Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-4_15-cv-03425/USCOURTS-cand-4_15-cv-03425-10/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 850
Nature of Suit: Securities, Commodities, Exchange
Cause of Action: 15:78m(a) Securities Exchange Act

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JOSEPH F. MARKETTE,

Plaintiff,

v.

XOMA CORPORATION, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 15-cv-03425-HSG 

ORDER APPOINTING LEAD 

PLAINTIFF AND LEAD COUNSEL; 

SETTING FURTHER CASE

MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE

Re: Dkt. Nos. 11, 12, 17 & 22

Before the Court are four competing motions to appoint lead plaintiff and lead counsel in 

this putative securities fraud class action brought by Plaintiff Joseph Markette (“Plaintiff”) against 

Defendant XOMA Corporation (“XOMA”) and two of its executives (together, “Defendants”). 

The four movants for lead plaintiff are: (1) Joseph Tarzia, on behalf of himself, his wife, his three 

children, his sister, his sister’s trust, and his cousin (together, “Tarzia”), Dkt. No. 11 (“Tarzia 

Mot.”), (2) Xoma Group, a group comprised of a married couple and two unrelated individuals, 

Dkt. No. 12 (“Xoma Mot.”), (3) Nicholas and Kellie Exarhos (together, “Exarhos”), Dkt. No. 17 

(“Exarhos Mot.”), and (4) a group comprised of a married couple and three unrelated individuals 

(“Claycomb Group”), Dkt. No. 22 (“Claycomb Mot.”). 

For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Tarzia’s motion and appoints Tarzia

as the lead plaintiff in this action and his attorneys, Faruqi & Faruqi LLP, as lead counsel. The 

three other motions are DENIED. The Court SETS a further case management conference for 

May 24, 2016, at 2:00pm to discuss the status of action and an appropriate scheduling order.

I. BACKGROUND

This is a putative securities fraud class action that Plaintiff brought against Defendants on 

behalf of all persons who purchased common stock in XOMA between November 6, 2014, and 

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July 21, 2015. Dkt. No. 1 (“Compl.”). 

A. Factual Allegations

XOMA is a biotechnology company that develops antibody-based therapeutics. Id. ¶ 22. 

Its lead product candidate is gevokizumab, a proprietary antibody that XOMA has asserted “has 

the potential to address the underlying inflammatory causes of a wide range of diseases that have 

been identified as having unmet medical needs.” Id. Between November 6, 2014, and July 21, 

2015, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants repeatedly made material misrepresentations and omitted 

material information in statements about the successful commercialization of gevokizumab. Id. ¶¶

26-34. When news about a key clinical study became public on July 22, 2015, XOMA’s common

stock price plunged over 79% on extremely heavy trading volume. Id. ¶ 36.

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed this putative securities fraud class action against Defendants on July 24, 

2015, alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 

U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78t(a), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated by the SEC, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. 

Plaintiff’s counsel published a notice of pendency of action, as required by the Private Securities 

Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”), on a national wire service that same day. Dkt. No. 11-1.

In response to that notice, four movants—Tarzia, Xoma Group, Exarhos, and Claycomb 

Group—initially sought appointment as lead plaintiff in the action. In the wake of those motions, 

however, Exarhos filed a statement of non-opposition to the other motions, Dkt. No. 39, and

Claycomb Group filed a statement of limited non-opposition, withdrawing its motion if (and only 

if) Xoma Group is appointed, Dkt. No. 38.1 Xoma Group has filed an opposition to Tarzia’s 

motion, Dkt. No. 44 (“Xoma Opp.”), Tarzia has filed a response to Xoma Group, Dkt. No. 50 

(“Tarzia Opp.”), Xoma Group has replied to Tarzia, Dkt. No. 52 (“Xoma Reply”), and Tarzia has 

 

1 Although the Court ultimately finds that Xoma Group should not be appointed lead plaintiff, the 

Court does not consider Claycomb Group’s motion. After filing its limited opposition, Claycomb 

Group did not continue to brief this motion or appear at oral argument. As a result, the other 

movants did not have an opportunity to fully rebut Claycomb Group’s showing. Claycomb 

Group’s decision both constitutes a withdrawal of its motion from consideration as a procedural 

matter, and is substantively disqualifying in that it shows that Claycomb Group is not an adequate 

lead plaintiff.

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replied to Xoma Group, Dkt. No. 54 (“Tarzia Reply”).

As the remaining movants, Tarzia and Xoma Group each contend that they hold the largest 

financial stake in this litigation and are typical and adequate class representatives. While there are 

several subsidiary issues, the crux of their dispute is whether the other has improperly aggregated 

the financial interest of multiple persons to achieve the largest aggregate share of XOMA stock for 

the purpose of appointment as lead plaintiff. On the one hand, Tarzia seeks to represent his family 

members on their behalf without their appearance in the action, which Xoma Group contends is 

improper. On the other hand, Xoma Group seeks to aggregate the financial interests of several 

individuals who do not have any pre-litigation relationship, which Tarzia contends is improper. 

The Court held a hearing on the Tarzia and Xoma Group motions on November 5, 2015. 

At the hearing, Tarzia manually lodged (and later filed) declarations from the family members 

who Mr. Tarzia is attempting to represent in this action formally assigning their litigation rights to 

Mr. Tarzia. Dkt. Nos. 58-63 (“Assignments”). Xoma Group did not file any written opposition to 

the Assignments, but orally argued they were untimely.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Congress passed the lead plaintiff provision of the PSLRA to supplant the first-to-file 

system that previously determined who would control the prosecution of a securities class action. 

In re Cavanaugh, 306 F.3d 726, 729 (9th Cir. 2002) (discussing 15 U.S.C. 78u-4(a)(3)). Now, 

“district courts [must] select as lead plaintiff the one ‘most capable of adequately representing the 

interests of class members.’” Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(B)(i)). “The ‘most capable’ 

plaintiff-and hence the lead plaintiff-is the one who has the greatest financial stake in the outcome 

of the case, so long as he meets the requirements of [Federal] Rule [of Civil Procedure] 23.” Id. 

“[The PSLRA] provides a simple three-step process for identifying the lead plaintiff 

pursuant to these criteria.” Id. “The first step consists of publicizing the pendency of the action, 

the claims made and the purported class period . . . in a widely circulated national businessoriented publication or wire service.” Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(A)). The plaintiff who 

files the securities action must complete step one within 20 days of filing. Id. (citing 15 U.S.C. §

78u-4(a)(3)(A)(i)). Any movant who seeks appointment as lead plaintiff must then file their 

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motion within 60 days of the date of the notice. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(A)(i)(II).

“In step two, the district court must . . . compare the financial stakes of the various 

plaintiffs [seeking appointment] and determine which one has the most to gain from the lawsuit.” 

Id. at 729-30 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(B)(iii)(I)). That plaintiff is the “presumptive lead 

plaintiff,” and he must show, through “his pleadings and declarations, that he also satisfies the 

requirements of Rule 23(a), in particular those of typicality and adequacy.” Id. at 730. “If the 

plaintiff with the greatest financial stake does not satisfy the Rule 23(a) criteria, the court must 

repeat the inquiry, this time considering the plaintiff with the next-largest financial stake, until it 

finds a plaintiff who is both willing to serve and satisfies the requirements of Rule 23.” Id.

“The third step of the process is to give other plaintiffs an opportunity to rebut the 

presumptive lead plaintiff’s showing that it satisfies Rule 23[.]” Id. at 730 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 

78u-4(a)(3)(B)(iii)(II)). “In seeking evidence that could rebut the presumptive lead plaintiff’s 

showing . . . other plaintiffs may be allowed to conduct discovery if they ‘demonstrate[] a 

reasonable basis for a finding that the presumptively most adequate plaintiff is incapable of 

adequately representing the class.’” Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(B)(iv)). Where facts 

regarding appointment are disputed, an evidentiary hearing may be appropriate. Id.

Once a district court has made its selection, “the most adequate plaintiff shall, subject to 

the approval of the court, select and retain counsel to represent the class.” 15 U.S.C. § 77z–

1(a)(3)(B)(v). “[T]he district court should not reject a lead plaintiff's proposed counsel merely 

because it would have chosen differently.” Cohen v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for N. Dist. of Cal., 586 F.3d 

703, 711-12 (9th Cir. 2009). “[I]f the lead plaintiff has made a reasonable choice of counsel, the 

district court should generally defer to that choice.” Id. at 712. Courts should consider the 

following factors when determining whether the lead plaintiff has made a reasonable choice of 

counsel: (1) the lead plaintiff's sophistication and experience; (2) the process through which the 

lead plaintiff selected its candidates for and final choice of lead counsel; (3) the qualifications and 

experience of selected counsel, and (4) evidence of arms-length negotiations between lead plaintiff 

and proposed counsel.” Id. (citing In re Cendant Corp. Litig., 264 F.3d 201, 276 (3d Cir. 2001)).

///

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III. DISCUSSION

The Court will apply the test set forth in the PSLRA and Cavanaugh to select the lead 

plaintiff in this action. See 15 U.S.C. 78u-4(a)(3); 306 F.3d at 729-30.

A. Notice, Timeliness, and Withdrawal

The first step asks whether proper notice was given to the putative class to allow the most 

qualified plaintiff to seek appointment. Plaintiff, who filed this action, published notice of suit in 

Globe Newswire on July 24, 2015. Dkt. No. 11-1 (“Bower Decl.”), Ex. 1. This was sufficient 

notice. Each movant timely filed its motion thereafter, and Tarzia and Xoma Group’s motions 

remain pending.

B. Largest Financial Stake in the Litigation

The Court must next determine whether Tarzia or Xoma Group has the “greatest financial 

stake in the outcome of the case.” Cavanaugh, 306 F.3d at 729.

1. Standing, Power-of-Attorney Authorization, and Claim Assignment

This inquiry presents a threshold issue as to Tarzia. Xoma Group contends that Joseph

Tarzia, who purports to assert claims on behalf of family members who have not appeared in this 

action, does not have standing to do so. For that reason, Xoma Group argues that Mr. Tarzia 

cannot aggregate his claims with his family’s for the purpose of his lead plaintiff motion, and that 

he is subject to a unique standing defense that undermines his Rule 23 typicality. Tarzia responds 

that Xoma Group conflates various types of standing. He argues, for one thing, that there is no 

question he himself has constitutional standing as one who suffered personal injury. Because he 

has personal constitutional standing, he contends the authorizations that his family filed, giving 

him power of attorney in this action, permit him to aggregate their claims with his. And Tarzia 

argues that even if power-of-attorney is insufficient to permit aggregation, his family members 

have now validly assigned their litigation rights to him. Xoma Group replies only that those 

assignments are invalid because they are untimely.

As an initial matter, Tarzia has personal constitutional standing. Constitutional standing 

exists where a plaintiff has (1) injury-in-fact, which is a “concrete and particularized” harm to a 

“legally protected interest”; (2) causation in the form of a “fairly traceable” connection between 

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the asserted injury-in-fact and the alleged actions of the defendant; and (3) redressability, or a nonspeculative likelihood that the injury can be remedied by the requested relief. Lujan v. Defenders 

of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). Here, Tarzia sufficiently alleges that: (1) he personally 

suffered an economic injury stemming from losses he sustained in connection with XOMA’s 

stock; (2) those injuries are fairly traceable to Defendants’ misrepresentations and omissions 

regarding product development; and (3) his injury is redressed by the damages sought. See id. At 

oral argument, Xoma Group agreed that Tarzia’s personal standing is not contested. Because 

Tarzia has personal constitutional standing, he also has standing to serve as lead plaintiff and 

represent the putative class, which includes his family members. See Bates v. United Parcel Serv., 

Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir. 2007) (“In a class action, standing is satisfied if at least one 

named plaintiff meets the requirements.”).

The more pertinent question is whether Tarzia can pursue his family members’ claims

without their appearance. Tarzia initially argued that he could do so because his family gave him

power of attorney in this case, Bower Decl., Ex. 2 at 3-5, a procedure found valid in Bhojwani v. 

Pistiolis, No. 06 Civ. 13761, 2007 WL 9228588, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 31, 2007) (holding that a 

lead plaintiff could aggregate his claims with his absent family members’ claims where they gave 

him power of attorney because they were a close-knit group that would otherwise be permissible). 

At oral argument, Xoma Group responded that W.R. Huff Asset Mgmt. Co. LLC v. Deloitte & 

Touche LLP, 549 F.3d 100, 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2008), abrogated Bhojwani because it held that an 

investment advisor bringing claims on behalf of its clients, but without injury of its own, lacked 

standing to assert those claims unless its clients formally assigned their litigation rights to it. Id.

The Court does not need to decide whether a power-of-attorney authorization alone is 

sufficient to permit aggregation of absent third parties’ claims with a movant for lead plaintiff 

under the PSLRA. Here, it is undisputed that Mr. Tarzia’s family members formally assigned 

their litigation rights in their claims to him. If Mr. Tarzia’s family members’ claims are now Mr. 

Tarzia’s claims, as a matter of common sense, aggregation is not necessary because only one 

person holds the claims. Xoma Group does not argue that these assignments are invalid per se, but 

that they are untimely because they were not executed until shortly before oral argument.

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The Court finds the assignments valid and timely. As an initial matter, post-complaint 

assignments of litigation rights have been found valid in circumstances analogous to those here. 

See Northstar Fin. Advisors, Inc. v. Schwab Investments, 779 F.3d 1036, 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 

2015) (finding in PSLRA case that district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the 

“[plaintiff] to file a supplemental pleading after a post-complaint assignment from a party that 

clearly had standing,” even where the plaintiff, unlike Tarzia here, previously lacked personal

constitutional standing). And Xoma Group has pointed to no authority holding that the PSLRA 

requires an assignment to occur before a movant seeking appointment as lead plaintiff files the 

motion. Cf. In re SLM Corp. Sec. Litig., 258 F.R.D. 112, 116 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (holding that postcomplaint assignments are untimely under the PSLRA where executed by a movant who otherwise 

would not have any constitutional standing after he has already been appointed lead plaintiff). In

this case, the assignments were lodged before this matter was taken under submission and later 

filed at the Court’s direction, as authorized by Civil Local Rule 7-3(d). Accordingly, the Court 

finds that the assignments are valid and timely and, therefore, Tarzia may “aggregate” his personal 

financial stake with his family members’, in the sense that their claims are now his to assert.

2

2. Method of Calculating Financial Stake

Having resolved that Tarzia can aggregate his claims with those of his family, the Court 

turns to the question of how to calculate the value of the movants’ claims. “The Ninth Circuit has 

declined to endorse a particular method” to calculate which movant has the largest financial stake 

in a securities class action. Nicolow v. Hewlett Packard Co., No. 12-cv-05980, 2013 WL 792642, 

at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2013).3 Courts in this district have used different methods that roughly 

 

2

Friedman v. Quest Energy Partners LP, 261 F.R.D. 607 (W.D. Okla. 2009), which Xoma Group 

cites for the proposition that Tarzia’s assignments are untimely under the PSLRA, is inapposite. 

Friedman held that a movant cannot be appointed lead plaintiff, despite assignment of claims from 

absent third parties, where the movant did not have any standing at the time that the lead plaintiff

motion was filed. Id. at 611-12. Even if the Court were to accept that rule, Tarzia had personal 

constitutional standing at the time he filed his lead plaintiff motion. The basis for the holding in 

Friedman was that “[the movant] did not have standing at the time it filed its motion and, thus, 

was not a member of the class, and it had no financial interest in the relief sought by the class at 

the time it filed its motion.” Id. at 612. But, here, Tarzia was always a putative class member.

3

The only guidance that the Ninth Circuit has provided is that “the [district] court may select 

accounting methods that are both rational and consistently applied” in order to “compare the 

financial stakes of the various plaintiffs[.]” Cavanaugh, 306 F.3d at 730 & n.4.

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constitute two different categories. Perlmutter v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., No. 10-CV-03451, 2011 

WL 566814, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 15, 2011). “Methods in the first category equate financial 

interest with actual economic losses suffered. In contrast, a second category of methods equates 

largest financial interest with potential recovery.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

Within the first category, some courts in this district have found that “[t]he weight of 

authority puts the most emphasis on the competing movants’ estimated losses, using a ‘last in, first 

out’ (‘LIFO’) methodology.” Bodri v. Gopro, Inc., No. 16-cv-00232, 2016 WL 1718217, at *3 

(N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2016) (quoting Nicolow, 2013 WL 792642, at *4); see also City of Royal Oak 

Ret. Sys. v. Juniper Networks, Inc., No. 11-CV-4003, 2012 WL 78780, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan 9, 

2012); (applying LIFO method).4 A court in the Southern District of New York helpfully 

explained and compared the LIFO method and another economic loss method as follows:

“LIFO calculates losses by assuming that the first stocks to be sold 

are the stocks purchased most recently prior to that sale. [One]

alternative, ‘first in, first out’ (‘FIFO’), assumes that the first stocks 

to be sold are the stocks that were acquired first. Often, these firstacquired stocks were acquired outside the class period. Since sales 

matched with pre-class period purchases are not included in the 

calculation of class period losses, any gains or losses from those 

most recent sales would not be included in the total loss.”

Foley v. Transocean Ltd., 272 F.R.D. 126, 129 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). “The main advantage of LIFO is 

that, unlike FIFO, it takes into account gains that might have accrued to plaintiffs during the class 

period due to the inflation of the stock price. FIFO . . . may exaggerate losses.” Id.

Other courts in this district have applied a different net economic loss method that looks to 

the shares retained at the end of the class period that were purchased during the class period and 

calculates the total net loss on those securities alone. Mulligan v. Impax Labs., Inc., No. C-13-

1037, 2013 WL 3354420, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jul. 2, 2013) (citing Eichenholtz v. Verifone Holdings, 

Inc., No. C 07-06140, 2008 WL 3925289, at **10-14 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2008) (creating test)). 

 

4 As Tarzia suggests, the LIFO calculation is often only one of four factors weighed in calculating 

the largest financial stake. Id. (discussing the “Olsten-Lax factors”). The other factors are: (1) the 

number of shares purchased, (2) the number of net shares purchased, and (3) the net funds 

expended during the class period. Id. But, recently, as in Bodri, courts in this district have tended 

to focus on net estimated losses (using the LIFO methodology) as the sole factor in the analysis. 

See, e.g., 2016 WL 1718217, at *3.

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The advantage of this “retained shares” method is that it “look[s] to losses experienced due to the 

shares that the plaintiff was holding at the time the fraud was disclosed, and thus focus[es] on 

losses caused when stock purchased at artificially inflated prices decreases in value due to the 

disclosure of the fraud. This metric thereby excludes losses caused by normal market fluctuations 

prior and unrelated to the disclosure of the fraud.” Id. But the retained shares method works best 

where there is a “relatively constant fraud premium through the class period.” Id. at *7. In other 

words, it will most accurately calculate net loss where there are not multiple partial disclosures 

that reveal the purported fraud during the class period. This is because it excludes losses caused 

by those partial disclosures that came from the sale of shares during the class period. Id.

Still other courts in this district have used a maximum recoverable damages method, 

eschewing economic loss methods entirely. See Perlmutter v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., No. 10-CV03451, 2011 WL 566814, at **3-12 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 15, 2011) (calculating maximum recoverable 

damages alongside LIFO net losses); In re McKesson HBOC, Inc. Sec. Litig., 97 F. Supp. 2d 993, 

997 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (finding maximum recoverable damages preferable to net economic losses

but not deciding the question). The reason for using the recoverable damages method is intuitive: 

“[o]ne’s ‘interest’ in a litigation is rather directly tied to what one might recover.” McKesson, 97 

F. Supp. 2d at 997. Some of the courts using this method, however, appear to have settled on 

economic loss metrics. See Zhamukhanov v. AcelRx Pharm., Inc., No. 14-CV-04416, 2015 WL 

906932, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 24, 2015) (finding that economic loss is the appropriate measure);

City of Royal Oak, 2012 WL 78780, at *4 (applying the LIFO method).

In this case, Tarzia and Xoma Group both calculate net economic loss instead of maximum 

recoverable damages, but use different methods to calculate their net economic loss. Tarzia argues 

that the Court should apply the Olsten-Lax test because it uses the widely-accepted LIFO method. 

Tarzia Mot. at 5; Tarzia Opp. at 3-5; see also Bower Decl., Ex. 3 (net loss chart). Without 

challenging Tarzia’s method, or even explaining its own, Xoma Group appears to calculate net 

loss by taking the total cost of its purchases, subtracting total sales revenue, and then subtracting 

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the “lookback value” of its shares retained at the end of the class period.5 Xoma Opp. at 2; see 

also Xoma Reply at 1, n.1; Dkt. No. 53 (“Xoma Reply Decl.”), Ex. 1 (net loss chart). And, 

problematically, neither movant recalculates its financial stake using the other movant’s method, 

but each still quantitatively compares its calculation to the other movant’s calculation.

While each movant’s proposed method is sufficient under Cavanaugh, the Court finds that 

the retained shares method most accurately establishes the loss amount on these facts. Plaintiff’s 

complaint alleges that a single disclosure revealed Defendants’ purported fraud and does not 

suggest that any partial disclosures occurred during the class period. See Compl. ¶ 36 (alleging 

that Xoma’s stock price plunged on extremely heavy trading volume after a single disclosure

revealed that earlier assertions about product development were false and/or incomplete). When a 

single disclosure reveals a purported fraud, there is a constant fraud premium across the class 

period, meaning that the artificial inflation of the price of the security did not dissipate. In those 

situations, the retained shares method is more accurate than LIFO, net loss, and other economic 

loss methods because it excludes losses incurred during the class period that are likely attributable 

to normal market fluctuations rather than fraud. See Mulligan, 2013 WL 3354420, at *6. Here, 

Xoma Group’s net loss method does not exclude any losses taken during the class period before 

the fraud was disclosed because, by definition, it includes all losses. And Tarzia’s LIFO method, 

while better than net loss because it attempts to minimize the time between purchase and sale so as 

to exclude normal market fluctuations across the entire class period, likely still captures some loss 

that is not attributable to the purported fraud.

Applying the residual shares method, the Court first determines the number of each 

movant’s residual shares. Eichenholtz, 2013 WL 3354420, at **4-7. Tarzia had a total of 166,400 

shares, while Xoma Group had 174,700 shares at the close of the class period. Second, the Court 

calculates the total value of those shares applying the price of the stock at the time immediately 

before disclosure of the purported fraud. Id. The total value of the residual shares at the close of 

the class period, applying the pre-disclosure price of $4.39, was $730,496 for Tarzia and $766,933 

 

5

Lookback value is defined by Xoma Group as the 90-day price average of the security after the 

end of the class period. Xoma Opp. 1, n.1.

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for Xoma Group. Third, the Court subtracts the average share price over the 90 days that followed 

the fraud disclosure. Id. The parties agree that this lookback value was $0.83. Based on this data, 

the Court finds that Tarzia suffered a net loss of $592,384 and Xoma Group suffered a net loss of 

$621,932. Accordingly, under step two, Xoma Group is the presumptive lead plaintiff.

C. Typicality and Adequacy of the Xoma Group

A presumptive lead plaintiff has the burden of setting forth a prima facie case that he can 

satisfy the class representative requirements of Rule 23(a), typicality and adequacy. 15 U.S.C. §

78u-4(a)(3)(B)(iii)(I); Cavanaugh, 306 F.3d at 730. Competing movants can rebut this showing 

by setting forth evidence that the presumptive lead plaintiff “will not fairly and adequately protect 

the interests of the class” or “is subject to unique defenses that render such plaintiff incapable of 

adequately representing the class.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(B)(iii)(II).

3. Typicality

Under Rule 23(a)(3), “[t]he test of typicality is whether other members have the same or 

similar injury, whether the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, 

and whether other class members have been injured by the same course of conduct.” Hanon v. 

Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citation and quotation omitted). 

“[R]epresentative claims are typical if they are reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class 

members; they need not be substantially identical.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 

1020 (9th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation omitted). Xoma Group contends (and Tarzia does not 

contest) that its claims are typical of the class because they share largely identical legal and factual 

issues and that it is not subject to any unique defenses. On the record before it, the Court agrees.

4. Adequacy

Rule 23(a)(4) requires that the “representative parties will fairly and adequately represent 

the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). In its moving papers, Xoma Group asserts that 

there is a “close alignment of interests between [itself] and other class members” and that it has a 

“desire to prosecute [the action] on behalf of the class[.]” Xoma Opp. at 5. To that effect, Xoma 

Group submits a joint declaration that recites their collective commitment to take an “active role” 

in the case and to “communicate regularly with counsel and each other regarding major litigation 

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events[.]” Dkt. No. 45-1 (“Xoma Joint Decl.”) ¶¶ 5-6. 

Tarzia responds that Xoma Group is an inadequate lead plaintiff as a matter of law because 

it is an artificial collection of persons who their counsel assembled for the sole purpose of securing 

the lead plaintiff position in order to permit them to become class counsel. Tarzia Opp. at 7-17. 

Tarzia asserts that although the PSLRA allows a group of persons to serve as a lead plaintiff, the 

majority position in this district is that plaintiffs without any existing relationship cannot aggregate 

their financial stakes. Id. at 7-8. In any case, Tarzia notes that when courts have allowed artificial 

aggregation, the group must justify its composition and structure in terms of its adequacy. Id. at 8-

11. To that end, Tarzia claims that the Court should defer to the SEC’s litigation position stating 

that artificial lead plaintiff groups are permissible only where their existence is justified and they 

state a clear plan for resolving disputes among members. Id. at 11-17. Tarzia argues that Xoma 

Group’s joint declaration fails to answer those questions and, therefore, warrants rejection. Xoma 

Group replies that courts in this district have approved artificial litigation groups in the past so 

long as they submitted a joint declaration like the one it has submitted. Xoma Reply at 3-4. 

The PSLRA itself permits groups of persons to serve as a lead plaintiff. 15 U.S.C. § 78u4(a)(3)(B)(iii)(I). But, in Cavanaugh, the Ninth Circuit left open the question of whether the 

PSLRA permits groups of persons without an existing relationship to aggregate their financial 

losses to become lead plaintiff. 306 F.3d at 731, n.8; see also Nicolow, 2013 WL 792642, at *5 

(noting open question). It is true some courts have stated that “[a]lthough the PSLRA allows 

groups to serve as lead plaintiffs, courts have uniformly refused to appoint as lead plaintiff groups 

of unrelated individuals, brought together for the sole purpose of aggregating their claims in an 

effort to become the presumptive lead plaintiff.” Bodri, 2016 WL 1718217, at *4 (quoting In re 

Netflix, Inc., Sec. Litig., No. 12-0225, 2012 WL 1496171, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2012)); see 

also Bowman v. Legato Sys., 195 F.R.D. 655, 658 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (“The [PSLRA] was intended 

to create a new model for securities fraud litigation, under which the district court would appoint a 

strong lead plaintiff who would actively manage the litigation on behalf of the class. [] Given this 

purpose, many district courts have rejected lead plaintiff applications from large, lawyer-solicited 

aggregations of shareholders or from subsets of such aggregations.”); Arondson v. McKesson 

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HBOC, Inc., 79 F. Supp. 2d 1146, 1154 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (adopting “[t]he strictest approach 

[which] forbids aggregation of unrelated plaintiffs, and interprets the term ‘group’ narrowly as a 

small number of members that share such an identity of characteristics, distinct from those of 

almost all other class members, that they can almost be seen as being the same person.”). 

But even in this district treatment of this aggregation issue has not been uniform. See 

Eichenholtz, 2008 WL 3925289, at *8 (“There is widespread disagreement amongst district courts 

regarding this issue.”). Many courts have found unrelated groups of investors appropriate where 

the group is small and cohesive and/or where the individual members have demonstrated an ability 

to effectively work together on behalf of the class. See, e.g., Johnson v. OCZ Tech. Grp., Inc., No. 

CV 12-05265, 2013 WL 75774, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 4, 2013) (“Small, cohesive groups similar to 

the [movant] are routinely appointed as Lead Plaintiff in securities actions when they have shown 

their ability to manage the litigation effectively in the interests of the class without undue 

influence of counsel.”); Bruce v. Suntech Power Holdings Co. Ltd., No. CV 12-04061, 2012 WL 

5927985, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 2012) (“While a pre-litigation relationship amongst lead 

plaintiffs is preferred, it is not required.”); Eichenholtz, 2008 WL 3925289, at *8 (“[T]he court . . . 

finds that a pre-existing relationship between entities that comprise a group is not required if the 

resulting group is small and cohesive enough such that it can adequately control and oversee the 

litigation.”); In re Versata, Inc., Sec. Litig., No. 2001 WL 34012374, at **3-6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 

2001) (“A case-by-case approach governed by the rule of reason allows the court both to guard 

against improper plaintiffs—whether or not they have a pre-litigation relationship—and to select 

investors who are most willing and able to represent the interests of the class.”); Wenderhold v. 

Cylink Corp., 188 F.R.D. 577, 586 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (permitting aggregation of unrelated claims 

where “no single proposed plaintiff [] has purchased in each intra-class period” or “if it can be 

shown to serve the PSLRA’s effort to shift control of the litigation away from the lawyers and to 

the investors.”). Given this clear split in authority, the Court must choose whether to follow the 

brightline or the “rule of reason” approach regarding aggregation of unrelated claims.

The Court agrees with those who have taken the middle road and applied a reasonableness 

standard that takes into account the specific circumstances of the case. There is no clear basis in 

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the PSLRA for barring the aggregation of unrelated investors’ claims as a matter of law. Although 

it is true that the PSLRA was designed to preclude lawyer-driven litigation, suggesting hostility to 

this kind of aggregation, “Congress enacts statutes, not purposes[.]” Cavanaugh, 306 F.3d at 731. 

In the Court’s view, it would read too much into the PSLRA’s purpose to categorically bar 

aggregation in this way. Additionally, “[r]equiring a pre-litigation relationship, though appealing 

in its simplicity, is too rigid; it is not the only way, or necessarily the best way, to ensure that the 

lead plaintiffs will actively represent the interests of the purported class.” Versata, 2001 WL 

34012374, at *5. “The beneficial characteristics sought in a group with a pre-existing 

relationship—cohesiveness, an ability to direct litigation, and collective confluence with the 

interests of the class—can be found in unrelated groups on a case-by-case basis.” Id. The Court’s 

conclusion is bolstered by the fact that the SEC, the agency that promulgates rules and gives 

guidance under the PSLRA, has adopted a rule of reason position. See Tarzia Opp. at 11-13 

(discussing the SEC’s litigation position on lead plaintiff claim aggregation).

None of this is to say that the Court will not inquire into “the basis of the group formation”

in order to effectuate “the primary purpose of the PSLRA: to eliminate lawyer-driven litigation.” 

Eichenholtz, 2008 WL 3925289, at *8. No matter what, “[a] ‘group of persons’ within the 

meaning of the Act should, like an institution or single large investor, be able to actively oversee 

the conduct of the litigation and monitor the effectiveness of counsel.” In re Network Assocs., 

Inc., Sec. Litig., 76 F.Supp.2d 1017, 1026 (N.D. Cal. 1999). But courts have found sufficient 

cohesiveness among unrelated persons where they are sophisticated investors who can “direct and 

supervise the activities of counsel to best vindicate the interests of all shareholders.” Johnson, 

2013 WL 75774, at *3.

In this case, there is no dispute that Xoma Group is composed of a married couple and two 

other unrelated individuals who have no pre-existing litigation relationship with the couple. See 

Xoma Reply at 2. As an initial matter, if the Xoma Group were composed only of the married 

couple, the Court would aggregate their claims without concern. See Aronson, 79 F. Supp. 2d at 

1153-54 (stating that family members are the prototypical group with a “meaningful relationship” 

preceding litigation). Standing on their own, however, the married couple did not incur enough 

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loss to be the presumptive lead plaintiff. For that reason, the Court must determine whether to 

also aggregate the two other investors’ losses. Under the rule of reason approach discussed above, 

the Court must consider whether Xoma Group made a sufficient showing of sophistication and 

cohesiveness among its unrelated investor-members to justify a finding of adequacy. 

To make that showing, the Xoma Group relies exclusively on a joint declaration from its 

members that stating that they would actively participate in the litigation and communicate with 

their counsel. Xoma Joint Decl. ¶¶ 5-6. Apart from these generalities, the declaration says 

nothing about their level of sophistication, the structure of decision-making in their group, or 

whether the investors are the true movants as opposed to their counsel. This kind of barebones 

declaration has been found insufficient in the past. See Eichenholtz, 2008 WL 3925289, at *9 

(“[T]he declaration does not . . . clarify how the group will tackle the massive coordination and 

strategic issues that are certain to arise in this litigation. Simply stated, this conclusory declaration 

has little or no substance.”); cf. Versata, 2001 WL 34012374 (permitting the aggregation of

unrelated investors, which included investment firms and institutional investors, where their 

declaration showed they were “impressive in their business sophistication” and their “individual 

desire to take a pro-active role in vigorously representing the class and directing counsel”). Most 

importantly, it is clear that Xoma Group was “created by the efforts of lawyers hoping to ensure 

their eventual appointment as lead counsel and, as such, are ‘groups’ of the sort district courts in 

this circuit and throughout the country look upon with disfavor.” See Eichenholtz, 2008 WL 

3925289, at *9. Accordingly, the Court finds that Xoma Group is not an adequate lead plaintiff.

D. Typicality and Adequacy of Tarzia

Under Cavanaugh, where the presumptive lead plaintiff is found inadequate, courts must 

then turn to the movant with the next largest financial stake. In this case, that is Tarzia.6 Tarzia 

 

6 Xoma Group argues that the Court should “look through” the aggregate losses that it asserts and 

appoint it lead plaintiff if the losses of the married couple and/or the other two unrelated investors 

are individually greater than Mr. Tarzia’s losses. See Bruce, 2012 WL 5927985, at * 2 (appointing 

group of unrelated investors because one of the individuals in the group personally maintained the 

largest stake); Hodges v. Akeena Solar, Inc., 263 F.R.D. 528, 533 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 21, 2009) (“[I]t 

is not necessary for the members of [a group] to aggregate themselves in order to overcome the 

largest stake requirement—one of its members could meet that requirement by herself.”). But 

given that the Court has found Mr. Tarzia’s family members’ assignments are valid, Mr. Tarzia’s 

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shares largely identical issues of fact and law with the putative class. Xoma Group contends that 

Tarzia does not satisfy the typicality requirement, however, because he is subject to a unique 

standing defense because he seeks to represent his absent family members. But as the Court has 

already explained, Mr. Tarzia does not have a standing problem. For that reason, the Court finds 

that Tarzia does not suffer from any typicality defects. With respect to adequacy, the Court has no 

reason to doubt that Tarzia will not fairly represent the putative class’s interest in this litigation. 

For that reason, the Court appoints Tarzia as lead plaintiff in this action.

D. Appointment of Class Counsel

The final step of the PSLRA procedure is to appoint class counsel. Mr. Tarzia’s chosen 

counsel has submitted its firm resume, demonstrating its experience and success in litigating 

securities class actions. See Dkt. No. 11-5. The Court has no reason to suspect Mr. Tarzia did not 

engage in arms-length negotiations with their counsel before his selection, nor any reason to 

suspect that his counsel’s interests do not align with the interests of the putative class. In short, 

Mr. Tarzia appears to have made a reasonable choice of counsel. Accordingly, the Court appoints 

Tarzia’s chosen counsel, Faruqi & Faruqi LLP, as lead counsel in this action.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Tarzia’s motion for appointment as lead 

plaintiff and APPOINTS Tarzia lead plaintiff and his counsel, Faruqi & Faruqi LLP as lead 

counsel. The Court therefore also DENIES Xoma Group’s motion, DENIES the Exarhos’

motion, and DENIES the Claycomb Group’s motion. Additionally, the Court SETS a further case 

management conference for May 24, 2016, at 2:00pm to set a schedule in this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated:

HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR.

United States District Judge

 

personal financial stake is larger than the losses of the married couple and each other individual 

investor in Xoma Group. Even if that were not the case, the Court does not believe the “look 

through” method would resolve the adequacy issue that defeated Xoma Group’s motion.

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