albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In order to be valid, instruments must be uncorrelated with the error term in the explanatory equation and have no direct effect on female (male) migration. To be relevant, the instrument must be correlated with the endogenous independent variables, that is the SIGI. Previous studies on gender inequality rarely shed light on the possibility of endogeneity issues and the validity of the instruments to solve them. A prominent exception is represented by Dollar and Gatti (1999), who instrument gender inequality in a growth equation by religious affiliation and civil liberties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, support for mitigation activities - including developing green energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency - lags behind. Although these countries are not significant contributors to GHG emissions at the global level, they require additional funding to pursue low carbon development. Support to improve access to sustainable energy and energy independence and to increase energy security is critical to achieving the low carbon future envisaged by many SIDS (Pacific Island Forum, 2013). For LDCs, climate change ODA has more than doubled from 2010 to 2013, mostly due to a continuous increase in adaptation-related development finance (USD3.2 billion to USD 6.4 billion (OECD, 2016b)), but more dramatically due to a tripling of the resources dedicated to climate change mitigation in 2013 compared with the previous year. This increase was due to large (over USD 150 million) loans and grants for the energy sector in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malawi and Myanmar. However, adaptation remains the main focus of climate-related support to LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Mexico’s water scarcity problem is partly due to illegal abstraction - whether abstraction without license or abstraction above licensed levels. But even if only the legally licensed volumes were abstracted, there would still be a problem because over the years, the Mexican governments have licensed abstraction rights for significantly higher volumes than available in the river basins and aquifers. In order to address this issue, CONAGUA has put in place a specific programme {Programa de Adecuacion de Derechos de Agua), the implementation guidelines of which were issued in August 2011. The programme is designed to buy water rights from farmers in those irrigation districts where the licensed water rights exceed 20% of water availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The employer can terminate an employment contract in the following circumstances: 1) The employee is proved to be unqualified, 2) The employee materially breaches the employer’s rules and regulations, 3) The employee causes substantial damage to the employer by a serious dereliction of duty or due to graft, 4) The employee has established an employment relationship with another employer that materially affects the duty with the first employer. For example, the law prescribes active financial policies as follows: the nation shall implement active financial policies to promote employment, add more funds, improve the employment environment and increase employment. It also has provisions on building a public and social employment service system. It stipulates three security prongs: an unemployment insurance system, securing the basic living of unemployed workers, and helping them to get re-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
India has enough hydro potential to meet this increase, but will require new line connections to the centres of demand. The environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects need to be carefully considered in the planning process. Grid expansion is needed to provide electricity access to areas that have been neglected to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Temperature rise was higher in northern Serbia than in the south. Comparison of the period 1961-1990 with 1971-2000 shows an increase of 0.7°C in most of Serbia, whereas in the far southeast temperature dropped by 0.4°C. Mean annual precipitation did not follow a clear trend: it increased in the west and north of Serbia, but decreased in other parts of Serbia. However, the number of days with intensive precipitation did increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In all countries, financial sector employment contributes to higher labour income inequality, on average raising the Gini coefficient by 0.8 Gini points (Figure 11). The difference between the Gini coefficients with and without financial sector employees is especially large in Luxembourg and the United Kingdom: 2.9 and 2.6 Gini points, respectively (Table 2). Overall, the influence of financial sector employment on labour income inequality is insufficient to materially affect country rankings of income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This indicator casts a wide net to measure equity, as it is meant to be applied to all other SDG 4 indicators with available data, and measures equity over a range of dimensions (such as gender, socio-economic status and location). In particular, it enables the same indicator to be analysed across multiple equity dimensions. For example, applying Global indicator 4.5.1 to Global Indicator 4.1.1 shows that students’ ability to perform at least at PISA level 2 in mathematics is relatively weakly associated to their gender, but remains strongly determined by the location of students' schools (rural or urban) in the majority of OECD and partner countries, and by socio-economic status as measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS1) in all OECD and partner countries (Figure 2). For example, measuring the gender parity index associated with SDG 4 indicators confirms that students' gender does not influence children’s participation in education one year before the primary entry age (SDG 4.2.2) in all OECD countries, and is weakly associated with the ability of 15-year-old students to perform at least at PISA Level 2 in mathematics (SDG 4.1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This allows tourists to see the complex communities of flora and fauna found in the ecosystem and revenue earned from the boardwalk is used for community development projects. Such community initiatives provide an incentive to conserve resources, as well as education for local people who live far away from mangrove forests. Other examples are found in Kenya, where women in Gazi and Wasini operate similar projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It consisted of the widespread provision of subsidies on goods and services. While rural producers received some subsidies, they tended to benefit urban population groups the most, helping to keep wage costs low in support of industrial sector development. Various attempts at land reforms did not, for the most part, succeed at boosting agricultural productivity, so the needs of the structurally poor, especially in rural areas, were a neglected part of social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
How presidents articulate conflict resolution strategy and portray the enemy in anti-American terrorist attacks is examined through a content analysis of selected speeches delivered in the aftermath of events to show that rhetoric constitutes a strategic response to pressing political issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The performance in solid waste and wastewater management is poorer in smaller cities. For example, only 5% of Class IV and V cities meet the national wastewater treatment criteria. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. A key to “getting cities right” is a holistic and integrated approach to urban challenges and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One trend dominates in particular: the relative gain in income (+13%) for children whose parents ow'n the home compared to poor families who rent their homes but who otherwise share the same characteristics (Annex B). Declines in home ownership tend to push the standard of living down. The proportion of poor children in a two-parent family renting a dwelling increased sharply, from 36% in 2007 to 50% in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, a country with an abundant supply of renewable energy for power should choose to focus on energy efficiency measures in the sectors or at the times where fossil fuel is most needed. In many countries this will mean targeting road transport. The decrease in power generation needed to achieve this target varied by country according to fuel mix, France, for example, relies predominantly on nuclear energy for power generation, and would therefore need to decrease total power generation 22%, compared with 12% in the Netherlands. These policies tend to target unemployment and other impacts of recession. Recessionary responses are best applied within particular sectors and are most usefully targeted when addressing specific surplus capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thirty regional round-tables were held with victims of the conflict, to ensure that the programme best matched their needs, and additional resources directed to support the rehabilitation/social inclusion of individuals most heavily affected. Not enough value is got out of, or demonstrated by, Colombia’s Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS). These are the agencies that individuals, both in and out of formal employment, choose as insurers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the emerging economies analysed in this chapter, self-employment represents 20% of total female employment (compared to an OECD average of 10%) and it reaches very high levels in countries like Colombia (42%) and Peru (37%). However, evidence from Latin America shows that this difference disappears when larger firms with similar labour and capital inputs are compared (Bruhn, 2009). These patterns span both urban and rural areas. In the agricultural sector, women tend to farm smaller plots with lower yields and less profitable crops than men (World Bank, 2012). The figure for India is based on the assumption that all employed workers with missing information on paying social contributions work in the informal sector. Informality rates for China, Morocco, the Russian Federation and TUnisia are missing given the unavailability of comparable data on social security contributions and business registration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
House prices steeply increased in the 2000s but fell mid 2008 only to recover thereafter. When one compares median house prices to that of taxable income as a measure of housing affordability, Clermont-Ferrand fares well, it stands in the top quartile for housing affordability by this measure among French agglomerations. Agglomerations with a high number of secondary residences tend to have the lowest affordability by the measure (e.g. Antibes, Menton and Bayone for which secondary residences comprise approximately 20% more of the housing stock). In contrast, secondary residences in the Clermont-Ferrand agglomeration are 9% of housing stock, but are increasing in share as access to the region improves and prices in other locations continue to increase. Suburban areas now have a less mixed land use pattern than in the past, and include an increasing volume of developed parcels of land. Using a common typology, Clermont’s suburbs have shifted from peri-urban zones under rural influence to peri-urban zones under urban influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Through end-to-end tracking and auditable data trails, investors may transparently track their investments. For successful implementation, an international legal framework would need to be established, which allows for simple investment transactions for the full spectrum of investors. The problem is even more severe as the top recipient countries for climate finance are often also countries with high levels of corruption (Transparency International, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As such, equity should be one of the key objectives in any strategy to improve an education system. For example, disadvantaged students (those in the bottom quarter on the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status within their countries/economies) score 88 points lower in science than advantaged students (those in the top quarter on the index), on average across OECD countries. In B-S-J-G (China), Belgium, CABA (Argentina), France, Hungary, Luxembourg, Malta and Singapore, the difference ranges between 110 and 125 score points (Table 1.6.3a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The European Journal of Development Research 18(4): 593-621. Communication TN/RL/ GEN/184 (2016). The ITP approach is to scan the trade and development landscape for areas where orthodox approaches are ineffective or where there are public policy failures or gaps, and to seek heterodox approaches to address those.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The main geographical scope of the report covers five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Information and discussion on three Nordic territories - Aland Island, Faroe Island and Greenland are also presented whenever relevant. The protocol has provisions for all Annex I parties (including the Nordic countries) to report emissions and removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from LULUCF activities. The Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the protocol regulate the national LULUCF GHG accounting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The chapter argues that international human rights treaties contain obligations with implications for the practice of recognition/non-recognition by states of other states and governments. It begins by explaining how international human rights treaty obligations relate to extraterritorial situations and how this might apply to the practice of recognition/non-recognition. It then explains how recognition/non-recognition practice is understood in international law. Following this, the chapter addresses what human rights treaty standards would require of recognition/non-recognition. Finally, consideration is given to the potential divergence in the human rights obligations of the recognizing/non-recognizing state, and the obligations of the object of that recognition/non-recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some EECCA countries (e.g. Moldova, Georgia and Armenia) have already been developing national-level climate strategies that can serve as “action plans” for their NDCs, such as Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), as well as country-specific national or sectoral plans on climate change, including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Some of the results from the Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) in many EECCA countries should be better used to improve actual uptake and market penetration of technologies needed for low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Further work is needed for key institutions of the EECCA countries to better access and absorb international financial resources to implement climate actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, innovations rely on access to a skilled and well-educated labour force, i.e. the skill formation process is of particular importance. In addition, specific elements such as infrastructure, the investment or business climate are essential factors for increasing the supply capacity of manufacturing. Without a reliable set of conditions (for instance, access to basic infrastructure), the development of capacities is limited. These issues were frequently raised by partner and donor countries in the OECD-WTO Aid for Trade Global Review Monitoring Exercise (2019) when asked about constraints to economic diversification and successful industrialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first is to provide clarity and understanding of the goals and actions being undertaken by individual Parties, and progress being made towards them. The second is to inform the global stocktake that will assess collective progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. For example, the new framework addresses some of the gaps in the current system regarding how information is to be measured (e.g. guidance is to be developed for accounting for NDCs and how to measure finance mobilised). It also addresses gaps in terms of what information is to be reported (e.g. information shall be provided by all Parties on progress towards NDCs) and by whom (e.g. in addition to developed country Parties, other Parties that provide and mobilise support are encouraged to report information on support provided).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One of the benefits of promoting digital innovation is that it could lead to further innovations, unlocking unforeseen possibilities. This is particularly true in infrastructure services as the potential for innovation within the sector is large. This report explores how innovation and specifically distributed ledger technologies (DLT), such as blockchain, integrated with other technologies like the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (Al), could accelerate a cost effective transition in key infrastructure services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, there are issues concerning trade-offs arising from policy decisions between conservation and the economic benefits drived from resource use. The diversified livelihood patterns of coastal communities are hampered by factors such as declining resource bases, competition, poor resource extraction methods and others. Rapid population growth is an intervening variable and, as illustrated in Chapter 1, population densities are increasing at a rapid rate in the coastal zone of the WIO region (World Bank 2012, UNEP 2011). It is estimated that over 60 per cent of the total population of Sub-Saharan African coastal states live within 100 km of the coast and derive their livelihood from the coastal and marine environment. Heightened competition for resources, which has been influenced by societal dynamics and neoliberal economic policies, has increased the rate of exploitation of resources, thereby challenging management effectiveness. For example, intensification in coastal infrastructural development (see Chapter 29) and economic investment along the coast, magnified recently by the oil and gas industry (see Chapter 26), are impinging on both fragile ecosystems and human livelihood sources (UNEP 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Support to tourism now at USD 89.3 million, also recorded a fall of 34% from 2014. A focus on trade development reveals an increase of USD 1.4 billion in 2015 to USD 6.3 billion covering almost a third of the total amount for building trade capacities. Two-thirds of this support is concentrated in the areas of agriculture and business services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this paper, a case study of children's rights implementation in Bangladesh is introduced, using governance scholarship as its analytical scope. The prevailing Spiral Model of Human Rights Change is criticised for not taking into account what governance research has pointed to, and therewith remaining with little explanatory power regarding grassroots change. One major finding of the case study is that norm addressees - the children of Bangladesh - have not been reached with legislative reforms and domestic policies but through complex local governance arrangements. Further systematic case studies in governance research considering current aspects of the human security debate could fertilise theorising in the area of human rights change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At lowest income levels, the job characteristics that depress women wages are firm size, informality and nonstandard contracts. At highest income levels, the gender pay gap is explained by differences in education, occupation, and type of industry. While the level of education - women tend to be better educated than men - and type of occupation tend to reduce the gender pay gap, the type of industry where they are employed is the main factor contributing to increase it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even though several attempts have been made by the government of Ghana towards its goal of eradicating child labour, poverty, and marginalisation in educational outcomes for all children, the condition of disadvantaged children remain terribly devastating compared with those of more advantaged children. This article discusses the extent to which two new major Ghanaian education policy initiatives impact on this situation - namely, the introduction of early childhood care and development (ECCD) and the capitation grant (CG) policies. The article raises concerns regarding corruption, mismanagement and lack of proper monitoring of the policy implementation process and argues that the current trend seems unlikely to deliver the type of outcomes necessary to end marginalisation and suffering of children in Ghana. It proposes inclusion of parents and community participation in all aspects of the policy production and implementation processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples of risks faced by investments in clean energy infrastructure (cont.) While PPPs can be an interesting option for implementing clean energy projects (see Box 6.1 on Cape Verde’s Cabeolica wind project), their fiscal consequences must be carefully verified ex-ante. An affordability test, which assesses the impact of a PPP project on public budgets, can be computed by adjusting the PSC for risks and cost of capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Non-contributory pensions, for instance, are as important for informal workers and most low-income workers in developing countries as they are for women. In several cases, giving women a pension of their own may be an essential contribution for household budgets, benefiting also men within the household. Non-contributory pensions provide predictable and regular transfers that, even if sometimes not sufficient to afford a living, can be vital inputs for low-income households. This is not always found in pension reform processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The establishment of universal health care marks a new momentum for the progressive realization of the right to health in Indonesia. The problem of corruption in health sector endangers the sustainability of effective and quality health care, therefore, Indonesia established an anti-fraud system to protect the universal health insurance fund. This research seeks to analyze the current anti-fraud system in universal health insurance through the lens of international law and principles of good governance. The sociolegal approach is chosen to study the relationship between the State party obligations to international law and the implementation of international law concerning universal health care and anti-corruption in the designated anti-fraud system. Good governance principles are essential in designing an effective anti-fraud system due to the correlation between human rights and anti-corruption that both areas emphasize good governance principles as guiding principles for the realization of human rights and the making of potent anti-corruption strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
(2011). Shifting The Balance Achieved by the Abduction Convention: The Contrasting Approaches of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice. Journal of Private International Law: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 231-249.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It covers all classroom teachers in municipal schools (as well as those in schools with delegated administration) who have at least one year of professional practice. Teachers are assessed every four years, unless their previous evaluation identified poor performance (in which case, they are evaluated more often, see below). The evaluation refers to performance in the specific year in which the evaluation occurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)