Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_15-cv-02444/USCOURTS-casd-3_15-cv-02444-1/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 28:2254 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JOSE NAJERA,

Petitioner,

Case No. 15-cv-02444-BAS-JLB

ORDER:

(1) OVERRULING PETITIONER’S 

OBJECTIONS; 

(2) ADOPTING REPORT AND 

RECOMMENDATION; AND

(3) DENYING PETITION FOR 

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

v.

STU SHERMAN, et al.,

Respondents.

On October 28, 2015, Petitioner Jose Najera (“Najera”), a state prisoner 

proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, challenging his March 4, 2013 conviction in San Diego 

Superior Court for second degree murder. (ECF No. 1 at 6.) Petitioner asserts that 

former California Penal Code § 22(b) (“former § 22(b)”)1 violates federal due process 

by excluding relevant exculpatory evidence. 

 

1 California Penal Code § 22(b) was renumbered as § 29.4 in 2013. For consistency with other 

filings in this case, the Court will continue to refer to the code provision in question as “former § 

22(b)”.

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On August 19, 2016, United States Magistrate Judge Jill L. Burkhardt issued 

a Report and Recommendation (“Report”) recommending that this Court deny the 

petition. (ECF No. 10.) Petitioner filed an Objection to the Report and 

Recommendation (“Objection”) in which he reasserts his claim that former § 22(b)

violates due process, and also argues that the magistrate judge failed to properly 

review the record before reaching her legal conclusions. Petitioner also requests an 

evidentiary hearing. Respondents have not replied. 

BACKGROUND

On the morning of April 25, 2007, Najera was driving a stolen car. He 

had two passengers: his friend, David Lopez, and Lopez’s girlfriend, 

Rachel Gaxiola. At approximately 9:00 a.m., San Diego County Sheriff’s 

deputies attempted to stop Najera’s car, having received a report it was 

stolen. Najera initially pulled the car over to the side of the road but then 

made a sharp U-turn and rapidly accelerated; Najera narrowly missed 

oncoming traffic and drove on the wrong side of a divided roadway at 

speeds up to 80 miles per hour[] for just under a minute. The chase finally 

ended when Najera collided head-on with a 76-year-old motorist, Jean 

Cooke. . . . 

All four people involved in the collision were taken to the hospital, where 

Lopez was pronounced dead. Gaxiola had several severe bone fractures; 

she spent the next two and a half months in the hospital and was still in 

“constant pain” at the time of the trial. Cooke also suffered several broken 

bones and a collapsed lung; she still experienced symptoms of her 

injuries, including difficulty standing, at the time of trial. 

Najera was treated for several fractures and lacerations. Najera admitted 

to doctors at the hospital that he had used methamphetamine the evening 

before the collision and heroin approximately five hours before the 

collision. These admissions were confirmed by later blood tests and 

consistent with the fact that a usable amount of methamphetamine was 

found in his pants pocket. 

(ECF No. 8-7 at 3–4.)

Najera was ultimately convicted in San Diego County Superior Court of 

second degree murder, gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated, and other 

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charges. Najera timely filed an appeal with the California Court of Appeal on May 

6, 2013. (ECF No. 8-1 at 163.) The California Court of Appeal affirmed Najera’s 

conviction. (ECF No. 8-7 at 1–15.) Subsequently, Najera filed a petition for review 

in the Supreme Court of California, which summarily denied the petition on 

November 12, 2014. (ECF Nos. 8-8, 8-9 at 1.) 

Najera timely filed the instant Petition on October 28, 2015. (ECF No. 1.) 

LEGAL STANDARD

A. Review of Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation

The Court reviews de novo those portions of a report and recommendation to 

which objections are made. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The Court may “accept, reject, 

or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the 

magistrate judge.” Id. But the statute makes clear that “the district judge must review 

the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations de novo if objection is made, 

but not otherwise.” United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 

2003) (en banc) (emphasis in original); see also Schmidt v. Johnstone, 263 F. Supp. 

2d 1219, 1226 (D. Ariz. 2003) (concluding that where no objections were filed, the 

district court had no obligation to review the magistrate judge’s report de novo).

“Neither the Constitution nor the statute requires a district judge to review, de novo, 

findings and recommendations that the parties themselves accept as correct.” ReynaTapia, 328 F.3d at 1121. This legal rule is well-established in the Ninth Circuit and 

this district. See Wang v. Masaitis, 416 F.3d 992, 1000 n.13 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Of 

course, de novo review of a[n] R & R is only required when an objection is made to 

the R & R.”).

B. Federal Habeas Review

The power of a federal court to grant habeas relief on behalf of state prisoners 

is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective 

Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 326–27 

(1997). Under AEDPA, a habeas petition will not be granted on any claim 

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adjudicated on the merits in state court, unless that adjudication: (1) resulted in a 

decision that was contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly 

established federal law; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an 

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented at the state 

court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 7–8 

(2002). 

For purposes of AEDPA, the phrase “clearly established federal law” means 

“the governing principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the 

state court renders its decision.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 72 (2003). A state 

court decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if it applies a rule that 

contradicts governing Supreme Court law, or if it confronts a set of facts that is 

“materially indistinguishable” from a decision of the Supreme Court, but reaches a 

different result. Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005) (citing Williams v. 

Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405–06 (2000)). A state court decision involves an 

“unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law if the state court

correctly identifies the governing law, but applies that law in an “objectively 

unreasonable” manner. Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 76 (citing Williams, 529 U.S. at 409, 

413).

In assessing whether a state court decision was based on “an unreasonable 

determination of the facts” under AEDPA’s second prong, the Court presumes 

factual findings made by the state court to be correct. “The applicant shall have the 

burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing 

evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 971–72 

(9th Cir. 2004). Clear and convincing means that the Court “must be convinced that 

an appellate panel, applying the normal standards of appellate review, could not 

reasonably conclude that the finding is supported by the record.” Taylor v. Maddox, 

366 F.3d 992, 1000 (9th Cir. 2004).

Where there is no reasoned decision from the state’s highest court, the Court 

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“looks through” to the last reasoned state court decision to address the claim at issue.

See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 805–06 (1991). Here, the California Supreme 

Court summarily denied Najera’s petition for review, and so the Court “looks 

through” to the California Court of Appeal’s unpublished written decision, People v. 

Najera, No. D063875, 2014 WL 4240581 (Cal. Ct. App. Aug. 27, 2014), as the 

appropriate decision for review. 

ANALYSIS

A. Constitutionality of Former Section 22(b)

Former section 22(b) of the California Penal Code provides in part that where 

a defendant has been charged with murder “evidence of voluntary intoxication is 

admissible solely on the issue of whether the defendant premeditated, deliberated, or 

harbored express malice aforethought.” (Cal. Penal Code § 22(b)) (1995) (emphasis 

added).

2 Najera’s main argument is that this provision violated his due process rights

by prohibiting him from providing evidence of voluntary intoxication to show he did 

not act with the implied malice needed to prove second degree murder. (ECF No. 1.)

The California Court of Appeal found that former § 22(b) was a legitimate 

exercise of the California Legislature’s authority to redefine the mens rea 

requirement of particular crimes and thus did not violate Najera’s right to due 

process. (ECF No. 8-7 at 8–10.) For her part, the magistrate judge found that the 

California Court of Appeal’s decision was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable 

application of clearly established federal law. She found that the court of appeal 

reasonably applied clearly established law, and that the ruling was not “diametrically 

opposed” to clearly established federal law, as the facts of Najera’s case were 

fundamentally identical to those in Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 40 (1996).

Najera fails to present specific objections to the magistrate judge’s reasoning 

or interpretation of the law. He contends that “the Magistrate erred by denying [the 

 

2 As noted in footnote 1, supra, former § 22 was renumbered as 29.4 in 2013. The wording of the 

two sections remained identical. 

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claim], and maintains his argument that former section 22 and the amended section 

29.4, also unconstitutionally excludes exculpatory evidence and prevented him from 

showing that . . . he was not acting with the . . . implied malice aforethought needed 

to prove [he] committed the act of second degree murder.” (ECF No. 17 at 2.) This 

is not an objection sufficient to trigger de novo review. See, e.g., Goney v. Clark, 749 

F.2d 5, 7 (3d Cir. 1984) (finding that de novo review of magistrate’s report was not 

required where appellant’s objections were “general in nature” and “[t]here was no 

objection to a specific portion of the report”). Nevertheless, the Court will briefly

consider Najera’s arguments de novo.

1. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)

To warrant habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), Najera must establish 

that there is clearly established federal law concerning his argument, and that the 

state court applied a legal test that is contrary to that established law. See Williams, 

529 U.S. at 412. Najera does not dispute that Egelhoff is the Supreme Court decision 

providing the applicable clearly established federal law. However, Najera misreads 

what the appropriate governing law from Egelhoff is and how it applies to his case.

The issue in Egelhoff was whether Mont. Code Ann. § 45–5–102 (1995)

violated respondent’s due process by limiting the jury’s ability to consider his 

intoxicated state when determining whether he had the requisite mens rea for 

deliberate homicide under Montana law. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. at 41. The Supreme 

Court explained that certain evidence may be restricted from being introduced, as the 

Due Process Clause does not guarantee the right to introduce all relevant evidence. 

However, the Court explained that such restrictions may violate due process if they

“offend[] some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our 

people as to be ranked as fundamental.” Egelhoff, 518 U.S. at 43 (quoting Patterson 

v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 201–02 (1977)). In a fractured decision, the Court 

concluded that the Montana statute did not offend a “fundamental principle of 

justice,” and thus did not violate Egelhoff’s due process rights. Thus, the clearly 

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established federal law from Egelhoff is that there is generally no due process 

violation where a state defines a criminal offense in a way that excludes certain 

relevant evidence. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. at 58 (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (quoting

Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 201–02 (1977)).

Najera incorrectly focuses on a test proposed by Justice Ginsburg in her 

concurring opinion—that a “rule designed to keep out ‘relevant, exculpatory 

evidence’” is unconstitutional. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. at 57 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).

This test is not clearly established federal law for purposes of habeas review, because 

it was not the narrowest ground concurred upon by five Justices.3 However, even if

the Court applied Justice Ginsburg’s test, it would not be satisfied here. Both the 

magistrate judge and the California Court of Appeal reasonably concluded that 

former § 22(b) was designed to redefine the mental-state element of particular crimes

rather than to exclude relevant, exculpatory evidence.4 Accordingly, the Court agrees 

with the magistrate judge that former § 22(b) does not infringe Najera’s due process 

rights. Najera is not entitled to habeas relief on this ground.

2. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2)

To analyze AEDPA’s second prong, the Court considers whether the state 

court made an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the record before it.

 

3 The Supreme Court provided guidance on how to determine the holding of a fractured Supreme 

Court decision in the seminal case Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188 (1997). Marks, 430 U.S. 

at 193–94 (“When a fragmented Court decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result 

enjoys the assent of five Justices, the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position taken by 

those Members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds.”).

4 The California Court of Appeal cited several rationales for its conclusion. First, the court of appeal 

noted that former § 22(b), like the Montana statute in Egelhoff, is located not in the Evidence Code 

but in the Penal Code “with statutes defining and setting forth the kinds and degrees of crimes and 

their punishment.” (ECF No. 8-7 at 9.) Second, the court pointed out that former § 22(b) affirms 

California’s public policy that intoxicated persons and sober persons shoulder the same criminal 

responsibility for the same conduct. Finally, the State court explained that former § 22(b) 

establishes, and limits, the exculpatory effect of voluntary intoxication on the required mental state 

for particular crimes, and that there is no exception for introducing evidence of voluntary 

intoxication for defensive purposes. This reasoning is entirely consistent with clearly established 

federal law in Egelhoff.

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See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). The Court must presume the factual findings made by 

the state court are correct, while Najera has the burden of rebutting the presumption 

of correctness by clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

In his Objection, Najera seeks to contrast the facts of Egelhoff with the facts 

of his case, asserting:

Egelhoff’s decision was used to bar voluntary intoxication in Petitioner’s 

case just because they’re similar, even though they’re completely 

different, because Egelhoff was in the back seat of the same car where 

two individuals was [sic] murdered as to [sic] [Egelhoff], where 

Petitioner was under the influence in a high speed pursuit chase and 

crashed causing death to the passenger of the same vehicle he was 

driving.

(ECF No. 17 at 3.)

Najera’s objection is misplaced. The test under § 2254(d)(2) is not whether the 

facts of Najera’s case are in some way different from the facts of another case, but 

whether the state court’s determination of the facts was “objectively unreasonable.” 

Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 76. Here, Najera does not provide any evidence to rebut the 

presumption of correctness accorded to the state court’s factual findings. In fact,

Najera raises no objection at all to these findings. Accordingly, the Court finds that 

the state court’s decision was not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts 

in light of the record before it. Najera is not entitled to habeas relief on this ground.

B. Objection to Magistrate Judge’s Review of the Record

Najera also appears to argue that the magistrate judge failed to properly review 

the record before finding he was not entitled to habeas relief. Najera contends:

[T]he Magistrate did not review the relevant portions of the record based 

on the facts within Petitioner’s case, but biasly [sic] agreeing with the 

Respondent and it shows when the Magistrate did not Review [sic] and 

did not address the Review [sic] . . . When committing the error of 

denying Petitioner’s claim, the Magistrate failed to review and apply 

section 20 when making an allege [sic] independent decision of 

Petitioner’s habeas claim on the specific intent . . . the Magistrate just 

decided to agree with the State court’s determination, rather than apply 

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an extraordinarily differential [sic] review of the actual record, the fact 

[sic] and statute, inquiring only whether the State court’s decision was 

objectively unreasonable. 

(ECF No. 17 at 4.)

AEDPA imposes a “highly deferential” standard of review that “demands that 

state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 

U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam) (internal citation omitted). Factual determinations 

made by the state court are presumed correct, and it is the habeas petitioner, not the 

magistrate judge, who has the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by 

clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). 

Having reviewed the California Court of Appeal’s opinion and the magistrate 

judge’s reasoning, analysis, and conclusions, the Court finds no support for Najera’s 

claim that the magistrate judge did not properly review the record in accordance with 

AEDPA. Najera apparently believes that the magistrate judge was required to 

conduct a de novo review of his claims, but AEDPA imposes no such obligation so 

long as Najera’s claims were “adjudicated on the merits” in state court. Amado v. 

Gonzalez, 758 F.3d 1119, 1130 (9th Cir. 2014). There is no dispute that the state 

court adjudicated Najera’s claims on the merits. Thus, the magistrate judge’s task 

was to assess whether the state’s decision was contrary to, or involved an 

unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, or was based on an 

unreasonable determination of the facts. 

Having reviewed the Report and Recommendation, the Court finds that the 

magistrate judge considered the record properly and thoroughly. The magistrate 

judge’s reasoning is sound and her conclusions well-grounded in law. Accordingly, 

Najera’s objection on this point fails.

C. Evidentiary Hearing Request

Finally, Najera requests an evidentiary hearing. (ECF No. 17 at 3–4.) “In 

deciding whether to grant an evidentiary hearing, a federal court must consider 

whether such a hearing could enable an applicant to prove the petition’s factual 

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allegations, which, if true, would entitle the applicant to federal habeas relief.” 

Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007). A district court is not required to 

hold an evidentiary hearing where “the record refutes the applicant’s factual 

allegations or otherwise precludes habeas relief[.]” Id.; see also Hibbler v. Benedetti, 

693 F.3d 1140, 1147 (9th Cir. 2012) (“An evidentiary hearing is not required on 

issues that can be resolved by reference to the state court record.”) (citation omitted). 

Najera argues that an evidentiary hearing is required so he can offer evidence 

of his voluntary intoxication as a mitigating factor for the charge of murder. (ECF 

No. 17 at 4–5.)

5 But the issue is not whether Najera was voluntarily intoxicated at the 

time of the accident. There is no factual dispute that he was. The issue is whether this 

fact should have been excluded on legal grounds under former § 22(b). The state 

court found it should be excluded. Specifically, the state court noted that the 

California Legislature chose to make “voluntary intoxication . . . irrelevant to proof 

of the mental state of implied malice or conscious disregard.” Najera, 2014 WL 

4240581, at *4. Thus, an evidentiary hearing is unnecessary because the evidence 

Najera seeks to introduce is irrelevant to the elements of the criminal offense at issue. 

Cf. Schriro, 550 U.S. at 475 (finding that the district court was well within its 

discretion to deny an evidentiary hearing where further development of the factual 

record would not have entitled respondent to habeas relief). Accordingly, Najera’s 

request for an evidentiary hearing is denied.

CONCLUSION

After considering Najera’s objections and conducting a de novo review where 

appropriate, the Court finds that Magistrate Judge Burkhardt’s reasoning is sound 

and her conclusions well-grounded in the governing law. Accordingly, the Court 

 

5 Najera was charged and convicted of various offenses indicating his intoxicated state including: 

gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated in violation of California Penal Code § 191.5(c)(1); 

driving under the influence causing injury in violation of California Vehicle Code § 23153(a); and 

possession of a controlled substance in violation of California Health and Safety Code § 11377(a). 

(ECF No. 8-1 at 19–24.) Thus, the jury was aware of Najera’s intoxication as this fact was part of 

the record. 

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OVERRULES Petitioner’s Objections (ECF No. 17), APPROVES and ADOPTS 

the Report (ECF No. 10) in its entirety, DENIES the request for an evidentiary 

hearing, and DENIES the Petition (ECF No. 1).

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1), a petitioner may not appeal a final order in a 

federal habeas proceeding without first obtaining a certificate of appealability 

(“COA”). A COA may issue only if the applicant makes a substantial showing of the 

denial of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A COA is not a definitive 

inquiry into the merits of a case, but rather a separate proceeding distinct from the 

merits, with the question bearing on the debatability of the claim, not its resolution. 

See Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 342 (2003). Under this standard, “a petitioner 

‘must show that reasonable jurists could debate whether the petition should have been 

resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve 

encouragement to proceed further.’” Id. at 336 (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 

473, 484 (2000)). 

Here, Najera has not made the requisite substantial showing. Because 

reasonable jurists could not find the Court’s assessment of the claims in the Petition 

debatable or erroneous, the Court DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability. 

See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: April 7, 2017

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