Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-6_14-cv-02011/USCOURTS-alnd-6_14-cv-02011-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 864
Nature of Suit: Social Security - SSID Title XVI
Cause of Action: 42:405 Review of HHS Decision (SSID)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

JASPER DIVISION

TINA WHITTEN DAMONE,

Plaintiff,

vs.

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting 

Commissioner, Social Security 

Administration,

Defendant.

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Civil Action Number

 6:14-cv-02011-AKK

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Tina Whitten Damone (“Damone”) brings this action pursuant to Section 

205(g) of the Social Security Act (“the Act”), 42 U.S.C. § 205(g), seeking review 

of the final adverse decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security 

Administration (“SSA”). This court finds that the Administrative Law Judge 

(“ALJ”) applied the correct legal standard and that his decision—which has 

become the decision of the Commissioner—is supported by substantial evidence. 

Therefore, the court AFFIRMS the decision denying benefits.

I. Procedural History

Damone filed her application for Title II Disability Insurance Benefits on 

May 17, 2011, alleging an onset date of May 11, 2011 (which she later amended to 

May 22, 2011) due to problems in both feet, fibromyalgia, arthritis, edema in hands 

FILED

 2015 Oct-27 PM 01:55

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

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and feet, attention deficit disorder (“ADD”), and anxiety. (R. 44, 122, 131, 165). 

After the SSA denied her application, Damone requested a hearing before an ALJ. 

(R. 86-86, 89-112). At the time of the hearing on November 6, 2012, Damone was 

50 years old, had completed twelfth grade, and had past relevant work experience 

as a mental health technician, a stocker, and a cashier. (R. 45, 51). Damone had not 

engaged in substantial gainful activity since May 22, 2011. (R. 41).

The ALJ subsequently denied Damone’s claim on March 5, 2013, (R. 6, 24), 

which became the final decision of the Commissioner on September 22, 2014 

when the Appeals Council refused to grant review, (R. 1-3). Damone then filed this 

action pursuant to § 205(g) on October 21, 2014. Doc. 1.

II. Standard of Review

The only issues before this court are whether the record contains substantial 

evidence to sustain the ALJ’s decision, see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Walden v. 

Schweiker, 672 F.2d 835, 838 (11th Cir. 1982), and whether the ALJ applied the 

correct legal standards, see Lamb v. Bowen, 847 F.2d 698, 701 (11th Cir. 1988); 

Chester v. Bowen, 792 F.2d 129, 131 (11th Cir. 1986). Title 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) 

and 1383(c) mandate that the Commissioner’s “factual findings are conclusive if 

supported by ‘substantial evidence.’” Martin v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1520, 1529 

(11th Cir. 1990). The district court may not reconsider the facts, reevaluate the 

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evidence, or substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner; instead, it must 

review the final decision as a whole and determine if the decision is “reasonable 

and supported by substantial evidence.” See id. (citing Bloodsworth v. Heckler, 703 

F.2d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 1983)).

Substantial evidence falls somewhere between a scintilla and a 

preponderance of evidence; “[i]t is such relevant evidence as a reasonable person 

would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Martin, 849 F.2d at 1529 

(quoting Bloodsworth, 703 F.2d at 1239) (other citations omitted). If supported by 

substantial evidence, the court must affirm the Commissioner’s factual findings 

even if the preponderance of the evidence is against the Commissioner’s findings. 

See Martin, 894 F.2d at 1529. While the court acknowledges that judicial review 

of the ALJ’s findings is limited in scope, it notes that the review “does not yield 

automatic affirmance.” Lamb, 847 F.2d at 701.

III. Statutory and Regulatory Framework

To qualify for disability benefits, a claimant must show “the inability to 

engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 

physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which 

has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve 

months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A); 42 U.S.C. § 416(i)(I)(A). A physical or 

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mental impairment is “an impairment that results from anatomical, physiological, 

or psychological abnormalities which are demonstrated by medically acceptable 

clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(3).

Determination of disability under the Act requires a five step analysis. 20 

C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)-(f). Specifically, the Commissioner must determine in 

sequence:

(1) whether the claimant is currently unemployed;

(2) whether the claimant has a severe impairment;

(3) whether the impairment meets or equals one listed by the Secretary;

(4) whether the claimant is unable to perform his or her past work; and

(5) whether the claimant is unable to perform any work in the national 

economy.

McDaniel v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 1026, 1030 (11th Cir. 1986). “An affirmative 

answer to any of the above questions leads either to the next question, or, on steps 

three and five, to a finding of disability. A negative answer to any question, other 

than step three, leads to a determination of ‘not disabled.’” Id. at 1030 (citing 20 

C.F.R. § 416.920(a)-(f)). “Once a finding is made that a claimant cannot return to 

prior work the burden shifts to the Secretary to show other work the claimant can 

do.” Foote v. Chater, 67 F.3d 1553, 1559 (11th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted).

Lastly, where, as here, a plaintiff alleges disability because of pain, she must 

meet additional criteria. In this circuit, “a three part ‘pain standard’ [is applied] 

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when a claimant seeks to establish disability through his or her own testimony of 

pain or other subjective symptoms.” Holt v. Barnhart, 921 F.2d 1221, 1223 (11th 

Cir. 1991). Specifically,

The pain standard requires (1) evidence of an underlying medical 

condition and either (2) objective medical evidence that confirms the 

severity of the alleged pain arising from that condition or (3) that the 

objectively determined medical condition is of such a severity that it 

can be reasonably expected to give rise to the alleged pain.1

Id. However, medical evidence of pain itself, or of its intensity, is not required:

While both the regulations and the Hand standard require objective 

medical evidence of a condition that could reasonably be expected to 

cause the pain alleged, neither requires objective proof of the pain 

itself. Thus under both the regulations and the first (objectively 

identifiable condition) and third (reasonably expected to cause pain 

alleged) parts of the Hand standard a claimant who can show that his 

condition could reasonably be expected to give rise to the pain he 

alleges has established a claim of disability and is not required to 

produce additional, objective proof of the pain itself. See 20 CFR §§ 

404.1529 and 416.929; Hale [v. Bowen, 831 F.2d 1007, 1011 (11th 

Cir. 1987)].

Elam v. R.R. Ret. Bd., 921 F.2d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 1991) (parenthetical 

information omitted) (emphasis added). Moreover, “[a] claimant’s subjective 

testimony supported by medical evidence that satisfies the pain standard is itself 

sufficient to support a finding of disability.” Holt, 921 F.2d at 1223. Therefore, if 

a claimant testifies to disabling pain and satisfies the three part pain standard, the 

ALJ must find a disability unless the ALJ properly discredits the claimant’s 

testimony.

 1 This standard is referred to as the Hand standard, named after Hand v. Heckler, 761 F.2d 1545, 1548 (11th Cir. 

1985).

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Furthermore, when the ALJ fails to credit a claimant’s pain testimony, the 

ALJ must articulate reasons for that decision: 

It is established in this circuit that if the [ALJ] fails to articulate reasons for 

refusing to credit a claimant’s subjective pain testimony, then the [ALJ], as a 

matter of law, has accepted that testimony as true. Implicit in this rule is the 

requirement that such articulation of reasons by the [ALJ] be supported by 

substantial evidence

Hale, 831 F.2d at 1012. Therefore, if the ALJ either fails to articulate reasons for 

refusing to credit the plaintiff’s pain testimony, or if the ALJ’s reasons are not 

supported by substantial evidence, the court must accept as true the pain testimony 

of the plaintiff and render a finding of disability. Id.

IV. The ALJ’s Decision

In performing the five-step analysis, the ALJ found that Damone had not 

engaged in substantial gainful activity since May 22, 2011 and therefore met Step 

One. (R. 11). Next, the ALJ found that Damone satisfied Step Two because she 

suffered from the severe impairments of “first right toe arthritis status post 

reconstructive surgery, lumbar degenerative disk [sic] disease, affective disorder 

and personality disorder.” (R. 12). The ALJ then proceeded to the next step and 

found that Damone did not satisfy Step Three since she “does not have an 

impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the 

severity of one of the [listed] impairments.” (R. 13). Although the ALJ answered 

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Step Three in the negative, consistent with the law, see McDaniel, 800 F.2d at 

1030, he proceeded to Step Four, where he determined that Damone:

has the residual functional capacity [“RFC”] to perform light work as 

defined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b) except she is capable of 

lifting and carrying [twenty] pounds occasional[ly] and ten pounds 

frequently. She can sit for a total of six hours in an eight-hour day, and stand 

and walk in combination for a total of six hours in an eight-hour day. She 

can frequently balance or kneel and occasionally climb ramps or stairs, 

stoop, crouch or crawl. She is unable to climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, or 

perform in concentrated exposure to extreme cold temperatures or work 

hazards. She can remember, understand, and carry out simple instructions 

but not detailed ones. Contacts with the public should be casual and criticism 

should be non-confrontational. Any changes in the work setting should be 

introduced gradually.

(R. 16). In light of Damone’s RFC, the ALJ determined that Damone “is unable to 

perform any of her past relevant work” as a mental health technician, stocker, 

cashier, dispatcher, or traffic manager. (R. 22). Lastly, in Step Five, the ALJ 

considered Damone’s age, education, work experience, and RFC, and determined 

that Damone “has acquired work skills from past relevant work that are 

transferable to other occupations with jobs existing in significant numbers in the 

national economy.” Id. Therefore, the ALJ found that Damone “has not been under 

a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from May [22], 2011.” (R. 23).

V. Analysis

Damone asserts that the ALJ’s decision is not supported by substantial 

evidence because the ALJ: (1) failed to appropriately consider the opinion of Dr. 

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Derrick Bowling, Damone’s treating physician; (2) erred in discrediting Damone’s 

pain testimony; and (3) inappropriately considered the fact that Damone had 

continued working while showing symptoms similar to those alleged in her 

disability application. See doc. 13 at 24-41. None of these contentions, however, 

establish that the ALJ committed reversible error.

1. The ALJ did not err by affording Dr. Bowling’s opinions and conclusions

limited weight.

Relying on Eleventh Circuit law that an ALJ give “substantial or 

considerable weight” to the medical opinion of the claimant’s treating physician 

unless “good cause” is shown,

2 Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1232, 1240-41 (11th 

Cir. 2004), Damone argues that the ALJ erred by affording the medical 

conclusions and opinions of Dr. Bowling, her treating physician, limited weight.3

See doc. 13 at 24-35. To support her contentions, first, Damone disputes the ALJ’s 

finding that Dr. Bowling’s opinion about Damone’s functional capacity was not 

bolstered by the evidence. The substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision. 

Dr. Bowling stated in his October 2012 opinion that Damone should only sit for 1-

 2 “‘[G]ood cause’ exists when the: (1) treating physician’s opinion was not bolstered by the evidence; (2) evidence 

supported a contrary finding; or (3) treating physician’s opinion was conclusory or inconsistent with the doctor’s 

own medical records.” Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1232, 1241 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Lewis v. Callahan, 125 

F.3d 1436, 1440 (11th Cir. 1997)). Moreover, “[w]hen electing to disregard the opinion of a treating physician, the 

ALJ must clearly articulate [his] reasons.” Id.

3 The ALJ did, however, afford significant weight to Dr. Bowling’s treatment notes because “they show the status of 

[Damone’s] impairments over a long period and support no more than moderate limitations.” (R. 21). Damone takes 

issue not with the weight afforded the treatments notes but, instead, with the weight the ALJ assigned to Dr. 

Bowling’s opinions and conclusions offered to the SSA regarding Damone’s functional capacity. Id.; see (R. 472-

89).

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2 hours a day, stand for 1-2 hours a day, and walk a total of 2-3 hours a day, (R. 

473), and that “her pain is actually exceptional” and limits her ability to sit, stand, 

balance, and generally stay upright, (R. 485-88). However, as the ALJ pointed out, 

(R. 19-20), Damone’s own statements about her daily activities discredit Dr. 

Bowling’s findings; in her application, Damone stated that every day she cleans

her house, walks her dog, and visits her parents, and that almost every day she 

watches sports, swims, plants flowers, and does arts and crafts, (R. 197-201). 

Additionally, Damone handles her own personal care and hygiene. (R. 43, 172, 

198).

The ALJ also noted that Dr. Bowling’s findings were “particularly” 

inconsistent with the objective medical imaging evidence. (R. 21, 382). The 2008 

and 2009 images revealed that Damone’s abnormalities were “mild” and 

“minimal,” and the 2011 image raised concerns—although “unlikely”—that 

Damone had a fractured toe. (R. 258, 382, 391, 393). Although Dr. Bowling

indicated that Damone’s pain was more significant than the mild findings that her 

images indicated because of her consistent allegations of significant pain, (R. 485), 

the ALJ correctly noted that these allegations of significant pain seemed to follow 

specific flare-ups, (R. 20). For example, Damone presented with significant pain 

when: she ran of pain medication prior to her appointment (R. 292); she had a 

vitamin B12 deficiency, (R. 310); she stood “a lot” during the day, (R. 315); she 

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was dealing with significant stress from work or family, (R. 320, 361, 372); she 

had fallen or twisted her foot, (R. 351, 372, 388); and her father had physically 

attacked her, (R. 381). These types of exceptional circumstances cannot support 

Dr. Bowling’s general assertion that the imaging does not appropriately reflect 

Damone’s pain level. In light of Damone’s daily activities and the objective 

medical imaging, the ALJ’s decision to discount Dr. Bowling’s opinions and 

conclusions because they were not bolstered by the evidence is supported by 

substantial evidence.

Second, Damone contests the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Bowling’s October 

2012 opinions and conclusions were inconsistent with Dr. Bowling’s own medical 

records. Although his opinion asserts significant limitations on Damone’s ability to

sit, stand, and walk, Dr. Bowling’s treatment notes variously indicate that Damone 

“ha[d] been doing fairly well since her last visit,” her fibromyalgia “stayed 

relatively stable,” she “ha[d] been physically active,” she “was moving things that 

were very heavy,” she is “stable on her current pain regimen,” and she was

“tolerating [her medications] well,” among other, similar statements. (R. 307, 310, 

315, 323, 326, 337, 348, 358-59, 374, 377-78, 384). Because Dr. Bowling’s 

treatment notes contradict his allegations of Damone’s functional limitations, the 

ALJ correctly gave Dr. Bowling’s opinion little deference.

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Third, Damone argues that the ALJ erred in giving significant weight to Dr. 

Michael Holt’s mental health analysis instead of Dr. Bowling’s opinions. See doc. 

13 at 33-35. As a threshold matter, the court notes that Dr. Bowling’s functional 

opinion gave no finding indicating that Damone’s mental health impacted her 

ability to engage in substantial gainful activity, (R. 472-88), so Damone’s 

argument that the ALJ improperly weighted Dr. Holt’s mental health opinion over 

Dr. Bowling’s fails at the outset. Moreover, the ALJ afforded Dr. Bowling’s 

treatment records—which include his observations on Damone’s mental health—

significant weight because, as Damone correctly identifies in her brief, these 

records show Damone’s mental state over an extended period. (R. 21). Although 

Dr. Holt’s findings and Dr. Bowling’s treatment support no more than moderate 

limitations based on Damone’s mental conditions, the ALJ nonetheless considered 

Damone’s claims “by restricting her to simple work activity with limited social 

interaction and gradual work changes.” (R. 21). In any event, the ALJ acted within 

his discretion when assigning Dr. Holt, an examining psychologist, significant 

weight, because Dr. Holt’s findings were consistent with the record as a whole. See 

Crawford v. Comm’r of Social Sec., 363 F.3d 1155, 1160-61 (11th Cir. 2004) 

(holding that the ALJ did not err in relying on the consulting psychiatrist’s findings 

when they were supported by the record); Jarrett v. Comm’r of Social Sec., 422 

Fed. App’x 869, 873 (“The weight due to a non-examining physician’s opinion 

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depends, among other things, on the extent to which it is supported by clinical 

findings and is consistent with other evidence.”).

In light of the fact that the ALJ’s decision to discredit Dr. Bowling’s 

functional opinion and to grant Dr. Holt’s mental health opinion significant weight 

is supported by substantial evidence, and because the ALJ properly articulated that 

he discredited Dr. Bowling’s opinion because it was “inconsistent with other 

medical evidence, his own records and particularly with the objective diagnostic 

imaging,” (R. 21), Damone cannot find relief on this ground.

2. The ALJ acted within his discretion when determining that Damone’s 

assertions of pain were “not entirely credible.”

Damone also argues that the ALJ erred by finding “not entirely credible” her

statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her 

symptoms. See doc. 13 at 36; (R. 18). At issue here is the ALJ’s finding that 

although Damone’s medically determinable symptoms “could reasonably be 

expected to cause [her] alleged symptoms,” the alleged “intensity, persistence and 

limiting effects of those symptoms” were not entirely credible. (R. 18). Based on 

the record, the court agrees.

When faced with a claimant who shows that a “medically determinable 

impairment . . . could reasonably be expected to produce [the alleged] symptoms,” 

the ALJ must evaluate the “intensity and persistence” of the alleged symptoms to 

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determine if they limit the claimant’s capacity for work.4 20 C.F.R. §§404.1529(b)-

(c). Factors to consider include: the claimant’s daily activities; the location, 

duration, frequency, and intensity of pain and other symptoms; precipitating and 

aggravating factors; measures the claimant has taken to relieve pain; and other 

factors concerning functional limitations. Id. If an ALJ rejects a claimant’s pain 

testimony, he must articulate reasons for that decision; otherwise, as a matter of 

law, the claimant’s testimony is accepted as true. Hale, 831 F.2d at 1012.

The ALJ extensively outlined his reasons for discrediting Damone’s 

subjective pain symptoms.5 For example, as discussed above, substantial evidence 

supports the ALJ’s findings that Damone’s daily activities—such as walking her 

dog and cleaning her house—do not support a finding of a disabling impairment. 

Moreover, when evaluating her compliance with treatment, the ALJ noted that

Damone continues to smoke despite repeated medical advice to the contrary. (R. 

223, 236-38, 261, 283, 338, 341, 366, 384, 388, 468). In fact, one doctor refused to 

 4 The ALJ here did not explicitly apply the Hand standard that the Eleventh Circuit outlines for pain; however, the 

ALJ’s analysis makes clear that he appropriately relied upon the standard in making his credibility determination. 

See Wilson v. Barnhart, 284 F.3d 1219, 1225-26 (11th Cir. 2002) (“Although the ALJ d[id] not cite or refer to the 

language of the three-part test . . . his findings and discussion indicate that the standard was applied. Furthermore, 

the ALJ cites to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529, which contains the same language regarding the subjective pain testimony 

that this Court interpreted when initially establishing its three-part pain standard.”).

5 Damone also alleges that the ALJ failed to appropriately consider the combined effect of her alleged impairments 

when determining Damone’s pain and overall condition. Doc. 13 at 36. However, the ALJ explicitly stated that 

Damone “d[id] not have an impairment or combination of impairments” to substantiate a finding of disability, thus 

satisfying the required showing. (R. 13); see Jones v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 941 F.2d 1529, 1533 (11th 

Cir. 1991) (holding that the ALJ’s finding that the claimant did not have “an impairment or combination of 

impairments listed in, or medically equal to one [in the listings]” is sufficient to show that the ALJ had considered 

the impairments in combination). The court is accordingly unconvinced by Damone’s argument.

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pursue more aggressive treatment because it “may be doomed for failure” given 

Damone’s smoking habit. (R. 261). Also, as discussed above, the ALJ’s 

determination that the treatment records indicate that “except for exacerbations, 

[Damone’s] pain is generally controlled with medications,” (R. 18), is supported 

by substantial evidence. The ALJ also noted that Damone’s symptoms were similar

to those alleged prior to her date of onset but that she had “sustained work activity 

at a greater capacity than determined in this decision,” a finding which, discussed 

below, is also supported by substantial evidence. (R. 18).

Additionally, the ALJ noted two troubling aspects of Damone’s application. 

First, Damone asserts that Dr. Bowling instructed her to stop working and that she 

should carry no more than five pounds at a time, (R. 40-41), but this advice is not 

found in Dr. Bowling’s treatment notes. Second, Damone asserted multiple times 

to Dr. Bowling and others that her parents had dementia, (R. 261, 366, 372, 381), 

but then denied this fact in her hearing, (R. 42). The inconsistencies mentioned 

above, combined with the inconsistencies with the objective medical evidence,

establish that the ALJ’s decision not to fully credit Damone’s subjective testimony 

is supported by substantial evidence.

Further supporting the ALJ’s decision is the fact that, notwithstanding his 

determination that Damone’s subjective pain assertions were not entirely credible, 

the ALJ still considered her complaints when determining her RFC. Regarding her 

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right toe arthritis, the ALJ limited Damone to a “light level of exertion that requires 

lifting no more than [twenty] pounds occasionally and ten pounds frequently,” 

even though he explicitly notes that her treatment notes do not support such a 

restrictive finding. (R. 19-20). Similarly, the ALJ’s determination that Damone 

should be restricted to “limited sitting, standing and walking in combination and

limited postural movements” considered Damone’s complaints of severe back 

pain, even though these complaints are not supported by the objective medical 

evidence. (R. 20). Finally, notwithstanding that Damone presented no testimony 

regarding functional limitation due to mental health, the ALJ expressly

incorporated Damone’s assertions in his decision to restrict Damone to “simple 

work activity with limited social interaction and gradual work changes.” (R. 21).

Based on this record, the ALJ’s decision to deem Damone’s pain severity 

“not entirely credible” is supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, the court 

denies this ground for relief.

3. The ALJ did not err by considering Damone’s symptoms and her prior 

work history when making his determination.

Damone also argues that the ALJ erred when he found that the “alleged 

disabling impairments were present at approximately the same level of severity 

prior to the alleged onset date[, and] the impairment did not prevent [Damone] 

from working at that time, strongly suggest[ing] that [her current symptoms] would 

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not currently prevent work activity.” (R. 18-19). Unfortunately for Damone, her

self-reported daily activities, Dr. Bowling’s treatment notes before and after 

Damone’s alleged onset date remarking that Damone’s pain regimen managed her 

discomfort,

6 and the ALJ’s finding that pain was mostly exacerbated by flare-ups

belie her contention of error. Moreover, to the extent that Damone believes the 

ALJ’s use of Damone’s prior work history to support his finding that she is not 

disabled is “offensive[ and] illogical,” doc. 13 at 40, she has presented no authority 

which prohibits the ALJ from considering such evidence. In fact, the Eleventh 

Circuit seems to condone this type of reasoning. See Osborn v. Barnhart, 194 Fed. 

App’x 654, 662-63 (11th Cir. 2006) (noting that the claimant’s ability to work 

notwithstanding allegations of significant migraine headaches weighed against a 

finding of disability); see also N.L.R.B. v. McClain of Georgia, 138 F.3d 1418, 

1422 (11th Cir. 1998) (“Issues raised in a perfunctory manner, without supporting 

argument and citations to authorities, are generally deemed to be waived.”).

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, the court concludes that the ALJ’s determination 

that Damone is not disabled is supported by substantial evidence and that the ALJ 

applied proper legal standards in reaching this determination. Therefore, the 

 6 Damone’s treatment records also indicate that at multiple points throughout 2011 and 2012, her pain was described 

as “improved.” (R. 439, 447, 455, 463).

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commissioner’s final decision is AFFIRMED. A separate order in accordance 

with the memorandum of decision will be entered.

DONE the 27th day of October, 2015.

 

_________________________________

ABDUL K. KALLON

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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