Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca10-03-01414/USCOURTS-ca10-03-01414-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 530
Nature of Suit: Prisoner Petitions - Habeas Corpus
Cause of Action: 

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FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

UNITED ST ATES COURT OF APPEALS 

TENTH CIRCUIT 

APR 19 2005 

PATRICK FISHER 

Clerk 

GARY SHERMAN JONES, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

V. 

JOHN SUTHERS, Executive Director 

of Colorado Department of 

Corrections, 

Respondent-Appellee. 

No. 03-1414 

(District of Colorado) 

(D.C. No. 00-MK-1605 (CBS)) 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT* 

Before SEYMOUR, HOLLOWAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

After a five-day trial, a Colorado jury found Gary Jones guilty of child 

abuse and sexual assault on a child. In a postconviction motion in state court, 

*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the 

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court 

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order 

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

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Jones argued that his trial counsel's failure to retain and call an expert witness 

infringed his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel. After 

the state courts denied his claim, Jones filed an application for writ of habeas 

corpus under 28 U .S.C. § 2254. The district court denied the application and 

issued a certificate of appealability. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§§ 1291 and 2253(c), this court affirms the decision of the district court. 

II. BACKGROUND 

Jones' convictions stem from the sexual abuse of his four-year-old 

stepdaughter, R.F. At trial, Jones' counsel did not attempt to dispute the medical 

evidence that R.F. had been sexually abused. Instead, she advanced the theory 

that R.F.'s biological father was the actual perpetrator of the abuse. R.F. and her 

six-year-old brother lived with their mother and Jones in Gypsum, Colorado, but 

visited their father in Denver on alternate weekends. 

The prosecution's key witness at trial was Dr. Patrick Bacon, an expert in 

child psychiatry. Dr. Bacon testified extensively about approximately one 

hundred hours of videotaped therapy sessions he conducted with R.F. During the 

first eight weeks of these sessions, he testified that R.F. was anxious and 

unwilling to talk about the abuse. As she became more comfortable, Dr. Bacon 

testified that R.F. began speaking of a "bad guy" who was only bad when she was 

alone with him. R.F. also told Dr. Bacon on several occasions that Jones had hurt 

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her and that she was frightened by him. Approximately four and one half months 

after beginning therapy, R.F. first told Dr. Bacon that Jones had put his finger 

into her vagina. Jones' counsel vigorously cross-examined Dr. Bacon but did not 

call another expert witness in rebuttal. 

The jury also heard from other witnesses linking Jones with the abuse. The 

girlfriend of R.F. 's father testified that when she asked R.F. if anyone had hurt or 

touched her, R.F. replied that "Gary said it's a secret." Dr. Hendrika Cantwell of 

Denver Social Services testified that she asked R.F. if someone had touched her 

in her vaginal area, and that R.F. responded "Gary does that." R.F. 's aunt 

testified that R.F. told her that Jones had hurt her "gina" "with his finger." R.F. 's 

father also testified at trial that R.F. told him she hated Jones because "he hurt 

[her] where [she goes] to the bathroom." 

The jury found Jones guilty of sexual assault on a child and child abuse 

resulting in serious bodily injury to R.F. 's vagina. After his conviction was 

upheld on appeal, Jones filed a motion for postconviction relief in Colorado state 

district court. Jones argued that his counsel was ineffective for failing to hire an 

expert in child interview techniques to rebut Dr. Bacon's testimony. At an 

evidentiary hearing, Jones called Dr. John Yuille, a professor of psychology at the 

University of British Columbia who specializes in methods of interviewing 

children. Dr. Yuille reviewed the videotaped therapy sessions and criticized Dr. 

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Bacon's use of suggestive and repetitive questions, his decision to allow others in 

the room during therapy sessions, and his "very strong bias" against Jones. Dr. 

Yuille also found fault with Dr. Bacon's utilization of "play therapy," his 

conclusion that R.F. suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder, and his use of 

symbolic interpretation, such as his association between R.F. 's mention of snakes 

and phallic symbols. Dr. Yuille testified that Dr. Bacon's techniques were 

"seriously profoundly inappropriate" and were known to produce false allegations 

in children. He concluded that "this was an example of how not to conduct an 

investigative interview with a preschool aged child." 

After the district court heard the testimony of Dr. Yuille, expert witnesses 

on both sides, and Jones' trial counsel, the court issued a written order denying 

Jones' motion. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed, and the Colorado 

Supreme Court denied certiorari. 

Jones next filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 application for writ of habeas corpus in 

the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, raising five claims. 

The district court concluded that three of the claims were procedurally barred and 

denied the remaining two claims on the merits. Jones appeals only the district 

court's denial on the merits of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 

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III. ST AND ARD OF REVIEW 

Because Jones' claim was adjudicated on the merits in state court, Jones is 

entitled to § 2254 relief only if he can establish that the state court decision "was 

contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal 

law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States," or "was based on 

an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in 

the State court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(l)-(2). This court presumes 

that state court factual findings are correct and places the burden on the habeas 

applicant to rebut this presumption with clear and convincing evidence. Id. § 

2254(e)(l). 

IV. DISCUSSION 

Jones claims on appeal that his Sixth Amendment right to the effective 

assistance of counsel was violated when his trial counsel failed to retain an expert 

witness to demonstrate that Dr. Bacon used improper interview techniques in his 

work with R.F. Jones argues that his counsel was deficient both in failing to 

investigate Dr. Bacon's methods with an expert before trial, and in failing to call 

an expert witness at trial to rebut Dr. Bacon's testimony. 

A. Failure to investigate 

Jones first argues that the state courts erred by ignoring his claim that 

counsel failed to conduct an adequate pretrial investigation. The state district 

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court, however, did find that counsel had reviewed the approximately one hundred 

hours of videotaped therapy sessions and had recognized the need to carefully 

examine Dr. Bacon's methodology. Furthermore, the court found that counsel 

consulted with another experienced attorney and with psychologist Dr. Suzanne 

Bernhard in preparing for trial. The court noted that Dr. Bernhard did not find 

serious problems with Dr. Bacon's interview methods after reviewing a portion of 

the videotapes, but that counsel "received valuable information and advice on 

cross-examining Dr. Bacon and eliciting information favorable to the defendant." 

Recognizing that "[a]n attorney's decision not to interview certain witnesses, and 

to rely on other sources of information, if made in the exercise of reasonable 

professional judgment, does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel," the 

court concluded that counsel's investigation under these circumstances was a 

reasonable exercise of professional judgment. These statements by the court 

indicate that it adequately considered and rejected Jones' failure-to-investigate 

claim on the merits. 

Jones disputes the court's factual finding that his counsel reviewed the one 

hundred hours of videotaped sessions. He points out that counsel actually utilized 

teams of non-lawyers to conduct the review, consisting of her husband, staff from 

her office, Jones, and Jones' family. Fairly read, however, the state court's order 

is not inconsistent with the fact that counsel delegated some of the work to others. 

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The state court never suggested that counsel had reviewed all the tapes 

personally. Nor is it particularly significant that some delegation occurred. 

Counsel gave team members verbal and written instructions on how to review the 

tapes, and told them to notify her if they found anything of significance. Jones 

does not demonstrate why it would have been necessary for his counsel personally 

to review every hour of the videotaped sessions. Considering the enormity of the 

task, it was not unreasonable to delegate some of the work to lay volunteers. 

Jones also disputes the factual bases behind the state court's conclusion 

that counsel's consultation with Dr. Bernhard constituted reasonable pretrial 

investigation. Jones claims that Dr. Bernhard was not qualified to critique child 

interview techniques, and that her review of only a small sample of the 

videotaped sessions was insufficient for her to form a reasonable opinion about 

Dr. Bacon's methods. 1 Jones has not produced any evidence, however, that Dr. 

Bernhard lacked the requisite qualifications. Trial counsel testified at the 

postconviction hearing that Dr. Bernhard was recommended by her supervisor as 

someone who had experience in child sexual assault issues and had testified 

1

The district court did not make explicit factual findings regarding Dr. 

Bernhard's qualifications or the adequacy of her review of the videotapes. These 

findings, however, were implicit in the court's conclusion that counsel's reliance 

on Dr. Bernhard was reasonable. The presumption of correctness of a state 

court's factual findings in the context of an application for writ of habeas corpus 

applies to implicit as well as explicit findings of fact. Weeks v. Snyder, 219 F .3d 

245, 258 (3d Cir. 2000). 

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previously in sexual assault cases. Dr. Bernhard herself represented to Jones' 

counsel that she was qualified to evaluate Dr. Bacon's methodology. 2 Nor has 

Jones demonstrated that the portions of video selected by counsel for review by 

Dr. Bernhard were unrepresentative of the sessions as a whole. Considering the 

strong presumption of counsel's effectiveness, this court cannot presume that 

counsel selected an inadequate sample. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 690 ( 1984). Jones has therefore failed to demonstrate that the state court's 

findings were either unreasonable or contradicted by clear and convincing 

evidence. 

In addition to contending that the state court's order reflects an 

unreasonable determination of the facts, Jones also argues that the court's 

conclusion was both contrary to and an unreasonable application of Strickland v. 

Washington. A state court determination is contrary to clearly established federal 

law "if the state court applied a rule different from the governing law set forth in 

2

Jones attempts to rely on Dr. Bernhard's resume as evidence that she was 

unqualified. Although Jones is correct that Dr. Bernhard's resume contains no 

reference to formal training in child interview techniques, it does show that she 

had experience in child therapy, sexual abuse, and forensic psychology. 

Furthermore, counsel's supervisor testified at the postconviction hearing that Dr. 

Bernhard had wide experience dealing with sexual abuse and the interviewing of 

children. Standing alone, the resume is therefore insufficient to demonstrate that 

Dr. Bernhard lacked sufficient qualifications. See Affinito v. Hendricks, 366 F.3d 

252, 258-59 (3d Cir. 2004) (holding that the determination of which psychiatric 

expert to consult is a tactical decision for which counsel is afforded wide 

latitude). 

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Supreme Court cases, or if it decides a case differently than the Supreme Court 

has done on a set of materially indistinguishable facts." Turrentine v. Mullin, 390 

F.3d 1181, 1189 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation and alterations omitted). In its 

written order, the state district court properly explained that Jones' burden under 

Strickland was to show that (1) his counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) 

the deficient performance prejudiced his defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

687. The court concluded that Jones had not met his burden under Strickland's 

first prong because he had failed to demonstrate "that trial counsel's performance 

fell below an objective standard of professional conduct for criminal defense 

counsel." The court therefore did not consider whether Jones had established 

prejudice under Strickland's second prong. Nothing in the Colorado district 

court's order is contrary to Strickland. 

A state court unreasonably applies federal law when it "correctly identifies 

the governing legal principle from Supreme Court decisions but unreasonably 

applies it to the facts of the particular case." Turrentine, 390 F.3d at 1189 

( quotation and alteration omitted). The Colorado district court in this case was 

not unreasonable to conclude that counsel's investigation was adequate. Counsel 

interviewed Dr. Bacon and recognized that it was important for an expert to 

review his methodology. Accordingly, counsel consulted Dr. Bernhard, who 

informed her that, although "there were some problems with the way Dr. Bacon 

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had conducted the interview and subsequent therapy," "that overall the job he had 

done was not too bad." Counsel also consulted repeatedly with her supervisor at 

the public defender's office and with at least two other experienced lawyers in 

preparing for the cross-examination of Dr. Bacon. One of the attorneys consulted 

had experience in trying and teaching defense attorneys how to try complex child 

sexual assault cases. In addition, counsel conducted her own extensive research 

into child interview techniques and brought to bear her experience from a recently 

completed sexual assault case in which she had cross-examined a psychiatrist on 

the proper methodology for interviewing children. Because the record 

demonstrates that Jones' counsel thoroughly prepared for trial, it was not an 

unreasonable application of federal law to conclude that counsel's pretrial 

investigation was not constitutionally ineffective for failure to seek out additional 

experts. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691 (noting that counsel is not ineffective for 

making a "reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary"). 

B. Failure to call an expert witness at trial 

Jones next claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call an 

expert witness at trial to rebut Dr. Bacon's testimony. In addressing this claim, 

the state district court credited counsel's explanation that she feared calling an 

expert witness would open the door to evidence of four prior sexual assault 

allegations against Jones. Based on this testimony, the court found that counsel's 

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decision not to call an expert was "one of trial strategy." On appeal, the state 

appellate court concluded that "the record supports the trial court's finding that 

counsel's decision not to call a rebuttal expert was a tactical choice." The 

conclusion of the Colorado courts that counsel's decision was based on trial 

strategy is a finding of fact. Bryan v. Mullin, 335 F .3d 1207, 1221 n.17 ( I 0th Cir. 

2003). In reviewing a state court factual finding, this court "asks whether it 

represented an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence 

presented, and gives the state court's determination a presumption of correctness 

that can be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence." Hogan v. Gibson, 

197 F.3d 1297, 1306 (10th Cir. 1999) (citations, quotation, and alterations 

omitted). 

Jones argues that the state district court's finding was unreasonable because 

counsel's fear of opening the door to past-acts testimony was "wholly without 

factual support and unfounded in the Colorado Rules of Evidence." After 

reviewing the record, this court cannot agree that the court's finding was either 

unreasonable or contradicted by clear and convincing evidence. Counsel testified 

that she consulted with three other attorneys about the evidentiary issues and was 

advised to avoid the risk of calling an expert. Prior to trial, the judge warned 

counsel in chambers that the prosecutor would be allowed to present the past-acts 

evidence "if the door is even so much as cracked," and the prosecutor stated that 

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if the door was opened he was "going to drive a truck through it." Counsel feared 

that questioning an expert about Dr. Bacon's methodology might disclose the 

expert's knowledge that Dr. Bacon was aware of the allegations of prior sexual 

misconduct, and that this influenced the way Dr. Bacon interacted with R.F. She 

was particularly worried that questions about Dr. Bacon's bias against Jones 

would open the door to admission of the foundation for the bias, which was Dr. 

Bacon's knowledge of the allegations of prior misconduct. Counsel testified that 

admission of this evidence would have "gutted the defense." 

Even if Jones is correct that Colorado evidentiary law would not ordinarily 

have allowed admission of the past-acts evidence, his counsel could legitimately 

have feared that she would unwittingly lay the groundwork for the evidence's 

admissibility. Counsel's supervisor warned her before trial that calling an expert 

witness could "blow[] up on you," and counsel testified at the postconviction 

hearing that this was not a risk she was willing to take. Jones argues that counsel 

could have neutralized the risk of calling an expert with a motion in limine, but 

counsel testified that she did not "take a lot of comfort" from pretrial rulings 

because the judge might change his mind if the direct examination of the expert 

took an unexpected turn. Her supervisor agreed that in the "uncontrolled 

environment" of direct examination, counsel would be "running a huge risk that is 

not resolved by a limine motion'' because the expert may inadvertently say 

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something that opens the door. Even Jones' expert on criminal defense at the 

postconviction hearing admitted that he could "imagine some way" the door could 

inadvertently be opened. 

Jones contends that his counsel nevertheless risked opening the door to the 

same issues she was trying to avoid by questioning Dr. Bacon about his bias in 

cross-examination. Counsel testified, however, that she felt she would have far 

more control over the witness in cross-examination and could thus better avoid 

the risk of inadvertently opening the door. See United States v. Maxwell, 966 

F .2d 545, 548-49 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that defense counsel was not 

ineffective for foregoing expert testimony and relying instead on crossexamination in order to avoid opening the door to evidence of prior convictions); 

see also Reinert v. Larkins, 379 F.3d 76, 95 (3rd Cir. 2004) (holding that counsel 

was not constitutionally ineffective for failing to call expert witness in rebuttal 

when counsel "thoroughly cross-examined" the state's witnesses); Coleman v. 

Calderon, 150 F .3d I 105, 1115 (9th Cir. 1998), rev 'don other grounds, 525 U.S. 

141 ( 1998) (holding that counsel was not ineffective for failing to call an expert 

when counsel consulted with an expert prior to trial and conducted an effective 

cross-examination). 3 

3

Jones cites Pavel v. Hollins, 261 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2001), and Lindstadt v. 

Keane, 239 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2001), which involve decisions not to call expert 

witnesses when counsel was not versed in the subject matter of the case and did 

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Counsel was able to cover the same ground in cross-examination that she 

would have if she had called her own expert witness. As the state district court 

found, counsel's cross-examination was "thoroughly prepared and carefully 

done." Counsel effectively brought out through cross-examination Dr. Bacon's 

use of leading questions, as well as an admission that such methods were 

inappropriate when interviewing a child. Dr. Bacon admitted that he considered 

Jones to be the prime suspect almost from the beginning, that he did not strongly 

suspect R.F. 's biological father, and that he was not particularly listening for 

R.F. 's statements regarding her biological father. Counsel also elicited the fact 

that Dr. Bacon had failed to record statements by R.F. that were favorable to 

Jones or that tended to implicate someone else in the abuse. In addition, Dr. 

Bacon conceded that he had allowed R.F. 's father and others into the therapy 

sessions despite the fact that this practice could lead to contamination and 

not consult with an expert prior to trial. See Lindstadt, 239 F .3d at 202 (noting 

that counsel was "hamstrung" by his failure to engage in any research prior to 

cross-examination of the state's expert witness). In contrast, Jones' counsel 

thoroughly prepared and conducted an effective cross-examination of Dr. Bacon. 

Jones also cites Paine v. Massie, in which this court concluded that counsel was 

deficient for failing to call an expert witness to testify on the subject of battered 

woman syndrome. 339 F.3d 1194, 1204 (10th Cir. 2003). In Massie, counsel 

neglected to call an expert to support the battered woman syndrome defense 

despite a state supreme court ruling that expert testimony was necessary to 

establish the defense. Id. at 1202. Unlike counsel in this case, the defense 

attorney in Massie did not have the option of cross-examining the state's expert 

witness, and faced no risk of opening the door to past-acts evidence by calling a 

defense expert. 

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coaching. Counsel displayed for the jury a videotape of one session that captured 

possible coaching of R.F. by her father's girlfriend. 4 

Jones' final remaining argument is that the state district court's finding was 

unreasonable because it ignored contemporaneous evidence that contradicted 

counsel's after-the-fact justification of her trial strategy. Jones points to a letter 

written by counsel stating that the videotaped sessions "need to be explained by 

an expert," and that, "[a]bsent expert testimony concerning Bacon's interviewing 

techniques and the responses of the child, the only expert testimony the jury will 

receive is that of Dr. Bacon's." This letter, however, was written before counsel 

had talked to Dr. Bernhard, who concluded that Dr. Bacon's methodology was 

"not too bad" and "could be addressed on cross-examination." Counsel testified 

that she wanted to have an expert evaluate whether Dr. Bacon's methodology 

"was a fertile area to pursue," but after consulting with Dr. Bernhard felt that the 

risk of calling an expert outweighed the possible advantages. Considering the 

4

Although Dr. Yuille criticized other methods of Dr. Bacon at the 

postconviction hearing that were not challenged in cross-examination, these 

methods did not produce evidence that was inconsistent with the defense's theory 

of the case. Jones' counsel never argued that sexual abuse did not occur, and Dr. 

Bacon's use of play therapy and his diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder did 

not particularly implicate Jones as the perpetrator of the abuse. Dr. Bacon's 

symbolic association of snakes with phallic symbols was, if anything, favorable to 

the defense's theory because Dr. Bacon admitted that R.F. mentioned snakes only 

in reference to her biological father, and never Jones. 

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strong presumption of competent performance, the state district court was not 

unreasonable to credit counsel's testimony. 

Jones submits a separate letter written to his parents in which counsel 

stated that she was unable to retain Dr. Barbara Bebensee as an expert because 

"[Dr. Bebensee] did not believe that the job could be undertaken for the amount 

of money which had been budgeted, i.e. [$1000] ." Counsel wrote that, because 

"time and money often dictate how much can be done at trial," she would "not be 

having any expert discussion on the video tapes" and "will simply have to handle 

that through cross-examination." Although this letter does appear to indicate that 

counsel's decision not to hire a witness was undertaken based on monetary rather 

than tactical considerations, Jones' counsel testified at the postconviction hearing 

that she was not completely forthcoming in her letter because she wanted to 

protect Jones' parents. If Dr. Bernhard had told her that Dr. Bacon's methods 

were grossly problematic, counsel testified that she would have hired an expert to 

go through the methodology on the stand. She testified that $1000 would have 

been adequate for this purpose, and that Dr. Bebensee's estimate of the cost of the 

project was "ludicrous." She further testified that she could have obtained more 

funding for an expert witness if she had needed it. Counsel's supervisor at the 

public defender's office agreed that economics did not factor into the decision as 

to whether to utilize an expert at trial. Based on this testimony, the Colorado 

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district court's finding that the decision was based on "trial strategy, not 

economics" was not unreasonable or contradicted by clear and convincing 

evidence. 

Strategic or tactical decisions are presumed correct. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

690 (holding that strategic choices made after a thorough investigation of law and 

facts are "virtually unchallengeable"). Decisions based on trial strategy only rise 

to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel if they are "completely 

unreasonable, not merely wrong, so that they bear no relationship to a possible 

defense strategy." Fox v. Ward, 200 F.3d 1286, 1296 (10th Cir. 2000) (quotation 

and alteration omitted); see also Valenzuela v. United States, 261 F.3d 694, 699-

700 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding that "a lawyer's decision to call or not to call a 

witness is a strategic decision generally not subject to review" ( quotation and 

alteration omitted)); United States v. Smith, 198 F.3d 377,386 (2d Cir. 1999) 

("The decision whether to call any witnesses on behalf of the defendant, and if so 

which witnesses to call, is a tactical decision of the sort engaged in by defense 

attorneys in almost every trial." (quotation omitted)). Counsel's strategic decision 

in this case to rely on cross-examination to avoid risking the admission of the 

past-acts evidence was not completely unreasonable, and the state district court 

was therefore also not unreasonable to conclude that counsel was not 

constitutionally ineffective in this case. 

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V. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the district court's denial of Jones' application 

for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to § 2254 is AFFIRMED. 

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ENTERED FOR THE COURT 

Michael R. Murphy 

Circuit Judge 

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