Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-2_24-cv-00500/USCOURTS-alnd-2_24-cv-00500-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 440
Nature of Suit: Other Civil Rights
Cause of Action: 42:1983 Prisoner Civil Rights

---

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

MICHAEL CHAD VERNON, et al., ]

]

Plaintiffs, ]

]

v. ] 2:24-cv-500-ACA

]

DERAMUS, et al., ]

]

Defendants. ]

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Michael Chad Vernon was shot fifteen times by men who targeted 

him for working as a confidential informant for the Jefferson County Sheriff’s 

Department. He and his wife, Plaintiff Amy Kathleen Hunt, sue Sheriff Mark 

Pettway, Lieutenant Byron Deramus, Sergeant Heath Boackle, Lieutenant Jude 

Washington, Detective Steve Stewart, Detective Brasher, and two fictitious 

defendants, asserting the following claims: 

1) All defendants in their official capacities, and all defendants 

except Sheriff Pettway in their individual capacities, violated 

Mr. Vernon’s and Ms. Hunt’s substantive due process rights by 

exposing them to a state-created danger (“Count One”);1

2) State law negligence against all defendants in their individual 

and official capacities (“Count Two”);

1 The amended complaint specifically identifies Sheriff Pettway only “[i]n his capacity as 

Chief Policy Maker for the Jefferson County, Alabama Sheriff’s Department.” (Doc. 4 at 1–2; 

compare id. ¶¶ 14–21).

FILED

 2024 Dec-09 AM 11:56

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 2:24-cv-00500-ACA Document 27 Filed 12/09/24 Page 1 of 23
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3) State law wantonness against all defendants in their individual 

and official capacities (“Count Three”);

4) Sheriff Pettway, in his official capacity, failed to train, supervise, 

or discipline officers in their use of private citizens as 

confidential informants (“Count Four”);2 and

5) Lt. Deramus and Sgt. Boackle, in their individual and official 

capacities, failed to train and supervise the investigators in how 

to prevent violations of constitutional rights, in violation of the 

Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (“Count Five”).

(Doc. 4 ¶¶ 53–78). 

Defendants move to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that it is a shotgun 

pleading, it is barred by the statute of limitations, and they are entitled to qualified 

and state immunities. The court WILL GRANT the motion. Because Eleventh 

Amendment immunity bars all official capacity federal claims and qualified 

immunity bars all individual capacity federal claims, the court WILL DISMISS the 

federal claims WITH PREJUDICE. The court DECLINES to exercise 

supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims and WILL DISMISS

those claims WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 

I. BACKGROUND

In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, 

the court must accept as true the factual allegations in the complaint and construe 

them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Butler v. Sheriff of Palm Beach 

2 The amended complaint does not specify whether this claim is brought under state or 

federal law. (See doc. 4 ¶¶ 68–74). But Plaintiffs’ response clarifies that the claim is brought only 

under federal law. (Doc. 22 at 7–8).

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Cnty., 685 F.3d 1261, 1265 (11th Cir. 2012). The court describes the factual 

allegations in that light.

Mr. Vernon became a confidential informant for the Jefferson County 

Sheriff’s Department Narcotics Division in 2017. (Doc. 4 ¶ 22). Three of the 

investigators for whom Mr. Vernon worked were Lt. Washington and Detectives 

Stewart and Brasher. (Id. ¶ 33). Lt. Deramus and Sgt. Boackle supervised the 

detectives. (Id.). 

Beginning in November 2021, the investigators and supervisors for whom 

Mr. Vernon was working became “sloppy” (id. ¶ 24), and “rush[ed] several 

controlled buys, causing multiple drug dealers to inform Mr. Vernon that they 

believed that Mr. Vernon had ‘put them out’ (that is, assisted law enforcement)” 

(doc. 4 ¶ 28). On one occasion, Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, Lt. Washington, and 

Detectives Stewart and Brasher joked with Mr. Vernon on the street before a

controlled buy, after which the target dealer became suspicious and referred to 

Mr. Vernon as a cop. (Id. ¶ 41). After Mr. Vernon indicated his concern for his 

safety, the investigators assured him that they prioritized his safety but continued to 

use him “in way too many controlled buys way too close to Mr. Vernon’s home and 

would use his name with dealers.” (Id. ¶ 29; see also id. ¶ 33). 

In late March or early April 2022, Mr. Vernon told Lt. Washington, Detective 

Stewart, and Detective Brasher that he had received threats to his life and safety. 

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(Doc. 4 ¶¶ 34, 43). Detectives Stewart and Brasher promised to arrange protection 

for Mr. Vernon and Ms. Hunt but failed to do so, and Sgt. Boackle refused to arrange 

any protection because he did not believe Mr. Vernon was in danger. (Id. ¶ 34, 43–

44). 

On April 18, 2022, unidentified individuals “stalked and chased” Mr. Vernon. 

(Id. ¶ 35). He told “Defendants” about this incident and was informed that the 

Sheriff’s Department would provide funds so he could leave town, but he never

received any funds. (Id.). On another occasion, some “hit men” went to the house of 

a friend of Mr. Vernon looking for Mr. Vernon and his family. (Doc. 4 ¶ 38). 

Although Mr. Vernon and Ms. Hunt asked unspecified people for protection, those 

people just told them to call 911. (Id.). 

On April 21, 2022, Detectives Brasher and Stewart told Mr. Vernon that they 

were waiting for approval from “higher ups” to give him funds so he could leave 

town. (Id. ¶ 36). Around 4:00 p.m. that day, the two men who had gone to 

Mr. Vernon’s friend’s house several days earlier shot Mr. Vernon fifteen times in 

the front yard of his house. (Id. ¶ 39). Mr. Vernon was hospitalized for a month, after 

which the Sheriff’s Department relocated him and Ms. Hunt to a hotel in Gardendale 

under false names. (Doc. 4 ¶ 40). Two months later, the Sheriff’s Department 

stopped communicating with Mr. Vernon and Ms. Hunt and stopped paying for the 

hotel. (Id.).

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II. DISCUSSION

Defendants move to dismiss all claims on the grounds that (1) the amended 

complaint remains a shotgun pleading; (2) the initial complaint was a shotgun 

complaint and the amended complaint was filed outside the statute of limitations; 

(3) Defendants have qualified immunity from all federal claims; and (4) Defendants 

have state immunity from all state claims. (Doc. 13; doc. 14 at 5–22). Before 

addressing those arguments, however, the court must address Ms. Hunt’s standing 

to bring these claims.

1. Standing

Article III of the Constitution limits federal courts to deciding “Cases” or 

“Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. Absent a case or controversy, the court 

lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a case. Hunstein v. Preferred Collection & 

Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 48 F.4th 1236, 1242 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc). One element of 

a case or controversy is standing. Id. To show standing, the plaintiff must allege facts 

that plausibly establish that 1) she “experienced an injury that is concrete and 

particularized and actual or imminent, 2) the defendants’ conduct is the cause of the 

plaintiff’s injury, and 3) a decision by the court would likely redress the plaintiff’s 

injury.” Green-Cooper v. Brinker Int’l, Inc., 73 F.4th 883, 889 (11th Cir. 2023), cert. 

denied sub nom. Brinker Int’l, Inc. v. Steinmetz, 144 S. Ct. 1457 (2024); see also 

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992) (holding that because 

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standing is “an indispensable part of the plaintiff’s case, each element must be 

supported . . . with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive 

stages of the litigation”); Trichell v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 964 F.3d 990, 996 

(11th Cir. 2020) (“[A]t the motion-to-dismiss stage, [the plaintiffs] bore the burden 

of alleging facts that plausibly establish their standing.”). 

“[A] litigant must assert his own legal rights and interests and may not 

ordinarily rely on the rights and interests of third parties.” Harris v. Evans, 20 F.3d 

1118, 1121 (11th Cir. 1994). Accordingly, if Ms. Hunt were attempting to bring 

these claims on Mr. Vernon’s behalf, she would lack standing. However, it is clear 

from the complaint that she seeks damages on her own behalf for the emotional 

distress she suffered from her husband’s injuries, the loss of his society and 

companionship, the loss of his services, and the loss of his emotional support. 

(Doc. 4 ¶¶ 57, 63, 67, 74, 78). Emotional distress and loss of consortium are 

traditionally recognized forms of harm for purposes of Article III standing. See, e.g., 

Losch v. Nationstar Mortg. LLC, 995 F.3d 937, 943 (11th Cir. 2021) (finding 

standing where the plaintiff suffered emotional distress and wasted time); cf. Lujan, 

504 U.S. at 564 n.2 (stating that a case where a plaintiff alleged loss of consortium 

“involve[d] actual harm” and so “the existence of standing [was] clear”). 

Accordingly, because Ms. Hunt brings these claims on her own behalf for damages 

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she suffered as a result of Mr. Vernon’s shooting, the court has subject matter 

jurisdiction over her claims and will proceed to address the merits.

2. Shotgun Pleading

Defendants contend that the court should dismiss the amended complaint as a 

shotgun pleading because (1) no count incorporates any of the previous paragraphs, 

thereby “implicitly incorporat[ing] every single allegation and paragraph, including 

incorporation of prior counts as to each alleged claim”; and (2) two of the counts fail 

to adequately identify the legal basis for the claim. (Doc. 14 at 9–10). The court 

disagrees that this complaint is a shotgun pleading. 

A shotgun pleading is one that makes it “impossible to comprehend which 

specific factual allegations the plaintiff intends to support which of his causes of 

action, or how they do so.” Est. of Bass v. Regions Bank, Inc., 947 F.3d 1352, 1358 

(11th Cir. 2020); see also Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 

1325 (11th Cir. 2015) (explaining that dismissal of a complaint as a shotgun pleading 

“is appropriate where it is virtually impossible to know which allegations of fact are 

intended to support which claim(s) for relief”) (quotation marks omitted). The 

Eleventh Circuit has identified typical hallmarks of shotgun pleadings, see Weiland, 

792 F.3d at 1321–23, but has also explained that “[t]he unifying characteristic of all 

types of shotgun pleadings is that they fail to one degree or another, and in one way 

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or another, to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them and the 

grounds upon which each claim rests,” id. at 1323. 

Plaintiffs’ failure here to explicitly incorporate factual allegations into each 

count does not make their amended complaint a shotgun pleading. Similarly, 

although Counts Four and Five do not explicitly reference the constitutional 

provision or state law claim at issue, it is clear that those counts assert claims that 

the defendants named failed to train or supervise other officers. (Doc. 4 ¶¶ 68–78).

Both the court and Defendants are capable of understanding what the claims are and 

the factual grounds on which those claims rest. Accordingly, the court declines to 

dismiss the amended complaint for being a shotgun pleading. See Weiland, 792 F.3d 

at 1326 (finding that a complaint was not a shotgun pleading because “whatever their 

faults, these two counts are informative enough to permit a court to readily determine 

if they state a claim upon which relief can be granted”).

3. Statute of Limitations

Defendants contend that the statute of limitations bars this complaint because

(1) Plaintiffs filed the initial complaint one day after the limitations period expired; 

and (2) even if the initial complaint were timely, it was a shotgun pleading that failed 

to put them on notice of the claims against them, and the amended complaint does 

not relate back. (Doc. 14 at 5–7). 

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“All constitutional claims brought under [42 U.S.C.] § 1983 are tort actions, 

subject to the statute of limitations governing personal injury actions in the state 

where the § 1983 action has been brought.” McNair v. Allen, 515 F.3d 1168, 1173 

(11th Cir. 2008). Alabama has a two-year statute of limitations for tort actions. Ala. 

Code § 6-2-38(l). The parties agree that the statute of limitations began running on 

April 21, 2022. (Doc. 4 ¶ 39; doc. 14 at 2; doc. 22 at 1–2). Two years from April 21, 

2022 is April 21, 2024. But April 21, 2024 was a Sunday, so the limitations period 

actually expired on April 22, 2024. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(C). Plaintiffs filed 

their initial complaint on that date, tolling the limitations period. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 

3 (“A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.”).

Defendants contend that the initial complaint did not toll the limitations period 

because the court found that it was a shotgun pleading that required repleading. (Doc. 

14 at 6; doc. 23 at 1–2). But they offer no authority for that proposition, nor do they 

present any argument about why the filing of a shotgun pleading is inadequate to toll 

the statute of limitations. (See doc. 14 at 6; doc. 23 at 1–2). Rule 3 provides that “[a] 

civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.” It offers no caveats 

about how well-pleaded the complaint must be, despite the fact that Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12 expressly considers the possibility that a complaint may be “so 

vague or ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a response.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e); see also Wagner v. First Horizon Pharm. Corp., 464 F.3d 

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1273, 1275 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that the court’s “supervisory obligation to sua 

sponte order repleading” when faced with a shotgun complaint arises under Rule 

12(e)). Defendants’ argument is not sufficient for the court to find, as a matter of 

law, that a shotgun pleading fails to toll the statute of limitations given the plain 

language of Rule 3.

Defendants also argue that the amended complaint, which was filed after the 

limitations period expired, does not relate back to the initial complaint. (Doc. 14 at 

7). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 provides that “[a]n amendment to a pleading 

relates back to the date of the original pleading when . . . the amendment asserts a 

claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—

or attempted to be set out—in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). 

The initial complaint identified Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, Lt. Washington, 

Detective Brasher, and two fictitious defendants and described the factual 

circumstances at issue, although it failed to set out any claims based on those 

circumstances. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 2–7, 10–13). The amended complaint asserts claims 

arising out of the same circumstances set out in the initial complaint. (See generally 

doc. 4). Accordingly, the amended complaint relates back to the initial complaint 

under Rule 15(c)(1)(B). 

Finally, Defendants argue for the first time in their reply brief that, even if the 

initial complaint was timely and the amended complaint related back as to 

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Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, Lt. Washington, and Detective Brasher, it does not relate 

back as to Sheriff Pettway, Detective Stewart, and one fictitious defendant, none of 

whom were named in the initial complaint. (Doc. 23 at 2–4). Defendants could have 

asserted this argument in their initial brief but they did not do so. (See doc. 14 at 7). 

The court does not consider arguments asserted for the first time in reply briefs.3 See 

Herring v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 397 F.3d 1338, 1342 (11th Cir. 2005). Accordingly, 

the court declines to dismiss this action as barred by the statute of limitations.

4. Eleventh Amendment Immunity

Counts One, Four, and Five assert federal claims. (Doc. 4 ¶¶ 53–57, 68–78; 

see supra note 1). And the caption of the amended complaint identifies Defendants 

in their official capacities. (Id. at 1–2). As a result, the court construes the amended 

complaint to assert official capacity claims against each defendant. 

The Eleventh Amendment bars federal claims brought against state officials 

in their official capacities. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 169 (1985) (“[The 

Eleventh Amendment] bar remains in effect when State officials are sued for 

damages in their official capacity. That is so because . . . a judgment against a public 

servant in his official capacity imposes liability on the entity that he represents.”) 

3 Even if Defendants had made this argument in their initial brief, they fail to address the 

proper standard for evaluating relation back under Rule 15(c)(1)(C), which is whether the newly 

named defendants “knew or should have known that [they] would have been named as . . . 

defendant[s] but for an error,” Krupski v. Costa Crociere S. p. A., 560 U.S. 538, 548 (2010). 

Defendants make no argument regarding that standard (doc. 23 at 2–3), so the court does not 

address whether Plaintiffs can satisfy it. 

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(cleaned up). It “represents a constitutional limitation on the federal judicial power 

established in Article III.” McClendon v. Ga. Dep’t of Cmty. Health, 261 F.3d 1252,

1256 (11th Cir. 2001). And although the bar is waivable, see id. at 1257, the court 

can nevertheless raise the bar on its own motion, id. at 1259; see also Whiting v. 

Jackson State Univ., 616 F.2d 116, 127 n.8 (5th Cir. 1980) (“Although neither 

[defendant] has raised the bar of the [E]leventh [A]mendment, we consider it sua 

sponte because a defense based upon the [E]leventh [A]mendment is in the nature 

of a jurisdictional bar.”).4

Because Defendants clearly seek dismissal of all claims against them (see doc. 

13 at 1) (moving the court “to dismiss any and all claims”), and Alabama has 

unequivocally asserted its lack of consent to being sued, Ala. Const. art. I, § 14 

(“[T]he State of Alabama shall never be made a defendant in any court of law or 

equity.”), the court ordered Plaintiffs to show cause why the court should not dismiss 

the official capacity federal claims for lack of jurisdiction (doc. 24). Plaintiffs did 

not respond to the order to show cause. Accordingly, the court WILL DISMISS all 

official capacity claims brought in this lawsuit WITHOUT PREJUDICE because 

Defendants in their official capacities are entitled to Eleventh Amendment 

immunity. Because Count Four asserts only an official capacity claim against Sheriff 

4 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the 

Eleventh Circuit adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed 

down before October 1, 1981.

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Pettway, this ruling results in the dismissal of that count. The remaining counts, 

however, also assert individual capacity claims, so the court proceeds to discuss 

Defendants’ arguments about those counts. 

5. Qualified Immunity

Counts One and Five assert federal individual capacity claims against 

Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, Lt. Washington, Detectives Stewart and Brasher, and 

two fictitious defendants. (Doc. 4 ¶¶ 53–57, 75–78). Defendants contend that they 

are entitled to qualified immunity from each of those claims. (Doc. 14 at 10–19).

“Qualified immunity protects government officials performing discretionary 

functions from suits in their individual capacities unless their conduct violates 

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person 

would have known.” Shaw v. City of Selma, 884 F.3d 1093, 1098 (11th Cir. 2018). 

Everyone agrees that the defendants were performing discretionary functions (see 

doc. 4 ¶¶ 14–20; doc. 14 at 11; doc. 22 at 11), so the plaintiffs bear the burden of 

showing that each officer’s conduct violated a constitutional right and that the right 

was clearly established at the time of the conduct. Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 

1194 (11th Cir. 2002). To determine whether a right was clearly established, the 

court looks to binding decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Court 

of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, and, in this case, the Supreme Court of Alabama. 

Glasscox v. City of Argo, 903 F.3d 1207, 1217 (11th Cir. 2018).

Case 2:24-cv-00500-ACA Document 27 Filed 12/09/24 Page 13 of 23
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A right is clearly established only if “the contours of the right were sufficiently 

clear that every reasonable officer would have understood that what he was doing 

violates that right.” Jarrard v. Sheriff of Polk Cnty., 115 F.4th 1306, 1323 (11th Cir. 

2024) (quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff can show that a right was clearly 

established in three ways: (1) “case law with indistinguishable facts clearly 

establishing the constitutional right,” (2) “a broad statement of principle within the 

Constitution, statute, or case law that clearly establishes a constitutional right,” or 

(3) showing “that officials engaged in conduct so egregious that a constitutional right 

was clearly violated, even in the total absence of case law.” Id. at 1323–24 (quotation 

marks omitted). Plaintiffs rely on the second and third methods. (Doc. 22 at 23–24).

The court will address Count One first, followed by Count Five.

i. Count One

In Count One, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants violated their substantive due 

process rights by exposing them to a state-created danger, in violation of their 

substantive due process right.

5 (Doc. 4 ¶¶ 53–57). Defendants argue that Plaintiffs 

have not stated a claim for violation of their substantive due process right and that 

such a right is not clearly established. (Doc. 14 at 13–14, 17–19). 

5 As stated above, although Plaintiffs name Sheriff Pettway in Count One, they identified 

him only in his official capacity. (See doc. 4 at 2). As a result, the court does not construe the 

amended complaint to assert Count One against Sheriff Pettway in his individual capacity and it 

will not address whether he is entitled to qualified immunity. Even if the court did so construe the 

amended complaint, Sheriff Pettway would be entitled to qualified immunity for the same reason 

the other defendants are. 

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When a claim involves a party “in a noncustodial relationship with the 

state[,] . . . conduct by a government actor violates substantive due process only if 

the act can be characterized as arbitrary or conscience shocking in a constitutional 

sense.” A.W. ex rel. J.W. v. Coweta Cnty. Sch. Dist., 110 F.4th 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 

2024) (quotation marks omitted). The Eleventh Circuit has “never held that an 

official’s deliberate indifference in a noncustodial setting can shock the conscience. 

Indeed, even allegations of intentional misconduct seldom shock the conscience.” 

Id. (citation omitted); see also Waddell v. Hendry Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 329 F.3d 1300, 

1305 (11th Cir. 2003) (“[E]ven conduct by a government actor that would amount 

to an intentional tort under state law will rise to the level of a substantive due process 

violation only if it also shocks the conscience.”) (quotation marks omitted). This is 

because the Supreme Court has cautioned courts “against expanding the concept of 

substantive due process.” Waddell, 329 F.3d at 1304.

The Eleventh Circuit has stated in dicta that when a case involves a 

noncustodial setting, “a substantive due process violation would, at the very least, 

require a showing of deliberate indifference to an extremely great risk of serious 

injury to someone in Plaintiffs’ position.” Id. at 1306. The Eleventh Circuit 

emphasized that the possibility of a deliberate-indifference-to-extremely-great-risk 

standard “is the low point—may well be too low a point—for a possible standard in 

a case like this one.” Id. at 1306 n.5. The Court explained that it was not ruling out 

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the possibility that “that the correct legal threshold for substantive due process 

liability in a case like this one is actually far higher,” such as “deliberate indifference 

to a substantial certainty of serious injury” or even the official acting “maliciously 

and sadistically for the very purpose of creating a serious injury.” Id. (quotation 

marks omitted).

The Eleventh Circuit has previously found unconvincing a substantive due 

process claim made based on an injury suffered by a confidential informant. In 

Vaughn v. City of Athens, 176 F. App’x 974, 976 (11th Cir. 2006), police officers 

received information that a drug dealer would kill a confidential informant but 

nevertheless sent the confidential informant to a controlled buy without attempting 

to provide any protection. The drug dealer killed the confidential informant and the 

administratrix of his estate filed suit against the officers. Id. at 975–76. The Eleventh 

Circuit held that the officers’ conduct did not shock the conscience because the 

plaintiff did not allege the confidential informant was unaware of the risks or that 

the officers had acted maliciously and the police had not forced the confidential 

informant to act as an informant. Id. at 977. Although Vaughn is not binding 

precedent, the court finds it persuasive because “non-binding persuasive authority 

can be used to indicate that a particular constitutional right is not clearly 

established,” Corbitt v. Vickers, 929 F.3d 1304, 1319 n.14 (11th Cir. 2019), and its 

analysis is consistent with Eleventh Circuit precedent on substantive due process. 

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The substantive due process right on which Plaintiffs rely is not clearly 

established. Although they contend that the facts at issue in this case shock the 

conscience because Defendants “recklessly compromised” Mr. Vernon’s identity, 

promised to protect him, and then failed to do so (doc. 22 at 23–24), Eleventh Circuit 

authority indicates that even intentional conduct—much less reckless conduct—may 

not qualify as a substantive due process violation, see A.W. ex rel. J.W., 110 F.4th at

1316. And as in Vaughn, the allegations here are that Mr. Vernon voluntarily agreed 

to work as a confidential informant and that he was aware of the risks. (See doc. 4 

¶¶ 22–23, 29, 34–36); Vaughn, 176 F. App’x at 977. Moreover, Plaintiffs make no

non-conclusory allegation that any of the defendants acted maliciously or 

sadistically. (See doc. 4 ¶¶ 3–6, 22–52); Vaughn, 176 F. App’x at 977; cf. Waddell, 

329 F.3d at 1306 n.5. Even construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the 

court cannot find that either a broad principle of law or the egregiousness of 

Defendants’ conduct clearly establishes the substantive due process right on which 

Plaintiffs rely. See Jarrard, 115 F.4th at 1323–24. 

The court therefore WILL GRANT the motion to dismiss the individual

capacity claims asserted in Count One against Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, 

Lt. Washington, Detectives Stewart and Brasher, and the two fictitious defendants 

WITH PREJUDICE on the ground that they are entitled to qualified immunity. 

ii. Count Five

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In Count Five, Plaintiffs assert that Lt. Deramus and Sgt. Boackle failed to 

train and supervise the investigators with whom Mr. Vernon was working as a 

confidential informant. (Doc. 4 ¶¶ 75–78). Defendants contend that they are entitled 

to qualified immunity because a single incident cannot establish a pattern or practice 

and Plaintiffs have not shown a violation of a clearly established right. (Doc. 14 at 

14–19). 

“[A] supervisor can be held liable for failing to train his or her employees only 

where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons 

with whom the officers come into contact.” Keith v. DeKalb Cnty., 749 F.3d 1034, 

1052 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted; alteration accepted). In other words, 

a plaintiff making a claim that a supervisor failed to train subordinates “must 

demonstrate that the supervisor had actual or constructive notice that a particular 

omission in their training program cause[d his] employees to violate citizens’

constitutional rights, and that armed with that knowledge the supervisor chose to 

retain that training program.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Normally this showing

requires “a pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees.” Id.

at 1053 (quotation marks omitted; alteration accepted). 

Defendants contend that Plaintiffs have not described any other incidents and 

therefore do notshow a pattern of constitutional violations. (Doc. 14 at 16). Plaintiffs 

contend that the need to train was so obvious that liability can attach with only a 

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single incident. (Doc. 22 at 20–22). In support, they cite City of Canton v. Harris, 

489 U.S. 378, 390 (1989), in which the Supreme Court stated in dicta that a city’s 

failure to provide training might support municipal liability if “the duties assigned 

to specific officers or employees [make] the need for more or different training . . .

so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional 

rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been 

deliberately indifferent to the need” by failing to provide that training. The Court 

hypothesized that a city that armed its police officers with firearms, knowing that 

the “officers [would] be required to arrest fleeing felons,” would “so obvious[ly]” 

require training on “the constitutional limitations on the use of deadly force . . . that 

failure to do so could properly be characterized as deliberate indifference to 

constitutional rights.” Id. at 390 n.10 (quotation marks omitted). 

Canton does not clearly establish that a single incident suffices to hold a 

supervisor liable for failure to train or supervise. It lays out a hypothetical situation 

in which the need to train could be clearly established without any incidents, but that 

hypothetical situation is dicta and therefore cannot clearly establish the law. See 

Hamilton ex rel. Hamilton v. Cannon, 80 F.3d 1525, 1530 (11th Cir. 1996), 

abrogated on other grounds as recognized by Waldron v. Spicher, 954 F.3d 1297, 

1306 (11th Cir. 2020) (“The law cannot be established by dicta. Dicta is particularly 

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unhelpful in qualified immunity cases where we seek to identify clearly established 

law.”).

Other precedent from the Supreme Court reinforces this conclusion. In 

Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 54 (2011), prosecutors violated Brady v. 

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) by failing to disclose exculpatory evidence to a 

defendant, who later sued the district attorney’s office for damages. The Supreme 

Court held that the office could not be held liable for failure to train based on a single 

Brady violation. Connick, 563 U.S. at 54. The Court acknowledged that Canton

“sought not to foreclose the possibility, however rare, that the unconstitutional 

consequences of failing to train could be so patently obvious that a city could be 

liable under § 1983 without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations.” Id. at 64. 

But the Court distinguished the hypothetical situation described in Canton with the 

single Brady violation at issue in Connick because Canton involved an “obvious 

need for specific legal training,” novice officers would not have that legal knowledge 

without training, and “[a]rmed police must sometimes make split-second decisions 

with life-or-death consequences.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 64. By contrast, prosecutors 

are trained attorneys who have licensing requirements and continuing-education 

obligations and who experience on the job training. Id. at 64–66. As a result, 

“recurring constitutional violations are not the obvious consequence of failing to 

provide prosecutors with formal in-house training about how to obey the law.” Id. at 

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66 (quotation marks omitted); see also Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cnty. v. 

Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 409 (1997) (explaining that Canton “hypothesized that, in a 

narrow range of circumstances, a violation of federal rights may be a highly 

predictable consequence of a failure to equip law enforcement officers with specific 

tools to handle recurring situations”). 

The facts alleged in this case are not similar enough to those hypothesized in 

Canton to find that Lt. Deramus and Sgt. Boackle violated a clearly established right 

by failing to train or supervise their subordinates. Unlike in Canton, where the Court 

hypothesized a situation in which police officers who had received no training on 

the legal limits of the use of deadly force needed to make split-second decisions 

about using firearms, this case involves police officers’ use and protection of 

confidential informants over lengthy periods of time, an area peculiarly within the 

expertise of law enforcement. Compare Canton, 489 U.S. at 390 & n.10, with (doc. 

4 ¶¶ 4). As the Eleventh Circuit has stated when rejecting the single-incident theory

of liability in other contexts, “[u]nlike the risk from a particular glaring omission in 

a training regimen, the risk from these possible imperfections, if any . . . is not 

obvious in the abstract.” Gold v. City of Miami, 151 F.3d 1346, 1352 (11th Cir. 1998)

(quotation marks omitted). The court WILL GRANT the motion to dismiss the 

individual liability claims against Lt. Deramus and Sgt. Boackle in Count Five based 

on qualified immunity. 

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5. Supplemental Jurisdiction

Plaintiffs’ remaining claims (in Counts Two and Three) arise under state law. 

(See doc. 4 ¶¶ 58–67). The court had jurisdiction over the state law claims based on 

its supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). But, as the court has 

explained, the court must dismiss all of Plaintiffs’ federal claims. And where the 

court “has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction,” the court 

“may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction” over any remaining state law 

claims. Id. § 1367(c). The Eleventh Circuit encourages district courts to do so if all 

federal claims are dismissed before trial. Raney v. Allstate Ins. Co., 370 F.3d 1086, 

1089 (11th Cir. 2004). Although “[t]he running of a state statute of limitations is an 

important factor for the district court to consider when deciding whether to dismiss 

a pendent claim,” Edwards v. Okaloosa Cnty., 5 F.3d 1431, 1433 (11th Cir. 1993), 

the dismissal of the state law claims does not prejudice Plaintiffs because, although 

they filed their claims in federal court on the last day of the limitations period, “[t]he 

period of limitations for any claim asserted under [supplemental jurisdiction] . . . 

shall be tolled while the claim is pending and for a period of 30 days after it is 

dismissed unless State law provides for a longer tolling period,” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1367(d). This court therefore DECLINES to exercise supplemental jurisdiction 

over Plaintiffs’ state law claims.

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III. CONCLUSION

The court WILL DISMISS the official capacity claims asserted in Counts 

One, Four, and Five WITHOUT PREJUDICE based on Defendants’ entitlement 

to Eleventh Amendment immunity. The court WILL DISMISS the individual 

capacity claims asserted in Counts One and Five WITH PREJUDICE because 

Lt. Deramus, Sgt. Boackle, Lt. Washington, Detectives Stewart and Brasher, and the 

two fictitious defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. These rulings result in 

the dismissal of all federal claims (Counts One, Four, and Five). The court 

DECLINES to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims asserted 

in Counts Two and Three and WILL DISMISS those claims WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE.

DONE and ORDERED this December 9, 2024.

 _________________________________

 ANNEMARIE CARNEY AXON

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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