Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-2_23-cv-00927/USCOURTS-caed-2_23-cv-00927-10/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 410
Nature of Suit: Antitrust
Cause of Action: 15:1 Antitrust Litigation

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

FLANNERY ASSOCIATES LLC, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

BARNES FAMILY RANCH 

ASSOCIATES, LLC, et al., 

Defendants. 

No. 2:23-cv-0927 TLN AC 

ORDER 

This matter is before the court on defendants’ motion for a protective order staying 

discovery in this case pending resolution of a fully briefed and submitted dispositive motion. 

ECF No. 85. The instant motion is before a magistrate judge pursuant to E.D. Cal. R. 302(c)(1). 

The parties filed a joint statement, ECF No. 93, and appeared for oral argument on December 20, 

2023. Natalia Shtevnina argued on behalf of the moving defendants and Thomas J. Smith argued 

on behalf of plaintiff. For the reasons stated below, the court GRANTS the motion on a limited 

basis by issuing a stay of discovery for 100 days or until the motion to dismiss is decided, 

whichever is sooner. 

I. Relevant Background 

Plaintiff Flannery Associates filed this case on March 18, 2023. ECF No. 1. Flannery is a 

Delaware limited liability company which, since 2018, has been purchasing rangeland properties 

in the Jepson Prairie and Montezuma Hills areas of Solano County. ECF No. 1 at 5. Flannery 

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has purchased or is under contract to purchase approximately 140 properties. Id. Plaintiff 

contends that defendants, a group of landowners, repeatedly engaged with Flannery to discuss 

possible sales, only to defer further negotiations under various pretenses, and have conspired with 

one another to drive up the cost of their properties through a price-fixing conspiracy. Id. at 5-8. 

Plaintiffs sued the defendants for violations of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §1, and 

derivative violations of the California Business and Professions Code. Id. at 53-56. 

Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on July 11, 2023, arguing most fundamentally that 

the real estate transactions at issue do not come within the reach of the Sherman Act. ECF No. 

78. Defendants also contend that plaintiff lacks “antitrust standing” due to lack of cognizable 

injury, and that the allegations do not state claims for relief. These arguments are predicated on 

defendants’ underlying theory that all claims fail as a matter of law because the nature of the real 

estate negotiations and transactions at issue puts them outside the scope of anti-trust law. See id. 

at 12-13 (contending that all claims fail as a matter of law) and passim; ECF No. 82 (reply) at 4-5 

(arguing that the Sherman Act does not govern unique real property transactions). The motion to 

dismiss was fully briefed and submitted on the papers to District Judge Troy L. Nunley as of 

August 24, 2023. ECF No. 81. A decision remains pending. 

II. Motion to Stay Discovery 

A. Legal Standards 

District courts exercise “wide discretion in controlling discovery.” Little v. City of 

Seattle, 863 F.2d 681, 685 (9th Cir. 1988). The court has broad discretion to stay proceedings as 

an incident to its power to control its docket. Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706 (1997); see 

Lockyer v. Mirant Corp., 398 F.3d 1098, 1109 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Landis v. North American 

Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936) (stating power to stay proceedings is incidental to power inherent 

in court to control cases with economy for itself, counsel and litigants)). A party may seek a 

protective order staying discovery pending resolution of a potentially dispositive motion such as a 

motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Wenger v. 

Monroe, 282 F.3d 1068, 1077 (9th Cir. 2002) (affirming district court’s grant of protective order 

staying discovery pending resolution of motion to dismiss). The ordinary course of litigation is 

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for discovery to proceed in the face of a pending dispositive motion, and courts do not favor 

blanket stays of discovery because “delaying or prolonging discovery can create unnecessary 

litigation expenses and case management problems.” Salazar v. Honest Tea, Inc., 2015 U.S. Dist. 

LEXIS 146357 at *4, 2015 WL 6537813 at *1 (E.D. Cal. 2015) (citation omitted). On the other 

hand, a stay of discovery pending the resolution a potentially dispositive motion furthers the goal 

of efficiency for the courts and the litigants. See, e.g., Little, 863 F.2d at 685. 

Courts in the Ninth Circuit often employ a two-part test to determine if delaying discovery 

is appropriate: (1) whether the pending motion is potentially dispositive of the case, or at least 

would render unnecessary the discovery at issue; and (2) the pending motion can be decided 

absent additional discovery. Salazar, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 146357 at *4, 2015 WL 6537813 at 

*2. The first prong is not satisfied if disposition of the motion would likely involve leave to 

amend. See, e.g., Mlejnecky v. Olympus Imaging Am., Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16128 at 

*32, 2011 WL 489743 at *9 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2011) (finding a pending motion to dismiss not 

dispositive of the case where the Magistrate Judge anticipated that, even if the motion were 

granted, the District Judge would grant leave to amend). “In applying the two-factor test, the 

court deciding the motion to stay must take a ‘preliminary peek’ at the merits of the pending 

dispositive motion to assess whether a stay is warranted.” Yamasaki v. Zicam LLC, No. 21-CV02596-HSG, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 157156, 2021 WL 3675214, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2021) 

(citation omitted). 

Whether discovery should be stayed pending the outcome of a dispositive motion involves 

a case-by-case analysis. The factors the court should consider include: “ ‘[T]he type of motion 

and whether it is a challenge as a “matter of law’ or the ‘sufficiency’ of the allegations; the nature 

and complexity of the action; whether counterclaims and/or cross-claims have been interposed; 

whether some or all of the defendants join in the request for a stay; the posture or stage of the 

litigation; the expected extent of the discovery in light of the number of parties and complexity of 

the issues in the case; and any other relevant circumstances.’ ” Skellerup Industries Limited v. 

City of Los Angeles, 163 F.R.D. 598, 601 (C.D. Cal. 1995) (quoting Hachette Distribution, Inc. v. 

Hudson County News Company, 136 F.R.D. 356, 358 (E.D.N.Y. 1991)). The court must balance 

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the harm produced by a delay in discovery against the possibility that the motion will be granted 

and entirely eliminate the need for the discovery. Salazar, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 146357 at *4, 

2015 WL 6537813 at *2 (citations omitted). 

B. Analysis 

The undersigned first considers the two-factor test. It is readily apparent that the pending 

motion is potentially dispositive of the case and does not itself depend on any discovery. The 

parties agree that if Judge Nunley accepts defendants’ argument as to the scope of the Sherman 

Act, the case will be entirely resolved at the district court level. Should Judge Nunley conclude 

that the Sherman Act does not apply as a matter of law to the events described in the complaint, 

amendment would be futile. Having taken a “preliminary peek” at the motion to dismiss, the 

undersigned finds that this outcome is sufficiently likely to warrant consideration of the other 

factors relevant to the decision whether or not to stay discovery.1

 Turning to the circumstances identified in Skellerup, supra, the court considers first the 

type of dispositive motion at issue. As already noted, it is significant that the pending motion to 

dismiss rests primarily on a challenge to plaintiff’s claims as a “matter of law.” Defendants’ 

discussion of Rule 12(b)(6) pleading standards and their alternative arguments as to the 

sufficiency of allegations do not raise a realistic possibility of amendment, because they will be 

moot if the district judge grants the motion on the primary grounds asserted: that the Sherman Act 

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 While recognizing the district courts’ discretion to stay discovery during the pendency of a 

potentially dispositive motion, and also recognizing limits to that discretion, the Ninth Circuit has 

itself never clearly articulated a standard for the evaluation of such requests. Specifically 

regarding the necessary strength of the pending motion and the likelihood of its success, district 

courts in the circuit have applied various standards ranging from a “clear possibility” that the 

motion will be granted, see e.g., GTE Wireless, Inc. v. Qualcomm, Inc., 192 F.R.D. 284, 287 

(S.D. Cal. 2000), to a requirement that the court be “convinced” that plaintiff will be unable to 

state a claim for relief, see e.g., Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 124 F.R.D. 

652, 653 (D. Nev. 1989). The latter formulation comes from Wood v. McEwen, 644 F.2d 797, 

801 (9th Cir. 1981) (per curiam), which approves the granting of a stay where the district court is 

“convinced” plaintiff cannot state a claim. Wood did not hold that a stay may only be granted 

where the judge deciding the discovery motion is “convinced” that plaintiff cannot state a claim. 

Here, the merits of the motion to dismiss are for Judge Nunley to decide, and it would subvert the 

proper relationship between the assigned magistrate judge and district judge to adopt a standard 

effectively requiring the undersigned to be “convinced,” i.e., to render an opinion, as to the proper 

outcome of a dispositive motion. 

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does not apply to the conduct described in the complaint. This weighs in favor of a stay, 

particularly when considered together with the other pertinent factors. 

As to the nature and complexity of the action, this case presents complex and perhaps 

novel questions of law as demonstrated by the briefing on the motion to dismiss. The factual 

complexity of the case is demonstrated by the sheer number of defendants and alleged 

conspirators named in the complaint, as well as the number of properties identified and the 

number of transactions and/or negotiations either directly involved in or forming the relevant 

background to the claims. See generally, ECF No. 1. The large number of parties and factual 

complexity both clearly indicate that discovery will be extensive, time-intensive, and expensive 

for all. The action currently involves 27 different named defendants, all of whom face potentially 

unnecessary discovery burdens and all of whom join the motion for a stay. Finally, the posture of 

the case supports a stay as the case is in its earliest stages and no scheduling order has yet issued. 

In sum, the undersigned concludes that the Skellup factors weigh in favor of a stay of discovery. 

The court has considered plaintiff’s contention that it will be prejudiced by a stay, and 

finds its arguments in this regard to be speculative. A delay always has downsides, but any harm 

to plaintiff can be mitigated by making the stay temporary. The court finds that stay limited to 

100 days or until the motion to dismiss is resolved, whichever is sooner, is not prejudicial to 

plaintiff. The defendants are aware of their obligations to preserve evidence, and the court does 

not anticipate that there will be any meaningful loss of evidence resulting from a temporary stay. 

Conversely, if the motion to dismiss is resolved in defendants’ favor, the loss of time and 

resources avoided by a temporary discovery stay would be significant. 

Ultimately, the court’s duty is to balance the harm produced by a delay in discovery 

against the possibility that the motion will be granted and entirely eliminate the need for the 

discovery. Salazar, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 146357 at *4, 2015 WL 6537813 at *2. Guided by 

Rule 1, Fed. R. Civ. P., which requires that all rules be construed and applied “to secure the just, 

speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action,” the undersigned concludes that justice, 

efficiency and economy are all served by the grant of a temporary stay of discovery. 

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III. Conclusion 

The defendants’ motion to stay discovery (ECF No. 85) is hereby GRANTED in part, in 

that discovery in this case is STAYED for 100 days from the date of this order, or until such time 

as an order is issued on the pending motion to dismiss (ECF No. 78), whichever is sooner. Any 

motion to extend the stay must be filed prior its expiration. 

 IT IS SO ORDERED. 

DATED: December 21, 2023 

Case 2:23-cv-00927-TLN-AC Document 99 Filed 12/21/23 Page 6 of 6