albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Third, EE improvements may help to increase a firm’s competitiveness, as they often go hand-in-hand with improved quality of products and processes, and thus may help it gain recognition as a “green” company. The international drive to greater EE may provide market opportunities for companies that are in a position to respond to growing demand for energy-efficient products, technologies and services.37 Many of the EE measures analysed in the previous sections apply to both domestically produced and internationally traded products. International trade offers opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of MEPS and other product-related EE measures by increasing scale and facilitating market transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Madrid's Aulas de Enlace ('Link classrooms') is an example of this model. The financial crisis decreased immigration rates and cut budgets, which led to a reduction in the number of these classes by 70% between 2006 and 2015 (Silio, 2015). Intercultural classrooms extend the focus beyond language, establishing links between families and schools (Rodrfguez-lzquierdo and Darmody, 2017). While regions tend to follow one of the three models, there is considerable flexibility. In the autonomous community of Andalusia, in addition to temporary classrooms during school hours, there are language support programmes for immigrants during extracurricular activities and a distance training programme (Junta de Andalucia, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article analyses the notion of state jurisdiction in international human rights treaties, which is central for determining their territorial scope of application. In that regard, the article provides an overview of jurisdiction clauses in the relevant treaties and examines their historical origins. It then attempts to distinguish this notion from state responsibility and from the concept of state jurisdiction in general international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Or should it be updated in a regular and systematic way in order to preserve its relationship with contemporary living standards? In which case, setting the poverty line at a percentage of each nation’s median income and updating it every year might, after all, be a strong contender. This is why the Innocenti Report Card series, in common with both the European Union and the OECD, continues to use a child poverty line based on a percentage of median household income. Why introduce the Child Deprivation Index?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to the study, over 87 per cent of this funding was allocated to men. Of the 20 researchers who received the largest share of the excellence in research funding, 19 were men. The conclusion of the researchers was unambiguous and direct: “The progress on gender equality achieved in research in the latter part of the 1990s has largely been wiped out' (p. 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Conditioning can also work to overcome information asymmetries. For instance, Governments may need to better understand the benefits of immunization, and a conditional cash transfer programme that conditions immunization can overcome this information asymmetry. Besides enhancing the public interest, conditionalities may also strengthen the bargaining position of women, whose preferences may be better aligned with the Government’s, but who may lack bargaining power within the household. Conditions also help make the transfers more acceptable to the average taxpayer (de Brauw and Hoddinott, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Reduction of livestock numbers (especially cattle and pigs) has cut the use of manure in fertilisation. However, in some regions, agriculture run-off pollution is a concern, especially in western Slovakia, as there has been a rise in surpluses of nitrogen (but not phosphorus) as a result of a growing use of nitrogenous fertiliser since 1999 (OECD, 2008). The increase, which accelerated in 2008, will translate into increased pollution of surface water and groundwater in some intensively farmed areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has a planned capacity of 35 cubic metres per second (m3/s), of which tw'o-thirds will result in “safe to handle” water and one-third in water that can be drained into rivers and dams (see CONAGUA, 2015). Given the plant's location, the benefit of the plant will be outside the Valle de Mexico. The raw sewage is appreciated by the farmers, as it significantly increases yield for crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similar issues can arise for employment-conditional in-work benefits although these transfers are generally more effective at accentuating the income difference between working and not working. Since the mid-1980s, support for low-wage workers has been expanded substantially in the United States (Earned Income Tax Credit) and the United Kingdom (Family Credit, later Working Families Tax Credit, now Working Credit), especially for families with children (both FC and WFTC were only available to families with children). As a result, in 1999, the EITC reduced (official) child poverty in lone-parent households by 4.5 percentage points to 25.1% while, in 1990, the reduction was less than 1 percentage point (House Committee on Ways and Means, 2004, Table H-21, cited in Haskins, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While Costa Rica is not unique in having several ministries and agencies involved in ECEC, it is unusual in having no institution with overall responsibility for delivering national policy. It is unlikely that the ECEC sector will see real improvements in access and quality without a clear champion for reform. Without strong leadership, it will also be difficult to raise the low' spending levels in the sector and ensure that resources reach those children most in need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Financial limitations have led to staff reductions and decreased enforcement capacity. As a follow-up, in 2008 the national Red Book has been produced and the IUCN2 Red Data List Categories3 assigned to each listed species. Inclusion of a species in the Red List should have the objective to de-list it after some time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since 2010, ICMBio has conducted in situ monitoring programmes in several federal protected areas in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. More generally, Brazil should invest in monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in delivering their expected environmental, social and economic benefits as a way to build political and society support for protected areas and mobilise the necessary resources. There is, therefore, room to better exploit economic opportunities related to Brazil’s natural wealth and protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The members of the Fiji national team who were trained in December 2016: Kamal Krishnan Gounder, Principal Economic Planning Officer, Ministry of Economy, Epeli Waqavonovono, Economic Planning Officer, Economic Services, Ministry of Economy, Susana P. Valemei, Director Water and Sewerage, Janesh Sami, Lecturer, Fiji National University and Pita Tagicakirewa, Malaysia - High Commission of the Republic of Fiji. This wouldallowforthe implementation of water catchment management programmes for the protection of freshwater resources, as well as the education and awareness of programmes on sustainable management and use of those resources. Simultaneously, the legislative framework (SDG 12.1) would allow for the identification of new water sources (SDG 6.6) and installation of standardized treatment systems (SDG 7.3) for water renewability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Audiencia Nacional has authorized investigations into acts of genocide committed in Tibet, based on complaints against the former President and the former Prime Minister of China. The decision is based on and implements the latest interpretation of the notion of universal jurisdiction by the Spanish Constitutional Court, which does not require any direct link between the crimes, or their alleged authors or victims with Spain. Given the ban in Spain on trials in absentia, the institution of criminal proceedings in this case will not lead to any conviction. Moreover, with this decision, the political viability of universal jurisdiction is, once again, put to the test. Nevertheless, criminal prosecution of alleged genocide in Tibet might reinforce the emerging state practice accepting the exercise of universal jurisdiction over the most heinous crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Developers lean on PTAL as the indicator in such assessments for London projects, as it helps them evaluate how new development would affect accessibility to public transport in a selected area and determine the acceptability of the impact. While it provides a useful indicator of local accessibility and allows easy comparison of areas across the city, one criticism is that it assumes access to a public transport network includes access to reasonably well-integrated rail and bus services and, by implication, to a range of final destinations. But PTAL does not in fact measure access to final destinations. That said, the Access to Opportunities and Services (ATOS) indicator - a complementary TfL measure that does reflect access to destinations and is described below - shows that in the case of London, a city with a comprehensive and relatively dense public transport network, PTAL is a good proxy for access to services and opportunities. In areas of lower density, however, the PTAL method may not be applicable as they usually have a sparser public transport network with poor connections and interchange facilities. Nor does it account for availability of cycling lanes or quality of walking environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this chapter, we analyse how the concept of intercultural dialogue is both explicitly and implicitly used in European education policy documents. First, we explore how the concept is explicitly dealt with in the documents and how its meanings are produced in relation to other concepts and terms, such as culture, cultural heritage, identity, inclusion, empathy, tolerance, multiculturalism, citizenship, participation, and social responsibility. We pay special attention to the values and ideals conveyed by the education policy documents in general and these concepts in particular. Second, we discuss the thematic overlap of these concepts and how different concepts, terms, and conceptual expressions can be used interchangeably in policy documents. These examples illuminate the conceptual network and semantics of the concept of intercultural dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those with low levels of educational attainment were particularly at risk of losing their jobs during the economic crisis and have experienced much slower recovery in finding jobs (OECD, 2016d). On average across OECD countries, 31% of NEETs have attained lower secondary or lower level of education attainment, 43% of NEETs have upper-secondary or post-secondary education and only 26% of NEETs obtained tertiary education. Those who left the education system early and have not obtained baseline proficiency are much more likely to experience challenges in the labour market and fall into the NEETs category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The trouble is, however, that many cities are simply unable to absorb current rates of natural population growth, let alone more rural emigration. Thus, although a great deal of focus is placed on reducing the ills of rapid urbanisation -including overburdened social services, expanding slums, pollution, crime, poverty and hunger - a greater emphasis is also needed on rural areas to stem the tide of rural-urban migration. This means developing many more employment opportunities, including in new' non-agricultural industries, w'ith an emphasis on jobs attractive to the rural youth -those most likely to leave and most needed to rejuvenate rural areas economically and demographically (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Transfers comprise a wide range of heterogeneous policies, designed around a number of policy objectives. From the perspective of poverty and inequality, the most important ones are pensions and the conditional cash transfer programme Bolsa Familia which is now part of the larger policy package Brasil Sem Miseria (Brazil without Misery). While initially some of the benefits w'ere available only to households with children, households without children have by now become eligible for all the benefits necessary to lift them above the poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
More than 95 per cent of criminal convictions in the USA never go to trial, as the vast majority of defendants forfeit their constitutional rights to due process in the pervasive practice of plea bargaining. This article analyses the relationship between American mass incarceration and this mass forfeiture of procedural justice by situating the practice of plea bargaining in the normative framework drawn by recent Supreme Court rulings and the proliferation of criminal statutes, including mandatory minimum sentencing legislation. Looking at systemic racial disparities in sentence severity and incarceration rates for otherwise similarly situated defendants, I argue that, rather than a voluntary waiver of constitutional rights, this mass forfeiture of due process rights ought to be conceptualized as the product of an entrenched system of procedural entrapment. Such entrapment, I argue, ought to be abolished not only on grounds of procedural injustice, but because the practice refashions rather than redresse...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, w ith international market prices about one-third higher than probably expected in 2008, tariffs could even be cut by rates larger than w'hat appeared potentially acceptable in 2008. As suggested above, one reason behind the step increase in world market prices for agricultural commodities that appears to have occurred since 2006 was a cost push caused by rising energy prices. One can probably argue that this cost push has also raised the target level of domestic prices by the same order of magnitude. On a global scale, tariffs applied for agricultural products have come down to about one-half of the tariffs bound (Bureau and Jean, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They could be, for example, companies that provide recharging infrastructure and metering installations that allow both EV owners and electricity providers to track and optimise electricity use during recharging. As mentioned, many OECD countries and China have targets for large numbers of EVS on the road by 2020. These countries need to invest in RD&D and infrastructure (especially electricity infrastructure) to ensure that both supply and capacity exists for charging vehicles. They should also use incentives to encourage consumers to buy these vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are 21 clusters, each describing a group of people with similar characteristics. Patients are assessed periodically to monitor their changing needs and re-allocated to a cluster if required. Closing the Gap: Priorities for essential change in mental health includes a commitment to continue to develop a national payment system for mental health. England was one of the first countries to begin the process of closing psychiatric asylums, and centring mental health care around care in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This could entail guidelines for schools on cultural celebrations which are applied consistently across schools. Guidelines could also address how to engage parents more and how to build effective relationships between schools and communities. These policy pointers could be beneficial for whole-school communities and entail limited costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The majority (71%) of adaptation-related bilateral ODA targets adaptation as a significant objective (Figure 2.1). This means that the intervention has other prime objectives but has been formulated or adjusted to consider the effects of climate change. However, the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (DAC CRS) database includes data on the volume of ODA allocated to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). These figures also include financial flows targeting risks unrelated to climate, but the overall trends are informative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In many countries, the coverage of reporting requirements or injury compensation, and thus the coverage of the statistics, is limited to certain types of workers such as employees only or insured workers only. If the numerator and denominator derive from different sources, this should be clearly specified. Furthermore metadata should specify (i) whether the data relate to cases of occupational injury which have been reported (to an accident notification system or to an accident compensation scheme), compensated (by an accident insurance scheme) or identified in some other way (for example through a survey of households or establishments) and (ii) whether cases of occupational injury due to commuting accidents are included in the statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Like D, this index moves in the range [0,11, with 1 being the highest possible degree of segregation. If students were perfectly integrated by income across State and private schools, each unit would reproduce the general distribution (percentiles from 0 to 1) and the average difference between a family and the median in that family's unit would be 0.25, so that the index would take the value 0. At the other extreme, if students were perfectly segregated, each unit would contain individuals with the same income from the same percentile, and the index would take the value 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Law 5048, which created CONICIT in 1972, states that CONICIT was to receive a fixed annual endowment of CRC 1.5 million44 to implement and finance its activities. The provisions of Law 5048 were not fundamentally altered except from the fact that earmarked appropriations would simply “transit” through the MICITT’s budget without any question about their continuing rationale. Financing through a trust fund may have some advantages, as the schedule of transfers of resources to beneficiaries is not constrained by the fiscal year commitments requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Achieving the Goal will have positive multiplier effects for all other Goals. Priority area 2 of goal 4, namely, science, technology and innovation-driven manufacturing, industrialization and value addition, covers issues of industrialization and innovation, and priority area of goal 10 is focused exclusively on infrastructure. Target 9.1, which focuses on infrastructure-related indicators, has data on airtransport and railway infrastructures only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article uses environmental criminology and situational crime prevention (SCP) to devise a series of hypotheses to determine the factors that distinguish successful from unsuccessful assassination incidents. We analyzed a random sample of 100 successful and 100 unsuccessful assassination incidents from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) that occurred between 2005 and 2014. We then consulted open sources to create new SCP variables that we added to the original GTD data. The hypotheses were tested in a binary logistic regression. Results show that successful assassinations are associated with several SCP measures, including weapon type, fatalities, terrorist proximity to target, and attack and target location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While no hard and fast rules can be applied, municipalities are generally responsible for providing and managing service delivery (water and wastewater), while higher-tier local governments (e.g. regions, provinces) are responsible for competences associated with resources management. A holistic approach is called for in designing the institutional mapping, because some roles and responsibilities can complement with or neutralise each other at central and sub-national levels. There is a diversity of situations across OECD federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy. On the one hand, some federal countries (United States, Canada, Belgium) have delegated many water responsibilities to lower levels of government, while in other federal states (Mexico, Australia) the central government still plays a strong role (e.g. strategic planning, regulation, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In December 2008, the US Department of Energy announced that it would provide an additional USD 200 million for pilot- and demonstration-scale biorefinery projects (USDOE, 2008b). The Canadian government also provides around USD 430 million for RD&D of next-generation biofuels through the NextGen Biofuels Fund in order to promote the development of the new technologies (SDTC, 2008). The Australian government has set up an R&D funding program of USD 12 million for second-generation biofuels, as well (Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, 2009). Second-generation biofuels form only a small part of the overall programme, around 10 second-generation related projects are financed through the FP7 (http://cordis.europa.eu). The only biofuel project within the FP7 that affects non-OECD countries is co-operation between a large Danish enzyme company and the Brazilian Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) with the aim to develop a cost- page | 37 competitive enzyme mix for production of lignocellulosic ethanol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Therefore, it may safely be said that in the great majority of ECE countries, the area of forest and other wooded land has been stable or increasing for at least 15 years, and in most cases, since the 1950s. However this is due to a new inventory method introduced between 2000 and 2005, making 2000 data not comparable with later figures. Since 2005, the area of forest and other wooded land in Denmark is reported to have increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The past few decades have witnessed an upsurge in demands by ethnocultural groups for greater rights and recognition. This is one component of a wider trend – sometimes referred to as the ‘politics of difference,’ ‘identity politics,’ or ‘multiculturalism’ – that emphasizes the need for sensitivity to pluralism and diversity. However, these general terms can obscure important differences between various kinds of ethnocultural groups. Immigrant groups, indigenous peoples, racial groups, and national minorities differ in their needs and aspirations and so typically demand different kinds of minority rights (e.g., accommodation rights, legal exemptions, affirmative action, representation rights, and self-government rights). Each raises distinctive ethical issues and must be examined on its own terms. Whereas some demands appeal to widely held values of justice and tolerance, others may threaten individual liberty, democracy, or solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They include: a cap on the size of the fishing fleet, mesh size restrictions, gear modifications, prohibition of scuba diving, relocation of inshore fishing efforts to deep sea areas, seasonal fishing restrictions or temporary outright fishing bans (e.g. a ban on fishing in Lake Kinneret in the period 2010-12), doubling the minimum depth allowed for fishing with trawlers, and online monitoring of trawlers. Some members of Israel’s scientific and environmental communities, and of the general public, have raised concerns that fishing off the country’s coasts is endangering other living marine resources, including marine mammals (Chapter 3). Most of these initiatives constitute command and control approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)