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Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 

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United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 03-2345

___________

Charlotte Klingler; Charles Wehner; * 

Shelia Brashear, *

*

Appellees, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the Western

* District of Missouri.

Director, Department of Revenue, *

State of Missouri, *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: September 13, 2005

Filed: January 17, 2006

___________

Before WOLLMAN, ARNOLD, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

___________

ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

This is our third pass at this case, which requires us to decide whether the State

of Missouri violated the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) by charging an annual

fee for the use of windshield placards that allow disabled people to park in reserved

spaces. The plaintiffs, disabled persons who have purchased the placards, claim that

the fee is a discriminatory surcharge prohibited by the ADA and its regulations. In

our first opinion, we held that the eleventh amendment barred the plaintiffs from

seeking monetary damages, but that they could pursue declaratory and injunctive

relief against the state. Klingler v. Director, Dep't of Revenue, 281 F.3d 776, 777 (8th

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The Honorable William A. Knox, United States Magistrate Judge for the

Western District of Missouri, sitting by consent of the parties. See 28 U.S.C. 636(c);

see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 73.

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Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (Klingler I). In our second opinion, after the district court1

 on

remand entered summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, we reversed, holding that

the commerce clause did not authorize Congress to prohibit states from collecting

such fees. Klingler v. Director, Dep't of Revenue, 366 F.3d 614, 617-20 (8th Cir.

2004) (Klingler II). The plaintiffs petitioned for review of that decision by the

Supreme Court, which granted certiorari, vacated our judgment, and remanded the

case for reconsideration in light of Tennessee v. Lane, 541 U.S. 509 (2004), and

Gonzales v. Raich, 125 S. Ct. 2195 (2005). Klingler v. Director, Dep't of Revenue,

125 S. Ct. 2899 (2005) (mem.).

Missouri has now abandoned its constitutional challenge, leaving us with only

one issue to resolve, namely, whether Missouri’s collection of the annual fee for the

parking placards is a discriminatory surcharge. We conclude that it is and affirm. 

I.

As we recounted in a previous opinion, Missouri has enacted a statutory scheme

under which political subdivisions and private businesses may reserve parking spaces

close to the entrances of buildings for use by physically disabled people. See

Klingler II, 366 F.3d at 616. In order to park in these spaces lawfully, a vehicle must

display either a specially marked license plate, see Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.142.7, or a

removable windshield placard, see Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 301.142.8, 301.142.10. Mo.

Rev. Stat. § 301.143.4. Although the special license plates are available to qualified

vehicle owners at no extra charge, see Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.142.9, Missouri collects

a fee for the windshield placards. When the plaintiffs filed this action, the fee was

$2.00 per year, see Klingler II, 366 F.3d at 616; it has since been changed to a $4.00

biennial fee, see Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.142.11.

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The plaintiffs moved for summary judgment in the district court, arguing that

Missouri's collection of the fee for the windshield placards violated Title II of the

ADA and a regulation promulgated pursuant to the ADA. The ADA authorizes the

Department of Justice to promulgate regulations to implement and enforce the ADA.

42 U.S.C. § 12134(a). Among those regulations is 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(f), which

prohibits public entities from placing "a surcharge on a particular individual with a

disability or any group of individuals with disabilities to cover the costs of measures

... that are required to provide that individual or group with the nondiscriminatory

treatment required by the Act or this part." Id.

The district court granted the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, agreeing

that Missouri's collection of fees in exchange for the placards constituted a

discriminatory surcharge. The court concluded that the reservation of parking spaces

close to entrances of building was necessary to provide the access that the ADA

required, and that providing removable placards ensured that disabled people could

use the spaces. We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo.

Barstad v. Murray County, 420 F.3d 880, 883 (8th Cir. 2005). 

II.

Missouri, having abandoned its constitutional arguments, advances only one

defense to the plaintiffs' claims: it contends that the placard program is not required

by the ADA, but instead is simply a "special" benefit offered to disabled individuals.

If this were true, the ADA would not prohibit Missouri from charging those who use

the placards, because the fee would not be imposed to cover measures "that are

required to provide that individual or group with the nondiscriminatory treatment

required by the [ADA]," 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(f). We begin, then, by determining what

the ADA and its regulations require from Missouri with respect to disabled parking.

The separate titles of the ADA focus on separate types of conduct: Title I

prohibits discrimination in employment against qualified individuals with disabilities.

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See 42 U.S.C. § 12112. Title II prohibits "public entities" from excluding disabled

individuals from or denying them the benefits of programs, activities, or services, and

from otherwise discriminating against them. See 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Title III

prohibits discrimination or the denial of "full and equal enjoyment" of goods, services,

and other benefits provided by "places of public accommodation" operated by private

entities. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 12181(6), (7), 12182. The ADA's definition of a "public

entity" includes "any State or local government." 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1)(A). It is plain

that Missouri qualifies as a "public entity" for purposes of the ADA and that as a

result it is bound by Title II of the Act.

Neither the ADA nor its regulations specifically require states to offer

removable parking placards to disabled individuals: Title II itself forbids only

exclusion from or discrimination in the "services, programs, or activities of a public

entity." 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The regulations enacted pursuant to Title II also employ

broad language, requiring each service, program or activity, "when viewed in its

entirety," to be "readily accessible." 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a). Rather than imposing a

uniform, one-size-fits-all method of compliance, the regulations provide flexibility by

authorizing a variety of ways for public entities to provide accessibility to disabled

people. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(b).

While the ADA and its regulations do not specifically require Missouri to

maintain a placard system, they do anticipate the use of reserved parking spaces near

the entrances to buildings that have parking lots open to the public. See, e.g., ADA

Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities, Appendix A to 28 C.F.R. Ch. I,

Pt. 36, at § 4.6.2; 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(c). The commentary accompanying these

regulations, moreover, states that "a public entity should provide an adequate number

of accessible parking spaces in existing parking lots or garages over which it has

jurisdiction." 28 C.F.R. Ch. I, Pt. 35, Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in

State and Local Government Services, 56 Fed. Reg. 35,694, 35,710 (July 26, 1991),

reprinted in Appendix A to 28 C.F.R. Ch. I, Pt. 35; see also Americans with

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Disabilities Act Title II Technical Assistance Manual, at § 5.4000. These agency

interpretations, which are entitled to some deference, see TeamBank, N.A. v. McClure,

279 F.3d 614, 619 n.4 (8th Cir. 2002), recognize that some disabled people will find

it difficult, if not impossible, to gain access to public facilities safely if they do not

have enough room to unload a wheelchair from their vehicle, or if they must traverse

the full length of a parking lot.

Missouri's legislature has also recognized that reserved parking spaces help

ensure access to disabled people. The state has authorized governments and private

business to reserve parking spaces for use by disabled persons. See Mo. Rev. Stat.

§ 301.143.2. These reserved spaces must meet the design requirements of the ADA

and its related regulations. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.143.5; see 28 C.F.R. § 36.304(a),

(b)(18). As we have said, Missouri has taken steps to assure the availability of

reserved spaces by requiring any person who parks in them to display either a

specially marked license plate or the removable placard. See Mo. Rev. Stat.

§§ 301.142.7, 301.142.8, 301.142.10. Those who fail to display a placard or a license

plate are subject to a fine of up to $300, and their vehicle may be towed. Mo. Rev.

Stat. § 301.143.4.

Missouri contends that by providing disabled residents the option of obtaining

specially marked license plates at no additional cost, it has satisfied the ADA's

requirements. We disagree. Not all disabled individuals own cars: some rely upon

friends and family for transportation, while others may borrow or rent vehicles from

time to time. See Klingler II, 366 F.3d at 619. Missouri's statutes limit the availability

of the special license plates to non-disabled individuals; only the owners of vehicles

"operated at least fifty percent of the time by a physically disabled person" or "used

to primarily transport physically disabled members of the owner's household" may

obtain the plates. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.142.7. When a disabled person drives or rides

in a vehicle belonging to an individual who does not meet these requirements, the

removable placard is necessary to permit parking in a reserved space.

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Nor do we believe that Missouri can impose fees for the placards on the basis

that the placard system itself is not "required" by the ADA. It is possible that

Missouri could comply with the ADA's requirements without issuing removable

placards; as we have noted, the ADA purposely offers public entities flexibility in

meeting the Act's standard for program access. This flexibility, however, cannot be

used to render meaningless the surcharge prohibition in § 35.130(f). Although no

particular method of providing access may be required, Missouri is obligated under

Title II to make government services, programs, and activities readily accessible to

disabled individuals. However Missouri chooses to meet this obligation, it must

comply with § 35.130(f). We think that a program is "required," as that word is used

by the statute, if in fact it discharges an obligation imposed by the ADA. Missouri has

elected to use parking placards to ensure that disabled people have access to

government programs. Having made that decision, Missouri is prohibited from

imposing a surcharge on disabled people for placards that are necessary to use

reserved parking spaces. 

We note that the placard program not only helps Missouri meet its own Title II

obligation to make government programs accessible, it also helps private entities meet

their obligations under Title III to provide "full and equal" accommodations to

disabled persons. See 42 U.S.C. § 12182. This is because the placards are required

to park in reserved spaces at private facilities. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 301.143.2.

Although the ADA and its implementing regulations do not require Missouri to police

reserved spaces set aside by private businesses, we think that its decision to do so

obligates it to provide the spaces free of charge. The relevant regulation prohibits

Missouri from levying a surcharge to cover the cost of any measure required "by the

Act or this part." 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(f) (emphasis added). It does not distinguish

between Title II and Title III obligations, but prohibits public entities from singling

out the disabled to pay the cost of any ADA compliance efforts.

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This makes sense. If the surcharge prohibition applied only to the costs

incurred by a public entity fulfilling its Title II obligations, a public entity could

relieve private entities of the costs of Title III compliance by voluntarily assuming

those costs and then passing them on to disabled people. We do not read the

regulation to permit the State of Missouri, say, to install wheelchair ramps, elevators,

and accessible bathroom fixtures at a department store, and then recoup those costs

through a surcharge on disabled people. It likewise does not permit the State of

Missouri to charge disabled people for a placard that is necessary to park in reserved

spaces at both government and private facilities.

Rather than distributing the cost of ensuring accessible parking among all of its

citizens, Missouri's scheme imposes a fee upon those disabled persons who require the

removable placards. We conclude that this is a surcharge that violates § 35.130(f).

In doing so, we join a number of courts that have invalidated similar fee-for-placard

systems in other states. See Dare v. California, 191 F.3d 1167, 1172-73 (9th Cir.

1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1190 (2001); Thompson v. Colorado, 29 F. Supp.2d

1226, 1232 (D. Colo. 1998), vacated on other grounds, 278 F.3d 1020 (10th Cir.

2001); Thorpe v. State of Ohio, 19 F. Supp.2d 816, 824-25 (S.D. Ohio 1998).

Because Missouri's collection of the fee for removable placards violates

§ 35.130(f), we affirm the district court's judgment granting the plaintiffs' request for

declaratory and injunctive relief.

III.

The plaintiffs ask us to reinstate their monetary claim, in light of the Supreme

Court's instruction to reconsider this case in light of Lane. Our previous rejection of

the plaintiffs' monetary claim was based upon our decision in Alsbrook v. City of

Maumelle, 184 F.3d 999 (8th Cir. 1999) (en banc). See Klingler I, 281 F.3d at 777.

Another panel of this court has already had the opportunity to reconsider Alsbrook in

light of Lane. In Bill M. ex rel. William M. v. Nebraska Dep't of Health and Human

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Servs. Finance and Support, 408 F.3d 1096, 1100 (8th Cir. 2005), the panel

determined that Alsbrook remained good law except when a plaintiff alleges that he

or she has been denied access to the courts. Because we are unable to discern any

basis for distinguishing the instant case from Bill M., and because we are bound by

that holding, we decline the plaintiffs' invitation to reinstate their claim for monetary

damages.

IV.

For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court's grant of the plaintiffs'

summary judgment motion and its award of declaratory and injunctive relief, and we

remand the case to the district court for entry of a judgment consistent with this

opinion.

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