Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-ca5-10-20069/USCOURTS-ca5-10-20069-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 110
Nature of Suit: Insurance
Cause of Action: 

---

REVISED MARCH 16, 2010

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 10-20069

LAURA PENDERGEST-HOLT; R. ALLEN STANFORD; GILBERT LOPEZ,

JR.; MARK KUHRT,

Plaintiffs – Appellees

v.

CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD’S OF LONDON AND ARCH

SPECIALTY INSURANCE CO.,

Defendant – Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

USDC No. 4:09-CV-3712

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, CLEMENT, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:

In this insurance coverage dispute, various insureds—each faced with civil

and criminal allegations that they engaged in a massive Ponzi scheme—seek

reimbursement of defense costs under a directors’ and officers’ liability policy

from the policy’s underwriters. The district court entered a preliminary

injunction ordering reimbursement of defense costs pending its further order. 

We stayed the order; granted the underwriters’ request for expedited appeal;

heard oral argument; and now modify the preliminary injunction, affirm the

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

March 15, 2010

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

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No. 10-20069

2

injunction insofar as it provides for coverage until judicial determination in a

separate coverage action, and remand for that determination with special

instructions.

I

One year ago last month, the SEC sued three companies founded by R.

Allen Stanford, and three individual defendants—James Davis, Laura

Pendergest-Holt, and Stanford himself—each an executive with one or more

Stanford company. The civil action alleged that the individual defendants

orchestrated a Ponzi scheme through the sale to investors of sham certificates

of deposit evidencing billions of dollars they invested. The SEC amended the

complaint two months ago to include two more Stanford executives—Mark

Kuhrt and Gilberto Lopez—as defendants. 

The day the SEC brought suit, the district court appointed a receiver to

manage the affairs of the Stanford companies named in the SEC action and

ordered the seizure of assets in the possession of those entities and the

individual defendants. The receivership is meant to “prevent waste and

dissipation of the assets of Defendants to the detriment of the investors” and

empowers the receiver to take “all acts necessary to conserve, hold, manage, and

preserve the value” of the estate. 

To that end, the receiver has sued various Stanford financial advisors to

recoup assets traceable to the alleged criminal conduct. In the course of those

suits, the receiver hired forensic accountant Karyl Van Tassel to detail the roles

the Stanford entities played in carrying out the alleged acts. Van Tassel

determined that new CD sales were not invested as represented, but were

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No. 10-20069

See FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(3). 1

3

instead used to pay CD interest and redemption payments to existing investors,

as well as to pay commissions and bonuses and make loans to Stanford financial

advisors—in short, that the CD sales represented a classic Ponzi scheme.

II

In June 2009, the government brought a parallel criminal case against

Stanford, Holt, Lopez, and Kuhrt in the Southern District of Texas. A twentyone count indictment charged the executives with conspiracy to commit mail,

wire, and securities fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, conspiracy to obstruct an SEC

investigation, obstruction of an SEC investigation, and conspiracy to commit

money laundering. 

James Davis, the former CFO of two Stanford companies, was separately

charged with mail fraud, conspiracy to violate the mail, wire, and securities

fraud law, and conspiracy to obstruct a proceeding before the SEC. He pled

guilty to all charges on August 27, 2009, signing a sworn plea agreement and

stating under oath in open court that, together with each of the other named

defendants, he had engaged in various acts in furtherance of a Ponzi scheme.

These acts included the creation of falsified financial statements, bribery, the

concealment of billions of dollars of fraudulent personal loans to Allen Stanford,

and the execution of bogus real estate transactions designed to artificially inflate

the value of company assets. The district court accepted Davis’s guilty plea after

finding a factual basis for it. 

1

Meanwhile, the other executives have pled not guilty. Jury selection in

their criminal cases, pending before Judge David Hittner in the Southern

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No. 10-20069

 While we refer to a single policy, there are actually two in play: a D&O policy 2

providing the potential for $10 million in coverage and an excess, follow-form policy that adds

another $90 million of potential coverage on the same terms as those found in the D&O policy.

 Tom Baker & Sean J. Griffith, The Missing Monitor in Corporate Governance: The 3

Directors’ & Officers’ Liability Insurer, 95 GEO. L.J. 1795, 1801 (2007).

As the Texas Supreme Court has recognized, “[t]his is standard for D&O policies.” 4

Prodigy Comms. Corp. v. Agricultural Excess & Surplus Ins. Co., 288 S.W.3d 374, 376 n.3 (Tex.

2009) (citing 3 ROWLAND H. LONG, THE LAW OF LIABILITY INSURANCE § 12A.05[1] (2006)).

4

District of Texas, is scheduled for January 2011. Discovery in the SEC action,

pending before Judge David Godbey in the Northern District of Texas, has been

stayed pending the resolution of the criminal trial.

III

The underwriters at Lloyd’s and Arch issued a directors’ and officers’

liability policy to certain Stanford companies, with a total policy limit of $100

million. This type of insurance is generally meant to protect corporate officers 2

and directors and the corporation itself from liabilities stemming from their

official conduct.3

The policy at issue here pays for, among other things, “[l]oss resulting from

any Claim first made during the Policy Period for a Wrongful Act.” “Loss” is

defined to include necessary legal fees and expenses incurred in defending any

judicial or administrative proceeding against a director or officer. 

The D&O Policy does not impose a duty to defend. Rather, the executives 4

must defend claims themselves, though the underwriters are responsible for

covered defense costs, provided the executives notify the underwriters before

they are incurred. If the underwriters consent to payment of those costs, they

will pay them no more than once every 60 days. 

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No. 10-20069

 The underwriters later agreed to reimburse Mark Kuhrt’s defense costs on the same 5

terms as the other executives.

5

After the government filed SEC and criminal actions against them, the

executives sought coverage under the policy. The underwriters initially agreed

to advance defense costs for Stanford, Holt, and Lopez, pending a “final 5

coverage determination,” but expressly reserved the right to deny coverage at

any time based on the policy’s terms, including exclusions for fraud and money

laundering. Agreeing that the policy generally applies to the civil and criminal

actions brought against the executives, the parties dispute the applicability of

the money laundering exclusion.

The fraud exclusion—which is not at issue here—is useful for comparison.

It disclaims coverage for loss:

[R]esulting from any Claim . . . . brought about or contributed to in fact by

. . . any dishonest, fraudulent or criminal act or omission by the Directors

or Officers or the Company . . . as determined by a final adjudication. 

In other words, the fraud exclusion does not apply until there is a “final

adjudication” that the insured engaged in fraudulent conduct. We have no

“final adjudication” here, so, as the underwriters concede, the D&O Policy’s

fraud exclusion cannot be a valid basis for withdrawing defense support.

The money laundering exclusion is different. It bars coverage for loss

(including defense costs) resulting from any claim “arising directly or indirectly

as a result of or in connection with any act or acts (or alleged act or acts) of

Money Laundering,” but then provides for qualified reimbursement of defense

costs, coupled with the ability to claw back reimbursed funds from the insureds

in certain instances:

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No. 10-20069

 Emphasis added. 6

 The provision also bars coverage for the eponymous crime: “any act or acts (or alleged 7

act or acts) which are in breach of and/or constitute an offence or offences under any money

laundering legislation (or any provisions and/or rules or regulations made by any Regulatory

Body or Authority thereunder).”

6

Notwithstanding the foregoing Exclusion, Underwriters shall pay Costs,

Charges and Expenses in the event of an alleged act or alleged acts until

such time that it is determined that the alleged act or alleged acts did in

fact occur. In such event the Directors and Officers and the Company will

reimburse Underwriters for such Costs, Charges and Expenses paid on

their behalf.6

The D&O Policy defines the term “Money Laundering” broadly, so that it

covers more than a violation of a money laundering statute. The policy’s 7

definition of Money Laundering includes:

(i) the concealment, or disguise, or conversion, or transfer, or removal

of Criminal Property, (including concealing or disguising its nature,

source, location, disposition, movement or ownership or any rights

relating thereto); or 

(ii) the entering into or becoming in any way concerned in an

arrangement which is known or suspected to facilitate (by whatever

means) the acquisition, retention, use or control of Criminal

Property by or on behalf of another person; or

(iii) the acquisition, use or possession of Criminal Property; or

(iv) any act which constitutes an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to

commit any act or acts mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs (i),

(ii) or (iii); or

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7

(v) any act which constitutes aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring

the commission of any act or acts mentioned in the foregoing

paragraphs (i), (ii) or (iii).

At its most basic, then, the definition of Money Laundering reduces to the

use or possession of Criminal Property, a term which is also broadly drawn to

include:

[P]roperty which constitutes a benefit obtained from or as a result of or in

connection with criminal conduct or represents such a benefit (in whole or

part and whether directly or indirectly) which the Directors or Officers or

the Company (or any person or entity acting on their behalf) knows or

suspects or reasonably should have known or suspected that it constitutes

or represents such a benefit.

IV

On November 16, 2009, the underwriters by letter advised the executives

that the underwriters would no longer provide coverage under the D&O Policy

because they had determined, based on the evidence available to them up to that

point, that Money Laundering, as defined by the policy, had occurred. Although

notice to the executives of this determination came in November, the

underwriters denied coverage as of August 27, 2009—the date of CFO James

Davis’s guilty plea. The underwriters contend that each allegation against the

executives in the SEC and criminal actions “aris[es] directly or indirectly as a

result of or in connection with any act . . . of Money Laundering.” The

underwriters urge this reading of the policy even though only one of twenty-one

counts charged in the criminal action alleges money laundering as defined by

law. In doing so, they rely on the policy’s definition of Money Laundering, which

is defined to cover much broader conduct than the violation of a money

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No. 10-20069

8

laundering statute, and the fact that an act need only be “in connection with” an

alleged act of Money Laundering to preclude coverage. 

To support their “in fact” determination, the underwriters cite the

following evidence:

(1) the SEC action’s preliminary finding of “good cause to believe that

[the executives] used improper means to obtain investor funds and

assets”; 

(2) the TRO and preliminary injunction in the SEC action, which froze

personal and corporate assets and appointed a receiver;

(3) the SEC action’s preliminary injunction finding that “Stanford

engaged in fraudulent conduct, including misappropriating investor

funds”; 

(4) the examination report and testimony of the receiver’s accounting

expert, Van Tassel, that investment proceeds were used to pay

interest on existing investment products, commissions, and bonuses,

and to make loans to employees; and

(5) the statements of alleged co-conspirator Davis that the executives

were behind a “massive Ponzi scheme.”

The executives filed suit against the underwriters in the Southern District

of Texas on November 17, 2009, seeking damages, a declaration that their

defense costs must be reimbursed under the D&O Policy, and a preliminary

injunction ordering the underwriters to pay their defense costs until a final

judgment on the merits of the coverage dispute. The suit was originally assigned

to Judge Gray Miller but was transferred to Judge Hittner, before whom the

criminal trial is pending. Judge Hittner heard oral argument on December 17,

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No. 10-20069

Pendergest-Holt v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, ___ F. Supp. 2d ____,

8

2010 WL 317684, at *14 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 26, 2010).

Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365, 374 (2008). 9

Byrum v. Landreth, 566 F.3d 442, 445 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Women’s Med. Ctr. of 10

Nw. Houston v. Bell, 248 F.3d 411, 419 (5th Cir. 2001)).

Id. (citing Speaks v. Kruse, 445 F.3d 396, 399 & n.8 (5th Cir. 2006)).

11

9

2009, where the underwriters presented the evidence listed above, while the

executives invoked their Fifth Amendment right not to testify.

Finding that the “money laundering” exclusion most likely would not

preclude coverage, Judge Hittner granted the executives’ request and prohibited

the underwriters from “withholding payment” for all costs “already incurred” by

the executives and to be “incurred by them in the future . . . until a trial on the

merits in this case or such other time as this Court orders.” 

8

The underwriters successfully sought a stay pending expedited appeal in

this court and now seek reversal of the preliminary injunction.

V

“A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is

likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the

absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and

that an injunction is in the public interest.” “‘Although the ultimate decision 9

whether to grant or deny a preliminary injunction is reviewed only for abuse of

discretion, a decision grounded in erroneous legal principles is reviewed de

novo.’” And, “when a preliminary injunction turns on a mixed question of law 10

and fact, it, too, is reviewed de novo.” We look first to the executives’ likelihood 11

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No. 10-20069

Don’s Bldg. Supply, Inc. v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 267 S.W.3d 20, 23 (Tex. 2008). 12

Id.

13

Id.

14

National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Willis, 296 F.3d 336, 339 (5th Cir. 15

2002) (citing Lubbock County Hosp. Dist. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 143 F.3d 239, 242 (5th

Cir. 1998)); National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Hudson Energy Co., 811 S.W.2d 552, 555 (Tex.

1991); Blaylock v. Am. Guarantee Bank Liab. Ins. Co., 632 S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex. 1982)).

10

of success on the merits, but, as we explain below, we will not fully resolve the

matter.

A

By the D&O Policy’s terms, the underwriters are not liable for any

loss—including damages, judgments, settlements, and defense costs—“arising

. . . in connection” with acts or alleged acts of Money Laundering. That said,

when allegations of Money Laundering are leveled against the executives, the

underwriters may not immediately withdraw all coverage. They must instead

pay legal costs incurred by the executives in defending against those allegations

“until such time that it is determined that the alleged act or alleged acts did in

fact occur.” 

Texas law applies; it requires us to construe insurance policies using the

same rules of construction applicable to contracts generally. “Effectuating the 12

parties’ expressed intent,” then, is our primary concern. If a policy uses 13

unambiguous language, it must be enforced as written. But, if a policy is 14

susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, “[t]his Court has clearly

identified that Texas law requires an insurance policy to be construed against

the insurer and in favor of the insured”—in other words, in favor of coverage.15

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No. 10-20069

Balandran v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 972 S.W.2d 738, 741 (Tex. 1998) (quoting 16

Hudson Energy, 811 S.W.2d at 555) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 The executives also argue that the underwriters’ reading of the money laundering

17

exclusion “swallows up” the fraud exclusion. It is true that only one of twenty-one criminal

counts brought against the executives alleges “money laundering” as defined by law. But the

Money Laundering exclusion’s language is sufficiently broad to capture the other twenty

counts without rendering the fraud exclusion itself a nullity (each arises directly or indirectly

as a result of or in connection with acts or alleged acts of Money Laundering, as defined by the

policy). One example of a fraud claim safe from the Money Laundering exclusion would be an

alleged reckless failure to disclose material information—e.g., where the company operates an

otherwise legitimate business but is alleged to have overstated earnings in public filings.

11

Where an exclusionary provision is ambiguous—that is, amenable to two or more

reasonable interpretations—the court must adopt the construction urged by the

insured so long as that construction is not unreasonable, even if the insurer’s

construction “appears to be more reasonable or a more accurate reflection of the

parties’ intent.” 

16

Before the district court and in their briefing here, the executives have

consistently pushed a reading of the Money Laundering exclusion that would

prevent any determination until a final adjudication in the underlying criminal

proceeding; they now, however, prudently concede that the “in fact”

determination may be made prior to resolution of either the criminal or SEC

action and may be heard as a parallel coverage matter. For their part, the 17

underwriters have urged that the policy empowers them to make a

determination of coverage at any time, hewing closely to rhetoric suggesting the

determination was theirs alone—unilateral. That rhetoric fell away in this court

and the underwriters—either softening their position or perhaps more clearly

articulating it—now accept that the “determination” is, at the very least,

judicially-reviewable and is subject to reconsideration should the executives be

cleared of all charges.

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No. 10-20069

12

For all practical purposes, this pending civil matter is that separate

coverage action and we treat it accordingly, though two legal issues remain

predicate to the ultimate question of coverage: (1) whether the underwriters’

duties end when they make an “in fact” determination (subject to judicial review)

or whether that determination can only be made in the first instance by a court;

and (2) whether a court may examine evidence in making its determination or

whether it is instead confined to the underlying complaint’s allegations and the

D&O Policy’s terms. Only after we resolve these questions can a court consider

whether the record is sufficient to support a determination that the alleged

Money Laundering acts in fact occurred. 

B

As for who may make the “in fact” determination, the Money Laundering

exclusion is silent; it provides only that the underwriters may stop

reimbursement of defense costs when “it is determined that the alleged act or

alleged acts did in fact occur.” The underwriters maintain that they may make

this determination in the first instance, the obligation to advance defense costs

ends when they do so, and their decision is subject only to judicial reversal after

the fact. The executives assert that the “in fact” determination is not merely

judicially-reviewable but must be judicially-made in the first instance; in other

words, that the underwriters’ duties continue until they have a court judgment

in hand, decreeing that Money Laundering was “in fact” committed. The parties’

disagreement is subtle but important.

Texas courts give policy terms their “ordinary and commonly understood

meaning unless the policy itself shows the parties intended a different, technical

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No. 10-20069

Don’s Bldg. Supply, 267 S.W.3d at 23. 18

 B LACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 480 (8th ed. 2004). 19

 M ERRIAM WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 315 (10th ed. 1996). 20

 B LACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 792 (8th ed. 2004). 21

Associated Elec. & Gas Ins. Servs. v. Rigas, 382 F. Supp. 2d 685, 701 (E.D. Pa. 2004)).

22

13

meaning.” The D&O Policy leaves “determined” and “in fact” undefined. 18

Dictionaries define “determination” as “[a] final decision by a court or

administrative agency” and to “determine” as “to fix conclusively or 19

authoritatively,” “to decide by judicial sentence,” or “to settle or decide by choice

of alternatives or possibilities.” Black’s Law Dictionary tell us that “in fact” 20

means “[a]ctual or real” or “resulting from the acts of parties rather than by

operation of law.”21

None of these definitions provides a conclusive answer, though taken

together they favor a judicial decisionmaker over any other. In this void, the

underwriters—as drafters of the policy—could have unambiguously reserved a

unilateral right to determine that the alleged acts in fact occurred. Rather than

saying “until it is determined . . . in fact,” they could have avoided ambiguity

entirely by providing “until we have determined” or “until Underwriters

determined.” The parties’ word choice—“it is determined”—leaves us guessing,

but it hardly seems a drafting error, at least not an inadvertent one.

Because “[i]t would be possible for carriers issuing D & O policies to

explicitly reserve to themselves the unfettered discretion whether to advance

defense costs,” if an insurer “wants the unilateral right to refuse a payment

called for in the policy, the policy should clearly state that right.” As the 22

Eastern District of Pennsylvania put it, an insurer’s policy may be silent on this

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No. 10-20069

Id.

23

 Our reading is consonant with the interpretation by other courts that have 24

considered a D&O policy’s use of the term “in fact”—without apparent exception these

decisions assume court involvement in the decision to cut off the insured from payment for

litigation costs and belie any notion of a unilateral right to determine coverage (in the absence

of unambiguous language granting such a right). See, e.g., Virginia Mason Med. Ctr. v.

Executive Risk Indem. Inc., 2007 WL3473683, at *5 (W.D.Wash. Nov. 14, 2007) (unpublished).

Axis Reins Co. v. Bennett, 2008 WL 2600034, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (unpublished) 25

(quoting Rigas, 382 F. Supp. 2d at 699) (internal quotation marks omitted).

14

issue for good reason: “a policy with such a draconian power [might be] difficult

to sell.” While there is nothing remarkable about an insurer reserving the 23

right to make a unilateral coverage decision, it is similarly unremarkable to

require an insurer to be explicit when doing so, rather than leaving the reader

to ponder the word “it.”24

Without clearer direction from the policy itself, the parties both offer

plausible interpretations. Neither is unreasonable: “From the point of view of

[the underwriters], to wait for a judicial determination of the elements listed in

the [exclusion] means that [they] may have to pay substantial sums for defense

costs even though it is later determined” the alleged acts did in fact occur, while

“[f]rom the point of view of [the executives], it is unfair to give an insurer the

ability to escape its duty to advance payment merely because it asserts the

[exclusion], without any judicial decision.”25

The underwriters nonetheless contend that “it is determined . . . in fact”

is not ambiguous because it stands in meaningful contrast to the language of the

fraud exclusion. That exclusion is triggered only by a “final adjudication” that

fraud “in fact” occurred. Because we must interpret the D&O Policy “in such a

way as to give effect to each term . . . so that none will be rendered

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No. 10-20069

See Willis, 296 F.3d at 339 (citing Lynch Props., Inc. v. Potomac Ins. Co. of Ill., 140

26

F.3d 622, 626 (5th Cir. 1998); Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464

(Tex. 1998)).

 In that case, PMI Mortgage, the court rejected the defendant’s contention that mere 27

allegations were sufficient to trigger the “in fact” exclusions, but noted that the policy’s use of

the term “judicially determined” placed limits on the meaning of “in fact”:

[W]hen read according to its ordinary and popular meaning, the phrase “judicially

determined” necessarily limits any final adjudication or factual determination to one

that is made by the judiciary, whereas the term “in fact” includes adjudications or

determinations that are not made judicially, and is therefore broader in scope. In

short, the court holds that the term “in fact” within the context of the exclusion here

should be read to require either a final adjudication, including a judicial adjudication,

or at a minimum, at least some evidentiary proof that the insured reaped an illegal

profit or gain. 

PMI Mortgage Ins. Co. v. American Int’l Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 2006 WL 825266 (N.D. Cal.

Mar. 29, 2006) (unpublished). When confronting the latter possibility—a proffer of “some

evidentiary proof”—the court would then be tasked with “objectively verify[ing]” that the

condition is fulfilled. Id. at *5.

15

meaningless,” the underwriters argue that “determined . . . in fact” must be 26

construed to mean something other than a “final adjudication.” They maintain

that only the latter requires a judicial decisionmaker.

None of the D&O Policy’s other exclusions—which undisputedly allow the

underwriters to make a coverage decision—use the terms “it is determined,” “in

fact,” or “final adjudication.” And, like the first two phrases, “final adjudication”

is left undefined. The underwriters note, however, that the Northern District

of California has examined—in an unpublished opinion—the meaning of the

term “in fact” from a D&O policy also containing the phrase “judicially

determined.” Here, though, we do not compare “in fact” with “judicially 27

determined,” but rather “determined . . . in fact” with “final adjudication,” and

the difference means an analogy between the pairs should not be drawn. For

one, the D&O Policy’s Money Laundering exclusion requires not only an act “in

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No. 10-20069

 Dan A. Bailey, D&O Policy Commentary, 702 PLI/LIT 205, 215 (Feb. 17–18, 2004) 28

(“For those forms which require a final adjudication, courts have consistently held that the

adjudication must occur in the underlying D&O proceeding (not in coverage litigation) and

therefore the exclusion is inapplicable if the claim against the D&Os is settled. [I]f the

exclusion does not expressly require an adjudication, the exclusion can apply to settlements.”).

Accord Atlantic Permanent Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. American Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa., 839

F.2d 212, 216–17 (4th Cir. 1988) (holding that, given the policy of construing insurance policies

against the insurer, the words “a judgment or other final adjudication thereof’” could be

reasonably interpreted to refer to the underlying lawsuit for which coverage is sought) (citing

Pepsico, Inc. v. Continental Cas. Co., 640 F. Supp. 656 (S.D.N.Y. 1986)).

 E RIC MILLS HOLMES,23HOLMES’APPLEMAN ON INSURANCE 2D § 146.6 (2003) (quoting 29

Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Continental Illinois Corp., 666 F. Supp. 1180,

1198 (N.D. Ill. 1987)). See also Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Brown, 787 F.

Supp. 1424, 1429 (S.D. Fla. 1991), aff’d 963 F.2d 985 (11th Cir. 1992) (“[T]he exclusion does

not apply at this time because there has been no final adjudication establishing that the

Insureds engaged in fraud, dishonesty or criminal acts.”).

16

fact” but an act “determined” to be so—and, as we have explained, “determined”

can denote a legal decision. More important, courts have interpreted both “final

adjudication” and “in fact” to require a judicial decisionmaker: the question is

not whether a court makes the determination but in which judicial proceeding

that determination is made—i.e., whether it is made in the underlying case or

in a separate coverage action.

When a D&O policy requires a “final adjudication” to trigger an exclusion,

“courts have consistently held that the adjudication must occur in the underlying

D&O proceeding,” rather than in a parallel coverage action or other lawsuit.28

The distinction is important because under a “final adjudication” clause, some

courts bar insurers, after settlement of the underlying case, from litigating

“whether the settled claims were in fact attributable to defendants’ dishonest

acts.” Read this way, a final adjudication exclusion limits the insurer’s 29

recourse if the parties settle—the most likely outcome—or if the insured is

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No. 10-20069

See In re Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc., 186 B.R. 364, 368–70 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1995), 30

aff’d, 182 F.2d 899 (2d Cir. 1999) (holding that absent any indication the jury had actually

rendered a verdict based on the excluded conduct, there was no final adjudication of such

conduct, even though it worked some unfairness to the insurer who was obviously unable to

intervene in the underlying criminal case and pose the necessary, and more specific, question

to the jury).

 In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivatives & “ERISA” Litig., 391 F. Supp. 2d 541, 573 (S.D. 31

Tex. 2005).

See, e.g., Westport Ins. Corp. v. Hanft & Knight, P.C., 523 F. Supp. 2d 444, 454–55

32

(M.D. Pa. 2007); Virginia Mason Med. Ctr., 2007 WL 3473683, at *5.

See Westport, 523 F. Supp. 2d at 455 (finding sufficient evidence in the complaint to 33

make an “in fact” determination). See also PMI Mortgage, 2006 WL 825266 at *7 (holding

“that the term ‘in fact’ within the context of the exclusion here should be read to require either

a final adjudication, including a judicial adjudication, or at a minimum, at least some

evidentiary proof”); Federal Ins. Co. v. Cintas Corp., 2006 WL 1476206, at *7 (S.D. Ohio May

25, 2006) (unpublished) (holding exclusion did not absolve insurer of duty to defend because

“no factual or legal basis currently exists for applying the Exclusion”). Other courts see “in

fact,” standing alone and without contrasting “final adjudication” language, as essentially

meaning “final adjudication.” See, e.g., American Chem. Soc’y v. Leadscope, Inc., 2005 WL

1220746, at *11–12 (Ohio Ct. App. May 24, 2005) (unpublished) (finding “in fact” to require

a “final adjudication” in the underlying litigation).

17

otherwise absolved of liability or guilt in the underlying action. As the district 30

court in the Enron case explained, “the ‘final adjudication’ requirement of [the]

exclusions implies that where the insured is not found guilty, there is coverage

for his costs and expenses in defending himself in a criminal action.”31

In contrast, courts have generally imbued “in fact” language with a

broader scope than “final adjudication,” holding, for example, that the term

requires a final decision on the merits in either the underlying case or a separate

coverage case, or an admission by the insured. These cases do not require a

32

final adjudication by the factfinder in the underlying case, but rather offer it as

a coequal alternative to having a court make the assessment in a separate

coverage proceeding. In bargaining for “in fact” language, then, the insurer 33

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See Balandran, 972 S.W.2d at 741 (quoting Hudson Energy, 811 S.W.2d at 555). 34

18

reserves the right to litigate the coverage question outside of the underlying

action for which insurance coverage is sought.

Here, the Money Laundering exclusion employs similar

language—“determined . . . in fact”—and so, in keeping with the weight of the

caselaw, implies that the coverage decision is to be made—not in the criminal or

SEC actions—but in a parallel and independent proceeding. In contrast, the

fraud exclusion’s use of the term “final adjudication” means it will not be

triggered until resolution of the underlying dispute. Despite these differences,

both exclusions leave the decision for the judiciary in the first instance. 

Even if the Money Laundering exclusion is also amenable to the

underwriters’ interpretation, the parties’ chosen terms lend themselves to a

reasonable interpretation in favor of coverage and we must follow it: we 34

interpret a “determ[ination] . . . in fact”—absent language unambiguously

pointing to the underwriters as the decisionmakers—as requiring a judicial act.

And, given the contrasting language of the Money Laundering and fraud

exclusions, that act must be the result of a separate coverage proceeding.

C

As for the question of what evidence may be considered in making a

“determin[ation] . . . in fact,” the executives push another Texas

fundamental—the “eight corners” rule—which requires courts to measure an

insurer’s duty to defend by examining only the policy’s provisions and the

underlying complaint’s factual allegations, “without reference to the truth or

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No. 10-20069

Argonaut Sw. Ins. Co. v. Maupin, 500 S.W.2d 633, 635 (Tex. 1973). 35

Julio & Sons Co. v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am., 591 F. Supp. 2d 651, 659

36

(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (“While there appears to be no dispute that defendant ‘has no duty to defend

any Claim’ against plaintiff, . . . the Court has found no decisions by the Texas courts

concerning a different standard for a duty to advance defense costs . . . .”).

See Fairfield Ins. Co. v. Stephens Martin Paving, LP, 246 S.W.3d 653, 664–65 (Tex. 37

2008).

Fortis Benefits v. Cantu, 234 S.W.3d 642, 648–49 (Tex. 2007). 38

19

falsity of such allegations.” The executives contend this general rule prohibits 35

the underwriters’ attempt to put forth extrinsic evidence in support of an “in

fact” determination. The district court agreed.

The Texas Supreme Court has spoken of the eight corners rule only in the

context of duty-to-defend cases, and no Texas state court has applied the rule to

a case, like the present one, involving a duty to advance defense costs.36

Whatever the Texas Supreme Court might do to resolve the issue in a future

case, however, we need not venture a guess in this one: the D&O Policy’s terms

plainly state that the underwriters must advance defense costs “until it is

determined that the alleged act or alleged acts did in fact occur” and, in so doing,

require recourse to something more than mere allegations. The terms

contemplate the use of extrinsic evidence in making the determination. Thus,

we need not and hence do not pause to decide whether the eight corners rule

applies to the duty to advance costs as a general matter, for Texas prefers

freedom of contract and honors the well-worn prerogatives of parties to 37

override judge-made doctrines—like the eight corners rule—by contracting

around them. After all, it is a contract that we are construing. Assuming but 38

not deciding the eight corners rule would have applied, the parties chose—in

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plain language—to displace it and to provide for the use of extrinsic evidence.

We must give effect to those bargained-for choices. 

Our conclusion rings all the more true because the executives must agree

with it to some extent; they contend—rightly—that mere allegations are

insufficient to bar coverage under the D&O Policy. But, that is so only if the

parties opted out of the eight corners rule. If they did not, the allegations of

money laundering and other acts in the criminal and civil complaints, and the

policy’s broad definitions, might suffice to push the executives out of

coverage—undoubtedly a nuance the executives understand quite well. 

D

Having concluded that the “in fact” determination must be made by a court

in a separate, parallel coverage action, in which all admissible evidence is

welcome, we decline to proceed with that action in this court. Rather we will

remand for further proceedings. 

Because much gear shifting has gone on between Houston and New

Orleans, and because Judge Hittner did not have the benefit of the parties’

positions on appeal, we cannot read his order as accomplishing the task of a

separate coverage action. And as we have seen, the eight corners rule, which

found traction in the district court and on which the order relied in part, has

proved to be at best a red herring.

Nor can we ignore the awkwardness—readily recognized by Judge

Hittner—in putting the civil “cart” before the criminal “horse,” especially when

the judge who decides the question of coverage, with its demand for assessing

the strength of the government’s criminal case, is set to later preside over the

criminal trial. To extricate the able district judge from an awkwardness that

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21

was not of his choosing, any subsequent coverage proceedings must be before

another judge. The question, of course, is one of appearance, not of impartiality.

We remand, then, to the Southern District of Texas. There, the chief judge may

assign the case to another judge.

On remand this case will be the collateral vehicle for the “determin[ation]

. . . in fact” that the D&O Policy contemplates. The district court must decide

whether the underwriters are responsible thereafter for reimbursement of the

executives’ defense costs. We do not comment on the merits of the sought relief.

The underwriters are entitled to a decision in a separate coverage action,

for their bargain sought to mitigate the risk of advancing substantial fees on

behalf of policyholders should it be found that the insureds did in fact commit

Money Laundering as defined in the policy. By the bargain, they are not

compelled to remain aboard an aircraft that has lost its wings. Still, a

determination at this juncture cannot be final in the sense that, as the

underwriters concede, a determination of the facts on remand unfavorable to the

executives would have to be reconsidered should the executives be cleared of all

charges. That is, the judicial decision required by this coverage action remains

subject to modification. This wise concession—based on a calculation of the

executives’ long-term prospects at trial and of their ability to repay costs should

they be convicted—effectively limits the district court’s task on remand. The

district court will consider the underwriters’ future obligation to advance the

costs of defense, but its grant of relief from this obligation—if any—remains

subject to reconsideration should the executives be exonerated in either the

criminal or SEC proceeding. In that event, a court will be able to adduce all

facts and make a final coverage determination. This works a sensible

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construction of an awkwardly drafted instrument, aided by the equity power of

the court to grasp the realities of the situation at hand.

VI

As we have read the policy, the determination is a judicial act, not an

affirmation of a unilateral coverage decision. Because the policy remains silent

on the standard of proof to apply, whether that decision should be made by a

preponderance or only on clear and convincing evidence presents a substantial

issue. We need not and hence do not resolve the issue here. Rather, we leave

this matter to the district court who, on hearing the evidence, may find that the

answer is not outcome determinative. 

VII

Necessary to our disposition of this appeal, which is properly before us

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), is the antecedent question of who makes the

“determination” that Money Laundering did or did not occur. Because our

interpretation of the policy is binding on the parties as a now-resolved matter of

law, and because we have decided that a court should weigh the evidence in the

first instance, the inescapable conclusion is that regardless of which parties are

likely to succeed on the merits, the underwriters are contractually bound to

reimburse reasonable defense costs until that merits decision is reached. The

practical effect of this legal conclusion is equivalent to the effect of the

preliminary injunction entered by the district court, at least insofar as it

required the reimbursement of reasonable defense costs until a judicial

determination in this coverage action. For that reason, we affirm the

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preliminary injunction as modified herein. This conclusion in no way controls

the ultimate coverage decision.

VIII

Our focus has been on the underwriters’ obligation to reimburse defense

costs, but the D&O Policy also imposes an obligation on the executives to repay

those costs if it is determined that they committed acts in connection with

Money Laundering. As we have read the policy, the underwriters may seek this

determination in a parallel action and, if successful, escape the obligation to

make future reimbursements, subject to reconsideration following a favorable

verdict in either proceeding.

It follows that the executives’ repayment obligations are triggered only by

the coverage determination after any reconsideration. Any other reading ignores

the realities of the underlying litigation and the purposes of the policy.

IX

We modify the district court’s injunction consistent with this opinion,

affirm the district court’s order only insofar as it provides for coverage until a

court determines otherwise, and remand for further proceedings on the coverage

question. The underwriters are enjoined from refusing to advance defense costs

as provided for in the D&O Policy unless and until a court determines “that the

alleged act or alleged acts [of Money Laundering] did in fact occur.” For these

costs, the amount of reimbursement found reasonable remains open for

determination and that also will lie with the judge on remand. Nothing herein

precludes on remand the filing of companion suits for declaratory and injunctive

relief or other relief, or, with leave of the district court, amendments to the

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parties’ pleadings. Given the effect the determination in this case may have on

the executives’ ability to secure criminal and civil counsel of their choosing, we

are confident that the district court assigned this action on remand will be one

able to proceed as expeditiously as is feasible under the circumstances.

MODIFIED, AFFIRMED as modified, and REMANDED with instructions.

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