title: "Atoom"
text: "D\u00e5t atoom as en submikroskoopisch struktuur, ju \u00f6nj \u00e5le gew\u00f6\u00f6nlik mateerii forkamt. Atoome best\u00f6nje \u00fct subatoomische diile: elektroone, protoone \u00e4n neutroone. Atoome heewe j\u00fc draft, ja tu kombiniiren am molek\u00fc\u00fcle tu bilen. En w\u00e5\u00e5dermolek\u00fc\u00fcl tun biispel bestoont \u00fct tou w\u00e5\u00e5derstufatoome \u00e4n iinj s\u00f6rstufatoom. Atoome san da fundament\u00e4le b\u00e4gstiine foon e kemii \u00e4n da w\u00e5rde \u00f6nj keemische reaksjoone uler tunintem\u00e5\u00e5ged. D\u00e5t jeeft bloot 91 t\u00fc\u00fcpe foon chemische b\u00e4gstiine unti keemische elem\u00e4nte, da \u00f6nj e natuur aw e jard f\u00fcnen w\u00e5rde. Ja w\u00e5rde klasifisiird \u00f6nj e perioodisch tab\u00e4le. J\u00fc klasifikasjoon as gr\u00fcnlaid aw e t\u00e5l protoone \u00f6nj d\u00e5t atoom. Ouer t\u00fc\u00fcpe atoome koone k\u00fcnstlik m\u00e5\u00e5ged w\u00e5rde, ouers da san ai stabiil \u00e4n breege \u00e5l\u00e4iwen ouf eefter nat\u00fc\u00fcrlike keemische elem\u00e4nte d\u00f6\u00f6r k\u00e4rnkliiwing.\n\nAtoome foon d\u00e5tseelwie elem\u00e4nt koonen ferschilie radioaktiiwe \u00e4inschape h\u00e4\u00e4we, gr\u00fcnlaid aw e t\u00e5l neutroone \u00f6nj e k\u00e4rn. Atoome mad j\u00fcseelwie t\u00e5l protoone, ouers \u00fcnlike t\u00e5le neutroone, w\u00e5rde isotoope foon d\u00e5tseelwie keemische elem\u00e4nt n\u00e5\u00e5md. Ouerd\u00e5t atoome \u00e5lew\u00e4\u00e4gens forkaame, san da \u00e5l iirhunerte lung f\u00e4lj foon stuudium. N\u00fctutids ruchte da uners\u00e4kinge jam for\u00e5lem aw kwantum-ef\u00e4kte, \u00e5s \u00f6nj Bose-Einstein-kondensaat.\n\nAtoomteorii \n\nJ\u00fc atoomteorii as en teorii ouer d\u00e5t weesen foon e mateeri. J\u00fc teorii s\u00e4it, d\u00e5t \u00e5le mateeri \u00fct atoome bestoont.\n\nDa griichische filosoofe, \u00e5s Leucippus \u00e4n Democritus, h\u00e4\u00e4we ouer d\u00e5t weesen foon e mateeri eeftertoocht. Jare t\u00e5nken heet, iinjf\u00e5ch s\u00e4id, diheere w\u00e4i f\u00fclied: Wan en materjool \u00e5s tun biispel g\u00f6lj apbr\u00e4\u00e4gen w\u00e5rt, \u00e4nret d\u00e5t weesen foon da latje st\u00f6\u00f6gne ham ai - d\u00e5t as nuch \u00e5ltens g\u00f6lj. Da griiche h\u00e4\u00e4we spikeliird d\u00e5t, wan da st\u00f6\u00f6gne \u00f6nj nuch latjere st\u00f6\u00f6gne apbr\u00e4\u00e4gen w\u00e5rde, deer w\u00e5rschiinjlik en st\u00e5\u00e5dium kamt, weer da latje diile ai wider apbr\u00e5\u00e5gen w\u00e5rde koone. \u00d6nj d\u00e5t griichische bedj\u00fcset d\u00e5t uurd \u201catomos\u201d \u2018ai schiisbor\u2019. D\u00e5t as weer d\u00e5t uurd \u2018atoom\u2019 jurt kamt.\n\nStruktuur\n\nSub-atoomische partiikle \nAtoome best\u00f6nje \u00f6nj e hoods\u00e5\u00e5ge \u00fct l\u00e4\u00e4sie r\u00fcm, ouers uk \u00fct latje subatoomische diile. Made \u00f6nj d\u00e5t atoom as en latje positiiw l\u00e5\u00e5senen k\u00e4rn, wat bestoont \u00fct nukleoone, \u00e5s huum da protoone \u00e4n neutroone tuhuup namt. Di r\u00e4st foon d\u00e5t atoom bestoont \u00fct da smiisie el\u00e4ktrooneschaale. Deerbai heet en proton en positiiw el\u00e4ktrisch lees \u00e4n en el\u00e4ktron en lik grut negatiiw lees. \u00d6nj en neutr\u00e5\u00e5l atoom as deerfor j\u00fc t\u00e5l protoone \u00e4n el\u00e4ktroone lik \u00e4n san da l\u00e4\u00e4se iinjenouder \u00fctw\u00e4\u00e4gen. \n\nL\u00e4\u00e4sene atoome w\u00e5rde ioone n\u00e5\u00e5md. Atoome ma maner el\u00e4ktroone \u00e5s protoone h\u00e4\u00e4we en positiiw lees \u00e4n san bek\u00e5nd \u00e5s katioone. Deer ouerfor h\u00e4\u00e4we atoome ma m\u00f6r el\u00e4ktroone \u00e5s protoene en negatiiw lees \u00e4n da w\u00e5rde \u00e5s anioone betiikned.\n\nElektroone draie trinam di k\u00e4rn ma grut gauih\u00e4dj. Ja draie uk \u00f6nj ferschilie oust\u00e5nde foon di k\u00e4rn. Huum s\u00e4it, d\u00e5t da n\u00e4iste bai di k\u00e4rn kaame \u00f6nj iinj schaal for \u00e4n da wider w\u00e4ch san \u00f6nj wi en ouder schaal. Ark schaal f\u00e4it en numer: d\u00e5t n\u00e4ist bai di k\u00e4rn as schaal 1, j\u00fc f\u00fcliend foon di k\u00e4rn ouf r\u00e4\u00e4gned w\u00e5rt schaal 2 n\u00e5\u00e5md, \u00e4sw. Di k\u00e4rn as m\u00f6r \u00e5as 100.000 keere latjer \u00e5s d\u00e5t atoom; j\u00fc grute foon d\u00e5t atoom w\u00e5rt \u00e5ls\u00fc bestimd d\u00f6\u00f6r j\u00fc grute foon j\u00fc b\u00fcterst el\u00e4ktrooneschaal. Wan we en atoom fergrutere w\u00f6rden tu j\u00fc grute foon hiilj Nordfraschl\u00f6nj, dan wus di k\u00e4rn deer made \u00f6nj nuch latjer \u00e5s s\u00fcn latjen golfb\u00e5\u00e5le!\n\nElem\u00e4nte \u00e4n isotoope \nAtoome w\u00e5rde gew\u00f6\u00f6nlik klasifisiird eefter jare Atoomt\u00e5le, da stime tu j\u00fc t\u00e5l protoone \u00f6nj d\u00e5t atoom (\u00f6nj neutroole atoome as d\u00e5t lik an j\u00fc t\u00e5l el\u00e4ktroone). J\u00fc atoomt\u00e5l bestimt j\u00fc famiili unti d\u00e5t elem\u00e4nt, weer d\u00e5t atoom tu hiirt. Koolestuf-atoome san tun biispel da iinjsiste atoome, da 6 protoone \u00f6njth\u00fc\u00fclje. \u00c5l da atoome ma j\u00fcseelew atoomt\u00e5l diile en wid ferschilih\u00e4id foon f\u00fc\u00fcsische \u00e4inschape \u00e4n ferh\u00fc\u00fclje ja keemisch lik. Da ferschilie t\u00fc\u00fcpe atoome w\u00e5rde \u00f6nj j\u00fc perioodisch tab\u00e4le betiikned. Ju maset\u00e5l unti nukleont\u00e5l teelt da g\u00e5nse protoone \u00e4n neutroone, da \u00f6nj d\u00e5t atoom forkaame. J\u00fc t\u00e5l neutroone heet n\u00e5n influs aw e elem\u00e4ntklasifikasjoon foon en atoom. En keemisch elem\u00e4nt as \u00e5ls\u00fc en hiilj \u2018atoomfamiili\u2019 \u00e4n deer\u00f6nj koone \u00e5ls\u00fc \u00fcnlike atoomt\u00fc\u00fcpe forkaame, da j\u00fcseelew atoomt\u00e5l h\u00e4\u00e4we, ouers \u00fcnlike maset\u00e5le. Da atoomt\u00fc\u00fcpe w\u00e5rde dan isotoope foonenouder n\u00e5\u00e5md.\n\nAm en isotoop foon en ouder isotop \u00f6nj sin elem\u00e4ntfamiili tu unerschiisen, schraft huum \u00e4\u00e4der di noome foon en elem\u00e4nt sin masent\u00e5l, t.b. koolestuf 14 (wat bestoont \u00fct 6 protoone \u00e4n 8 neutroone \u00f6nj ark atoom}.\n\nD\u00e5t iinjf\u00e5chst atoom as d\u00e5t w\u00e5\u00e5derstuf-atoom, ma atoomt\u00e5l foon 1 \u00e4n wat bestoont \u00fct en proton \u00e4n en el\u00e4ktron. Di w\u00e5\u00e5derstuf-isotoop di 1 neutron \u00e4kstra \u00f6njth\u00fc\u00fcljt, w\u00e5rt deuterium n\u00e5\u00e5md, \u00e4n di w\u00e5\u00e5derstuf-atoom ma tou \u00e4kstra neutroone h\u00e5t tritium. Da isotoope wjarn en teem\u00e5, wat rucht intr\u00e5se \u00f6nj e waasenschap apteeld heet, for\u00e5lem \u00f6nj e eeder \u00f6njtwikling foon e kwantenteorii.\n\nB\u00fcterste schaale \u00e4n ferbininge \n\nD\u00e5t keemisch ferh\u00fc\u00fcljen foon atoome as \u00f6nj e hoods\u00e5\u00e5ge tu tunken an e interaksjoon twasche jare el\u00e4ktroone. For\u00e5lem da el\u00e4ktroone \u00f6nj e b\u00fcterst schaal, da fal\u00e4ns-el\u00e4ktroone n\u00e5\u00e5md w\u00e5rde, h\u00e4\u00e4be di grutste influs aw d\u00e5t keemisch ferh\u00fc\u00fcljen. K\u00e4rnelektroone (da, da ai \u00f6nj e b\u00fcterst schaal forkaame) spaale w\u00e4lj en sekund\u00e4\u00e4r rule, \u00f6nj e hoods\u00e5\u00e5ge ouer d\u00e5t oufschirmingsef\u00e4kt foon e positiif lees \u00f6nj di atoomk\u00e4rn.\n\nArk schaal trinam di k\u00e4rn koon bloot en bestimde t\u00e5l elektroone b\u00e4rje:\nSchaal 1: - 2 el\u00e4ktroone\nSchaal 2: - 8 el\u00e4ktroone\nSchaal 3: - 8 of 18 el\u00e4ktroone (oufhingi foon d\u00e4t elem\u00e4nt weer ham d\u00e5t am hoonlet) \n\nArk atoom, wat en ful (unti l\u00e4\u00e4si) b\u00fcterst schaal heet, as m\u00f6r stabiil. Atoome linge j\u00fc stabilit\u00e4\u00e4t d\u00f6\u00f6r el\u00e4ktroone tu diilen ma n\u00e4iber-el\u00e4ktroone unti d\u00f6\u00f6r el\u00e4ktroone foon oudere atoome hiiljen\u00e5\u00e5l w\u00e4chtuh\u00e5\u00e5len. Wan el\u00e4ktroone diiljd w\u00e5rde, w\u00e5rt en koofal\u00e4nt ferbining biled.\n\nKoofal\u00e4nte ferbininge san da starkste atoomische ferbininge. Aw j\u00fcdeer wise bliwe atoome tuhuup \u00f6nj grupe, da molek\u00fc\u00fcle n\u00e5\u00e5md w\u00e5rde. Da el\u00e4ktroone \u00f6nj e b\u00fcterst schaal draie dan trinam \u00e5le atoome tou, w\u00e4t \u00e4lk individu\u00e4l atoom dan leet ma en ful (\u00e5ls\u00fc stabiil) b\u00fcterst schaal.\n\nWan iinj unti m\u00f6re el\u00e4ktroone g\u00e5ns foon en atoom w\u00e4chh\u00fclen w\u00e5rde d\u00f6\u00f6r en ouder atoom, dan w\u00e5rt en ion bilied. Ioone san atoome, da en n\u00e4to-lees h\u00e4\u00e4we, inf\u00fcli foon d\u00e5t \u00fcnlikw\u00e4cht \u00f6nj t\u00e5l protoone \u00e4n el\u00e4ktroone. Hu atoome, \u00e5s natrium, h\u00e4\u00e4we m\u00e5n iinj el\u00e4ktron \u00f6nj e b\u00fcterst schaal.\n\nOudere, \u00e5s kloor, br\u00fcke j\u00fcst m\u00e5n iinj el\u00e4ktron, am e b\u00fcterst schaal fultum\u00e5\u00e5gen. Wan natrium-atoome kontakt m\u00e5\u00e5ge ma kloor-atoome, dan jeeft ark natrium-atoom sin b\u00fcterst el\u00e4ktron ouf tu en kloor-atoom. Da natrium-atoome foue dan en positiiw lees \u00e4n da kloor-atoome en negatiiw lees. D\u00e5t ion wat d\u00e5t el\u00e4ktron \u2018steelen\u2019 heet, w\u00e5rt d\u00e5t anion n\u00e5\u00e5md \u00e4n as negatiiw l\u00e4\u00e4sen. Deeriinj w\u00e5rt d\u00e5t atoom wat sin el\u00e4ktron ferl\u00e4\u00e4sen heet, en kation n\u00e5\u00e5md \u00e4n as positiiw l\u00e5\u00e5sen. Katione \u00e4n anione w\u00e5rde eefternouder tu t\u00e4\u00e4gen inf\u00fcli foon da Coulombkrafte twasche da positiiwe \u00e4n negatiiwe l\u00e5\u00e5se. J\u00fc \u00f6njtiikraft w\u00e5rt elektroval\u00e4nte unti ioonische kraft n\u00e5\u00e5md \u00e4n as sw\u00e5ker \u00e5s koofal\u00e4nte ferbininge.\n\nSii uk \n Perioodisch tab\u00e4le\n K\u00e4rnfusjoon\n K\u00e4rnkliiwing\n\nAtoom\nAtoom"