albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Thus, although there is a breadth of AfT support (see UNIDO 2010a,b), it is not clear that this is being matched with recipient needs. This can be attributed in part to a number of co-ordination failures within donor agencies and among donors, within recipient governments, between recipient governments and donors and at the regional level. Although there has been increased alignment between the needs of recipients and investments by donors, according to the most recent OECD/WTO Global Review, only 60 per cent of countries report better alignment on national trade policies since 2009 and there is still frequently a lack of co-operation (OECD/WTO 2011). This is mirrored in a recent case study on Nepal (Adhikari et al. This owes in part to weak prioritisation capacity and donors’ preferences for designing projects on their own. Donors tend to have their separate areas of focus with very little aid provided through sector-wide trade plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The share of the feedstock for every biofuel producing country describes which feedstock is used in each biofuel producing country. For most countries only one feedstock is used. For the EU more detailed data was available and a share of several feedstocks was used. The input cost data for biofuels to calculate production cost are structured in Table A.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Europe has a strong interest in and a history of assisting Iran in controlling inflows of drugs from Afghanistan. But due to Iran’s increasing use of the death penalty in drug trafficking cases, Europe has terminated its cooperation. Based on interviews with Iranian policy-makers and representatives of both human rights organizations and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), this article presents Denmark’s withdrawal of drug control funding in 2013 as a case study, analyzing the dilemmas and trajectories of joint Iranian-European drug diplomacy and the prospects for reengagement following the nuclear agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This reflects the recognition of the issue by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Government's commitment to improving educational access for the indigenous population. Indigenous communities in Ethiopia understand that education is their path to a better future. However, while more schools are being built in remote and rural areas with the assistance of development organizations, and an increasing number of children are obtaining access to education, there is more to be done.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Task Forces are a useful institution with special expertise on selected issues. The scientific side of the Post-2020 Framework could be "outsourced" to a scientific advisory panel if not integrated to a clearing house type of a mechanism. The IUCN is governed by the general assembly of its members, the World Conservation Congress, and the council, which is responsible for the more regular governance of the organization. In addition, a president leads the whole organization and a secretariat manages the day-to-day operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Agency has five local divisions (for Sughd Oblast, Kliatlon Oblast, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Dushanbe zone and Hisor zone) and 53 district offices (rayvodkhozy). The agreements established between local divisions and district offices of the Agency and local users (farmers, WUAs, etc.) Since the end of 2014, die Agency has been a specialized state body for regulation of and state support to WUAs. In 2012, the State Institution "Tajikobdehot", responsible for rural water supply and sewerage, was transferred from the then Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources to KMK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To offset the high one-off a service rather than as a product. The programme provides access to construction goods, as well as financing and counselling services, stimulating investments of poor households in the housing sector. Fincomun agents avail themselves of transport by Bimbo supply trucks to reach their potential clients, small low-income shop owners. Access to the shop owners’ payment history when purchasing Bimbo products serves as a first filter for future credit candidates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Evaluation has generally remained on an ad hoc basis potentially because stakeholder engagement has often been carried out as an “add-on” to conventional processes or has often consisted of a “tick-the-box” approach to comply with existing legislation and rules. First, it can provide insight on how an engagement process has, is or will function. It can take place at various stages: during the early stages of design and preparation (ex ante evaluation), during the engagement process itself or after (expost evaluation). Process evaluations relate to how engagement has taken place, the quality of the process and the activities either throughout the engagement initiative or during a specific phase (i.e. design, implementation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Jordan’s National Agenda 2006-15 sets an objective to increase women's share of employment to 20%. Egypt’s Sixth Five-Year Plan 2007 to 2012 sets a target to increase the female labour force participation rate to 25%. Qatar’s National Development Strategy 2011-16 aims to raise the female labour force participation rate to 42% by 2016 by changing public perceptions of the role of women in the workplace, in trade and industry, and society as a whole, and encouraging women to assume leadership roles. A number of ministerial strategies include provisions for increasing women's participation in entrepreneurial activity. As examples, the Jordanian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation’s Executive Development Programme 2011-2013 reinforces the role of women in the economy by including a focus on upgrading women’s vocational and entrepreneurial skills and facilitating their access to finance. In Kuwait, the UNDP-sponsored “Economic Empowerment of Kuwait Women” project, run through the Ministry of Social Affairs, has a component to promote entrepreneurship and to help women start their own businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Barriers can also emerge when mobility within shorter distances is low, due to lack of mass transit, which can limit job opportunities and also access to retraining. Due to the heterogeneity of challenges across States and localities, policy tailored to the local level is needed, but co-ordination is also required to ensure policy effectiveness. Unemployment, which had jumped to 10% of the labour force at the worst of the crisis, has receded to close to 4%, slightly below its pre-crisis level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Donor agencies consider these funds a means of engaging the private sector, and in particular small and medium enterprises, as direct partners without creating market distortions. The funds are considered versatile instruments that reduce the risks and costs of private investment while challenging the private sector to innovate for the public good. Among the projects recently selected is an online platform where transport and logistics stakeholders can meet and share information. Moreover, it provides users with the opportunity to send out transport requests and to quote, book and deliver with full track-and-trace functionality (including handling, insurance, warehousing, etc.). The focus of evaluations has often been limited to measuring their efficiency of operations—management costs, leverage ratio, etc.—rather than their development impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, gender institutions in some countries in post-Soviet space and some in the Arab region tend to be viewed as top-down bodies with limited connection to grassroots women’s groups and infrequent public consultations. Effective policy-making capacities, capable of taking into account the needs of men and women, are critical across all sectors, from education and employment to entrepreneurship, defence and housing. This calls for sound collection and dissemination of appropriate data and knowledge about gender disparities across the entire spectrum of policy concerns, and providing the necessary evidence for the development of sound policies that can be transformative in the lives of women and men. Those strategies must be supported by appropriate institutional frameworks with clear accountability mechanisms across all government institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The inclusion of RET deployment and rural electrification goals in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers or National Development Plans can provide a good platform to achieve greater coherence. In this respect, political leadership and commitment are likely to be more forthcoming if electrification is indeed part of a development and income-generating package. An interesting attempt is the Senegalese CIMES/RR8 a mechanism created by Senegal’s Rural Electrification Agency, which aims at facilitating access to energy services in rural areas, including by identifying possibilities of supporting or exploiting synergies with other sectors (e.g. water, education, health, telecommunications, gender, agriculture and the environment). It makes a direct contribution to the identification of multisectoral energy programmes, and hence for electrification for productive uses. In addition, since the pattern of energy consumption has major implications with regard to the benefits that can be derived from electrification, consumer education must also be part of investment packages. For instance, after several years of an electrification programme with full subsidization of household PV systems, it was observed that many households had sold their systems (Barnes and Flalpern, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the South-Western side (Turkish territory), there are some springs. Therefore the quantity and quality of the lake water is preserved as in natural conditions. Only three villages arc located near the lake in Turkish territory (population some 700). In the Georgian part, the population is some 5,900 within a radius of 7 km from the lake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Increased efficiency is particularly important in an environment of fiscal consolidation. Moreover, it would enhance the Slovenian population’s acceptance of public expenditure on STI. The difficult task for SRA will be to contribute to organisational change in universities and PROs without compromising quality. This streamlining should encompass operative intermediaries other than funding agencies, notably in the broad area of technology transfer, entrepreneurship and innovation-oriented consulting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While initial funding came from the federal government, the Land Grant Colleges are governed and supported by the states. However, the need for a concerted, coordinated national approach was seen. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided federal funding to establish a State Agricultural Experiment Station (SAES) in each state, for the purpose of agricultural research, including problems of regional importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The central government should urgently pursue its roadmap to phase out subsidies for fossil fuels, as laid down in the 2012 National Green Growth Strategy (NGGS). The practice varies widely in different countries. In Thailand, a green-label programme introduced by the national government for consumers and industrial products has been awarded to over 500 products (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In other words, factors that might make a child more prone to experiencing deprivation in a single domain might not make that child more liable to being cumulatively deprived and vice versa. Living in a less densely populated area, for example, has little impact on children’s risks of domain deprivation (with the exception of Germany) and even predicts a lower probability of deprivation in the environment domain. Nevertheless, a child living in an intermediate or thinly populated area in either France or the UK faces higher odds of experiencing cumulative deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Even though the National Socio-economic Survey (CASEN) indicated that poverty had declined by nearly 10 percentage points between 1996 and 2006, in actual fact a total of 3 out of 10 people entered transient poverty at some time during that period, pointing to high vulnerability among the population. Another qualitative finding was that most of those who were poor during all three panel waves (chronic poverty) were women and children under the age of 15 in 1996. Despite these findings, the panel has been implemented in only four regions of Chile so far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The experience of the networks showed that for an effective co-operation it is crucial to identify the right partners, win them over for an active co-operation and embed the resulting network in the existing support structures of the regioa An important learning of the programme was that it takes time to develop these structures. However, such structures are the prerequisite for developing specific support services and embed those in needs-oriented “service chains”. The accompanying monitoring of the programme found that most networks devoted themselves to linking up service chains and optimising interfaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since then, the population growth and agriculture demands are increasing the pressures on water resources and nontreated wastewater discharges, threatening many aquatic ecosystems. The population of Morocco is estimated to grow by more than 10 million by 2050 and the demand for food and water will increase accordingly. This increasing exposure and sensitivity to water issues and limited adaptive capacity will worsen Morocco’s vulnerability regarding water. A reinforced multilevel governance approach in terms of legislation, institutions and community empowerment would ensure that sustainable planning and management of water resources and water services will be reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract The scholarship on fascism has routinely explored the relationship between anti‐Enlightenment critiques of liberal modernity and democracy and the emergence of concepts of cultural, political and biological regeneration before the First World War. This is powerfully illustrated by Roger Griffin’s recent book on modernity and fascism. This article applies Griffin’s conceptual framework to ideas of conservative palingenesis and cultural modernist critiques of modernity developed in early‐twentieth century‐Romania by a handful of Romanian authors, in an attempt to understand the intellectual sources of the programme of national regeneration which Romanian fascists positioned at the centre of their revolutionary project during the interwar period
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Number of observations across the different indicators varies and data has not been deflated. *’* Indeed the wage gap in emerging countries is, on average, larger and also has a higher variance. However, when we look at how changes in low and high skill wages distribute across developed (bottom left panel) and emerging (bottom right panel) economies, we perceive no discernible differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, total ODA to the poorest countries is falling as their vulnerability to climate change increases. The Paris Agreement aims for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance. To achieve this goal finance for adaptation will have to increase, as in the period 2013-2014, the majority of climate-related development finance targeted mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper introduces reviewability as a framework for improving the accountability of automated and algorithmic decisionmaking (ADM) involving machine learning. We draw on an understanding of ADM as a socio-technical process involving both human and technical elements, beginning before a decision is made and extending beyond the decision itself. While explanations and other model-centric mechanisms may assist some accountability concerns, they often provide insufficient information of these broader ADM processes for regulatory oversight and assessments of legal compliance. Reviewability involves breaking down the ADM process into technical and organisational elements to provide a systematic framework for determining the contextually appropriate record-keeping mechanisms to facilitate meaningful review - both of individual decisions and of the process as a whole. We argue that a reviewability framework, drawing on administrative law's approach to reviewing human decision-making, offers a practical way forward towards more a more holistic and legally-relevant form of accountability for ADM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fertility in countries in more developed regions averaged at 1.7 children per woman in 2010-2015. Fertility has also continued to fall in the vast majority of countries in less developed regions, and 41 of those countries had already reached below or replacement level fertility in 2010-2015. Yet, in 2010-2015, total fertility remained high at four children per woman or greater in 45 countries in less developed regions, including 17 countries where total fertility was five children per woman or greater (United Nations, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Estimated tax payments are then divided by net income {i.e. gross earnings minus personal income tax and employees’ social security contributions plus family benefits). For instance, food, water supply, medical care and public transport are often granted reduced rates or exemptions.31 This approach typically implies a considerable dead-weight loss and people at higher income levels often benefit more in absolute terms since they consume more. In the case of Mexico, the total implicit subsidy due to the zero-rating of food was estimated at some 1.8% of GDP in the mid-1990s (Dalsgaard, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Drawing particularly on African cases, they examine national and global efforts to right past wrongs. The contributors argue that, for women in post-conflict societies, “defying vic-timhood” means being recognized as an activist, peacebuilder and -above all - a full participant in post-war social, economic, political and security structures, access to which all too often has unjustly and unwisely been denied. We examine definitions of and approaches to peacebuilding more generally, followed by key challenges and opportunities for peacebuilding in the after-math of conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper aims to demonstrate the interrelationship between the rules  of criminal law and disciplinary administrative law and in this context, the  complex functionality of substantive law and procedural law, extended to  the administrative act, the procedure and the Public Administration process  for the concretion of fundamental rights as an expression of action and  state justice through the punitive process. It asks whether there is mutual  influence between state legal and punitive branches and to what extent this  phenomenon is relevant to interpreters and appliers of Law. With the concept  of purposive identity between criminal law and disciplinary law, this  paper seeks to shed light on the punitive dialogical systemic of the State, to  conclude that procedural law and substantive law are complementary, not overlapping, to ensure the fairness of administrative decisions, as the essence of “action- activity” punitive-  -disciplinary Public Administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This causes concern about pollution concentrating in the lake, threatening public health and security, fisheries, and tourism, as well as about allowing lor starting large-scale industrial water supply to mines from this Ramsar wetland. The transfer disrupts the natural wet-dry cycle, completely changing the ecological character of the site, and threatening to degrade the biodiversity and productivity of the lake. The other two sites have no protection measures in place yet. It includes Dalai nature reserve as well as two Ramsar Sites of adjacent transboundary Torey Lakcs-Uldz River Basin with similar ecological character (protected by Daursky Biosphere Reserve in Russia and Mongol-Daguur Biosphere Reserve in Mongolia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere blocks most ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun in the UV-B range (with a wavelength of 280-315 nanometres) from reaching the Earth's, and therefore the ocean's, surface. Consequently, stratospheric ozone depletion since the 1970s has been a concern. International action to address that depletion has been taken under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and the situation appears to have stabilized, albeit with some variation from year to year. A potential effect of ultraviolet radiation on nanoparticles of titanium dioxide has, however, been identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, reducing the average class size from 15 to 10 requires a 50% increase in the number of teachers and, thus, total teacher salaries paid. Plus there is little clarity on exactly which group sizes or staff-child ratios are most favourable or optimal (Chetty et al., Care should be taken that in-service training is linked to career progression and to obtaining further qualification (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Purchases may take place in areas with stagnant or declining home values or in distressed neighbourhoods (see Box 5) and their financing is more likely to be subprime, with potentially high interest rates and fees. Poor people living in areas with highly concentrated poverty experience inadequate schools, limited job prospects, and disadvantaged peer groups, all of which contribute to social exclusion. Residential segregation was encouraged (and sometimes enforced) by governments worldwide throughout much of history, in order to restrict the movement of various religious, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups (Nightingale 2012). Throughout the 20th century, government-sanctioned segregation gradually lessened across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, the “criteria of eligibility” refer to the fulfilment of necessary requirements at the time of project application and, if the criteria are met, additionality is verified. The applicants complete their application in accordance with the positive list. When an applicant proposes a project that does not appear on the positive list, the applicant must supply certification of additionality and obtain authorization from the J-VER executive board.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Early intervention to prevent and remedy homelessness is warranted both from a social and cost-effectiveness point of view. In that respect, the strategy focusing on prevention, recently outlined by the Department for Communities and Local Government, is welcome (DCLG, 2012). But this is not the case in the United Kingdom, as children participation in ECEC is higher at the top than at the bottom of the income distribution (OECD, 2011c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is built on the S/D Index presented in Section 2.5. The different indicators for this chapter have been developed by the NEA on the basis of the most recent data available from a selection of International Energy Agency (IEA) publications (see references for details). The most relevant approach should include all major technical, economic and political aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Kiippers, D. and Dieter, M. (2008): "Thuenen work report: Belastungen der Forstbe-triebe aus der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktion des Waldes." In: Landeszentrale fur politi-sche Bildung Baden-Wiirttemberg (Hrsg.):" Jahrgang Heft 1 (2001) Der Burger im Staat, pp. Federal Statistical Office publications].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)