Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_13-cv-02310/USCOURTS-casd-3_13-cv-02310-9/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 110
Nature of Suit: Insurance
Cause of Action: 28:1332in Diversity-Insurance Contract

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ERNEST O. ABBIT, on behalf of himself 

and on behalf of all persons similarly 

situated,

Plaintiff,

v.

ING USA ANNUITY AND LIFE 

INSURANCE COMPANY, and ING 

U.S., INC.,

Defendants.

Case No.: 3:13-cv-02310-GPC-WVG

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ 

MOTION FOR SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT ON PLAINTIFF’S 

REMAINING CLAIMS

[ECF No. 130.]

Before the Court is Defendants ING USA Annuity and Life Insurance Company 

and ING U.S., Inc.’s (collectively, “Defendants” or “ING”) Motion for Summary 

Judgment on the Remaining Claims. (Dkt. No. 130.)1 Plaintiff Ernest O. Abbit 

(“Plaintiff” or “Abbit”) opposed the motion, (Dkt. No. 141), and Defendants filed a reply, 

(Dkt. No. 149). 

A motion hearing was conducted on April 6, 2017. (Dkt. No. 163.) Andrew 

 

1 Citations to the record are based upon the pagination generated by the CM/ECF system. Citations to 

sealed documents will refer both to the numbering system imprinted by the parties (e.g., “Oppo. 0101) 

as well as to the pagination generated by the CM/ECF system.

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Hutton and Timothy Tatro appeared on behalf of Plaintiff. (Id.) Clark Johnson, Michael 

Leigh, and David Noonan appeared on behalf of Defendants. (Id.) 

After the hearing, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to file supplemental evidence, 

consisting of the deposition testimony of William Bainbridge and an additional expert 

report by Dr. McCann, and a supplemental brief explaining the relevance of the evidence 

to the instant motion. (Dkt. No. 164.) The Court also granted Defendants leave to 

respond to Plaintiff’s supplemental briefing. (Id.) Plaintiff filed the supplemental 

briefing and evidence, and Defendants responded. (Dkt. Nos. 171, 174, 176, 178.)

Upon consideration of the moving papers, supplemental briefing, oral argument, 

and the applicable law, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment 

on Plaintiff’s individual claims. 

BACKGROUND

Having previously recited the facts of this case at length, the Court declines to 

repeat them here. (See, e.g., Dkt. Nos. 59, 117.) While the operative facts are few, the 

parties’ presentations of the facts are substantively enmeshed with their legal theories. A

brief review of relevant background suffices.

An annuity is a contract between an insured individual and an insurance company 

in which the insured pays premiums to the insurance company in exchange for the 

insurance company’s promise to return the deposit via periodic payments. (Dkt. No. 59 

at 2.) Annuity contracts typically undergo two primary periods: the “full accumulation 

period,” during which the investor deposits funds with the insurance company, and the 

“annuitization period,” during which the investor withdraws funds in the form of periodic 

payments. (Id.) Fixed index annuities (“FIAs”) are annuities that generally earn interest 

linked to or derivative of the price movements of an equity index or other index, such as 

the S&P 500® Index. (Id.) Indexed annuities can also guarantee interest. (Id.) The 

policy parameters (such as “caps,” “participation rates,” and “spreads”) are periodically 

declared by the insurance company. (Id.)

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Defendants designed the Secure Index Opportunities Plus FIA and submitted the 

annuity product, Form IU-IA-3050(CA) (“Form 3050”), to the California Department of 

Insurance (“CDI”) for review and approval in 2007. (Dkt. No. 144-1, Plaintiff’s Separate 

Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Pl.’s SSUF”) ¶¶ 2–3.) In its submission to the CDI, 

Defendants represented that the FIA provides for equity-indexed benefits, and that “[t]he 

Cap, Participation Rate, and Spread will be set such that the annualized option cost for 

this strategy will be at least 100 bps.” (Declaration of Andrew W. Hutton in Support of 

Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Hutton Decl.”) 

Ex. B at Oppo. 0075, 0103, Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, 66.) The CDI approved Defendants’

application to sell Form 3050 to California consumers. (Pl.’s SSUF ¶ 9.) 

Plaintiff, a retired senior citizen, purchased an ING “Secure Index Opportunities 

Plus” FIA with a $1,000,000 premium payment on September 28, 2010. (Dkt. No. 117 at 

2.) Defendants contributed a 5% bonus of $50,000 to Plaintiff’s contract. (Dkt. No. 144-

1, Plaintiff’s Response to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Pl.’s 

Resp. to Defs.’ SSUF”) ¶ 1.) Plaintiff currently still holds his contract. (Dkt. No. 130-2, 

Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Support of Defendants’ Motion 

for Summary Judgment on the Remaining Claims (“Defs.’ SSUF”) ¶ 2; Pl.’s Resp. to 

Defs.’ SSUF ¶ 2.) At the time of his purchase, and on each of his six contract 

anniversaries, Plaintiff has elected one or more of the interest-crediting strategies offered 

pursuant to his FIA. (Declaration of Michael T. Leigh (“Leigh Decl.”) Ex. 1 at § 6, Dkt. 

No. 130-4 at 16–20; Leigh Decl. Exs. 5–11, Dkt. Nos. 130-8–130-14.) Plaintiff’s FIA 

has been credited with $84,863.86 in interest. (Defs.’ SSUF ¶ 6; Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’

SSUF ¶ 6.)

Section 5.8 of Plaintiff’s FIA contract guarantees that “[t]he reserves and 

guaranteed values will at no time be less than the minimum required by the laws of the 

state in which this Contract is issued.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16.) 

Section 6.5 provides definitions applicable to the Monthly Cap Index Strategy, specifies 

that the “Index Credit” amount “is based on the performance of the applicable Index as 

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measured over the Contract Year,” and provides the formula with which index credits 

under the Monthly Cap strategy are calculated. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 

20.) The contract confers upon Defendants discretion to add interest-crediting strategies 

as approved by the CDI, and to change the terms and conditions governing the interestcrediting strategies within contract parameters and state law. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 6, Dkt. 

No. 130-4 at 16.) 

In applying for his FIA, Plaintiff acknowledged that “[a]ny values shown, other 

than guaranteed minimum values, are not guarantees, promises or warranties.” (Hutton 

Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0210, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 9.) Hypothetical interest credit illustrations 

provided in Plaintiff’s FIA application show the possibility of him earning 0% in index 

credits. (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0215–18, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 14–17.) Plaintiff also 

acknowledged the following statement: “You should discuss your retirement planning 

objectives, anticipated financial needs and risk tolerance with your agent to make sure 

this annuity meets your current financial needs and objectives.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at 

Oppo. 0214, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.)

The ING USA sales brochure stated: “Neither your premium, the 5% bonus, nor 

any previously credited interest can be diminished due to movements in the S&P 500 

Index.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 4.) It also stated: “Since the interest credit 

is related, in part, to movements in the S&P 500 Index, the amount of interest your 

annuity will be credited at the end of the contract year cannot be known or predicted prior 

to the end of the contract year.” (Id.) It further stated that “[t]he contract does not 

directly participate in any stock or equity products.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 

at 13.) Finally, the brochure provided illustrations showing that a contract holder might 

not earn any interest in a contract year, (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 5–10), and 

stated that ING USA promised no specific rate of return, that ING USA could change the 

pricing parameters of the strategies each contract year, and that the bonus might be 

recouped over time with, inter alia, lower credited interest rates, participation rates, index 

caps, and monthly caps, (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 3, 13).

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Plaintiff did not communicate with Defendants before or after purchasing his 

contract. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 3, Abbit Depo. at 43:17–46:7, 65:21–22, Dkt. No. 130-6 at 

13–14, 18.) Defendants used independent, third-party marketing organizations to 

distribute their insurance-based products and annuities; Defendants do not have 

“company-owned field wholesalers.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 4, Tope Depo. 17:1–18, Dkt. No. 

130-7 at 7.) Matthew Copley, who sold Plaintiff his FIA contract, was an “independent”

agent. (Dkt. No. 152 at 5.) Copley testified that in the 2009 and 2010 time frame, he 

sold annuity products from “around ten” different companies. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 14, 

Copley Depo. 11:6–9, Dkt. No. 130-17 at 5.) While Defendants required Copley to 

adhere to ING’s Business Guidelines and General Advertising Rules, (see, e.g., Hutton 

Decl. Ex. P at Oppo. 0929–34, Dkt. No. 144-15 at 50–55), Defendants were free to accept 

or reject Plaintiff’s FIA application after Copley submitted it, (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 31 

(citing Leigh Decl. Ex. 15, Dkt. No. 130-18)). 

Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) on March 27, 2014. (Dkt. No. 

20.) On November 16, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff’s 

motion for class certification. (Dkt. No. 59 at 26.) Specifically, the Court certified the 

following five claims: (1) a breach of contract claim based on “ING setting the prices of 

the undisclosed derivatives structure so low that the true values of the contracts were 

below the minimum values guaranteed,” (id. at 15); (2) a UCL claim, flowing from the 

breach of contract claim, based on “Plaintiff’s theory under the Insurance Code . . . that 

ING failed to maintain guaranteed values of the Secure Index FIAs as required by Cal. 

Ins. Code § 10168.25,” (id. at 20); (3) a financial elder abuse claim, also flowing from the 

breach of contract claim, based on “Plaintiff’s theory regarding the failure to maintain 

guaranteed values of the Secure Index FIAs,” (id. at 22); and (4) two securities law 

claims under California law, based on Plaintiff’s “novel theory which would extend the 

reach of securities law to FIAs” on the basis that “FIAs are securities because ING’s 

internal execution of the ‘derivatives’ and ‘options’ transfers market risks from ING to 

Plaintiff and the California Subclass,” (id. at 23). The Court declined to certify Plaintiff’s 

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remaining claims, including, inter alia, claims for breach of the implied covenant of good 

faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, false advertising under Cal. Bus. & 

Prof. Code §§ 17500, et seq., and failure to supervise. (Dkt. Nos. 20, 59.) The remaining 

claims are at issue in the instant motion.

On February 1, 2016, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on the 

certified class claims. (Dkt. No. 70.) The Court directed dissemination of the class 

notice on April 26, 2016. (Dkt. No. 91.) On June 24, 2016, the Court held a hearing on 

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 111.) The class opt-out period 

expired on July 20, 2016. (Dkt. No. 91 at 1.) On August 30, 2016, the Court granted 

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on all certified class claims. (Dkt. No. 117.) 

Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s August 30, 2016 Order 

granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on all certified class claims. (Dkt. 

No. 121.) The Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration on December 12, 

2016. (Dkt. No. 129.) On December 23, 2016, Plaintiff filed a motion for certification of 

partial final judgment of the class claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). 

(Dkt. No. 134.) The Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for partial final judgment on 

February 2, 2017. (Dkt. No. 145.)

On December 15, 2016, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on 

Plaintiff’s remaining individual claims. (Dkt. No. 130.) The motion has been fully 

briefed, (Dkt. Nos. 141, 149), complete with supplemental briefing and evidence, (Dkt. 

Nos. 171, 174, 176, 178).

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 empowers the Court to enter summary

judgment on factually unsupported claims or defenses, and thereby “secure the just, 

speedy and inexpensive determination of every action.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 325, 327 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate if the “pleadings, 

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

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moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is 

material when it affects the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 

U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any

genuine issues of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The moving party can satisfy 

this burden by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing 

sufficient to establish an element of his or her claim on which that party will bear the 

burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322–23. If the moving party fails to bear the initial burden, 

summary judgment must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving 

party’s evidence. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159–60 (1970).

Once the moving party has satisfied this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest

on the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but must “go beyond the pleadings and 

by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions 

on file’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex, 

477 U.S. at 324. If the non-moving party fails to make a sufficient showing of an 

element of its case, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 

325. “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for 

the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. 

Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (quoting First National Bank of Arizona v. 

Cities Service Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968)). In making this determination, the court 

must “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Fontana 

v. Haskin, 262 F.3d 871, 876 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court does not engage in credibility 

determinations, weighing of evidence, or drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts; 

these functions are for the trier of fact. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

DISCUSSION

Defendants move for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s remaining individual claims 

for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 

breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, violations of the California Unfair Competition Law 

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(“UCL”) and False Advertising Law (“FAL”), and failure to supervise. (Dkt. No. 130-1 

at 7.) The Court examines each of Plaintiff’s remaining claims in turn.

I. Breach of Contract 

The elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid contract, 

(2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant’s breach, and (4) 

the resulting damages to plaintiff. Reichert v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., 68 Cal. 2d 822, 830

(Cal. 1968).

Defendants first argue that Plaintiff’s three breach of contract claims fail for lack 

of a breach and for lack of damages.2 (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 12–14.) In his FAC, Plaintiff

asserts three theories for his breach of contract claims: (1) Defendants failed to credit and 

compound interest daily; (2) Defendants charged expenses and/or reduced interest 

credits; and (3) Defendants issued false and misleading periodic statements to Plaintiff. 

(Dkt. No. 20, FAC ¶¶ 113–22.)

Plaintiff did not respond directly to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on

the remaining breach of contract claims, and he abandoned the “interest compounded 

daily” theory. (Dkt. No. 149 at 5; Dkt. No. 141 at 28 n.11.) Defendants are entitled to 

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s remaining breach of contract claims on this basis alone. 

See Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 892 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that a plaintiff 

abandons claims by not raising them in opposition to a defendant’s motion for summary 

judgment); Vasserman v. Henry Mayo Newhall Mem’l Hosp., 65 F. Supp. 3d 932, 963

(C.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Resolution Trust Corp. v. Dunmar Corp., 43 F.3d 587, 599 (11th 

Cir. 1995) (“There is no burden upon the district court to distill every potential argument 

that could be made based upon the materials before it on summary judgment. Rather, the 

onus is on the Parties to formulate arguments; grounds alleged in the complaint but not 

relied upon in summary judgment are deemed abandoned.”)); Ramirez v. City of Buena 

 

2 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not shown any breach of contract, the Court does not 

continue on to discuss the issue of damages.

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Park, 560 F.3d 1012, 1026 (9th Cir. 2009) (“It is a general rule that a party cannot revisit 

theories that it raises but abandons at summary judgment. A party abandons an issue 

when it has a full and fair opportunity to ventilate its views with respect to an issue and 

instead chooses a position that removes the issue from the case.” (internal citations and 

quotation marks omitted)).

A. First Breach of Contract Claim

In any event, Plaintiff fails to show that Defendants breached the contract under 

any of the three theories enumerated above. The contract belies Plaintiff’s allegation that 

Defendants were required to credit and compound interest daily. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1, Dkt. 

No. 130-4 at 10.) The contract specifies that the Minimum Guaranteed Strategy Value of 

each Strategy is the sum of: “(a) 87.5% of the portion of the Single Premium elected to 

the Strategy, less Premium Taxes; adjusted for (b) Any Re-elections or Surrenders of 

Accumulation Value; plus (c) Interest credited daily at the applicable Minimum 

Guaranteed Strategy Value Rate.” (Id. (emphasis added).) The contract does not require 

Defendants to credit and compound interest daily.

B. Second Breach of Contract Claim

Plaintiff has not identified any expenses that Defendants have charged him or any 

interest credits that have been reduced in violation of any express contract term. (See 

Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 6, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16–20.) Rather, Defendants have proffered 

evidence showing that Plaintiff’s contract was credited with the interest credits prescribed 

under contract terms. (See Dkt. No. 130-1 (citing Leigh Decl. Exs. 5–11, Dkt. Nos. 130-

8–130-14).)3 

 

3 Plaintiff objects to evidence Defendants submitted in support of their motion for summary judgment. 

(Dkt. No. 141-4.) Specifically, Plaintiff objects to fifteen of Defendants’ annotations on the basis that 

the annotations are inadmissible hearsay, impermissible legal conclusions, and improper lay opinion 

testimony. (Id.) At the summary judgment stage, courts “do not focus on the admissibility of the 

evidence’s form,” but “on the admissibility of its contents.” Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032, 1036–37 

(9th Cir. 2003) (citing Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 418–19 (9th Cir. 2001) (“To survive 

summary judgment, a party does not necessarily have to produce evidence in a form that would be 

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While Plaintiff does not respond directly to Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment on his breach of contract claims, Plaintiff nonetheless maintains throughout his 

opposition brief that Defendants have imposed “extra-contractual charges” on Plaintiff’s 

investment by failing to ensure “substantive participation” in the equity-indexed benefits. 

(See Dkt. No. 141-2 at 3–4, Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ SSUF ¶ 3; see also Dkt. No. 141 at 8, 

11, 13, 21, 25.) Plaintiff identifies two relevant contract terms: § 5.8 and § 6.5. (Dkt. 

No. 141 at 9.) Section 5.8 guarantees that “[t]he reserves and guaranteed values will at 

no time be less than the minimum required by the laws of the state in which this Contract 

is issued.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. G, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 17.) Section 6.5 provides definitions 

applicable to the Monthly Cap Index Strategy, and specifies that the “Index Credit”

amount “is based on the performance of the applicable Index as measured over the 

Contract Year.” (Id. at 21.) 

Plaintiff has not shown a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether 

Defendants have breached § 5.8. Plaintiff’s “substantive participation” argument fails for 

the reasons articulated below, infra Part II.B. The Court determined in a prior Order that 

there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants ever breached the 

Minimum Guaranteed Strategy Value terms of the contract by failing to guarantee the 

minimum nonforfeiture amounts prescribed by California’s nonforfeiture law. (Dkt. No. 

117 at 5–9.) Nor has Plaintiff shown a breach of § 6.5. Plaintiff’s “based on” argument 

fails for the reasons articulated below, infra Part II.C.

/ / / /

 

admissible at trial, as long as the party satisfies the requirements of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 

56.”)); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. N.H. Ins. Co., 953 F.2d 478, 485 (9th Cir. 1991) (“the nonmoving 

party need not produce evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial in order to avoid summary 

judgment.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Here, it is uncontested that the underlying 

evidence is admissible. Defendants’ annotations may also be admissible at trial via live testimony. In 

any event, as the Court’s adjudication of the instant motion does not turn in any way on Defendants’ 

annotations, the Court will accordingly consider Defendants’ evidence without referring to the 

annotations.

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C. Third Breach of Contract Claim

Plaintiff has not identified any falsity in his periodic statements. The contract 

requires Defendants to provide an “Annual Statement of Values” showing “the following 

values as of the statement date: (a) the amount of Single Premium paid; (b) the amount 

and dates of any partial Surrenders; (c) the Accumulation Value; and (d) the Cash 

Surrender Value.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 8.4, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 23.) Defendants provided 

Plaintiff with statements annually, as required by the contract. (See Leigh Decl. Exs. 5–

11, Dkt. Nos. 130-8–130-14.) While Plaintiff does not respond directly to Defendants’

motion for summary judgment on his breach of contract claims, Plaintiff reiterates his 

“substantive participation” argument. (Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ SSUF ¶¶ 15–16.) Plaintiff’s 

“substantive participation” argument fails for the reasons explained below, infra Part 

II.B. Plaintiff has not proffered any evidence showing a breach of the contract term 

governing Defendants’ obligations to provide periodic statements.

The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s 

three breach of contract claims.

II. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

A breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not require a 

breach of a specific provision of a contract. See Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. 

Marathon Dev. California, Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342, 373 (Cal. 1992). Rather, “[t]he covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing, implied by law in every contract, exists merely to prevent 

one contracting party from unfairly frustrating the other party’s right to receive the 

benefits of the agreement actually made.” Guz v. Bechtel Nat. Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 349–

50 (Cal. 2000) (emphasis in original). The implied covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing “cannot impose substantive duties or limits on the contracting parties beyond 

those incorporated in the specific terms of their agreement.” Id. It does not exist “‘to 

protect some general public policy interest not directly tied to the contract’s purposes.’”

Carma Developers, 2 Cal. 4th at 373 (quoting Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal. 3d 

654, 690 (Cal. 1988)). To impose an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the 

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following requirements must be satisfied:

(1) The implication must arise from the language used or it must be indispensible 

to effectuate the intention of the parties; (2) it must appear from the language used 

that it was so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it 

unnecessary to express it; (3) implied covenants can only be justified on the 

grounds of legal necessity; (4) a promise can be implied only where it can be 

rightfully assumed that it would have been made if attention had been called to it; 

(5) there can be no implied covenant where the subject is completely covered by 

the contract.

Lippman v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 44 Cal. 2d 136, 142 (Cal. 1955) (internal citation and 

quotation marks omitted).

“The covenant of good faith finds particular application in situations where one 

party is invested with a discretionary power affecting the rights of another. Such power 

must be exercised in good faith.” Carma Developers, 2 Cal. 4th at 372. Here, Section 6 

of the FIA contract provides:

You select the Strategy(ies) to which any portion of the Single Premium and Reelections are elected, subject to the terms of this Contract. We reserve the right to 

add Strategies as approved by the Insurance Department of the state in which the 

Contract is issued. We may cease to offer a specific Strategy or cease to accept 

Re-elections to a specific Strategy at any time. Any new Re-elections accepted are 

subject to the terms and conditions in existence for any Strategy(ies) available at 

that time, including the then existing rates, caps, spreads, and credits, which may 

differ from the rates, caps, spreads, and credits applicable to previous elections or 

Re-elections.

(Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 6, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16.) This is not an express grant of “unfettered 

discretion.” Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures & Television, 162 Cal. App. 4th 1107, 1121

(Cal. Ct. App. 2008), as modified on denial of reh’g (June 4, 2008); see also Baymiller v. 

Guarantee Mut. Life Co., No. SA CV 99-1566 DOC AN, 2000 WL 1026565, at *2 (C.D. 

Cal. May 3, 2000) (holding that the covenant of good faith and fair dealing did not apply 

to defendants’ discretionary authority where “nothing in the express language of 

Defendants’ life insurance policies requires the use of a specific formula to calculate 

interest rates and cost of insurance charges”). Rather, the contract affords Defendants 

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discretion within bounds. Defendants reserve the right to add interest-crediting 

strategies, as approved by the CDI, and to change the terms and conditions governing the 

interest-crediting strategies, within contract parameters and state law. Defendants must 

accordingly exercise their discretionary authority in good faith.

A. The Parties’ Positions

Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claim fails primarily on two grounds. (Dkt. No. 

130-1 at 15–16.) First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff seeks to impose substantive duties 

beyond the express terms of the agreement he made with Defendants. (Id.) Second, 

Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not shown how Defendants have failed to exercise 

their discretion to adjust certain features of the interest-crediting strategies in good faith. 

(Id.) 

Plaintiff’s response is threefold. First, Plaintiff cites Defendants’ January 4, 2007 

submission to the CDI, in which Defendants represented that the FIA provides for equityindexed benefits, and that “[t]he Cap, Participation Rate, and Spread will be set such that

the annualized option cost for this strategy will be at least 100 bps.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. B

at Oppo. 0075, 0103, Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, 66.) Plaintiff also cites an internal 

memorandum in which Defendants observed that “[w]hile it may be possible to credit 

less on FIA Products, there are [a] number of risks in doing so. The first may be a 

reputation risk, as we do not wish to be unfair to customers.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. I at 

Oppo. 0375, Dkt. No. 144-9 at 12.) 

Second, Plaintiff contends that Defendants deprived Plaintiff of equity-indexed 

benefits by setting caps and rates “so low that their values do not substantively participate 

in the S&P 500 Index, and are not based on the performance of the Index,” in violation of 

Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e). (Dkt. No. 141 at 24.) Plaintiff cites to Dr. Craig J. 

McCann’s calculation of what Dr. McCann calls the “equivalent value of S&P 500 Index 

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call options” for Plaintiff’s Monthly Cap Index Strategy.

4

 (Declaration of Craig J. 

McCann (“McCann Decl.”) Ex. 1 at Oppo. 0606; Dkt. No. 144-12 at 6.) According to 

Dr. McCann, the “equivalent bps value” for Plaintiff’s Monthly Cap Strategy was less 

than 100 bps on the investment date and on each subsequent contract anniversary. (Id.)

Finally, Plaintiff contends that the contract does not confer upon Defendants 

unfettered discretion, but rather requires Defendants to calculate equity-indexed benefits 

“based on” the performance of the S&P 500. (Dkt. No. 141 at 23–24.) Plaintiff 

maintains that “based on” can have but one meaning: “based only on.” (Id. at 24.)

In response, Defendants proffer a table from their verified discovery responses 

showing that the annualized option cost associated with each strategy in which Plaintiff 

allocated funds exceeded 100 bps each year. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 16, Dkt. No. 149-2 at 5.) 

Defendants maintain that unlike Dr. McCann’s numbers, their figures are not 

hypothetical measurements of “equivalent value,” but rather are measurements of the 

annualized option cost associated with each interest-crediting strategy. (Dkt. No. 149 at 

7.)

B. Plaintiff’s “Substantive Participation” Argument

The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “exists merely to prevent one 

contracting party from unfairly frustrating the other party’s right to receive the benefits of 

the agreement actually made.” Guz, 24 Cal. 4th at 349–50. Here, Plaintiff’s “substantive 

participation” argument has a basis in the agreement actually made. In their 2007 

submission to the CDI, Defendants represented that “[t]he Cap, Participation Rate, and 

Spread will be set such that the annualized option cost for this strategy will be at least 

100 bps.” Section 6 of Plaintiff’s contract provides a nexus between the contract and

Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 6, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16

 

4

In his initial declaration provided in support of Plaintiff’s opposition brief, Dr. McCann did not 

describe what “equivalent value” measures or how it squares with the “annualized option cost” 

described in Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI. (McCann Decl. Ex. 1 at Oppo. 0606; Dkt. No. 

144-12 at 6.)

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(“We reserve the right to add Strategies as approved by the Insurance Department of the 

state in which the Contract is issued.”).) Furthermore, William Bainbridge, the Head of 

Annuity Product Development for Defendants, testified that “[o]ur contracts, through the 

actuarial memorandums file, indicated we would spend 100 basis points on an annualized 

basis” for contracts purchased before January 3, 2011, including Plaintiff’s contract. 

(Dkt. No. 174-1 at 10, Bainbridge Depo. 151:18–152:08.) Given the above, the Court 

concludes that the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing requires Defendants to 

maintain an annualized option cost of at least 100 bps for each of Plaintiff’s interestcrediting strategies.

1. The Statutory and Regulatory Framework Regarding “Substantive 

Participation”

Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) and its 

implementing regulations do not support Plaintiff’s implied covenant of good faith and 

fair dealing claim. Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI, rather than Cal. Ins. Code § 

10168.25(e) or its implementing regulations, comprises the sole basis for Plaintiff’s 

argument that Defendants were required to spend 100 bps on options on an annualized 

basis. Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) and 10 C.C.R. § 2523.5(b)(2) do not define 

“substantive participation” as requiring an annualized option cost exceeding 100 bps. 

At the hearing, the Court asked Plaintiff to point out specific language in the 

statute that requires the annualized option cost for the equity-indexed benefit to total or 

exceed 100 bps. Plaintiff did not and cannot do so, as nothing in Cal. Ins. Code § 

10168.25(e) mandates 100 bps in annualized option cost as the minimum floor for 

“substantive participation.” 

California’s nonforfeiture statute provides, in pertinent part, that “[d]uring the 

period or term that a contract provides substantive participation in an equity indexed 

benefit, it may increase the reduction described in paragraph (1) of subdivision (d) by up 

to an additional 100 basis points to reflect the value of the equity index benefit.” Cal. Ins. 

Code § 10168.25(e). Subparagraph (1) of subdivision (d) in turn specifies the calculation 

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to determine “[t]he interest rate used in determining minimum nonforfeiture amounts.”

5

 

Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(d)(1). Defendants take the additional reduction permitted in 

Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) with respect to Plaintiff’s FIA and accordingly have to 

provide “substantive participation.” (C.f. Dkt. No. 174-1 at 12, Bainbridge Depo. 

157:01–05.) However, the statute does not define “substantive participation.” All Cal. 

Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) provides for is this: if the contract provides substantive 

participation in an equity-indexed benefit during a period or term, Defendants are 

permitted to increase the reduction described in Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(d)(1) by a 

maximum of an additional 100 bps to reflect the value of the equity-indexed benefit.

10 C.C.R. § 2523.5, Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e)’s implementing regulation,

defines “substantive participation” as requiring an annualized option cost of at least 25 

bps, not 100 bps. The regulation provides that “[i]f a company chooses to take the 

additional reduction for an equity-indexed benefit as provided under Subsection 

10168.25(e) of the Insurance Code, the company shall prepare a demonstration showing 

compliance with the requirements in Subsection 10168.25(e).” Cal. Code Regs. tit. 10, § 

2523.5(a). 10 C.C.R. § 2523.5(b)(2) then outlines one of the steps used to demonstrate 

compliance with Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e):

If the annualized option cost for the equity-indexed benefit is twenty-five . . . basis 

points or more, then the equity-indexed benefit provides substantive participation 

under Subsection 10168.25(e) of the Insurance Code and the company may take a 

reduction equal to the lesser of 100 basis points and the annual cost basis value.

 

5 This interest rate 

shall be an annual rate of interest determined as the lesser of 3 percent per annum and . . . [t]he 

five-year Constant Maturity Treasury Rate reported by the Federal Reserve as of a date, or 

averaged over a period, rounded to the nearest one-twentieth of 1 percent, specified in the 

contract no longer than 15 months prior to the contract issue date or redetermination date under 

paragraph (2), reduced by 125 basis points, where the resulting rate is not less than 1 percent.

Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(d)(1).

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Cal. Code Regs. tit. 10, § 2523.5(b)(2) (emphasis added). California law uses an 

annualized option cost of 25 bps, not 100 bps, as the benchmark for substantive 

participation.

As Plaintiff pointed out at the hearing, 10 C.C.R. § 2523.5 did not take effect until 

December 19, 2012, well after Plaintiff’s contract was issued in 2010. It thus appears 

that when Plaintiff purchased his FIA contract, the statute and implementing regulations 

did not specify any minimum annualized option cost for substantive participation. 

Defendants’ commitment to maintaining an annualized option cost of 100 bps for 

Plaintiff’s contract was not based upon a statutory or regulatory minimum, but upon 

Defendants’ statements in its 2007 submission to the CDI.

Plaintiff also cites to Defendants’ internal statements which reference the Indexed 

Standard Nonforfeiture Law (“SNFL”). (Hutton Decl. Ex. A at Oppo. 0005, Dkt. No. 

144-2 at 5 (“SNFL allows for an additional reduction in the nonforfeiture rate of up to 1% 

. . . for strategies which provide for substantial participation in an equity index. 

Substantial participation is defined as providing for a market value of benefit (i.e. 1% 

option cost) to justify reduction.”); Hutton Decl. Ex. C at Oppo. 0124; Dkt. No. 144-3 at 

12 (“The initial option budget is from stat pricing model. After the initial guaranteed 

period, the renewal option budget is set to the greater of the one year risk free rate less 

the pricing spread or a 1% option budget (required by the Indexed Standard Nonforfeiture 

Law).”).) The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) SNFL is a 

model regulation. It appears that California has not adopted the SNFL’s definition of 

substantive participation, as neither Cal. Ins. Code §10168.25(e) nor 10 C.C.R. § 

2523.5(b)(2) requires the annualized option cost to exceed 100 bps. What these internal 

statements show is that Defendants designed Plaintiff’s contract to contain a guaranteed 

annualized option cost of 100 bps for each interest-crediting strategy, even though state 

law did not specify a minimum threshold of 100 bps.

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Accordingly, Plaintiff’s “100 bps” theory for his implied covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing claim rests upon Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI, rather than 

Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) or its implementing regulations. 

2. Whether Defendants Complied with the Implied Covenant of Good 

Faith and Fair Dealing

Defendants represented the following to the CDI in 2007:

For the Monthly Cap Index Strategy, on each Contract Anniversary, the Index 

Credit equals the sum of twelve Monthly Index Changes during the Contract Year. 

The Index Credit will never be less than zero.

The Monthly Index Change is the lesser of the Monthly Cap or the result of (i) / (ii) 

– 1, where 

(i) Is the Index Number on each Monthly Anniversary, and 

(ii) Is the Index Number on the prior Monthly Anniversary.

The Monthly Cap is declared, for each Premium/Re-election, in advance, and is 

guaranteed for one year. It may change annually. The Monthly Cap will be set

such that the annualized option cost for this strategy will be at least 100 bps. 

Annualized option cost will be calculated based on the current Accumulation Value 

and Monthly Cap. The method and parameters will be calibrated to capital 

markets based option pricing at the then current market conditions.

(Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, Hutton Decl. Ex. B at Oppo. 0075 (emphases added).)

Defendants proffer a table from their verified discovery responses showing that the 

annualized option cost associated with each strategy in which Plaintiff allocated funds 

exceeded 100 bps each year. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 16, Dkt. No. 149-2 at 5.) Plaintiff proffers 

no evidence contradicting Defendants’ numbers. Plaintiff instead proffers Dr. McCann’s 

measurement of a different, theoretical value to support his argument that Defendants did 

not meet their target of 100 bps. (Dkt. No. 176-18 at 6, McCann Supp. Report ¶ 10.) 

However, Plaintiff’s evidence concerns a fundamentally different value, begging

the question: 100 bps of what? Plaintiff’s expert calculates “equivalent value” based 

upon the measurement of a theoretical “EIB leg.” (See id.) As Defendants observe, 

Plaintiff’s theories of “equivalent value” and “EIB legs” have arisen for the first time in 

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supplemental briefing after nearly four years of litigation. (Dkt. No. 178 at 2.) Setting 

aside the fact that these novel theories are recent offerings, Plaintiff’s evidence does not 

create a genuine dispute of material fact for the following reasons.

First, Plaintiff’s expert calculates a different value altogether. In an internal 

document, Defendants described their “FIA Static Hedging Methodology.” (Dkt. No. 

176-16 at 22, Supp. Ex. T at 8211.)

Static hedging is fairly simple conceptually. When ING sells a policyholder a FIA, 

ING is implicitly selling them an option. ING then turns around and purchases the 

same option from an investment bank (in theory); thus ING is perfectly hedged (in 

theory). As new policies are sold, and as existing policies begin a new indexing 

period, new options need to be purchased to hedge ING’s equity risk exposures.

(Id. (emphases added).) Plaintiff’s expert terms the option “implicitly” sold to Abbit as 

the “EIB leg” and terms the option Defendants actually purchase as the “Hedge leg.” 

(Dkt. No. 176-18 at 9–10, McCann Supp. Report ¶ 21.) Characterizing these two “legs”

as fundamentally different, Plaintiff’s expert estimates the theoretical value of the “EIB 

leg,” incorporating liquidity discounts proposed by academic studies, (Dkt. No. 176-18 at 

6–7, McCann Supp. Report ¶¶ 10–11), whereas Defendants measure the “Hedge leg,”

based on actual data, (Leigh Decl. Ex. 16, Dkt. No. 149-2 at 5). It is clear that the 

numbers Plaintiff proffers, all of which fall below 100 bps, reflect measurements of a

fundamentally different value.

Not only are Plaintiff’s numbers premised on a different calculation, they are 

theoretical, not factual. ING did not and has not actually sold Abbit an option—rather, 

ING, in theory, “implicitly” sells an option when it sells policyholders FIAs. (Dkt. No. 

176-16 at 22, Supp. Ex. T at 8211.) The only options purchased are those Defendants 

purchase to hedge risk, (id.), and those are the options upon which Defendants’

calculations of annualized option cost are based, (see Dkt. No. 178 at 2–6). Indeed, in 

accordance with Defendants’ 2007 representation to the CDI, the numbers Defendants 

produce are “based on then current market prices for options supporting each of Mr. 

Abbit’s selected Index Strategies as of each Contract Anniversary Date.” (Leigh Decl. 

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Ex. 16, Dkt. No. 149-2 at 5.) 

Moreover, nothing in Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI suggests that 

Defendants had to measure annualized option cost by valuing an “implicit,” theoretical 

“EIB leg.” Defendants simply stated:

The Monthly Cap will be set such that the annualized option cost for this strategy

will be at least 100 bps. Annualized option cost will be calculated based on the 

current Accumulation Value and Monthly Cap. The method and parameters will 

be calibrated to capital markets based option pricing at the then current market 

conditions.

(Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, Hutton Decl. Ex. B at Oppo. 0075 (emphases added).) Nowhere 

does the term “equivalent value” or “EIB leg” appear in the above language.

Plaintiff argues that Defendants’ numbers do not reflect discounts for the “EIB 

leg’s” lack of marketability and non-transferability, and do not reflect potential 

mismatches between the payoffs of the “EIB leg” and the “Hedge leg.” (Dkt. No. 176-18 

at 13–14, McCann Supp. Report ¶¶ 28–29.) However, these objections are premised 

upon Plaintiff’s legally deficient “EIB leg” theory. Setting aside the fact that these 

objections are relevant only insofar as Plaintiff’s “EIB leg” theory is viable, Plaintiff’s 

arguments are insufficient to defeat summary judgment. Plaintiff’s expert incorporates 

theoretical discounts proposed by academic studies from the employee stock option 

context. (Dkt. No. 176-18 at 5, 13, McCann Supp. Report ¶¶ 10 n.1, 28 n.5.) Moreover, 

Plaintiff’s expert’s opinion is speculative. (Dkt. No. 176-18 at 13–14, McCann Supp. 

Report ¶ 29 (observing that the “mismatches sometimes result in payoffs to Defendants 

that are not transmitted to contract holders” and that “the hedging option in that case may

have been far more valuable than the EIB” (emphasis added))); c.f. Getz v. Boeing Co., 

654 F.3d 852, 865 (9th Cir. 2011) (speculation and conjecture insufficient to defeat 

summary judgment); Merit Motors, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 569 F.2d 666, 673 (D.C. Cir. 

1977) (“To hold that Rule 703 prevents a court from granting summary judgment against 

a party who relies solely on an expert’s opinion that has no more basis in or out of the 

record than [the expert’s] theoretical speculations would seriously undermine the policies 

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of Rule 56.”).

Finally, Plaintiff complains that Defendants use “stale” options quotes from 

investment banks, rather than quotes on the actual day of Plaintiff’s contract purchase and 

subsequent anniversaries (September 28 from the year 2010 onward), and that the quotes 

are not “firm” quotes, but “indicative” quotes. (Dkt. No. 171 at 9–10.) Plaintiff’s first 

objection is unavailing. Defendants’ submission to the CDI makes clear that “[t]he 

Monthly Cap is declared, for each Premium/Re-election, in advance, and is guaranteed

for one year.” (Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, Hutton Decl. Ex. B at Oppo. 0075 (emphasis 

added).) In order to declare the Monthly Cap in advance of each strategy selection period 

and allow Plaintiff the chance to elect interest-crediting strategies during the thirty-day 

period after his contract anniversary, the annualized option cost necessarily relies upon 

option quotes from dates preceding Plaintiff’s contract anniversary. (See Dkt. No. 178 at 

7 n.4; Dkt. No. 130-4 at 14, Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 § 3.1 (“You elect the Strategies for your 

Single Premium from among those described in the Contract and offered by us. At any 

time during the 30-day period following a Contract Anniversary, you may re-elect all or a 

portion of the Accumulation Value in any Strategy to any other Strategy.”).) 

Plaintiff’s second objection is similarly unavailing. No distinction between 

“indicative” and “firm” quotes appears in Defendants’ 2007 submission to the CDI. 

Defendants simply represented to the CDI that it would calculate annualized option costs 

using methods and parameters “calibrated to capital markets based option pricing at the 

then current market conditions.” (Dkt. No. 144-3 at 38, Hutton Decl. Ex. B at Oppo. 

0075.) No evidence in the record indicates that Defendants did not do so. Rather, the 

only evidence in the record shows that Defendants calculated the annualized option cost 

“based on then current market prices for options supporting each of Mr. Abbit’s selected 

Index Strategies as of each Contract Anniversary Date.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 16, Dkt. No. 

149-2 at 5.) 

Furthermore, the record contains no evidence of capital market options costs, other 

than the data Defendants used to calculate the annualized option cost associated with 

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each interest-crediting strategy in which Plaintiff allocated funds. (Dkt. No. 178 at 5–6.) 

Beyond Plaintiff’s expert’s quantification of theoretical “EIB leg” values, which are 

inapposite for the reasons detailed above, Plaintiff has no evidence that he would have 

benefited from later option quotes or “firm” option quotes. C.f. Getz, 654 F.3d at 865; 

Merit Motors, Inc., 569 F.2d at 673.

In sum, there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants have 

breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by failing to maintain an 

annualized option cost of 100 bps for each interest-crediting strategy. The Court 

GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for breach of 

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing on the “substantive participation” 

theory.

3. Second Request for Reconsideration of the Court’s Order Granting 

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on the Class Claims

At the hearing, and in his supplemental briefing, Plaintiff suggested that the Court, 

on its own motion, once again reconsider its conclusions regarding the breach of contract 

class claims. (Dkt. No. 171 at 11–12.) The Court declines to reconsider its prior ruling 

and instead reaffirms its conclusions in its prior Order denying Plaintiff’s first motion for 

reconsideration. (Dkt. No. 129.) 

As was true at the last motion for summary judgment, and as is still true now, 

Plaintiff has not pointed to a specific contract term in which Defendants expressly 

guaranteed 100 bps (or any other amount) in annualized option cost to Plaintiff and the 

rest of the class members. Even taking at face value Plaintiff’s assertion that this theory 

of “substantive participation” could not have arisen earlier, Plaintiff’s failure to identify a 

salient contract term is fatal to the breach of contract class claims. The closest term 

Plaintiff points to is § 5.8 of the FIA contract, which guarantees that “[t]he reserves and 

guaranteed values will at no time be less than the minimum required by the laws of the 

state in which this Contract is issued.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 1, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16.) 

However, as explained above, supra Part II.B.1, Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) does not 

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specify a minimum floor for “substantive participation.” To the extent Plaintiff argues 

that Defendants failed to provide the minimum nonforfeiture amounts prescribed by Cal. 

Ins. Code § 10168.25(e), the Court previously found that Defendants did not breach their 

obligation to maintain the minimum nonforfeiture amounts guaranteed under the contract 

and California law. (See Dkt. No. 117 at 5–9.)

Moreover, Plaintiff’s attempt to retroactively amend his arguments regarding the 

certified class claims fails for the additional reason that the “substantive participation”

argument is not common to the certified class. Contracts issued before January 3, 2011 

are treated differently than contracts issued after January 3, 2011, because Defendants 

stopped taking the additional reduction in the nonforfeiture rate after January 3, 2011. 

(Dkt. No. 174-1 at 10–11, Bainbridge Depo. 150:17–154:22.) As Plaintiff’s contract was 

purchased before January 3, 2011, Defendants did not treat Plaintiff’s contract any 

differently. (Id.) While Defendants’ commitment to maintaining an annualized option 

cost of at least 100 bps for Plaintiff’s contract remained unchanged, contracts issued after 

January 3, 2011 did not contain a “substantive participation” requirement under Cal. Ins. 

Code § 10168.25(e). (See id.; see also Dkt. No. 178 at 3 n.2.) And 10 C.C.R. § 2523.5, 

which applies, at the very least, to contracts issued after December 19, 2012, provides for 

a minimum floor of 25 bps in annualized option cost, rather than 100 bps.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s renewed request for 

reconsideration of the Court’s Order granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment 

on the certified class claims.

C. Plaintiff’s “Based On” Argument

Plaintiff’s “based on” argument has a basis in the agreement actually made. See 

Guz, 24 Cal. 4th at 349–50. Section 6.5 of the contract provides definitions applicable to 

the Monthly Cap Index Strategy, and specifies that the “Index Credit” amount “is based 

on the performance of the applicable Index as measured over the Contract Year.” (Id. at 

21.) However, as explained below, infra Part II.C, Plaintiff’s unfounded interpretation of 

“based on” lacks merit, and Plaintiff has not shown how Defendants have breached any 

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express or implied obligation flowing therefrom. 

As a threshold observation, Plaintiff’s argument that Defendants failed to ensure 

that index credits were “based on” the performance of the S&P 500 appears to be 

coextensive with his argument about “substantive participation.” (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 141 

at 8–9, 13–14, 23–24, 26.) To the extent Plaintiff’s “based on” argument depends upon 

his “substantive participation” argument, the “based on” argument fails for the same 

reasons articulated above, supra Part II.B.

Even if Plaintiff’s “based on” argument stands alone, it, too, fails as a matter of 

law. First, the contract does not support Plaintiff’s assertion. Section 6.5 of the contract 

indeed defines “Index Credit” as “the amount credited to the portion of the Single 

Premium, Bonus or Re-elections elected to this Strategy and is based on the performance 

of the applicable Index as measured over the Contract Year.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. G at 

Oppo. 0305, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 17; see also Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0212, Dkt. No. 

144-6 at 11 (“The value of this annuity may also grow through index credits that depend 

on the performance of the S&P 500 index.”).) Plaintiff omits mention of the definitions 

that break down how the index credits are calculated. The definitions flesh out in 

technical detail how the amounts credited are “based on” the performance of the S&P 

500. Specifically, “[t]he Index Credit equals the sum of the twelve Monthly Index 

Changes during the Contract Year,” with “Monthly Index Change” defined as “the lesser 

of the Monthly Cap or the result of (i)/(ii) – 1, where (i) is the Index Number on each 

Monthly Anniversary; (ii) is the Index Number on the prior Monthly Anniversary.” 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. G at Oppo. 0305, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 17.) “Monthly Cap” is in turn 

defined as “the maximum Monthly Index Change that may be applied in calculating the 

Index Credit at the end of each Contract Year. It is declared annually in advance and is 

guaranteed for one year. The initial Monthly Cap is shown on the Contract Data Page.” 

(Id.) “Index Number” is defined as “the published value of the [S&P 500] Index.” 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. at Oppo. 0296, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 12.) And “[t]he Index Credit will 

never be less than zero.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. G at Oppo. 0305, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 17.) 

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Plaintiff has not shown how Defendants have failed to abide by the transparent 

calculation outlined in the definitions.

In addition, neither the contract nor state law supports Plaintiff’s assertion that the 

phrase “based on” means “based solely on,” such that all factors apart from the 

performance of the S&P 500 are excluded from consideration. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 

10, § 2523.1(b) (defining “equity-indexed benefit” as “a benefit in an annuity contract in 

which the value of the benefit is determined using an interest crediting rate based on the 

performance of an equity-based index and contract parameters” (emphasis added)); 

McDaniel v. Chevron Corp., 203 F.3d 1099, 1111 (9th Cir. 2000) (“In the context of 

statutory interpretation, courts have held that the plain meaning of ‘based on’ is 

synonymous with ‘arising from’ and ordinarily refers to a ‘starting point’ or a 

‘foundation.’” (emphasis added)). Nor does “based on” require a linear relationship 

between the S&P 500 and the index credits.6

Finally, the internal memorandum and presentation Plaintiff cites do not show that 

Defendants failed to determine index credits based on the performance of the S&P 500. 

In the memorandum, Defendants acknowledged that “[w]hile it may be possible to credit 

less on FIA Products, there are [a] number of risks in doing so,” including “a reputation 

risk, as we do not wish to be unfair to customers.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. I at Oppo. 0375, 

Dkt. No. 144-9 at 12.) In the presentation, Defendants discussed how to meet their 

 

6 Other public documents associated with the FIAs indicate that “based on” does not mean “based solely 

on.” Defendants’ Form 10-K, filed in 2011 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), 

states, 

Under fixed annuity contracts, the principal amount is guaranteed, and, for a specified time 

period, the Company credits interest to the contract owner accounts at a fixed interest rate, or, for 

an FIA, the greater of a fixed interest rate or a return based upon performance of the Standard & 

Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 index and participation rates set by the Company. 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. M at Oppo. 0619, Dkt. No. 141-17 at 7 (emphasis added).) The ING USA sales 

brochure states: “Since the interest credit is related, in part, to movements in the S&P 500 Index, the 

amount of interest your annuity will be credited at the end of the contract year cannot be known or 

predicted prior to the end of the contract year.” (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 4 (emphasis 

added).)

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internal return-on-investment (“ROI”) targets. (Hutton Decl. Ex. N at Oppo. 0858, Dkt. 

No. 144-13 at 15.) Plaintiff’s evidence shows Defendants’ internal discussions regarding 

how to optimize ROI while balancing reputational risks; it does not create a genuine 

dispute of material fact regarding whether Defendants failed to credit interest based on 

the performance of the S&P 500.

In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that there is no genuine dispute of 

material fact regarding whether Defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing on the “based on” theory. The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for 

summary judgment on this claim.

III. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

A breach of fiduciary duty claim under California law requires “the existence of a 

fiduciary relationship, its breach, and damage proximately caused by that breach.” 

Pierce v. Lyman, 1 Cal. App. 4th 1093, 1101 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991). With respect to 

insurers and insureds, the California Supreme Court has observed,

[T]he insurer-insured relationship . . . is not a true “fiduciary relationship” in the 

same sense as the relationship between trustee and beneficiary, or attorney and 

client. It is, rather, a relationship often characterized by unequal bargaining power 

in which the insured must depend on the good faith and performance of the insurer.

This characteristic has led the courts to impose “special and heightened” duties, but 

“[w]hile these ‘special’ duties are akin to, and often resemble, duties which are 

also owed by fiduciaries, the fiduciary-like duties arise because of the unique 

nature of the insurance contract, not because the insurer is a fiduciary.”

Vu v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 26 Cal. 4th 1142, 1150–51 (Cal. 2001) (internal 

citations omitted). Under this view, “California courts have refrained from characterizing 

the insurer-insured relationship as a fiduciary one.” Tran v. Farmers Grp., Inc., 104 Cal. 

App. 4th 1202, 1211 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002), as modified on denial of reh’g (Jan. 27, 2003). 

Rather, California decisions have “suggest[ed] that an insurer’s breach of its “fiduciarylike duties” is adequately redressed by a claim for breach of the covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing implied in the insurance contract.” Id. at 1212. “[A]s a matter of 

California law, no true fiduciary duty arises from the insurer-insured relationship and an 

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insured therefore cannot maintain a claim for breach of fiduciary duty based solely on the 

insurer-insured relationship.”

7

 In re Conseco Ins. Co. Annuity Mktg. & Sales Practices 

 

7 Plaintiff cites to inapposite cases in support of his argument that a fiduciary duty exists in this case. 

(Dkt. No. 141 at 17–18.) Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim is brought under California law, not 

ERISA. Parker v. Bain, 68 F.3d 1131 (9th Cir. 1995), discussed the definition of “fiduciary” under the 

ERISA statute and federal common law, not California law. 68 F.3d at 1139–40. Carter v. San Pasqual 

Fiduciary Trust Co., No. SACV1501507JVSJCGX, 2016 WL 6803768 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2016), too, 

involved a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA; in fact, the court dismissed with prejudice 

plaintiffs’ state law claims for breach of fiduciary duty, finding such claims to be preempted by ERISA. 

2016 WL 6803768, at *7. The fiduciary duty claims in Santomenno v. Transamerica Life Ins. Co., No. 

CV 12-02782 DDP MANX, 2013 WL 603901 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2013), are also ERISA, not state law, 

claims. 2013 WL 603901, at *7. 

Nor are Plaintiff’s citations from the stockbroker context availing, given the “long settled” rule 

in California that stockbrokers owe fiduciary duties to their customers. Apollo Capital Fund, LLC v. 

Roth Capital Partners, LLC, 158 Cal. App. 4th 226, 245–46 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007); see also Leboce, S.A. 

v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 709 F.2d 605, 607 (9th Cir. 1983) (recognizing that 

California law imposes fiduciary obligations on stockbrokers who control the account “for all practical 

purposes”). Furthermore, Plaintiff conflates the factors used to determine the scope of a stockbroker’s 

fiduciary duty with the question of whether a fiduciary duty exists. In Apollo Capital Fund, the court 

observed that while it is undisputed that a stockbroker owes fiduciary a fiduciary duty to his or her 

customer, “the scope of the duty depends on the nature of the broker/customer relationship” and 

“specific facts and circumstances presented in a given case.” 158 Cal. App. 4th at 245–46.

Plaintiff’s supplemental legal authority, supplied in an ex parte motion, (Dkt. No. 152), also does 

not avail his claim. Both Chamber of Commerce of the United States of Am. v. Hugler, No. 3:16-CV1476-M, 2017 WL 514424 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 8, 2017), and Mkt. Synergy Grp., Inc. v. United States Dep’t 

of Labor, No. 16-CV-4083-DDC-KGS, 2017 WL 661592 (D. Kan. Feb. 17, 2017), involved 

administrative law challenges to the Department of Labor’s (“DOL’s”) final rules, issued pursuant to its 

authority to enforce ERISA and published on April 8, 2016, 81 Fed. Reg. 20946. The DOL rules 

effected the following changes, as summarized by the court in Chamber of Commerce:

Prior to the new rules, a financial professional who did not give advice to a consumer on a 

regular basis was not a “fiduciary,” and therefore was not subject to fiduciary standards under the 

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Code (the 

“Code”). Unless fiduciaries qualify for an exemption, they are prohibited by ERISA and the 

Code from receiving commissions, which are considered to present a conflict of interest. Prior to 

the new rules, fiduciaries could qualify for an exemption known as the Prohibited Transaction 

Exemption 84–24 (“PTE 84–24”), which, if they qualified, allowed them to receive commissions 

on all annuity sales as long as the sale was as favorable to the consumer as an arms-length 

transaction and the adviser received no more than reasonable compensation.

The new rules modify the regulation of conflicts of interest in the market for retirement 

investment advice, and consist of: 1) a new definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and the Code; 

2) an amendment to, and partial revocation of, PTE 84–24; and 3) the creation of the Best 

Interest Contract Exemption (“BICE”). The first rule revises the definition of “fiduciary” under 

ERISA and the Code, and eliminates the condition that investment advice must be provided “on 

a regular basis” to trigger fiduciary duties. The second rule amends PTE 84–24, which 

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Litig., No. C-05-04726RMW, 2007 WL 486367, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2007); accord 

Solomon v. N. Am. Life & Cas. Ins. Co., 151 F.3d 1132, 1138 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding 

that an insurer owes no fiduciary duty to its insured under California law); Almon v. State 

Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 724 F. Supp. 765, 766 (S.D. Cal. 1989) (“[A]lthough the duty 

 

provides exemptive relief to fiduciaries who receive third party compensation for transactions 

involving an ERISA plan or individual retirement account (“IRA”). The DOL excluded those 

selling fixed indexed annuities (“FIAs”) as eligible for exemptions under amended PTE 84–24. 

The third rule, BICE, creates a new exemption for FIAs and variable annuities, and allows 

fiduciaries to receive commissions on the sale of such annuities only if they adhere to certain 

conditions, including signing a written contract with the consumer that contains enumerated 

provisions.

Chamber of Commerce, 2017 WL 514424, at *1 (emphases added).

Multiple hurdles render Plaintiff’s supplemental legal authorities inapposite. Chamber of 

Commerce and Mkt. Synergy both involved administrative law challenges to federal rulemaking 

regarding investment advisors’ fiduciary duties with respect to ERISA plans and IRA accounts. Also, 

the President has issued a memorandum directing the Secretory of Labor to reexamine these rules. Id. at 

*1 n.1. Even setting aside these hurdles, Plaintiff’s attempt to martial the cases in his favor still fails. 

Plaintiff misreads the DOL rules and the two decisions as creating a blanket obligation 

“requiring FIA issuers . . . to adhere to fiduciary responsibilities” and as creating “a fiduciary 

relationship” with every “purchase of an FIA.” (Dkt. No. 152 at 3, 6.) Rather, the first DOL rule 

“redefined who is a fiduciary under ERISA” and redefined the “scope of the statutory definition of 

fiduciary investment advice.” 2017 WL 514424, at *6. Defendants have not provided “investment 

advice,” as defined by the DOL rule, see id., to Plaintiff. Instead, Defendants directed Plaintiff to 

consult his agent, rather than ING, for advice. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 3, Abbit Depo. at 43:17–46:7, 65:21–22, 

Dkt. No. 130-6 at 13–14, 18; Hutton Decl. Ex. G at Oppo. 0288, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 3.) Indeed, 

Chamber of Commerce recognizes that “the Fiduciary Rule plainly does not make one a fiduciary for 

selling a product without a recommendation.” Chamber of Commerce, 2017 WL 514424, at *11. The 

sales brochure and application—the only materials Plaintiff received from Defendants—are “general 

marketing materials” affirmatively excluded from “investment advice.” 81 Fed. Reg. 20946-01. 

In addition, neither the second nor third DOL rules apply to Defendants in the manner Plaintiff 

asserts, as Defendants have not provided Plaintiff with investment advice. See Chamber of Commerce, 

2017 WL 514424, at *7 (“The DOL’s final revised PTE 84–24 eliminated the 2010 proposal’s 

exemption for FIAs. Therefore, fiduciaries who provide investment advice for fixed rate annuities can 

obtain exemptions under PTE 84–24, but those selling FIAs and variable annuities cannot use PTE 84–

24 to exempt their receipt of third-party compensation, including commissions. Instead, under the final 

rules, BICE, described below, is their only option for obtaining exemptive relief from the prohibited 

transaction rules under ERISA and the Code.”); 81 Fed. Reg. 21002-01 (“[BICE] allows entities such as 

registered investment advisers, broker-dealers and insurance companies, and their agents and 

representatives, that are ERISA or Code fiduciaries by reason of the provision of investment advice, to 

receive compensation that may otherwise give rise to prohibited transactions as a result of their advice to 

plan participants and beneficiaries, IRA owners and certain plan fiduciaries (including small plan 

sponsors.”).

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between the defendant and plaintiffs is fiduciary in nature, there is no independent cause 

of action for breach of fiduciary duty.”).

“‘[B]efore a person can be charged with a fiduciary obligation, he must either 

knowingly undertake to act on behalf and for the benefit of another, or must enter into a 

relationship which imposes that undertaking as a matter of law.’” City of Hope Nat. Med. 

Ctr. v. Genentech, Inc., 43 Cal. 4th 375, 386 (Cal. 2008) (quoting Committee on 

Children’s Television, Inc. v. General Foods Corp., 35 Cal. 3d 197, 221 (Cal. 1983)). 

Because the insurer-insured relationship does not impose a fiduciary duty as a matter of 

law, Defendants must “knowingly undertake to act on behalf and for the benefit of 

Plaintiff” before they can be charged with a fiduciary obligation to Plaintiff. Id.; see also 

Morris v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 109 Cal. App. 4th 966, 973 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003)

(“An insurer is not a fiduciary, and owes no obligation to consider the interests of its 

insured above its own.”).

 In line with this view, courts have allowed insured plaintiffs to proceed with 

claims for a breach of fiduciary duty against insurers where affirmative representations 

and actions by insurers created a fiduciary relationship that would otherwise not exist as a 

matter of law. See, e.g., In re Nat’l W. Life Ins. Deferred Annuities Litig., 467 F. Supp. 

2d 1071, 1086–88 (S.D. Cal. 2006) (denying motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ breach of 

fiduciary duty claim, where the insurers’ “sales agents allegedly held themselves out as 

objective financial planners who act in Plaintiffs’ best interests” and where the insureds 

were “senior citizens” who purchased “allegedly complex financial instruments which the 

average person cannot understand”); Negrete v. Fid. & Guar. Life Ins. Co., 444 F. Supp. 

2d 998, 1004 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (denying motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary 

duty claim, where plaintiffs alleged that defendant insurers “assumed fiduciary duties” to 

plaintiffs “[b]y virtue of their purported positions as financial advisors, estate planning 

specialists, and because of their superior knowledge and ability to manipulate and control 

senior citizens’ finances and legal status”); Fischer v. Aviva Life & Annuity Co., No. 

2:10-CV-1693-GEB-EFB, 2010 WL 3582559, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2010) (denying 

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motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty where plaintiffs alleged 

that defendant insurers “acted as investment advisors” for plaintiffs); Estate of Migliaccio 

v. Midland Nat’l. Life Ins. Co., 436 F. Supp. 2d 1095, 1108 (C.D. Cal. 2006), as amended

(Aug. 21, 2006) (denying motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty 

where plaintiffs supplied “extensive allegations that defendants trained their sales agents 

to lure seniors citizens into their confidence by offering assistance with estate and 

financial planning, ultimately to sell them improper annuities using standardized 

marketing materials and annuity contracts”).

The California Supreme Court has recognized that while the following four factors 

may be typical of a fiduciary relationship, the fact that a relationship between parties 

exhibits these characteristics, which “are common in many a contractual arrangement,”

does not necessarily render the relationship fiduciary:

(1) one party entrusts its affairs, interests or property to another; (2) there is a grant 

of broad discretion to another, generally because of a disparity in expertise or 

knowledge; (3) the two parties have an “asymmetrical access to information,”

meaning one party has little ability to monitor the other and must rely on the truth 

of the other party’s representations; and (4) one party is vulnerable and dependent 

upon the other.

City of Hope Nat. Med. Ctr., 43 Cal. 4th at 387–88 (internal citations omitted).

Here, Defendants contend that summary judgment is warranted because Plaintiff 

and Defendants are not in a fiduciary relationship. (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 17–18.) 

Specifically, Defendants assert that they did not undertake to act on behalf of and solely 

for Plaintiff’s benefit. (Id.) Defendants also contend that Plaintiff has not suffered any 

damages resulting from any breach. (Id.)

This Court denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary 

duty claim and allowed it to proceed. (Dkt. No. 19 at 13–14.) However, at the summary 

judgment stage, Plaintiff has not produced evidence showing a genuine dispute of 

material fact as to the existence of a fiduciary relationship with Defendants. 

Plaintiff cites the FIA application he signed, wherein Defendants stated, “The price 

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[of the annuity contract] also covers the cost of contract guarantees, other costs such as 

the design, manufacture and service of the contracts, as well as the investment 

management needed to support the contracts’ values.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 

0214, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.) However, Defendants include a caveat on the same page: 

“You should discuss your retirement planning objectives, anticipated financial needs and 

risk tolerance with your agent to make sure this annuity meets your current financial 

needs and objectives.” (Id.) Plaintiff signed and dated below, acknowledging that he 

read the document and understood its contents. (Id.) Rather than holding themselves out 

as objective financial or estate planning advisors, Defendants provided a clear directive 

referring Plaintiff to his agent for financial advice.

Plaintiff also cites a letter from Michael Smith, ING’s President, thanking Plaintiff 

for his purchase. (Hutton Decl. Ex. G at Oppo. 0288, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 3.) The letter 

states, in relevant part:

We know that choosing to purchase an annuity product in today’s ever-changing 

marketplace is a big decision. That’s why we want to thank you and welcome you 

to the growing number of contract owners who have chosen the ING family of 

companies as their preferred financial services provider.

ING USA Annuity and Life Insurance Company, the issuer of your annuity 

contract, is a member of the ING family of companies, a first-class global 

organization that strives to offer a fresh financial planning perspective to its 

customers while forging successful lifelong relationships.

Our commitment to you does not end at the insurance of your enclosed contract. 

Rather, our commitment to you begins.

(Id.) The letter ends, “Again, thank you for the trust and confidence you have placed 

with us.” (Id.) 

As recognized in City of Hope Nat. Med. Ctr., 43 Cal. 4th at 387–88, the fact that a 

contract results in one party entrusting its affairs, interests, or property to another is 

commonplace—it does not transform the relationship into a fiduciary one as a matter of 

law. Moreover, Defendants sent this letter to Plaintiff after he purchased his contract—

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this letter does not show that Defendants affirmatively held themselves out to Plaintiff as 

objective financial advisors, estate planning specialists, or the like, or that Plaintiff 

understood Defendants to occupy such roles. Rather, Plaintiff testified in his deposition 

that he “assumed” that ING was a for-profit company, that he “didn’t speak to anybody 

from ING” before purchasing his contract, and that he contacted his agent, rather than 

ING, with questions about his statements after his purchase. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 3, Abbit 

Depo. at 43:17–46:7, 65:21–22, 112:14–16, Dkt. No. 130-6 at 13–14, 18, 30.)

Plaintiff also cites Defendants’ discretion to set Monthly Caps for the Monthly Cap 

Index Strategy on his contract. (Hutton Decl. Ex. B at Oppo. 0075; Dkt. No. 144-3 at 

38.) As explained above, supra Part II, the contract does not confer upon Defendants 

“complete discretion and control over the performance of Mr. Abbit’s account.” (Dkt. 

No. 141 at 17.) Rather, Defendants’ discretion over the performance of Plaintiff’s 

contract is limited by express contract parameters, including the specific Index Credit 

calculation derived from the performance of the S&P 500. Indeed, as Plaintiff admits, 

Plaintiff is the one who chooses which of the available interest-crediting strategies will 

apply to his contract; while Defendants have discretion to adjust certain features of each 

strategy and thereby “shape[] the outcome,” Defendants certainly do not retain “complete 

discretion and control over the performance of [Plaintiff’s] account.” (Dkt. No. 141 at 

17–18.) Defendants’ limited discretion must be exercised in good faith, in accordance 

with the covenant of good faith and fair dealing—it does not give rise to an independent 

common law claim for breach of fiduciary duty. See Casey v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 688 F. 

Supp. 2d 1086, 1101 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (adopting “the sounder approach” that a breach of 

fiduciary duty claim against an insurer “is analyzed under the covenant of good faith and 

fair dealing” under California law, rather than as a standalone claim); Carma Developers, 

2 Cal. 4th at 372 (“The covenant of good faith finds particular application in situations 

where one party is invested with a discretionary power affecting the rights of another. 

Such power must be exercised in good faith.”); Brady v. Conseco, Inc., No. C 08-05746 

SI, 2009 WL 2356201, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 29, 2009) (dismissing with prejudice 

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plaintiffs’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty where “plaintiffs’ complaint allegations 

establish[ed] that policyholders had various options about how to use their policies, not 

that they relied on defendants for investment advice,” and where defendants did not “act[] 

as financial advisors and estate planning specialists”).

In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to show a 

genuine dispute of material fact regarding the existence of a fiduciary relationship 

between Plaintiff and Defendants.8 Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on this 

claim is accordingly GRANTED.

IV. Fraud

Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s fraud claims fail because (1) he cannot identify 

false statements on which he relied, and (2) Defendants have no obligation to disclose the 

internal pricing information Plaintiff seeks. (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 18–22.) Finally, 

Defendants repeat their argument that Plaintiff cannot prove damages.9 (Id.)

A. False Representation

“To state a claim for fraud or intentional misrepresentation under California law, a 

Plaintiff must allege: (1) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or 

nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (or scienter); (3) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce 

reliance; (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damage.” Baltazar v. Apple, Inc., No. 

CV-10-3231-JF, 2011 WL 588209, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2011) (citing Lazar v. 

Superior Ct., 12 Cal. 4th 631, 638 (Cal. 1996)).

Defendants contend that the statements Plaintiff identified from a sales brochure 

are not false, and are not statements of fact on which Plaintiff relied. (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 

19 (citing Dkt. No. 20, FAC ¶¶ 153–54).) The statements include: (i) “The FIAs offered 

 

8 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not shown a genuine dispute of material fact as to the 

existence of a fiduciary duty, the Court does not continue on to discuss the issue of damages.

9 Having concluded that no genuine dispute of material fact exists as to any affirmative 

misrepresentations or material omissions by Defendants, the Court does not continue on to discuss the 

issue of damages.

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‘guarantees’ to ‘protect’ retirement savings while offering investment earnings ‘linked’ to 

the S&P 500 Index”; (ii) “The FIAs would ‘Protect Your Assets’ while ‘fueling the value 

of your annuity’ to ‘build up your retirement savings’”; and (iii) “The FIAs were 

designed to provide ‘protection of principal.’” (Id.) However, Plaintiff does not respond 

directly to Defendants’ argument. While Plaintiff’s FAC pled fraud claims based on 

Defendants’ statements in a sales brochure, Plaintiff’s opposition brief focuses only on 

statements contained within his FIA application. Instead of responding to Defendants’

motion for summary judgment on the claim he initially pled, Plaintiff pivots to his “based 

on” argument and “extra-contractual charges” argument. For this reason alone, summary 

judgment is proper as to Plaintiff’s misrepresentation claims as originally pled. See 

Shakur, 514 F.3d at 892; Resolution Trust Corp., 43 F.3d at 599.

Nonetheless, Plaintiff’s new false representation argument also fails to create a 

genuine dispute of material fact. Plaintiff identifies two statements from the disclosures 

that he signed and acknowledged as part of his application.10 (Dkt. No. 141 at 25–26.) 

 

10 Plaintiff also misattributes a statement to Defendants. Defendants did not guarantee that the 

disclosure’s contents did not “differ from the sales, material, illustrations, or proposals” that Plaintiff 

might have received from Copley. (Dkt. No. 141 at 25.) Rather, Plaintiff selectively quotes from, and 

misconstrues, the “Agent Statement” signed by Copley, wherein Copley certified that he “ha[d] not 

made statements that differ from the sales materials, illustrations, or proposals” used to sell the annuity. 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0214, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.)

In his Separate Statement of Undisputed Facts, Plaintiff also lists, without explanation or pin 

citations, six statements in the FIA application as affirmative misrepresentations. (Pl’s SSUF ¶¶ 24–25, 

Dkt. No. 144-1 at 22.) Again, while summary judgment is warranted for Plaintiff’s failure to respond to 

with respect to his claim as originally pled, Plaintiff has not shown how the following statements are 

affirmative misrepresentations. 

1. “You can use this annuity to save for retirement and to receive retirement income for life.” 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0212, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 11.)

As a starting matter, the FIA application disclosure informed Plaintiff: “This document reviews 

important points to think about before you buy this ING USA Annuity and Life Insurance Company 

annuity. This document is not part of your contract, and you should refer to your contract for complete 

details.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0212, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 11.) Moreover, the application directed 

Plaintiff to “discuss your retirement planning objectives, anticipated financial needs and risk tolerance 

with your agent to make sure this annuity meets your current financial needs and objectives.” (Hutton 

Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0214, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.) The application further stated, “The contract does not 

directly participate in any stock or equity investments. Any values shown, other than guaranteed 

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Plaintiff asserts that the following statements are false or misleading: (1) “The value of 

this annuity may also grow through index credits that depend on the performance of the 

S&P 500 index, a nationally recognized market index”; and (2) “There are not other fees 

or charges on this annuity, but there may be additional fees with optional riders.” 

(Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0212–13, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 11–12.) Plaintiff simply avers 

 

minimum values, are not guarantees, promises or warranties.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0210, Dkt. 

No. 144-6 at 9.) Plaintiff signed and dated below, acknowledging that he read the document and 

understood its contents. (Id.) Moreover, it is undisputed that Plaintiff’s annuity has earned interest and 

grown in value. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 130-1 at 11.)

2. “This annuity is designed for people who are willing to let their assets build for at least 10 

years.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0214, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.)

Plaintiff has provided no evidence showing that the FIA was not designed in the manner 

described above. (See, e.g., Leigh Decl. Ex. 1, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 10 (“The initial Minimum Guaranteed 

Strategy Value Rates shown above are set on the Contract Date and will not change for the first ten

Contract Years.”) (emphasis added).) Again, it is undisputed that Plaintiff’s annuity has earned interest 

and grown in value. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 130-1 at 11.)

3. “There are no other fees or charges on this annuity, but there may be additional fees with 

optional riders.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0213, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 12.)

Again, as explained above, beyond arguing that Defendants sought to meet internal ROI targets 

and optimize profit, Plaintiff has not shown how there have been any extra-contractual fees or charges 

on his annuity.

4. “The value of this annuity may also grow through index credits that depend on the 

performance of the S&P 500 index, a nationally recognized market index.” (Hutton Decl. 

Ex. E at Oppo. 0212, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 11.)

Again, as explained above, supra Part II.C, Plaintiff’s interpretation of “based on” is 

unsupported by the contract or by the applicable law, and he has not shown, in any event, how the 

interest credited to his account has not depended on the performance of the S&P 500 index.

5. “We set the price of an annuity contract, and the price reflects the compensation we pay for 

the sale of the annuity contracts. The price also covers the cost of contract guarantees, other 

costs such as the design, manufacture and service of the contracts, as well as the investment 

management needed to support the contracts’ values.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0214, 

Dkt. No. 144-6 at 13.) 

Plaintiff has not offered any explanation for how this representation is false. If anything, this 

statement reflects Defendants’ discretion to set the price of an annuity contract, and that Defendants 

have to account for various costs.

6. The contract’s “guaranteed values will at no time be less than the minimum required by the 

laws of the state in which this Contract is issued.” (Pl’s SSUF ¶ 24, Dkt. No. 144-1 at 22.)

Although this statement does not appear to be in the FIA application, Plaintiff has not shown 

how this statement, wherever it appears, is fraudulent. The Court has already determined in its prior 

Order that Plaintiff has not raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants have ever 

breached the express Minimum Guaranteed Strategy Value terms of the contract. (Dkt. No. 117 at 5–9.)

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that “Defendants knew of the falsity of their statements in the disclosure form at the time 

they were made,” because Defendants prioritized optimizing their internal ROI targets 

such that “these extra-contractual charges . . . eviscerate[d] Mr. Abbit’s substantive 

participation in the underlying index, in violation of Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e)” (Dkt. 

No. 141 at 25.) The Court has already rejected Plaintiff’s “substantive participation”

argument, supra Part II.B, and Plaintiff’s “based on” argument, supra Part II.C. 

To the extent Plaintiff’s argument about “extra-contractual charges” stands 

independently from his argument about “substantive participation,” the argument fails for 

the reasons articulated below, infra Part IV.B, and because Plaintiff has not shown how 

Defendants’ internal pricing and profit strategies render any representation fraudulent, 

see, e.g., Phillips v. Am. Int’l Grp., Inc., 498 F. Supp. 2d 690, 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)

(dismissing with prejudice plaintiff’s fraud claim where plaintiff alleged that “Defendants 

designed the Bonus Annuity Contracts to contain undisclosed penalties, costs and/or 

charges that resulted in an increased ‘spread,’ which was designed to recoup and 

recapture the entire bonus credited to Plaintiff in year one and compensate Defendants for 

the higher cost of capital/surplus strain associated with Bonus Annuity Contracts”). The 

contract clearly afforded Defendants discretion to set Monthly Caps and adjust other 

interest-crediting parameters. (See Leigh Decl. Ex. 1 §§ 6–6.5, Dkt. No. 130-4 at 16–20.) 

Plaintiff expressly acknowledged in his FIA application that “[a]ny values shown, other 

than guaranteed minimum values, are not guarantees, promises or warranties.” (Hutton 

Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0210, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 9.) And the hypothetical interest credit 

illustrations provided in Plaintiff’s FIA application show the possibility of him earning 

0% in index credits. (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0215–18, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 14–17.) 

Plaintiff has not shown a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the statements in 

the FIA application were affirmative misrepresentations.

B. Concealment

To state a claim for concealment, a plaintiff must allege: (1) the concealment or 

suppression of a material fact; (2) by a defendant with a duty to disclose the fact to 

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the plaintiff; (3) that the defendant intended to defraud the plaintiff by intentionally 

concealing or suppressing the fact; (4) that the plaintiff was unaware of the fact 

and would have acted differently if he or she had known of the concealed or 

suppressed fact; and (5) that the plaintiff sustained damage as a result of the 

concealment or suppression of the fact. 

Richter v. CC-Palo Alto, Inc., 176 F. Supp. 3d 877, 897 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (quoting 

Graham v. Bank of America, N.A., 226 Cal. App. 4th 594, 606 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014)).

Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s concealment claim fails because Defendants 

had no duty to disclose the information Plaintiff identified in his FAC. (Dkt. No. 130-1 

at 20.) Specifically, Plaintiff alleged that ING USA failed to disclose: (i) the “existence 

of embedded derivatives under the FIA contracts”; and (ii) ING USA’s “inherent 

conflicts of interest in retaining investment decisions under the FIA contract.” (Id. 

(quoting Dkt. No. 20, FAC ¶¶ 153(c), 153(d)).) 

With respect to the first alleged failure to disclose, the contract spells out how the 

interest credits under the different crediting strategies are derived in part from changes in 

the S&P 500 Index. (See Hutton Decl. Ex. G at Oppo. 0305, Dkt. No. 141-11 at 17.) 

Moreover, Defendant discloses the fact that its FIA contracts contain embedded 

derivatives in its publicly filed SEC disclosures. (See, e.g., Hutton Decl. Ex. M at Oppo. 

0619, Dkt. No. 141-17 at 7.) With respect to the second alleged failure to disclose, 

Defendants argue that they had no duty to disclose their internal pricing and ratemaking 

policies. See Levine v. Blue Shield of California, 189 Cal. App. 4th 1117, 1132 (Cal. Ct.

App. 2010) (quoting Cirzoveto v. AIG Annuity Ins. Co., 625 F. Supp. 2d 623, 631 (W.D. 

Tenn. 2009) (“The Court finds that Defendant had no duty to disclose its internal 

ratemaking and pricing procedures related to the annuity. Plaintiff’s fraudulent 

concealment claim, therefore, fails as a matter of law.”)); c.f. Eller v. EquiTrust Life Ins. 

Co., 778 F.3d 1089, 1092–93 (9th Cir. 2015) (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that insurer 

was required to disclose its internal policy of “recoup[ing] the 10% premium bonus in 

plaintiff’s annuity by “crediting lower index credits to the Annuity than it might have in 

an annuity contract without the bonus feature”). And to the extent Defendants’ profit 

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objectives created a conflict of interest, Plaintiff was not unaware that Defendants are forprofit entities—Plaintiff “assumed” that ING was a for-profit company. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 

3, Abbit Depo. at 112:14–16, Dkt. No. 130-6 at 30.)

Again, Plaintiff does not directly respond to Defendants’ argument, but returns to 

his “based on” argument and “extra-contractual charges” argument, (Dkt. No. 141 at 26), 

both of which the Court has already rejected, supra Parts I, II.C, and IV.A. While 

Plaintiff’s failure to respond warrants summary judgment, see Shakur, 514 F.3d at 892, 

Plaintiff’s new theories also do not support a concealment claim. Plaintiff newly alleges 

a slew of omissions by Defendants, including Defendants’ “actual crediting practices, 

hidden charges, conflicts of interest, and Defendants’ losses in rising equity markets that 

were charged back against the options budget used to support the investment.”

11

 (Id.) 

All of these “omissions” revolve around Defendants’ profit-optimization objectives. 

Even assuming such omissions were material, Plaintiff has not overcome Defendants’

argument that it had no duty to disclose its internal ROI targets, pricing, and ratemaking 

policies to him, see Richter, 176 F. Supp. 3d at 897. Nor has Plaintiff overcome 

Defendants’ discretion under the contract to set Monthly Caps and adjust interestcrediting parameters, or the contract’s clear description of how such Monthly Caps and 

other parameters factor into the calculation of interest credits. (See §§ 6–6.5, Dkt. No. 

130-4 at 16–20.)

 

11 Plaintiff points to Defendants’ Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending on December 31, 2010 to show 

that Defendants maintained a “short” position with respect to increases in equity markets, a strategy 

which resulted in Defendants losing significant amounts of money and a corresponding reduction in 

annuitants’ monthly caps and rates. (Dkt. No. 144 at 12 n.3; Dkt. No. 141-17 at 64, Hutton Decl. Ex. M 

at Oppo. 0676; see also Dkt. No. 141-23 at 17, Hutton Decl. Ex. S at Oppo. 0986.) However, the page 

in the 10-K to which Plaintiff refers addresses Defendants’ financial situation in 2008 and 2009, before 

Plaintiff purchased his contract. (See Dkt. No. 141-17 at 64, Hutton Decl. Ex. M at Oppo. 0676 

(describing decrease in total revenue for the year ending on December 31, 2009).) As Defendants 

argued at the hearing, Defendants’ total net realized capital losses in 2009 factored into Defendants’ 

determination of what the relevant contract parameters and monthly caps would be in 2010, when 

Plaintiff purchased his contract. Finally, to the extent Plaintiff argues that Defendants were concealing 

this profit strategy and related information, the Form 10-K and its contents were publicly disclosed. 

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In sum, Plaintiff has not responded directly to Defendants’ arguments, and Plaintiff 

has not identified any fraudulent statement or duty to disclose material facts. The Court 

accordingly GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s fraud 

claims.

V. Violation of the UCL and FAL

Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s UCL and FAL claims, pled on a theory of 

“deceptive and misleading advertising,” fail (1) because Plaintiff cannot prove that any 

material information was omitted from the sales brochure at issue, (2) because the 

express representations in the sales brochure are factually true, to the extent they are not 

inactionable puffery, and (3) because Plaintiff cannot show any likelihood of deception or 

actual injury from the sales brochure. (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 22–30.)

Again, Plaintiff does not directly respond to Defendants’ argument, but shifts to his 

“extra-contractual charges” argument and “substantive participation” argument. (Dkt. 

No. 141 at 27–28.) He does not respond in any way to Defendants’ argument regarding 

the advertising allegations pled in his FAC. (See id.) Defendants are entitled to summary 

judgment on these claims for Plaintiff’s failure to respond with respect to his UCL and 

FAL claims as originally pled. See Shakur, 514 F.3d at 892; Resolution Trust Corp., 43 

F.3d at 599. Nonetheless, Plaintiff’s new arguments still fail as a matter of law.

Plaintiff now reiterates his “extra-contractual charges” argument and asserts that 

his “claims stem predominantly from a central promise made by Defendants: that other 

than surrender charges, bonus recapture (if applicable), and market value adjustments 

related to early withdrawals, there are no other fees or expenses that affect the value of 

Plaintiff’s account.” (Dkt. No. 141 at 27.) This argument, however, fails for the same 

reasons articulated above, supra Parts I and IV. 

Nor is Plaintiff’s argument that “representing that there are no hidden charges” is

ipso facto “an assertion likely to deceive the public” availing. (Dkt. No. 141 at 28.) 

Defendants represented in their sales brochure and FIA application that Plaintiff’s 

account might earn zero or minimal interest. The FIA sales brochure includes 

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descriptions and illustrations of scenarios in which S&P 500 Index-derivative strategies 

earned zero or minimal interest. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 4–10.) In 

describing the Monthly Cap Index Strategy, the sales brochure expressly states:

A monthly index cap is applied to positive monthly changes, but a floor is not 

applied to negative monthly changes. As a result, negative monthly changes may 

cause the index credit for this strategy to be zero for the contract year even if the 

overall annual index change is positive. The monthly index cap rate is declared in 

advance, guaranteed for one year, and subject to change annually.

(Leigh Decl. Ex. 2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 5.) The sales brochure further included a 

disclaimer that “[p]roducts offering a bonus may offer lower credited interest rates, 

participation rates, index caps, monthly caps, and/or higher index spreads than products 

not offering a bonus. Over time and under certain circumstances, the amount of the 

bonus may be more than offset by the lower credited interest rates,” etc. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 

2, Dkt. No. 130-5 at 3.) In addition, in applying for his FIA, Plaintiff acknowledged that 

“[a]ny values shown, other than guaranteed minimum values, are not guarantees, 

promises or warranties.” (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0210, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 9.) 

Multiple hypothetical interest credit illustrations in the application show the possibility of 

earning 0% in index credits. (Hutton Decl. Ex. E at Oppo. 0215–18, Dkt. No. 144-6 at 

14–17.) Plaintiff has not responded with evidence showing a genuine dispute of material 

fact as to the likelihood of deception from these materials.

Plaintiff also asserts that Defendants’ failure to maintain “substantive 

participation” in violation of Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e) serves as a predicate violation 

for the “unlawful” prong of the UCL. (Dkt. No. 141 at 28.) However, as explained 

above, supra Part II.B.1, Plaintiff’s “substantive participation” theory is grounded in the 

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, not in Cal. Ins. Code § 10168.25(e). And 

to the extent Plaintiff maintains that Defendants have failed to maintain minimum 

nonforfeiture amounts in violation of the statute, the Court has already determined in a 

prior Order that Plaintiff has not raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether 

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Defendants have ever breached the express Minimum Guaranteed Strategy Value terms 

of the contract. (Dkt. No. 117 at 5–9.)

The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s 

FAL and UCL claims.

VI. Failure to Supervise

Defendants move for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s failure to supervise claim 

on two grounds. First, Defendants argues that the allegations underlying Plaintiff’s 

failure to supervise claim fail. (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 30–31.) Second, Defendants argue that 

they cannot be liable for failure to supervise Copley, who was an independent agent who 

had no authority to bind ING USA. (Id.)

A. Underlying Allegations

In his FAC, Plaintiff alleged that Defendants failed to supervise Copley in two 

ways. First, 

the FIAs were embedded with complex structured derivatives for which the ING 

sales agents received little or no pricing information, no training, no testing, and no 

meaningful supervision or controls designed to ensure that the agents understood 

the true suitability of these products for senior citizens or the information needed to 

explain to the senior citizens exactly what they were buying.

(FAC ¶ 175.) Second, 

ING also failed to supervise its agents by allowing unregistered representatives to 

sell securities in California. In doing so, ING side-stepped important regulatory 

rules and notices. In any event, ING either knew or should have known that 

industry standards for the sale of structured products by their representatives 

required a “seller-beware” approach to the issuance of FIAs by virtue of regulatory 

notices, such as NASD Notice to Members 5-50.

(FAC ¶ 176.)

With respect to the second allegation, the Court has concluded that the FIAs are 

not unregistered securities. (Dkt. No. 117 at 9–10.) With respect to the first allegation, 

Defendants reassert their argument that they have no duty to disclose their internal 

pricing information, and that Plaintiff’s contract contains an “embedded derivative” only 

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to the extent that a portion of the interest credits on his contract derive from positive net 

movement in the S&P 500 Index, as provided for in § 6 of his contract. (Dkt. No. 130-1 

at 30–31.) Even assuming arguendo that Defendants had a duty to supervise Copley, 

Plaintiff has not responded to Defendants’ arguments regarding these underlying 

allegations. (Dkt. No. 141 at 30–31.) Summary judgment is warranted for Plaintiff’s 

failure to respond alone. See Shakur, 514 F.3d at 892; Resolution Trust Corp., 43 F.3d at

599. 

B. Existence of a Duty

In any event, there is no genuine dispute of material fact regarding the existence of 

a duty to supervise Copley. While “the existence or extent of an agency relationship is a 

question of fact . . . summary judgment is appropriate where, as here, the evidence is 

undisputed and susceptible of but a single inference.” Universal Bank v. Lawyers Title 

Ins. Corp., 62 Cal. App. 4th 1062, 1066 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997).

The essential characteristics of an agency relationship . . . are as follows: (1) An 

agent or apparent agent holds a power to alter the legal relations between the 

principal and third persons and between the principal and himself; (2) an agent is a 

fiduciary with respect to matters within the scope of the agency; and (3) a principal 

has the right to control the conduct of the agent with respect to matters entrusted to 

him.

Garlock Sealing Techs., LLC v. NAK Sealing Techs. Corp., 148 Cal. App. 4th 937, 964 

(Cal. Ct. App. 2007), as modified on denial of reh’g (Apr. 17, 2007).

In support of his argument that Defendants were “duty-bound to undertake 

supervisory measures for the sale of their unregistered EIAs,” (Dkt. No. 141 at 31), 

Plaintiff cites to the National Association of Securities Dealers’ (“NASD’s”) 2005 rule, 

which requires a firm to supervise “associated person[s]” selling unregistered EIAs 

through the firm, (Hutton Decl. Ex. K at Oppo. 0564, Dkt. No. 144-11 at 119). However, 

Defendants are not members of the NASD or FINRA, NASD’s successor entity, and are 

accordingly not bound by NASD rules. (Dkt. No. 149 at 12 (citing Hutton Decl. Ex. K at 

Oppo. 0565 n.1, Dkt. No. 144-11 at 119 n.1).)

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Defendants used independent, third-party marketing organizations, also referred to 

as “national marketing organizations,” to distribute their insurance-based products and 

annuities. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 4, Tope Depo. 17:1–18, Dkt. No. 130-7 at 7.) Defendants do 

not have “company-owned field wholesalers”; rather, independent agents sell

Defendants’ and Defendants’ competitors’ products. (Id.) Plaintiff acknowledges in his 

supplemental briefing that Copley was an “independent” agent. (Dkt. No. 152 at 5.) 

Copley testified that in the 2009 and 2010 time frame, he sold annuity products from 

“around ten” different companies. (Leigh Decl. Ex. 14, Copley Depo. 11:6–9, Dkt. No. 

130-17 at 5.) While Defendants required Copley to adhere to ING’s Business Guidelines 

and General Advertising Rules, (see, e.g., Hutton Decl. Ex. P at Oppo. 0929–34, Dkt. No. 

144-15 at 50–55), it is undisputed that Defendants were free to accept or reject Plaintiff’s 

FIA application after Copley submitted it, (Dkt. No. 130-1 at 31 (citing Leigh Decl. Ex. 

15, Dkt. No. 130-18)). Copley had no authority to bind Defendants or alter the legal 

relations between Defendants and Plaintiff. C.f. Marsh & McLennan of Cal., Inc. v. City 

of Los Angeles, 62 Cal. App. 3d 108, 118 (Cal. Ct. App. 1976) (observing that “insurance 

brokers, with no binding authority, are not agents of insurance companies, but are rather 

independent contractors”).

The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s 

failure to supervise claim.

VII. Rule 56(d) Request

In its opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff brought a 

Rule 56(d) request. After the hearing, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to file 

supplemental briefing and evidence in opposition to Defendants’ motion. (Dkt. No. 164.) 

The supplemental evidence Plaintiff proffered stemmed from discovery Plaintiff took 

after the Rule 56(d) request was filed. In light of the fact that the Court allowed Plaintiff 

to file supplemental evidence and briefing based on recent discovery, and for the reasons 

that follow, the Court declines to grant Plaintiff’s Rule 56(d) request.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) provides that “[i]f a nonmovant shows by 

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affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to 

justify its opposition, the court may: (1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow 

time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any other 

appropriate order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). To meet this burden, Plaintiff “must show (1) 

that [he] ha[s] set forth in affidavit form the specific facts that [he] hope[s] to elicit from 

further discovery, (2) that the facts sought exist, and (3) that these sought-after facts are 

‘essential’ to resist the summary judgment motion.” California v. Campbell, 138 F.3d 

772, 779 (9th Cir. 1998). 

Plaintiff lists two categories of evidence and summarily describes how the facts he 

hopes to obtain therein are essential to his opposition. First, Plaintiff seeks

[i]nformation showing how ING calculates and values equity-index benefits for 

Mr. Abbit (including the calculations of options values and obligations for his 

equity-indexed benefits), which is key to understanding how the investment is 

executed and managed by Defendants. This information also evidences the 

disparity in value between the purchase price and the actual worth of the 

investments, relevant to Plaintiff’s UCL and FAL claims. Evidence that ING 

based its rate-setting decisions upon factors independent of the performance of the 

S&P 500 Index, and did not provide the required value equity-indexed benefits, 

will defeat Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment by demonstrating 

Defendants’ fiduciary duties, breach of those duties, the falsity of Defendants’

statements about investment execution and performance, and the inherent 

unfairness of the investment.

(Dkt. No. 141-3 at 3.)

Plaintiff’s request for information regarding the calculations of options values is 

moot, as Plaintiff has taken relevant discovery from Defendants and supplemented the 

record after obtaining leave from the Court to do so. In addition, the Court observes that 

Plaintiff has not set forth specific facts, but rather requests a broad category of 

information. Even if Plaintiff had met his burden to set forth specific facts, Plaintiff does 

not set forth how the information sought would be essential to resisting Defendants’

motion for summary judgment on his breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing, and failure to supervise claims. 

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As for Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim, the information Plaintiff seeks is 

immaterial to the question of whether Defendants owed a fiduciary duty to Plaintiff in the 

first instance. As explained above, supra Part III, Plaintiff has not shown any affirmative 

acts or representations by Defendants indicating Defendants knowingly undertook to act 

on his behalf as a fiduciary. Any affirmative representations Defendants made to 

Plaintiff are facts within Plaintiff’s control.

Plaintiff’s hope to discover “the falsity of Defendants’ statements about investment 

execution and performance” is broad and nonspecific. Moreover, Plaintiff has not 

endeavored to respond to Defendants’ arguments regarding his fraud, UCL, and FAL 

claims as originally pled in his FAC. See supra Parts IV and V. Plaintiff has abandoned 

the allegations underlying his initial fraud, UCL, and FAL claims and now relies on his 

new “based on,” “substantive participation,” and “extra-contractual charges” arguments, 

all of which the Court has rejected for the reasons detailed throughout this Order. 

Plaintiff also has not shown that Defendants have any legal duty to disclose internal 

pricing and valuation information.

Plaintiff’s second request is as follows:

information showing how ING invests premiums and hedges risk is key to 

understanding how considerations separate from the S&P 500 Index impact the 

return on investment that clients ultimately receive. Evidence that ING based its 

equity-indexed factors, risk hedging strategies, and other consideration 

independent of the performance of the S&P 500 Index, will defeat Defendants’

Motion for Summary Judgment by demonstrating Defendants’ fiduciary duties, 

breach of those duties, the falsity of Defendants’ statements about investment 

execution and performance, and the inherent unfairness of the investment.

(Dkt. No. 141-3 at 3–4.) The Court again observes that Plaintiff has not set forth specific 

facts that he hopes to elicit from further discovery. “[H]ow ING invests premiums and 

hedges risk” is overbroad. Even if Plaintiff had met his burden to set forth specific facts, 

Plaintiff’s “based on” theory still fails as a matter of law, for the reasons described above, 

supra Part II.C. By extension, theories flowing from the “based on” argument will not 

benefit from further discovery.

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The Court accordingly DENIES Plaintiff’s Rule 56(d) request.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment on Plaintiff’s remaining claims.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: May 16, 2017

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