Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-3_22-cv-08017/USCOURTS-azd-3_22-cv-08017-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 864
Nature of Suit: Social Security - SSID Title XVI
Cause of Action: 42:405 Review of HHS Decision (SSID)

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WO

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Rebecca Sandoval,

Plaintiff,

v. 

Commissioner of Social Security 

Administration,

Defendant.

No. CV-22-08017-PCT-MTL

ORDER 

At issue is the denial of Plaintiff Rebecca Sandoval’s Applications for Supplemental 

Security Income (“SSI”) and Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) by the Social Security 

Administration (“SSA”) under the Social Security Act (“the Act”).

1 Plaintiff filed a 

Complaint (Doc. 1) with this Court seeking judicial review of that denial, and the Court 

now addresses Plaintiff’s Opening Brief (Doc. 14), Defendant Social Security 

Administration Commissioner’s Response Brief (Doc. 18), and Plaintiff’s Reply Brief 

(Doc. 19). The Court has reviewed the briefs, Administrative Record (Doc. 13, “R.”), and 

the Administrative Law Judge’s (“ALJ”) decision (R. at 1048-63) and hereby reverses the 

ALJ’s decision and remands this matter to the SSA Commissioner for a new administrative 

hearing for the reasons addressed herein. 

1 The relevant DIB and SSI regulations in this case are virtually identical, and the Court 

cites only the DIB regulations in the Order. Parallel SSI regulations are found in 20 C.F.R. 

§§ 416.900-416.999 and correspond with the last two digits of the DIB citation (e.g., 20 

C.F.R. § 404.1520 corresponds with 20 C.F.R. § 416.920).

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I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff filed applications for DIB and SSI on July 30, 2013, for a period of

disability beginning on March 11, 2013. (Doc. 14 at 1.) Prior to the present appeal, an ALJ 

issued an unfavorable decision on October 26, 2016, and an amended decision on 

November 30, 2016. (Doc. 13-3 at 11.) The Appeal Council reviewed and upheld the ALJ’s 

decision on February 12, 2019. (Id. at 14.) On appeal, this Court reversed and remanded 

the case for further proceedings. (Doc. 13-14 at 5.) After a new hearing, an ALJ again 

issued an unfavorable decision on January 21, 2022. (Id. at 20.) On February 2, 2022,

Plaintiff filed this action seeking judicial review. (Doc. 1.)

Upon consideration of the medical records and opinions, the ALJ evaluated 

Plaintiff’s alleged disability based on the severe impairments of cervical degenerative disc 

disease, lumbar degenerative disc disease, degenerative joint disease of the bilateral hips 

and bilateral shoulder impingement syndrome/adhesive capsulitis/tendinitis. (R. at 1051.)

Ultimately, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled. (R. at 1063.) The ALJ found 

that Plaintiff did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or 

medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, 

Subpart P, Appendix 1. (R. at 1053.) The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the residual 

functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform light work as defined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b)

and 416.967(b) with certain functional limitations and concluded that Plaintiff can perform

her past relevant work as a vault cashier. (R. at 1054, 1062.)

II. LEGAL STANDARD

In determining whether to reverse an ALJ’s decision, the district court reviews only 

those issues raised by the party challenging the decision. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 

517 n.13 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court may set aside the Commissioner’s disability 

determination only if the determination is not supported by substantial evidence or is based 

on legal error. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence is 

more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is relevant evidence that a reasonable 

person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion considering the record as a whole.

Id. To determine whether substantial evidence supports a decision, the court must consider 

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the entire record and may not affirm simply by isolating a “specific quantum of supporting 

evidence.” Id. Generally, “[w]here the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 

interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be 

upheld.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).

To determine whether a claimant is disabled for purposes of the Act, the ALJ 

follows a five-step process. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a). The claimant bears the burden of proof 

on the first four steps, but the burden shifts to the Commissioner at step five. Tackett v. 

Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999). At the first step, the ALJ determines whether 

the claimant is presently engaging in substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(b).

If so, the claimant is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id. At step two, the ALJ determines 

whether the claimant has a “severe” medically determinable physical or mental 

impairment. Id. § 416.920(c). If not, the claimant is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id.

At step three, the ALJ considers whether the claimant’s impairment or combination of 

impairments meets or medically equals an impairment listed in Appendix 1 to Subpart P 

of 20 C.F.R. Part 404. Id. § 416.920(d). If so, the claimant is automatically found to be 

disabled. Id. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step four. Id. At step four, the ALJ assesses the 

claimant’s RFC and determines whether the claimant is still capable of performing past 

relevant work. Id. § 416.920(e). If so, the claimant is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id. 

If not, the ALJ proceeds to the fifth and final step, where they determine whether the 

claimant can perform any other work in the national economy based on the claimant’s RFC, 

age, education, and work experience. Id. § 416.920(g). If so, the claimant is not disabled.

Id. If not, the claimant is disabled. Id.

III. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to properly consider the opinion of Plaintiff’s 

treating physician, Demitri D. Adarmes, M.D. (Doc. 14 at 1.) Within that argument, 

Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred in assessing Plaintiff’s substantial gainful activity 

at step one of the analysis. Plaintiff requests this Court to remand the case for an award of 

benefits. (Doc. 14 at 1.)

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A. Substantial Gainful Activity

Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erroneously determined that she performed 

substantial gainful activity after her alleged onset date at step one without conducting the 

required analysis for her 2015 self-employment income under SSR 83-34. (Doc. 14 at 16.)

The ALJ found that Plaintiff engaged in substantial gainful activity from March 11, 2013, 

through December 31, 2015, because Plaintiff’s total earnings for 2014 and 2015 exceeded

the threshold for earnings presumed to represent substantial gainful activity. Specifically, 

the ALJ found that Plaintiff received income of $13,921.44 in 2015. (R. at 1051, 1368-70.)

Substantial gainful activity is work activity that is both “substantial,” involving 

“significant physical or mental activities,” and “gainful,” done “for pay or profit.” 20 

C.F.R. § 404.1572. A claimant has the burden to prove she has not engaged in substantial 

gainful activity “for a continuous period of not less than 12 months” from her alleged 

disability onset date. Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (9th 

Cir. 2004) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)). If a claimant has engaged in substantial 

gainful activity since filing for benefits, then the claimant cannot be found to be disabled 

regardless of her medical condition. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b). The existence 

of earnings over the statutory minimum creates a presumption of substantial gainful 

employment. Id. §§ 404.1574(b)(2), 404.1575(b)(2); Keyes v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1053, 

1056 (9th Cir. 1990). But the presumption may be rebutted if a claimant demonstrates an 

“inability to be self-employed or to perform the job well, without special assistance, or for 

only brief periods of time.” Id. Substantial gainful activity monthly income thresholds were 

$1,070.00 in 2014 and $1,090.00 in 2015. (R. at 32); see Social Security Administration, 

Substantial Gainful Activity, https://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/sga.html (last visited Aug. 4, 

2023).

Plaintiff does not dispute that she earned a total of $13,921.44 in 2015, which would 

amount to a total monthly income was $1,160.12.

2

(Doc. 14 at 16.) Plaintiff instead argues 

that the ALJ failed to subtract the value of her daughter’s unpaid help to determine her 

2 The Court calculated this amount by dividing Plaintiff’s annual income, $13,921.44 by 

12 to arrive at an average monthly income. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1575.

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countable income and make the required findings to establish that her self-employment is 

substantial gainful activity, as required by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1575. (Id. at 16-17.) Plaintiff

further argues that the ALJ erroneously required her to produce old tax returns without 

considering her testimonial evidence. (Id.)

Plaintiff testified that her 2015 self-employment income was earned from buying 

and selling items on eBay with her daughter. (R. at 1086.) Plaintiff stated that she worked 

approximately five hours each week and her duties involved reading emails and checking

the internet for items to buy or sell. (R. at 60, 1088.) Plaintiff further testified that her 

daughter would list the items for sale and then package and mail the items when sold. (Id.)

Plaintiff indicated that her daughter did most of the work. (R. at 1111.) During the hearing, 

the ALJ requested Plaintiff submit her tax returns for 2014 and 2015. (R. at 1051, 1100.)

Plaintiff testified that she was unsure if she had those tax returns in her possession, and 

Plaintiff avers that record requests for the IRS only allow for transcripts from the three 

prior processing years, so she could not provide them to the ALJ. (Doc. 14 at 17; R. at 

1101-02, 1409.) Plaintiff had over two months to submit the tax returns, and because she 

failed to do so, the ALJ summarily considered her earnings to be substantial income 

exceeding the threshold for substantial gainful activity from March 11, 2013, through 

December 31, 2015. (R. at 1051.)

The Court agrees that the ALJ failed to conduct the required analysis at step one. 

The ALJ relied solely on Plaintiff’s income to find that she had substantial gainful activity.

(Doc. 13-14 at 8.) Section 404.1575(a)(2) specifically states, however, that “[w]e will not 

consider your income alone because the amount of income you actually receive may 

depend on a number of different factors. . . .” The regulations require the ALJ to analyze a 

claimant’s self-employment activities under a series of three teststo determine if they count 

as substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1575. The ALJ failed to analyze any of 

those three tests in their decision. 

On this record it is unclear whether Plaintiff’s countable earnings met the income

level set by the SSA, but the ALJ nonetheless concluded Plaintiff’s self-employment was 

substantial gainful activity. (Doc. 13-14 at 8.) There is no indication that the ALJ performed

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any of the required analyses to determine Plaintiff’s countable monthly income under the 

regulations. Nor is there any reasoning in the decision that, despite Plaintiff’s daughter’s 

contributions to her business, any other factors supported a finding that Plaintiff engaged 

in substantial gainful activity. Notably, the Commissioner concedes that, “the ALJ did not 

perform a detailed analysis of Plaintiff’s self-employment.” (Doc. 18 at 4). Under the 

relevant regulations, the ALJ should have made inquiries into the amount of help provided 

by Plaintiff’s daughter. The ALJ also had some responsibility to inquire about any incurred 

business expenses that might offset Plaintiff’s monthly income where Plaintiff indicated 

that the tax returns may be irretrievably lost.

3 See Montoya v. Colvin, 649 Fed. App’x 429, 

431 (9th Cir. 2016) (finding an ALJ erred by not “addressing the substantial gainful activity

issue or developing the record on it” when the record was unclear whether a plaintiff earned 

more than the level set by the agency). Because the ALJ did not “set forth the reasoning 

behind [their] decision in a way that allows for meaningful review,” the Court cannot affirm 

the decision. Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015). Thus, the Court 

remands this matter for a proper determination of Plaintiff’s substantial gainful activity

from March 11, 2013, to December 31, 2015.

B. Medical Opinion Evidence

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly rejected the opinions of her treating

physician Dr. Adarmes. (Doc. 14 at 17.) When evaluating medical opinion evidence in cases 

filed prior to March 27, 2017, “[t]he ALJ must consider all medical opinion evidence,” and

there is a hierarchy among the sources of medical opinions. Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 

1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008). Those who have treated a claimant are treating physicians, those 

who examined but did not treat the claimant are examining physicians, and those who neither 

3 Moreover, the ALJ cited Plaintiff’s failure to submit her requested tax returns as a primary

reason for finding her earnings qualified as substantial gainful activity. (R. at 1051.)

However, nowhere in the regulations are a claimant’s state tax returns required for an ALJ 

can issue a favorable finding. The Commissioner notes that, “[t]ax returns are a relevant 

consideration in evaluating [substantial gainful employment] under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1575.” 

(Doc. 18 at 4.) While income tax returns may be relevant to the analysis, nothing under 

Section 404.1575 or SSR 83-34 requires them. The ALJ’s sole reliance on the missing 

income tax returns was misplaced where Plaintiff provided relevant testimony regarding

her daughter’s unpaid services that the ALJ failed to consider.

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examined nor treated the claimant are non-examining physicians. Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 

821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995). Although greater weight is generally afforded to treating 

physicians, a “treating physician’s opinion is not, however, necessarily conclusive as to 

either a physical condition or the ultimate issue of disability.” Rodriguez v. Bowen, 876 

F.2d 759, 761–62 & n.7 (9th Cir. 1989). If a treating physician’s opinion is not given 

controlling weight, then the ALJ must consider the relevant factors listed in 20 C.F.R. 

§ 404.1527(d)(2)-(6) to determine the appropriate weight to give the opinion. Orn, 495 

F.3d at 632. “The ALJ need not accept the opinion of any physician, including a treating 

physician, if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical 

findings.” Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957. If a treating physician’s opinion is contradicted by 

another doctor’s opinion, the ALJ cannot reject the treating physician’s opinion unless he 

provides specific and legitimate reasons that are based on substantial evidence in the 

record.” Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1216 (9th Cir. 2005). “The ALJ can meet this 

burden by setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical 

evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making findings.” Magallanes v. Bowen, 

881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989).

The ALJ rejected Dr. Adarmes’s opinion in part because the opinion is dated 

October 30, 2015 and it is “not consistent with the claimant’s ability to work at the level 

of substantial gainful activity through December 31, 2015.” (Doc. 13-14 at 18.) As the 

Court addressed above, the ALJ’s determination as to Plaintiff’s substantial gainful activity 

was erroneous. Thus, the ALJ’s rejection of Dr. Adarmes’s opinion on this basis cannot be 

a specific and legitimate reason supported by substantial evidence. 

The ALJ provided one additional sentence to support the decision to give Dr. 

Adarmes’s opinion less weight: “the rather extreme exertional restrictions opined by Dr. 

Adarmes is [sic] not consistent with the medical evidence of record from January 2016 

forward, which indicates no more than mild to moderate remarkable findings. . . .” (R. at 

1061.) The Court finds that the ALJ’s discussion “does not explain—specifically and 

legitimately or otherwise—how [that evidence] leads to the conclusion that [Dr. 

Adarmes’s] evaluation should be disregarded.” Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1067 

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(9th Cir. 2006). Therefore, the Court finds that substantial evidence does not support the 

ALJ’s conclusion to reject Dr. Adarmes’s medical opinion.

C. Credit-as-True

Plaintiff asks the Court to use its discretion and remand this case for an immediate 

award of disability benefits rather than for further proceedings. (Doc. 14 at 21-24.) The 

credit-as-true doctrine only applies in “rare circumstances” that permit the Court to depart 

from the ordinary remand rule. Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090,

1099-1102 (9th Cir. 2014). Three elements must be present for these rare circumstances to 

exist. First, the ALJ must have neglected to supply legally sufficient reasons for rejecting 

medical evidence. Id. at 1100. Second, a fully developed record must exist with no 

outstanding issues pending resolution before a disability determination can be made, and 

the Court must find that further administrative proceedings would not be constructive. Id. 

at 1101. Further proceedings are required when there are ambiguities and conflicts in the 

record that must be resolved. Id. Third, if the first two elements are met, the Court may 

“find[] the relevant testimony credible as a matter of law. . . and then determine whether 

the record, taken as a whole, leaves ‘not the slightest uncertainty as to the outcome of [the] 

proceeding.’” Id. (citations omitted). 

The Court finds the ordinary remand rule applies here. The ALJ must resolve the 

ambiguities in the record regarding whether Plaintiff’s self-employment in 2015 constitutes 

substantial gainful activity from the alleged onset date and whether Dr. Adarmes’s opinion

is consistent with the record evidence as a whole. Accordingly, the Court remands this case 

to the Commissioner for further development of the record.

///

///

///

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IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner is REVERSED, and this 

case is REMANDED for further administrative proceedings consistent with this Order.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is directed to enter final 

judgment consistent with this Order and close this case.

Dated this 4th day of August, 2023.

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