albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This, coupled with the increase in the importance of debt management as a strategy (ranked third, with 83% versus 68% farmers reporting it) and an increase in the perceived risk from changes in interest rates (Table 1), suggests that New Zealand farmers today are not afraid to become indebted, but instead are more focused on monitoring and managing debt to control this area of risk (Gray et al, 2009). This finding is supported by the changes in ranking of other financial responses. For instance, arranging overdraft reserves increased in ranking, while the use of financial reserves has declined. A greater percentage of farmers are investing off-farm (43% versus 36%) and have a family member working off-farm (27% versus 19%). In order to mitigate production risk, many farmers conserve surplus feed, in the form of hay or silage, usually in the spring, to feed to animals over the following winter, and sometimes in the summer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In response, the Australian Government established the Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group (TEMAG) in 2014 to make recommendations on how ITP in Australia could be improved to better prepare new teachers and provide the practical skills needed in the classroom. In 2015, Action Now: Classroom Ready Teachers, TEMAG's report to the Minister for Education and Training, included 38 recommendations to improve ITP in Australia. Starting in 2013, the Bachelor of Education programme was guided by competency objectives for each teaching practice, teacher education was constructed around modules, and the University Colleges (Professionshojskoler) were granted more autonomy in setting programme structures and determining the content of modules for development of different teacher profiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Provided to ESCAP by UNITAR UNOSAT. This unique regional cooperative platform, which has been running for 20 years, calls on all national space agencies in the Asia-Pacific region to work together to help disaster-affected countries. In 2013and 2014, for example, RESAP mobilized more than 218satellite imagesand damage maps that contributed to preparedness, response, relief and damage assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract   Since 1996, eight elections have taken place in postcommunist Europe and Eurasia that have replaced illiberal with liberal governments. There is ample evidence that these “electoral revolutions” reflected the cross-national diffusion of a distinctive model of regime change that was developed elsewhere and that was designed to promote democratization in authoritarian political contexts featuring semi-competitive elections. This electoral model spread throughout the postcommunist region because of both shared perceptions by opposition groups of similar local conditions and the existence of transnational democracy promotion networks that included local, regional and American participants. As these revolutions spread, however, they were less successful in carrying through democratic change-in part because local conditions were less supportive and in part because authoritarian leaders and their international allies were both forewarned and forearmed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new tariff guidelines also establish a maximum of 5 per cent of household expenditure on water and sanitation. This goes beyond providing a tap and a toilet in every home. Experiences from Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania suggest that placing women at the centre of water decisions leads to improved access, more cost-effective delivery and less corruption in water financing.280 Women have also been essential to the success of community-led total sanitation (CHS), a subsidy-free approach that encourages people to build their own toilets/latrines with local resources to stop open defecation. Awareness-raising and advocacy campaigns are one way to break taboos and to make such needs visible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
See the discussion of this criticism in Barbour and Gorlick (2008: 554). Traditional justifications under international humanitarian law for forced displacement, e.g. the removal of civilians from besieged or encircled areas or evacuation of civilian populations if the security of the population or imperative military reasons demand (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949: Arts. See the discussion in Hathaway (1991: 31-32,2007: 353).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cross-references and box texts with additional information help readers in this navigation. A more causal, analytical assessment of water issues in the identified shared basins may take place as part of future updates of the Inventory. The research process was markedly different for the surface water and groundwater sections of the Inventory. For each basin, information packages were compiled according to the core themes and chapter templates, which were later used, where necessary, as a basis for consultation with countries (Box 2). Research for "Part II: Groundwater" therefore started with the screening of all available geological and hydrogeological information and its interpretation in view of identifying potentially shared aquifers and aquifer systems (see ’Overview & Methodology: Groundwater’ chapter).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This essay honors Lisa Blomgren Amsler (formerly Bingham) as an International Association for Conflict Management Jeffrey Z. Rubin Award recipient (2006). Lisa is the author or co‐author of over 125 path‐breaking publications that span the fields of dispute resolution, negotiation, conflict management, public administration, public policy, law, philosophy, and organizational studies, among many others. She the consummate example of “thinking DaVinci” —using lateral thinking, moving fluidly across contexts and perspectives, taking knowledge from one context and applying it to another, and fostering creativity and innovation in scholarship. This article focuses on Lisa's contributions in the areas of mandatory arbitration and the effects of mediation, justice, and justness in alternative dispute resolution and public participation, and collaborative public management. In addition, we highlight Lisa's impact outside the United States. We give Lisa the last word where she analyzes gaps in research and practice, as well as the future of the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, nearly half of all secondary school students are in Dili, the capital, while most of the rest of the secondary schools are located in larger towns. This results in many rural children leaving home to attend post-primary education, staying with extended family members or other families or even living independently (Wigglesworth 2016). Young people studying away from home may have a high degree of independence, especially boys, who face less control of their movements by their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Clan interests often take precedence over the interests of individual victims and families choose to reconcile through the customary system instead of seeking redress for victims. This leads to women victims of rape being forced to marry the rapist, following the ruling of male village elders applying customary practices (A/HRC/20/16/Add.3). In Ghana, traditional authorities, such as tribal chiefs in many rural areas, rule over issues and disputes regarding land and property rights, as well as matters involving "supernatural interference", including allegations of witchcraft. In Afghanistan, sharia law, customary law, the formal, secular legal system and international law exist in parallel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These should include responsible ministries, social partners, social welfare centres, educational establishments, local authorities and employers. It is important that the criteria filter out those who may be working in the informal economy or have no intention of accepting work - otherwise there is too much pressure on the employment service to make sure that those who register adhere to the active job search rules and are available for work. Overall, in the assessed SEE economies the eligibility criteria tend to be rather liberal, however, and there is often no clear distinction in status between the employed, the unemployed or the inactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some states such as Jalisco were already undertaking similar activity but now all of these local initiatives are grouped under the umbrella of this programme. The Ministry of Education will need to work with the Ministry of Economy on this as the school curriculum is decided at national level. Ernst and Young (2011) reported that a failure to integrate women fully into the workforce is costly in terms of GDP, arguing that it is clear that women can add incrementally into a developing nation’s economy. This is also being recognised in the UK, for example the University of East London in 2011 established the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Entrepreneurship. Although Mexico has no exclusive programmes for women in the national system of employment, it is beginning to happen, for example in Queretaro. In 2008, the incubator of the Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ) worked with a group of women identifying demand with the department of sustainable development for the local municipality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While the pervasiveness of serious market failures in the health care sector means that markets alone cannot produce efficient outcomes, the introduction of regulated competition in some areas of health care supply can improve user choice, efficiency and innovation. Establishing a separation between purchaser and provider functions is at the heart of the creation of market-type mechanisms. With such settings, the purchaser is in principle able to maximise value-for-money for its residents by buying medical services from competing suppliers, either public or private, though this requires sufficient size and expertise. More choice is provided to users, though control over patients’ choices remains tighter than in insurance-based systems, where choices are individual rather than made by purchasing organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Meanwhile, women managers in Mexico represented 36% of total managerial employment in 2016, slightly above the OECD average of 32%. Unlike many other OECD countries, Mexico has not established a policy to enhance women's participation in corporate leadership. However, in 2017, a sub-index measuring the participation of women on boards was introduced in the Mexican Stock Exchange's Sustainability Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The settlement rate for all mediation services completed in 2011 was 80%. If no agreement can be reached, the matter is referred to the district court. Pre-trial mediation is on voluntary basis, but the court may direct the parties to mediation by order. The employee/complainant has the burden of proof except for the cases of discrimination. The ratio of settlement by mediation is about 0.1% of the entire labour cases in 2011. There is a pilot project in selected courts whereby the court will suggest mediation as an alternative to using the court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, they are a complement to public policy, not an alternative, and their progress should be regularly monitored. Opportunities should be sought to exploit synergies with other policies, including climate change: there are many win-win opportunities in pursuing low-carbon and resource efficiency objectives, such as in the area of sustainable mobility. At the same time, some of the main barriers to achieving resource efficiency goals are linked to the incentives embedded in policies in other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Improve co-operation between the PES, the Social Insurance Agency and the education system. Collective Bargaining Wages in Comparative Perspective: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom, Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution ”, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, No. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Different pedagogies have developed different ways of balancing the three tasks and teachers are likely draw on a combination of pedagogical approaches. There is no guarantee that practices studied in isolation have the same effect once combined (and ideally, any combination should equate to more than the sum of its parts). Systematic studies of the impacts of combining pedagogies may be found in studies of ‘deeper learning’ schools (Zeiser et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Draft Amicus Brief in support of neither party in the review of the FBI's request for an order requiring Apple to assist in the unlocking of the iPhone used by one of the San Bernardino shooters. This brief argues that, contrary to arguments made by other amici, 1) the process adopted by Judge Pym in this matter affords Apple sufficient due process, 2) separation of powers considerations have been previously addressed by the Supreme Court and do not resolve this case, 3) CALEA and ECPA are inapposite to and do not resolve this case, and 4) CALEA's encryption exemption either is inapposite to this case or indicates that the court can require Apple's assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Attaining the Goals will require coherent policies, an enabling environment for sustainable development at all levels and by all actors, and a reinvigorated Global Partnership for Sustainable Development. Meeting the means of implementation targets is key to realizing the 2030 Agenda, as is the full implementation of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. Incremental progress has been made in these areas, but more is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Put more simply, this implies that the largest city is twice as large as the second-largest city, three times as large as the third and so on along the uiban hierarchy. While the relationship tends to break down at small scales, it holds remarkably well for many countries across a very wide range of city sizes (Gabaix and Ioannides, 2004). There is also the question of whether Zipfs Law implies some constraints in the pattern of uiban growth, i.e. that the growth trajectories of individual cities could not change the overall city-size distribution (Duranton, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It then examines vocational education and training in Sweden, with a focus on workplace based training programmes, and career guidance at school. Finally, it gives an overview of social services offered in school, and the co-ordination of these services. Up until the age of 16, all students learn together in one comprehensive school without tracking or grade repetition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the wake of the Japan earthquake of 2011, for example, NTT DoCoMo, Japan’s largest mobile phone operator, created an application called Disaster Kit. Should one cellular base station fail, some service to the affected area can be provided by a neighbouring node. One problem following the Japan earthquake of 2011, was insufficient power for base stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Tajik women in labour migration: forced tactics of survival or choice of emancipated women?]. Globalizing 'postsocialism': mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of Europe. Gender inequalities in labour markets in Central Asia. Available from www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/ rbec / docs / Gender%20inequalities%20in%201abour%20markets% 20in%20Central%20Asia.pdf?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In states like Puebla, Morales and Veracruz, where women hold less than 30% of seats in the local congress, there is not yet any provision for sanctions for non-compliance.6 Although quotas have proven to be effective at the state level in boosting women’s representation in elected bodies, parties in some states continue to disagree and argue that greater female participation in elected positions flouts party rights. In such cases, a party usually nominates female candidates in districts w'here it has little chance of winning. In that way, it is actually meeting the gender quota. Chief among them are negative attitudes to female politicians, political harassment and violence, and norms and values which consider that unpaid caregiving and housework is women’s work. A survey in 2008 found that 64% of women believed that the sexual harassment of female political office holders indeed took place, while 23% claimed they had been sexually harassed in their work as legislators (Cerva Cema, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
How well total private spending can be incorporated and how easily sources of financing (use of own capital, households, transfers from the public sector and others) can be differentiated depends on the countries' progress in implementing the system of national accounts and on the capacity of statistical systems to identify sources by reconciling existing information. Household spending in connection with unpaid work is measured using information collected by time-use surveys, which are increasingly being conducted in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. There are, however, country-level initiatives under way in Chile, Mexico and Peru. This shows that information currently published underestimates the country's social spending by about 50%, without taking into account spending undertaken by households to bridge the gaps not covered by social security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, technological advances have permitted student assessment to become more sophisticated, as is the case with computer-based adaptive assessment (see below). This is reflected in the growing importance of student outcomes for system evaluation (increasingly relying on results of standardised student assessment and the international assessment of students), school evaluation (with school accountability increasingly tied to student outcomes) and teacher appraisal (with the exploration of direct links to student progress), the requirements for reporting publicly on student results, and the establishment of education national targets for student achievement including for particular groups of students. Performance in schools is increasingly judged on the basis of effective student learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pensions in particular have an impact on child well-being since one or more of the family members are elderly. In Azerbaijan, 45.3 per cent reported living in households where at least one member received a pension, while the coverage rates of targeted social assistance (basically means-tested cash transfer for poor families) reached only 30.5 per cent of the population (World Bank, 2010). In Georgia, 42 per cent of households receive a social pension, and 45 per cent of all children live in households with at least one pension recipient (UNICEF Georgia, 2010). As a result, an estimated 9.2 per cent of children from households that receive pensions were lifted out of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Conversely, when a built environment is dysfunctional for children, it affects everyone's quality of life. Looking at specific needs of children and their caretakers for every age helps to determine both generic and specific solutions for babies, toddlers, young children, adolescents and youth. The scales reflect the social ecological model that children's development specialists use to build strategies to ensure children's rights. The access to appropriate urban services needs to be adjusted accordingly to a childs age, needs and the daily patterns of its caretaker.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The complexity of agricultural ecosystems makes it difficult to accurately measure, quantify and monitor the biogeochemical and natural resource flows that underlie agriculture. There is a lack of analytical tools and mechanisms readily available to measure, value and account for resource use and loss in agricultural production systems. Several efforts are under way to remedy this situation, for example within the framework of the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technology (WOCAT) and the Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It produces about 1 600 research papers including a technical report, a monthly newsletter, national epidemiological bulletin and a peer-reviewed journal in order to provide technical and scientific assistance to the Ministry of Health. The Institute is involved in research, clinical trials, control and training. It supports scientific research and national programme by allocating funds, increasing the scope of Italian participation in international activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cash transfers are often intended to 'fill the food gap' in food insecure families, so their value is set at the cost of a basic food basket, adjusted for household size. Another option is to calibrate the transfer value against the cost of a basket of essential goods and services, including food but also utilities that might cost more in urban areas. The basic benefit level for LEAP should be adjusted to incorporate the different consumption needs of urban households, accounting for lower self-production, higher reliance on cash and higher costs associated with urban life. To account for the elevated vulnerability of urban households to price fluctuations, the transfer level should be reviewed regularly and adjusted in response to inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Understanding the nature and process of change over time is an important part of social research. Large-scale longitudinal studies, such as the various birth cohorts and the British Household Panel Survey, have transformed the way in which we understand the relationships between individual lifecourse, family formation and dissolution, economic and social change, and social policy. Qualitative methods for longitudinal research are not yet as well established in social policy research as quantitative methods, but they are attracting increasing interest. The papers in this themed section were first presented at a Social Policy Association sponsored workshop held in London in November 2005. The main aim of the workshop was to explore the challenges of using such data for policy-related research, focusing in particular on data analysis and interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ensuring scope to adjust appraisal criteria to a school leader’s experience in general as well as the length of time a leader has spent in a particular school may improve the appraisal process by paying due attention to the impact that can be expected of a particular school leader (Goldring et al., As Goldring et al. ( Box 7.8 provides two examples for the process of developing professional standards in the federal systems of Australia and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Small companies often lack the resources to establish an export-import business. While access to basic education is no longer a first-order issue in most countries, gender 'streaming' in education and persistent gender stereotypes in school curricula are a concern. Gender disparities in the ownership and control of productive assets persist and appear to be less responsive to economic growth than investments in human capital. However, women's wages are much lower than men’s and fewer women are entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A number of countries, including Austria, Germany and Switzerland, have well developed apprenticeship systems. This approach is being used in the United Kingdom to support career advancement. The Higher Apprenticeship in Hospitality Management has been developed to bridge the gap between supervisory skills gained in an apprentice’s early career and the strategic management skills required to work at a more senior level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)