albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is true even after accounting for other differences, such as parental education. Educational differences are also found to be smaller for children of immigrants than new immigrants, which they argue suggests that the education system is working to assimilate immigrant youth. In the United States, Card (2005) finds no evidence of unskilled immigration having a negative impact on unskilled native workers’ labour market performance, suggesting that concerns that immigration may increase poverty among the native population are ill-founded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2016, this meant that families with an income below 19 800 USD had reduced fees. Families with higher income paid the maximum fee decided in the national budget. The municipality is responsible for ensuring that this is applied in all kindergartens, both public and private (they will refund private providers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The public was invited to comment on ways of providing direct business assistance (e.g. as a concessional credit, as a general cash giant, or a targeted grant). For each option, advantages and disadvantages were outlined for public consideration. The current characteristics of the programme (in particular the SRM) reflect the feedback received from this review process. The Adverse Events Framework is therefore a broadly consulted assistance framework which seems to reflect current public consensus concerning provision of such assistance. The OECD interviews showed there is general appreciation by the farming community of the Adverse Events Framework, although some members of this community questioned the fact that the SRM was not automatically triggered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
What have been the contributions of afforestation and reforestation? The net increase between 2000 and 2015 was 28.1 million ha, or 1.5% of the total area of forest and other wooded land in 2000. Natural expansion onto former agricultural land accounts for most of the increase, but afforestation in the context of public programmes has played a significant role in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Of course, such a shift could be counteracted by appropriate carbon policies or higher gas prices. However, nuclear operators must be watchful to install the appropriate safeguards right from the start, as the revenue risks come both from the side of prices as well as quantities. The question is complex and is discussed in the following section. In any case, quantifying the economic costs of such dynamic, pecuniary system effects would have largely exceeded the objectives of the present study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Count data models, such as the Poisson and negative binomial, have been suggested for estimating the number of occurrences of an event, or event counts (see e.g., Wooldridge, 2002, Cameron and Trivedi, 1998, Hausman, Hall and Griliches, 1984, Maddala, 1983:51). Formally, the Poisson model is derived by assuming that a random variable y is Poisson-distributed with the conditional density of y equal to (y|x) = (e~°0^ )y!, The log of the mean 0 is assumed to be a linear function of a vector of independent regressors x: In 0 = x’/3, where 0 is a parameter vector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Fortunately, the use of NTMs subsided in subsequent years, assuaging fears of a protectionist backlash. Indeed, the prevalence of TBT/ SPS measures on exports of key interest to LDCs is a key reason why many of these countries have not been able to effectively utilise preferences, diversify their exports or move up in the value chain. From the perspective of structural transformation, therefore, addressing burdensome NTMs is critical to enabling LDCs’ integration into the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is because transaction costs are a residual category that includes all those effects that economists are unable to define properly. Going a step further, one can identify two major sub-categories of transaction costs that can help to understand the non-existence of markets and the existence of external costs. The absence of property rights is due to either the physical nature of the good (such as clean air) or due to ethically motivated decisions (such as maintenance of beaches as common properties). Obviously, the costs and difficulties involved in defining property rights can be defined as a transactions cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the case of infrastructure it requires coordinated, long-term planning that stretches across geographic, political and cultural boundaries. We know, however, that a hospital cannot function without a solid waste system, and a waste system, in turn, cannot function without the acquired and applied knowledge, institutions and underlying resources necessary to manage it. Yet when we talk about infrastructure, this understanding beyond the immediate is still too often overlooked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also conducts research on the adaptation of small and medium farm machinery to local field conditions and disseminates technical know-how on the use of farm machineries. The DOA plans training activities while the Centre provides them. In 2012-13, its budget was about USD 3.8 million. Its research focuses on increasing crop productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, clearly energy efficiency improvements that do not lead to reduced fossil fuel energy consumption will not cut greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, it is important to be able to accurately assess the outcomes from energy efficiency measures in order to plan realistic greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies. All else being equal, if the demand for energy services decreases, energy prices should fall, and energy efficiency improvements are expected to deliver the necessary energy demand reductions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Kelo v. City of New London (2005), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the condemnation of unblighted residential neighborhoods for economic development by private entities did not violate the U.S. Constitution’s requirement that condemnation be limited to public use.’ While the text of the 5-4 majority’s opinion stressed deference to past precedent, the subtext was a settled belief that state and local governments would use what the dissent termed “uncabined” powers with fairness and skill. These assumptions arose from a lingering Progressive Era faith in the role of trained professionals as guides to good public policy and from an implicit perception that the institution of property itself had lost much of its coherence (Grey 1980).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It handles more containers than Los Angeles and Long Beach combined, and three times as much as New York and New Jersey. Not surprisingly, trade, transportation and utilities activities are the largest single employer sector in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, accounting for 23.1% of total employment in 2010 (Table 1.2). This sector includes air and ground passenger transportation as well as goods’ transportation services for which the Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s employment level and share of the US total have been growing over the past ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When we examine the ols results for all women together and do not differentiate between the informal and formal sectors, we find a motherhood wage penalty that increases with the number of children (3.8% for one child, 9.6% for two children and 19.4% for three or more children). As predicted, the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are not significant in the formal sector. In other words, the hypothesis that there would not be a motherhood wage penalty in the formal sector is consistent with the empirical evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Why are Bangladeshi women not more prominent in politics, despite having two women leaders? In fact, male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. In the public sphere, women have to contend with mastan culture (mastan culture refers to the killers, extortionists, looters, and perpetrators of violent crimes who operate under the supervision of so-called 'godfathers') (Rashiduzzaman 2001: 23) and availability of illegal arms, accessibility to black market money and fear of sexual harassment (Chowdhury 2009). In 2013, the cabinet has six women lead important ministries, including defence, foreign affairs, energy, agriculture, labour and employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As women’s time in paid employment increases, their time dedicated to unpaid work decreases less than proportionately. Time-use data highlight the severe constraints on women’s time (cont.) The OECD Job Quality framework provides a new tool for measuring labour market insecurity along two important dimensions: insecurity generated by the risk of unemployment and insecurity due to the risk of extreme low pay while employed (OECD, 2015, Chapter 5). Unemployment insurance captures the effective net individual replacement rate of unemployment and social assistance benefits in terms of previous earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Drawing on ancient and contemporary connections between rhetoric—an art of public deliberation and communication—and democracy, this chapter argues for creating “a common space of public scholarship across and beyond disciplines” to help ensure the future of sustainable publics and participatory democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Decentralisation has been justified as a tool for democratic improvement and political stability, an instrument to improve efficiency, a means of managing heterogeneous societies or a guarantee for territorial and social cohesion. However, sometimes the practice of decentralisation leads to mismanagement, corruption, clientelism and lack of policy coherence, among other negative side effects. What is essential to decentralisation is not the transfer of functions and resources from higher to lower levels of government, but the relationship of interdependence between them in the sense that each level can, to some extent, condition the functioning of the others. The reasons to decentralise can be political or technical, and its development can result in opportunities and threats, benefits and risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this case the weight is 1/13 for each indicator since there are 13 indicators in total. In a recent paper Paruolo et al. ( Because socio-economic variables are heteroskedastic and correlated, relative nominal weights are hardly ever found to match relative main effects" as observed empirically when estimating Karl Pearson's 'correlation ratio' (Paruolo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Entrepreneurship support activities at the Gdarisk University of Technology date back to 1993. The Faculty of Management and Economics played a leading role promoting this field of activity. Recent faculty efforts to gather individual activities have led to the creation of the "Entrepreneurial Vehicle” initiative, which seeks to increase the number of students interested in entrepreneurship as a career option, to enhance entrepreneurial, innovative and creative ways of thinking amongst students, professors and researchers, and to develop entrepreneurial skills and know-how.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They also work to give their life greater value and meaning, but not all work achieves this. Many people are in work that restricts their life choices. Millions work under abusive and exploitative conditions that violate their basic human rights and destroy their dignity, such as child labourers, forced labourers and trafficked workers (figure 1.4). And millions of domestic, migrant, sex and hazardous-industry workers make their living in ways that are dangerous, also eroding their well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While language training is typically provided for 240 hours, the national curriculum for integration states that the scope and content of integration training should vary according to each student’s individual needs. As such integration training may continue up to a maximum of 2100 hours, with close to two thirds of this time dedicated to language training and the remaining hours - largely devoted to civic orientation - conducted in Finnish. This number of hours is substantial in international comparison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Portugal estimates savings of 0.5 Mtoe/year of primary energy supply, 4 Mt C02 eq/year of GHG emissions and EUR 2 billion/year on oil imports by 2020. It is estimated that the development of industrial clusters linked to the electric vehicles and the network will create about 3 000 new jobs and EUR 500 million of value added. The savings were achieved at an overall cost to the government budget of about EUR 325 million in two years, of which one-third in tax incentives. This is much higher than the amount initially foreseen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Remittances are important means for funding domestic consumption and accounted for about 8% of GDP. Increased government spending on infrastructure and public consumption contributed to GDP growth. The poor performance of the hydrocarbon and mining sectors weighed on growth. In addition, agricultural output suffered a sharp contraction due to severe drought conditions in the latter part of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Geneva, availableat: www.ilo.org/globalAVhat_we_do/Publications/ILOBookstore/Orderonline/Books/lang-en/WCMS_ 100354/i ndex.htm. The financial and economic crisis: a decent work response. Geneva, ILO, International Institute for Labour Studies, available at: www.ilo.org/global/What_we_do/Publications/lang-en/index.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Later, in India, during the 1950s, the concept of "minimum needs” was developed by Pitambar Pant of the Indian Planning Commission. Still, the basic needs approach did not become a mainstream approach in development, even if the attractiveness of the concept was clear. Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1975) and in the ILO World Employment Programme. It became clear that employment creation was notan end in itself but rather served to fulfil the basic needs of individual human beings—corresponding more or less to the first of Maslow's five rungs. Many people were already on the second, third, fourth and even fifth rungs, but a significant proportion were not even in sight of the ladder. And so the idea arose of designing a development strategy that had as its main objective the meeting of basic needs, including those of the poorest 20 per cent of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This involves attention to transparency, openness and clarity of specifications. Making use of e-procurement is useful in this context, as has been noted in countries such as Canada and Chile (UNCTAD, 2011 b). If systems are procured in a larger package, fewer bidders are likely to have the required qualifications, experience or financial resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Both the NBSAP itself and the NBSAP Panel help to foster coordination between the various government and Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) actors working on biodiversity issues. A key challenge is that these are often made up of the same members as the SD Council and/or the NBSAP Panel, which can lead to ‘steering committee fatigue'. Similarly, staff members and actors who have multiple responsibilities and roles can struggle with scheduling conflicts and finding time for each committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Whether earth observation or meteorological satellites, space communications or global positioning systems, space systems are becoming an indispensable tool in the international effort to track and better understand our atmosphere, oceans, forests, fresh water resources and land use. In this context, space applications play a vital role in providing more accurate and timely infoimation on agricultural production prospects. In India, a dozen or so remote sensing satellites are used to award land titles and improve land-use planning nationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Findings suggest that this factor plays a significant and considerable role in terms of income poverty and, especially, financial strain. In Germany, France and the UK, a child’s probability of being financially strained is respectively 32 to 37 percentage points higher than for a child living with both parents (the reference category is a two-parent / one-child family). The work intensity category between zero and 0.5 is also rather small, but we include this category in our analysis as the parameter estimates are consistent with the other lower work intensity categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Environmental monitoring systems are underfunded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment. Kazakhstan plans to decrease the use of coal in electricity production and rely more on gas-fuelled power plants and alternative energy sources, such as solar panels and wind farms. Municipal waste collection services do not yet cover the whole population. Often municipal solid waste is dumped in sites with few, if any, engineered environmental protection systems, creating significant risks for ground water and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Ministry of Health, for example, should better prioritise annual performance objectives for the health care insurance/provision arm of the CCSS, as occurs in other health systems with similar institutional configurations (OECD, 2015a, 2016c). Any recasting of the relationship between central government and the CCSS should preserve the operational flexibility that the CCSS already has. Two distinct aspects are critical here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All regions continue to make progress on conferring official protection status to areas critical to global biodiversity. Biodiversity loss is occurring at an alarming rate. The loss of forests has been uneven across regions, with the most dramatic declines occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Unlike other regions, LAC has extreme levels of violence within society, in fact, the region has the world’s highest homicide rate (UNODC, 2014). As seen in the earlier section, crime has climbed to the top of youth concerns in the region during the past decade. Shanty towns and slum areas are both poor and violent, this dual burden reproduces and exacerbates social exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
We offer a critique of Canada's approach to domestic food security with respect to international agreements, justiciability and case law, the breakdown of the public safety net, the institutionalisation of charitable approaches to food insecurity, and the need for 'joined-up' food and nutrition policies. We examined Canada's commitments to the right to food, as well as Canadian policies, case law and social trends, in order to assess Canada's performance with respect to the human right to food. We found that while Canada has been a leader in signing international human rights agreements, including those relating to the right to food, domestic action has lagged and food insecurity increased. We provide recommendations for policy changes that could deal with complex issues of state accountability, social safety nets and vulnerable populations, and joined-up policy frameworks that could help realise the right to adequate food in Canada and other developed nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Low' tariffs for water and district heating services do not fully cover operations and maintenance costs, reducing funds for renewing obsolete infrastructure. Modernisation of public utility systems must be made a part of strategic urban policy packages. The growing uiban population means that investment in its maintenance and expansion is urgently needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The promotion measures will be implemented through national and international targets that range from primary school children to specialised buyers in aquaculture and fish products. In 2010, the main destinations of Mexican fish products exports (in particular as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardines) in volume and value were as follows. Thus, compatibility with standards and systems for quality certification will be possible, among other matters. Achieving mutual recognition to verification and sanitary certification systems. In addition, it will create exclusive values for environmental management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address global warming. The main objective of the ORPAS is to execute the general policy of monitoring and enforcement in aquaculture and fisheries, as well as oversee the proper implementation of the CONAPESCA programmes, and encourage the promotion of activities in the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The coordination of social care, social needs, social policy and health care needs and policy is central to the current health and mental health strategies in England. Health, wellness and mental health are seen as cross-sector problems, and the integration of mental health care services with social care and support is prioritised. “ No Health Without Mental Health" (HM Government, 2011) further confirms and consolidates this approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The importance of waste management is politically and institutionally fully recognized and the Government has so far secured financing to cover new investments and operating costs. Information on waste data are regularly collected and published on the website of the Croatian Environment Agency (CEA) (www.azo.hr). The implementation of the principle of generator responsibility is supported by packaging waste recovery and puts pressure on industrial waste generators to improve their waste management. Waste management in Croatia benefits from European Union (EU) funding and guidance defined in legislation and EU waste management policies. The trend in municipal solid waste generation on national level increased by 4.6 per cent per year on average until 2009. Waste statistics show a nine per cent decrease in municipal solid waste in 2010, which may be due to the economic crisis and more widespread use of weighbridges on disposal sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Ethnicity is a form of social solidarity. Its distinct feature is the understanding of commonality in terms of shared descent, culture, and the symbolic valorization of “ancestral land.” More broadly, sociologists have characterized it as a subjectively experienced sense of belonging and a mode of creating social groups by drawing boundaries. Ethnicity takes its strength from the emotional commitments people forge in their everyday interactions, and demonstrates its organizational force in shaping categorical identities on the basis of similarity and difference – “us” and “them.”      Keywords:    cultural diversity,  cross-cultural,  anthropology,  ethnic conflict,  ethnocentrism,  identity politics,  transnationalism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given the high levels of behavioural risk factors such as smoking, harmful alcohol consumption and obesity, a better balance between disease prevention and care may help to improve population health status and reduce health inequalities, while at the same time reducing pressures on the health and long-term care systems. The Polish government has embarked on a programme of ambitious reforms of the health system, and some of these reforms will influence health care governance, accountability and planning (Box 1). Similarly, the replacement of activity-based funding with prospective annual budgets, and the switch from maximum to minimum limits, represent a substantial transition in hospital management and administration, and pose a challenge to ensure financial and clinical accountability, as well as monitoring and evaluation of performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)