Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_10-cv-04223/USCOURTS-cand-3_10-cv-04223-11/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 28:1331 Federal Question: Other Civil Rights

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

M.M., et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

LAFAYETTE SCHOOL DISTRICT, et al.,

Defendants.

Case No. 10-cv-04223-SI 

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS‟ 

MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE 

PLEADINGS AND DENYING 

PLAINTIFFS‟ MOTION TO 

SUPPLEMENT THE SAC

Re: Dkt. Nos. 121, 123

Before the Court are two motions: defendants‟ motion for judgment on the pleadings, Dkt. 

No. 121, and plaintiffs‟ motion to file a supplement to their Second Amended Complaint, Dkt. No. 

123. Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b), the Court determines that this matter is appropriate for 

resolution without oral argument and VACATES the hearing currently scheduled for November 

20, 2015. For the reasons set forth below, the Court hereby DENIES the motion for judgment on 

the pleadings and DENIES the motion to supplement the Second Amended Complaint.

BACKGROUND

This action, brought under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") and 

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, concerns a dispute over the educational opportunities 

provided to C.M., a child who has been identified as an individual with learning disabilities. The 

facts and procedural history of this case are complex. A detailed summary and timeline are set 

forth in the Court‟s February 7, 2012 order regarding the parties‟ cross-motions for summary 

judgment, Dkt. No. 78, as well as in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion, M.M. v. 

Lafayette Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 842 (9th Cir. 2014). For brevity, the Court now recites only the 

background relevant to the motions at hand.

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This case involves three related actions filed in this Court between 2009 and 2010, two of 

which are now closed.1Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) in this case on 

March 21, 2011. Dkt. No. 29. On February 7, 2012, the Court ruled on the parties‟ cross-motions 

for summary judgment. Dkt. No. 78. The Court granted defendants‟ motion for summary 

judgment and denied the majority of plaintiffs‟ motion. Id. at 48. 

Plaintiffs appealed to the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed in part, reversed in part, and 

remanded the case. The appeals court found, in relevant part: 

Although the district court granted the [Lafayette School] District's motion for 

summary judgment, which included the question whether the District had any ill 

motive in requesting [a] reevaluation [of C.M.], we agree that the district court 

erred by not explicitly addressing their § 504 claim. Additionally, the parents assert 

that “[d]iscovery was still pending on CM's retaliation claims” when the district 

court issued its final order. We therefore remand the issue to the district court for it 

to consider the claim in the first instance.

M.M., 767 F.3d at 862. Mandate returning the case to this Court was issued on December 12, 

2014. Dkt. No. 105.

On May 8, 2015, the parties filed a Joint Case Management Statement prior to appearing 

before the Court at a case management conference on May 15. See Dkt. No. 110. At the 

conference, the Court requested that the parties submit briefing on the remaining areas of dispute 

following remand. Plaintiffs sought to reopen discovery on their Section 504 retaliation claim. 

Dkt. No. 112 at 15. They also asked the Court to permit supplementation of the administrative 

record in light of the Ninth Circuit‟s finding that the school district denied C.M. a free appropriate 

public education (“FAPE”). Id. at 15-16; Dkt. No. 110 at 7. Defendants indicated that they 

planned to file a motion for judgment on the pleadings, and they argued that at minimum 

discovery should not reopen until after the Court had ruled on the motion. Dkt. No. 111 at 18-19. 

On August 27, 2015, the Court issued an order regarding case management. Dkt. No. 116. 

The Court ordered that defendants file their motion for judgment on the pleadings by September 

18, 2015. Id. at 11. The Court further stated that “[i]f defendants‟ motion fails, at that time the 

parties may present the Court with a proposed discovery plan limited to the Section 504 

 

1

The closed cases are Case Nos. 09-3668 and 09-4624.

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reassessment retaliation claim only.” Id. The Court also ordered plaintiffs to file their motion to 

supplement the administrative record by September 18, 2015. Id. at 9. The Court clarified: “Such 

motion shall be limited to the specific categories of reimbursement and compensation that this 

Court previously denied in its February 7, 2012 order. Any other compensation or reimbursement 

is unavailable as a remedy at this time.” Id.

On September 16, 2015, the parties filed a stipulation, which the Court ordered, extending 

the deadline for the filing of the parties‟ motions to October 9, 2015. Dkt. Nos. 118, 119. On 

October 12, 2015, a court holiday, defendants filed their motion for judgment on the pleadings.2 

Dkt. No. 121. Alongside the motion, defendants filed a request for judicial notice. Dkt. No. 121-

1. On October 13, 2015, plaintiffs filed their motion to file a supplement to their Second 

Amended Complaint. Dkt. No. 123. Each party filed an opposition to the other‟s motion on 

October 27, 2015. Dkt. Nos. 126, 127, 128. The parties filed their replies on November 3, 2015. 

Dkt. Nos. 129, 130.

LEGAL STANDARD

I. Legal Standard under FRCP 12(c)

“After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may 

move for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). “Judgment on the pleadings is 

proper when the moving party clearly establishes on the face of the pleadings that no material 

issue of fact remains to be resolved and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Hal 

Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir. 1989). “For 

purposes of the motion, the allegations of the non-moving party must be accepted as true, while 

the allegations of the moving party which have been denied are assumed to be false.” Id. 

Motions under Rule 12(c) are “functionally identical” to motions under Rule 12(b)(6). 

Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. General Dynamics C4 Systems, Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 n.4 (9th Cir. 

 

2

That same day, defendants also filed a motion to amend the September 16, 2015 order to 

accommodate the late filing and explained the reason for the delay. Dkt. No. 120. On October 15, 

2015, the Court granted the motion and deemed the motion for judgment on the pleadings to have 

been timely filed. Dkt. No. 124.

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2011). Thus, to survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a plaintiff must allege “enough 

facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 

544, 570 (2007). This “facial plausibility” standard requires the plaintiff to allege facts that add up 

to “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 678 (2009). While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a 

plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570. 

II. Legal Standard under FRCP 15(d)

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d) provides that “[o]n motion and reasonable notice, 

the court may, on just terms, permit a party to serve a supplemental pleading setting out any

transaction, occurrence, or event that happened after the date of the pleading to be supplemented.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). Motions to supplement pleadings under Rule 15(d) are to be granted 

liberally “absent a showing of prejudice to the defendant.” Keith v. Volpe, 858 F.2d 467, 475 (9th 

Cir. 1988); see also Raduga USA Corp. v. United States Dep’t of State, 440 F. Supp. 2d 1140, 

1150 (S.D. Cal. 2005) (explaining that motions under Rule 15(d) “should be granted absent undue 

delay, dilatory tactics, undue prejudice, or futility”) (citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

I. Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

At the heart of plaintiffs‟ Section 504 retaliation claim is their request for an independent 

educational evaluation (“IEE”) of C.M. Plaintiffs allege that on September 17, 2008, when C.M. 

was in third grade and receiving special education services from the Lafayette School District 

(“District”), C.M.‟s parents requested an IEE. SAC ¶¶ 30, 50. At this point, the IDEA required 

the District to, “„without unnecessary delay,‟ either provide the requested IEE or file a due process 

complaint . . . .” M.M., 767 F.3d at 849 n.3 (citing 34 C.F.R. § 300.502(b)(2); Cal. Educ. Code 

§ 56329(c)); SAC ¶ 53. On September 25, 2008, the District‟s Director of Student Services, Dr. 

Dana Sassone, responded to the IEE request by proposing that the District reevaluate C.M. SAC

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¶ 54. Plaintiffs allege that this was done with the purpose of retaliating against plaintiffs for the 

IEE request. Id. ¶¶ 216-19.

“To establish a prima facie claim of retaliation under § 504, plaintiffs must show that: (1) 

they engaged in a protected activity; (2) the defendants knew they were involved in the protected 

activity; (3) an adverse action was taken against them; and (4) a causal connection exists between 

the protected activity and the adverse action.” Alex G. ex rel. Dr. Steven G. v. Bd. of Trustees of

David Joint Unified Sch. Dist., 387 F. Supp. 2d 1119, 1128 (E.D. Cal. 2005) (citations omitted).

In a related case, this Court previously found that plaintiffs sufficiently alleged the 

elements of a Section 504 retaliation claim and denied defendants‟ motion to dismiss under Rule 

12(b)(6). See Case No. 09-4624, Dkt. No. 83 at 7 (Dec. 6, 2010). Plaintiffs‟ allegations in this 

case are substantially similar to, indeed are more detailed than, the allegations that this Court 

previously found sufficient. Compare Case No. 09-4624, Dkt. No. 62 ¶¶ 92-97, 112-20, with SAC 

¶¶ 50-60, 216-23. Defendants now renew their motion, arguing in this case that plaintiffs have not 

properly alleged the retaliation elements. They argue that plaintiffs‟ request for an IEE was not a 

protected activity under Section 504, that plaintiffs cannot allege that they suffered an adverse 

action, and that plaintiffs have failed to allege “but-for” causation. Dkt. No. 121 at 5, 8, 10.

Defendants cite to no change of law since the Court‟s December 2010 order that would 

justify the Court making a different finding from the one it previously made. They focus largely 

on the but-for causation standard, arguing simultaneously that plaintiffs fail to allege but-for 

causation and that the administrative findings preclude plaintiffs from proving but-for causation. 

Dkt. No. 121 at 10, 16. To the extent defendants argue that plaintiffs have failed to allege “butfor” causation, the Court finds that the SAC does make such allegations. Plaintiffs allege that but 

for their request for an IEE, defendants would not have proposed a reassessment of C.M. SAC ¶¶ 

58-59, 216-17. Whether plaintiffs can ultimately prove this element is another matter.

As to the administrative findings, defendants argue that the administrative law judges 

found that the District had legitimate motives for proposing a reassessment of C.M., thus 

precluding any argument from plaintiffs that retaliation was the District‟s sole motivating factor. 

Dkt. No. 121 at 10; Dkt. No. 130 at 2-3. Defendants request that the Court take judicial notice of 

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the underlying administrative decisions that the Office of Administrative Hearings issued in July 

2009 and June 2010. See Dkt. No. 121-1. However, Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits a court 

to take judicial notice only of facts “not subject to reasonable dispute . . . .” Fed. R. Evid. 201. 

While “a court may take judicial notice of the existence of matters of public record, such as a prior 

order or decision,” it should not take notice of “the truth of the facts cited therein.” Marsh v. San 

Diego Cnty., 432 F. Supp. 2d 1035, 1043 (S.D. Cal. 2006) (citations omitted). This Court

therefore may not consider the administrative findings themselves when deciding a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings.

Defendants‟ arguments are better suited to a motion for summary judgment, at which stage 

this Court can weigh the evidence that the parties put forward. Plaintiffs do not dispute that they 

will eventually need to prove “but-for” causation and material adversity; they argue instead that 

these are fact questions that plaintiffs need not prove in their pleadings. See Dkt. No. 127 at 1, 11-

13. This Court has previously noted that plaintiffs may well have a difficult time proving that 

compelling reassessment is an adverse action. Case No. 09-4624, Dkt. No. 83 at 7. Nevertheless, 

as plaintiffs did previously, they have alleged the elements of a prima facie case of Section 504 

retaliation, and those allegations are sufficient to survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings. 

Plaintiffs have stated a plausible claim for relief. Defendants‟ motion is DENIED.

II. Plaintiffs’ Motion to File Supplement to SAC

In the Court‟s order of August 27, 2015, the Court granted plaintiffs leave to file a motion 

to supplement the administrative record. Dkt. No. 116 at 9. In carrying out the narrow mandate of 

the Ninth Circuit on remand, this Court limited the supplementation to evidence of the following 

categories of expenses, which this Court had previously denied: “C.M.‟s audiology and processing 

assessments, assessment by Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes, Tomatis therapy, and 

Lindamood-Bell reading interventions . . . as well as compensatory education services in an 

intensive remedial reading program through Lindamood-Bell.” Id. at 8-9.

Rather than filing a motion to supplement the administrative record with evidence of these 

expenses, on October 13, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion to supplement the SAC. See Dkt. No. 

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123. Plaintiffs seek to supplement the SAC to add allegations regarding: (1) “items of 

reimbursement, which they have incurred since the time of their SAC and which are causally 

linked to Defendants[‟] denials of a FAPE from April 18, 2007 through June 2009”; and (2) “facts 

related to C.M.‟s remedy of prospective compensatory education to which he is entitled based

upon his continuing injury.” Id. at 6.

Upon examination of plaintiffs‟ motion and the proposed supplemented complaint, this 

Court finds that the allegations plaintiffs seek to add do not fall within the additional categories of 

evidence that the Court specified that it would consider upon remand. Many of the items do not 

involve reimbursable expenses at all. These include allegations regarding defendants‟ production 

of C.M.‟s “response-to-intervention” testing data and allegations regarding C.M.‟s anxiety and 

performance in school as it relates to the denial of FAPE. Dkt. No. 123-2 ¶¶ 225-28, 252. Those 

allegations that do relate to expenses do not fall within the enumerated categories that this Court 

has said it will allow.3 See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 234 (privately funded sound-based therapy incurred in 

April 2011), 239 (privately funded educational therapy from Dr. Susan Cotter from August 2011 

through June 2012). Plaintiffs also seek to supplement the complaint with allegations regarding 

their “subsequent and ongoing payments for C.M.‟s educational program at Tilden [Preparatory 

School]. . . .” Dkt. No. 123 at 11. This is despite the fact that this Court has already warned 

plaintiffs that it would not consider claims for ongoing or future compensatory education. Dkt. 

No. 116 at 8. 

Further, the Court cannot agree with plaintiffs‟ position that supplementation of the SAC at 

this stage will not cause undue delay or prejudice to defendants. Including the related cases, this 

matter is over six years old. In all, there have been three administrative complaints filed before 

the Office of Administrative Hearings, three cases filed in this Court,4and two appeals to the 

 

3

The Court notes that plaintiffs also seek to add allegations regarding a May 2015 

evaluation from Linda-Mood Bell Processes. Dkt. 123-2 ¶ 249. Although the Court specified that 

it would consider evidence for expenses incurred through this service provider, it did so because 

those expenses were within the remedy that “plaintiffs sought at the administrative level and 

before this Court, which is also what the Ninth Circuit remanded.” Dkt. No. 116 at 8. A May 

2015 evaluation does not fall with those parameters.

4 Case Nos. 09-3668, 09-4624, and 10-4223.

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Ninth Circuit.5 At this point in time, this Court is tasked with carrying out what the Ninth Circuit 

instructed as to the one remaining claim in this case. 

The Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in this case more than a year ago. See M.M., 767 F.3d 

842 (9th Cir. 2014). Mandate issued on December 12, 2014. Dkt. No. 105. Plaintiffs have been 

on notice since at least May of this year that defendants intended to file a motion for judgment on 

the pleadings. See Dkt. No. 110 at 9. In the Joint Case Management Statement dated May 8, 

2015, plaintiffs stated that they “do not believe further amendment of their complaint is necessary

to maintain their §504 discrimination and/or retaliation claims.” Id. at 8. The parties submitted 

briefing as to what next steps they anticipated in this case. Defendants reiterated their intent to file 

a motion for judgment on the pleadings and plaintiffs requested leave to file a motion to 

supplement the administrative record. See Dkt. Nos. 111, 112. On August 27, 2015, this Court set 

deadlines for both parties‟ motions. Dkt No. 116. The parties stipulated to extend that deadline 

into October. Dkt. No. 118. Plaintiffs then waited until after defendants had filed their motion for 

judgment on the pleadings to move this Court to permit them to supplement the complaint they 

filed three and a half years ago. See Dkt. Nos. 29, 121, 123.

In sum, the Court finds that plaintiffs have not confined their motion to evidence 

enumerated in the Ninth Circuit‟s opinion and in this Court‟s order of August 27, 2015. 

Supplementation of the SAC at this late stage would also cause undue delay and prejudice to the 

defendants. As such, plaintiffs‟ motion is DENIED.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES defendants‟ motion for judgment on the 

pleadings and DENIES plaintiffs‟ motion to file a supplement to the SAC. 

In its case management order, the Court stated that if defendants‟ motion for judgment on 

the pleadings failed, the Court would permit the parties to propose a discovery plan limited to the 

Section 504 retaliation claim only. Dkt. No. 116 at 11. A further case management conference in 

 

5 M.M. v. Lafayette Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 842 (9th Cir. 2014); M.M. v. Lafayette Sch. Dist., 681 

F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2012). 

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this case is set for December 18, 2015. See Dkt. No. 119 at 4. The parties are therefore 

ORDERED to confer with one another and to present their proposed discovery plan in their Joint 

Case Management Statement due to the Court one week prior to the conference. The parties 

should do so bearing in mind that the Court is disinclined to allow extensive discovery on the sole 

remaining claim at this late stage of the case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: November 18, 2015

______________________________________

SUSAN ILLSTON

United States District Judge

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