Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-caed-2_15-cv-00002/USCOURTS-caed-2_15-cv-00002-5/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 446
Nature of Suit: Americans with Disabilities Act - Other
Cause of Action: 42:12101 Americans with Disabilities Act

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 

ROBERT LEVINE, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

SLEEP TRAIN, INC., et al., 

Defendants. 

No. 2:15-cv-00002-WBS-AC 

FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS 

On October 7, 2015, the court held a hearing on plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment 

against defendant Costal Breeze Limousine, LLC (“Coastal Breeze”). Celia McGuinness 

appeared on behalf of plaintiffs Robert Levine and Veronica Guzman. Coastal Breeze failed to 

appear. On review of the motions, the documents filed in support and opposition, upon hearing 

the arguments of plaintiffs and counsel, and good cause appearing therefor, THE COURT FINDS 

AS FOLLOWS: 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

Plaintiffs filed their original complaint on December 31, 2014. ECF No. 1. Defendant 

Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. (“Live Nation”) filed its original answer on February 2, 2015. 

ECF No. 4. On February 13, 2015, plaintiffs filed proofs of service for all defendants. ECF Nos. 

7–10. According to Coastal Breeze’s proof of service, it was served by substitute service 

pursuant to California Civil Procedure Code § 415.20(a) at 4878 Pasadena Ave., Sacramento, CA 

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95841.1 ECF No. 9. On March 2, 2015, Sleep Train, Inc. (“Sleep Train”) filed its original 

answer. ECF No. 13. On March 20, 2015, plaintiffs filed a request for entry of default against 

Coastal Breeze, pursuant to Rule 55(a), Fed. R. Civ. P. ECF Nos. 19, 20. On March 23, 2015, 

the Clerk entered the default. ECF No. 22. On May 13, 2015, plaintiffs filed proof of service of 

their request for entry of default and the clerk’s entry of default upon Coastal Breeze. ECF No. 

28. According to plaintiffs’ proof of service, the process server served Coastal Breeze in person 

at its mailing address on May 7, 2015, at 4:15 p.m. by leaving copies of the request for entry of 

default and the clerk’s entry of default with an unnamed staff supervisor. Id. The process server 

also mailed copies of the summons and complaint to the same address on the same day. Id. 

On July 23, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to amend their complaint. ECF Nos. 

34, 35. On August 20, 2015, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion, giving them twenty (20) days to 

file an amended complaint. ECF No. 41. On August 25, 2015, plaintiffs filed the operative first 

amended complaint. ECF No. 42. On September 4, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion for default 

judgment against Coastal Breeze, along with declarations from both plaintiffs in support. ECF 

 

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 Section 415.20(a) states the following: 

(a) In lieu of personal delivery of a copy of the summons and 

complaint to the person to be served as specified in Section 416.10, 

416.20, 416.30, 416.40, or 416.50, a summons may be served by 

leaving a copy of the summons and complaint during usual office 

hours in his or her office or, if no physical address is known, at his 

or her usual mailing address, other than a United States Postal 

Service post office box, with the person who is apparently in charge 

thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and 

complaint by first- class mail, postage prepaid to the person to be 

served at the place where a copy of the summons and complaint 

were left. When service is effected by leaving a copy of the 

summons and complaint at a mailing address, it shall be left with a 

person at least 18 years of age, who shall be informed of the 

contents thereof. Service of a summons in this manner is deemed 

complete on the 10th day after the mailing. 

Plaintiffs state that the process server left the summons and complaint with Anolrey Svomilov, 

the person in charge, at 4:10 p.m. on January 26, 2015. ECF No. 9. Two days later, the process 

server mailed the documents to the aforementioned address. Id. Accordingly, plaintiffs properly 

served Coastal Breeze pursuant to California law and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(A), (e)(1). 

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Nos. 43–45. On September 8, 2015, Live Nation and Sleep Train both filed answers to plaintiffs’ 

amended complaint. ECF Nos. 49, 50. 

UNDERLYING FACTS 

Because default has been entered against Coastal Breeze, plaintiffs’ factual allegations are 

taken as true in disposing of their motion for default judgment. See Geddes v. United Financial 

Group, 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977); Microsoft Corp. v. Nop, 549 F. Supp. 2d 1233, 1235 

(E.D. Cal. 2008). 

Plaintiffs allege that on July 25, 2014, they drove to the Sleep Train Amphitheatre 

(“Amphitheatre”) in Levine’s car to attend a concert. ECF No. 42 at 7. Levine is disabled, and 

his car has a disability placard. Id. The Amphitheatre had 77 parking spaces designated for 

people with disabilities, but they were all full. Id. Plaintiffs claim that this number is insufficient 

for a venue of the Amphitheatre’s size. Id. 

Because there were no more designated disabled parking spaces available, the 

Amphitheatre’s parking agents directed plaintiffs to an area normally reserved for limousine 

parking. Id. at 7–8. In plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment, they claim that after parking a 

number of limousine drivers accosted them and demanded they move their car. ECF No. 43 at 3. 

This fact is not alleged in plaintiffs’ amended complaint and accordingly, the court will not 

consider it in determining whether plaintiffs have stated a claim. After attending the concert and 

returning to their car, plaintiffs noticed that it was gone. ECF No. 42 at 8. According to 

limousine drivers in the area at the time, the car had been towed at the request of drivers for 

Coastal Breeze. Id. Plaintiffs, in their motion for default judgment, also claim that employees for 

Coastal Breeze laughed at them when they returned to retrieve their car. ECF No. 43 at 3. Again, 

this fact is not alleged in their amended complaint. Plaintiffs allege that in order to find their car 

they had to engage in a search that took hours, resulting in discomfort and embarrassment. ECF 

No. 42 at 8. 

LEGAL STANDARDS 

It is within the sound discretion of the district court to grant or deny an application for 

default judgment. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In making this 

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determination, the court considers the following factors: 

(1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of 

plaintiff's substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, 

(4) the sum of money at stake in the action, (5) the possibility of a 

dispute concerning the material facts, (6) whether the default was 

due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 

Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). “In applying this discretionary 

standard, default judgments are more often granted than denied.” Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. 

Castworld Products, Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 498 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (quoting PepsiCo, Inc. v. 

Triunfo-Mex, Inc., 189 F.R.D. 431, 432 (C.D. Cal. 1999)). 

As a general rule, once default is entered, the factual allegations of the complaint are taken 

as true, except for those allegations relating to damages. Tele Video Systems, Inc. v. Heidenthal, 

826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987) (citations omitted). However, although well-pleaded 

allegations in the complaint are admitted by defendant’s failure to respond, “necessary facts not 

contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by 

default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). 

DISCUSSION 

The court will recommend that plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment be denied because 

plaintiffs do not allege facts sufficient to state a claim for violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act 

or the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) against Coastal Breeze. 

Given the close relationship between the merits of plaintiffs’ substantive claims and the 

sufficiency of the complaint, the second and third Eitel factors can be discussed jointly. 

Effectively, factors two and three amount to a requirement that the allegations in the complaint be 

sufficient to state a claim that supports the relief sought. See Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 

1388 (9th Cir. 1978); PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1175. 

Plaintiffs claim in their motion for default judgment that they have sufficiently alleged a 

violation of California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f). ECF No. 43 at 2–3. As 

counsel for plaintiffs noted at the hearing, plaintiffs’ Unruh claims are based on an alleged 

violation of the ADA. See § 51(f) (“A violation of the right of any individual under the federal 

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-3361) shall also constitute a violation of this 

section.”). Plaintiff’s theory of liability as to Coastal Breeze is not clear from the complaint, 

however. Indeed, plaintiffs do not differentiate between defendants when discussing their claims 

in their amended complaint. 

The most glaring defect in plaintiffs’ complaint, for present purposes, is that Coastal 

Breeze is not the public accommodation to which plaintiffs are alleging they were denied access. 

Plaintiffs’ ADA claim arises under Title III, which provides: 

No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of 

disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, 

facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place 

of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or 

leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation. 

42 U.S.C. § 12182(a); PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675–676 (2001) (“To effectuate 

its sweeping purpose, the ADA forbids discrimination against disabled individuals in major areas 

of public life, among them . . . public accommodations (Title III)”). Plaintiffs allege that they 

were denied the full and equal enjoyment of the Amphitheatre because there were an insufficient 

number of disabled parking spaces. ECF No. 42 at 14–17. These allegations could, conceivably, 

form the basis of a cognizable claim against Sleep Train and/or Live Nation as the owners of the 

Amphitheatre. However, these allegations cannot form the basis of a claim against Coastal 

Breeze because plaintiffs do not allege they were denied full and equal access to Coastal Breeze’s 

limousine service. See ECF No. 42 at 14–17. Although plaintiffs seem to be arguing that Coastal 

Breeze is liable because it caused the ADA violation that ultimately took place, they cite no 

authority that would support this kind of liability. 

To the extent that plaintiffs are attempting to assert a separate claim for violation of the 

Unruh Civil Rights Act against Coastal Breeze based on intentional discrimination, that claim 

also fails. See Earll v. eBay, Inc., Case No. 5:11-cv-00262-JF (HRL), 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

100360, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2011) (“A violation of the Unruh Act may be maintained 

independent of an ADA claim where a plaintiff pleads ‘intentional discrimination in public 

accommodations in violation of the terms of the Act.’” (quoting Munson v. Del Taco, Inc., 46 

Cal. 4th 661, 668 (2009)). Plaintiffs never explicitly frame defendant’s actions as constituting 

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intentional discrimination, nor do they cite to any controlling case law. Accordingly, it is unclear 

whether such a claim is even being asserted. To the extent that plaintiffs are asserting an Unruh 

claim against Coastal Breeze based on intentional discrimination, their claim fails because 

plaintiffs do not allege any facts showing their car was towed because Levine is disabled. The 

facts far more plausibly suggest that Levine’s car was towed because Coastal Breeze drivers 

believed they were entitled to the space regardless of who was parked there. 

Plaintiffs also fail to establish that Guzman has standing because of her association with 

Levine. To state a claim for violation of the ADA under Title III, a plaintiff must generally 

establish that he or she is disabled and “was denied public accommodations by the defendant 

because of her disability.” Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2007). 

Plaintiffs argue that Guzman has standing to assert claims against defendants in light of 28 C.F.R. 

§ 35.130(g), which states that “[a] public entity shall not exclude or otherwise deny equal 

services, programs, or activities to an individual or entity because of the known disability of an 

individual with whom the individual or entity is known to have a relationship or association.” 

ECF No. 1 at 4. Section 35.130(g) does not, however, affect whether Guzman has stated a claim 

for violation of the ADA. In fact, § 35.130(g) does not even apply to private entities. 28 C.F.R. § 

35.101 (“The purpose of this part is to effectuate subtitle A of title II of the Americans with 

Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12131), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of 

disability by public entities.”); § 35.130(g). Accordingly, the court finds that Guzman has not 

stated a claim against Coastal Breeze because plaintiffs have not shown she is disabled or that she 

was denied services because of her disability. 

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to state a claim for 

violation of Unruh Civil Rights Act or the ADA against Coastal Breeze and the court will 

recommend that their motion for default judgment be denied. In light of the fact that the second 

and third Eitel factors require the denial of plaintiff’s motion, the court declines to discuss the 

remaining Eitel factors. 

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CONCLUSION 

In accordance with the foregoing, THE COURT HEREBY RECOMMENDS that 

plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment, ECF No. 43, be DENIED without prejudice. 

These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 

assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) 

days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 

objections with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 

Findings and Recommendations.” Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within 

fourteen (14) days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file 

objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. 

Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 

DATED: October 14, 2015 

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