Source: s3://data.kl3m.ai/documents/govinfo/USCOURTS/USCOURTS-alnd-3_08-cv-00933/USCOURTS-alnd-3_08-cv-00933-0/pdf.json

Nature of Suit Code: 365
Nature of Suit: Personal Injury - Product Liability
Cause of Action: 28:1441 Petition for Removal- Wrongful Death

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

NORTHWESTERN DIVISION

SARAH BEAM, personal

representative of the Estate of

JAMES ANTHONY LARD,

deceased,

Plaintiff,

vs.

MCNEILUS TRUCK AND

MANUFACTURING, INC.,

Defendant.

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Civil Action No. CV-08-S-0933-NW

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

This action is before the court on the motion for summary judgment and two

motionsto exclude filed by defendant, McNeilus Truck and Manufacturing, Inc. The 1

suit arises out of an incident that occurred on December 11, 2007, when plaintiff’s

decedent, James Anthony Lard, fell from the riding platform on a garbage truck

manufactured by defendant, and died from the resulting injuries. Sarah Beam, as 2

personal representative of the Estate of James Anthony Lard, asserted claims against

defendant based on the so-called “Alabama Extended Manufacturer’s Liability

See doc. nos. 31, 34, and 40. 1

It is unclear whether Mr. Lard dismounted intentionally (by stepping or jumping off) or 2

unintentionally (by falling). Even so, for the sake of simplicity, the court will refer to the dismount

as a “fall.”

FILED

 2010 Mar-24 PM 01:26

U.S. DISTRICT COURT

N.D. OF ALABAMA

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 1 of 23
Doctrine” (“AEMLD”), an implied warranty of merchantability, and an implied

warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. Defendant seeks the dismissal of all

3

claims, as well asthe exclusion of evidence tendered by plaintiff’s expert, L.D. Ryan. 

In support of its motion for summary judgment, defendant argues that

plaintiff’s AEMLD claim must fail because plaintiff failed to offer substantial,

admissible evidence to support the elements of such a claim, and also because safety

warnings conspicuously mounted on the vehicle occupied by plaintiff’s decedent

were ignored. Finally, defendant argues that plaintiff’s warranty claims are not

4

permissible in a suit of this nature, but that, even if such claims were cognizable,

plaintiff failed to offer substantial, admissible evidence to support them.

5

Defendant’s first motion to exclude seeks to exclude the testimony of plaintiff’s

specially-retained expert witness, Dr. L.D. Ryan, arguing that he is not qualified to

testify in this case, and that his opinions are not reliable. See Fed. R. Evid. 702; 6

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). Defendant’s

second motion seeks the exclusion of supplemental materials created by plaintiff’s

See doc. no. 6 (amended complaint). See also Ala. Code. § 7-2-314 (merchantability) and 3

§ 7-2-315 (fitness for a particular purpose). See generally Jenelle Mims Marsh & Charles W.

Gramble, Alabama Law of Damages §§ 32:9 and 32:11 (5th ed. 2004).

See doc. no. 32 (brief in support of motion for summary judgment filed by defendant), at 4

11-20.

See id. at 20-23. 5

See doc. no. 34 (first motion to exclude filed by defendant). 6

2

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 2 of 23
expert, based upon the fact that the opinions contained in the supplemental

submission were not disclosed prior to the deadline specified in this court’s

scheduling order. 

7

Upon consideration, and for the reasons discussed below, defendant’s motions

to exclude the testimony and opinions of plaintiff’s expert will be granted. As a

consequence, and in the absence of admissible evidence to support plaintiff’s claims,

defendant’s motion for summary judgment also will be granted. 

I. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Motion to Exclude or Strike Expert Testimony

The starting point for any discussion of the admissibility of opinion testimony

offered by so-called “expert witnesses” is FederalRule of Evidence 702. As amended

in 2000, in response to the Supreme Court’s seminal decisions in the so-called

“Daubert Trilogy” — i.e., Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S.

579 (1993), General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997), and Kumho Tire 8 9

 See doc. no. 40 (second motion to exclude filed by defendant). 7

The Daubert Court made it clear that the requirement of reliability found in Rule 702 was 8

the centerpiece of any determination of the admissibility of opinion testimony, 509 U.S. at 589, and

the Court identified four factors to be used when determining the reliability of scientific evidence: 

(1) whether the theory can and has been tested; (2) whether it has been subjected to peer review; (3)

the known or expected rate of error; and (4) whether the theory or methodology employed is

generally accepted in the relevant scientific community. Id. at 593-94. 

In Joiner, the Court established the standard for reviewing trial court rulings of 9

admissibility, and held that such rulings would be made under an abuse of discretion standard. 522

U.S. at 141. The Joiner Court also established the important test of analytical “fit” between the

3

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 3 of 23
Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999) — Rule 702 now provides that: 10

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist

the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in

issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or

otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2)

the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3)

the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts

of the case. 

Fed. R. Evid. 702 (emphasis supplied). As the emphasized text of the foregoing

quotation serves to indicate, the requirements of this rule can be grouped under three

broad headings: qualifications, reliability, and helpfulness. See, e.g., U.S. v. Frazier,

387 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004) (concluding that, “under Rule 702, we engage

in a rigorous three-part inquiry”); Quiet Technology DC-8, Inc. v. Hurel-Dubois UK

Ltd., 326 F.3d 1333, 1340 (11th Cir. 2003) (discussing the “three part inquiry [used]

to determine the admissibility of expert testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 702”). 

Even though a “trial court has wide discretion in determining whether to

methodology employed by an expert witness and the conclusions drawn. Id. at 146. The Court

reasoned that just because a methodology is acceptable for some purposes, it may not be acceptable

for others, and a court may not admit evidence when there is “simply too great an analytical gap

between the data and the opinion proffered.” Id. 

In Kumho Tire, the Court made it clear that testimony based solely on the experience of 10

an expert would not be admissible. 526 U.S. at 157. The expert’s conclusions must be based on

sound scientific principles, and the discipline itself must be a reliable one. Id. at 156. The key

consideration is whether the expert “employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor

that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.” Id. The Court emphasized that

judges have considerable leeway in determining both how to test the reliability of evidence, and in

deciding whether such evidence is reliable. Id. at 151-53. 

4

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 4 of 23
exclude expert testimony,” Montgomery v. Noga, 168 F.3d 1282, 1303 (11th Cir.

1999) (quoting United States v. Cross, 928 F.2d 1030, 1049 (11th Cir. 1991)), fidelity

to the “gatekeeping role” imposed upon the trial court by the Daubert decision11

requires district court judges to

engage in a rigorous inquiry to determine whether: “(1) the expert is

qualified to testify competently regarding the matters he intends to

address;(2) the methodology by which the expert reaches his conclusion

is sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated by

Daubert; and (3) the testimony assists the trier of fact, through the

application of scientific, technical, or specialized expertise, to

understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” 

Rink v. Cheminova, Inc., 400 F.3d 1286, 1291-92 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting City of

Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chemicals, Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 562 (11th Cir. 1998) (footnote

omitted)). See also Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260 (“While there is inevitably some

The Daubert decision held that the “general acceptance” test framed in Frye v. United 11

States, 54 App. D.C. 46, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923), “should not be applied in federal trials”

because it had been superseded by the Federal Rules of Evidence enacted by Congress in 1975. 

Daubert, 509 U.S. at 588-89 & n.6. See also General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 142

(1997) (observing that Daubert held “that the ‘austere’ Frye standard of ‘general acceptance’ had

not been carried over into the Federal Rules of Evidence”). 

In place of the general acceptance standard, Daubertsubstituted the trial court judge, acting

in the role of “gatekeeper” to the jury box, see 509 U.S. at 589 n.7, 597, and charged the judge with

the “obligation” to “ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only

relevant, but reliable.” Id. at 589. See also id. at 594 (observing that Rule 702 “assign[s] to the trial

judge the task of ensuring that an expert’s testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is

relevant to the task at hand”), and 597 (same). 

In procedural terms, this means that the trial judge is required to conduct “a preliminary

assessment” pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 104(a) as to “whether the reasoning or

methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that reasoning or

methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue.” Id. at 593-94. 

5

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 5 of 23
overlap among the basic requirements. . . they remain distinct concepts and the courts

must take care not to conflate them.”). 

12

Furthermore, opinion testimony proffered by an expert witness must be

excluded unless the party proffering the witness proves, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that the witness is qualified, and that his testimony is both reliable and

helpful. See, e.g., Rink, 400 F.3d at 1292 (“The party offering the expert has the

burden of satisfying these three elements by a preponderance of the evidence.”)

(citing Allison v. McGhan Medical Corp., 184 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 1999));

McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1298 (11th Cir. 2004) (same); U.S. v. Frazier,

387 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004) (same). 

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that summary judgment “should

It is important to understand that this categorization really is nothing more than a

12

rearrangement and consolidation of the explicit requirements of Rule 702. The first and third prongs

of the Eleventh Circuit’s test (qualification and helpfulness, respectively) are taken from Rule 702’s

preamble. See Fed. R. Evid. 702 (“If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist

the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an

opinion or otherwise . . . .”) (emphasis supplied). The major change accomplished by the Eleventh

Circuit’s restatement is truncation of Rule 702’s three-part litmustest for methodological reliability. 

See Fed. R. Evid. 702(1)-(3). Clearly, that does not mean that district courts are to ignore the

explicit language of Rule 702; on the contrary, the Eleventh Circuit’s formula simply recognizes that

the three numbered prerequisites (and the additional thoughts imparted by the Supreme Court in

Daubert) all relate to the same general concern: the reliability of the methodology utilized by the

expert. Procedurally, then, the district court should consider satisfaction of those requirements

separate and apart from qualification and helpfulness.

6

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 6 of 23
be rendered if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any

affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In other

13

words, summary judgment is proper “after adequate time for discovery and upon

motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the

existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will

bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 

“In making this determination, the court must review all evidence and make all

reasonable inferences in favor of the party opposing summary judgment.” Chapman

v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Haves v.

City of Miami, 52 F.3d 918, 921 (11th Cir. 1995)). Inferences in favor of the nonmoving party are not unqualified, however. “[A]n inference is not reasonable if it is

only a guess or a possibility, for such an inference is not based on the evidence, but

is pure conjecture and speculation.” Daniels v. Twin Oaks Nursing Home, 692 F.2d

1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 1983). Moreover,

[t]he mere existence of some factual dispute will not defeat summary

judgment unless that factual dispute is material to an issue affecting the

Rule 56 was recently amended in conjunction with a general overhaul of the Federal Rules 13

of Civil Procedure. The Advisory Committee was careful to note, however, that the changes “are

intended to be stylistic only.” Adv. Comm. Notes to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (2007 Amends.) (emphasis

supplied). Consequently, cases interpreting the previous version of Rule 56 are equally applicable

to the revised version.

7

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 7 of 23
outcome of the case. The relevant rules of substantive law dictate the

materiality of a disputed fact. A genuine issue of material fact does not

exist unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party

for a reasonable jury to return a verdict in its favor.

Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1023 (quoting Haves, 52 F.3d at 921) (emphasis supplied). 

See also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986) (asking

“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a

jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law”).

II. SUMMARY OF FACTS

A. The Accident

As previously noted, this action arises out of an accident that occurred on

December 11, 2007. Plaintiff’s decedent, James Anthony Lard, then was employed

by Lauderdale County, Alabama as a refuse collector and, on the morning in question,

was performing his duties along Lauderdale County Road 134. Lard was riding on 14

an exterior step mounted on the driver’s side of a garbage truck manufactured by

defendant, but owned and operated by the County’s Solid Waste Department, when

15

he fell or stepped off the moving truck and was killed. 

16

See doc. no. 33, Ex. B (Depo. of Barry Trousdale) (hereafter, “Trousdale Depo.”), at 48 14

and 117-20. 

See doc. no. 33, Ex. C (Depo. of Scott Hamner) (hereafter, “Hamner Depo.”), at 20-22 and 15

89-90.

See doc. nos. 26 (amended joint stipulation) and Trousdale Depo., at 120-23. 16

8

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 8 of 23
Immediately prior to the accident, Lard had collected the refuse from a

residence located on the north side of the road. He then climbed onto the riding step

located on the driver’s side of the vehicle. Barry Trousdale, the driver of the truck,

17

visually confirmed that Lard was aboard the riding step with “four points of contact”

— a phrase indicating that Lard was grasping the handholds on the side of the truck

with both hands, and, was standing with both feet on the riding step — before

Trousdale began driving away from the residence. 

18

Approximately fifteen seconds later, Trousdale glanced in his rearview mirror

and saw Lard rolling in the road. Neither Trousdale nor anyone else saw Lard fall

19

from the truck. No one knows whether Lard dismounted intentionally or 20

unintentionally — i.e., whether he stepped off the riding step or fell off. Trousdale

21

testified that there were no bumps or curves in the road, but estimated that he was

traveling approximately twenty miles per hour at the time.22

B. The Garbage Truck and Riding Step

The garbage truck ridden by plaintiff’s decedent was a 2004 McNeilus “rear

See id. at 117-20. 17

Id. at 12-13, 37-38, 58-60, and 120. 18

See id. at 120-22. 19

See id. at 120-24. 20

See, e.g., Trousdale Depo. at 120-24; doc. no. 33, Ex. D (Depo. of Robert Bevis) (hereafter, 21

“Bevis Depo.”), at 58-60; Hamner Depo. at 71-72.

See Trousdale Depo. at 123-126. 22

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Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 9 of 23
loader,” a truck that requires collectors to physically roll garbage containers to the

23

rear of the vehicle. Such trucks are frequently selected by waste-handling companies

for their versatility. Other types of garbage trucks include “side loaders,” with

24

automated arms that load the garbage, which are typically used in residential areas,25

and “front loaders” designed for loading large dumpsters. Lauderdale County’s

26

refuse-collection route supervisor, Scott Hamner, explained the County’s choice of

“rear loaders” as being the result of the County’s rural routes, which made it difficult

to collect trash with the automated loaders used in urban, residential subdivisions:

Q. Why does Lauderdale County use rear loaders as opposed to

loaders with automated arms or side loaders or front loaders?

A. The way the county is, tougher for the fully automated trucks to

service some of the customers.

Q. What do you mean by that?

A. Where they place the carts and getting cooperation from

customers.

Q. To do a fully automated one, you would have to actually be able

to pull right up next to the garbage can?

See Hamner Depo. at 89-90. 23

See Bevis Depo. at 65-67; doc. no. 33, Ex. E (Depo. of Fred P. Smith) (hereafter, “Smith 24

Depo.”), at 136-39.

See Hamner Depo. at 18 and 93-94; Bevis Depo. at 65-66. 25

See Bevis Depo. at 65-66. 26

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Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 10 of 23
A. Yes, sir.27

Hamner further testified that the riding step feature was an important factor in

the County’s decision to purchase defendant’s truck:

Q. Do you think the riding steps are an important part of these rear

loaders that you guys use?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Why?

A. Well, if the gentleman is constantly coming from the cab to the

rear, it’s going to be the same as having an automated truck, in

my opinion.

Q. So it’s mainly efficiency purposes?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. It would take you forever to do these — 

A. That’s correct.

Q. — routes without riding steps?

A. That’s correct.

. . .

Q. In many areas it wouldn’t be practical to ask the collector to walk

alongside the truck as opposed to — 

A. No, sir.

 Hamner Depo. at 93. 27

11

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 11 of 23
Q. — to climbing in the cab either, would it?

A. No, sir.

Q. It’s not practical to tell them to get in the truck every single time?

A. That’s correct.28

In fact, Lauderdale County would not have purchased the McNeilustruck if it was not

equipped with riding steps. In conjunction with the riding step, the garbage truck

29

was equipped with hand holds for each of the rider’s hands and a warning label

30

explaining when to avoid using the step. The label warned that the riding step

31

should not be used “when speeds are expected to exceed 10 mph or when distance

traveled is in an excess of two-tenths of one mile.” When the McNeilus truck was 32

purchased, defendant dispatched an employee to Lauderdale County who pointed out

the warning decals, including the warning against using the riding step when speeds

exceed ten miles per hour or distances exceed two-tenths of a mile. 

33

The distance between the stop at which plaintiff’s decedent mounted the riding

step and the next planned stop was over six-tenths of a mile, but the truck had

34

 Hamner Depo. at 96-97. 28

See Bevis Depo. at 67-72. 29

See Trousdale Depo. at 37-38, 57-58, and Ex. 12 (hand holds visible in photographs). 30

See id. at 145-46 and 166-70. 31

Id. at 145-46 and 166-70. 32

See Bevis Depo. at 76-80 and 89-90. 33

See doc. no. 33, Ex. F (Declaration of Fred P. Smith), ¶ 7. 34

12

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 12 of 23
traveled significantly less than two-tenths of a mile at the time he fell. Even so, the

35

truck was traveling at approximately twenty miles per hour — twice the speed

mentioned in the warning label — when Lard fell.36

 There is no evidence, however, that Lard read the warning decal, understood

the warning, expected the speed to exceed ten miles per hour, or recognized that the

distance to the next stop was over two-tenths of a mile. On the other hand, Barry

Trousdale, the driver of the truck, read and understood the warning label and the

danger involved. Yet, he operated by his own personal rules, limiting his speeds to 37

twenty-five (as opposed to ten) miles per hour when a rider was on the exterior of the

truck. Lauderdale County simply instructed the drivers to operate at a “safe 38

speed.” Regarding distance, Lauderdale County instructed its truck driversto travel

39

no farther than 500 yards (0.28 of a mile) when a garbage handler was occupying the

step on the exterior of the truck. 

40

C. Relevant Procedural Background

This court entered a scheduling order, incorporating the report of the parties’

See Trousdale Depo. at 123. 35

See id. at 126. 36

See id. at 145-46 and 239-41. 37

See Trousdale Depo. at 61-63. See also Hamner Depo. at 30-31. 38

 Hamner Depo. at 30-31. See also Trousdale Depo. at 61-63. 39

See Trousdale Depo. at 23-26 and 60-61; Hamner Depo. at 38. 40

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Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 13 of 23
planning meeting, on July 8, 2008. That order required plaintiff to disclose any

expert witnesses, together with the reports required by Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 26(a)(2), on or before January 16, 2009. At the request ofthe parties, that 41

deadline waslater extended to March 15, 2009, and the deadline for the completion

42

of all discovery, originally set for March 2, 2009, was extended to May 30, 2009.43

On or before March 15, 2009, plaintiff disclosed an expert report and appendix

prepared by L.D. Ryan, Ph.D., and containing ten opinions. On April 20, 2009,

44

immediately prior to his deposition, Dr. Ryan presented defendant’s counsel with a

revised report dated January 7, 2009, that contained thirteen opinions. In response

45

to defendant’s motion for summary judgment, plaintiff submitted yet another report

authored by Dr. Ryan, labeled “Rebuttal Report, Parts I and II,” containing a third set

of opinions, and an affidavit executed by Dr. Ryan containing yet more opinions.

46

See doc. nos. 11 (report of planning meeting) and 13 (scheduling order). 41

See doc. nos. 19 (joint motion requesting extension) and 20 (margin order extending 42

deadlines).

See doc. nos. 13 (original scheduling order) and 24 (joint motion requesting extension); 43

see also order dated April 30, 2009, extending the discovery deadline.

See doc. no. 33, Ex. A (Depo. of L.D. Ryan) (hereafter, “Ryan Depo.”), at Ex. 3 (report 44

entitled “Opinions”).

See Ryan Depo. at Ex. 17. 45

See doc. no. 36 (plaintiff’s response), at Exs. A, C, and D. 46

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Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 14 of 23
III. DISCUSSION

A. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Opinion Testimony of Plaintiff’s

Expert

Defendant argues that plaintiff’s expert, Dr. L.D. Ryan, is not qualified to

testify in this case, and that his opinions are speculative, subjective, and unreliable.47

In response, plaintiff relies on Dr. Ryan’s training as a mechanical engineer — he has

earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering and a Ph.D. in

agricultural engineering — and his experience in designing equipment, teaching and

publishing, and familiarity with the techniquesfor “guarding” and “warning” against

the hazards of dangerous equipment. The court finds that, even though Dr. Ryan 48

has prior experience as a mechanical engineer and a long history as an expert witness,

he has no experience with refuse collection or garbage-truck design, and he is not

qualified to give expert opinion testimony in this case.

Plaintiff proffers Dr. Ryan’s opinion testimony for the purpose of proving two

elements of her claim under Alabama’s Extended Manufacturer’s Liability Doctrine

(“AEMLD”): i.e., that defendant’s garbage truck was defectively designed, and the

defect caused the injuries and death of plaintiff’s decedent. 

See doc. no. 34 (defendant’s first motion to exclude), at 2. 47

See doc. no. 37 (plaintiff’s response to defendant’s first motion to exclude), at 5-6; see also 48

Ryan Depo. at Ex. 1 (Curriculum Vitae) (containing an extensive list of Dr. Ryan’s

accomplishments).

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Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 15 of 23
In order to prove that a product is defective for purposes of the AEMLD,

a plaintiff must prove that

a safer, practical, alternative design was available to the

manufacturer at the time it manufactured the [product].

The existence of a safer, practical, alternative design must

be proved by showing that:

(a) The plaintiff’s injuries would have

been eliminated or in some way reduced by

use of the alternative design; and that

(b) taking into consideration such

factors asthe intended use of the [product], its

styling, cost, and desirability, its safety

aspects, the foreseeability of the particular

accident, the likelihood of injury, and the

probable seriousness of the injury if that

accident occurred, the obviousness of the

defect, and the manufacturer’s ability to

eliminate the defect, the utility of the

alternative design outweighed the utility of

the design actually used.

General Motors Corp. v. Jernigan, 883 So. 2d 646, 662 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Hannah

v. Gregg, Bland & Berry, Inc., 840 So. 2d 839, 858 (Ala. 2002) (emphasis omitted))

(internal quotation marks omitted). 

Thus, to testify that a challenged product is defectively designed, an expert

witness must be qualified to testify that “a safer, practical, alternative design was

available to the manufacturer.” Id. This requires, in turn, that the expert be qualified

to testify that the utility of the alternative design outweighs the utility of the

16

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 16 of 23
challenged design, and that use of an alternative design would have eliminated or

reduced the injuries suffered. See Long v. Raymond Corp., 245 Fed. Appx. 912, 916

(11th Cir. 2007). See also General Motors Corp. v. Jernigan, 883 So. 2d 646, 662

(Ala. 2003) (explaining that the risk-utility test must be met to succeed on an

AEMLD claim based on a design defect). To be qualified to evaluate the utility of

a design, the witness must be proficient at evaluating 

such factors as the intended use of the product, its styling, cost, and

desirability, its safety aspects, the foreseeability of the particular

accident, the likelihood of injury, and the probable seriousness of the

injury if that accident occurred, the obviousness of the defect, and the

manufacturer's ability to eliminate the defect . . . .

Jernigan, 883 So. 2d at 662 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). 

Essentially, the witness must be able to perform a meaningful cost-benefit analysis

of the relative merits of both the original and alternative designs. See Tokio Marine

& Fire Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Grove Mfg. Co., 958 F.2d 1169, 1174 (1st Cir. 1992)

(discussing defects in terms of cost versus benefit in crane case). 

Turning to a discussion of garbage trucks specifically, a witness cannot

adequately performa cost-benefit analysis on original and alternative designs without

knowledge of the refuse-collection industry and garbage-truck design. See id. (“[A]

meaningful cost benefit analysis . . . required, in turn, considerable familiarity with

the device itself; with how hydraulic cranes work and are operated; with crane design,

17

Case 3:08-cv-00933-CLS Document 43 Filed 03/24/10 Page 17 of 23
manufacture and marketing; with applicable industry standards; and so on.”). 

Because garbage trucks operate on the road, knowledge of garbage-truck design

would necessarily include knowledge of road-vehicle design and the specialized

requirements road vehicles must meet, as well. 

Plaintiff’s expert, however, has little or no experience in the world of refuse

collection, road-vehicle design generally, or garbage-truck design specifically. He

has never written a book or article on garbage trucks. He has never designed a

49

garbage truck. He has nottaught a course dealing specifically with garbage trucks. 50 51

He holds no patents on garbage truck devices or components. Although Dr. Ryan 52

has testified in hundreds of cases, he has never before testified in one involving a

garbage truck. He has never written a book or article on any type of motor vehicle

53

designed for road use. He has never been a consultant to any company in the refuse 54

industry. He has no experience in the solid-waste/garbage-hauling industry. He 55 56

had not examined a rear-loading garbage truck prior to this case. He “thinks” he 57

See Ryan Depo. at 6 and 9. 49

See id. at 8. 50

See id. at 9. 51

See id. at 9. 52

See id. at 9-10. 53

See id. at 10-11. 54

See Ryan Depo. at 20. 55

See id. at 28. 56

See id. at 52-53. 57

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knows how to operate a rear loader, but he has not taken the “one second” he claims

it would require to learn for sure how to operate such a vehicle. Other than 58

watching three hours of videos on “YouTube,” he has no training or experience in

designing waste-hauling routes. He is not knowledgeable about the history or

59

evolution of rear-loading garbage-truck designs. Moreover, the mere fact that Dr. 60

Ryan

is a licensed engineer is, in and of itself, insufficient to qualify him as

an expert in this case. See United States v. Brown, 415 F.3d 1257 (11th

Cir. 2005) (upholding district court’s refusal to qualify expert with a

Ph.D. in plant pathology who had only worked with the chemical

substance at issue in the case on “isolated projects”); Tokio Marine &

Fire Ins. Co. v. Grove Mfg. Co., 958 F.2d 1169, 1174 (1st Cir. 1992)

(finding engineer unqualified to provide experttestimony on a purported

design defect in a crane, where the engineer had no experience

designing, maintaining, or operating cranes); and Diviero v. Uniroyal

Goodrich Tire Co., 919 F. Supp. 1353, (D. Ariz. 1996) (concluding that

engineer did not have the expertise to testify about a purported defect in

steel belted radial tires).

Wright v. CaseCorp., No. 06-Civ.A.1:03CV1618-JEC, 2006 WL278384, at *3 (N.D.

Ga. Feb. 01, 2006). 

See id. at 11-12. 58

See id. at 114. 59

See id. at 46-47, 49, and 56. Dr. Ryan’s inexperience in the subject matter of this case is 60

further illustrated by the safety cage he constructed as an alternative design. In his deposition, he

was forced to admit that the alternative design was probably illegal. See Ryan Depo. at 35. Dr. Ryan

failed to incorporate into his design the rules governing motor vehicles operating on the road. One

who was an expert in the proper design and construction of road vehicles generally or garbage trucks

specificallywould incorporate such rules into their design beforehand. Dr. Ryan’s “probablyillegal”

design highlights his lack of familiarity with the design of motor vehicles for use on the road.

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Likewise, Dr. Ryan’s experience with guarding devices and warning labels is

not, alone, sufficient to qualify himto offer opinion testimony in this case because his

prior experience did not involve garbage trucks or similar motor vehicles designed

for road use. Id. 

Finally, the fact that Dr. Ryan has testified or consulted as an expert in

hundreds of cases involving a variety of products does not qualify him to testify in

this case. See Thomas J. Kline, Inc. v. Lorillard, Inc., 878 F.2d 791, 800 (4th 61

Cir.1989) (“[I]t would be absurd to conclude that one can become an expert simply

by accumulating experience in testifying.”); Tokio Marine & Fire Ins. Co., Ltd. v.

Grove Mfg. Co., 762 F. Supp. 1016, 1018 (D.P.R. 1992) (“The fact that a person

spends substantially all of her time consulting with attorneys and testifying in trials

is not a disqualification, but it is not an automatic qualification guaranteeing

admission of expert testimony.”). 

For all of the foregoing reasons, plaintiff failed to carry her burden of

Dr. Ryan has been involved in hundreds of cases involving a variety of products, and his 61

testimony has been at issue in a number of those cases. See, e.g., James v. Cincinnati, Inc., 243 Fed.

Appx. 25 (5th Cir. 2007); Christ v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 149 F.3d 1182, 1998 WL 344049 (6th

Cir. May 27, 1998) (unpublished, but referenced in a table of decisions without reported decisions);

Martinez v. Triad Controls, Inc., 593 F. Supp. 741 (E.D. Pa. 2009); Menz v. New Holland North

America, Inc., 460 F. Supp. 2d 1058 (E.D. Mo. 2006); Johnson v. Davidson Ladders, Inc., 403 F.

Supp. 2d 544 (N.D. Miss. 2005); Richter v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., No. 8:05-CV-2153-T-17MAP,

2009 WL 2912781 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 20, 2009); Hannah v. Gregg, Bland & Berry, Inc., 840 So. 2d

839 (Ala. 2002); Kirby v. Langston’s Furniture & Appliance,Inc., 631 So. 2d 1301, 1305 (La. Ct.

App. 1994).

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establishing that Dr. Ryan is qualified to offer opinion testimony that defendant’s

garbage-truck was defectively designed. Accordingly, his testimony is due to be

excluded under Rule 702. Because plaintiff has no other admissible evidence of a

design defect, Dr. Ryan’s testimony that a defect caused the decedent’s injuriesis also

excluded. 

Plaintiff also relies on Dr. Ryan’s testimony to support the implied warranty

claims added in her amended complaint. Specifically, she seeks to utilize Dr. 62

Ryan’s testimony to prove that the garbage truck was unreasonably dangerous, i.e.,

defective, and that it did not meet the expectations of its purchaser. As discussed in

the context of the AEMLD, Dr. Ryan is not qualified to testify regarding the

defectiveness of the garbage truck. Likewise, plaintiff failed to establish Dr. Ryan’s

qualification to testify as to the performance of the garbage truck relative to

Lauderdale County’s expectations. Because Dr. Ryan is not qualified to testify that

the product is defective, and did not meet the expectations of the purchaser, his

testimony on these points is also due to be excluded under Rule 702. 

In light of the foregoing, a discussion of the reliability and helpfulness of Dr.

Ryan’s testimony need not be reached. 

See doc. no. 36 (plaintiff’s response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment), at 21- 62

22.

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B. Defendant’sMotion toExclude the Supplemental Ryan Materials Filed by

Plaintiff

Subsequent to filing its original motion to exclude all of the testimony of Dr.

L.D. Ryan, defendant also moved the court to exclude certain supplemental materials

tendered by Dr. Ryan because the opinions contained therein were not disclosed in

a timely fashion. The supplemental materials at issue in this motion are a subset of 63

the materials that the court determined are due to be excluded under defendant’s

original motion to exclude, discussed supra. Because the supplemental materials are

already due to be excluded, the court need not reach defendant’s timeliness argument. 

In light of the foregoing, the second motion to exclude is due to be granted also,

regardless of timing issues.

C. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment

Because plaintiff has presented no admissible evidence demonstrating a design

defect or causation, plaintiff has not established a prima facie case under the

AEMLD. Moreover, because plaintiff has presented no admissible evidence to

support any element of her warranty claims, plaintiff has not established a prima facie

claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability or the implied warranty

See doc. no. 40. 63

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of fitness for a particular purpose. Accordingly, defendant’s motion for summary 64

judgment is due to be granted, and the remaining argumentsraised by defendant need

not be addressed. 

IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

In accordance with the foregoing, defendant’s motion for summary judgment

and both motions to exclude the testimony of Dr. L.D. Ryan are GRANTED. All of

plaintiff’s claims are dismissed with prejudice. Costs are taxed to plaintiff. The

Clerk is directed to close this file. 

DONE this 24th day of March, 2010. 

______________________________

United States District Judge

Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that the court permitted Dr. Ryan to testify as to 64

the elements of plaintiff’s warranty claims, plaintiff provides no facts to support her claims. Instead,

plaintiff’s arguments only make general references to Ryan’s testimony, without citation to the

record. (See doc. no. 36, at 21-22). The analysis of such general references to the evidence requires

the court and opposing counsel to go to great lengths in an attempt “to distill every potential

argument that could be made based upon” such materials. Resolution Trust Corp. v. Dunmar Corp.,

43 F.3d 587, 599 (11th Cir. 1995). As the Eleventh Circuit observed in the Resolution Trust opinion,

however, no such duty is imposed upon district courts. Id. Consequently, this court will not

consider arguments that are not fully developed or bolstered with legal authority. See United States

Steel Corp. v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 1272, 1287 n.13 (11th Cir. 2007) (refusing to address a party’s

“perfunctory and underdeveloped argument”) (citing Flanigan’s Enterprises, Inc. v. Fulton County,

242 F.3d 976, 987 n.16 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that “fail[ure] to elaborate or provide any citation

of authority in support [of an argument]” results in waiver)). See also Lyes v. City of Riviera Beach,

126 F.3d 1380, 1388 (11th Cir. 1997) (observing that “the onus is upon the parties to formulate

arguments”). 

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