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Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted September 22, 2016*

Decided September 22, 2016

Before

MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 15‐2783

THERESA L. DUKES,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

ERIC COX, et al.,

Defendants‐Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Indiana,

Indianapolis Division.

No. 1:09‐cv‐1440‐JMS‐DML

Jane E. Magnus‐Stinson,

Judge.

O R D E R

Theresa Dukes claims that in 2007 three law enforcement officers entered her

home without a warrant and beat her, in violation of the Fourth Amendment and

Indiana tort law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. She filed this action in 2009 but impeded its

progress for more than five years, prompting the district court finally to dismiss the

                                                 

* We have unanimously agreed to decide the case without oral argument because

the briefs and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral

argument would not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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No. 15‐2783    Page 2

case with prejudice for failing to prosecute and disobeying court orders. We affirm the

dismissal.   

Dukes filed her complaint and proceeded pro se for seven months before

retaining four different law firms in succession. The first two firms withdrew quickly,

each citing a breakdown in their relationship with Dukes. After the second firm quit, a

magistrate judge extended various case‐management deadlines. Dukes later moved for

a further extension, asking to delay her deposition to accommodate both her search for

new counsel and an unspecified “medical condition,” which, she said, constrained her

to only half days of activity. The magistrate judge declined to give Dukes even more

time and warned that “continued effort to obtain counsel is an insufficient basis for

stalling the case . . . particularly because this is the second withdrawal of counsel.” But

the court did limit her deposition to a half day.   

Despite the magistrate judge’s ruling, Dukes refused to be deposed. She

appeared as scheduled but left after reading a prepared statement saying that she

refused to participate without counsel and because of her “medical condition.” The

defendants responded by moving to dismiss the case as a sanction for violating a

discovery order and for failure to prosecute. The district judge concluded that dismissal

would be too harsh a sanction but ordered Dukes to go forward with her deposition

and also to pay the defendants’ costs related to the failed deposition.

Dukes then retained a third law firm, but six months later counsel again

withdrew, giving the same reason as previous counsel. Once more Dukes moved to

prolong the case while looking for new counsel, but the district judge refused to

postpone the trial date. The court explained that the lawsuit had been pending for three

years, that Dukes already had gone through three law firms, and that she had shown

herself capable of proceeding pro se. The judge warned Dukes that the case would

continue to trial whether or not she obtained counsel.

Meanwhile, in July 2012, before that third law firm had withdrawn, Dukes

violated a second discovery order. The magistrate judge had ordered Dukes to disclose

the identity of a potential witness, but instead Dukes filed a “notice of noncompliance.”

The defendants then filed a second motion to dismiss. Once again the district court

declined to dismiss the lawsuit.

Dukes’s case then was administratively closed for 14 months because of her

medical condition. Dukes had requested a stay and submitted medical records under

seal. Those documents do not disclose the diagnosis or detail its effects on Dukes, but

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do show that she recently had received unspecified medical treatment for “severe

symptoms,” that she was being evaluated for surgery and treated with narcotics, and

that her doctors believed her condition may interfere with her ability to work, present

herself on demand, and “participate in a legal proceeding.” The district judge,

acknowledging uncertainty “about the exact nature” of Dukes’s medical condition,

ordered periodic medical updates from Dukes while the case remained dormant.   

In January 2014, at the request of the district court, the defendants filed a report

detailing how they were being prejudiced by the closure. The defendants noted that,

because the underlying events had occurred more than six years earlier, the memories

and health of fact witnesses were deteriorating, and one witness already had passed

away. The district judge weighed the prejudice to the defendants, the court’s

responsibility to its calendar and other litigants, and Dukes’s medical condition, and

decided to reopen the case. The judge explained that Dukes’s medical records do not

“specify any physical restrictions or mental impairments she suffers from as a result of

her diagnoses that would prohibit her participation in the case.” The court also

reminded Dukes of her duty to diligently pursue her lawsuit and notified her of the

court’s power to dismiss her case if she failed to prosecute it.   

Dukes then retained new counsel for the fourth time, but in short order she fired

that law firm. The firm’s principal advised the district court that Dukes disagreed with

him about what evidence could be presented at trial, and he explained that their

relationship had broken down and that Dukes had accused him of lying to her about his

capacity to litigate the case. The district judge granted Dukes’s request for a

continuance, giving her a total of six weeks to find other counsel.   

In May 2015, after Dukes had violated the pretrial order by not exchanging trial

exhibits with the defendants and refusing to work with them on stipulations of fact,

voir dire questions, a joint case synopsis, jury instructions, and verdict forms, the

district judge granted the defendants’ third motion to dismiss. Dukes had not

responded to the defendants’ motion or appeared at a hearing on that motion, although

she did send the court an e‐mail saying that she would be absent because of unspecified

medical reasons. The judge acknowledged that dismissal with prejudice is an extreme

sanction but found that Dukes had engaged in a “repeated pattern of unreasonable

delay and contumacious conduct.” The court pointed to Dukes’s repeated violations of

discovery orders and other court orders, despite having previously been penalized with

costs when she refused to participate in her deposition. The district judge accepted that

Dukes “has some health issues” but doubted her “general and unsubstantiated

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representations regarding the alleged effect that her health issues have on her ability to

comply with court orders and represent herself.” The court weighed the many delays

attributable to Dukes’s medical issues and repeated turnover of counsel against the

prejudice to the defendants, now that the case had dragged on for over five years, and

dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice. See FED. R. CIV. P. 16(f), 37(b)(2)(A)(v), 41(b).

Dukes moved for reconsideration, see FED. R. CIV. P. 59(e), arguing that she had not been

allowed to introduce additional evidence of her medical condition, but the district judge

replied that Dukes specifically had been given leave to submit further medical evidence

under seal but had not done so in the year since the case was reopened.   

On appeal Dukes argues that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing

her case. She contends that the court did not adequately consider her medical condition

and her pro se status.   

Dukes’s failure to cooperate in discovery and her violation of the court’s orders

warranted dismissal under either Rule 16(f) and 37(b) or Rule 41(b). See Salata v.

Weyerhaeuser Co., 757 F.3d 695, 699–700 (7th Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal with

prejudice for failure to comply with discovery orders and pattern of delay); Aura Lamp

& Lighting, Inc. v. Int’l Trading Corp., 325 F.3d 903, 907–10 (7th Cir. 2003) (same). Dukes

had been warned multiple times by the magistrate judge and district court that refusing

to comply with court orders could lead to dismissal of her suit. And a previous

monetary sanction was ineffective in deterring Dukes from disobeying later court

orders. Though a district court should consider the medical disabilities of any litigant,

the court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the five years’ delay and

prejudice to the defendants outweighed the difficulty Dukes might have faced in

proceeding with her lawsuit as scheduled, especially given that she had not submitted

any evidence of her current medical condition in the previous year. See Kasalo v. Harris

& Harris, Ltd., 656 F.3d 557, 561 (7th Cir. 2011) (explaining that before dismissing for

failure to prosecute district courts should consider frequency and magnitude of

plaintiff’s noncompliance with deadlines, the effect of noncompliance on court’s

calendar, the prejudice to defendants, and the efficacy of other sanctions); Emerson v.

Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 191 (3d Cir. 2002) (concluding that district court did not abuse

discretion in dismissing case despite litigant’s claim of medical condition when litigant

provided no substantiation of condition). Nor is Dukes’s pro se status during parts of

her suit an excuse for failing to comply with the court’s orders. See McInnis v. Duncan,

697 F.3d 661, 665 (7th Cir. 2012) (“[E]ven those who are pro se must follow court rules

and directives.”); Collins v. Illinois, 554 F.3d 693, 697 (7th Cir. 2009) (same).

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Dukes next argues that the district court erred in “appointing” her to proceed

pro se. She contends that it was not her fault that her final attorney could not represent

her and that her medical condition prevented her from litigating on her own. But there

is no constitutional or statutory right to counsel in civil cases. See Romanelli v. Suliene,

615 F.3d 847, 851 (7th Cir. 2010); Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 656 (7th Cir. 2007); Johnson

v. Doughty, 433 F.3d 1001, 1006 (7th Cir. 2006). And Dukes did not show that she was

indigent or ask the district court to recruit counsel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1).

The district court granted Dukes six weeks’ continuance after she had fired her fourth

attorney. More was not required.

AFFIRMED.

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