Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca11-18-14092/USCOURTS-ca11-18-14092-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 840
Nature of Suit: Trademark
Cause of Action: 

---

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-14092

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 9:17-cv-80476-DMM

ROYAL PALM PROPERTIES, LLC, 

a Florida limited liability company, 

 Plaintiff - Counter Defendant - Appellant,

 versus

PINK PALM PROPERTIES, LLC, 

a Florida limited liability company, 

 Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(February 18, 2020)

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Before JORDAN and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges, and WRIGHT,

* District Judge.

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge: 

Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club, a residential community in Boca Raton, 

Florida, is home to multimillion-dollar mansions, a championship golf course, and 

even a private marina. It’s also home, as it turns out, to the contentious real-estate 

rivalry that spawned this trademark litigation. 

Royal Palm Properties, a real-estate broker whose specialty is buying and 

selling homes in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club, sued its competitor, Pink 

Palm Properties, for infringing its registered service mark on the phrase “Royal 

Palm Properties.” Pink Palm Properties counterclaimed, challenging the mark’s 

validity. A jury in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida 

upheld Royal Palm Properties’ mark but found that Pink Palm Properties hadn’t 

infringed it. The district court, though, overturned the verdict in part, granting

Pink Palm Properties’ renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law and 

ordering the cancellation of Royal Palm Properties’ mark. The question before us 

is whether the district court correctly flipped the jury’s verdict and granted

judgment as a matter of law on Pink Palm Properties’ trademark-invalidation 

counterclaim.

* Honorable Susan Webber Wright, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of 

Arkansas, sitting by designation.

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We hold that the district court erred. To be entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law, Pink Palm Properties would have had to make quite the showing at trial—

such that no reasonable jury could have found that it failed to prove grounds for 

cancelling Royal Palm Properties’ mark. Based on our careful review of the 

record, we conclude that Pink Palm Properties didn’t meet this high bar. On 

neither of its two grounds for cancellation—that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark 

(1) is not “distinctive” and (2) is “confusingly similar” to previously registered 

marks—did Pink Palm Properties prove, decisively, that it had won the day. We 

therefore reverse the district court’s decision to overturn the jury’s verdict and 

invalidate Royal Palm Properties’ service mark. 

I

A

Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club is a high-end residential community in 

Boca Raton, Florida. The posh, waterfront neighborhood consists of both a 700-

home subdivision and a private country club. Unsurprisingly, property in Royal 

Palm Yacht & Country Club doesn’t come cheap. If you’re looking to buy a house 

there, it’ll run you somewhere between $1.1 million and $15 million. 

The plaintiff-appellant in this case, Royal Palm Properties, is a real-estate 

agency that focuses exclusively on the Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club 

community—a strategy that has proved remarkably successful. Royal Palm 

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Properties consistently represents more buyers and sellers in the subdivision than 

any other broker. To protect its position in the Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club 

market, Royal Palm Properties has developed an aggressive marketing campaign. 

During the past 10 years, Royal Palm Properties has spent $1.6 million promoting 

its services to Boca Raton residents through the periodic transmission of mailers, 

reports, calendars, magazines, and brochures—all of which are aimed at promoting 

the “Royal Palm Properties” brand. The agency also hosts an annual “Showcase of 

Homes” in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club, which features simultaneous open 

houses in the subdivision and a brunch at the country club.

Royal Palm Properties has also used trademark law to protect its brand. In 

2012, the agency acquired a federally registered service mark on the name “Royal 

Palm Properties.” The agency applied for and obtained the mark from the U.S. 

Patent and Trademark Office under Section 2(f) of the Lanham Act, which 

provides federal protection for any mark that has “acquired distinctiveness” over 

time, even though it might not be “inherently distinctive.” See 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1052(f). (If that all sounds like so much gobbledygook to you, don’t worry; a 

deep dive into trademark law is coming. For now, just know that the “inherent”-

“acquired” distinction matters.) 

Several years later, in 2015, Royal Palm Properties went back to the PTO 

seeking registration of a “composite mark”—a combination of the phrase “Royal 

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Palm Properties” and an “RP” logo. The PTO, though, denied Royal Palm 

Properties’ second application after determining that the proposed composite mark 

was “confusingly similar” to two existing service marks, “Royale Palms” and 

“Royale Palms at Kingston Shores,” which had been registered in 2007 and 2008, 

respectively, to a real-estate company in Texas. The PTO’s 2015 decision made no 

mention of Royal Palm Properties’ 2012 registration of the “Royal Palm 

Properties” mark, apparently leaving it intact.

Enter Pink Palm Properties, our defendant-appellant. Like Royal Palm 

Properties, Pink Palm Properties is a luxury real-estate brokerage agency in Boca 

Raton. But unlike Royal Palm Properties, Pink Palm Properties operates in a 

variety of residential communities—only a fraction of its business involves the 

homes in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club. That, though, hasn’t stopped Royal 

Palm Properties from keeping a close eye on Pink Palm Properties. In 2017, Royal 

Palm Properties noticed that Pink Palm Properties was using a link on its website 

labeled “Royal Palm Properties” to direct viewers to Pink Palm Properties’ listings 

in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club. Trademark law in hand, Royal Palm 

Properties demanded that Pink Palm Properties stop using the “Royal Palm 

Properties” name on its website. Pink Palm Properties eventually complied, but—

so Royal Palm Properties claimed—the damage was done.

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B

Royal Palm Properties filed suit against Pink Palm Properties in the U.S. 

District Court for the Southern District of Florida, alleging that Pink Palm 

Properties had infringed its registered service mark, “Royal Palm Properties,” in 

violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114. Pink Palm Properties both denied 

the infringement allegation and filed a counterclaim seeking a declaration that the 

“Royal Palm Properties” mark is invalid under the Act. After a three-day trial, the 

jury split the baby: It upheld the mark but found that Pink Palm Properties hadn’t 

infringed it. 

Following the jury’s verdict, Pink Palm Properties filed a renewed motion 

for judgment as a matter of law on its counterclaim. The district court granted the 

motion and (overturning the jury verdict) invalidated the “Royal Palm Properties” 

service mark. Lanham Act protection is available, the district court noted, only to 

“distinctive” marks. And, the court held, the phrase “Royal Palm Properties” has 

neither “inherent” nor “acquired” distinctiveness. “Royal Palm Properties” is not 

inherently distinctive, the district court concluded, for two reasons: (1) it is 

“primarily geographically descriptive,” and thus insufficiently unique to qualify for 

trademark protection; and (2) it is “confusingly similar” to previously registered 

marks. (The district court made a mistake in treating the “confusingly similar” 

issue as part-and-parcel of the “distinctiveness” question—as we’ll explain later, it

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is its own thing—but for present purposes it’s not important.) On acquired 

distinctiveness, the district court held that there was insufficient evidence to find 

that the phrase has obtained the requisite “secondary meaning,” such that the 

public now associates it with Royal Palm Properties—the real-estate agency—

rather than Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club—the subdivision. Accordingly, the 

district court held that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark “should never have been 

registered” and “ought to be cancelled pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1119.” 

This is Royal Palm Properties’ appeal.

II

The Lanham Act gives federal courts the authority to cancel trademarks that 

the PTO has registered. 15 U.S.C. § 1119. In order to successfully prosecute a 

claim for trademark cancellation, the challenger of a federally registered mark 

must demonstrate “(1) [t]hat it has standing to petition for cancellation because it is 

likely to be damaged, and (2) that there are valid grounds for discontinuing 

registration.” Coach House Rest., Inc. v. Coach and Six Rests., Inc., 934 F.2d 

1551, 1557 (11th Cir. 1991). Where, as here, the mark at issue has been registered 

for less than five years when challenged, the “valid grounds for discontinuing 

registration” include any reason for which “the registration should have been 

barred in the first instance.” Id. at 1558; see also Person’s Co. v. Christman, 900 

F.2d 1565, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1990).

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Pink Palm Properties sought—and on appeal now defends—cancellation of 

the “Royal Palm Properties” service mark on two grounds. First, it says, the mark 

is not “distinctive”—it has neither “inherent” nor “acquired” distinctiveness. 

Second, it contends that the mark is “confusingly similar” to previously registered 

marks. We’ll consider each ground in turn. 

Before jumping into the merits, though, we need to set the stage with a brief

word about procedural posture. This appeal comes to us from the district court’s 

order granting Pink Palm Properties’ motion for judgment as a matter of law under 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b). We review the district court’s decision de 

novo, applying the same standard that court applied. Richardson v. Leeds Police 

Dep’t, 71 F.3d 801, 805 (11th Cir. 1995). Accordingly, we examine the entire 

record in the light most favorable to Royal Palm Properties, as the party that 

prevailed at trial, and ask whether the evidence nonetheless points “so 

overwhelmingly in favor of” Pink Palm Properties that the jury’s verdict cannot 

stand. Id. (quotation omitted). This appeal, in other words, tasks us with 

determining whether a reasonable jury could have decided that Pink Palm 

Properties was not entitled to cancellation of the “Royal Palm Properties” 

trademark; if a reasonable jury could have so concluded—could have upheld the 

mark, as the jury here did—then the district court’s order overturning the verdict 

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and granting judgment as a matter of law must be reversed. See Bogle v. Orange 

Cty. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 162 F.3d 653, 656 (11th Cir. 1998). 

A

Pink Palm Properties first challenges the “Royal Palm Properties” mark on 

the ground that it is not “distinctive.” Under the Lanham Act, federal trademark 

protection is available only to “distinctive” marks—“marks that serve the purpose 

of identifying the source of . . . goods or services.” Welding Servs., Inc. v. 

Forman, 509 F.3d 1351, 1357 (11th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added) (citations 

omitted). As this Court has explained before—and as we have suggested here 

already—a mark can be “distinctive” in one of two ways: It can be “inherently”

distinctive, or it can “acquire” distinctiveness over time. See id. Inherently 

distinctive marks themselves identify the source of a particular product or service: 

“Coca-Cola,” for example, describes only one brand of soft drink—one producer.

Cf. Knights Armament Co. v. Optical Sys. Tech., Inc., 654 F.3d 1179, 1188 (11th 

Cir. 2011).1

 A mark that has acquired distinctiveness, by contrast, might initially 

have been understood to describe a broad class of potential products or services, 

but over time it has taken on a “secondary meaning” that links it to a particular 

source: “California Pizza Kitchen,” for example, may facially describe any random 

1 A word of caution: We use a variety of well-known brands to demonstrate and clarify pertinent 

(and at times esoteric) concepts in trademark law. We do not mean thereby to suggest any 

determination about the legal status of those marks. 

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pizza eatery in the Golden State, but the public has come to associate it with one 

brand in particular. Cf. Coach House, 934 F.2d at 1560. 

To separate the “distinct” from the non-“distinct”—and to differentiate 

among the distinct, for that matter—we have classified marks into four categories, 

in descending order of strength: (1) “fanciful” or “arbitrary,” (2) “suggestive,” (3) 

“descriptive,” and (4) “generic.” Id. at 1559. We consider fanciful marks (think 

“Verizon” telecommunications—the name is a made-up word), arbitrary marks

(think “Apple” computers—the name is a real word that has nothing to do with the 

product) and suggestive marks (think “Igloo” coolers—the name is a real word that 

bears only an oblique relationship to the product) to be “inherently” distinctive. 

Cf. Knights Armament Co., 654 F.3d at 1188. For marks in these categories, no 

proof of secondary meaning is necessary. Id. By contrast, we consider descriptive 

marks (for example, an eyeglasses store called “Vision Center”) and generic marks

(a book-selling company called “Books”) not to be inherently distinctive. Id. 

Descriptive marks can become protectible only if they “acquire” distinctiveness by 

obtaining a “secondary meaning,” and generic marks can never become

protectible. Id. 

1

Pink Palm Properties contends that “Royal Palm Properties” is not

distinctive because it falls into the descriptive-mark category (and thus is not 

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inherently distinctive) and has not taken on a secondary meaning (and thus has not 

acquired distinctiveness). Before we can evaluate the merits of these arguments, 

though, we need to explain who had the burden of proving them at trial—or 

disproving them, as the case may be. 

We have held that where, as in this case, a mark has been registered with the 

PTO, there is a “rebuttable presumption that the mark[] [is] protectable or 

‘distinctive.’” Welding Servs. Inc., 509 F.3d at 1357 n.3; see also 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1115(a). Accordingly, in order to successfully challenge a registered mark on 

distinctiveness grounds, the challenger must overcome the presumption of validity 

by showing—by a preponderance of the evidence—that the mark is not distinctive. 

See Cerveceria Centroamericana, S.A. v. Cerveceria India, Inc., 892 F.2d 1021, 

1023 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (discussing the standard in the context of cancellation for 

abandonment); Borinquen Biscuit Corp. v. M.V. Trading Corp., 443 F.3d 112, 

117–18 (1st Cir. 2006) (stating that a putative infringer challenging a registered 

mark on distinctiveness grounds must prove descriptiveness by a preponderance of 

the evidence). 

We have also suggested, however, echoing the majority of circuits to 

consider the issue, that trademark holders are never entitled to presumptions of 

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both “inherent” and “acquired” distinctiveness—they get only one or the other.

2

Welding Servs. Inc., 509 F.3d at 1357 n.3. And “[t]he sort of presumption [that is] 

appropriate depends,” we have explained, “on whether or not the [PTO] has 

required proof of secondary meaning.” Id. “If no proof of secondary meaning 

[was] provided” as part of the registration process, the “presumption is that [the]

mark is inherently distinctive,” whereas “if proof of secondary meaning [was] 

provided, [the] presumption is that [the] mark has [acquired distinctiveness by 

obtaining] secondary meaning.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Recall that, here, Royal Palm Properties applied for—and the PTO

granted—the “Royal Palm Properties” service mark under Section 2(f) of the 

Lanham Act, which covers acquired distinctiveness. See 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f). 

Royal Palm Properties is therefore entitled to the presumption that its mark has 

acquired distinctiveness. But that’s it. If Pink Palm Properties successfully rebuts

the presumption of acquired distinctiveness, the burden would shift to Royal Palm 

Properties to prove inherent distinctiveness. 

2 See, e.g., Uncommon, LLC v. Spigen, Inc., 926 F.3d 409, 424 (7th Cir. 2019) (“The Lanham 

Act extends ‘one of two’ presumptions—either that the mark is inherently distinctive or that it 

has acquired distinctiveness. Registration owners do not get both.” (citation omitted)); 

Aromatique, Inc. v. Gold Seal, Inc., 28 F.3d 863, 870 (8th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he relevant 

presumption to which [a trademark holder] is entitled, as the owner of marks registered under 

Section 2(f), is not the presumption that the marks are inherently distinctive, but rather that the 

marks had acquired distinctiveness.”). But see U.S. Search, LLC v. U.S. Search.com Inc., 300 

F.3d 517, 524 (4th Cir. 2002) (holding that when the PTO issues a certificate of registration 

without requiring a showing of secondary meaning, it provides prima facie evidence that the 

mark is suggestive or, if descriptive, has acquired secondary meaning).

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2

Our first—and as it turns out, only—distinctiveness question, then, is

whether Pink Palm Properties successfully rebutted the presumed “secondary 

meaning” of the “Royal Palm Properties” service mark, such that it was entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. We hold that it did not.

A mark obtains a secondary meaning—and therefore acquires

distinctiveness—when, in the minds of the relevant consuming public,3 the 

“primary significance of the term . . . is not the product but the producer.” Am. 

Television & Commc’ns Corp. v. Am. Commc’ns & Television, Inc., 810 F.2d 

1546, 1549 (11th Cir. 1987) (quotation omitted). So, in this case, Pink Palm 

Properties had the burden to prove the opposite—that when the relevant consumers

hear “Royal Palm Properties,” they think of the “product”—i.e., the homes within 

Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club—rather than the “producer”—i.e., the specific 

brokerage services that Royal Palm Properties provides.

3 When a product is “targeted at only a specific segment of the general public,” the relevant 

consuming public consists only of those targeted consumers—not the public at large. J. Thomas 

McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 15:46 (5th ed. 2019); see also 

Christian Louboutin S.A. v. Yves Saint Laurent Am. Holdings, Inc., 696 F.3d 206, 226 (2d Cir. 

2012) (considering whether secondary meaning had been achieved “in the specific context of the 

fashion industry”). Here, the parties disagree over who, exactly, constitutes the relevant 

consuming public. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to Royal Palm 

Properties—which, given the procedural posture, we must—we hold that the relevant consuming 

public consists of people who are interested in buying or selling a home in Royal Palm Yacht & 

Country Club.

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Secondary meaning can be proven, we have held, through either direct

evidence (like consumer surveys) or circumstantial evidence. Tartell v. S. Fla. 

Sinus and Allergy Ctr., 790 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2015). When evaluating 

secondary meaning based on circumstantial evidence, we consider four factors:

(1) the length and manner of [the mark’s] use; (2) the nature and 

extent of advertising and promotion; (3) the efforts made by the 

[proprietor] to promote a conscious connection in the public’s mind

between the [mark] and the [proprietor’s] product or business; and (4) 

the extent to which the public actually identifies the [mark] with the 

[proprietor’s] product or venture. 

Conagra, Inc. v. Singleton, 743 F.2d 1508, 1513 (11th Cir. 1984); see also Tartell, 

790 F.3d at 1257–58.

Pink Palm Properties has made two main secondary-meaning arguments. In 

its brief, Pink Palm Properties contended that Royal Palm Properties had the 

burden of proof on the secondary-meaning question and that Royal Palm 

Properties’ evidence regarding the public’s actual identification of the “Royal Palm 

Properties” mark with Royal Palm Properties’ business—i.e., pertaining to the 

fourth Conagra factor—was “sorely lacking.” Therefore, Pink Palm Properties 

argued, Royal Palm Properties failed to carry its burden on secondary meaning.

Things changed at oral argument. There, Pink Palm Properties 

acknowledged (as we have held) that it had the burden to rebut the presumed 

secondary meaning of the “Royal Palm Properties” mark. Oral Argument at 

15:35–15:55. It asserted, though, that it met its burden because there was 

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“overwhelming[]” record evidence regarding the manner of the mark’s use for 

purposes of the first Conagra factor—namely, that Royal Palm Properties’ use of 

the mark was not substantially “exclusive.” Id. at 17:00–17:18. Pink Palm 

Properties noted that, at trial, it had produced printouts of the websites for various

third-party real-estate businesses named “Royal Palm Properties” throughout the 

United States. Id. at 17:17–18:18. This evidence, according to Pink Palm 

Properties, conclusively proved that Royal Palm Properties’ use of the “Royal 

Palm Properties” mark was not sufficiently exclusive to warrant a finding of 

secondary meaning.

Neither of Pink Palm Properties’ arguments carries the day. As we’ve 

explained, our caselaw squarely rejects its first argument: In an action challenging 

a trademark registered by the PTO, the trademark holder enjoys a presumption of 

distinctiveness in accordance with the mark’s registration. See supra at 11–12. 

Here, because Royal Palm Properties sought and obtained registration of its “Royal 

Palm Properties” mark under Section 2(f) of the Lanham Act, Royal Palm 

Properties is entitled to a presumption that its mark has acquired distinctiveness. It 

had no burden to come forward with any affirmative evidence to that effect; to the 

contrary, Pink Palm Properties had the burden to prove otherwise. 

Pink Palm Properties’ second argument also comes up short. While

evidence of substantial third-party use of a mark tends to weaken the argument that 

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the mark has obtained secondary meaning, the simple fact that some third-party use 

exists isn’t fatal, even as to the first Conagra factor: “[T]he issue is not whether 

[the proponent’s] use [of the mark] was exclusive” in the way that Pink Palm 

Properties seems to assume, but rather “whether [the proponent’s] use of the mark 

[was such that it] had achieved secondary meaning, as opposed to anyone else’s 

use of a similar mark.” J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and 

Unfair Competition § 15:27 (5th ed. 2019). Pink Palm Properties cannot, in other 

words, rely solely on the fact that it has shown that third-party use of “Royal Palm 

Properties” exists. See Echo Travel, Inc. v. Travel Assocs., Inc., 870 F.2d 1264, 

1269 (7th Cir. 1989) (stating that, although third-party use can be weighed, 

“evidence of third party use is not conclusive”). It must also have shown that third 

parties have used the mark “to promote the same goods or services to the same 

consumer class.” Id. 

But Pink Palm Properties presented precious little evidence to prove that

third parties are using, or have used, the “Royal Palm Properties” mark to promote 

the “same goods” to the “same consumer class” as Royal Palm Properties does. 

After all, Royal Palm Properties provides a niche service (real estate brokerage 

exclusively in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club) to a small class of consumers 

(those looking to buy or sell property in Royal Palm Yacht & Country Club). 

Based on the evidence that Pink Palm Properties proffered, we simply cannot say

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whether any of the third-party users of the phrase “Royal Palm Properties” have 

ever competed with Royal Palm Properties in this highly specialized market. In 

fact, Pink Palm Properties’ evidence showed only these third-party entities’ names

and, in some (but not all) instances, their locations and their general industries. We 

don’t know the specific services they offer, the markets they target, or the clients 

they serve. In some cases, we don’t even know whether they’re still operating.

4

 

Given all these unknowns, we think that Pink Palm Properties’ third-party-use 

evidence is, at best, weak proof of the first Conagra factor.

The only other secondary-meaning evidence came from Royal Palm 

Properties. Despite not having the burden on the acquired-distinctiveness issue, 

Royal Palm Properties presented evidence pertaining to both the second and third 

Conagra factors—the “nature and extent of advertising and promotion of the 

mark” and the “efforts made by the [proprietor] to promote a conscious connection 

between the mark and the business.” In particular, Royal Palm Properties touted 

its $1.6 million marketing campaign—a steady stream of mailers, brochures, 

magazines, and events—which, it explained, it has used to “ensure[] that it remains 

4 When, for instance, the Court asked counsel for Pink Palm Properties whether his research 

indicated that the third-party “Royal Palm” entities were “actually operating,” counsel replied 

that the database he relied on “identifie[d] that [those entities] have been filing their annual 

reports” but conceded that “[t]hat’s as far as we went.” Oral Argument at 18:19–18:37. 

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the known, prominent broker for the parcels” in Royal Palm Yacht & Country 

Club. 

Given the procedural posture of this case—an appeal of an order granting 

judgment as a matter of law—in order for Pink Palm Properties to succeed on its 

“acquired distinctiveness” claim, it had to convince us not only that it met its 

burden to prove that “Royal Palm Properties” has not acquired a secondary 

meaning, but also (and further) that no reasonable jury could find that it failed to 

meet its burden. Put simply, we are not convinced. Pink Palm Properties provided 

no direct evidence regarding the meaning of “Royal Palm Properties” to the 

relevant consuming public, and its circumstantial evidence—which pertained only 

to one of the four Conagra factors—was not compelling. 

* * * 

We hold, therefore, that Pink Palm Properties’ argument that the “Royal 

Palm Properties” service mark lacked distinctiveness does not entitle it to judgment 

as a matter of law on its claim that the mark is invalid. 

B

But there’s more. Pink Palm Properties also challenges the validity of the 

“Royal Palm Properties” mark on the ground that it is “confusingly similar” to 

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previously registered marks.5 Under the Lanham Act, a trademark application 

should be denied when the mark “so resembles a mark registered in the 

[PTO] . . . as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods of the 

applicant, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.” 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1052(d). Pink Palm Properties contends that the phrase “Royal Palm Properties” 

is “confusingly similar” to two previously granted trademarks—“Royale Palms” 

and “Royale Palms at Kingston Shores”—and should therefore be invalidated. 

Royal Palm Properties offers two responses. First, it argues that Pink Palm 

Properties lacks standing to challenge its mark based on marks owned by a third 

party. Second, it contends that, even if Pink Palm Properties has standing, the jury 

was entitled to find that its “Royal Palm Properties” mark was not “confusingly 

similar” to the “Royale Palms” marks.

5 The district court appears to have assessed the “confusingly similar” question as a sub-part of 

“distinctiveness.” It held that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark was confusingly similar to 

previously registered marks, but that it could be saved by a finding of “secondary meaning”—

which, as we’ve explained, is a distinctiveness issue. Dist. Ct. Order at 10. This, we think, was 

error. The confusingly-similar question is a stand-alone basis for invalidation under the Lanham 

Act; a confusingly-similar mark cannot be rescued by a finding of secondary meaning. See, e.g.,

Yamaha Int’l Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co., 840 F.2d 1572, 1580 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“Section 2(f) 

serves as an exception to a rejection under the provisions of one of the other sections, Section 

2(e).” (emphasis added)); see also Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure § 1212.02(a) 

(22d ed. 2018) (“[I]t is inappropriate to assert acquired distinctiveness to contravene a refusal 

under [15 U.S.C. § 1052(d), which addresses confusingly-similar marks].”). 

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1

First, standing. A litigant challenging a trademark’s validity under the 

Lanham Act must have standing to petition for cancellation. Coach House, 934 

F.2d at 1557.6

 Royal Palm Properties claims that Pink Palm Properties lacks 

standing to challenge its “Royal Palm Properties” mark based on the “Royale 

Palms” marks because Pink Palm Properties doesn’t own them. In support of this 

argument, Royal Palm Properties points to our decision in Coach House, which, in 

the course setting out the requirements for a “confusingly similar” challenge, states

as follows: 

In order to cancel a registration under Lanham Act Section 2(d) in this case, 

petitioner must prove: (1) that the registered mark resembles petitioner’s 

mark, (2) that petitioner acquired trade identity rights in the mark before the 

registrant used the mark, and (3) that the registered mark is likely to cause 

confusion when used in connection with the services of [the] registrant.

934 F.2d at 1559 (footnotes omitted). Emphasizing our reference to “petitioner’s” 

mark, Royal Palm Properties asserts that Coach House requires that anyone 

6 To clarify, despite a few brief mentions of constitutional standing during oral argument, see 

Oral Argument at 11:00–11:15, 34:02–34:30, we understand Royal Palm Properties to be 

attacking Pink Palm Properties’ statutory standing under the Lanham Act. To the extent that 

Royal Palm Properties can be understood to assert that Pink Palm Properties lacks Article III 

standing, we disagree. Pink Palm Properties has suffered an “injury in fact” (as long as the 

“Royal Palm Properties” mark is valid, Pink Palm Properties cannot use it—and was, in fact, 

sued for allegedly doing so); that injury is “fairly traceable” to the actions of Royal Palm 

Properties (which owns the rights to the mark and sued Pink Palm Properties for allegedly 

infringing it); and that injury would “likely” be “redressed by a favorable decision” (if we were 

to invalidate the “Royal Palm Properties” mark, Pink Palm Properties would be free to use it). 

See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992).

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challenging a trademark on confusingly-similar grounds have “trade identity 

rights” in the allegedly similar, previously granted marks. And, the argument goes, 

because Pink Palm Properties has no rights in the “Royale Palms” marks, it has no

standing to allege that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark should be cancelled 

because it is “confusingly similar” to them.7

 

We disagree. The Lanham Act broadly provides that a trademarkcancellation proceeding may be initiated by “any person who believes that he is or 

will be damaged . . . by the registration of a mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 1064 (emphasis 

added). The purpose of this requirement is merely to ensure that the challenger has 

a “direct and personal stake in the outcome” and is not a “mere intermeddler[].” 

Ritchie v. Simpson, 170 F.3d 1092, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (quotation omitted). As 

a general matter, then, the Lanham Act sets a low statutory-standing bar: “The 

requirement for standing [to pursue a trademark-cancellation claim] is fairly easy 

to satisfy in the vast majority of cases.” McCarthy, supra, § 20:46. 

7 In addition to citing Coach House, Royal Palm Properties also alleges that Pink Palm 

Properties’ confusingly-similar claim raises an improper jus tertii defense. But jus tertii—“[a]

trademark-infringement defense based on the claim that a third party has trademark rights 

superior to those of the plaintiff,” Black’s Law Dictionary 995 (10th ed. 2014)—is inapplicable 

here. A defendant pressing a jus tertii defense “in effect argues that, ‘Somebody has a right to 

sue me, but it’s not you.’” McCarthy, supra, § 31:157. Here, however, Pink Palm Properties 

does not allege that the “Royale Palms” marks owner has any rights in the “Royal Palm 

Properties” mark. Pink Palm Properties simply argues—given the “Royale Palms” marks’ 

existence—that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark shouldn’t have been granted in the first place.

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We think it’s clear that Pink Palm Properties has the requisite direct, 

personal interest in the outcome of this litigation. Were the “Royal Palm 

Properties” trademark cancelled, Pink Palm Properties would be free to use the 

mark in its promotional materials, without fear of another lawsuit. See Herbko 

Int’l, Inc. v. Kappa Books, Inc., 308 F.3d 1156, 1161 (Fed Cir. 2002) (“In most 

settings, a direct commercial interest satisfies the ‘real interest’ test.”). And that, 

so far as Lanham Act standing is concerned, is enough: Once there’s “no question 

that [the challenger] . . . ha[s] a real interest in the outcome of the proceedings,” he 

may pursue cancellation “on any of the grounds set forth in section 2 of the 

Lanham Act which negate [the trademark holder’s] right to its subject 

registration.” Jewelers Vigilance Comm., Inc. v. Ullenberg Corp., 823 F.2d 490, 

493 (Fed. Cir. 1987).

What, though, about Coach House? We think that Royal Palm Properties

simply reads too much into the language there. In that case, it was clear from the 

beginning—it just so happened—that the trademark challenger sought cancellation 

based on a mark that it owned. Coach House, 934 F.2d at 1556. So it’s not 

surprising that when it came time to set out what the petitioner “in th[at] case” had 

to prove, we referred to the “petitioner’s” mark and the “petitioner[’s]” rights in it. 

Id. at 1559. That reference, we think, is best understood as describing a casespecific merits standard—what the challenger there had to do to prevail—not as

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implicitly laying down a categorical standing rule. The relevant language from 

Coach House, in other words, does not require that every confusingly-similar 

challenge be brought by someone with rights in the allegedly similar mark; it 

simply reflects the reality that, in that case, the challenger did have rights in the 

allegedly similar mark. 

* * *

We hold, therefore, that Pink Palm Properties has standing to challenge the 

“Royal Palm Properties” mark on “confusingly similar” grounds, even though it 

doesn’t own the allegedly similar, previously registered “Royale Palms” marks.

2

So, on to the merits of the confusingly-similar issue. In order to successfully 

challenge the “Royal Palm Properties” mark on confusingly-similar grounds, Pink 

Palm Properties must prove (1) that the “Royal Palm Properties” mark “resembles” 

the “Royale Palms” marks, (2) that the “Royale Palms” marks were registered 

before the “Royal Palm Properties” mark, and (3) that the “Royal Palm Properties” 

mark is likely to cause confusion when used in connection with Royal Palm 

Properties’ services. See Coach House, 934 F.2d at 1559.

Pink Palm Properties certainly satisfied the first two Coach House

requirements. The “Royal Palm Properties” mark clearly “resembles” the “Royale 

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Palms” marks—the spelling of the dominant words is nearly identical8—and the 

“Royale Palms” marks were registered several years before the “Royal Palm 

Properties” mark.

The third requirement, however—that the challenged mark is likely to cause 

confusion—deserves a closer look. We have said that when examining the 

likelihood of confusion between two marks, a reviewing court should consider the 

following eight (!) factors: “(1) [t]he distinctiveness of the mark at issue, (2) the 

similarity of the design, (3) the similarity of the service, (4) the similarity of 

service outlets, (5) the similarity of customers, (6) the similarity of advertising 

media utilized, (7) the defendant’s intent, and (8) any actual confusion.” Id. at 

1561 (citing Wesco Mfg., Inc. v. Tropical Attractions of Palm Beach, Inc., 833 F.2d 

1484, 1489 (11th Cir. 1987)). 

A point-by-point breakdown isn’t necessary. Suffice it to say that Pink Palm 

Properties didn’t conclusively prove that there is a likelihood of confusion between 

the “Royal Palm Properties” mark and the “Royale Palms” marks. For far too 

many of the eight factors, Pink Palm Properties failed to produce any evidence at 

all.9

 In fact, based on our review of the record, here’s the totality of what we 

8 Welcome to the author’s life. Compare “Newsom” with “Newsome.”

9 Pink Palm Properties’ confusingly-similar argument relies principally on the PTO’s 2015 denial 

of Royal Palm Properties’ application for a “composite mark.” Because the PTO rejected Royal 

Palm Properties’ 2015 application on the ground that the term “Royal Palm Properties” is 

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know: a company in Texas registered the “Royale Palms” marks for use in

connection with the real-estate industry. That’s it. We know nothing about how

the marks have been used or the customers they’ve been used to target. Nor,

importantly, do we have any evidence that there has been actual confusion between 

these marks and the “Royal Palm Properties” mark. See Frehling Enters., Inc. v. 

Int’l Select Group., Inc., 192 F.3d 1330, 1340 (11th Cir. 1999) (“It is undisputed 

that evidence of actual confusion is the best evidence of a likelihood of 

confusion.”). The evidence presented by Pink Palm Properties falls far short of 

proving—let alone conclusively proving, as it must given the procedural posture—

that the use of the “Royal Palm Properties” mark is likely to cause confusion with 

the “Royale Palms” marks. 

confusingly similar to the term “Royale Palms,” Pink Palm Properties argues that we should now 

cancel the 2012 service mark—which uses the same phrase—for the same reason. But this 

argument isn’t the clincher that Pink Palm Properties seems to think it is. True, federal courts

have consistently held that, when considering whether one mark is likely to be confused with 

another, we should pay the PTO’s confusingly-similar determination some attention—ranging 

from “great weight,” Syntex Labs., Inc. v. Norwich Pharmacal Co., 437 F.2d 566, 569 (2d Cir. 

1971), to “respectful consideration,” Carling Brewing Co. v. Philip Morris Inc., 297 F. Supp. 

1330, 1337 (N.D. Ga. 1968), to “not . . . much weight,” Progressive Distrib. Servs. Inc. v. United 

Parcel Serv., Inc., 856 F.3d 416, 427 (6th Cir. 2017) (describing and endorsing the Ninth 

Circuit’s approach in Carter-Wallace, Inc. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 434 F.2d 794, 802 (9th Cir. 

1970)). The federal courts have been unanimous, however, in holding that we are not bound by 

the PTO’s confusingly-similar analysis. See, e.g., A & H Sportswear v. Victoria’s Secret Stores, 

Inc., 237 F.3d 198, 220–21 (3d Cir. 2000). And our obligation to defer to the PTO is especially 

weak here, where the PTO failed to weigh many of the considerations that this Court has deemed 

relevant to deciding the “likelihood of confusion” question (e.g., Coach House factors 4–8). So 

although the PTO’s 2015 rejection is perhaps some evidence that “Royal Palm Properties” is 

confusingly similar to the “Royale Palms” marks, it certainly isn’t conclusive.

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* * *

We hold, therefore, that Pink Palm Properties’ argument that the “Royal 

Palm Properties” mark is confusingly similar to the “Royale Palms” marks does 

not entitle it to judgment as a matter of law on its claim that the “Royal Palm 

Properties” mark is invalid.

III

Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of Pink Palm 

Properties’ renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law.

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