Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-04364/USCOURTS-cand-3_19-cv-04364-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 870
Nature of Suit: Tax Suits
Cause of Action: 28:1346 Recovery of IRS Tax

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United States District Court

Northern District of California

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

DONALD S WILLETT, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendant.

Case No. 19-cv-04364-CRB 

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 

DISMISS THE FIRST AMENDED 

COMPLAINT

Plaintiffs Donald and Andrea Willett sued the United States after the Internal Revenue 

Service (IRS) denied their administrative claim seeking a refund. The Willetts seek a refund of 

delinquency penalties the IRS assessed against them when they failed to timely file their 2014 

federal income taxes. See Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint (MTD) (dkt. 22) at 1–2. 

The United States moved to dismiss the Willetts’ claims. This Court heard that motion on 

November 8, 2019. The Court took the Motion to Dismiss under submission and granted the 

Willetts leave to amend their Complaint to address the issues of (1) why the Willetts could not 

obtain their tax documents and (2) whether that would be a sufficient justification for their late 

filing. The Willetts’ amended complaint does not plead facts sufficient to state a claim for a 

refund. The United States’ Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint is therefore granted.

I. BACKGROUND

In August of 2015, the Willetts gave their 2014 tax documents to a certified public 

accountant, Anne Goode, to prepare prior to an October 15, 2015 filing deadline. See FAC

(dkt. 20) ¶¶ 9, 49. Those tax documents included the Willetts’ original K-1s, W-2s, and 1099s. 

FAC ¶ 9. After giving Ms. Goode the original documents, the Willetts repeatedly attempted to 

contact her, but she never answered. See FAC ¶¶ 10–25. In October 2015, Ms. Goode finally 

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responded and told them she was seriously ill, would prepare their tax return after her release from 

an extended care home, and would pay any penalties and interest resulting from their late filing. 

Id. ¶ 15. 

The Willetts allege that they relied on Ms. Goode’s assertions based on their “longstanding relationship with her.” FAC ¶ 46; see Willett Opp’n to MTD (dkt. 23) at 9. And because 

of that long-standing relationship, the Willetts assert they followed the “previous pattern of 

interaction with [Ms. Goode], and subsequently escalat[ed] attempts to get the return information.” 

Willett Opp’n to MTD at 8–9. On November 19, 2015 (after the October 15, 2015 filing deadline) 

Andrea Willett visited Ms. Goode’s home, where “Ms. Goode once again assured she would have 

the plaintiff’s tax return completed.” FAC ¶ 21. But after that conversation in November 2015, 

the Willetts never heard from Ms. Goode again, despite multiple attempts to reach her at home and 

by phone. Id. ¶ 22. Between December 2015 and June 2016, the Willetts continued their 

unsuccessful attempts to contact Ms. Goode. See FAC ¶¶ 22, 24–25. Ms. Goode died on 

February 21, 2017. See FAC ¶ 35, Ex. F.

The Willetts “began calling backup CPA firms” on December 18, 2015. Id. ¶ 23. But 

none of the firms agreed to help because the firms were “too busy or the [Willetts’] circumstances 

were too problematic.” Id. The Willetts were unable to find a CPA to help them until June 1, 

2016 and they filed their return on September 26, 2016. Id. ¶¶ 26, 28. The same day, the IRS 

assessed a late-filing penalty of $34,712.55 against them, and a late payment penalty of $6,238.63. 

Id. ¶¶ 29–30; MTD at 3. The Willetts paid the penalties and interest in full by March 31, 2017. 

See FAC ¶ 31. On August 31, 2018, they filed with the IRS a claim for refund for the 2014 tax 

year. Id. ¶ 40. 

The United States moved to dismiss the Complaint. See generally Motion to Dismiss 

Comp. (dkt. 11). The Court heard the motion on November 8, 2019, granted leave to amend, and 

took the matter under submission pending filing of the Amended Complaint. On December 5, 

2019, Donald and Andrea Willett filed an Amended Complaint. See generally FAC. The Willetts 

claim the United States did not properly assess penalties for failure to file taxes under 26 U.S.C. 

§ 6651(a)(1). Id. The Willetts currently seek a refund of $46,171.34, as well as interest under 26 

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U.S.C. § 7426(g) for the time the IRS held the money. On December 19, 2019, the United States 

filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint. 

For the reasons explained below, the Court grants the Motion to Dismiss the Amended 

Complaint with prejudice.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A claim is 

plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 

678 (2009); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). For purposes of evaluating a motion to dismiss, a 

court “must presume all factual allegations of the complaint to be true and draw all reasonable 

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Usher v. City of L.A., 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 

1987).

If a court does dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim, it should “freely give leave 

[to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). A court nevertheless has 

discretion to deny leave to amend due to “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of 

the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 

prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of 

amendment.” Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Pub., 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 

Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Failure to State a Claim

“A taxpayer seeking a tax refund bears the burden of proving that the assessment was 

incorrect and proving the correct amount of the tax owed.” Ray v. United States, 762 F.2d 1361, 

1362 (9th Cir. 1985). Under 26 U.S.C § 6651(a)(1) and (2), the IRS assesses penalties against 

taxpayers who fail to timely file a return and fail to timely pay the indicated amount “unless it is 

shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.” The taxpayer 

faces a “heavy burden” to show the failure is due to reasonable cause. United States v. Boyle, 469 

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U.S. 241, 245 (1985).

The tax regulations contemplate reasonable cause differently for late-filing penalties and 

late-payment penalties. The Willetts seek a refund of both the late-filing penalty and the latepayment penalty. This order addresses each claim in turn.

1. Late-Filing Penalty

For late-filing penalties, “to demonstrate ‘reasonable cause,’ a taxpayer filing a late return 

must show that he ‘exercised ordinary business care and prudence and was nevertheless unable to 

file the return within the prescribed time.’” Id. at 243 (internal citations omitted). “The failure to 

make a timely filing of a tax return is not excused by the taxpayer’s reliance on an agent, and such 

reliance is not ‘reasonable cause’ for a late filing under § 6651(a)(1).” Id. at 252; see also Knappe 

v. United States, 713 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2013).

The Willetts’ allegations do not sufficiently plead reasonable cause entitling them to a 

refund for the late-filing penalties. Their allegations illustrate that they relied on their CPA, Ms. 

Goode, who possessed the original copies of their tax documents, became seriously ill, and was 

unable to complete their 2014 tax return on time. See FAC ¶ 49. In their Amended Complaint, 

the Willetts attempt to salvage their claims by providing a detailed timeline of the failed attempts 

to contact Ms. Goode. See FAC ¶¶ 9–25. However, this timeline fails to demonstrate ordinary 

care, because it merely illustrates the numerous attempts to contact Ms. Goode. See generally id. 

But those allegations plead no excuse for the late-filing other than reliance on the Willetts’ agent, 

which is not “reasonable cause” under Boyle.

The Willetts’ argument that their reliance on an agent constitutes reasonable cause are not 

well taken. They rely on the Appeals Court decision from Boyle v. United States. See Willett 

Opp’n to MTD at 7. But the appellate decision in Boyle is irrelevant, because that decision was 

reversed by the Supreme Court. See 469 U.S. at 245. The Willetts also argue that the court’s 

holding was narrowly tailored to the facts before it, and that “reasonable cause,” should be 

determined on a case-by-case basis. Willett Opp’n to MTD at 7. But contrary to the Willetts’ 

narrow reading of the case, it is clear that Boyle stands for the broader proposition that reliance on 

one’s agent does not establish “reasonable cause.” 469 U.S. at 251.

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It is true that the Ninth Circuit has held, in the case of a corporate-taxpayer, that reliance 

on an agent can establish reasonable cause if the taxpayer shows that “it was disabled from 

complying timely”—e.g., where its agent’s conduct was beyond the taxpayer’s control or 

supervision. See Conklin Bros. of Santa Rosa, Inc. v. United States, 986 F.2d 315, 318–19 (9th 

Cir. 1993). 

The Willetts are individual taxpayers. See FAC ¶ 6. The Ninth Circuit has not extended 

Conklin to a case involving individuals. However, it is unnecessary for the Court to decide 

whether Conklin’s disability exception applies to cases involving individual taxpayers, because 

even if it does, the Willetts have not adequately alleged that the exception applies.

The Willetts’ Amended Complaint does not show that they had reasonable cause because 

they were “disabled from complying timely.” See Conklin, 986 F.2d at 318. The Willetts seem to 

imply that Ms. Goode’s possession of the original tax documents “disabled” them from filing their 

taxes themselves, see FAC ¶¶ 9, 51, and prevented them from hiring another CPA, see FAC ¶ 52.

They allege that they made attempts to contact other CPAs, and that those other CPAs would not 

take them as clients. FAC ¶ 23. The insufficiency of these allegations is apparent when compared 

to other cases holding that the disability exception did not apply. In Conklin, the agent in charge 

of Conklin’s tax obligations, the corporation’s controller, failed to timely file Conklin’s returns. 

986 F.2d at 316. For over two years the controller also “intercepted and screened the mail,” 

“altered check descriptions and the quarterly reports,” and “concealed the deficiencies by 

undertaking the performance herself of all payroll functions.” Id. Although the controller’s 

concealment meant that Conklin’s officers were not aware of the IRS’s penalty assessments, the 

Ninth Circuit held that the controller’s “intentional misconduct” was not enough to establish that 

Conklin was disabled from timely complying. Id. at 318. The Willetts’ allegations do not suggest 

that their agent’s misbehavior was remotely comparable to the controller’s misconduct in Conklin. 

The United States also cites persuasive Tax Court cases that suggest the Willetts’ 

circumstances would not demonstrate “reasonable cause.” See United States MTD at 5; 

Thibodeaux v. Comm’r, No. 14743-03S, 2005 WL 1763772, at *4 (T.C. July 27, 2005) 

(taxpayer’s accountant’s lengthy illness, and the fact that others at the accounting firm were 

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unfamiliar with taxpayer’s records, did not establish reasonable cause); Guterman v. Comm’r, 96 

T.C.M. (CCH) 457 (T.C. 2008) (taxpayer did not establish reasonable cause despite her 

unresponsive accountant, and despite the fact that her records were in possession of that 

accountant or were otherwise unavailable). The Willetts fail to address these cases in their 

opposition. See generally Willett Opp’n to MTD.

Because the Willetts do not allege facts that would show “reasonable cause” excusing their

late filing, the motion to dismiss these claims is granted. 

2. Late-Payment Penalty

The Willetts also seek a refund for the late-payment penalty. One factor that may 

constitute reasonable cause for late-payment is financial hardship. See Van Camp & Bennion v. 

United States, 251 F.3d 862, 868 (9th Cir. 2001). But “evidence of financial trouble, without 

more, is not enough.” Synergy Staffing, Inc. v. IRS, 323 F.3d 1157, 1160 (9th Cir. 2003). The 

taxpayer must show extraordinary circumstances for financial hardship to constitute reasonable 

cause. See id.

The Court finds that the Willetts “allege no facts to state a claim for refund of the latepayment penalties.” United States Reply (dkt. 24) at 3. The Willetts rely on the same allegations 

to show they are entitled to a refund for both the late-payment and late-filing penalties. See FAC ¶ 

40 at 8. As discussed above, their allegations regarding Ms. Goode’s illness have “no relevance to 

their personal responsibility for timely paying their federal tax liabilities by the applicable due 

date.” United States Reply at 3. For the same reasons, they do not show extraordinary financial 

hardship. Thus, the Court dismisses the late-payment penalty claim.1

B. Leave to Amend

The Amended Complaint is dismissed with prejudice. This is the Willetts’ second 

1

 As the United States points out, the Willetts reference the Administrative Procedure Act and 

Declaratory Judgment Act in the jurisdictional statement of their Amended Complaint. MTD at 6; 

see FAC ¶ 2. But the Willetts do not plead any claims under the APA or DJA. The United States 

argues that there is no avenue to litigate actions for tax refunds under the APA or DJA, and as a 

result, the reference to these statutes is inapposite. See MTD at 6. The Willetts do not dispute this 

argument in their Opposition. See generally Willett Opp’n to MTD. Given all this, the Court 

concludes that the Willetts have not pled any cognizable APA or DJA claim.

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