Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-4_15-cv-04539/USCOURTS-cand-4_15-cv-04539-7/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Federal Question: Other Civil Rights

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ROBERT E. WHITE,

Plaintiff,

v.

SQUARE, INC.,

Defendant.

Case No. 15-cv-04539-JST 

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 

DISMISS SECOND AMENDED 

COMPLAINT

Re: ECF No. 44

Plaintiff Robert E. White brings this purported class action against Defendant Square, Inc. 

(“Square”), alleging that Square violates the California Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh Act”) by 

prohibiting certain types of businesses from using its services. Before the Court is Square’s 

Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 44. The motion will be granted with 

prejudice.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Defendant Square provides a service which enables individuals and businesses “to accept 

electronic payments without themselves directly opening up a merchant account with any Visa or 

MasterCard member bank . . . .” ECF No. 39 ¶ 5 (Second Amended Complaint). Plaintiff White 

is the principal of a law firm and “actively practices bankruptcy law on behalf of his creditor 

clients.” Id. ¶ 1. White “is a personal friend and business colleague of Jeremy Katz, a member of 

the State Bar and a partner in [S]hierkatz, RLLP.” ECF No. 20 ¶ 8 (First Amended Complaint). 

Shierkatz is the plaintiff in the related case of Shierkatz RLLP v. Square, Inc., No. 15-cv-02202-

JST (N.D. Cal.) (filed on May 15, 2015).

White “read this District Court’s file in the [Shierkatz case] and thereby became aware of” 

Section 6 of Defendant Square’s Seller Agreement. ECF No. 20 ¶ 9. As of December 21, 2015, 

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Section 6 of the Square Seller Agreement provided:

By creating a Square Account, you . . . confirm that you will not 

accept payments in connection with the following businesses or 

business activities: (1) any illegal activity or goods; (2) buyers or 

membership clubs, including dues associated with such clubs, (3) 

credit counseling or credit repair agencies, (4) credit protection or 

identity theft services, (6) infomercial sales, (7) internet/mail 

order/telephone order pharmacies or pharmacy referral services 

(where fulfillment of medication is performed with an internet or 

telephone consultation, absent a physical visit with a physician 

including re-importation of pharmaceuticals from foreign countries), 

(8) unauthorized multi-level marketing businesses, (9) inbound or 

outbound telemarketers, (10) prepaid phone cards or phone services, 

(11) rebate based businesses, (12) up-sell merchants, (13) bill 

payment services, (14) betting, including lottery tickets, casino 

gaming chips, off-track betting, and wagers at races, (15) manual or 

automated cash disbursements, (16) prepaid cards, checks, or other 

financial merchandise or services, (17) sales of money-orders or 

foreign currency, (18) wire transfer money orders, (19) high-risk 

products and services, including telemarketing sales, (20) automated 

fuel dispensers, (21) adult entertainment oriented products or 

services (in any medium, including internet, telephone, or printed 

material), (22) sales of (i) firearms, firearm parts or hardware, and 

ammunition; or (ii) weapons and other devices designed to cause 

physical injury[,] (23) internet/mail order/telephone order cigarette, 

tobacco or vaporizer sales, (24) drug paraphernalia, (25) occult 

materials, (26) hate or harmful products, (27) escort services, or (28) 

bankruptcy attorneys or collection agencies engaged in the 

collection of debt. 

ECF No. 39 ¶ 6 (emphasis added). 

After reading this portion of Square’s Seller Agreement, White “was . . . dissuaded from 

seeking to become a [Square] customer given the fact his law practice area is similar to that of 

[Shierkatz RLLP] and, as such, [Plaintiff’s law firm] falls within Category 28 of” Section 6. ECF 

No. 22 ¶ 9. White then “formed the strong, definite and specific intent to attempt to have [his law 

firm] become . . . a [Square] subscriber without [his law firm’s] ever once submitting itself to 

[Square’s alleged misconduct].” ECF No. 39 ¶ 10. Evidencing this intent, White alleges that he 

“obtain[ed] and then carefully review[ed] portions of the extensive PACER record in shierkatz 

RLLP v. Square, Inc.,” id. ¶ 11; “personally visit[ed] Square[’s] Website,” id. ¶ 12; refused to 

“click[] the link marked ‘Continue’ on Square[’s] website,” id. ¶ 14; “employ[ed] legal counsel to 

investigate [White’s] bringing legal action against [Square],” id. ¶ 15; “instruct[ed] said legal 

counsel to sue [Square],” id. ¶ 16; “continuously visit[ed] [Square’s] website beginning on January 

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1, 2016, and on each calendar day thereafter,” id. ¶ 18; and “communicat[ed] a formal demand on 

[Square] that it . . . immediately and permanently agree to cease and desist from violating [his] 

Unruh Law civil rights to be free from . . . occupational discrimination,” id. ¶ 20.

B. Procedural History

On October 1, 2015, White filed this putative class action against Square, raising a single 

claim under California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act. ECF No. 1. On December 21, 2015, White filed 

a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), seeking to represent a class of “all Persons ‒ other than 

persons who fall within Category 1 of [Section 6] ‒ who have ever had their Accommodations 

terminated by [Square] based on their violation of [Section 6] or who have ever been dissuaded 

from seeking Accommodations from [Square] based on their unwillingness to violate [Section 6].” 

ECF No. 20 ¶ 11. On April 19, 2016, the Court granted Square’s motion to dismiss the FAC. 

ECF No. 38. On April 29, 2016, White filed his Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). ECF No. 

39. On June 10, 2016, Square filed a motion to dismiss the SAC, ECF No. 44, which motion the 

Court now considers.

II. JURISDICTION

The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). Minimal 

diversity exists here because Defendant, a Delaware corporation with its principal place of 

business in San Francisco, CA, is a citizen of Delaware and California for diversity purposes and 

at least one class member is alleged to be a citizen of a state other than Delaware and California. 

ECF No. 39 ¶¶ 5, 24. Additionally, White alleges that “there are several hundred thousand Class 

members.” Id. ¶ 27. Because the minimum statutory damage award under the Unruh Act is 

$4,000, Cal. Civ. Code § 52, White has pleaded that the amount in controversy exceeds 

$5,000,000, as required by 28 U.S.C. 1332(d)(2).

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief” to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 

grounds upon which it rests.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 

555 (2007). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 

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accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the 

plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The Court must “accept all factual allegations 

in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). Dismissal can be based on the 

lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal 

theory. Robertson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 749 F.2d 530, 533–34 (9th Cir. 1984). “The 

tenet that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals 

of a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 663 (2009). “[F]ailure to allege statutory standing results in failure to state a claim on 

which relief can be granted . . . .” Petzchke v. Century Aluminum Co., 729 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th 

Cir. 2013).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. The Unruh Civil Rights Act

The Unruh Civil Rights Act provides that “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of this state 

are free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, 

disability, medical condition, marital status, or sexual orientation are entitled to the full and equal 

accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of 

every kind whatsoever.” Cal. Civ. Code § 51(b). Section 51.5(a) of the Act further provides that 

“[n]o business establishment of any kind whatsoever shall discriminate against . . . or refuse to . . . 

contract with . . . any person in this state on account of any characteristic listed or defined in 

subdivision (b) or (e) of Section 51, . . . because the person is perceived to have one or more of 

those characteristics.” Section 52(a) provides that “[w]hoever denies, aids or incites a denial, or 

makes any discrimination or distinction contrary to Section 51, 51.5, or 51.6, is liable for each and 

every offense for the actual damages, and any amount that may be determined by a jury, or a court 

sitting without a jury, up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage but in no case 

less than four thousand dollars ($4,000), and any attorney’s fees that may be determined by the 

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court in addition thereto, suffered by any person denied the rights provided in Section 51, 51.5, or 

51.6.”

The California Supreme Court has stated: “That the [Unruh A]ct specifies particular kinds 

of discrimination—color, race, religion, ancestry, and national origin—serves as illustrative, rather 

than restrictive, indicia of the type of conduct condemned.” In re Cox, 3 Cal. 3d 205, 212 (1970). 

California courts have held that “arbitrary occupational discrimination is prohibited under the 

Unruh Act.” Sisemore v. Master Fin., Inc., 151 Cal. App. 4th 1386, 1406 (2007) (citing Long v. 

Valentino, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1287, 1298 (1989) (stating that, under the Unruh Act, “police officers 

. . . may not be refused service in a restaurant, denied an apartment, or ejected from a public 

meeting merely because of their occupation, whether working a shift or on vacation”)).

B. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss

The Court previously granted Square’s motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint, 

concluding that “California case law requires the Court to grant Square’s motion to dismiss 

because Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded statutory standing under the Unruh Act.” ECF No. 

38 at 7 (citing Angelucci v. Century Supper Club, 41 Cal. 4th 160, 170 (2007); Surrey v. 

TrueBeginnings, LLC, 168 Cal. App. 4th 416–19 (2008). The Court relied on Surrey for the 

proposition that under California law, “a person must tender the purchase price for a business’s 

services or products in order to have standing to sue it [under the Unruh Act] for alleged 

discriminatory practices relating thereto.” Surrey, 168 Cal. App. 4th at 416. Because White did 

not “allege[] that he attempted to subscribe to Square’s services,” but instead “merely allege[d] 

that ‘became aware of’ Square’s policy and ‘was then dissuaded from seeking to become a 

[Square] customer,’” the Court held that White did not have statutory standing to sue Square under 

the Unruh Act. ECF No. 38 at 6, 8.

The SAC does not remedy this failure. While the SAC adds additional detail regarding the 

various actions White undertook, which allegedly evidence his “strong, definite and specific intent 

to attempt to . . . become a [Square] subscriber,” ECF No. 39 ¶ 19; see also id. ¶¶ 11–20, the SAC 

still fails to allege that White “tender[ed] the purchase price for [Square’s] services or products.” 

Surrey, 168 Cal. App. 4th at 416. Accordingly, White lacks statutory standing under the Unruh 

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Act.

Rather than argue that the SAC contains sufficient new allegations such that White has 

standing under Surrey and Angelucci, White’s Opposition instead makes several novel legal 

arguments, which were not previously raised in the briefing regarding Square’s first motion to 

dismiss. See ECF No. 49. None of these arguments have merit.

First, White asserts that “the futile gesture rule precludes [Square’s] No Click/No Standing 

Defense.” ECF No. 49 at 9 (citing Int’l Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 

366 (1977) (“When a person’s desire for a job is not translated into a formal application solely 

because of his unwillingness to engage in a futile gesture he is as much a victim of discrimination 

as is he who goes through the motions of submitting an application.”)). However, as Square notes, 

“the futile gesture doctrine is a creature of federal law that has been applied to some federal 

antidiscrimination statutes.” ECF No. 52 at 4. White does not cite any California authority for the 

proposition that the “futile gesture rule” should be applied to California’s Unruh Act. Indeed, two 

of the federal cases cited by White, Arnold v. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc., 866 F. Supp. 

433, 434 (N.D. Cal. 1994) and Botosan v. Paul McNally Realty, 216 F.3d 827 (9th Cir. 2000), 

have been explicitly rejected by the California Court of Appeal in Reycraft v. Lee, 177 Cal. App. 

4th 1211, 1227 (2009) (“[W]e disagree with the federal district court’s analysis in Arnold and 

would have denied standing under section 54.3 to the plaintiffs in that case.”); id. (“We also reject 

plaintiff’s reliance on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Botason.”).1 As Square aptly argues, “[t]he 

fact that some federal anti-discrimination statutes may be found to have a different or more lenient 

[statutory] standing requirement does nothing to alter [statutory standing requirements under] 

California[’s] Unruh Act law,” as set forth in Surrey and Angelucci. See Midpeninsula Citizens 

for Fair Housing v. Westwood Investors, 221 Cal. App. 3d 1377, 1385 (“The [U.S.] Supreme 

 

1 White cites Nat’l Federation of Blind v. Target Corp., 582 F. Supp. 2d 1185, 1194 (N.D. Cal. 

2007) for the proposition that the “futile gesture rule was held to confer § 52 UL standing.” ECF 

No. 49 at 10. This is not true. Nat’l Federation of Blind held that “putative class members who 

have been deterred from shopping at Target altogether have standing to proceed on their ADA

claims” because “class members need not have engaged in a ‘futile gesture’ to gain access to the 

store when they knew that it would likely be inaccessible.” Id.

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Court’s interpretation of a federal statute’s standing requirements does not determine the scope of 

standing provided by a California statute.”).

Second, White argues that the California Court of Appeal’s decision in Hutson v. Owl 

Drug Co., 79 Cal. App. 390, 391–92 (1926) provides support for holding that he has standing 

under the Unruh Act. ECF No. 49 at 19. However, Hutson involved a black woman who was 

refused service at a soda fountain, called a racial epithet, and then physically assaulted. 79 Cal. 

App. at 391–92. By contrast, White has not even attempted to obtain services from Square. 

Similarly, White’s citation of Rolon v. Kulwitzky, 153 Cal. App. 3d 289, 292 (1984) does not alter 

the Court’s conclusion because in that case “[p]laintiffs, two lesbian women, were refused service

in a semiprivate booth at a restaurant owned and operated by defendant.” (emphasis added). 

Here, no such refusal of service has occurred yet. 2

Ultimately, the Court finds that California case law continues to require the Court to grant 

Square’s motion to dismiss the SAC because White has not sufficiently pleaded statutory standing 

under the Unruh Act. Angelucci, 41 Cal. 4th at 170; Surrey, 168 Cal. App. 4th at 416–19. 

CONCLUSION

Square’s motion to dismiss the SAC is granted. Because the Court has already given 

White an opportunity to amend the complaint to remedy his lack of statutory standing, the Court 

/ / /

/ / /

/ / /

 

2

Scaduto v. Esmailzadeh also provides no support for White’s argument that he has statutory 

standing under the Unruh Act. No. 07-cv-4069, 2007 WL 8435679 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2007). In 

Scaduto, the district court found that plaintiffs had standing to pursue Unruh Act discrimination 

claims based on “a threatened, but not yet realized” act of housing discrimination. Id. at *8. 

While the plaintiffs had not yet been evicted, the landlord had filed “Ellis Act eviction notices.” 

Id. at *2. In such circumstances, the court held that Plaintiff’s need not wait until they are actually 

evicted before bringing suit, noting that “Defendants have not presented the Court with any 

authority for the proposition that a threatened discriminatory act such as that involved here is 

insufficient to confer standing under the Unruh Civil Rights Act.” Id. at *8. Scaduto, however, 

did not discuss Surrey or Angelucci. The court finds those two cases to be far more persuasive 

because they arose, as did this case, in the context of a consumer’s desire to purchase a product, as 

opposed to Scaduto, which involved housing discrimination, which had allegedly begun, but had 

yet to been completed.

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concludes that further amendment would be futile. Accordingly, the Court dismisses the SAC 

with prejudice.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: September 14, 2016

______________________________________

JON S. TIGAR

United States District Judge

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