Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-azd-4_13-cv-00679/USCOURTS-azd-4_13-cv-00679-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 863
Nature of Suit: Social Security - DIWC/DIWW (405(g))
Cause of Action: 42:405 Review of HHS Decision (SSID)

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WO 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Emma Josephine Davis, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

Carolyn W. Colvin, Acting Commissioner 

of Social Security 

Defendant.

No. CV-13-00679-TUC-CRP

ORDER 

 Plaintiff Emma Josephine Davis has filed the instant action seeking review of the 

final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 

The Magistrate Judge has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to the parties’ consent. 

(Doc. 9). Pending before the Court are Plaintiff’s Opening Brief (Doc. 19) (“Plaintiff’s 

Brief”), Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of the Commissioner’s Decision (Doc. 

24), and Plaintiff’s Reply (Doc. 26). For the following reasons, the Court remands this 

matter for an immediate award of benefits. 

BACKGROUND

 Davis, who was born on October 13, 1959, applied for disability insurance 

benefits in February 2010, alleging that since April 7, 2008 she has been unable to work 

due to ulcerative colitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, depression, and anxiety. 

(Administrative Record (“AR.”) 167-170, 177, 224). Davis has a high school 

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equivalency degree. (AR. 21, 80). From 1998 through May 2008, she worked in retail as 

cashier/customer service clerk, and during 2000 to 2004, she also worked as a mentor at a 

residential facility for the disabled where she cooked, cleaned, administered medications 

and took residents to doctors’ appointments. (AR. 48, 180). 

 At the time of the hearing before the ALJ, Plaintiff lived with her husband, her 

daughter, and two grandchildren who are 9 and 12 years of age. (AR. 75). Plaintiff 

testified that she has ulcerative colitis, depression, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, 

headaches, dizziness, deafness in her left ear, arthritis and fibromyalgia. (AR. 43-45, 56, 

67). She experiences pain in her legs, knees, back, fingers, elbow, left ear, and head. 

(AR. 56). Injections, radio frequency ablation, facet blocks, and use of a TENS unit have 

provided only temporary relief for her pain. (AR. 56-58). She also testified that her 

ulcerative colitis is under control with medications, but she does experience “a flew flareups...once or twice every month.” (AR. 52 (the flare ups last about 20 to 30 minutes)). 

Plaintiff’s depression causes her to sleep most of the day and she spends most of the day 

in bed. (AR. 67-69; see also AR. 67 (“I wake--every four hours...[to] go to the 

bathroom.”)). On days she feels better, she will sit outside or in the living room. (AR. 

69). Plaintiff has crying spells every other day and suffers from anxiety on a daily basis 

that makes her feel “[l]ike I want to jump out of my skin.” (AR. 71-72). During panic 

attacks, which she has every two months or so and which last about ten to fifteen 

minutes, she shakes and her heart races. (Id.). Plaintiff does not drive and she stopped 

going to church in approximately December 2011. (AR. 73). 

 Plaintiff’s application was denied on initial review and again on reconsideration, 

after which Plaintiff requested that her claim proceed to hearing before an administrative 

law judge. (AR. 115-123, 155). A hearing was held on February 27, 2012 before 

Administrative Law Judge George W. Reyes (“ALJ”) at which Davis, who was 

represented by counsel, and vocational expert Ruth Van Vleet (“VE”) testified. (AR. 39-

91). On April 12, 2012, the ALJ issued his decision finding Plaintiff was not disabled 

under the Social Security Act. (Tr. 22-32). Thereafter, the Appeals Council denied 

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Plaintiff’s request for review, thus rendering the ALJ’s April 12, 2012 Decision the final 

decision of the Commissioner. (Tr. 1-6). 

 Davis then initiated the instant action, arguing that: (1) the ALJ erred by rejecting 

the assessments of her treating physician, Yuhee Kim, M.D.,; (2) the ALJ erred by 

rejecting the assessment of her treating psychiatric nurse practitioner, Judy Hileman, 

N.P.; (3) the ALJ erred in rejecting her symptom testimony; and (4) the ALJ erred by 

determining that her work capacities without support by substantial evidence of record. 

(Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 1). 

 Defendant contends that the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence 

of record. 

STANDARD

 The Court has the “power to enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the record, 

a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Commissioner of Social 

Security, with or without remanding the cause for a rehearing.” 42 U.S.C. §405(g). The 

factual findings of the Commissioner shall be conclusive so long as they are based upon 

substantial evidence and there is no legal error. 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3); 

Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008). This Court may “set aside the 

Commissioner’s denial of disability insurance benefits when the ALJ’s findings are based 

on legal error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.” 

Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted); see also BrownHunter v. Colvin, __ F.3d __, 2015 WL 4620123, *4 (9th Cir. Aug. 4, 2015). 

 Substantial evidence is “‘more than a mere scintilla[,] but not necessarily a 

preponderance.’” Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1038 (quoting Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 

871, 873 (9th Cir. 2003)); see also Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098. Further, substantial 

evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to 

support a conclusion.” Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 2007). Where “the 

evidence can support either outcome, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of 

the ALJ.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 (citing Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1019 (9th

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Cir. 1992)). Moreover, the Commissioner, not the court, is charged with the duty to 

weigh the evidence, resolve material conflicts in the evidence and determine the case 

accordingly. Matney, 981 F.2d at 1019. However, the Commissioner's decision “‘cannot 

be affirmed simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” Tackett,

180 F.3d at 1098 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th Cir.1998)). 

Rather, the Court must “‘consider the record as a whole, weighing both evidence that 

supports and evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] conclusion.’” Id. (quoting 

Penny v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 1993)). 

DISCUSSION

 SSA regulations require the ALJ to evaluate disability claims pursuant to a fivestep sequential process. See 20 C.F.R. §§404.1520, 416.920. To establish disability, the 

claimant must show: (1) she has not worked since the alleged disability onset date (“Step 

One”); (2) she has a severe impairment (“Step Two”); and (3) her impairment meets or 

equals a listed impairment (“Step Three”) or her residual functional capacity (“RFC”) 

precludes the performance of her past work (“Step Four”). At step five, the 

Commissioner must show that the claimant is able to perform other work. 

 THE ALJ’S FINDINGS IN PERTINENT PART

The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 

employment during the period from her alleged onset date of April 7, 2008 through her 

date last insured of December 31, 2011. (AR. 24). The ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered 

from the following severe impairments: ulcerative colitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, 

depression, and anxiety. (Id.). The ALJ went on to find that although Davis could not 

perform her past relevant work (AR. 31), she was capable of: 

Perform[ing] light work as defined in 20 CFR ' 404.1567(b) except that 

she is precluded from using ladders, ropes, and scaffolds; is also limited to 

only occasionally using ramps and stairs; and is further limited to only 

occasional balancing, kneeling stooping, crouching and crawling. She must 

avoid concentrated exposure to hazards, commonly defined as dangerous 

machinery or unprotected heights. She is further limited to tasks that are 

not performed in a fast-paced production environment; and furthermore, is 

limited to only occasional interactions with supervisors, coworkers, and the 

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general public. Finally, she can attend and [sic] concentrated for two hours 

at a time for up to eight-hours with the two customary 10-15 minute breaks, 

and one customary 30-60 minute lunch break. 

(AR. 26).1

 

 In arriving at his decision, the ALJ placed “reduced weight on the opinions by the 

state agency medical and psychological consultants...” because “[t]hey were not able to 

review evidence subsequent to their review, including the testimony by the claimant.” 

(AR. 30). The ALJ gave no weight to the opinion of Nurse Practitioner Judy Hileman 

concerning Davis’ mental impairments. (Id.). The ALJ also disagreed with the opinion 

of Davis’ treating physician, Dr. Kim, although the ALJ did not state what weight, if any, 

he accorded that opinion. (Id.). Finally, the ALJ concluded that Davis’ testimony with 

regard to the severity and functional consequences of her symptom was not fully credible. 

(AR. 31). 

 Ultimately, the ALJ adopted the opinion of the VE that Davis was capable of 

performing “the requirements of representative occupations such as a janitor,” Dictionary 

of Occupational Titles number 323.687-014. (AR. 32). 

 THE ALJ IMPROPERLY REJECTED TREATING DR. KIM’S OPINION

 It is well-settled that the opinions of treating physicians, like Dr. Kim, are entitled 

to greater weight than the opinions of examining or non-examining physicians. Andrews 

v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1040-1041 (9th Cir. 1995). Generally, more weight is given to 

the opinion of a treating source than the opinion of a doctor who did not treat the 

claimant. See Turner v. Commissioner of Soc. Sec. Admin., 613 F.3d 1217, 1222 (9th Cir. 

2010); Winans v. Bowen, 853 F.2d 643, 647 (9th Cir. 1987). Medical opinions and 

conclusions of treating physicians are accorded special weight because treating 

 

1

 Although the ALJ made no specific statements about Davis’ weight or body mass index (“BMI”), he stated that he considered “the effects of...[her] obesity and included those effects within [his]...determination of the claimant’s residual functional 

capacity.” (AR. 29 (citing SSR 02-01p)). A June 2010 treatment record indicates that 

Davis was five feet, five inches tall, weighed 218.20 pounds, and had a BMI of 35.75 (AR. 708-09), and by April 2011, she weighed 235.60 pounds and had a BMI of 38.61 

(AR. 905). 

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physicians are in a unique position to know claimants as individuals, and because the 

continuity of their dealings with claimants enhances their ability to assess the claimants’ 

problems. See Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 421-22 (9th Cir. 1988); Winans, 853 F.2d 

at 647; see also Bray v. Commissioner of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1228 (9th Cir. 

2009) (“A treating physician’s opinion is entitled to substantial weight.”) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted); Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 

1989 (“We afford greater weight to a treating physician's opinion because he is employed 

to cure and has a greater opportunity to know and observe the patient as an 

individual.”)(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); 20 C.F.R 20 §§ 404.1527 

(generally, more weight is given to treating sources, “since these sources are likely to be 

the medical professionals most able to provide a detailed, longitudinal picture of [the 

claimant’s] medical impairment(s) and may bring a unique perspective to the medical 

evidence that cannot be obtained from the objective medical findings alone or from 

reports of individual examinations....”). 

 An ALJ may reject a treating physician’s uncontradicted opinion only after giving 

“‘clear and convincing reasons’ supported by substantial evidence in the record.” Reddick 

v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 

(9th Cir. 1995)). “Even if the treating doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another doctor, 

the ALJ may not reject this opinion without providing ‘specific and legitimate reasons’ 

supported by substantial evidence in the record.” Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725 (citing Lester,

81 F.3d. at 830). “‘The ALJ can meet this burden by setting out a detailed and thorough 

summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating [his] interpretation thereof, 

and making findings.’” Tommasetti 533 F.3d at 1041 (quoting Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 

751). 

 Here, although two state agency non-examining doctors found insufficient 

evidence in the record to support a disability finding or any work limitations, the ALJ 

rejected those opinions because they did not consider all the evidence of record. (AR. 30, 

93-114). Davis asserts that “since the ALJ rejected those opinions they are irrelevant to 

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this appeal.” (Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 4 (citing AR. 30)). Therefore, according to Davis, 

“[c]lear and convincing reasons should be required to reject Dr. Kim’s assessment, since 

that opinion is not contradicted by any substantial evidence in the record.” (Plaintiff’s 

Brief, p. 21). Defendant does not address Davis’ assertion that the ALJ must state clear 

and convincing to reject Dr. Kim’s opinion. Instead, Defendant argues that the ALJ 

“reasonably disagreed with Dr. Kim....” (Defendant’s Brief, p. 8). As discussed below, 

regardless whether the ALJ was required to state clear and convincing reasons or specific 

and legitimate reasons to reject Dr. Kim’s opinion, the ALJ failed to satisfy both 

standards. 

 The ALJ found that Davis suffered from the severe impairments of ulcerative 

colitis, fibromyalgia2

, osteoarthritis, depression, and anxiety. (AR. 24). 

 

2

 Fibromyalgia is “a rheumatic disease that causes inflammation of the fibrous 

connective tissue components of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other tissue.” Benecke 

v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 589 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Common symptoms of 

fibromyalgia, which Davis also experiences, include chronic diffuse pain throughout the 

body; multiple tender points; sensitivity to stress and activity level; chronic fatigue; sleep 

disturbance; stiffness; and depression. Id. at 589-590; Willis v. Callahan, 979 F.Supp. 

1299, 1303 n. 2 (D. Or. 1997); see also SSR 12-2p, 2012 WL 3104769. “Fibromyalgia’s 

cause is unknown, there is no cure, and it is poorly-understood within much of the 

medical community.” Benecke, 379 F.3d at 590. See also Sarchet v. Chater, 78 F.3d 

305, 306 (7th Cir. 1996) (fibromyalgia is “a common, but elusive and mysterious 

disease...”). “‘There are no laboratory tests for the presence or severity of fibromyalgia. 

The principal symptoms are pain all over, fatigue, disturbed sleep, stiffness, and the only 

symptom that discriminates between it and other diseases of a rheumatic character 

multiple tender spots, more precisely 18 fixed locations on the body (and the rule of 

thumb is that the patient must have at least 11 of them to be diagnosed as having 

fibromyalgia) that when pressed firmly cause the patient to flinch.” Rollins v. Massanari,

261 F.3d 853, 855 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Sarchet, 78 F.3d at 306) (internal quotation 

marks omitted); see also SSR 12-2p, 2012 WL 3104769. The Ninth Circuit has observed 

that fibromyalgia “is diagnosed entirely on the basis of patients’ reports of pain and other 

symptoms.” Benecke, 379 F.3d at 590 

 In addition to seeking treatment for fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis and ulcerative 

colitis, Davis also underwent surgeries on her fingers and elbow, and she has also sought 

mental health treatment through COPE Community Services (“COPE”), beginning in 

April 2008. (See e.g., AR. 58-62; Plaintiff’s Brief, pp. 4-12). 

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 On April 6, 2011, Dr. Yuhee Kim, M.D., Davis’ treating doctor from June 2010 

through at least January 2012, completed a Fibromyalgia Residual Functional Capacity 

(RFC) Questionnaire (“Fibromyalgia Questionnaire”) and a Pain Functional Capacity 

(RFC) Questionnaire (“Pain Questionnaire”). (AR. 873-77; Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 13). In 

the Fibromyalgia Questionnaire, Dr. Kim indicated that Davis met the American College 

of Rheumatology’s criteria for fibromyalgia, she also suffered from multiple chronic joint 

pain and bipolar disorder, and her impairments can be expected to last the next 12 

months. (AR. 873). He further indicated that Davis’ symptoms included: multiple tender 

points, nonrestorative sleep, frequent severe headaches, severe fatigue, depression, 

vestibular dysfunction, morning stiffness, anxiety, low back pain and panic attacks. (Id.). 

According to Dr. Kim, Daivs’ pain level was “Moderately Severe (Pain seriously affects 

ability to function)” and factors that precipitated pain included changing weather, 

hormonal changes, humidity, movement/overuse, cold, static position, stress and heat. 

(AR. 874; see also AR. 876 (indicating same on Pain Questionnaire)). Davis’ pain was 

also measured to be moderately severe and expected to frequently interfere with her 

attention and concentration. (AR. 874-75; see also AR. 876 (indicating same on Pain 

Questionnaire)). Dr. Kim also stated that Davis frequently experiences deficiencies of 

concentration, persistence or pace resulting in failure to complete tasks in a timely 

manner. (AR. 875; see also AR. 877 (indicating same on Pain Questionnaire)). He 

stated that Davis was not considered to be malingerer. (AR. 874). He opined that Davis 

would not be able to sustain work on a regular and continuing basis, i.e. for 8 hours a day, 

5 days per week. (AR. 875). 

 The ALJ rejected Dr. Kim’s opinion that Davis was unable to sustain work on a 

regular and continuing basis. (AR. 30). The ALJ stated that Dr. Kim’s opinion was “not 

well supported by the overall evidence. She has been able to manage her impairments 

with conservative treatment.” (AR. 30). The ALJ also faulted Dr. Kim for “apparently 

rel[ying] quite heavily on the subjective report of symptoms and limitations provided by 

the claimant, and seemed to accept uncritically as true most, if not all, of what the 

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claimant reported.” (Id.). The ALJ then pointed out that he questioned the reliability of 

Davis’ subjective complaints and cited his discussion on that point. (Id.). The ALJ went 

on to state that 

the possibility always exists that a doctor may express an opinion in an 

effort to assist a patient with whom he or she sympathizes for one reason or 

another. Another reality, which should be mentioned, is that patients can 

be quite insistent and demanding in seeking supportive notes or reports 

from their physicians, who might provide such a note in order to satisfy 

their patients’ requests and avoid unnecessary doctor/patient tension. 

While it is difficult to confirm the presence of such motives, they are more 

likely in situations where the opinion in question departs from the rest of 

the evidence of record, as in the current case. 

(AR. 30). 

 As to this last reason, Defendant presents no argument in support of the ALJ’s 

statement. (See Defendants’ Brief, pp. 8-10). Moreover, as Davis points out, an ALJ 

“‘may not assume that doctors routinely lie in order to help their patients collect disability 

benefits.’” Lester, 81 F.3d at 832 (quoting Ratto v. Secretary, 839 F.Supp. 1415, 1426 

(D. Or. 1993)); (see also Plaintiff’s Brief, pp. 24-25). While the Commissioner may 

introduce evidence of actual improprieties, the ALJ cited no such evidence here and none 

is apparent in the record. See Lester, 81 F.3d at 832. 

 As for the ALJ’s statement that Dr. Kim’s opinion was not supported by the 

“overall evidence[]”, the Social Security Administration has explained that an ALJ's 

finding that a treating source medical opinion is not well-supported by medically 

acceptable evidence or is inconsistent with substantial evidence in the record means only 

that the opinion is not entitled to controlling weight, not that the opinion should be 

rejected. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 632 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing SSR 96-2p at 4, 1996 

WL 374188; 20 C.F.R. ' 404.1527). Treating source medical opinions are still entitled to 

deference and, “[i]n many cases, . . . will be entitled to the greatest weight and should be 

adopted, even if it does not meet the test for controlling weight.” Id. at 632; see also 

Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725 (if the ALJ wishes to disregard the uncontradicted opinion of a 

treating physician, he or she must make findings setting out “‘clear and convincing 

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reasons’ supported by substantial evidence in the record.”); Murray v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 

499, 502 (9th Cir. 1983) (“If the ALJ wishes to disregard the opinion of the treating 

physician [in favor of a conflicting medical opinion], he or she must make findings 

setting forth specific, legitimate reasons for doing so that are based on substantial 

evidence in the record."). Thus, “[t]o say that medical opinions are not supported by 

sufficient objective findings or are contrary to the pereponderant conclusions mandated 

by the objective findings, does not achieve the level of specificity...” required by the 

Ninth Circuit. Embrey, 849 F.2d at 421. Instead, “[t]he ALJ must do more than offer his 

conclusions. He must set forth his own interpretations and explain why they, rather than 

the doctors’, are correct.” Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725. 

 Davis stresses that there is no support for the ALJ’s belief that she “has been able 

to manage her impairments with conservative treatment.’” (Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 23; (AR. 

30; see also Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 23). Davis is correct that there is no indication on the 

record that more radical treatment3

 was available for her with regard to her fibromyalgia, 

osteoarthritis, and mental impairments. 

 What remains is the ALJ’s conclusion that Dr. Kim, in rending his opinion, 

“apparently relied quite heavily on the subjective report of symptoms and limitations 

provided by the claimant, and seemed to accept uncritically as true most, if not, all of 

what the claimant reported.” (AR. 30; see also Defendant’s Brief, pp. 8-10). In focusing 

on Davis’ symptom testimony, the ALJ and, ultimately, Defendant, overlooked the 

substantial medical evidence of record supporting Dr. Kim’s opinion. 

 Dr. Kim first saw Davis on June 11, 2010, for complaints of ulcerative colitis, 

 

3

 Davis took a variety of medications, used a TENS unit, and underwent injections and radiofrequency ablation for her physical impairments. (See e.g., AR. 56-57, 910, 

1043, 1049, 1060-61; see also Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 7). Additionally, she was prescribed a variety of medication for treatment of her mental impairments including antidepressants (Prozac, Celexa), anxiolytics (Xanax, Atarax, Ambien) and an anti-psychotic used in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder (Risperdal). (Plaintiff’s Brief, pp. 11-13). With regard to Davis’ ulcerative colitis, the record does 

support a conclusion that she improved with medication as opposed to more invasive treatment. (See e.g., AR. 52). However, Davis’ ulcerative colitis has no bearing on Dr. Kim’s opinion given that he did not list that condition as a basis for his opinion. (See

AR. 873). 

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chronic pain, depression/anxiety, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. (AR. 708). He noted 

that Davis was a “poor historian with crying during the whole interview.” (Id.). He 

indicated that Davis had been treated at COPE for two years for depression, “but her 

depression was out of control today.”4

 (Id.). Davis reported that her son had died from 

on overdoes of narcotics in 2010. (Id.). On examination, Dr. Kim found Davis’ spine 

was positive for posterior tenderness, tenderness on lateral epicondyle5

, she had a 

depressed affect and presented as “anxious, is fearful, feels hopeless, and does not have 

suicidal ideation.” (AR. 711). Dr. Kim’s assessment included, “Depressive disorder, not 

elsewhere classified[,] uncontrolled not consolable[,] rec hospital admission and pt 

agreed that because she was scared with [sic] out of control f/u with COPE[;] Ulcerative 

colitis...rec to have f/u with GI...[;]Unspecified essential Hypertension....[;] 

Hypercholesterolemia...[;]Chronic Pain Due to Trauma...f/u with pain specialist and 

ortho with narcotics...[;] Lateral epicondylitis...will have right elbow surgery....” (AR. 

711-12). Dr. Kim also noted that Davis was obese. (AR. 711). At this time, Davis was 

taking the following medications: Colace, Phenergan, Prilosec, Cymbalta, Oxycodone, 

Hydroxyzine, Ibuprofen, Propoxyphene Nap-acetaminophen, Clonidine, Gabapentin, 

Asacol, Hydromorphone, Simvastatin, folic acid, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Diazepam. 

(AR. 712). 

 In July 2010, Davis presented with complaints of chronic pain, 

headache/dizziness/tinnitus/imbalance, bipolar disorder, ulcerative colitis, “ortho and 

obesity/smoking.” (AR. 837). She asked for a pain shot for her back and stated that her 

pain specialist did not give her narcotics, but she was taking ibuprofen 800 mg and a 

 

4

 The record also reflects that Davis was taken to the emergency room on June 7, 2010 with complaints of chest pain and was transferred “to psych, but she refused to go to [P]alo [V]erde [psychiatric hospital]...stating, “‘I am not crazy, but just grieving for my son.’” (AR. 703, 713-14). The June 7, 2010 record of that incident, which Dr. Kim 

reviewed, indicated that Davis presented with complaints of anxiety and depression and reported that her 31 year-old son died two months earlier. (AR. 713). The medic’s 

assessment was: “Disphoretic, Jerking, Hyperventilating” and Davis was sent to the emergency department (Id.). 

5

 Davis reported to Dr. Kim that she was scheduled for surgery for tennis elbow. (AR. 708). 

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muscle relaxant. (Id.). On examination, Dr. Kim found Davis’ level of distress was 

“anxious, irritable but consolable, uncomfortable...” and that she had a depressed affect. 

(AR. 839). Although Dr. Kim did not find evidence of any spine abnormality, he noted 

that Davis’ spine was “positive for posterior tenderness. Paravertebral muscle spasm.” 

(Id.). His assessment included dizziness and giddiness, bipolar disorder, ulcerative 

colitis, and chronic pain. (AR. 839-40). At this time, Davis was taking the following 

medications: Seroquel, Risperidone, Prozac, Ropinirole, Asacol, Prilosec, Oxycodone, 

Hydroxyzine, Ibuprofen, Colace, Phenergan, Propoxyphene Nap-acetaminophen, 

Clonidine, Gabapentin, Asacol, Hydromorphone, Simvastatin, folic acid, 

Hydrochlorothiazide, and Diazepam. (AR. 840). 

 In his August 18, 2010 treatment note, Dr. Kim indicated that Davis presented 

with knee pain, rash, bunion, dizziness and hearing loss, bipolar disorder and chronic 

back pain. (AR. 828). Regarding Davis’ complaints of chronic back pain, Dr. Kim noted 

Davis’ report that she regularly followed up with pain specialist Dr. Wagner who gave 

her “narcotics (oxycodone 5mg #180 in 8/16), but pt c/o narcotics was not enough for 

pain.” (Id.). Dr. Kim also noted that Davis cried during the appointment and complained 

of pain. (Id.). On examination, Dr. Kim found Davis’ level of distress was “crying but 

consolable, irritable but consolable[]” and that she was anxious and had mood swings. 

(AR. 831). Although he noted no abnormalities with her spine or back, he did find 

diffuse tenderness in both knees and diffuse carbuncles and furuncles under her arms, on 

her lower abdomen and intergluteal area. (Id.). He referred Davis to an orthopedics for 

her complaints of joint pain. (Id.). 

 In August 2010, Davis was seen by Lawrence R. Housman, M.D., at Tucson 

Orthopaedic Institute, P.C., upon referral for consultation concerning severe pain in both 

knees. (AR. 856 (Davis “thinks [the knee pain]...started with a fall in 1995 onto 

concrete. She also had an accident in 1994 and 2001 which may have aggravated her 

knees.”); see also AR. 858 (Dr. Housman’s report was sent to Dr. Kim)). Davis also 

reported joint, back and ankle pain in addition to the fact that she was scheduled for 

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surgery for tennis elbow and that she had recently fallen which left her with a concussion 

and dizziness relating to a left ear injury. (AR. 856.). Dr. Housman observed that Davis 

was “in a moderate amount of distress in that she has some difficulty getting from the 

chair to examining table easily.” (Id.). On examination, Dr. Housman found: 

 She has some type of rash about her facies which would question 

whether there is some type of systemic arthritis such as lupus. Concerning 

her shoulders, she is able to forward elevate her shoulders to above the 

horizontal but it seems painful. She has back pain which is generalized 

pain throughout the entire thoracolumbar spine. In the lower extremities, 

she has some hip pain with flexion anywhere past 90, abduction past 20, 

although the rotation is symmetrical. 

 Concerning her knees, she has some synovitis of both of her knees. 

She actively extends to -5 on both flexes to 125 degrees. Both knees are 

stable. There is more irritability to the knee, however, than one would 

expect. She also has some hypersensitivity around the joints. 

(AR. 856-67). Dr. Housman concluded that Davis “seems to have some type of systemic 

arthritis which is currently giving her severe pain in both knees but also has involved her 

back and other joints with a fleeting type of arthralgias. With a history of ulcerative 

colitis, one wonders whether there is some type of spondyloarthropathy related to the 

irritable bowel syndrome.” (AR. 857). He recommended that Davis see a 

rheumatologist. (Id.). 

 In October, 2010, Mark Iannini, M.D., of Southern Arizona Rheumatology 

Associates, saw Davis upon referral by Dr. Kim for evaluation of musculoskeletal pain. 

(AR. 861). Dr. Iannini noted Davis’ complaints of diffuse pain for the past several years 

which has been getting worse over the past year. (Id.). Davis reported that her pain “is 

exacerbated by stress and weather change. She has chronic fatigue and poor sleep and 

awakens exhausted in the morning.” (AR. 861). On exam, Davis was tearful and 

exhibited 18 out of 18 tender points consistent with the American College of 

Rheumatology defined anatomic locations for fibromyalgia. (Id.). He noted that her gait 

was normal. (Id.). Dr. Iannini diagnosed fibromyalgia syndrome; “[c]hronic depression 

and anxiety which is interplaying with her risk for fibromyalgia syndrome”, morbid 

obesity, and chronic pain syndrome which was being managed by Dr. Kim. (Id.). Dr. 

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Iannini recommended “yoga to decrease stress which is a common trigger for 

fibromyalgia symptoms. I would suggest not prescribing any further pharmacologic 

therapy since this patient already has polypharmacy and the risk for drug interactions 

would be extremely high.” (Id.). Dr. Iannini discharged Davis “back to [Dr. Kim’s] care 

since I will only confirm diagnosis of fibromyalgia and will not manage these patients.”6

 

(AR. 862). 

 In October 2010, Dr. Kim noted Davis’ recent diagnosis of fibromyalgia by Dr. 

Iannini and that Davis was “talking multiple psych meds from COPE, but she was always 

crying like baby in office with complaints of pain.” (AR. 821). He further stated that 

Davis “always crying in every office visit c/o pain with taking narcotics – stating ‘no[t] 

enough for her pain’...”, and that she “always asked me more [sic] stronger narcotics 

with crying....” (Id. (also noting Davis was “already taking antidepressant and muscle 

relaxant”)). He found that Davis’ bipolar disorder was “uncontrolled.” (AR. 824). 

Although Dr. Kim prescribed Lyrica, he “refuse[d] to refill narcotics because she overuse 

[sic]”. (Id.). 

 Also in October 2010, Dr. Kim referred Davis to Arnold Farr, M.D., at Desert Pain 

& Rehab Specialists, who instituted a pain management program consisting of pain 

medication including low-dose morphine and Oxycodone (AR. 1060-61), trigger point 

injections (Id.; AR. 1043, 1049, 1053), use of a TENS unit (AR. 56-57, 905, 910, 1060-

61), medications for fibromyalgia including Lyrica and Savella. (AR. 1040, 1041, 1042, 

1045, 1047, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1052, 0154, 1055, 1057, 1057; see also Plaintiff’s Brief, 

p. 7). 

 In March 2011, Dr. Kim referred Davis to Augusto C. Posadas, Jr., M.D., at 

Arizona Endocrinology and Rheumatology Associates, for evaluation of polyathralgia. 

(AR. 941-43; Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 7). Dr. Posadas noted that Davis had complained of 

 

6

 Defendant characterizes Dr. Iannini’s statement as “simply declin[ing] to treat [Davis], telling her to exercise and do yoga.” (Defendant’s Brief, p. 5). Defendant omits that Dr. Iannini did not decline to treat Davis for any reason other than that he did not manage fibromyalgia patients, but only confirmed diagnosis. Defendant also omits that 

Dr. Iannini set forth cogent reasons for not recommending additional medication. 

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swelling in her foot, hand and knee for the past six months, she also complained of 

stiffness lasting about 2 hours in the morning with pain rated at six out of ten. (AR. 941). 

He also noted that her pain was “mostly paraspinal in nature, although she is awakened 

nightly 1-2 times/night due to [symptoms]. She exhibits bilateral SI TTP and with mild 

plantar fascial TTP, possible enthesitis.” (Id.). On examination, Davis was found to have 

18 out of 18 tender points indicative of fibromyalgia. (AR. 942). Laboratory testing 

ruled out other causes such as the presence of an antigen indicative of ankylosing 

spondylitis, which eliminated autoimmune or inflammatory etiology. (AR. 931; 

Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 8). An x-ray of Davis’ sacroiliac joints showed only “mild 

degenerative changes not unusual for age.” (AR. 917). Dr. Posadas assessed 

polyarthralgia, multifactorial with definite fibromyalgia “component given PE and 

history of bipolar, limited activity, lack of restful sleep and depression—probably 

secondary condition to chronic back pain at minimum—with predominant [fibromyalgia 

symptoms]....” (AR. 932). 

 Records reflect that Dr. Kim reviewed Davis’ condition, medications and 

treatment in March 2011. (AR. 912-15). In April 2011, Dr. Kim noted Davis’ complaint 

that her pain was not controlled by narcotics. (AR. 905). He also indicated that Davis 

had been “seen by ENT...” for loss of hearing, and balance therapy was recommended 

“but she couldn’t afford it. [R]eported that she used a walker at home.” (AR. 905; see 

also AR. 1015 (May 2011 COPE note indicating Davis was “[n]ow using a cane for 

dizziness and imbalance.”)). By this point, Davis weighed 235.60 pounds and had a body 

mass index of 38.61. (AR. 905). On examination, Dr. Kim found Davis’ level of distress 

was anxious but there was no unusual anxiety or evidence of depression. (AR. 908). He 

found Davis was tender all over her body. (Id.). Vertigo was added to her diagnoses 

which also included chronic pain, myalgia and myositis, bipolar disorder, obesity, and 

hypertension. (Id.). At this time, Davis was taking Ropinirole, Hydroxyzine, 

Gabapentin, Lyrica, Ibuprofen, Savella, Vivelle, Clonidine, Hydrochlorothiazide, 

Omeprazole, Asacol. Colace, Methocarbamol, Simvastatin, Percocet, Morphine Sulfate, 

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Zolpidem Tartrate, Proxyphene Nap-acetaminophen, Phenergan, and folic acid. (AR. 

908-09). 

 Contrary to the ALJ’s characterization, there is no indication in the record that Dr. 

Kim “accept[ed] uncritically as true most, if not all, of what the claimant reported.” (AR. 

30). Instead, Dr. Kim made his own clinical assessments and observations and sent 

Davis to specialists to confirm and/or rule out conditions. What Dr. Kim determined 

based on his own examination results and the information he received from the specialists 

to whom he had referred Davis, was that Davis suffered from fibromyalgia and/or 

polyarthraliga with a definite fibromyalgia component in addition to her bipolar disorder. 

Davis only received temporary relief from various treatment and medications prescribed 

and despite this, she still presented for treatment. Although Defendant attempts to argue 

that Dr. Kim was, at best, unaware of or, at worst, deceived by what Defendant refers to 

as Davis’ “history of drug-seeking behavior” (Defendant’s Brief, p. 8), the record does 

not support this conclusion. While Davis admitted in 2008 to abusing cocaine in the past, 

the record reflects she was no longer using. (AR. 318-19 (COPE note indicating that 

Davis “is currently not substance-abusing. Per her history she was using up until four or 

five years ago and she has been clean from cocaine since then. She actually is tested by 

the CPS people involved with the child custody suit...” involving Davis’ grandchildren)). 

Davis was open that she took more medication than prescribed because the amount 

prescribed did not help her. (See e.g. ̧ AR. 318 (June 2008 COPE evaluation noting that 

although Davis had been prescribed Xanax three times per day, “she has been taking up 

to five a day...to control her anxiety.”)). Davis points out that the ALJ did not find that 

substance abuse was a severe impairment. (Plaintiff’s Reply, p. 3). Moreover, Dr. Kim 

was quite aware of Davis’ “overuse” and complaints that the prescribed narcotics were 

“‘no[t] enough for her pain’” (AR. 821; see also AR. 822 (Dr. Kim also stated “wasting 

time to talk about pain and narcotics, and so no[t] enough time to discuss about her 

chronic or acute disease”)).7

 Defendant contends that Dr. Kim’s “clinic continued to give 

 

7

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Plaintiff medications, such as oxycodone and MS Contin, through the remainder of the 

relevant time period.” (Defendant’s Brief, p. 2 (citing AR. 1048 (Dr. Farr’s treatment 

note)). There is absolutely no indication in the record that these medications were 

unwarranted. Moreover, Dr. Kim who worked at El Rio Community Health Care, and 

not at Dr. Farr’s clinic, actually refused to refill Davis’ narcotics, deciding to defer to the 

pain specialist. (See AR. 824). The fact that Dr. Kim did not accede to Davis’ requests 

for narcotics undermines the ALJ’s position that Dr. Kim accepted, uncritically, her 

subjective complaints. While Dr. Kim acknowledged Davis’ “overuse” of medication, he 

never indicated he felt she was being deceptive; rather, she was always clear in her 

position that the prescribed medications did not adequately treat her pain and/or other 

symptoms. Nor did Dr. Kim find that Davis was malingering. (See AR. 874). Although 

fibromyalgia “is diagnosed entirely on the basis of patients’ reports of pain and other 

symptoms”, Benecke, 379 F.3d at 590, the ALJ has failed to provide a basis for his 

conclusion that Dr. Kim relied on Davis’ statements and/or her subjective complaints 

more heavily than his own clinical observations in reaching the conclusions expressed in 

his opinion. See e.g. Ryan v. Commissioner of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1200 (9th Cir. 

2008). Instead, the substantial evidence of record suggests otherwise. 

 Defendant also argues that elsewhere in the decision when not specifically 

discussing Dr. Kim, “the ALJ reasonably cited” evidence that Davis’ anxiety and 

depression was stable on medication, which served to undermine Dr. Kim’s assertion that 

Davis “had depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and pain that kept her from working.” 

(Defendant’s Brief, p. 9). According to Defendant, Davis’ anxiety and depression were 

stable on medications and that the GAF scores8

 assigned to her indicated only mild or 

 enough insight to see that she was overusing her meds and that, even then, they were not helping her symptoms.” (AR. 323). 

8

 The Ninth Circuit has explained that: 

“A GAF score is a rough estimate of an individual's psychological, social, and occupational functioning used to reflect the individual's need for 

treatment.” Vargas v. Lambert, 159 F.3d 1161, 1164 n. 2 (9th Cir.1998). 

According to the DSM–IV, a GAF score between 41 and 50 describes 

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moderate symptoms. (Defendant’s Brief, p. 9). However, Defendant overlooks that “a 

condition can be stable but disabling.” Petty v. Astrue, 550 F.Supp. 2d 1089, 1099 (D. 

Ariz. 2008). Moreover, the records Defendant cites (see Defendant’s Brief, p. 9, ll. 11-

12) to support her positon also indicate that Davis presented with labile effect, pressured 

speech and an anxious, angry mood (AR. 308 (GAF of 65)); pressured speech, and poor 

insight (AR. 309 (GAF of 65)); pressured speech, anxious mood and crying throughout 

visit (AR. 310 (GAF of 65); blunted affect, monotone speech, and depressed mood (AR. 

1003 (GAF of 55)); and a labile affect (tearful vs blunted) and monotone speech (AR. 

1006 (GAF assessed of 55)). Other records cited by Defendant on this same point 

reflected that despite normal examination, Prozac dosage was increased (AR. 795-96 

(GAF of 55)) and Davis complained during a telephonic appointment about fair sleep 

with racing thoughts, “copious depression and anxiety with mood swings[]”, and picking 

at scabs when anxious (AR. 1001(GAF of 55)). (Defendant’s Brief, p. 9, ll. 11-12; see 

also id. (citing AR. 773-75 (GAF of 55), 1005 (client no show, GAF score remained at 

55)). Dr. Kim’s treatment notes reflected time and again that Davis presented as crying 

with a depressed and/or anxious affect and, at times, she was inconsolable. Further, at 

 “serious symptoms” or “any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning.” A GAF score between 51 to 60 describes “moderate 

symptoms” or any moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning.” Although GAF scores, standing alone, do not control determinations of whether a person's mental impairments rise to the level of 

a disability (or interact with physical impairments to create a disability), they may be a useful measurement. We note, however, that GAF scores are 

typically assessed in controlled, clinical settings that may differ from work environments in important respects. See, e.g., Titles II & XVI: Capability to Do Other Work–The medical–Vocational Rules As A Framework for Evaluating Solely Nonexertional Impairments, SSR 85–15, 1983–1991 Soc. 

Sec. Rep. Serv. 343 (S.S.A 1985) (“The mentally impaired may cease to function effectively when facing such demands as getting to work regularly, having their performance supervised, and remaining in the workplace for a full day.”). 

Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1002 n.4 (9th Cir. 2014). Additionally a GAF score between 61 and 70 indicates the patient experiences “[s]ome mild symptoms” or “some difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning” but is “generally functioning pretty well has some meaningful interpersonal relationships.” DSM-IV at 4. 

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times, he indicated uncontrolled depression and, on one occasion, uncontrolled bipolar 

disorder. 

 In sum, Dr. Kim’s assessment properly considered Davis’ physical impairments in 

combination with her mental impairments. A claimant’s combined impairments must be 

considered in arriving at the RFC assessment. See e.g. Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 

1290 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he ALJ must consider the combined effect of all of the 

claimant's impairments on her ability to function, without regard to whether each alone 

was sufficiently severe.”). Here, the reasons given by the ALJ to discount Dr. Kim’s 

opinion are not supported by either clear and convincing or specific and legitimate 

reasons. Instead, the substantial evidence of record supports Dr. Kim’s assessment.9

 

 REMAND FOR AN IMMEDIATE AWARD OF BENEFITS

 Davis requests that the Court credit Dr. Kim’s opinion and remand this matter for 

an immediate award of benefits. (Plaintiff’s Brief, p. 25; see also id. at pp. 36-38). 

Alternatively, she requests that the matter be remanded for further proceedings before a 

different ALJ. (Id. at p. 38). 

 Remand for an award of benefits is appropriate where: 

(1) the record has been fully developed and further administrative 

proceedings would serve no useful purpose; (2) the ALJ has failed to 

provide legally sufficient reasons for rejecting evidence, whether claimant 

testimony or medical opinion; and (3) if the improperly discredited 

evidence were credited as true, the ALJ would be required to find the 

claimant disabled on remand. 

Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1020 (footnote and citations omitted). The Garrison court also 

noted that the third factor “naturally incorporates what we have sometimes described as a 

distinct requirement of the credit-as-true rule, namely that there are no outstanding issues 

that must be resolved before a determination of disability can be made.” Garrison, 759 at 

1020 n. 26 (citing Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1292); see also Treichler v. Commissioner of Soc. 

 

9

 Because, as discussed below, remand for an immediate award of benefits is 

appropriate based on the improper rejection of Dr. Kim’s opinion, the Court does not reach Davis’ arguments asserting error on other issues. 

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Sec., 775 F.3d 1090, 1103 (9th Cir. 2014) (in evaluating whether further administrative 

proceedings would be useful, “we consider whether the record as a whole is free from 

conflicts, ambiguities, or gaps, whether all factual issues have been resolved, and whether 

the claimant's entitlement to benefits is clear under the applicable legal rules.”). Where 

the test is met, the Ninth Circuit “take[s] the relevant testimony to be established as true 

and remand[s] for an award of benefits[,]” Benecke, 379 F.3d at 593 (citations omitted), 

unless “the record as a whole creates serious doubt as to whether the claimant is, in fact, 

disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1021 

(citations omitted). 

 Here, remand for an immediate award of benefits is appropriate. The record has 

been fully developed and remand for further administrative proceedings would serve no 

useful purpose. Dr. Kim’s statement is supported by the substantial evidence of record. 

Crediting Dr. Kim’s opinion as true results in the unquestionable conclusion that Davis is 

unable to perform sustained work on a regular and continuing basis. See SSR 96-9p, 

1996 WL 374185, *2 (to be found not disabled, the claimant must be able “to perform 

sustained work on a regular and continuing basis; i.e., 8 hours a day, for 5 days a week, 

or an equivalent work schedule.”). The Court reaches this conclusion despite the ALJ’s 

finding that Davis was not entirely credible. For the reasons stated above, the ALJ’s 

conclusion that Dr. Kim uncritically accepted Davis’ subjective complaints was not 

supported by the substantial evidence of record. Moreover, upon consideration of the 

substantial evidence of record, this Court has no reason for serious doubt as to whether 

Davis is disabled under the Act. 

CONCLUSION

 The record is fully developed and, when considering the record as a whole, there is 

 no reason for serious doubt as to whether Plaintiff is disabled. Accordingly, 

 IT IS ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner denying Plaintiff’s claim 

for benefits is REVERSED. 

 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this action is REMANDED to the 

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Commissioner for immediate calculation and award of benefits. 

 The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to enter Judgment accordingly and to close this 

case file. 

 Dated this 30th day of September, 2015. 

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