Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-almd-1_10-cv-00023/USCOURTS-almd-1_10-cv-00023-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 360
Nature of Suit: Other Personal Injury
Cause of Action: 28:1332 Diversity-Personal Injury

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

ROBERT GARRETT, et al., )

 )

 Plaintiffs, )

v. ) CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:10cv23-WHA

 )

NELSON AND AFFILIATES, LLC, et al., ) 

 ) (wo)

 Defendants. )

--------------------------------------------------- )

JCI GENERAL CONTRACTORS, et al., )

 )

 Third-Party Plaintiffs )

v. )

 )

CIRCLE CITY GLASS, INC., )

 )

 Third-Party Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

 I. INTRODUCTION

This case is before the court on a Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #36), filed by

Third Party Plaintiffs JCI General Contractors, Inc., All State Construction, Inc., and Chris

Plummer on November 5, 2010. 

JCI General Contractors, Inc. (“JCI”); All State Construction, Inc. (“All State”); and

Chris Plummer (“Plummer”) filed a Third Party Complaint against Circle City Glass, Inc.

(“Circle City”) in this case, which was initially brought by Robert Garrett and Sonya Garrett

against Nelson and Affiliates, LLC; All State; JCI; and Plummer. 

JCI, All State, and Plummer have moved for summary judgment seeking indemnity and

contract damages against Third Party Defendant Circle City Glass.

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 1 of 10
For the reasons to be discussed, the Motion for Summary Judgment is due to be

GRANTED as to the indemnity claim, but DENIED as to any claim which might be based on a

separate breach of contract theory.

II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Summary judgment is proper "if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . .

the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 322 (1986).

The party asking for summary judgment "always bears the initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for its motion,” relying on submissions “which it believes

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Id. at 323. Once the moving party

has met its burden, the nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings” and show that there is a

genuine issue for trial. Id. at 324. 

Both the party “asserting that a fact cannot be,” and a party asserting that a fact is

genuinely disputed, must support their assertions by “citing to particular parts of materials in the

record,” or by “showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a

genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the

fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (c)(1)(A),(B). Acceptable materials under Rule 56(c)(1)(A) include

“depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations,

stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory

answers, or other materials.” 

To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party "must do more than show that there is

some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio

2

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 2 of 10
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). On the other hand, the evidence of the nonmovant must be

believed and all justifiable inferences must be drawn in its favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,

477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). 

After the nonmoving party has responded to the motion for summary judgment, the court

shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

III. FACTS

The submissions of the parties establish the following facts, construed in a light most

favorable to the non-movant:

The facts of this case arise from an accident involving Robert Garrett (“Garrett”). Garrett

was an employee of Circle City. Circle City was a subcontractor on a Bainbridge High School

project in Georgia. Garrett has alleged in this case that JCI, All State, and Plummer are liable to

him for injuries suffered on February 27, 2009, during performance of his work at the Bainbridge

High School project. 

Circle City had entered into a construction subcontract (“the Subcontract”) on July 10,

2007, with “Allstate/JCI, a Joint Venture.” Plummer was the site superintendent for the project.

The Subcontract contains an Article regarding insurance which requires the subcontractor

to acquire Comprehensive or Commercial General Liability Insurance on an occurrence basis,

and name the contractor as an additional insured on that policy. MSJ, Ex. #2, Article 11.1. The

Subcontract insurance provision further states that the subcontractor’s insurance “shall include

commercial liability insurance covering the Subcontractor’s obligations under this Subcontract.” 

Id.

3

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 3 of 10
The Subcontract also contains an indemnity agreement which provides as follows: 

12.1 Indemnification. To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Subcontractor

shall fully indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the Owner, Contractor,

Architect, Architect’s consultants and agents, and all employees and agents of any

of them, from and against any and all suits, claims, actions, judgments, damages,

losses, and expenses (including but not limited to attorney’s fees and litigation

expenses) arising directly or indirectly out of, or in connection with, the

obligations herein undertaken, or resulting out of, or in connection with,

operations performed by or conducted by (or in the work area of) the

Subcontractor, the Subcontractor’s subcontractors, anyone directly or indirectly

employed by them, or anyone for whose acts and omissions they may be liable

provided that such claim, loss, damage, or expense is attributable to bodily injury,

sickness, disease or death to third parties and employees of the contractor,

subcontractor, or anyone directly or indirectly employed by them or anyone for

whose acts they may be liable. To the fullest extent permitted by law, all of

Subcontractor’s indemnity obligations agreed to herein shall be binding on

Subcontractor without regard to whether such claim, damage, loss or expense is

caused in whole or in part by a party indemnified hereunder. Such obligations

shall negate, abridge or otherwise reduce other rights or obligations of indemnity

or agreements to procure insurance which otherwise exist as to a party or person

described in this paragraph. Subcontractor will purchase the insurance required

elsewhere in this Subcontract and name Owner, Contractor, and Architect as

additional insureds on a primary and non-contributory basis over any other

liability insurance which may be available to the Owner, Contractor, and the

Architect to fully insure the indemnity obligations made herein and in any other

portion of this Subcontract.

Id. at Article 12.1 (emphasis added). 

At the time of the injury to Garrett, Circle City was insured under a business liability

policy issued by Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance Co. (“Penn National”), which

covered occurrences from June 14, 2008 to June 14, 2009. In a Memorandum Opinion and Order

filed in a separate declaratory judgment action brought by Penn National, this court granted a

Motion for Summary Judgment in favor of Penn National, and declared that it had no duty to

provide a defense to JCI, All State, and Plummer in the instant case, because JCI, All State, and

Plummer were not “insureds” under the Circle City policy. See Penn National v. Allstate

4

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 4 of 10
Construction, et al., 1:10cv528-WHA. This finding was based on the undisputed fact that JCI,

All State, and Plummer were not endorsed by Penn National as additional insureds.

In the Third Party Complaint, JCI, All State, and Plummer (“JCI/All State”)1

 have

requested a judgment that Circle City is required by the Subcontract to indemnify JCI, All State,

and Plummer, in the event that Robert and Sonya Garrett receive a judgment in their favor

against them.

IV. DISCUSSION

JCI/All State now contend that they have asserted two claims under the Subcontract with

Circle City, and move for summary judgment in their favor as to both a claim for indemnity and

a claim for breach of contract. Circle City contends that only a claim for indemnity was asserted

in the Third Party Complaint, and argues that JCI/All State are not entitled to summary judgment

on any claim.

1. Claim for Indemnity

JCI/All State seek to enforce the indemnity provision in Article 12.1 of the Subcontract.

Circle City argues that the indemnity agreement is unenforceable under Georgia law.

The parties are in agreement that Georgia law governs this claim. There is also no

dispute that generally agreements which require a party to a construction contract to indemnify

the other party to the contract for damage resulting from the sole negligence of the indemnitee

are unenforceable under Georgia statutory law. See Ga. Code Ann. § 13-8-2(b). There is,

however, an exception to the Georgia unenforceability statute, well established by a line of cases

1

 Rather than refer to all three of the Third Party Plaintiffs in this Memorandum Opinion

as those parties do in their briefs, to avoid confusion, the court adopts the reference, “JCI/All

State” used by the Third Party Defendant in its brief.

5

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 5 of 10
by the Court of Appeals of Georgia, which JCI/All State contend applies in this case. The

exception applies if the contract “clearly and unambiguously show(s) that the parties intended

coverage by insurance, not ultimately indemnification of the ‘indemnitee’/owner against its own

negligence towards the employees of ‘indemnitor’/general and of the subcontractors.” McAbee

Constr. Co. v. Georgia Kraft Co., 343 S.E.2d 513, 515 (Ga. App. 1986) (emphasis in original). 

In other words, “where an insurance clause shifts the risk of loss to the insurance company,

regardless of which party is at fault, an indemnification provision is not made void by OCGA §

13-8-2(b).” ESI, Inc. of Tenn. v. Westpoint Stevens, Inc., 562 S.E.2d 198, 199-200 (Ga. App.

2002) (citing McAbee Constr. Co.).

In the instant case, as set out above, the indemnity agreement between Circle City and

JCI/All State provides in part as follows:

Subcontractor will purchase the insurance required elsewhere in this Subcontract

and name Owner, Contractor, and Architect as additional insureds on a primary

and non-contributory basis over any other liability insurance which may be

available to the Owner, Contractor, and the Architect to fully insure the indemnity

obligations made herein and in any other portion of this Subcontract.

MSJ, Ex. #2, Article 12.1. The reference to the requirement of insurance “elsewhere in this

Subcontract” is a reference to Article 11.1 of the Subcontract, also earlier set out, which requires

Circle City to purchase insurance; to name the contractor, All State and JCI as a Joint Venture,

as an additional insured; and to obtain insurance which covers the subcontractor’s obligations

under the Subcontract. Id. at Article 11.1.

Circle City contends that the exception to the unenforceability of certain indemnity

agreements under Georgia law does not apply in this case because the language of the

Subcontract is distinguishable from the language of contracts discussed in McAbee Constr. Co.

6

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 6 of 10
and ESI, Inc. Circle City points out that the contracts in McAbee Constr. Co. and ESI, Inc.

included language which required the indemnity agreement to be referenced in the insurance

contract. Circle City states that there is no requirement in the Subcontract at issue in this case

that the procured insurance specifically reference and include the language from the indemnity

provision of the Subcontract. 

It appears to the court that Circle City too narrowly reads the holdings of the Court of

Appeals of Georgia. While the contractual language in the Georgia cases pointed to by Circle

City was clearly sufficient to enforce the indemnity provisions in those cases, the Georgia court

did not hold that specific contractual language was necessary to apply the exception to statutory

unenforceability. Instead of relying on particular contractual language to enforce indemnity

agreements, Georgia courts require that, when the provisions of the contract which require

indemnity and insurance are construed together, the provisions “show that the parties intended

coverage by insurance.” ESI, Inc., 562 S.E.2d at 199-200; see also McAbee Constr. Co., 343

S.E. 2d at 498 (stating that the contracts “clearly and unambiguously show that the parties

intended coverage by insurance . . . .”). In fact, ESI, Inc. rejected the contention that under

McAbee Constr. Co. recovery was allowed only where in the contract the indemnitor has agreed

to obtain insurance naming the indemnitee as an insured, which Circle City actually agreed to do

in this case. It is the clear and unambiguous intent of the parties that controls, not any specific

language. 

And, the intent of the parties to have the indemnitee covered by insurance, expressed in

the contract, is controlling even if the indemnitor fails to secure the required insurance, as

happened here. The case of World Championship Wrestling, Inc. v. City of Macon, 493 S.E.2d

7

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 7 of 10
629, 630 (Ga. App. 1997), enforcing an indemnity agreement, even though the lessee/indemnitor

failed to procure the required insurance, where the indemnity provision in the lease only required

the procurement of insurance naming lessor as insured, is directly in point. The court held that

Ga. Code Ann. § 13-8-2(b) did not apply, and required indemnity directly from the party which

agreed to indemnify with insurance, but failed to get the insurance. Id. Thus, the loss was

placed on the party that agreed, and then defaulted, and not on the party which innocently relied

on the agreement. Id.

Construing together the indemnity provision and the requirement of insurance in the

Subcontract, which is referenced in the indemnity provision at issue in this case, the court

concludes that the Subcontract clearly and unambiguously shows that the parties intended

coverage of the indemnity agreement by insurance. Therefore, the indemnity agreement is

enforceable under Georgia law, and summary judgment is due to be GRANTED as to JCI/ All

State’s indemnity claim.

2. Breach of Contract

In addition the contractual indemnity claim, JCI/All State has also moved for summary

judgment on a breach of contract claim, contending that by failing to procure insurance to cover

its indemnification responsibility, Circle City breached Article 11 of its Subcontract, as well as

Article 12.1. Circle City contends that the Third Party Complaint in this case asserts a single

claim for indemnity pursuant to Article 12.1 of the Subcontract, and that JCI/All State cannot

now move for summary judgment on a theory that Circle City breached Article 11.1, citing

Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2004).

8

Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 8 of 10
The court agrees that the Third Party Complaint contains only an indemnity claim based

on Article 12, and on that theory seeks judgment against Circle City for a like amount as any

judgment which might be obtained by the Garretts against them in this action, plus attorneys fees

and costs.2

 So, although it may make no practical difference, the Motion for Summary Judment

is due to be DENIED to the extent that it seeks judgment on a non-existent claim for breach of

contract. 

V. CONCLUSION

There are no disputed issues of fact in this case. The clear and unambiguous language of

the construction Subcontract between JCI/All State requires Circle City to indemnify JCI/All

State for injuries and damages resulting from performance of the Subcontract, even if caused in

whole or in part by JCI/All State, and requires Circle City to obtain insurance to cover the

indemnity obligations of the Subcontract. Circle City’s failure to obtain such insurance renders

Circle City itself liable to indemnify JCI/ All State. Accordingly, for the reasons discussed, it is

hereby ORDERED as follows:

1. The Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #36) is DENIED to the extent that it seeks

judgment on a non-existent claim for breach of contract. 

2. The Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #36) is GRANTED and judgment is

entered in favor of JCI General Contractors; All State Construction, Inc.; and Chris Plummer

and against Circle City Glass, Inc. on the indemnify claim in the Third Party Complaint, based

2

 By separate Order the court has denied JCI/All States’ Motion to Amend Third Party

Complaint, filed on January 19, 2011, seeking to add a breach of contract claim, as untimely. 

The deadline set by the Scheduling Order for moving to amend pleadings by the Defendants was

December 1, 2010.

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Case 1:10-cv-00023-WHA-TFM Document 60 Filed 01/25/11 Page 9 of 10
on Article 12.1 of the Subcontract. Circle City is ORDERED to indemnify JCI/ All State for any

judgment rendered against them in this case, together with attorneys’ fees and costs of defense.

Done this 25th day of January, 2011.

/s/ W. Harold Albritton 

W. HAROLD ALBRITTON

SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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