albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract A conventional argument suggests that, for new democracies to survive, citizens must receive benefits of socioeconomic development. Yet an emerging literature shows that, following democratic transitions, the delivery of political goods such as order, civil rights and good governance, can sustain a new regime, at least in the short run. But how long does any such honeymoon last? This article uses survey data over time to assess the durability of various types of public goods in shaping popular attitudes to democracy in Nigeria, a critical test case where democracy is under threat. We find that, even under unfavourable conditions, political goods are more durable than previously thought and that mass preferences for democracy do not require an economic miracle. To be sure, economic assessments of policy performance shape evolving views about the supply of democracy. Over time, however, political assessments of the trustworthiness of national leaders are equally important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, amongst the poor, there are both net buyers and net sellers of food, and many (perhaps the majority of) farm households may in fact be net buyers. The difficulties of designing price stabilisation programmes are well known. Formal (ex ante) price stabilisation induces moral hazard, with agents failing to mitigate risk, and price stabilisation can easily turn into systemic price support or suppression, depending on political pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Accordingly, the development of a statistics and records system on femicide in Mexico is being advocated. It has also been suggested that the administrative format of records should be improved and that a gender perspective should be applied in the conceptualization of the crime of homicide. The situation of gangs (known as pandillas in most Latin American countries, but called maras in Central America and quadrilhas in Brazil), the increase in crime in the Southern Cone countries and in violence in the Andean countries are clear indicators of the need for targeted interventions aimed at specific groups of young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While biodiversity is relatively high in the North East Atlantic region, including the Helgeland coast and the Faroe Islands, the Baltic Sea species and functional diversity is relatively low. Consequently, even minor changes in species biomass and/or occurrence can have large effects on ecosystem function and services. The loss of a single species therefore has potentially higher impact in the Baltic Sea than in Helgeland and the Faroe Islands. Nordic coastal biodiversity is summarized in Figure 30, using the number of marine species in different functional groups and classes in each Nordic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The UFCD are independent units that can be used in various ways to obtain different qualifications. Every skill unit or UFCD earns a specified number of credits, allowing users to capitalise on prior skills acquisition as they pursue new' qualifications. When a training activity is completed, a certificate is issued by SIGO that is automatically registered in the user’s Qualifica Passport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This pattern is mainly concentrated among women who, leave school early and perform unpaid work at home. Women in the poorest quintiles start entering the labour market early but also begin their reproductive stage at an early age. The overload of unpaid work, failure to postpone the reproductive phase and predominantly patriarchal arrangements keep many of these women from attaining basic economic autonomy, putting them (and their children) in a position of risk and vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The resources available to NSS in many developing countries are limited. In many cases, national data sets are not collected regularly, are not comparable or are not disaggregated. These indicators, the targets with which they are concerned and the agency responsible for data-gathering at global level are shown in Table 3.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, in 2012, the private initiative COOP Georgia started introducing separate collection services to interested individuals and companies in Tbilisi. This is mainly PET bottles, scrap metal, glass and paper. There is capacity for processing recyclables in Georgia. This creates the necessary conditions for introducing new standards for municipal waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Asia and the Pacific, where there is rapid urbanization and significant shortfalls in almost every kind of infrastructure, investments in infrastructure may be turned into investments in environmental sustainability and an opportunity to build more sustainable economies. The rate at which these goods and services are produced, and how they use environmental resources and services (as raw materials in their production, as inputs to their operation, or as waste sinks) are critical sources of environmental pressure. These pressures are growing with the rise of the consumer classes and the growing power of Asia and Pacific as an engine of the world economy. The greening of business and sustainable consumption remain the core prerequisites for meeting both human welfare and environmental protection needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each region—and country—has a unique set of circumstances that influence the number of children a woman has. In country after country, parents have decided to have fewer children in order to provide them with better opportunities.” Pregnant mothers, Chavane says, may not have “enough time to watch over their own health or the health of their other children.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In New Zealand, group work is aided by a curriculum that has only eight levels over 12 or 13 years of schooling. There is an explicit understanding that students are promoted from one year to another automatically, but any individual student could be achieving at a number of different curriculum levels, depending on the learning area or subject. Classes are offered at different grade levels at the same time, allowing students to study in the class that best suits their achievement level. In this way, a student nominally at a particular year level may be taking classes from a year below or a year above their nominal year level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
No paper, to the best of die authors' knowledge, comprehensively and on die basis of up-to-date information, compares the migration experiences of females and males from Central Asia to die Russian Federation. The most important migrant-sending countries are Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, which are the focus of the present study. To a large extent, Kazakhstan is a receiving country whereas Turkmenistan with its visa regime is not an active participant in international migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Climate change is closely linked to issues of social justice. Adopting an eco-social approach can promote transformative change by addressing distributional consequences of climate change policies (such as price adjustments, economic restructuring and employment changes) and by tackling the root causes of unsustainable development. Active citizenship, social movements and collective action are central elements in catalysing transformative change that addresses power asymmetries and inequalities. Integrating social dimensions more consistently into green economy approaches can also support climate change adaptation efforts as it will lead to improved adaptive capacities and more equitable participation in the transformation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Let T be the required number of time-slots, which is the required number of time-slots determined using the time-slot assignment algorithm. In other words, T means the required frame length to accommodate all traffic. T is calculated by computer simulation, as frame length increases by 1 time-slot from the frame length with 1 time-slot and then scheduling is performed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By strengthening work incentives, its employment impact is likely to be positive. Although the introduction of such a scheme would raise public expenditures, it could be a comparatively efficient way of reducing inequality without reducing employment. Against this background, potential savings that could be made in other areas, such as aligning the duration of unemployment benefits for older workers to that of young workers, might be better invested in earned income tax credits. Separate public and private sector pension systems have been unified for those who joined the labour force as of 2006, but remain separate for most current workers and pensioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2008, 22% of all engineers in Sweden were women (Tillvaxtverket, 2009). In 2005, 32% of all newly-started immigrant businesses in Sweden were run by immigrant women whereas the corresponding rate for native-born women was 34% (Nutek, 2007 in Abbasian and Bildt, 2009). According to a recent study of Abbasian and Bildt (2009), there are three groups of immigrant women entrepreneurs in Sweden today: i) women who are passively assisting in typically family-run businesses controlled by men, ii) women who, despite a certain level of independence, are still dominated by men in their business, decisions and actions, and iii) independent women who start and run businesses on their own without major assistance from relatives, whether men or women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
State administration entities and locally elected officials—of illicit cultivation and State Police operations to eradicate such cultivation. In Belarus, a system of measures to stabilize the drug situation and a comprehensive action plan to counter drug trafficking, prevent drug abuse and facilitate the social rehabilitation of drug abusers were approved in 2014. The National Committee for the Coordination and Planning of Drug Responses of Greece drafted a new national strategy on drugs (for the period 2014-2020) and a new action plan (for 2014-2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Women are now being oppressed by their own men, who do not believe that we are capable of contributing meaningfully to the society in more ways than being child bearers'. Achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decision-making will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper functioning' (United Nations 1995: paragraph 181). If local government is to meet the needs of both women and men, it must build on the experiences of both women and men'. Less work has been done on the actual impact of women on the nature and work of legislated bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some major cities are doing the same. In New York City, Mayor Bill de Blasio has adopted “Vision Zero”, stating that “no level of fatality on city streets is inevitable or acceptable” and hence the City of New York would “no longer regard traffic crashes as mere ‘accidents’, but rather as preventable incidents that can be systematically addressed”.10 Private-sector companies are also using their own versions of a Safe System, for example, applying it to fleet management policies, or, in the case of car manufacturers, as their design philosophy. Similarly, the new international standard for road traffic safety management systems, the International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 39001 standard, uses Safe System principles to guide organisational safety objectives, targets and the planning requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Using the concept of ‘gross violations of human rights’ as a guiding principle for humanitarian intervention, this essay argues that a hierarchy of human rights is supported not only by moral reasoning, but by an overwhelming body of international law and jurisprudence. I first put forth a normative argument that suggests the violation of certain rights – and the extent to which these violations occur – are morally intolerable and grounds for the use of force to protect individuals from such abuses. I then argue that a commensurate hierarchy of rights (violations) can be distilled from an analysis of international crimes to which universal jurisdiction is attached. This essay concludes that the principle of universal jurisdiction provides a legal standard that suggests certain human rights violations are morally intolerable, thus subject to humanitarian intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Debates about the potential of new media in citizen engagement and crime prevention especially among the youth have attracted interest of scores of researchers, policymakers and civil society organisations across the world. During the last few years, various studies have focused on the socialising role of social media networks, how subcultures are formed and sustained and how individuals build a network of friends online and present themselves while they keep their privacy protected or otherwise. The Arab Spring revolutions have also brought to the forefront the study of social media networks in relation to power struggle, political mobilisation and social change. In Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen and, currently, Syria, Facebook and Twitter have proven to be effective tools that have empowered protest movements and helped activists get their voices heard both locally and internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Energy data are available mainly in developed countries, and even in these countries they are not as detailed as needed for proper industrial energy-efficiency analysis and policy design. Benchmarking is required as much at the technology and process levels as at the policy level. The long distance to best practice is a major incentive for governments and firms to do better.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
No new sites were designated after 2001. According to the 2014 National Report to the Ramsar Convention, the country plans to submit nominations for six new sites (Iskanderkul, Nurek, Sarez, Syr Darya, Yashilkul and Zeravshan). In addition, Tajikistan provided national data to the ECE/FAO Study on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF), prepared for the 11th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests in May 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, consideration should be given to how a country or region is connected to global value chains. Given the cross-border nature of trade policy and regulations, regional solutions are often essential. Increasingly, these evaluations are part of broader growth and poverty alleviation programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They could also provide some technical advice on specific information-management issues. School advisors should become part of a support network, which could also incorporate education science or pedagogic university departments. School leaders could seek assistance in solving problems from such a network. This network could also be involved in developing school plans for teacher training. School advisors should be recruited on the basis of their competence for handling this job and not on other criteria, however objective and relevant for developing a teaching career they may be. Avoid one-size-fits-all applications, but implement changes in the context of other reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, gender differences in drinking are intertwined with educational and socioeconomic gradients in harmful drinking patterns (Bloomfield et al., However, the gender gap tends to narrow as women’s drinking behaviours increasingly resemble men’s, and overall drinking patterns in men and women tend to develop similarly. This trend should be viewed in the context of changes in cultural and social norms, including changes in women’s social position in societies as well as new market forces (e.g. market products directed towards women). In the US, non-Hispanic Whites display higher prevalence of HED compared to Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, but no statistical difference with American Indians/Alaska Natives (Kanny et al., While the frequency of HED is similar across ethnic groups, the quantity consumed differs, with American Indians/Alaska Natives heavy episodic drinkers reporting the largest number of drinks per occasion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All these features compromise their pension entitlements in pension systems that link benefits to paid work, contributions and earnings. This paper deals with the challenges and constraints that pension systems face to be gender equitable and the policy alternatives to address these challenges. The economic protection of women in later life depends on several factors that intersect,including pension system rules, labour market conditions and family arrangements over the past and present. This paperfocuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s life courses to reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consumer spending also benefited from a supportive macroeconomic policy stance. Fiscal spending increased, while the policy interest rate was cut twice in 2015. Lower interest rates and the easing of restrictions on home purchases that were put into place in 2013 to curb overheating in the property market underpinned the recovery of the housing market during the second half of 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Students who have not made the transition from learning-to-read to reading-to-learn are unable to handle the demands for understanding increasingly complex subject-matter content (Morris, Bloodgood and Perney, 2003). Longitudinal studies that have followed students through to the school-leaving age have identified a number of demographic and school-related factors related to completion (Barrington and Hendricks, 1989, Crane, 1991, Ensminger and Slusarcick, 1992, Fagan and ftibon, 1990, Gilbert et al., Literacy skills, grade repetition, attendance, engagement and positive behaviours are among the most important determinants, and nearly all studies emphasise the role of family socio-economic status and parental engagement. Recent advances in neurobiology, molecular biology and genomics have provided compelling evidence that children's early experiences interact with their genetic disposition in ways that affect brain development as well as other neurological and biological systems associated with healthy child development (Boyce, Sokolowski and Robinson, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Investments in education help to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Although the share of the people who are educated varies greatly among the Asia Pacific LDCs, for both women and men, the poorest are less likely to be educated. The gender gap is also considerable. The differences in educational attainment between the ultra poor and the subjacent poor are large, with the poorest the least educated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper examines the jurisprudence of the ad hoc war crimes tribunals on torture. Through case law analysis, it investigates the development of a definition of torture at customary international law for international criminal law which differs from that in the UN Torture Convention and that generally applied in human rights law. The author examines this analysis for insights into individual responsibility and individual protection under international criminal law and international human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This does not mean that Kazakhstan should move to a position-based system, since both systems have strengths and weaknesses, but authorities must be aw'are that the challenge is to establish a civil service responsive to the needs and specialised skill demands of contemporary Kazakhstan (and the skills required for urban development). The new law attempts to minimise the transfer of officials when new political appointments occur, these transfers will only be permitted within the same government body, and transfers between government bodies will be conducted on a competitive basis only. The Civil Service Law guarantees the continuation of employment of administrative civil servants if a government body is reorganised or liquidated and protects them from unjustified dismissal resulting from a change in government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Richard Moon’s  The Constitutional Protection of Freedom of Expression  is an insightful and comprehensive study of the right to freedom of expression in Canadian constitutional law. Moon begins by stressing the importance of the distinction between freedom of expression as a moral or political ideal and as a constitutional right. The former certainly informs the latter. But the general structure of constitutional adjudication will also play an important role in determining how these issues are resolved and this may, in turn, influence our understanding of the right as a moral and political ideal. Moon focuses on the most important Canadian freedom of expression decisions which cover a wide range of topics from the regulation of racist expression and pornography to access to state and private property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. In the case of passenger transportation, this will involve extending public transport services, particularly in the suburbs, and making the existing network more efficient. Major projects are underway to expand the system, but much less is being done to green to freight transport. Green transportation infrastructure projects are a key focal point of the Grenelle exercise as well as the Greater Paris plan. As in the case of the building sector, the financing needs are considerable, amounting to nearly EUR 32.4 billion over 2010-2025, of which EUR 23.8 billion has been secured. A further missing element is an integrated approach on the part of operators, who instead tend to work in isolation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The paper concludes by discussing the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and a possible way forward in balancing multiple views and priorities. Par consequent, les avis divergent sur ce que signifie un financement climatique « efficace », ainsi que sur la fa§on dont cette efficacite peut etre evaluee. Ce rapport etudie comment differents milieux ou communautes considerent l’efficacite du financement climatique, ainsi que les politiques ou les prealables institutionnels qui la favorisent et les methodes actuellement utilisees pour assurer le suivi et revaluation de cette efficacite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Despite these efforts, biodiversity loss continued, as in most European countries. Two-thirds of freshwater fish, one out of three birds, and one out of four mammals are threatened, which is high by OECD standards. Habitat deterioration due to fragmentation, agriculture intensification and land abandonment has been the major driver of biodiversity loss. There are still few marine protected areas (MPAs) offshore but a significant part of the coastal waters (130 000 ha) has been included in the Natura 2000 network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, it also operates in EU waters, notably under agreements with Spain (on trawling, long-line and seine-net fishing) which involve about 60 vessels, or under border agreements. In Norwegian waters, Portugal’s distant-water fleet operates under the reciprocal fishing arrangements agreed in 1980, but observes the fishing quotas (for cod and redfish) fixed by Norway in the context of the European Economic Area. Thus, in 2010 nine more vessels, with a total tonnage of 1180 GT and total engine power of 3 334 kW, were withdrawn. 424-A/2008 of 13 June 2008 and No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)