First Amendment freedoms must be no greater than is 

necessary or essential to the protection of the particular governmental interest involved.@ 

Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 413 (1974) (overturned by Thornburgh, 490 U.S. 401 

only as test relates to incoming mail - Turner test applies to incoming mail).

Plaintiff‟s vague allegations that unnamed CSP officials sometimes opened his mail out 

of his presence before delivering it to him, sometimes did not deliver his mail at all, and 

sometimes failed to mail out some of his outgoing legal mail, are insufficient to state a 

cognizable claim for mail interference. Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim for 

interference with his mail.

V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

The Court finds that Plaintiff=s First Amended Complaint fails to state any cognizable 

claims upon which relief may be granted under ' 1983. The Court previously granted Plaintiff 

leave to amend the complaint, with ample guidance by the Court. Plaintiff has now filed two 

complaints without stating any claims upon which relief may be granted under § 1983. The 

Court finds that the deficiencies outlined above are not capable of being cured by amendment, 

and therefore further leave to amend should not be granted. 28 U.S.C. ' 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); 

Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000).

Therefore, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ' 1915A 

and 28 U.S.C. ' 1915(e), this action be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim 

upon which relief may be granted under ' 1983, and that this dismissal be subject to the Athreestrikes@ provision set forth in 28 U.S.C. ' 1915(g). Silva v. Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th 

Cir. 2011).

These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 

Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. ' 636(b)(l). Within

thirty (30) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may 

file written objections with the court. The document should be captioned AObjections to

Magistrate Judge=s Findings and Recommendations.@ Plaintiff is advised that failure to file 

objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. 

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Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 

(9th Cir. 1991)).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 6, 2015 /s/ Gary S. Austin 

 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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