Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-2_14-cv-02511/USCOURTS-azd-2_14-cv-02511-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 864
Nature of Suit: Social Security - SSID Title XVI
Cause of Action: 42:1383 Review of HHS Decision

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WO 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Rhonda Glover, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

Carolyn W. Colvin, 

Defendant.

No. CV-14-02511-PHX-JAT

ORDER 

 Plaintiff Rhonda Glover, legal guardian and grandmother of minor claimant D.H., 

appeals a denial of benefits by the Acting Commissioner of Social Security 

(“Commissioner”). (Doc. 11). The Court now rules on this appeal. 

I. Background 

 A. Procedural History 

 Plaintiff filed an application for disability insurance benefits on January 24, 2011 

on behalf of her minor grandson, D.H., alleging D.H.’s disability beginning July 1, 2008. 

(Doc. 11 at 2; TR at 16). The claim was initially denied on November 4, 2010 and again 

upon reconsideration on October 28, 2011. (TR at 16). Plaintiff requested a hearing, 

which was conducted by an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) on April 11, 2013, with a 

final decision entered April 23, 2013. (Id. at 10). 

 B. Factual Background 

 D.H. was born in 2006. (Doc. 11 at 2). In 2010, D.H. was diagnosed with a 

disruptive behavior disorder after an evaluation at Centro De Amistad. (Id.) Dr. Christina 

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Katen evaluated D.H. in March 2011, diagnosing him with attention deficit hyperactivity 

disorder (“ADHD”) and oppositional defiance disorder (“ODD”). (TR at 22). Dr. Katen 

found that acquisition and integration of new information was difficult for D.H., as his 

“mood dysregulation consumes most of his energy throughout his day with aggression 

and defiance being his primary coping skills.” (Id.) D.H. began to take Adderall in 2012 

to treat his ADHD. (Id. at 21, 392–95). 

 D.H.’s kindergarten teacher, Lisa Van Duyne, completed Teacher Questionnaires 

in September 2011 and August 2012. (Id. at 264–71, 350–57). Both questionnaires noted 

that D.H. had no problems acquiring and using information or moving about and 

manipulating objects. (Id. at 265, 268, 351, 354) Ms. Van Duyne reported low to 

moderate issues with attending and completing tasks and moderate to high problems 

interacting and relating with others. (Id. at 266–67, 352–53) D.H.’s first grade teacher, 

Laura Belliveau, noted a slow improvement in D.H.’s behavior and grades after he was 

placed on medication, but also expressed concern after observing a regression to previous 

behavior. (Id. at 282). Ms. Belliveau rated D.H.’s academic skills as “average” to 

“excellent,” but remarked that he struggled with his relationships with peers and not 

disrupting class. (Id. at 286). Ms. Belliveau noted further that “[D.H.]’s behavior has 

improved immensely since the start of his medication.” (Id. at 287). D.H.’s report card 

for the 2011–2012 school year shows that he meets or exceeds the standards in every 

academic area, but is “satisfactory” or “needs improvement” in social areas. (Id. at 272–

73). Plaintiff testified that D.H. is not in a special education program. (Id. at 40). 

 Dr. Daniel Wiseman, a pediatrician, reviewed D.H.’s file and interviewed him 

during the hearing. (Id. at 40–43). Dr. Wiseman found that, while D.H.’s ADHD caused 

him difficulties, D.H.’s symptoms were not of the severity to meet, medically equal, or 

functionally equal a listed impairment in the C.F.R. (Id. at 46–47). 

II. Disability 

 A. Three-Step Evaluation Process 

 The ALJ follows a three-step process to evaluate whether a child is disabled. First, 

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the ALJ determines whether the child is engaged in substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. 

§ 416.924(a), (b). If the child is engaged in substantial gainful activity, then the child is 

not disabled. Id. § 416.924(b). Second, the ALJ determines whether the child has a 

“medically determinable impairment(s) that is severe.” Id. § 416.924(c). For purposes of 

this step, “a slight abnormality or a combination of slight abnormalities that causes no 

more than minimal functional limitations” does not constitute a severe impairment. Id. If 

the child has no severe, medically determinable impairment, then the child is not 

disabled. Id. Finally, the ALJ must determine whether the child’s impairment “meet[s], 

medically equal[s], or functionally equal[s] the listings.” Id. § 416.924(d). The 

impairment medically equals a listed impairment if “it is at least equal in severity and 

duration to the criteria of any listed impairment.” Id. § 416.926(a); Howard ex rel. Wolff 

v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 2003). The impairment is functionally 

equivalent to a listed impairment if the child has a “marked” limitation in two areas or an 

“extreme” limitation in one area. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a (a); Howard, 341 F.3d at 1012. 

 In making disability determinations, the ALJ must “develop the record and 

interpret the medical evidence.” Howard, 341 F.3d at 1012 (citing Crane v. Shalala, 76 

F.3d 251, 255 (9th Cir. 1996)). In doing do, however, “the ALJ does not need to ‘discuss 

every piece of evidence.’” Id. (citing Black v. Apfel, 143 F.3d 383, 386 (8th Cir. 1998) 

and Vincent v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1393, 1394–95 (9th Cir. 1984)). 

B. The ALJ’s Decision 

 At step one, the ALJ determined that D.H. is not engaged in gainful employment. 

(TR at 19). At step two, the ALJ determined that D.H. has three medically determinable, 

severe impairments: ADHD, ODD, and a disruptive behavior disorder. (Id.) At step three, 

the ALJ found that D.H. does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that 

meets, medically equals, or functionally equals a listed impairment. (Id. at 19–20). 

Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that D.H. is not disabled and therefore Plaintiff is not 

entitled to benefits. (Id. at 29). 

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 C. Standard of Review 

 A district court: 

may set aside a denial of disability benefits only if it is not supported by substantial evidence or if it is based on legal error. Substantial evidence 

means more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance. Substantial evidence is relevant evidence, which considering the record as a whole, a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s decision must be upheld. 

Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citation and quotation 

marks omitted). This is because “[t]he trier of fact and not the reviewing court must 

resolve conflicts in the evidence, and if the evidence can support either outcome, the 

court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ.” Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 

1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 1992). Under this standard, the Court will uphold the ALJ’s findings 

if supported by inferences reasonably drawn from the record. Batson v. Comm’r of the 

Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1193 (9th Cir. 2004). However, the Court must consider 

the entire record as a whole and cannot affirm simply by isolating a “specific quantum of 

supporting evidence.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal 

quotation omitted). 

III. Discussion 

Plaintiff’s main objections to the ALJ’s decision primarily center on the way the 

ALJ assigned weight to the various sources of evidence. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that 

the ALJ erred by assigning “little weight” to Dr. Katen’s assessment, ignoring Dr. 

Criollo’s assessment, and relying on Dr. Wiseman’s opinion. (Doc. 11 at 15–17). Plaintiff 

contends further that the ALJ erred by not considering D.H.’s anxiety disorder and 

incorrectly assessing Ms. Van Duyne’s questionnaires. (Id. at 18–19, 24). Finally, 

Plaintiff asserts that it was error for the ALJ to disregard the opinions of Ms. Belliveau, 

Plaintiff’s neighbors, and Plaintiff. (Id. at 17-19, 23). As these objections differ in nature, 

the Court will address them separately.

A. Dr. Katen 

 Plaintiff’s first argument is that the ALJ erroneously assigned “little weight” to Dr. 

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Katen’s assessment of D.H. (Id. at 20). The ALJ explained that he diminished the weight 

given to Dr. Katen’s assessment because the assessment was “a one-time snapshot” and 

because the assessment was inconsistent with D.H.’s medical and school records and with 

Plaintiff’s Function Report. (TR at 22). 

 ALJs are entitled to give less weight to physicians that do not regularly treat a 

claimant or who are not procured for the purpose of treatment. 20 C.F.R. § 416.927. 

Neither party disputes that the only time Dr. Katen examined D.H. was in March 2011. 

(TR at 321). 

 The ALJ’s assignment of “little weight” to Dr. Katen’s assessment is further 

buttressed by his reasonable findings that Dr. Katen’s assessment was inconsistent with 

the medical record and D.H.’s school records. In particular, the ALJ found that Dr. 

Katen’s assessment was inconsistent with the reports of D.H.’s teacher, Ms. Van Duyne, 

and of Dr. Wiseman. (Id. at 22). Additionally, the ALJ noted that D.H. was receiving 

fairly good grades. (Id. at 21, 278–79). The ALJ further observed that D.H. was a 

mainstream student, as opposed to a special education student. (Id. at 23, 40). These 

school and medical records showing D.H.’s functionality, combined with the evidence 

showing the limited nature of Dr. Katen’s treating relationship with D.H., constitute 

substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s decision to assign Dr. Katen’s assessment 

diminished weight. Therefore, the ALJ did not err by assigning “little weight” to Dr. 

Katen’s assessment. 

B. Dr. Criollo 

 Plaintiff further contends that the ALJ erred by failing to consider Dr. Criollo’s 

April 4, 2013 assessment of D.H. (Doc. 11 at 14). The Commissioner asserts that Dr. 

Criollo’s assessment was not timely submitted to the ALJ and the ALJ could not fail to 

consider evidence that was never properly submitted. (Doc. 13 at 7). 

 All documentation submitted to the ALJ for consideration must be “delivered or 

mailed to the administrative law judge within the time frames that he or she prescribes.” 

20 C.F.R. § 405.333. The Hearing Notice provides that a claimant may submit the 

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evidence before the hearing or bring it to the hearing. (TR at 175). No mention is made of 

any evidence submitted post-hearing. Thus, the Court finds that the ALJ did not need to 

consider Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment, because it was not submitted until after 

the hearing and is, therefore, untimely. 

 Regardless, the Appeals Council did receive and consider Dr. Criollo’s assessment 

when denying review of the ALJ’s decision. (Id. at 5–6). Furthermore, 

when a claimant submits evidence for the first time to the Appeals Council, which considers that evidence in denying review of the ALJ’s decision, the new evidence is part of the administrative record, which the district court 

must consider in determining whether the Commissioner’s decision is 

supported by substantial evidence. 

Brewes v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 682 F.3d 1157, 1159–60 (9th Cir. 2012). This 

Court will therefore consider whether the ALJ’s opinion is supported by substantial 

evidence when Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment is part of the record. 

 In making his finding of nondisability, the ALJ gave great weight to medical 

records by Dr. Criollo showing that D.H. was improving with medication,1

 (TR at 384, 

390, 438), as well as Dr. Wiseman’s expert testimony, (Id. at 21), and Plaintiff’s Function 

Report, (Id. at 222–29). The Court cannot conclusively state that Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 

2013 assessment, consisting of a simple checkbox denotation that D.H. suffered from 

marked limitations, substantially counters the other evidence credited by the ALJ. See

Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195 (citation omitted) (“[A]n ALJ may discredit treating physicians’ 

opinions that are conclusory, brief, and unsupported by the record as a whole”); Crane, 

76 F.3d at 253 (citation omitted) (finding that an ALJ may permissibly reject “check-off 

reports that [do] not contain any explanation of the bases of their conclusions”). Upon 

careful review of the record, the Court finds that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 

decision, even if Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment is taken into account. 

 

1

 In contrast to Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment, the medical records relied 

on by the ALJ contain observations of D.H.’s symptoms and are not simply a checklist of conclusions. 

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C. Dr. Wiseman 

 Plaintiff argues that Dr. Wiseman’s opinion does not constitute substantial 

evidence to support the ALJ’s finding of nondisability. (Doc. 11 at 15). Plaintiff notes 

that Dr. Wiseman did not take into account Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment, which 

Plaintiff argues indicates D.H.’s major limitations. (Id.). Plaintiff further argues that, as a 

nonexamining physician, Dr. Wiseman’s opinion cannot serve as substantial evidence to 

support the ALJ’s finding without the opinion being based on the entire record. (Id. at 

16). Plaintiff maintains that Dr. Wiseman’s review of the record was not complete 

without Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment. (Id. at 16–17). The Commissioner asserts 

that Dr. Wiseman’s opinion was consistent with other evidence in the record and was 

validly assigned substantial weight. (Doc. 13 at 8). 

 ALJs give weight to a nonexamining source based on factors laid out by the 

regulations. The following factors are applicable here: 

Consistency. Generally, the more consistent an opinion is with the record as a whole, the more weight we will give to that opinion. 

Specialization. We generally give more weight to the opinion of a specialist about medical issues related to his or her area of specialty than to the opinion of a source who is not a specialist. 

20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)(4)–(5); see also Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 

2002) (“The opinions of non-treating or non-examining physicians may also serve as 

substantial evidence when the opinions are consistent with independent clinical findings 

or other evidence in the record.”). 

 This Court found that Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 report was not properly before 

the ALJ. Plaintiff cannot fail to timely complete the record and then require the ALJ to 

disregard expert testimony because the record the expert reviewed was incomplete. Thus, 

the Court considers Dr. Wiseman to have reviewed the complete record as of the hearing. 

 Nevertheless, even without reviewing Dr. Criollo’s April 4, 2013 assessment, Dr. 

Wiseman reviewed several years’ worth of treatment notes, teacher evaluations, and 

school records, so it cannot be said that his opinion is without basis. The Court also 

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recognizes that, as Plaintiff points out, the record contains evidence of behavior that is 

consistent with the limitations claimed by Plaintiff. (Doc. 11 at 3–6). But the record also 

contains evidence of behavior that indicates D.H. has no marked or severe limitations. 

For example, as Dr. Wiseman explained in his testimony, D.H. is a mainstream student, 

receives normal grades, and has shown improvement in his behavior at school. (TR at 

44–45). The medical records also indicate multiple times when Plaintiff reported D.H.’s 

medications as being helpful. (Id. at 384, 390, 438). This evidence shows that Dr. 

Wiseman’s opinion is consistent with substantial record evidence, even if other record 

evidence contradicts his opinion. It is the ALJ’s duty to resolve these types of conflicts in 

the evidence. See Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Generally, 

questions of credibility and resolution of conflicts in the testimony are functions solely 

for the agency.”) (quoting Sample v. Schweiker, 694 F.2d 639, 642 (9th Cir. 1982) 

(internal quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, the Court must defer to the ALJ’s 

decision to give significant weight to Dr. Wiseman’s opinion. 

D. Anxiety Disorder 

 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by not considering D.H.’s anxiety disorder. 

(Doc. 11 at 5 n.6). The Commissioner contends that the diagnosis was not specifically 

before the ALJ, and it is therefore permissible to not consider it. (Doc. 13 at 7). The 

Commissioner asserts that the only evidence of an anxiety disorder diagnosis is not 

attributable to an acceptable medical source and there is no evidence it was a medically 

determinable impairment. (Id. at 7 n.3). 

 After a thorough review of the record, the Court is persuaded that the only 

evidence of an anxiety disorder diagnosis, (TR at 427), is not attributable to an acceptable 

medical source as defined by 20 C.F.R. § 416.913. The Court further agrees with the 

Commissioner that the evidence does not constitute sufficient evidence of a medically 

determinable impairment. See generally SSR 96-4p, 1996 WL 374187 (July 2, 1996). 

 Here, the evidence of an anxiety disorder diagnosis appears to be from a selfreported diagnosis by Plaintiff. (TR at 427). The ALJ gave significant weight to 

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Plaintiff’s 2011 Function Report over her other testimony. (Id. at 21). As the evidence of 

an anxiety disorder is effectively lay testimony by Plaintiff, the ALJ did not err in 

disregarding it for the reasons he disregarded Plaintiff’s other testimony. Thus, the Court 

finds that the ALJ did not err in failing to discuss the alleged anxiety disorder. 

E. Ms. Van Duyne 

 Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by giving substantial weight to Ms. Van Duyne’s 

September 2011 questionnaire and rejecting the August 2012 questionnaire. (Doc. 11 at 

18). Plaintiff maintains that “[t]he ALJ gave the initial Teacher Questionnaire ‘substantial 

weight’ but did not note [Ms. Van Duyne’s] negative comments.” (Doc. 14 at 4). The 

Commissioner responds that the ALJ considered both the 2011 and 2012 questionnaires 

and remarked upon the differences between the two. (Doc. 13 at 12). 

 “Where evidence is susceptible of more than one rational interpretation, it is the 

ALJ’s conclusion which must be upheld, . . . and in reaching his findings, the ALJ is 

entitled to draw inferences logically flowing from the evidence.” Gallant v. Heckler, 753 

F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1984) (citations omitted). 

 The ALJ gave substantial weight to the opinions of Ms. Van Duyne, (TR at 21), 

and cited both the September 2011 and the August 2012 questionnaires in support of his 

findings, (Id. at 21, 24, 26–28). As the Commissioner correctly observes, (Doc. 13 at 12), 

the ALJ noted Ms. Van Duyne’s increasing concerns regarding D.H.’s behavior between 

the two questionnaires, (TR at 21). The ALJ remarked that an October 2012 medical 

report indicated D.H. was seeing improvement with medication and found that the 

regression in behavior was not long term. (Id.) Finally, the ALJ found D.H.’s grades to be 

further evidence that the regression noted by Ms. Van Duyne was controllable with 

medication. (Id.) The ALJ’s finding is consistent with substantial record evidence, even if 

other record evidence contradicts his conclusion. Accordingly, the Court defers to the 

ALJ’s decision. 

 F. Ms. Belliveau 

 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ violated 20 C.F.R. § 416.913(d)(4) by not considering 

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the opinions of Ms. Belliveau, D.H.’s first grade teacher. (Doc. 11 at 17). Plaintiff further 

contends that the ALJ erred by not providing reasons germane to Ms. Belliveau for 

disregarding her opinions. (Id.) The Commissioner responds generally that the ALJ 

provided germane reasons for the weight assigned to lay testimony and that any error is 

harmless. (Doc. 13 at 11). 

 It is true that an ALJ must consider lay witness testimony. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1513(d)(4), (e); 416.913(d)(4), (e). Further, the ALJ must provide “reasons that are 

germane to each witness” for discounting lay testimony. Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. 

Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). Competent lay witness 

testimony “cannot be disregarded without comment.” Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 

1467 (9th Cir. 1996). 

 Ms. Belliveau’s alleged “testimony” is in the form of an undated letter to 

Plaintiff.2

 (TR at 282). In the letter, Ms. Belliveau expresses concern that D.H. is 

regressing to previous behaviors after having shown improvement on medication. (Id.) 

The Court finds it illogical to expand the definition of lay testimony to include this 

evidence. Although “testimony” is interpreted more loosely in an administrative hearing, 

the Court is not willing to include written statements that were neither directed at nor 

intended to be used by the ALJ. Thus, the Court finds that, as Ms. Belliveau’s opinion 

was not “testimony,” the ALJ was not required to provide germane reasons for 

disregarding it. 

 Regardless, even if Ms. Belliveau’s opinion is considered testimony, any error 

associated with disregarding it is harmless. The general principle is that an ALJ’s error is 

harmless where it is “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” 

Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1115 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). In other words, 

 

2

 Plaintiff does not specify which of Ms. Belliveau’s opinions are at issue. (Doc. 11 at 17). However, the Court need not discuss Ms. Belliveau’s April 19, 2013 assessment, (TR at 286–87), as it was completed after the hearing and was not before the ALJ, (Id. at 32). The ALJ could not have erred by failing to consider a report that was not even in existence at the time of the hearing. Further, the assessment is generally consistent with the record as a whole and would likely have only lent support to the ALJ’s findings. 

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when looking at the record as a whole, the court must determine whether the error alters 

the outcome of the case. Id. Ms. Belliveau’s letter describes D.H. as a student who has 

difficulties with hyperactivity and impulse control, but who has experienced success with 

medication. (TR at 282). Ms. Belliveau’s opinion is generally consistent with those of 

Ms. Van Duyne and Dr. Wiseman, both of which the ALJ gave substantial weight. (Id. at 

21). The Court cannot reasonably say that Ms. Belliveau’s opinion would have had any 

impact on the ALJ’s findings. Thus, the Court finds substantial evidence supports the 

ALJ’s conclusion, even if Ms. Belliveau’s opinion is taken into account. 

 G. Neighbors 

 Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ erred in giving little weight to Plaintiff’s neighbors’ 

opinions. (Doc. 11 at 19). Plaintiff contends that the ALJ did not evaluate the neighbors’ 

opinions in accordance with SSR 06-03p. See SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939 at *4–5 

(Aug. 9, 2006). The Commissioner responds that the ALJ reasonably accorded the 

opinions little weight and provided germane reasons for doing so. (Doc. 13 at 13–14). 

 As stated above, in determining whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ must 

consider lay witness testimony. See Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 919 (9th Cir. 1993). 

Although an ALJ is required to take into account lay witness testimony about a 

claimant’s symptoms, the ALJ may discount that testimony by providing “reasons that 

are germane to each witness.” Greger v. Barnhart, 464 F.3d 968, 972 (9th Cir. 2006) 

(citations omitted). 

 Plaintiff is correct that the ALJ must consider evidence from non-medical sources, 

including neighbors. 20 C.F.R. § 416.913(d)(4). However, Plaintiff appears to conflate 

the mandate to consider such evidence with a requirement to grant it substantial weight. 

(Doc. 11 at 19). The ALJ need only provide germane reasons for discounting the 

neighbors’ opinions. Greger, 464 F.3d at 972. 

 Here, the ALJ properly provided reasons for assigning the opinions little weight. 

First, the ALJ noted that the neighbors gave only brief statements, which is a valid 

consideration. (TR at 21). See 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)(3) (stating that when a source 

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“presents relevant evidence to support an opinion . . . the more weight [the ALJ] will give 

that opinion”). Second, the ALJ discounted the opinions because the neighbors “are not 

involved with [D.H.] in an academic capacity.” (TR at 21). As the ALJ gave substantial 

weight to Ms. Van Duyne’s opinions, he could reasonably assign less weight to the 

neighbors’ opinions as inconsistent with the record and as non-specialists. 20 C.F.R. § 

416.927(c)(4), (5). Finally, that the neighbors are neither related to D.H. nor medical 

experts reasonably gives their opinions less weight than those of Plaintiff or Dr. 

Wiseman. See id. § 416.927(c)(2)(ii), (5). Therefore, the Court finds the ALJ provided 

germane reasons for assigning the neighbors’ opinions little weight. 

 H. Plaintiff’s Testimony 

 Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by giving significant weight to the 2011 Function 

Report rather than to her testimony. (Doc. 11 at 22–23). Plaintiff argues that the ALJ 

further erred by not providing clear and convincing reasons for rejecting her testimony. 

(Id. at 24). Finally, Plaintiff argues that D.H.’s age at the time of the Function Report 

renders the report inherently less reliable than Plaintiff’s more recent testimony. (Id. at 

23). The Commissioner responds that the ALJ properly provided germane reasons why 

the Function Report was more credible. (Doc. 13 at 16). Additionally, the Commissioner 

asserts that Plaintiff confuses her status as a plaintiff with that of a claimant and therefore 

applies the incorrect standard for rejecting Plaintiff’s testimony. (Id. at 14–16). 

 “[T]he ALJ can reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms 

only by offering specific, clear and convincing reasons for doing so.” Smolen v. Chater, 

80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). In contrast, the ALJ may discount 

the testimony of lay witnesses simply by providing “reasons that are germane to each 

witness.” Greger, 464 F.3d at 972 (citations omitted). 

 The Commissioner correctly distinguishes between the Plaintiff, a lay witness, and 

D.H., the claimant. (Doc. 13 at 14–16). The ALJ need only provide germane reasons for 

discounting Plaintiff’s testimony. Here, the ALJ did not assign weight to or explicitly 

accept or reject Plaintiff’s testimony. Rather, the ALJ assigned significant weight to 

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Plaintiff’s 2011 Function Report as it was “generally consistent with [the] opinions of 

Ms. Van Duyne and [Dr.] Wiseman.” (TR at 21). Consistency with the record as a whole 

is a valid reason to grant an opinion greater weight. 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)(4). 

 Even so, it is not entirely clear that the ALJ actually rejected or discounted 

Plaintiff’s testimony. In fact, the ALJ favorably referenced Plaintiff’s testimony when 

making his findings. (TR at 23, 25). It seems that the ALJ gave significant weight to the 

parts of Plaintiff’s testimony that were consistent with the Function Report and the record 

as a whole. Although the ALJ did not specify the weight given to Plaintiff’s testimony, 

any failure to give the testimony more particular treatment is harmless error. Treichler v. 

Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal quotations 

omitted) (citations omitted) (“An error is harmless if it is inconsequential to the ultimate 

nondisability determination or if the agency's path may reasonably be discerned, even if 

the agency explains its decision with less than ideal clarity.”). 

 Finally, Plaintiff’s contention that the Function Report is inherently less reliable 

than Plaintiff’s testimony, given D.H.’s age at the time, lacks merit. The Function Report 

is dated February 11, 2011. (TR at 222). Plaintiff maintains that D.H.’s “was simply too 

young” for the report to be entirely accurate. (Doc. 11 at 23). However, Plaintiff 

simultaneously argues that Dr. Katen’s findings, dated March 23, 2011 (TR at 321), are 

more accurate than those of Dr. Wiseman, who testified at the hearing on April 11, 2013 

(Id. at 36), or those of Ms. Van Duyne, D.H.’s teacher for the 2011–2012 school year (Id.

at 264). Upon careful review of the record as a whole, the Court is unconvinced that the 

ALJ erred by giving significant weight to the 2011 Function Report, regardless of D.H.’s 

age. 

 In sum, the Court finds that the ALJ appropriately provided germane reasons for 

discounting the parts of Plaintiff’s testimony that were inconsistent with the record. 

IV. Conclusion 

 For the foregoing reasons, 

IT IS ORDERED that the decision of the Administrative Law Judge is 

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AFFIRMED. 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment 

accordingly. The judgment will serve as the mandate of this Court. 

 Dated this 30th day of October, 2015. 

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