title: "Amfiibie"
text: "Da amfiibie (Amphibia) san j\u00fc \u00fc\u00fcljst klase foon da tetrapoda (D\u00e5t san \u00e5le wirwelde diirte b\u00fcte da fasche). \u00c5l da oudere tetrapoda st\u00e5me foon da amfiibie ouf. Foole amfiibi-sliike namt huum uk tr\u00fcs.\n\nM\u00e5rke\n\nH\u00fcd \n\nJu h\u00fcd foon en amfiibi bestoont, as bai manschne uk, \u00fct ouerh\u00fcd, l\u00e4\u00e4derh\u00fcd \u00e4n unerh\u00fcd. D\u00e5t jaft m\u00f6re kj\u00f6rtele in j\u00fc l\u00e4\u00e4derh\u00fcd: n\u00e5n swiitj-kj\u00f6rtele, as bai manschne, ouers slim- \u00e4n gaftkj\u00f6rtele. Da slim-kj\u00f6rtele san g\u00f6dj, am j\u00fc h\u00fcd fuchti tu h\u00fc\u00fcljen, weerd\u00f6\u00f6r d\u00e5t amfiibi b\u00e4\u00e4der ouer j\u00fc h\u00fcd oome koon. Ma gaftkj\u00f6rtele koon ham d\u00e5t diirt g\u00f6dj ferbade. Ouers rucht gef\u00e4\u00e4rlik as d\u00e5t gaft bloot bai sam sliike. S\u00fc fergafte hu s\u00fcdamerik\u00e5nsche indi\u00e5ne har piile ma d\u00e5t rucht gef\u00e4\u00e4rlike gaft foon tr\u00fcse \u00fct j\u00fc famiili Dendrobatidae. Bai j\u00fc inl\u00f6njsch oort Salamandra salamandra (tj\u00fcsch: Feuersalamander) koon d\u00e5t gaft bloot s\u00e4lten latje h\u00fcne \u00e4n k\u00e5te d\u00fc\u00fcdjm\u00e5\u00e5ge, for manschne deet d\u00e5t bloot en lait siir. Siir deet d\u00e5t uk bai ouer amfiibie, wan huum jam \u00f6njfooted heet \u00e4n ham eeftert \u00f6nj d\u00e5t uug f\u00e5mlet. Twasche da kj\u00f6rtele san da latje keere, da blaie feruurs\u00e5\u00e5ge: Melanofoore m\u00e5\u00e5ge j\u00fc h\u00fcd suurt unti br\u00fcn, da Ksantofoore \u00e4n Er\u00fctrofoore m\u00e5\u00e5ge d\u00e5t diirt g\u00f6\u00f6l unti r\u00fc\u00fcdj.\nAmfiibie ferh\u00fcde jam, d\u00e5t h\u00e5t, j\u00fc \u00fc\u00fclj ouerh\u00fcd w\u00e5rt \u00f6nj flanre unti wilems uk g\u00e5ns w\u00e4ch m\u00e5\u00e5ged \u00e4n oofding apfrin.\n\nMuskulatuur \nJ\u00fc goue muskulatuur foon amfiibie bewirkt, d\u00e5t ja for jare latje grutelse ordi stark san. S\u00fc koon en foosch oofding fiir springe \u00e4n ferschilie amfiibie ordi gau swume. D\u00e5t jeeft uk oorte, do jam seelew \u00f6nj en kort tid hiilj diip fergreewe koone.\n\nKnooke \nDa knooke foon amfiibie san ordi \u00fcnlik. Oofding heewe amfiibie niinj frie rabe, da san ma e reegknooke tuhuupew\u00fcksen \u00e4n littik.\n\nLaawenswise\n\nJunge diirte \n\nDa oie foon amfiibie, da huum \u00e5s l\u00f6dje unti bai foosche \u00e5s fooschel\u00f6dj betiiknet, san norm\u00e5\u00e5l \u00f6nj d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der, weer uk da fooschestjarte l\u00e4\u00e4der laawe. Ouers baisch\u00f6re, \u00f6nj en troopisch rinhoolting, as j\u00fc luft s\u00fc fuchti, d\u00e5t da diirte jare l\u00f6dj ai \u00f6nj d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der lade t\u00f6re. Dan schucht huum wilems s\u00fcgoor, d\u00e5t da amfiibie jare Broud pl\u00e4\u00e4ge. S\u00fc lade da Centrolenidae jare l\u00f6dj aw bleese, da boowen en lungsoom fliitjende struum hinge, \u00e4n iinj diirt, d\u00e5t as oofding dit m\u00e5ntje, m\u00f6tj j\u00fc l\u00f6dj bew\u00e5che. Ouers wan da latje fooschstjarte \u00fctkaame, m\u00e5\u00e5get hi ninte m\u00f6r, dan gloie ja ouf \u00e4n san \u00f6nj d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der, \u00e5s da inl\u00f6njsche fooschstjarte uk. Bai da Dendrobatidae gungt d\u00e5t wilems s\u00fco wid, d\u00e5t ja jare fooschstjarte ambai dreege. Da m\u00e5\u00e5ste amfiibie m\u00e5\u00e5ge en metamorfoose, d\u00e5t bedj\u00fcset, fer\u00e5nring foon jare F\u00e4\u00e4not\u00fcp bai e ouergung foon d\u00e5t st\u00e5\u00e5dium jungdiirt tu d\u00e5t st\u00e5\u00e5dium \u00fctw\u00e5ksen diirt. En fooschstjart oomet w\u00e5\u00e5der, dan hi heet nuch niinj lunge, ouers bloot fasch-ordi oome-diilje. Da funksjoniire s\u00fc: D\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der kamt tu di sn\u00fcte \u00f6nj, weer d\u00e5t diirt di S\u00f6rstuf \u00f6nj sin bl\u00f6dj apnamt. Deereefter kamt d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der weer tu en slits \u00e5\u00e5der d\u00e5t hood r\u00fct. Eefter en kort sch\u00f6\u00f6r schucht di fooschstjart \u00e5ltens m\u00f6r s\u00fc \u00fct \u00e5s en \u00fctw\u00e5ksen foosch. Di stjart w\u00e5rt latjer \u00e4n da lunge \u00e5ltens gruter. L\u00e5\u00e5der kamt di fooschstjart, di n\u00fc \u00e5l m\u00e5\u00e5st \u00e5s en foosch \u00fctschucht, oofding \u00f6nj e luft, am d\u00e5t norm\u00e5\u00e5le oomen tu liiren. Nuch en lait l\u00e5\u00e5ser as hi \u00fctw\u00fcksen. Ouers d\u00e5t jeeft uk oorte, da neoote san. D\u00e5t bedj\u00fcset, j\u00fc metamorfoose as foole iir \u00e5s norm\u00e5\u00e5l forbai \u00e4n ja bliwe jare laawen lung uner d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der. D\u00e5t bedj\u00fcset ai, d\u00e5t ja \u00fcnfruchtboor san, oueers d\u00e5t ja jare laawen lung j\u00fc laawenswise foon en fooschstjart heewe \u00e4n uk s\u00fc \u00fctsiie. S\u00fc\u2019n oort as tun biispel d\u00e5t Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) \u00fct Mexiko, en oort foon e famiili Ambystomidae. Hi koon ai en iinje m\u00e5\u00e5ge aw sin metamorfoose, ouerd\u00e5t hi d\u00e5t hormoon Thyroxin ai \u00fct san schildkj\u00f6rtel klatsche koon. Ouers wan huum d\u00e5t Axolotl ma Thyroxin foudret unti d\u00e5t kr\u00e5\u00e5m \u00f6nj d\u00e5t akwaarium \u00fctstrailt, dan m\u00e5\u00e5get d\u00e5t diirt sin metamorfoose \u00e5s da ouer amfiibie uk, ouers norm\u00e5\u00e5l steerft hi deereefter, ouerd\u00e5t hi d\u00f6\u00f6r e ewolusjoon ai tu s\u00fc\u2019n laawenswiese aw et l\u00f6nj \u00f6njp\u00e5\u00e5sed as.\n\n\u00dctw\u00fcksene diirte \n\nEn \u00fctw\u00fcksen europ\u00e4isch amfiibi blaft wilems uk nuch \u00f6nj unti aw e sid bai d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der, weer hi \u00fctkiimen as. Foosche gunge t.b. ai oofding fiir deerfoon w\u00e4ch (\u00e4n wan, dan ai m\u00f6r \u00e5s s\u00fcwat en kilometer), \u00e4n wan deer en gef\u00e5\u00e5r as, springe ja matiinjs \u00f6nj d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der \u00e4n swimme w\u00e4ch. J\u00fc tr\u00fcs Bufo bufo gungt 2200 m w\u00e4ch \u00e4n kamt norm\u00e5\u00e5l bloot bai d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der tub\u00e4\u00e4g, am bjarne tu fouen: J\u00fc as uk bek\u00e5nd for jare w\u00e5nringe, weer j\u00fc oofding foon autoe d\u00fc\u00fcdj kjard w\u00e5rt. Oorte \u00fct e sliik Triturus gunge ouers ai fare \u00e5s 400 m foon d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der w\u00e4ch. S\u00fc\u2019n diirt blaft uk \u00f6nj hiile iirstide bloot \u00f6nj d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5der unti bloot aw d\u00e5t l\u00f6nj.\n\nEwolusjoon \n\n \nLunge tid wus d\u00e5t ai kl\u00e5\u00e5r, weer da amfiibie en rucht taxon san. Deer wus uk j\u00fc fermousing, d\u00e5t da trii ordene (sii \u00f6nj e apseeting S\u00fcstematik) ai s\u00fc n\u00e4i fr\u00fcne san. 1995 w\u00fcrd \u00f6nj Texas en fosiil f\u00fcnen: J\u00fc oort Gerobatrachus hottini. Mad j\u00fcdeer oort, j\u00fc m\u00e5rke foon fooschordiie \u00e4n fon stjarttr\u00fcse h\u00e4i, w\u00fcrd foon en kanadisch uniwersiteet erforsched, d\u00e5t dadeer tou ordene for 240 bit 275 milione iirnge en gemiinsoome forfider h\u00e4in. D\u00e5t wus \u00f6njtwider j\u00fc oort Gerobatrachus hottini, unti en \u00e4\u00e4nlik oort, j\u00fc foon d\u00e5t taxon Temnospondyli oufst\u00e5mt. Da blinwjarpele st\u00e5me foon d\u00e5t taxon Lepospondyli ouf. Hiilj kl\u00e5\u00e5r as d\u00e5t g\u00e5nse \u00e5ltens nuch ai, ouers w\u00e5rschiinjlik heet j\u00fc kanadisch uniwersiteet rucht. H\u00fc n\u00e4i da Temnospondyli \u00e4n da Lepospondyli fr\u00fcn san, wiitj huum nuch ai nau, ouers wat huum wiitj, as, d\u00e5t \u00e5le amfiibie foon da knookefasche oufst\u00e5me. Sam waasenschapmoons liiwe, d\u00e5t knookefasch-orden Coelacanthimorpha, j\u00fc bloot tou rets\u00e4nte ordene heet, di forfider foon \u00e5le amfiibie as.\n\nS\u00fcstematik\n\nStjarttr\u00fcse \n Orden Stjarttr\u00fcse (Caudata unti Urodela), (s\u00fcwat 560 oorte = 9 % foon da amfiibioorte)\n\n Famiili (Cryptobranchidae)\n Famiili jarnt\u00e4istr\u00fcse (Hynobiidae)\n Uurfamiili \u00c4rmtr\u00fcse (Sirenoidea)\n Famiili \u00c4rmtr\u00fcse (Sirenidae)\n Uurfamiili Salamandroidea\n Famiili Ambystomatidae\n Famiili Amphiumidae\n Famiili Dicamptodontidae\n Famiili Plethodontidae\n Famiili Proteidae\n Famiili Rhyacotritonidae\n Famiili Salamandridae\n\nFooschordie \n Orden Fooschordie (Anura unti Salientia), t. B. (s\u00fcwat 5500 oorte = 88 %)\n\n Unerorden Archaeobatrachia\n Famiili Stjartfoosche (Ascaphidae)\n Famiili naiseel\u00f6njsche uurfoosche (Leiopelmatidae)\n Uurfamiili Discoglossoidea\n Famiili unken \u00e4n barbourfoosche (Bombinatoridae)\n Famiili (Discoglossidae)\n Unerorden Mesobatrachia\n Uurfamiili tr\u00fcsefoosche (Pelobatoidea)\n Famiili asiatische tr\u00fcsefoosche (Megophryidae)\n Famiili muderd\u00fckere (Pelodytidae)\n Famiili europ\u00e4ische schoulf\u00f6tjtr\u00fcse (Pelobatidae)\n Famiili ameerikaanische schoulf\u00f6tjtr\u00fcse (Scaphiopodidae)\n Uurfamiili Pipoidea\n Famiili Pipidae\n Uurfamiili noostr\u00fcse Rhinophrynoidea\n Famiili noostr\u00fcse (Rhinophrynidae)\n Unerorden Neobatrachia\n Uurfamiili Hyloidea\n Famiili Allophrynidae\n Famiili s\u00e5ltr\u00fcse (Brachycephalidae)\n Famiili fooschordie tr\u00fcse (Bufonidae)\n Famiili gleesfoosche (Centrolenidae)\n Famiili sp\u00f6kfoosche (Heleophrynidae)\n Famiili grisfoosche (Hemisotidae)\n Famiili luuffoosche (Hylidae)\n Famiili s\u00f6\u00f6dfoosche (Leptodactylidae)\n Famiili australische moorfoosche (Limnodynastidae)\n Famiili australische s\u00f6\u00f6dfoosche (Myobatrachidae)\n Famiili m\u00e5\u00e5gebr\u00e4djerfoosche (Rheobatrachidae)\n Famiili noosefoosche (Rhinodermatidae)\n Uurfamiili norm\u00e5\u00e5le foosche (Ranoidea)\n Famiili n\u00e5\u00e5rsn\u00fctefoosche (Microhylidae)\n Famiili lungf\u00e4ngerfoosche (Arthroleptidae)'\n Famiili h\u00e4\u00e4rfoosche (Astylosternidae) Famiili Dendrobatidae Famiili r\u00e4idfoosche (Hyperoliidae) Famiili Madagaskarfoosche (Mantellidae) Famiili Nasikabatrachidae Famiili Petropedetidae Famiili \u00e4chte foosche (Ranidae) Famiili r\u00f6\u00f6rfoosche (Rhacophoridae) Famiili Seychellenfoosche (Sooglossidae) Blinjwarpele \n Orden Blinwjarpele (Gymnophiona unti Apoda) (sow\u00e4t 170 Oarde = 3 %).\n\n Famiili noosewjarpele (Rhinatrematidae) Famiili faschwjarpele (Ichthyophiidae) Famiili Uraeotyphlidae Famiili greeftwjarpele (Scolecomorphidae) Famiili jardwjarpele (Caeciliidae) Kw\u00e4le \n\n En dootenb\u00e5nk ma amfiibie foon d\u00e5t American Museum of Natural History\n Informasjoone \u00f6nj d\u00e5t Hamburger Abendblatt\n Andreas un Christel N\u00f6llert: Die Amphibien Europas \n UNSER WUNDERBARER PLANET'' \n\n \nListe \u00e4n tabele"