Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-casd-3_05-cv-00819/USCOURTS-casd-3_05-cv-00819-3/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 370
Nature of Suit: Other Fraud
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Fraud

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

In re: 

JAMSTER MARKETING LITIGATION,

MDL NO. 1751

Master File: 05cv0819 JM(CAB)

ORDER GRANTING T-MOBILE

USA, INC.’S MOTION TO COMPEL

ARBITRATION (DOCKET No. 244);

DISMISSING PLAINTIFFS HALL,

CHUNN, GILES, AND HARMON AS

PARTIES

This document relates to all cases.

Defendant T-Mobile USA, Inc. (“T-Mobile”) moves to compel arbitration of the

claims of plaintiffs Christina Hall (“Hall”), Randy Chunn (“Chunn”), Sandra Giles

(“Giles”), and Baron Harmon (“Harmon”). Plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, and Giles oppose

the motion. Plaintiff Harmon filed a Notice of Joinder (Docket No. 274) in the other

plaintiffs’ opposition. Defendants VeriSign, Inc. and Jamster LLC joined in TMobile’s motion to compel arbitration. For the reasons set forth below, the motion to

compel arbitration is granted and the court dismisses Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon

as parties to this action.

BACKGROUND

The Coordinated Consolidated Complaint (“CCA”), filed on July 1, 2008, alleges

claims by several new plaintiffs including claims by plaintiffs Hall, a resident of

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Maryland, (CCA ¶18), Chunn, a resident of Mississippi, (CCA ¶14), Giles, a resident

of Illinois, (CCA ¶16), and Harmon, a resident of Illinois. (CCA ¶24). Each plaintiff

is a customer of T-Mobile. Very broadly, these plaintiffs allege, in essence, that they

or their children responded to advertisements of Jamster/VeriSign in 2004 and 2005 and

thereafter wrongfully received charges on their T-Mobile bills for mobile content.

(CCA ¶¶100-103). 

The present motion concerns an arbitration provision contained in the service

agreements executed by these plaintiffs. More specifically, the arbitration provision

contains a class action waiver provision which provides, in large face bold type:

CLASS ACTION WAIVER. WHETHER IN COURT, SMALL CLAIMS

COURT, OR ARBITRATION YOU AND WE MAY ONLY BRING

CLAIMS AGAINST EACH OTHER IN AN INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY

AND NOT AS A CLASS REPRESENTATIVE OR A CLASS MEMBER

IN A CLASS OR REPRESENTATIVE ACTION.

(Baca Decl. Exh. 2, p.32, ¶2). The arbitration provision also provides that T-Mobile

will pay all fees and expenses of arbitration for claims under $25, and for claims

between $25 and $1,000, subscribers pay only a $25 initial filing fee, and even that fee

can be waived under the applicable rules. Arbitration may also be conducted on

written submissions only or in a telephonic hearing. See AAA Supplementary

Procedures for Consumer-Relat ed Disputes, available at

http://www.adr.org.sp.asp?id=22014#C6. All arbitrations are to be conducted by the

American Arbitration Association, pursuant to its rules, including the Supplementary

Procedures for Consumer-Related Disputes. See www.adr.org/sp.asp?id=28752. The

arbitration provision also contains a choice of law provision which provides that any

dispute is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act and the “laws of the state in which

your billing address in our records is located. (Baca Decl. Exh. 2, p. 39, ¶23).

DISCUSSION

The Federal Arbitration Act

The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that

a written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving

commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising . . . shall

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be valid, irrevocable and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or equity for the revocation of any contract.

9 U.S.C. §2. The FAA establishes federal policy favoring arbitration of disputes.

Federal courts are required to “rigorously” enforce the parties agreement to arbitrate.

Sherson/American Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220 (1987). Indeed, “any

doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of

arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language or

an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Moses H. Cone

Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983).

[W]here a contract contains an arbitration clause, there is a presumption of arbitrability in a sense that [a]n order to arbitrate the particular

grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of

coverage.

A.T.&T. Tech. Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986)

(citations omitted).

The FAA creates “a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability,” enforceable

in both state and federal courts and preempting any state laws or policies to the

contrary. Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 24. “The availability and validity of defenses

against arbitration are therefore to be governed by application of federal standards.”

Cohen v. Wedbush, Noble, Cooke, Inc., 841 F.2d 282, 285 (9th Cir. 1988). This body

of federal law also requires that federal courts apply state law, “whether of legislative

or judicial origin [] if that law arose to govern issues concerning the validity,

revocability and enforceability of contracts generally.” Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483,

493, fn. 9 (1987). Thus, state law applies to interpret arbitration agreements as long as

those state laws are generally applicable to all contracts, and not just agreements to

arbitrate. 

The following section analyzes the applicable state law at issue. 

Choice of Law

Choice of law principles determine which state law of general application

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governs the arbitration provision. T-Mobile argues that the laws of the states where

plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon reside, as identified in the forum selection

provision of the parties’ service agreements, provide the controlling legal authorities

whereas plaintiffs argue that California law should apply. 

Federal courts look to the law of the forum state in resolving choice of law issues.

See Ticknor v. Choice Hotels Intern., Inc., 265 F.3d 931, 937 (9th Cir. 2001); Sparling

v. Hoffman Constr. Co., Inc., 864 F.2d 635, 641 (9th Cir. 1988). “In determining the

enforceability of . . . contractual choice-of-law provisions, California courts shall apply

the principles set forth in the Restatement (Second of Conflict of Laws) section 187

which reflects a strong policy favoring enforcement of such provisions.” Nedlloyd

Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal.4th 459, 464 (1992). Section 187 provides, in

pertinent part, that:

The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights and duties will be applied . . . unless . . .

(b) application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a

fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the role of section 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties.

Restatement (2d) of Conflict of Laws §187(2) (1988). In determining the enforceability

of a contractual choice-of-law provision the court must first determine (1) whether the

chosen state has a substantial relationship to the parties or transaction or (2) whether

there is any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of law. If either test is met

then the court must next determine whether the chosen state’s law is contrary to a

fundamental policy of California. If there is no conflict, the court must enforce the

parties’ choice of law. If there is a fundamental conflict with California law, the court

must then determine whether California has a materially greater interest than the chosen

state in the determination of the particular issue. If California has a materially greater

interest, then the choice-of-law provision will not be enforced. See Nedlloyd, 3 Cal.4th

at 464-466.

Here, the parties do not dispute that there was a reasonable basis for the selection

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1

 The court notes that T-Mobile is resident of Washington State and Delaware.

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of the state substantive law where plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon reside.

The parties only dispute whether California has a materially greater interest than either

Maryland, Mississippi, or Illinois. Here, the court concludes that the law of California

on the issue of class action waivers is fundamentally at odds with the laws of Maryland,

Mississippi, and Illinois. Whereas California law holds class action waivers

unconscionable and therefore unenforceable, see Am Online Inc. v. Superior Court, 90

Cal.App.4th 1, (2001), such waivers, as noted in the following section, are routinely

enforced in Maryland, Mississippi, and Illinois.

The court also concludes that the states of Maryland, Mississippi, and Illinois

have a materially greater interests than California. Under traditional choice of law

rules, courts consider the place of negotiation of the contract, the place of performance,

the location where the alleged wrong occurred, and the location where the parties reside.

See Restatement §188. Here, all of these factors weigh in favor of applying the law of

plaintiffs’ residence to the dispute amongst the parties.1

 Moreover, it is difficult to see

that California has anything other than a minimal interest in applying its laws to

residents of Maryland, Mississippi and Illinois for alleged wrongs occurring outside its

territory. 

In sum, the court concludes that Maryland, Mississippi, and Illinois have a

materially greater interest than California in determining the rights and duties of the

parties. The court therefore applies the substantive law of Maryland, Mississippi, and

Illinois to the arbitration provision. 

Maryland Law

Arbitration provisions providing for the waiver of class actions are routinely

enforced in Maryland. See Walther v. Sovereign Bank, 386 Md. 412, 8721 A.2d 735

(2005); Doyle v. Finance America, LLC., 174 Md. App. 370, 918 A.2d 1266 (2007),

Snowden v. Checkpoint Check Cashing, 290 F.3d 631 (4th Cir. 2002). In Walther,

consumers sought to bring a class action against a mortgage lender challenging various

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fees assessed in mortgage loan transactions. In order to avoid the class action waiver

contained in the arbitration provision, the plaintiff, relying on several decisions

originating in California state and federal courts, argued, among other things, that the

class action waiver was unconscionable:

[W]e would be averse to a holding in the present case which would allow petitioners to avail themselves of a class action contrary to the provisions or a freely-signed agreement to arbitrate that includes a no-class action

provision which was conspicuously presented as a part of the arbitration clause. Petitioners do point out cases in which courts have adhered to an

unquestionably minority view that finds that a no-class-action provision

in an arbitration agreement can make the agreement unconscionable and unenforceable [citing Ting v. AT&T, 319 F.3d 1126, 1150 (9th Cir. 2003); Szetela v. Discovery Bank, 97 Cal.App.4th 1094 (2002), and other California authority]. Insofar as these cases are for the proposition that a no-class-action provision in an arbitration agreement is so one-sided as to make that agreement unconscionable, we are unpersuaded. We cannot ignore the strong policy, made clear in both federal and Maryland law, that favors the enforcement of arbitration provisions. 

A.2d at 750-01. 

Similarly, in Doyle v. Finance America, LLC, 173 Md. App. 370, 918 A.2d 1266

(2007) the Maryland Appellate Court upheld the validity of an arbitration provision

containing a class action waiver. The consumer plaintiffs argued that the class action

waiver should be construed to preclude only class-wide arbitrations but not class actions

in court. The court noted that “if the Agreement bars the filing of a class action claim

in arbitration, there can be no filing of a class action claim at all.” Id. at 1268. The

court also noted: “Although a minority of jurisdictions take the position that ‘no-classaction’ provisions are unenforceable, Maryland stands firm in the majority.” Id. at 1271

n.6.

In sum, the court grants the motion to compel plaintiff Christina Hall to arbitrate

her claims against T-Mobile.

Mississippi Law

Mississippi defines the doctrine of unconscionability as “an absence of

meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties, together with contract terms that are

unreasonably favorable to the other party.” Entergy Miss., Inc. v. Burdette Gin Co., 726

So.2d 1202, 1207 (Miss. 1998). Two types of unconscionability will void a contract

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under Mississippi law: procedural unconscionability and substantive unconscionability.

New S. Fed’l Savings Bank v. Anding, 414 F.Supp.2d 636, 644 (S.D. Miss 2005)

(contracts of adhesion are unconscionable “only where . . . the stronger party’s terms

are unnegotiable and the weaker party is prevented by market factors, timing or other

pressures from being able to contract with another party on more favorable terms or to

refrain from contracting at all”).

Under Mississippi law, the contract is not procedurally unconscionable. The

arbitration provision, although a contract of adhesion, is conspicuous, uses

understandable language, and is set forth in large bolded letters. These considerations

militate against a finding of procedural unconscionability under Mississippi law. With

respect to substantive unconscionability, the class action waivers contained within the

scope of arbitration provisions are not unconscionable under Mississippi law. The costs

associated with arbitrating any claim are nominal: the consumer pays no fees for claims

under $25, and for claims between $25 and $1,000 the fee is $25, and even that fee can

be waived. Further, a consumer may have the claim resolved by written submission or

by telephonic hearing. Although a specific class-action waiver provision has apparently

not been addressed by any state or federal court applying Mississippi law, in Steed v.

Sanderson Farms, Inc. 2006 WL 2844546, *10 (S.D. Miss. September 29, 2006), the

district court noted that a provision precluding multi-party arbitrations is not

substantively unconscionable. 

In sum, the court concludes that the class action waiver contained within the

arbitration provision is not unconscionable under Mississippi law. Accordingly, the

court grants T-Mobile’s motion to compel arbitration of plaintiff Randy Chunn’s

claims.

Illinois Law

Under Illinois law, class action waivers are not per se unconscionable. Kinkel

v. Cingular Wireless LLC, 223 Ill.2d 1, 857 N.E.2dd 488, 273 (2006). In Kinkel, the

Illinois Supreme Court found the class action waiver contained within the arbitration

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provision of Cingular wireless to be unconscionable under the specifics of that case.

The focus of an unconscionable class action waiver is whether it burdens “the ability

of the plaintiff to obtain a remedy for the particular claim being asserted in a costeffective manner.” Id. at 274. The plaintiff was charged a $150 early termination fee

by Cingular.

We find under the circumstances of this case, the class action waiver is

unconscionable and unenforceable. These circumstances include a

contract of adhesion that requires the customer to arbitrate all claims, but

does not reveal the cost of arbitration, and contains a liquidated damages clause that allegedly operates as an illegal penalty. These provisions operate together to create a situation where the cost of vindicating the

claim is so high that the plaintiff’s only reasonable, cost-effective means of obtaining a complete remedy is as either the representative or a member

of a class.

Id. at 274-75. The Illinois court found the arbitration provision at issue procedurally

unconscionable because the provision was silent on the issue of costs. Further, the court

found the provision substantively unconscionable because the potentially high costs of

arbitration deterred plaintiff from pursing the claim. The court further focused on the

nature of the $150 early termination fee. The court considered the typical consumer

unable to adequately prosecute a claim without the assistance of an attorney as the

termination fee amounted to impermissible liquidated damages. As the class action

device provided the only a cost effective means to vindicate plaintiff’s rights under the

circumstances, the court found the arbitration provision unconscionable.

Following Kinkel, other Illinois courts have supported the validity of class action

waivers. For example, in Crandal v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, 2008 WL 2796752 (S.D.

Ill. July 18, 2008), the plaintiffs argued the invalidity of the class action waiver. The

plaintiffs alleged that AT&T mislead them to believe their new phones could no longer

be used after the Cingular and AT&T merger. The court, distinguishing Kinkel, found

that the class action waiver was not procedurally unconscionable because, in the event

the plaintiffs did not agree to arbitration, plaintiffs were given the opportunity to return

the phones and cancel service with no obligation. The court also noted that the

arbitration provision limited the costs that customers would pay to arbitrate their claims

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($25 for any claim under $1,000). The court concluded that “Plaintiffs have not shown

that their inability to pursue these claims on a class-wide basis effectively denies them

legal recourse.” Id. at *5. 

Here, the court concludes that the class action waiver is neither procedurally nor

substantively unconscionable under Illinois law. The arbitration provision at issue is

clear, concise, and conspicuous. The arbitration-related provisions are highlighted,

easy to understand, and not shrouded in “legalese.” Further, plaintiffs had the

opportunity, upon review of the service agreement, to timely cancel the service

agreement within the trial period. Looking to the service agreement as a whole, the

court further notes that the arbitration provision at issue, is significantly unlike the

provision in Kinkel where the provision was “hidden in a maze of fine print where it

was unlikely to be noticed, much less read.” Kinkel, 857 N.E.2d 250. Accordingly,

it appears that the parties had a “reasonable opportunity to understand the terms of the

contract,” Id, and therefore the provision is not procedurally unconscionable under

Illinois law. 

With respect to substantive unconscionability, the court concludes that the

provision is not so one-sided or overly harsh to render the arbitration provision

substantively unconscionable. The provision does not limit plaintiffs Giles’ and

Harmon’s ability to obtain relief. Plaintiffs may seek any relief in arbitration that would

be available in court. (Baca Decl. Exh. A at 30, ¶2). Further, the costs are reasonable

in that there is no cost for arbitrating claims under $25, and the cost for arbitrating

claims up to $1,000 is only $25. Further, there is easy access to an AAA arbitrator in

that plaintiffs may arbitrate by written submission or even to participate telephonically

in any hearing. Under these circumstances, the court concludes that the class action

waiver does not render the arbitration provision substantively unconscionable. 

In sum, the court grants T-Mobile’s motion to compel arbitration of plaintiffs

Giles’ and Harmon’s claims.

Plaintiffs Arguments

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 The court notes that plaintiffs also fail to address in a significant manner the state laws of

Maryland, Mississippi, and Illinois concerning the validity of class action waivers.

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On the choice of laws issue, Plaintiffs argue, in conclusory fashion, that

“California has a materially greater interest in having its law applied over that of any

other state.” (Oppo. at p.8:23-24). Plaintiffs highlight that California has a strong

interest in protecting consumers from unscrupulous practices including the enforcement

of class action waivers. While a correct statement of law as far as it goes, plaintiffs fail

to identify any legitimate and cognizable interest California has concerning transactions

occurring outside its borders and involving non-California residents. Plaintiffs failure

to cite any pertinent California authorities supporting its choice of law argument is

fatal.2

Plaintiffs also argue that T-Mobile should be collaterally estopped from seeking

to compel arbitration because this court denied T-Mobile’s motion to compel arbitration

on December 19, 2005. (Docket No. 91). The court’s earlier order addressed the

validity of class action waivers as applied to California residents. As the doctrine of

collateral estoppel only applies where the identical issues are actually litigated, Diruzza

v. County of Tehama, 323 F.3d 1147, 1152 (9th Cir. 2003), plaintiffs’ argument is not

well-founded because the present motion to compel arbitration involves issues arising

under Maryland, Mississippi, and Illinois law.

Plaintiffs also argue that T-Mobile has waived its rights to compel arbitration by

selectively moving to enforce arbitration provisions and by delaying for more three

years the present motion to compel arbitration. This argument is not persuasive. The

court notes that these latest plaintiffs were first named as parties in the CCA, filed on

July 1, 2008, and that T-Mobile timely moved to compel arbitration by filing the present

motion on August 8, 2008. Under these circumstances, there is no reasonable basis for

plaintiffs’ arguments.

Stay or Dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Claims

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3

 The court notes that a dismissal would not have been appropriate had the actions of plaintiffs

Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon been transferred as a part of the MDL litigation. Under these

circumstances, the court would have transferred the actions to the transferor courts. 

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T-Mobile requests that the court stay this litigation only with respect to plaintiffs

Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon. The Federal Arbitration Act appears to limit the

power of the district court to compel arbitration outside the Southern District of

California. See 9 U.S.C. §4 ( arbitration must be ordered “within the district” in which

the motion to compel is filed); Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v. Lauer, 49 F.3d

323, 330 (7th Cir. 1995) (district court cannot compel or enjoin arbitration proceedings

outside the district). Because the service contracts at issue provides for arbitration in the

state of plaintiffs’ residence, (Baca Decl. Exh. A. ¶23), the court concludes that it

cannot compel the parties to arbitrate their dispute outside of the Southern District of

California. 

While the court ordinarily should stay an action pending arbitration, see 9 U.S.C.

3, the court finds that dismissal without prejudice is the appropriate remedy here

because the action was brought in the wrong venue. Under federal law, forum selection

provisions are presumed valid and enforcement will be ordered unless it clearly would

be “unreasonable and unjust, or the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or

overreaching.” The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972); TAAG

Linhas Aereas de Angola v. Transamerica Airlines Inc., 915 F.2d 1351, 1353 (9th Cir.

1990). For the above stated reasons, there is no basis in the record for the court to

conclude that the forum selection provision, as applied to plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, Giles,

and Harmon, was procured by fraud or overreaching. 

Finally, dismissal of this action, rather than a stay, is appropriate on grounds of

judicial economy.3

 Should either party seek to compel arbitration, or to confirm an

arbitration award, it must do so in a court of competent jurisdiction, and not before this

court. See 9 U.S.C. §3. Accordingly, the court dismisses the action without prejudice

as to plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon. 

CONCLUSION

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In sum, the court grants T-Mobile’s motion to compel arbitration of the claims

of Plaintiffs Hall, Chunn, Giles, and Harmon. The court also dismisses without

prejudice these plaintiffs from the present action.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: November 10, 2008

 Hon. Jeffrey T. Miller

 United States District Judge

cc: All parties

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