albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has no reliable data on the total number of forest fires, affected area or costs incurred as a result of forest fires, nor the spatial component of the affected area (i.e. there is no mapping data). The majority of the fires in forests occurred in the state-owmed forests, but private forests have also suffered a high degree of damage by fire. At least 0.04 per cent of the total budget of "Sume RS" is invested in fire protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Infodemiology is a research discipline that investigates parameters of information distribution in order to support public health and public policy. Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, is commonly used as a source of information for infodemiological studies. Using Pageviews analysis, we descriptively assessed the total monthly number of views of the Wikipedia articles in English describing main neurological diseases in the period from January 2018 to July 2020. Our results show a general trend of a decrease in interest in neurological disease-related pages throughout years and especially during the burst of interest towards coronavirus. The monitoring of infodemiological indicators shall be prioritized to reshape global campaigns and tailored advocacy programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although Betts and Kaytaz’s study is written of a context in which migration is not primarily a response to conflict, there are still lessons to be learnt. If they receive recognition, they are entitled to live in the refugee camp but can apply for a work permit if and when they find work. There is very little additional legal provision that relates to the situation of the Zimbabweans (ibid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The mechanism used is the structure of feed-in tariffs specified in the German Renewable Energy Law: when hydropower facilities comply with certain criteria (such as ensuring biological continuity of the river, or being built in a location where there are barrages or weirs), they are paid a higher-feed in tariff from electricity distributors, which is reflected in the energy bill paid by the end users. The additional remuneration is paid to hydropower producers for 20 years and varies according to facility size and output -smaller plants are paid higher remunerations per kWh than bigger plants to ensure their profitability, plants producing more than 5 MW are only paid for the increased part of production after modernisation. These are illustrated by voluntary agreements between water supply utilities and farmers to reduce pollution and water treatment costs (see OECD, 2012b). In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is important to recognise the definitions proposed for SCM before analysing those specific to the tourism industry, particularly as there is no single, universally agreed definition. According to Mentzer et al. ( Furthermore, unlike traditional businesses, where the end product is tangible and can be taken home, tourism produces a tangible product but an intangible outcome - the customer experience (Smith and Xiao 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
I first came upon Daniel Jordan Smith's remarkable book as I was close to finishing my own book on corruption ( Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law , 2008). I had decided that I needed to include an analysis of Africa and especially Nigeria. At the publisher's booth at one or another political science convention, I was able to secure page proofs of his book and realized that I had come upon a kindred spirit. Smith's argument on Nigeria was remarkably similar to my general framework for analyzing corruption, despite our coming from different disciplines and using very different methodologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Analysing SNUPs in the context of the NUP will be an important future topic of study, although it was beyond the scope of this study. Many NUP processes examined had relatively little stakeholder participation, though this was highly variable at both the regional and national levels (Table 5.2). These include bilateral investment arrangements and multilateral trade partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the last three years, only 16% of firms surveyed in the state have partnered with a university when upgrading or acquiring a new technology, a figure that is actually lower in Penang than the national average. The establishment of a commercial arm, Sanggar SAINS Sdn Bhd, with a commercialisation and enterprise development programme, and the creation of an on-campus innovations complex have produced some promising results: 26 projects have passed the proof of concept phase and 11 projects/products have been introduced to potential commercialisation partners. Long-term success will depend on the ability to attract high calibre organisations such as federal research laboratories that are able to generate new intellectual properties as well as investors (domestic and foreign) to support and grow start-up companies commercialising USM’s R&D and innovation outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Permanent political committees and administrative groups exist in the following areas: transport and communications, education and competence, international co-operation. In addition to the permanent groups, separate project organisations can be established. The Eastern Norway County Network also has its own secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Even controlling for differences between the countries in demographics, socio-economics, and land use, logistic regressions show that Germans are five times as likely as Americans to use public transport. Moreover, public transport in Germany attracts a much broader cross-section of society and for a greater diversity of trip purposes. The authors explain the success of German public transport by the application of a coordinated package of mutually supportive policies that include: (1) more and better service, (2) attractive fares and convenient ticketing, (3) full multimodal and regional integration, (4) high taxes and restrictions on car use, and (5) land-use policies that promote compact, mixed-use developments. Rolph BUEHLER and John PUCHER, Demand for Public Transpori in Germany and ihe USA: An Anolysis of Rider Characteristics, Transport Reviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We also include the number of older persons at retirement age. The effect of their presence is ambiguous: if they are in good health, retired persons may be available to perform household and care work. Conversely, if they are in poor health, they may add to the overall household and care work burden for other household members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many African countries are classified as arid or semi-arid, and climate change is likely to reduce the length of the growing season in these regions. Projected reductions of yields could be as much as 50 per cent by 2020 in some countries (IPCC 2007, Chapter 9). The small-scale low-income farmers will probably be the most affected. This effect on agriculture would result both in lower economic growth and in lower food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Improving energy efficiency implies improving the technical energy performance of the energy delivery mechanism but can also include improving energy management or organisation. Traditionally, the focus of energy efficiency, in particular in OECD countries, is the use of less energy for the same energy service. Therefore an improvement in energy efficiency can be when either less energy is consumed to provide the same level of services, or the same energy is consumed for a higher level of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The year 2014 has to be considered as a transitory year with full implementation of the new system of direct payments as of 1 January 2015. While the existing structure of policy instruments was broadly maintained, the reformed CAP provides greater emphasis on environmental issues, and more flexibility in the reallocation of funds between the two pillars (Pillar I: direct payments and market measures, Pillar II: rural development programmes) as well as on the implementation of its instruments at member state level. This constitutes a decrease in real terms in the total agricultural budget compared to the previous funding period. The costs that these programmes may incur, especially if stocks have to be released at below acquisition prices, question their sustainability in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is not a foundation on which to develop higher levels of student learning. Second is building the capacity of schools to take the lead on improvement. The centralised system that achieved universal coverage needs to evolve to give schools more space and capacity to shape teaching and learning practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This variation is shown in various studies’-4. Demand for high quality transport service (such as e.g. express commuter buses or frequent rail transit, with public transport-oriented development) tends to increase with income until a medium to medium-high income is reached. Moreover, the demand for a high quality public transport service is potentially much greater in total than for a basic service. Furthermore, even if, as suggested in other studies', changes in income affect public transport demand either directly (positive impact) or indirectly through increased car ownership (negative impact), the indirect impact may be negligible for urban public transport. This is because car owners may still choose to use public transport for urban mobi lity instead of the car, or use both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, they are of great importance for the management of grasslands and the conservation of biodiversity. Almost 17 per cent of grasslands on the Croatian territory depend on extensive farming using traditional breeds. Many of these species are used as food because of the quality of their meat, they are adjusted to the climate and surroundings, have stronger resistance, and are useful for habitat maintenance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The accelerated development of RES requires anticipating investments in infrastructure, in particular for the adaptation and the extension of the electrical grid. On the one hand, this will encourage innovation and the development of more advanced technologies in particular because the government will reinforce support to energy research, and thus this may create a “first mover” advantage for Germany. On the other hand, as the technological progress may take time to appear and to adapt to specific needs, anticipating investment also risks deterring the use of more advanced and more efficient technologies (IEA, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Two U.S. geographers review an array of intertwining political geographic issues that provide context and set the stage for deadly armed conflict between groups of ethnic Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in the southern Kyrgyzstan city of Osh in June 2010. Applying a disaggregated and localized approach to understanding the ambiguous and complex factors underlying the current instability in Kyrgyzstan, they focus on: the role of north-south political competition, the country's uneasy economic relationship with its western neighbor, Uzbekistan, widespread official corruption and the penetration of organized crime into government structures, as well as broader geopolitical issues. The latter include Tashkent's policy toward the Uzbek diaspora, perceived threats from international terrorism/Islamist fundamentalism, the potential for the export of a "color revolution" to Uzbekistan, the presence of U.S. and Russian military forces in Central Asia, and the relative ineffectiveness of regional security structures such as the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Retrieved July 02, 2009, from SouthAfrica.info: http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm State Electricity Regulatory Commission (2009). Survey on basic status of no power villages and families in the whole country. Credit Suisse/Power Economic Research Institute, Jiang Liping, September 18, 2009, Beijing Clean Energy Conference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The budget is also overseen by the Krai Ministry of Economics and Regional Development, which is responsible for implementing regional policy measures that imply inter-regional co-operation. During the 1990s, it was opaque, largely ad hoc and focused on: i) supporting the poorest regions, and ii) responding to political pressure from stronger regions for fiscal privileges and greater autonomy. This changed in the early 2000s as bilateral agreements between the centre and the regions were scrapped and the system of fiscal federalism was reformed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 1995, the average level of the minimum wages was CNY 195 per month, which went up to CNY 616 in 2008. Most cities have strengthened implementation in recent years, which could be reflected in a high adjustment frequency, a greater absolute increase in minimum wage rates, and high growth rates. In particular, in 2006, nearly 90% adjusted their minimum wages, which reflects that the minimum wage policy is beginning to be valued by local governments, and the minimum wage is now used as a policy instrument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their contents are largely complementary. While the primary legal and policy framework for water resources management is in place, secondary legislation still needs to be developed for many aspects, and practical implementation lags behind, requiring stronger institutional cooperation, as well as investments. Nevertheless, setting ambitious national targets would be an important measure to drive progress in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These results suggest that ASEAN countries need to shift their production structures towards the manufacture of greener products for the region's rapidly expanding consumer markets. This could be achieved by greater use of market-based instruments and better regulation at national and regional levels. Because carbon emissions transcend national boundaries through international trade flows, observing trends at the regional level is critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The history of Nepalese forestry reveals that very little progress has been made in effectively integrating people's needs with forest management objectives through forestry policy mandates and practices. This paper critically examines Nepal's forestry policies and use practices during the pre-unification period (pre-1769), the Rana regime (1846–1950), planned development (the 1950s), the Panchayat regime (1960–90) and post-democracy (1990 to the present). This historical critique finds that political posturing, rhetoric and personal profiteering have taken precedence over public duty, regardless of whether autocratic or pseudo-democratic regimes were in power. Thus far, forest policy studies have focused on the hill zone of Nepal. This paper focuses on Tarai forestry, and exposes the geopolitical and political economic forces in play. It concludes that a lack of fiscal transparency and accountability on the part of the government, and the monopolistic control of the sale of forest produce by the Timber C...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In its recent case law, the European Court of Human Rights has extended freedom of expression protection to whistleblowers, including those who work for the intelligence and security sector. Thus, contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights are required to balance any damage to national security caused by the disclosure, with the public interest in the information revealed, before handing down sanctions to the whistleblower for a breach of official secrecy. The article will identify, and critically evaluate, three possible approaches to balancing national security with the whistleblower's right to freedom of expression and the public interest in the disclosure of the information. These approaches are first, an absolute ban on external disclosures for intelligence officials, second, a broad exemption from criminal sanctions or other forms of retaliation when the interest in the information disclosed outweighs national security concerns, and finally, protection from reprisals provided onl...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those who absorb the cost of anticipatory actions are not necessarily those who will benefit. There are competing interests for ecosystem goods and services that make it difficult to build consensus around trade-offs and create winners and losers when trade-offs are made. There is the path dependence created by the history of management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Morocco in 2013, the unemployment rate for women with a niveau superieur (high level of education) was above 25%, whereas that for a niveau moyen (middle level) was 20%. Women without a diploma saw an unemployment rate of less than 5% (Haut Commissariat au Plan, Enquete nationale sur I’emploi). In Morocco, the TEA rate is 6.1% for men and 2.9% for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (“CRC”), lauded as the most widely ratified international human rights treaty, asserted high aspirations as a comprehensive statement on the rights of children. Yet, for many signatories, the road from ratification to full implementation over the past 23 years has been slow and arduous. Translating the CRC’s lofty principles into concrete law, policy and attitudinal change has been a challenge. This article responds to that challenge by offering a framework for implementing the child protection provisions of the CRC that integrates CRC guiding principles, comparative analysis and local cultural norms. Applying the framework to the Trinidad and Tobago example, the article argues that the CRC requires States to prioritize family integrity and that Trinidad and Tobago should leverage its tradition of extended kinship care in developing its child protection system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In particular, pupils with an immigrant background, who constitute around 10% of the pupils at the relevant age cohort, perform significantly worse than native students, even after accounting for the socio-economic status of the parents (OECD, 2007). While the difference between the average PISA scores of pupils with and without an immigrant background does not differ significantly from the OECD average (57 points in Slovenia versus the OECD average of 55 on the 2006 PISA science scale), the gap in the share of top performers3 between the two groups is large in Slovenia, being second only to Germany across the OECD (Figure 2). A similar picture emerges when the share of top and strong4 (and not only the top) performers is considered (OECD, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If spatial and economic plans fail to take into account the reality of a declining city, disproportionately large education and health facilities will put a heavy burden on municipal and regional public finances. The programme has a comprehensive approach of monotown development. It has three major goals: i) developing and improving urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks) and the housing stock, ii) economic diversification and SME development to increase employment, and iii) increasing labour mobility to stimulate voluntary movement to areas with higher social and economic development potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This situation explains also the increasing role of the informal sector as one of the major job providers in the region. Nasser (2011) estimates that informal employment reached 10.8 million in Egypt in 2008, representing 48.1 per cent of total employment. Between 1999 and 2004, the rate of growth of this index in the region was of 0.42 per cent per year, which represents a level comparable to that of Europe and Central Asia. Undeclared high levels of production increased the issues of revenue collection for non-oil countries and enhanced fiscal resource losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While developing countries still lag behind more advanced countries in the use of ICTs, remarkable growth is happening in all regions of the world, especially in low and lower-middle income countries. Figure 2.6 shows the evolution of Internet users by income group. No estimates are available by income group beyond 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The region can also further tap its wind and solar potential. Source: IEA Energy Balances Statistics (n.d,). However, energy-efficiency improvements require significant investment - and these to a large extent depend on energy policies in the EaP countries. In particular, energy price regulations (consumer subsidies) are a hurdle for investors in the electricity and heat sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The finding may either indicate acknowledgement of women’s qualifications in required areas or the fact that they are being overlooked both for full-time, secure employment and in recruitment processes for senior positions (INMUJERES, 2011). More data on the profile of consultancy positions filled by women are not currently available and the rationale behind hiring them remains unclear. According to information supplied by the Secretariat of the Civil Service, there is no gender distinction in the public service in relation to classes of job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a similar manner, some countries have few or no areas with an IUCN category reported (e.g. South Africa has no nationally designated sites with an IUCN category recorded in the WDPA). Most OECD countries have few areas reported as points. This reported area may in practice (but not necessarily) be accounted for in whole or in part already in the coverage figure derived from those sites recorded as polygons. This comprises totals (excluding overlapping areas) and additional areas reported as point data, for completeness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This study offers fresh empirical insights into the causes of terrorism in Pakistan. The authors present a novel strategy for hypothesis building in conflict studies, and explore the importance of the explanatory variables within the time frame of the analysis. The hypothesized relationships are tested using pooled cross-section time series data from five regions of Pakistan (the federally controlled area and four provinces from 1980 to 2010) using fixed effect negative binomial regression. The results indicate that public education expenditures, law & order expenditures, ethnic diversity, urban population, the presence of domestic military operations, and U.S. military aid to Pakistan all result in increased terrorist activity in Pakistan. This study recommends that ethnic diversity and multilingualism be respected in education in Pakistan, that the educational curriculum be cleansed of systemic incendiary language and bigotry, that law enforcement agencies be freed of political control, and that strateg...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While some energy intensive firms are exempted from the EEG surcharge, it also raises the production costs of non energy intensive firms and may deteriorate their price competitiveness. Most studies assume the cost of RES support will decrease significantly, due to increasing productivity and technological learning effects in the RES sector. By contrast, Frondel et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)