Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-2_13-cv-01480/USCOURTS-caed-2_13-cv-01480-2/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 550
Nature of Suit: Prisoner - Civil Rights (U.S. defendant)
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

JOHN PATRICK WINKLEMAN,

Plaintiff,

v.

CDCR,

Defendants.

No. 2:13-cv-1480 MCE DAD P

ORDER AND

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action seeking relief under 

42 U.S.C. § 1983. This matter is before the court on a motion to dismiss brought on behalf of 

defendants California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Anthony, and Nicolau. 

Plaintiff has filed an opposition to the motion, and defendants have filed a reply. 

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is proceeding on his original complaint against defendants California Department 

of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”), Nurse Anthony, and Nurse Nicolau. Therein 

plaintiff alleges as follows. Plaintiff is a medical unit porter, and his duties include sweeping, 

mopping, wiping surfaces, dumping garbage, and issuing clothing. On October 30, 2012, plaintiff

noticed that inmate Buck had been placed in the Outpatient Housing Unit (“OHU”) shower and 

was splashing soap, water, and bodily fluids onto the OHU tier walkway. Plaintiff brought 

inmate Buck‟s actions to the attention of custody staff, and they told inmate Buck to take more 

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care. Inmate Buck said that the nurses told him to wash his gauze out, so that‟s what he was 

doing. Inmate Buck noted that if he had his bag attached to his stomach, he would not have to do 

it. Eventually, plaintiff began cleaning the walls of the OHU shower area and noticed that he was 

cleaning what appeared to be feces, urine, and other bodily fluids. He jerked his hand back and 

scraped his elbow on the shower wall exposing his broken skin to Buck‟s fluids. Plaintiff went to 

the nursing station where custody and nursing staff informed him for the first time that inmate 

Buck was positive for both HIV and Hepatitis C. (Compl. at 3-7.)

Plaintiff claims that defendants Anthony and Nicolau refused to provide him with the 

emergency prophylactic medication to prevent him from contracting inmate Buck‟s infectious 

diseases. According to plaintiff, there is a limited three-hour window during which time the 

preventative medicine is most effective. Plaintiff alleges that the defendants attempted to 

dissuade him from seeking the treatment to cover up the fact that they had allowed inmate Buck 

to be transported to OHU without the proper colostomy bag in place. For example, plaintiff 

alleges that the defendants told him that a transportation officer was also exposed to inmate Buck 

the same day, and they offered her the preventative medication but she refused it. Ultimately, 

plaintiff explains that the only medical care he received that day consisted of antibiotic ointment, 

a bandage, and a tetanus shot. On the following day, plaintiff saw and spoke to a doctor who 

provided him with preventative medication. The doctor told plaintiff that the medication was an 

aggressive approach due to the delay in administering it, but plaintiff did not have much of a 

choice at that point. Plaintiff began the medication regimen and experienced extreme nausea, 

exhaustion, and uncontrolled vomiting for several days. (Compl. at 7-15.)

According to plaintiff, CDCR trained him with the proper precautions to observe in case 

of infectious disease exposure. However, plaintiff alleges medical personnel failed to follow 

protocol when they allowed inmate Buck to leave the A Facility - Treatment and Triage area and 

enter OHU without his colostomy bag in the first place. Plaintiff alleges that he was never told 

that inmate Buck was infectious until he had been exposed to Buck‟s infectious fluids. Plaintiff 

maintains that CDCR‟s policies as they relate to what precautions inmates and employees must 

take to prevent possible infection as well as the deliberate indifference on the part of defendants 

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Anthony and Nicolau caused his injuries. In terms of relief, plaintiff requests injunctive relief and 

monetary damages. (Compl. at 3-19.)

ANALYSIS

I. Motion Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 

tests the sufficiency of the complaint. North Star Int‟l v. Arizona Corp. Comm‟n, 720 F.2d 578, 

581 (9th Cir. 1983). Dismissal of the complaint, or any claim within it, “can be based on the lack 

of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal 

theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep‟t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). See also

Robertson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 749 F.2d 530, 534 (9th Cir. 1984). In order to survive 

dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than “a formulaic recitation of 

the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to 

relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).

In determining whether a pleading states a claim, the court accepts as true all material 

allegations in the complaint and construes those allegations, as well as the reasonable inferences 

that can be drawn from them, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Hishon v. King & 

Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984); Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Trustees of Rex Hosp., 425 U.S. 738, 740 

(1976); Love v. United States, 915 F.2d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir. 1989). In the context of a motion to 

dismiss, the court also resolves doubts in the plaintiff‟s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 

411, 421 (1969). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable 

inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. W. Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 

(9th Cir. 1981).

In general, pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by 

lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). The court has an obligation to construe 

such pleadings liberally. Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985) (en banc). 

However, the court‟s liberal interpretation of a pro se complaint may not supply essential 

elements of the claim that were not pled. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 

266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982); see also Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1992).

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II. Discussion

In the pending motion to dismiss, defense counsel argues that: (1) the Eleventh 

Amendment bars plaintiff‟s suit for damages against defendant CDCR; (2) plaintiff lacks standing 

to support his request for injunctive relief against defendant CDCR; (3) plaintiff fails to state a 

cognizable claim against defendants Anthony and Nicolau; and (4) defendants Anthony and 

Nicolau are entitled to qualified immunity. (Defs.‟ Mot. to Dismiss at 5-13.) The court will 

address each of defendants‟ contentions in turn.

(1) The Eleventh Amendment Bars Plaintiff‟s Damages Suit Against CDCR

The court agrees with defense counsel that the Eleventh Amendment bars plaintiff‟s 

damages suit against CDCR. In the absence of a waiver by the state or a valid congressional 

override, under the Eleventh Amendment, state agencies are immune from private causes of 

action for damages brought in federal court. See Dittman v. California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1025-26 

(9th Cir. 1999). The State of California has not waived immunity under the Eleventh Amendment 

for claims brought against it under § 1983 in federal court. See id. In addition, the Supreme 

Court has held that Congress did not intend for §1983 to abrogate a state‟s Eleventh Amendment 

immunity. See id.

Accordingly, defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s suit for damages against defendant 

CDCR should be granted.

(2) Plaintiff Lacks Standing to Support His Request for Injunctive Relief against CDCR

The court also agrees that plaintiff lacks standing to support his request for injunctive 

relief against defendant CDCR. To establish standing, a plaintiff (or the party invoking federal 

jurisdiction) has the burden of showing that: (1) he has suffered an “injury in fact”; (2) there is “a 

causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of”; and (3) it is likely as 

opposed to speculative “that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision” from the court. 

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). In addition, where a plaintiff seeks 

prospective injunctive relief “he must demonstrate that he is realistically threatened by a 

repetition of [the violation].” Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 860-61 (9th Cir. 2001), 

abrogated on other grounds by Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499, 504-05 (2005). See also City 

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of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 (1983) (“past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself 

show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief if unaccompanied by any 

continuing, present adverse effects.”). Finally, under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 

“[p]rospective relief in any civil action with respect to prison conditions shall extend no further 

than necessary to correct the violation of the Federal right of a particular plaintiff or plaintiffs.” 

18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A).

In this case, plaintiff requests injunctive relief that would require defendant CDCR to 

revise and implement policies for inmate employees that would protect them from being exposed 

to potentially bio-hazardous conditions. (Compl. at 18.) As an initial matter, plaintiff may not 

assert legal rights on behalf of third parties, such as other inmate employees. See Gonzales v. 

Cal. Dep‟t of Corrs., 739 F.3d 1226, 1234 (9th Cir. 2014). Moreover, plaintiff has not shown that 

he is threatened by repetition of the circumstances he complains of in this case as is required for 

prospective injunctive relief. Finally, in his opposition to the pending motion to dismiss, plaintiff 

acknowledges that defendant CDCR has remedied the policies at issue in response to this incident 

involving plaintiff. (Pl.‟s Opp‟n to Defs.‟ Mot. to Dismiss at 3.) In this regard, plaintiff appears 

to concede that his request for injunctive relief has now been rendered moot. (Id.) 

Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s 

request for injunctive relief against defendant CDCR should be granted.

(3) Plaintiff‟s Complaint States a Cognizable Claim under the Eighth Amendment

The court finds unpersuasive defense counsel‟s argument that plaintiff‟s complaint fails to 

state a cognizable claim under the Eighth Amendment against defendants Anthony and Nicolau. 

To maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on inadequate medical care, a prisoner-plaintiff 

must allege facts showing “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Estelle v. Gamble, 

429 U.S. 97 (1976). In the Ninth Circuit, a deliberate indifference claim has two components:

First, the plaintiff must show a “serious medical need” by 

demonstrating that “failure to treat a prisoner‟s condition could 

result in further significant injury or the „unnecessary and wanton 

infliction of pain.‟” Second, the plaintiff must show the 

defendant‟s response to the need was deliberately indifferent. This 

second prong—defendant‟s response to the need was deliberately 

indifferent—is satisfied by showing (a) a purposeful act or failure 

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to respond to a prisoner‟s pain or possible medical need and (b) 

harm caused by the indifference. Indifference “may appear when 

prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical 

treatment, or it may be shown by the way in which prison 

physicians provide medical care.” (internal citations omitted)

Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006). 

Accepting as true plaintiff‟s material allegations and construing those allegations and the 

reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, 

plaintiff‟s complaint states a cognizable deliberate indifference medical care claim. In his 

complaint, plaintiff alleges that he had been exposed to another inmate‟s bodily fluids and that the 

named defendants knew that other inmate was infected with HIV and Hepatitis C. In this regard, 

plaintiff has adequately alleged that he had a “serious medical need” that if left untreated “could 

result in further significant injury or the „unnecessary wanton infliction of pain.‟” See Jett, 439 

F.3d at 1096. In addition, plaintiff alleges that he begged the defendants for preventative medical 

care and repeatedly asked them to call the doctor on call, but that the defendants dismissed his 

expressed concerns and refused to provide him with anything more than antibiotic ointment, a 

bandage, and a tetanus shot. According to the allegations of plaintiff‟s complaint, defendants 

tried to dissuade him from seeking further medical care because they were more concerned about 

covering up their failure to comply with prison policies and procedures that prohibited allowing 

inmate Buck to be sent from A-TTA to OHU without a colostomy bag. In this regard, plaintiff 

has adequately alleged that defendants intentionally failed to act in response to plaintiff‟s serious 

medical needs resulting in his suffering and harm.

If plaintiff proves his allegations to be true, he has a reasonable opportunity to prevail on 

the merits of his deliberate indifference medical care claim. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 

(1994) (deliberate indifference to a medical need is shown when a prison official knows that an 

inmate has a serious medical need and disregards that need by failing to respond reasonably); 

Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1132 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“A prisoner need not prove that 

he was completely denied medical care.”); McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059-60 (9th Cir. 

1991) (“A defendant must purposefully ignore or fail to respond to a prisoner‟s pain or possible 

/////

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medical need in order for deliberate indifference to be established.”), overruled on other grounds

by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997). 

Indeed, on a motion to dismiss, “[t]he issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately 

prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” Jackson v. 

Carey, 353 F.3d 750, 755 (9th Cir. 2003). In fact, “it may appear on the face of the pleadings that 

a recovery is very remote and unlikely but that is not the test.” Id. Here, the court finds that

plaintiff's complaint alleges sufficient facts to plausibly suggest that he is entitled to relief under 

the Eighth Amendment. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“A claim has facial 

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”); Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 

1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985) (courts “have an obligation where the petitioner is pro se, 

particularly in civil rights cases, to construe the pleadings liberally and to afford the petitioner the 

benefit of any doubt.”); Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (“we continue to 

construe pro se filings liberally when evaluating them under Iqbal.”); al- Kidd v. Ashcroft, 580 

F.3d 949, 977 (9th Cir. 2009) (“„Asking for plausible grounds to infer‟ the existence of a claim 

for relief „does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage; it simply calls for 

enough fact[s] to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence‟ to prove that 

claim.”), rev‟d on other grounds by Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, __ U.S. __ , 131 S. Ct. 2074 (2011).

Accordingly, defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s complaint for failure to state a 

cognizable claim under the Eighth Amendment against defendants Anthony and Nicolau should 

be denied.

(4) Qualified Immunity

The undersigned also finds unpersuasive defense counsel‟s argument that defendants 

Anthony and Nicolau are entitled to qualified immunity. Government officials enjoy qualified 

immunity from civil damages unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or 

constitutional rights. Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 910 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harlow v. 

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). When a court is presented with a qualified immunity 

defense, the central questions for the court are: (1) whether the facts alleged, taken in the light 

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most favorable to the plaintiff, demonstrate that the defendant‟s conduct violated a statutory or 

constitutional right; and (2) whether the right at issue was “clearly established.” Saucier v. Katz,

533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001).

The United States Supreme Court has held that “while the sequence set forth there is often 

appropriate, it should no longer be regarded as mandatory.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 

236 (2009). In this regard, if a court decides that plaintiff‟s allegations do not make out a 

statutory or constitutional violation, “there is no necessity for further inquiries concerning 

qualified immunity.” Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. Likewise, if a court determines that the right at 

issue was not clearly established at the time of the defendant‟s alleged misconduct, the court may 

end further inquiries concerning qualified immunity there without determining whether the 

allegations in fact make out a statutory or constitutional violation. See Pearson, 555 U.S. 236-

242.

“A government official‟s conduct violate[s] clearly established law when, at the time of 

the challenged conduct, „[t]he contours of [a] right [are] sufficiently clear‟ that every „reasonable 

official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.‟” al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. at 

2083 (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635 (1987)). “[E]xisting precedent must have 

placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. See also Clement v. Gomez,

298 F.3d 898, 906 (9th Cir. 2002) (“The proper inquiry focuses on . . . whether the state of the 

law [at the relevant time] gave „fair warning‟ to the officials that their conduct was 

unconstitutional.”) (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202). The inquiry must be undertaken in light of 

the specific context of the particular case. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. Because qualified immunity 

is an affirmative defense, the burden of proof initially lies with the official asserting the defense.

Harlow, 457 U.S. at 812.

In this case, plaintiff has alleged in his complaint that defendants Anthony and Nicolau 

intentionally failed to act in response to plaintiff‟s serious medical needs in order to cover-up 

their own misconduct resulting in plaintiff‟s suffering and harm. As explained above, viewing 

these allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff, defendants conduct violated plaintiff‟s 

constitutional right to adequate medical care under the Eighth Amendment. See Jett, 439 F.3d 

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1091, 1098 (defendants “are liable for deliberate indifference when they knowingly fail to 

respond to an inmate‟s requests for help”). Moreover, “the general law regarding the medical 

treatment of prisoners” was clearly established at the time of the alleged incident in 2012. 

Clement, 298 F.3d at 906. It was also clearly established at that time that prison officials and 

prison medical personnel could not “intentionally deny or delay access to medical care.” Id. 

Thus, any reasonable prison official in defendants‟ position would have known that refusing 

plaintiff medical care under the circumstances alleged in this case would be a violation of the 

Eighth Amendment. 

Accordingly, defendants‟ motion to dismiss based on the affirmative defense of qualified 

immunity should be denied at this time.

OTHER MATTERS

Also pending before the court is defendants‟ motion to strike and defendants‟ motion for 

summary judgment based on plaintiff‟s alleged failure to exhaust his administrative remedies

prior to filing suit as required. First, defendants move to strike plaintiff‟s opposition to 

defendants‟ motion to dismiss on the grounds that it appears that a fellow inmate prepared and 

mailed the opposition for plaintiff and, instead of personally signing his opposition as required,

plaintiff‟s signature on his opposition is submitted as “/s/ John Patrick Winkleman/#K57302.” 

(Defs.‟ Mot. to Strike at 2.) 

Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[t]he court may strike 

from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous 

matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Under Rule 7 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, plaintiff‟s 

opposition to defendants‟ motion to dismiss does not constitute a pleading. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a). 

Accordingly, the court will deny defendants‟ motion to strike as improper.1

 

1 Defense counsel‟s contentions in the pending motion to strike are well taken and the court 

cautions plaintiff that while he may seek informal assistance from fellow inmates, those inmates 

may not represent him in these proceedings. Unless plaintiff obtains counsel, he must represent 

himself in this action and is responsible for prosecuting this case. In representing himself

plaintiff is required to comply with the applicable rules, including Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 11, which requires that as an unrepresented party, plaintiff sign every pleading, written 

motion, and other paper submitted to the court. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(a); E.D. Cal. Local Rule 

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The court now turns to defendants‟ motion for summary judgment based on plaintiff‟s 

alleged failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Plaintiff has not opposed defendants‟ motion 

on the grounds that defendants have not yet filed an answer in this case. 

The undersigned interprets the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to require that defendants 

file a responsive pleading before or in conjunction with any motion for summary judgment. 

Under Rule 7 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, neither a motion for summary judgment 

nor a motion to dismiss constitute a responsive pleading. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a). Accordingly, 

the court will deny defendants‟ motion for summary judgment without prejudice to refiling it with 

an answer. 

CONCLUSION

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. Defendants‟ motion to strike (Doc. No. 24) is denied; and

2. Defendants‟ motion for summary judgment (Doc. No. 16) is denied without prejudice 

to refiling it with an answer.

IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:

1. Defendants‟ motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 15) be granted in part and denied in part as 

follows:

a. Defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s suit for damages against defendant 

CDCR be granted;

b. Defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s request for injunctive relief against 

defendant CDCR be granted;

c. Defendant CDCR be dismissed from this action;

d. Defendants‟ motion to dismiss plaintiff‟s complaint for failure to state a claim 

against defendants Anthony and Nicolau be denied; 

e. Defendants‟ motion to dismiss based on the affirmative defense of qualified 

immunity be denied; and

 

131(b). Plaintiff is furthered cautioned that his failure to comply with the applicable rules in the 

future may be grounds for the imposition of sanctions, including possible dismissal of this action. 

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2. Defendants Anthony and Nicolau be directed to file an answer within thirty days of any 

order adopting these findings and recommendations.

These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 

assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 

after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 

objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 

“Objections to Magistrate Judge‟s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 

objections shall be filed and served within seven days after service of the objections. The parties

are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal 

the District Court‟s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).

Dated: January 13, 2015

DAD:9

wink1480.57

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