albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
That role includes funding for research and development, but it also includes the design of a balanced system of intellectual property rights. This report shows that across all countries covered in this report expenditures on research and development represent a relatively small share in the transfers to the agricultural sector. Increased public and private investment in research and development, including extension and advisory services, could be targeted to increase productivity growth and address challenges associated with climate change and improved management of soil and water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Shifts in organisational culture can be seen in the key decision-makers that have been engaged with and partnerships established. By highlighting the importance of gender diversity in boardrooms and company settings - either through evidence-based research or wider leadership initiatives - MWA continues to make these issues visible and to promote gender-friendly shifts in organisational cultures. Through its multipronged approach to address ‘pipeline’ challenges to womens advancement, the women in leadership programme offers some lessons for other countries on effective strategies for tackling social norms and other barriers to women’s career progression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, a minimum wage system might foster labour market rigidity and thus reduce labour demand, which accordingly might increase income inequality. In 1999, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security issued a Notice on Building a Wage Guideline System on the Labour Market, which is important for labour market development and the reform of enterprise wage systems. The Wage Guideline System is helpful for formulating justified wage levels on the labour market, providing external reference standards for employers and employees to determine wage levels, increasing information for employers and employees, and improving the success rate for workers’ job applications and promoting overall efficiency in labour market operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Innovative pedagogies can play an important role in this. Assessment of such competences demands the use of complex and authentic tasks rather than being excessively focused on discrete knowledge. Teacher modelling, demonstrations and the presentation of information remain highly relevant but framed with the ultimate objective of promoting students’ performance and their active role in solving tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Australia’s National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (1992) contains strategic approaches, objectives and actions for various sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues including biodiversity'. One of the core objectives of the strategy is to protect biological diversity and maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems21 (Australian Government, 1992). For instance, India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (Gol, 2008) contains eight national missions, two of which specifically relate to biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It requires that women are empowered to take an active part in the development of laws, economic systems and policies that will govern themselves and society as a whole, in accordance with Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Within this context, this chapter explores institutional mechanisms and tools that are designed to support women's advancement and to ensure that a gender perspective is systematically taken into account. It also discusses women’s participation in political decision-making as both an intrinsic objective and a lever for the adoption of gender-sensitive policies. A key element of the Platform’s strategy is the establishment of ‘institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women’ as a means of ensuring systematic attention to gender issues. Some Arab Governments had already set up rudimentary women’s divisions under various ministries, typically those for social and family affairs, in the late 1960s and 1970s.34 With the adoption of the Beijing Platform, those institutions became more formalized. They took a leading role in advocating for women’s issues and moving gender discourse into the halls of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What seems to be crucial is the political will for implementation, along with the allocation of resources and the definition of a clear institutional framework to manage the policies. Around 2015, ten countries had implemented policies for comprehensive early childhood services with a care component.17 In the case of older adults, three countries have policies that refer to comprehensive care: Brazil, Costa Rica and Cuba. The latter include both day centres and long-stay institutional services. In Costa Rica, the Progressive Care Network for Comprehensive Care of Older Persons, managed by the National Council of the Elderly (CONAPAM), seeks to coordinate initiatives led by civil society, public entities and families, with a view to formulating and implementing social protection policies and strategies to resolve care needs in old age, with a territorial management approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to other efforts, work undertaken by the OECD points to a number of short- to medium-term decisions which can potentially improve the outcomes of the agriculture and food system. Some of these processes are either ongoing or are on the agenda of international negotiations. Policies such as these often have specific objectives, e.g. rural development or poverty reduction, which can be pursued more efficiently with more targeted measures. Other policies, such as the promotion of specific non-food uses of biomass, both of agricultural and other origin, should be reviewed for their contribution to the stated objectives and in light of the existing pressures on natural resources. International and regional efforts are currently focused on improving the rules in international trade. Increasing the fluidity of trade links without compromising legitimate domestic objectives for food safety, environmental protection and other areas is important to enable the achievement of the full benefits of comparative advantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Data concerning household access to and individual use of the Internet are discussed in below. Growth in the penetration of active mobile-broadband subscriptions has, however, been very sharp, rising from 37.2 to an estimated 47.2 per 100 persons over the last twelve months, reflecting the wider availability of mobile-broadband networks, falling prices and the rapidly growing use of smartphones and tablets. Individual use of Internet and household access to it have continued their steady rates of growth, from 40.6 and 43.4 per cent, respectively, to 43.9 and 46.4 per cent at the global level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Tertiary education sector accounts for over 5% of Victoria’s GDP and educational services are Victoria’s strongest export, worth more than AUD 5.4 billion (Australian dollar), surpassing tourism and automotive sectors. The state is a magnet for immigration, attracting 178 638 international student enrolments in 2009 which represents 31% of the total for Australia - albeit that the overwhelming majority of these students come to Melbourne. The overseas student fee revenue represents a growing proportion of university budgets, ranging from 12% in Victoria University to 26% in RMIT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Education systems can also consider providing financial incentives for oversubscribed schools to enrol migrant students (Field et al., For example, school funding may be weighted according to socio-demographic characteristics of the student population. The idea is that good schools will seek to enrol migrant students from low socioeconomic backgrounds because they know that with the additional money provided they will be able to provide additional support for the child to show improvement trends and reach performance levels (Hoxby, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By further modifying ■ Increase of flash-flood events and debris flows due to the increase in extreme event in mountainous areas. National adaptation strategy . . . , ' . _ _. Biodiversity is defined as the “variability of living beings in terrestrial and water ecosystems”, therefore the actions about biodiversity involve the environmental status of water ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Current infrastructure investment is from year 2015. Countries included in the figure are, Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State ol). Brazil, Chile (2014 expenditure), Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (2013 expenditure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The implementation of the Forest Code may encourage landowners to set up protected areas to effectively preserve and manage the set-aside lands (Section 4). Establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated. Partly because of the approach used before 2000, about 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of their surface, include some land on which there are private property claims (Verissimo et al., The expropriation and compensation of private properties in exclusively public protected areas is expected to require considerable financial resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Data for the OECD refer to 2010. The shaded area denotes the range between the 25th and the 75th percentile in the OECD area. The removal of the threshold for childcare support is also positive for second earners, as the very high METRs below the 16-hour threshold in the current system are lowered considerably (Figure 1.14, Panel D).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Australia, there is no longer a difference in hourly wages between standard workers and temporary contract workers with similar characteristics. If anything, a wage premium is found in Australia and, to a lesser extent, for women in Korea. By contrast, part-time temporary workers still face some wage disadvantage in Germany and Korea (for women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Noting that local demand, beyond basic food needs, was limited and that only exports would allow Zambia to raise the incomes of its rural population, MATEP aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of small- and medium-scale agriculture and natural products producers and processors under Zambia’s 2004-10 Country Strategic Plan. The project sought to achieve a raise in exports93 from a USD 405 million baseline to a USD 600 million target by providing better access to markets, production technologies, finance and business development services (BDS), and through initiatives to improve the enabling environment and reduce barriers to trade and investment. Within this framework, a finance component was established in the form of a USD 2 million investment fund managed by the Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre (ZATAC), in order to provide credit for small and medium-sized enterprises and ultimately help those enterprises access formal sector credit. The medium-term facility was designed to promote increased access to commercial financial markets for MATEP clients by transferring both the loan and the risk to commercial lending institutions, such as commercial banks, within the tenure period of the loan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But, unlike in the case of social expenditures, the shares of the total that are typically accounted for in redistribution studies, have gone up as well (from just under 35.5% of total revenues in 1985 to just over 36% in 2005). Some direct taxes are much more progressive than others. It is therefore important to distinguish the trends for personal income tax (PIT) which generally employ progressive tax schedules from social contributions which can be regressive, consuming a bigger part of the incomes of low-to-middle income earners than of higher-income groups. The 20-year period up to 2005 has seen its share fall somewhat, but since total government revenues have gone up, PIT revenues as a percentage of GDP have remained constant on average across countries (at 8.7%). In contrast, the share of the less progressive, and possibly regressive, social security contributions (SSC) has increased by more than 2 percentage points, from 8.1% of GDP in 1985 to 10.6% in 2005.9 Overall, these revenue trends do not point clearly at either more or less redistribution through direct taxes in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, shipbuilding, fishing, and- since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging: offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, offshore aquaculture, seabed mining, marine biotechnology, etc. These are fast-developing and reshaping and diversifying the maritime economy, while at the same time becoming increasingly interconnected both with one another and with traditional maritime sectors. At the same time, the world has witnessed a serious decline in the health of its oceans. In spite of long-standing efforts by a range of international organisations, regulatory regimes at global and regional level have found it difficult to adjust to these new circumstances and effectively integrate issues arising from the growing presence of emerging ocean industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Key assumptions of the model include identical production technologies in trading countries and limited mobility of selected inputs. By imposing identical technologies, the Heckscher-Ohlin model invokes the notion of absolute advantages, rather than comparative advantages, as opportunity costs are the same in trading countries. Despite this less rigorous formulation, which is somewhat consistent with the virtual water perspective, the empirical model performed poorly in predicting trade patterns among the 63 countries in the author’s analysis. They, too, find that observed trading patterns are independent of water resource endowments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As such, current country efforts could be stepped up to combat violence against women more effectively. A national plan can be established within the framework of the gender strategy (see Chapter 3). The effective implementation of this plan will require collaboration across the various institutions responsible for the different policy areas involved in addressing violence. It partners the government, research institutions and community leaders to reinforce the capacity of criminal justice and strengthen the ability of the housing and health systems to respond to issues of family violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The United States Supreme Court recently employed foreign legal sources to interpret U.S. law, provoking widespread political and legal controversy. Scholars have yet to examine systematically the conditions under which justices cite foreign law, however. Applying theoretical approaches from international relations and judicial politics scholarship, we search every Supreme Court opinion between 1953 and 2009 for references to foreign law. Justices strategically reference foreign law to prop up their most controversial opinions. They also borrow law from countries whose domestic political institutions are viewed as legitimate, and, surprisingly, conservatives are as likely as liberals to cite foreign law. These findings add important information to the discussion over citing foreign law, and highlight how geopolitical context influences domestic legal policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More generally, however, inequalities in health status and inputs reflect, among other factors, the levels of income and education that individuals and families command. Simply put, health inequalities are both manifestations and determinants of existing inequalities in various other economic and social dimensions. Inequity in health is shaped by social structure and by processes that need to be changed. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTHow human rights treaties will be incorporated and applied domestically must affect how eager states will be to ratify those treaties. This article focuses on two characteristics of domestic legal systems that shape the relationship between international law and domestic law: whether treaties are directly incorporated into domestic law and whether treaties can override ordinary statute. The analysis probes two arguments as to why domestic legal institutions influence ratification decisions, one emphasizing the potential costs associated with ratification and the other emphasizing congruence between domestic values and treaty norms. Survival analysis of ratification of the Convention against Torture reveals that both judicial independence and making treaties equal or superior to statute increase the likelihood of ratification, which is consistent with the norm-congruence thesis. The results suggest new avenues for investigating the relationships between human rights treaties and domestic legal inst...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, many agricultural co-operatives are still passive in reforming and adapting to the market economy and economic integration (Tran, 2014b). Many farmers are reluctant to participate in co-operatives because of their past experience when co-operatives were forced on them, preferring autonomy over dependence on others. Consequently, many rural households do not act collaboratively in terms of commercial matters, e.g. negotiate contracts, lodge complaints or settle disputes, despite potentially being better off by doing so. However it is very weak at the grassroots level, and only operates in an administrative manner at the central level. Its main roles are to dissemination and explain new policies and mobilise the farmers in general. According to a survey conducted in 2005, the impact of the VFU on rural life ranks third out of four, which clearly shows that it has not really become an organisation supported by farmers, effectively acting in their interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It aims to strengthen the country's disability movement, hold the government accountable and raise public awareness about the rights of disabled people. Disabled people and those they work with define the project's priorities, develop strategies and carry out activities. Twelve local disability organisations formed the Inclusive Tanzania Consortium (MTAJU in its Kiswahili abbreviation) which 'owns' the project. There are now 14 disabled people's organisations and NGOs working together towards an inclusive Tanzanian society. The consortium calls itself MTAJU (mtandaowa Tanzania jummishiin Kiswahili).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Expansion efforts should do more to build on the existing capacity in primary schools as a means to expand access in underserved remote rural regions. The new child identifier should be used to ensure that care sendees provided for children over the age of four complement but do not replace participation in preschool. More emphasis needs to be given to developing the capacity of teachers to implement the new preschool curriculum, in particular in the domain of early literacy. This will require both a review of initial teacher education programmes and more in-service training opportunities, together with measures to reduce child-teacher ratios where this is an issue and provide more reading resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, three demographic factors present challenges to women’s empowerment: persistently high rates of adolescent pregnancy, a rising share of single mother households, and increases in life expectancy, w'hich imply more hours spent on eldercare. These changes in family structure can affect women’s abilities to undertake good-quality paid w'ork. In 1970, Mexico averaged 6.7 children per woman.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the national level, it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities. At the institutional level, varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention’s success (e.g. a regulatory environment’s influence on an intervention’s ability to mobilise private finance). Site-specific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention (e.g. a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed). Some climate interventions can give rise to immediate results (e.g. energy efficiency projects). However, some interventions will target results that can only be assessed after an extended period of time (e.g. constructing infrastructure that can withstand a 1-in-100-year flood). These different time horizons for the results of an intervention mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when results are assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, in 2015, an average of 72% of disadvantaged 15-year-old students and 82% of advantaged students had attended ECEC for at least two years. Studies show' that locally focussed actions and interventions, especially those targeted at the youngest, can be effective in changing behaviours and decreasing the odds of, for example, being overweight during adolescence. This correlation is stronger for boys than for girls, and shows that early interventions by qualified staff can contribute to forming healthy behaviours. However, from a labour market perspective, the availability of full-day ECEC services is a crucial factor that enables parents of young children, especially mothers, to take up near full-time employment and secure higher earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recognizing the benefits of Canadian storage to power generation in the United States, the treaty also entitled Canada to half of the additional power generation in the United States. This issue arises typically between riparian countries that share a transboundary river, lake, or sea. This kind of situation is even more challenging when the dynamic is narrowly focused on allocating specific water quotas and absolute values, rather than a percentage of available flow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some are environmental conditions that affect the availability and quality of agricultural land, inadequate land tenure systems, limited economic opportunities for growing populations, disparities linked to the remoteness of rural communities, poor policy making and the presence of institutions that exacerbate issues of crime, corruption, clientelism and conflict. A critical question is how to connect efforts to improve agricultural productivity while also promoting new employment opportunities that can provide alternative sources of income and improve the access dimension of FSN. The first is a single-sector approach, typically agriculturally oriented, that focuses on using a leading sector to pull development forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In a second decarbonisation scenario (with additional strict energy efficiency measures and a 30% energy consumption coming from renewables), the carbon price only doubles and 1.2 million jobs are saved compared to the BAU. It must be noted that the results are sensitive to the way the carbon revenues are returned to the consumers, either as direct payments or by using the revenues to offset income taxes. Offsetting labour taxes leads to better results in terms of saved jobs for Scenario 1 compared to Scenario 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)