albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Only one respondent offered any insight into this situation, observing that the main barrier to promoting genomics for infectious disease control in Luxembourg is the fact that responsibility for controlling infectious disease in the Grand Duchy rests exclusively with the Laboratoire National de Sante, it would appear that, in this instance at least, institutional separation of infectious disease control from other elements of the healthcare and biomedical research system may seriously impede innovation in this area. Two respondents suggested that international collaboration might help to overcome such barriers, but offered no specific recommendations for how to achieve this. These include the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, established in 2004, where high-throughput technology has been adopted to support research on-going in laboratories around the country, as well as programmes supported by the Foundation Carlos Slim for Health and the Mexican Association of Medical Schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One researcher has correlated suicide rates among Inuit peoples in Alaska, Nunavut and Greenland with the period when governments encouraged them to move from their traditional territories to villages and towns. The trend began in north Alaska in the 1960s, Greenland in the 1970s and Nunavut in the 1980s.49 Today, suicide rates among Inuit are the highest in Canada, at eleven times the national average".50 In Greenland, suicide rates by young men in East Greenland reached a rate of 1,500 per annum per 100,000 in the 1990s, before beginning to decline.51 These figures contrast starkly with historical records, which indicate that Inuit suicide rates were traditionally low. Given the tribes' population of some 3,000 individuals, "the yearlong spate of deaths adds up to a suicide rate of 500 per 100,000 people. The overall suicide rate in Colombia was 4.4 per 100,000 in 2003, according to government statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many political analyses of adaptation politics have been undertaken, ranging across an array of issues, locations and subjects and using a variety of political approaches, frameworks and concepts. In this chapter, four prominent and contrasting approaches are examined as these encompass much of this political scholarship: Institutional reform of decision-making, political economy, environmental justice and political ecology. Although each approach is distinct, there are some aspects shared between the approaches and these are described. A range of features of each approach are described, canvassing such aspects as ideology, political focus, key concerns, political realms of interest and normative goals. This chapter draws on the political context and political themes described in the preceding chapters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The legal arsenal governing the communication of information is being expanded with respect both to the consultation dimension and to the obligation of ministries and public enterprises to publish their reports online. Making those indicators available to stakeholders is an essential condition for improving local service. The programme contracts already in place between the government and the operators provide a solid basis for collecting information and monitoring performance in terms of service quality. The indicators developed by SONEDE (based on w'ork of the International Water Association, IWA) and collected for each of the 38 districts, grouped into four regional directorates, cover essentially the technical aspects of water supply, and not the quality of service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing countries, specifically those dependent on commodities, are particularly vulnerable to climate change, but also, the commodities they produce affect the climate. On the one hand, extreme weather patterns such as heatwaves, floods, hurricanes and frequent seasonal abnormalities have been adversely affecting crop yields and fish production, and destroying infrastructure in the mining sector. On the other hand, clearance of forests for agricultural expansion, including rearing of livestock, and for mining and drilling projects for the extraction and use of fossil fuels, are the greatest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are largely responsible for climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The other regions on the map would not be covered by the Nordic Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Region III: Celtic Seas, Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast, and Region V: Wider Atlantic. Grey areas are the EU-exclusive fishing zone. Ice-bound areas beyond national jurisdiction are shown in white.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, the choice of pursuing graduate studies can be linked to the willingness to work for many women. There is also a huge gap between the East and the North regarding graduates: women with a graduate degree are 37pp more likely to work in the East than in the North. Thus education matters in mitigating socio economic attitudes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Excellent health care will be central to achieving this. Thus far, Japanese health care has performed well - life expectancy is famously long, at 83.2 years compared to an OECD average of 80.2 years, whilst health spending is at USD 3 649 PPP per capita per year, slightly higher than USD 3 484 on average. A striking feature of the Japanese health system is its openness and flexibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is complemented by specialisation in air and water purification technologies. Both activities reflect the strength Milwaukee Water Council, which advances the interests of more than 150 companies and research institutions located in the greater Milwaukee region, that produce water-related goods, services, or research. These segments do not include suppliers to green companies, thus potentially understating the size of green clusters in the metro-region. Specialisation ranking among US metro-regions: the numerator is the ratio of jobs in the segment and metro-region in 2010 to total metro-region employment in 2010. Total does not include public transit or waste management. These segments do not include suppliers to green companies, thus potentially understating the size of green clusters in the metro-region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, after the successes of the CAPE programme, the South African biodiversity mainstreaming approach was broadened to include policy reform and the integration of biodiversity considerations along entire supply chains within the relevant production sectors. These so-called 'long-hook' approaches are designed to change the trajectory of development, and thus operate over larger areas and longer time-scales. Inclusion of the long-hook approach to biodiversity mainstreaming was a significant consideration in the development of the Grasslands Programme. The Grasslands Programme was also a GEF-funded programme, co-ordinated by SANBI, which ran from 2008 to 2014 and focussed on biodiversity mainstreaming in the Grasslands biome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure 5.2 shows trends in new and regeneration planting areas during the last 11 years. In the past decade there has been a shift in the direction of ecologically oriented forest management, with a growing emphasis on fostering woodland biodiversity. Conifer-dominated forestry has changed to mixed woodland management, allowing the regeneration of wild tree and shrub species, their penetration into carefully managed areas, and increasing biodiversity in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At this age, students can expand their social network, learn how to interact with others, communicate with their peers and leam how to follow social cues (OECD, 2017). Such students are unlikely to have access to the educational opportunities they need to acquire the skills to thrive and are likely, ultimately, to work in low-paying occupations. Although enrolment in primary and secondary education is almost universal in most OECD countries, many countries around the world have much work to do to make education accessible to all (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In November 1934, the Yugoslav government filed a formal request with the League of Nations to address the “odious crime of Marseilles.” This transformed the significance of Alexander’s assassination in international relations. It put renewed focus on the security provisions of the League Covenant, particularly Article 11(2). Without mentioning Italy, the Yugoslavs accused “certain Hungarian authorities” of assisting the terrorists who murdered Alexander. Both Romania and Czechoslovakia supported Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav appeal forced the British to confront a number of complex issues that they had hoped to avoid and raised unavoidable questions about the peacekeeping functions of the League, the tensions between national legal traditions and conceptions of international crime, and the balance between “international justice and morality” and the preservation of peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a growing emphasis on free trade in global media governance, which could rock the foundations of media regulation in western democracies. While the US government pushes for the further liberalization of audiovisual services under the umbrella of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), other countries are less enthusiastic. They see the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a threat to their media culture. This article discusses the implications of the GATS for societal regulation of the media and the role of UNESCO's new Convention on Cultural Diversity (CCD). The conclusion is that the liberalization of audiovisual services will prevent several media regulation measures: quota regulations, support programmes for the audiovisual industry and the funding of public service broadcasting are all potentially at risk. Additionally, UNESCO's efforts to promote and protect cultural diversity appear unlikely to stop this development. I
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, when handed directly to energy supplying firms, subsidies can discourage innovation, technological upgrading and cost effectiveness, and may even compromise the overall quality of service. If perverse subsidies are not removed, subsidies for RETs may be needed to level the playing field and encourage their utilization. However, they must provide an encouragement, not an end, for both users and suppliers. In sum, subsidies must effectively reach the intended beneficiaries, encourage the provision of least-cost services (e.g. avoid covering operating costs), and, overall, be cost-effective, that is, achieve maximum social benefits for each unit spent (Barnes and Halpern, 2000). For instance, in some rural areas, the greatest challenge for farmers can be that the payment cycle for electricity (connections and monthly bills) does not match the income cycle (once or twice a year, after the harvest). Simply adapting the modalities of payment to the profile of agricultural users could make the difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore the factors that influence buyer decision-making in public procurement. The objective is to better understand the processes and conditions that support different supply arrangements, which maximise SME participation. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses case study evidence of contract awards across multiple organisational contexts including: a local authority, commercial semi-state, police force, and a tourist agency. Findings – National policy and the role of procurement exerted mixed effects upon the cases. The procurement processes were broadly similar and included cross-functional teams, consideration of trade-offs and market research. Research limitations/implications – The paper highlights the transition of public organisations toward strategic procurement including supplier engagement. Practical implications – This offers buyers a decision support tool that promotes equal opportunities for SME participation, a key goal of EU procurement. The imp...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Industrial processes will continue to produce waste heat and cold, as will infrastructure. Much of it could be reused in buildings nearby according to the strategy. The package includes goals and proposed measures for increasing renewable energy in heating and cooling sectors as well as proposals for improving energy efficiency in the heating and cooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The most threatened ecosystems in the Kyrgyz territory include the fruit and nut forests of the south (threatened by overuse), fragile mountain forest communities, steppes near large human settlements, high-mountain meadows (threatened by overgrazing) and some areas of semi-desert and diy steppe (which are easily degraded through grazing). Overall, forest loss has been dramatic over the last decades - fir and juniper forests have declined by over 35 per cent, fruit and nut forests have declined by 50 per cent, and pistachio and almond forests have shrunk to only 30,000 ha (30% decline) over the last 50 years. About 90 per cent of the latter forests still are used as pasture land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It has the world’s largest freshwater supplies and the largest tropical forests. It has huge mineral and hydrocarbon wealth. It is self-sufficient in oil, and following new offshore discoveries in 2007, it is likely to be a significant exporter of oil in the future. Tracts of its land are agriculturally very fertile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This raises the question to what extent the conditions and circumstances of early life constrain success in adulthood, particularly inequality of educational and health opportunities. Increases in the perceived returns to education and health might be accentuating the diverging fortunes of children from advantaged and disadvantaged households as more advantaged households invest more heavily in their children’s quality of education and their health inputs. This chapter looks at intergenerational mobility in terms of both health and educational outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proliferation of these small hydropower plants results in a considerable impact on the surrounding nature, including valuable ecosystems and species. However, the total consumption of mineral fertilizers decreased from 401,164 tons in 2008 to 278,872 tons in 2011 (-30%) (table 8.7). Statistics show that Croatia has a significant number of very' small farms that are unlikely to convert to intensive agriculture. Bigger farms established in the last few years readily comply with EU legislation, including that related to the environment, in order to have access to subsidies, and are aware of their obligations. For example, many farmers are aware that grasslands need to be maintained for grazing, and mow them once a year to receive payment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This better captures the active involvement of the educator in their own learning (Stoll et al., As Easton (2008, p. 756) argues that “it is clearer today than ever that educators need to learn, and that’s why professional learning has replaced professional development. Educators must be knowledgeable and wise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there were no major differences in the types of positions they filled, with the exception of under-secretaries, where the proportion of women fell slightly from 13.5% to 11.6% (see Figure 5.8). It is noteworthy that secretariats of state headed by women do not necessarily have more female under-secretaries (UNDP, 2012). Data from IMMUJERES reveal that, in 2011, consultancy appointments account for the highest percentage of women working professionally in the FPA - 38.6%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the last several years, Ethiopia has recorded double-digit economic growth. To achieve middle-income status before 2025 - and move from GDP of just $380 per person to over $1,250 - annual growth rate must be sustained at over 10 per cent. The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) identified priorities for reaching the MIC goal: boosting agricultural productivity - since agriculture is the main occupation of over 80 per cent of Ethiopians, strengthening the industrial base - particularly where this can be built on Ethiopia’s huge hydroelectric power (HEP) potential, and fostering export growth - which includes export of HEP. Under a business-as-usual scenario, GHG emissions would grow more than double from 150 Mt CO^ today to 400 Mt C02e in 2030. On a per capita basis, emissions would increase by more than 50% to 3.0 t C02e, exceeding a global guideline of 1 t and 2 t per capita to limit the negative effects of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Proponents of the disenchantment-over-employment theory argue that women are unhappy because their career advancement is blocked. Blocked mobility theorists illustrated this with the “glass ceiling” (Still, 1997, Wirth, 2001), “glass doors” and “sticky floor” (Still, 1997) factors. Researchers in ethnic entrepreneurship added the “accent ceiling” (Collins et al., While “glass ceiling” refers to the barriers to career advancement of women, “sticky floor” refers to the absence of career movement beyond the initial entry job, while “accent ceiling” refers to racial discrimination that blocks immigrant women in the labour market. Second, entrepreneurial life attracts more and more young single women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further, it approved the order by which the quantity of trees to be planted annually by each ministry should be defined. In particular, the 1992 Presidential Resolution provided the impetus to launch the State Programme entitled Green Construction, in 1998. This Programme foresees planting trees in the countryside (yelojats), in cities and around settlements, and establishing green zones for the amelioration of climatic conditions and prevention of land degradation. This is why a zone consisting of forests and parks is being developed in the foothills of the Kopetdag Mountains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a certain limit of the linear heat generating rate below which power variations are safe for the PCI, because the deviation between clad creep and pellet swelling remains within the permitted frame, and thus the fuel and cladding can adapt to the new power level (IAEA, 2010a). According to the last survey made by IAEA, only a limited number of PCI-related failures have been observed recently in PWR fuel, while PCI is still the second cause of cladding failures for BWR fuel (IAEA, 2010a). An additional mitigation method currently under development is the adoption of advanced fuel with a reduced release rate of fission products with burn-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Participatory forest management (PFM) by local communities is integrated with local administration planning processes, local government and land tenure legislation, and 7.7 million hectares are managed through PFM arrangements. Local representatives of the Tanzanian Forest Services Agency manage forests together with local governments and communities, via jointly-prepared management plans and with by-laws that define permitted and banned forest activities. These arrangements have contributed to a recovery of flora and fauna in some areas and an increase in local incomes from trees and forest-related products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, many ministries have specific urban policy functions. The average OECD member country government had 6.7 ministries or national-level departments or agencies with explicit urban policy functions in mid-2013, and many had 8 or more. While 18 OECD countries still had no overall framework in place in mid-2013, a number were under preparation and in a number of other countries, urban policy was rolled into broader regional or spatial development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Oftentimes, women start businesses to be personally challenged, and as a way to balance work with family demands. Women are therefore more likely to set limits on the growth of their businesses in order to maintain this flexibility. Third, women tend to start smaller businesses in sectors where the barriers to entry and, consequently, the potential for growth are lower. ( Hadary 2010, Ernst & Young, 2009, Kepler and Shane, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Judicial independence is not only a necessary condition for the impartiality of judges, it can also endanger it: judges that are independent could have incentives to remain uninformed, become lazy or even corrupt. It is therefore often argued that judicial independence and judicial accountability are competing ends. In this paper, it is, however, hypothesized that they are not necessarily competing ends but can be complementary means towards achieving impartiality and, in turn, the rule of law. It is further argued that judicial accountability can increase per capita income through various channels one of which is the reduction of corruption. First tests concerning the economic effects of JA are carried out drawing on the absence of corruption within the judiciary as well as data gathered by the U.S. State Department as proxies. On the basis of 75 countries, these proxies are highly significant for explaining differences in per capita income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Fonterra statement provides an indicative payout for 2009/10 set at NZD4.55 per kilogram of milk solids before the season began. This was a significant decrease from the previous year and resulted in farmers modifying their cost structures so as to ensure they were not disadvantaged by the drop in price. The milk price of NZD 4.10 per kilogram of milk solids was to be paid in full only 16 months after the beginning of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, poverty levels have remained very high. In developed countries, income inequality has increased, and the phenomenon of the working poor has become more pronounced. However, the recent escalation in prices of food, fuel and industrial commodities till mid-2008 largely wiped out those gains. Two prominent examples are many excessively sophisticated and expensive products in the automobile and household-appliances industries worldwide, which have experienced a massive oversupply in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Soon after, the then Labour Government commissioned the Stern Review on the economics of climate change, which helped to push climate change to the centre of the policy debate in the United Kingdom and many other OECD countries (Stern, 2007). The United Kingdom offered strong support for a global climate change agreement at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Copenhagen in 2009 (COP15) and Cancun in 2010 (COP16). In July 2010, the environment ministers of the United Kingdom, Germany and France published joint articles in three leading newspapers emphasising the economic benefits of unilaterally increasing the EU emission-reduction target for 1990 to 2020 from 20% to 30%, a proposal that is now official UK policy. The EU recently raised its emission-reduction target to 25%, although the legally binding 20% target has not been amended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Compared with an annual increment of more than 11 million m3, this means that only around 50 per cent of the annual increment is used for wood production. Coppice forests are harvested at an even lower rate (43 per cent). The illegal logging is done by private people for subsistence needs (especially for firewood) and by organized groups of people for harvesting, transporting and processing at facilities without a permit (Regional Environmental Center, Illegal Logging Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)