Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-6_14-cv-00372/USCOURTS-alnd-6_14-cv-00372-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 28:2241 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (federa

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

JASPER DIVISION

J.K. ABBOTT, JR., )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) CASE NO. 6:14-cv-00372-SLB-JEO

)

WARDEN JOHN T. RATHMAN, )

)

Respondent. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Petitioner J.K Abbott, Jr., filed this application for a writ of habeas corpus seeking a

reduction of his sentence to the statutory maximum because he asserts he is not an armed career

criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) enhancement found at 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). 

(Doc. 1).1 He further alleges that his federal sentence has been fully served, and that he is due to be

released immediately. (Id. at 5). Upon consideration, the court finds that the motion is due to be

denied.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Abbott was convicted on a one-count indictment charging that he possessed seven .22 caliber

magnum rifle shells in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). (Cr. Doc. 43).2 He was sentenced to serve

188 months custody as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4.

(Id.) He appealed his conviction and sentence, asserting, inter alia, that the court erred in enhancing

his sentence premised on a finding that he was an armed career criminal. The Eleventh Circuit Court

1References herein to “Doc. ___” are to the document numbers in the habeas matter found

in the present case, 6:14-cv-00372-SLB-JEO.

2References herein to “Cr. Doc. ___” are to the document numbers in Abbott’s criminal

case found in United States v. J.K. Abbott, Jr., 6:03-cr-368-KOB-RRA.

FILED

 2015 Mar-27 PM 12:13

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 6:14-cv-00372-SLB-JEO Document 15 Filed 03/27/15 Page 1 of 8
of Appeals affirmed his conviction and sentence. (Cr. Doc. 55).

Abbott then filed a post-judgment motion for relief from his sentence under FED. R. CIV. P.

60(b), requesting that the court vacate the judgment against him because “fraud was committed on 

the court when it allowed the government to amend the indictment through a Bill of Particulars that

was submitted to the court without leave or direction effectfully (sic) changing a key element in the

indictment namely ‘venue.’” (Cr. Doc. 57 at 2). The court denied the motion, and Abbott appealed

the denial of relief. (Id.; Cr. Doc. 58). The appeal was dismissed by the Eleventh Circuit as being

untimely. (Cr. Doc. 64).

Abbott next filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in February 2010, challenging the

finding that he was an armed career criminal and the use of a bill of particulars in his case. (Cr. Doc.

65; 2255 Doc. 4 at 1).3 His request for relief was denied. (2255 Docs. 6 & 7). Abbot appealed the

denial of relief. (2255 Doc. 8). His request for a certificate of appealability was denied by the

Eleventh Circuit. (2255 Doc. 13).

Abbott filed this action seeking a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241 and

2255(e). It was deemed by the Clerk of the Court to be a second § 2255 motion. (Cr. Doc. 66; 2d

2255 Doc. 1).4 Because Abbott was seeking relief under the general habeas statute, 28 U.S.C. §

2241, via the saving clause of § 2255(e), the case was reclassified as a petition for a writ of habeas

corpus and reassigned to the undersigned.

3References herein to “2255 Doc. ___” are to the document numbers in Abbott v. United

States of America, 6:10-cv-8008-KOB-RRA.

4References herein to “2d 2255 Doc. ___” are to the document numbers in Abbott v.

Rathman, 6:14-cv-8004-KOB-RRA.

2

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DISCUSSION

Prior to his conviction and sentencing in the original criminal case, Abbott had been

convicted of six felony offenses. Two convictions were for escape, one was for second degree

assault, two were for second degree theft and one was for third degree burglary. (Cr. Doc. 51 at 2-7;

Government Exhibits (GX) 3-8).5 The prior convictions were offered by the United States at

Abbott’ssentencing hearing. United States District Judge Karon O. Bowdre found that the defendant

had three predicate offenses to trigger a sentencing enhancement under the ACCA.6(Cr. Doc. 51

5For the convenience of the court and the parties, all of Abbott’s prior convictions (GX 3-

8) which are part of the sentencing have been entered on the electronic record at document

number 14. 

6The relevant provision of the ACCA, which is codified at 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1),

provides:

In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has

three previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title

for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions

different from one another, such person shall be fined under this title and

imprisoned not less than fifteen years, and, notwithstanding any other provision of

law, the court shall not suspend the sentence of, or grant a probationary sentence

to, such person with respect to the conviction under section 922(g).

A “violent felony”

... means any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, or

any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or carrying of a firearm, knife,

or destructive device that would be punishable by imprisonment for such term if

committed by an adult, that-- 

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person of another; or 

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or

otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of

physical injury to another....

3

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at 7).

In the present petition, Abbott alleges that his conviction for escape from Draper Correctional

Facility on April 28, 1987, is not a “violent felony” for purposes of § 924(e). In support of his

contention, he cites Chambers v. United States, 555 U.S. 122 (2009), Begay v. United States, 553

U.S. 137 (2008), and Bryant v. Warden, 738 F.3d 1253 (11th Cri. 2013). (Doc. 1-1 at 1-4). The

United States retorts that his conviction is a “violent felony,” and cites to United States v. Proch, 637

F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2011). (Doc. 7 at 7-8). The United States further argues that his petition, to

the extent it may be construed as a motion pursuant to § 2255, it is time barred. (Id. at 8-11). 

Finally, the United States argues the court is without jurisdiction to consider Abbott’s petition under

§ 2241. (Id. at 11-14).

In his traverse, Abbott argues that the issue of whether his prior escape case constitutes a

“violent felony” was resolved by the Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Lee, 586 F.3d 859 (11th

Cir. 2009). (Doc. 9 at 2-6). He also alleges that his Winston County burglary conviction (Cr. Doc.

51; GX 4) is “no longer recognized by the Eleventh Circuit as a qualifying” offense for purposes of

the ACCA. In support of this latter contention, he relies on United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334

(11th Cir. 2014). (Doc. 9 at 7).

A. Abbott’s Challenge to the Elmore County Escape Conviction

Abbott was confined at Draper Correctional Facility serving a sentence for second degree

theft during 1987. (Doc. 1-1 at 8). During the morning of April 28, 1987, he was working on a

supervised detail outside the institution. At approximately 9:26 a.m., the supervising correctional

officer determined during an inmate count that Abbott had left the detail. It was learned that Abbott

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).

4

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“crawled through tall grass” near the work site headed towards a nearby lake. (Id. at 10). A tracking

team was used to locate Abbott. He was apprehended several miles from the work site without

incident about one hour later. (Id. at 11-12). He was charged by Elmore County authorities with

first degree escape from custody.

7

(Id. at 8). He pled guilty and was sentenced to thirteen years

custody to run concurrent with the sentence he was already serving. (Id. at 9; Cr. Doc. 51 at 2, GX

5).8

Abbott argues that the facts supporting his first degree escape conviction are not sufficient

to qualify that offense as a “violent felony” for purposes of the sentencing enhancement imposed by

the court. He argues that his conduct is similar to “a walk-away/failure to return type escape”

precluded from consideration by Begay and Chambers. (Doc. 1-1 at 3). The court disagrees.

In Begay, the United States Supreme Court held that the New Mexico felony offense of

driving under the influence of alcohol was not a “violent felony” under § 924(e). Id., 555 U.S. at

7First degree escape is defined as follows:

(a) A person commits the crime of escape in the first degree if:

(1) He employs physical force, a threat of physical force, a deadly

weapon or a dangerous instrument in escaping or attempting to

escape from custody; or 

(2) Having been convicted of a felony, he escapes or attempts to

escape from custody imposed pursuant to that conviction. 

(b) Escape in the first degree is a Class B felony.

ALA. CODE 1975 § 13A-10-31.

8He does not challenge his 1996 conviction for escape from the Winston County Jail in

Double Springs, Alabama. (Cr. Doc. 51; GX. 7).

5

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148. In so finding, the Court stated, this offense does not fit the ACCA statutory framework because

driving under the influence, “a strict-liability crime, [which] differs from a prior record of violent

and aggressive crimes committed intentionallysuch as arson, burglary, extortion, or crimes involving

the use of explosives. The latter are associated with a likelihood of future violent, aggressive, and

purposeful ‘armed career criminal’ behavior in a way that the former are not.” Id., at 147. 

In Chambers, the Supreme Court held that an Illinois failure-to-report for penal confinement

offense did not have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force

against the person of another,” and was a relatively passive offense that did not involve conduct

presenting a serious potential risk of physical injury to another to qualify as a “violent felony” for

purposes of § 924(e). Id. at 127-28 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). The Court further noted, “To

the contrary, an individual who fails to report would seem unlikely, not likely, to call attention to his

whereabouts by simultaneously engaging in additional violent and unlawful conduct.” Id, 555 U.S.

at 128.

In Lee, the Eleventh Circuit was presented with the issue of whether a “walkaway” from a

halfway house was a qualifying offense under § 924(e). In addressing the issue, the court stated as

follows:

In the wake of Begay, then, courts must determine not only whether a

non-enumerated state crime poses a serious potential risk of harm, but also whether

it is similar in kind to the ACCA’s enumerated crimes, i.e., whether it involves

purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct. A crime that does not involve such

conduct is not a “violent felony” under the ACCA’s residual provision, regardless of

the degree of danger it presents. See id. at 1588.

Lee, 586 F.3d at 868. The court held that a “non-violent ‘walkaway’ escape is [not] ‘roughly

similar, in kind as well as in degree of risk posed,’ to arson, burglary, extortion, or crimes involving

6

Case 6:14-cv-00372-SLB-JEO Document 15 Filed 03/27/15 Page 6 of 8
the use of explosives.” Id. at 869. Accordingly, the court found that the offense did not qualify as

a predicate offense for purposes of § 924(e).

This court finds each of the foregoing cases factually and legally distinguishable from the

instant case. Instead, the court finds Proch to be more instructive. In Proch, the defendant’s

sentence was enhanced, premised in part, on a prior escape conviction. The evidence showed that

after he was arrested and while he was in transit or at the jail, he attempted to escape from police

custody. Id., 637 F.3d at 1266. Affirming the use of the conviction for enhancement purposes, the

court stated, “As the Chambers court noted, an escape from custody involves less passive and more

aggressive behavior than a failure to report.” Id. at 1268. Finding that an escape from custody was

a predicate offense for purposes of § 924, the court further stated:

We agree with the conclusions of the other circuits that the predicate crime here

involves a crime similar in risk and similar in kind to the enumerated crimes. It

involves either an escape from jail or an escape from the immediate custody of an

officer transporting the person to or from jail. Escapes from custody, like burglary,

will almost always involve the police attempting to apprehend the escapee and are

likely to cause “an eruption of violence” upon discovery. [United States v.]

Furqueron, 605 F.3d [612,] 615 [(8th Cir. 2010).] Such an eruption clearly presents

a serious potential risk of physical injury. Also like burglary, escape from custody

is a stealth crime that involves a high degree of recklessness.[ ] Like burglary, arson,

and the use of explosives, escape from custody is purposeful, violent and aggressive

because it involves a choice that will almost certainly be responded to with force, and

potentially violent force, by the police. We conclude, therefore, that a felon who

risks escape from custody is likely to use an illegally possessed firearm in a violent

way and that escape from custody is therefore a violent felony under the ACCA[ ].

Id. at 1268-69 (footnotes omitted).

The circumstances in the instant case raise concerns more akin to the those expressed by the

Eleventh Circuit in Proch. For instance, at the time of the escape, Abbott was in the custody of the

Alabama Department of Corrections. He was under the immediate supervision of a correctional 

7

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officer with the Department of Corrections. The crime involved “stealth” and a “high degree of

recklessness.” Id. at 1269. Finally, immediately after the escape was discovered, a tracking team

was used to locate Abbott. As noted in Proch, “[s]uch an eruption clearly presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury” to the officers, the escapee, and the other inmates in the immediate

vicinity. Id. at 1269. Accordingly, Abbott’s first degree escape conviction is a qualifying offense

for purposes of § 924(e). He is entitled to no relief on the claim. 

B. Other Matters

Because the court finds that Abbott’s Elmore County first degree escape conviction is a

predicate offense under § 924(e), it is not necessary to address the alternative arguments raised by

the United States. Additionally, because of the court’s finding on this prior offense, Abbott has the

three predicate offenses under § 924(e) – two escape convictions and one second degree assault

conviction – for imposition of the enhanced sentence. Thus, the court need not address his belated

contention in the traverse that his third burglary offense (see doc. 51; GX4) is not a predicate offense

under Howard.

CONCLUSION

Premised on the foregoing, Abbott’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is due to be denied.

An appropriate order will be entered contemporaneously herewith.

DONE this 27th day of March, 2015.

SHARON LOVELACE BLACKBURN

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

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