albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In its broadest sense: “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO 1948)-1 While this definition does not lend itself naturally to measurement, it illustrates well that the concept of health is a broad and overarching one, and that health affects many aspects of life. This definition also highlights that objective health conditions and subjective aspects of health are important for everyone. Developing better measures would help not only to better assess people’s health status, but also to gauge the performance of health systems in preventing or treating ill health, and to design more effective policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The signs reported correspond to the coefficients for the youngest group (excluded in the regression). In all countries, the older the individual, the more time devoted to domestic tasks. The pattern was different for care work. As expected, those in the middle age group devoted more time to these tasks than those in the younger group, who in turn spent more time on these tasks than the group aged 46 to 64 years, reflecting the association between life cycle and time devoted to caring for children. The survey in Colombia asks about time devoted to caring for children and time spent on caring for sick, elderly andfor disabled persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are indications that the food security situation has worsened for vulnerable households. Based on the limited evidence already available, poverty rates are not expected to rise significantly as a result of the global economic crisis. However, the trend in poverty reduction witnessed since 1998 has come to a halt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further evidence on spell durations is provided in Table 9. This share is more than five times the average monthly rate of benefit receipt of 1.9% among the same individuals. In the Netherlands, the average monthly receipt rate among individuals observed for the same eight years is 3.9%, but 9.8% of individuals receive benefits at some point during the period. In both countries, the number of individuals who draw on SA at some point is much higher than the low monthly rate of benefit receipt may suggest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Two alternative scenarios of moderate contraction and convergence and tough contraction and convergence of resource use result, according to UNEP, in much tower projections of below 70 billion tonnes in 2050. A high population growth scenario, according to this study, would result in annual resource use of 200 billion tonnes. The study shows a number of alternatives to a business as usual scenario which could bring global resource use down to between 40 and 100 billion tonnes by 2050, depending on achievements in resource efficiency. Often full regional data is not available, so a snapshot for a country or group of countries from within the region has instead been provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There is a lack of commercial interest in rolling out infrastructure in these areas and they will likely require some kind of public/universal service support. A fifth of the LDCs have 2G coverage of less than 75% of the population. Djibouti and Eritrea have just one state-owned operator providing mobile service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Governments should emphasize policy and regulations to incentivize more social forms of enterprise as these could catalyse innovative developments for the SDGs. The international community should also play an active role in advising and building corporate and government capacity, and governments and companies must engage in collaborative approaches to SRB, especially where SRB initiatives are high priority. Finally, case studies demonstrate how the business sector plays a critical role in driving the global agenda for a sustainable future. Through SRB, the SDGs can be tackled and a future established where social, environmental and financial considerations are on equal footing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The post-Cold War era has seen the increased significance of moral argument as a force in international relations. Arguments such as those developed in Michael Walzer's Just and Unjust Wars have shaped debates about the relative weights to be given to non-intervention and human rights as core values of international law over the past three decades. This article analyses the form of moral internationalism that is exemplified by Walzer's work, and the ways in which that moral internationalism has sought to justify humanitarian intervention, foreign involvement in civil wars, regime change, and, most recently, the responsibility to protect concept. It concludes by exploring the political stakes of the turn to what Walzer calls "practical morality" as a basis for reforming international institutions and laws, and the ways in which new forms of internationalism are redrawing the realism/moralism map.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Whole communities risk being left behind unless unbalanced service distribution is rectified. Extreme vulnerabilities to climate change place additional stress on economic activity, particularly in tourism, fisheries and agriculture. The economic vulnerabilities translate into limited choices and opportunities among citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Payments based on improving fishers’ business operations provided the greatest benefit to fishers and had relatively less tendency to increase fishing effort. If only USD 5 billion in fuel support was converted into support of this type, fishers would see increased income of more than USD 2 billion, while at the same time reducing effort and improving fish stocks. Such a change would also provide relatively more benefit to smaller fishers. The authors are grateful for the input of all the individuals that participated in an expert meeting that contributed to the development of the model, Jesus Anton, Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, Martin von Lampe, the TAD/NRP Fisheries team and the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the document and Fabiana Cerasa of TAD/NRP for statistical support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The importance of final markets in value chain greening diminishes, however, when the final market destination shifts from high- to low- and middle-income markets. Figure 6.1 shows how this value chain spans a range of service, processing and manufacturing subsectors. Forests also provide a wide range of non-market functions, such as stemming soil erosion, regulating climate and water processes and providing a harbour to enormous reserves of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The average HbAlc for primary care patients has not changed in recent years and improvements appear unlikely unless clinical practice is modified. The proportion reaching the blood pressure goal of <130/80 mm I-Ig was 23% in 2011, with a two-fold variation between counties. The proportion with blood pressure lower than 140/80 mm Hg was about 61%. The results point to under-treatment and the potential for improvement in all regions. However, there is scope for improvement, as only 46% of diabetic patients under age 80 achieved the LDL cholesterol goal, with county level variations of between 36-58%. On several indicators for stroke and acute myocardial infarction, treatment in line with guidelines and outcomes have improved significantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Soils in the state are often lacking in nutrients and organic matter and this is a particular problem for small farms. Cropping practices that remove all the vegetative matter further reduce fertility by eliminating the possibility for organic matter to be retained and accumulated. Much of the land in small farms depends on natural precipitation for moisture, because the fixed costs to install irrigation are beyond the capability of small farms as they may be too small to reach the minimum scale of production required to make irrigation profitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Generally, household resources, the returns earned on those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics all contribute to the make-up of the income distribution. However, it is necessary to identify how these factors interact in a particular country context and are affected by exogenous forces before forming sound policy recommendations. The problems many countries face in addressing the upward pressures on skilled wages from shifting wealth and associated increases in returns to education also provide convincing evidence that, rather than focus on increasing average education attainment by any means, governments should specifically try to raise the minimum level of education in their countries. The political processes in which societies come together to address and aggregate individual preferences about the nature of the income distribution can build national identity, establish a shared sense of community, and promote greater social harmony.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The CoOL requirements distinguish Australian seafood products from others in the market place. According to a review into the effectiveness of the hotline in early 2008 it is helping to reduce the level of mislabelling of seafood in Australia and supported CoOL. The list of approved marketing names for commercial seafood species available in Australia ensures conformity of fish nomenclature throughout the seafood industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Affirmative action in education is generally justified on two grounds: as a narrowly tailored remedy for specific past discrimination, and to enhance diversity. The paper is an amicus brief filed in the US Supreme Court cases Gratz and Grutter (the University of Michigan affirmative action cases). This brief defends affirmative action as reparations for the crimes of slavery and legal discrimination, without the need for strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The concept of racial preferences is also critiqued and reparations are not categorized as racial preferences. Finally, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is viewed as supportive of affirmative action as a remedy for past injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Twenty years ago a still ongoing scholarly debate started over the future direction of law in Europe. The lines of battle were drawn between the convergence and non-convergence theories. This paper re-examines and discusses the non-convergence theory and its take on English common law’s legal cultural key elements in the light of the human rights debate. The aim is to highlight human rights tensions within UK public law by applying a culturally oriented comparative law approach. The focus of the analysis is on the Human Rights Act and the way in which it has been adapted to the legal system. It is argued that the legal cultural perspective provides beneficial aspects for understanding the Human Rights Act centred debate without reducing it exclusively to politics. At least partially this debate is catalysed by continental civil law type features that the Human Rights Act transferred into common law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, the Loughs Agency is an agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission established under the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 to provide the effective conservation, management, promotion and development of the fisheries and marine resources of the Foyle and Carlingford areas. These are the recommendations of the International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea and the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO). In 2006 the government reaffirmed its commitment to manage the wild salmon fishery in line with the scientific advice from 2007 onwards in the interests of conservation of wild stocks and the following year essentially closed the Irish mixed stock salmon fishery (principally drift nets and some coastal draft nets).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An exemption from export restrictions for humanitarian aid would assist the WFP in helping the most vulnerable populations in a timely manner. The second proposal related to the development of regional humanitarian food reserves. The G20 meeting called for a pilot project, feasibility study and cost benefit analysis to look at small targeted regional food reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In particular, it also includes the fadlities, equipment and personnel required for public service delivery to improve economic growth as well as ensure sustainable development. For example, with a robust institutional framework, policymakers can ensure an enabling business environment to speed up implementation for improved project contracting and a better protection of property rights. Strengthening institutional architectures at the national level thereby contributes to an expansion of fiscal space and can also enhance the prospects of acquiring additional finandng resources for infrastructure spending, especially in CSN economies. Stability and predictability in policymaking are key elements in ensuring that institutions thrive and engage effectively in decision-making processes across ministries and stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Malta is prone to floods, erosion and fresh-water shortage (European Commission n.d.). Initiatives such as the National Flood Relief Project - which involved the construction of a network of underground tunnels, canals and bridges for better storm-water drainage by 2015 (Ministry for European Affairs and Equality n.d.) - Valletta will be one of the European cities worst hit by drought and heatwaves as a result of climate change, potentially pushing the country beyond breaking point. The research team showed results for three possible futures, which they called the low-, medium- and high-impact scenarios. Even in the most optimistic scenario, Malta will experience 38 per cent more heatwave days each year and maximum temperatures around four degrees Celsius higher. On this view, drought will become 1.29 times more severe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Accordingly, the need was detected to reduce FAPRACC operating timeframes to enable it to thoroughly fulfil its objectives. This insurance currently covers producers that already have some other public or private policy, and it aims to provide a larger per-hectare amount and also cover low-income producers who do not have insurance and suffer the consequences of a geological or hydrometeorological phenomenon. The main challenges continue to be to optimize response times and improve risk modelling to determine the need for the coverage of microinsurance, in conjunction with wider access to credit. Lastly, the idea of linking this insurance scheme to a process of agricultural retooling and diversification is being promoted, in accordance with proposals contained in the National Crusade against Hunger (Cabestany, Hernandez and Celaya, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is necessary to go beyond aggregate numbers or indices since they are unable to reflect the diversity and linkages of the actors and activities that constitute the innovation process today. R&D data provide information about some of the inputs to innovation but have little information on the outputs. They tend to be more useful for measuring technology-based activities, which are influenced by industrial stmcture, and only cover one element of the broader concept of innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, a strong case can be made that these expenditures represent an investment in future human capacities and should thus be accounted for separately from other consumption expenditure.35 Non-market and unpaid childcare activities represent a similar investment, yet these are not counted at all in macroeconomic statistics, whether as consumption or investment. It can thus be argued that total investment is underestimated in current economic statistics because the investment of both time and money in human potential is excluded. For example, spending on the operation of services for children in early childhood is classified as public consumption (current expenditure), although the construction of new nurseries and clinics is classified as public investment (capital expenditure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Access to knowledge empowers people and may help to reduce inequality, for instance by reducing the digital divide57. In particular, "the Internet, especially, has become a critical enabler of social and economic change, transforming how government, business and citizens interact and offering new ways of addressing development challenges"58. And this is true for industrial development as well. However, in developing countries, the number of mobile broadband subscriptions continues to grow at double-digit rates, reaching close to 41%59.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Neoliberalism and neoconservatism are two distinct political rationalities in the contemporary United States. They have few overlapping formal characteristics, and even appear contradictory in many respects. Yet they converge not only in the current presidential administration but also in their de-democratizing effects. Their respective devaluation of political liberty, equality, substantive citizenship, and the rule of law in favor of governance according to market criteria on the one side, and valorization of state power for putatively moral ends on the other, undermines both the culture and institutions of constitutional democracy. Above all, the two rationalities work symbiotically to produce a subject relatively indifferent to veracity and accountability in government and to political freedom and equality among the citizenry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The additional post of vice-chairperson of the country's Upazila Parishads was created exclusively for female candidates. Candidates are elected by direct vote, even though the post is reserved for women (The Daily Star 2009). However, female vice-chairs of Upazila Parishads throughout the country could not start their jobs following the 2009 elections, as the government did not issue a circular regarding the newly created posts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ultimate result is that the fine-scale plans are so thoroughly embedded into the department's own guideline documents and processes that it is able to take full ownership of the plans for future use and revision. Through the CAPE Partnership, this work continues, with the provincial conservation agency (CapeNature) responsible for providing updated fine-scale plans for the Western Cape. Known as 'short-hook’ biodiversity mainstreaming, this approach demonstrates a close link between a targeted intervention and its direct result. Short-hook is effective for achieving on-the-ground results that have a localised spatial extent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper contributes to the emerging field of comparative international law with a focus on academic international law in Germany, but also with an interest in the methodology of comparison. It uses the concept of social field as the starting point for its inquiry, outlines the different fields that are at play in international law, and then inquires into the operation of these fields, and their interrelations, in the case of Germany. It highlights particular characteristics of German international legal thought, the relatively limited projection of German scholarship into the transnational field of international law, and the peculiar dependence of international law on the broader public law field in Germany. It then inquires into the respective strengths of field-based and alternative approaches for understanding German international law, and concludes by considering the broader promise of placing social fields at the center of the comparative effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is no discussion regarding excellent teaching within schools, municipalities or at the central level, and no benchmark to which teachers can self-assess or school or municipal leaders can assess against. This is different to many other OECD member countries. Clear, well-structured and widely supported teaching standards can be a powerful mechanism for developing the profession and for aligning the various elements involved in developing teachers’ knowledge and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTThe good governance argument for diversity in civil service is based on the notion that creating a bureaucracy that represents the diverse communities it serves strengthens government accountability and legitimacy. This paper argues that ethnic representation in national bureaucratic governance in the Philippines primarily constitutes a means for political reallocation of space, as it is embedded in the government's framework of asymmetric political autonomy. Mired in intersecting political and ethnic tensions (i.e. blurred ethnic distinctions/ethnic identity disputes and politico-ethnic conflicts), patrimonial forces could easily exploit the country's bureaucratic representation policies as spaces for patronage and as superficial tokens to mollify interethnic factions of their share of the national polity. Thus, instead of facilitating equitable voice in bureaucratic governance, such policy framework could only hold ordinary indigenous and minority ethnic communities captive in the elite-dominate...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
International climate finance can be received through a variety of different channels, by several different actors both within and outside the national government. This leads to significant data, institutional and resource challenges in tracking inflows accurately. Though resource intensive, information collected by domestic finance monitoring systems can provide useful inputs for domestic policy development and implementation. The existence of such systems is currently in early stages in most developing countries, and will likely require support to be fully anchored in domestic institutions and processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Food support programmes are highly visible, politically popular, but can be difficult to remove. If the goal is income support, cash transfers are the preferred option. If the goal is increased food consumption, food stamps or food subsidies may be more effective. However, the costs are higher compared to cash transfers, and removing the measure, especially food subsidies, may prove to be extremely difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The most commonly observed seal species of the North East Atlantic coastal region are observed close to the coast in areas with seaweeds and kelp forests, and include the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida) (Bjorge, 0ien, & Fragerheim, 2007). These three species are present in the Baltic region as well (see below). More than ten species of whales are known to feed in the North East Atlantic coastal region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Governments from OECD member and 11011-member economies look to LEED and work through it to generate innovative guidance on policies to support employment creation and economic development through locally based initiatives. Future living conditions will be determined by the course set now. We have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow, not only in economic terms, but also with regard to environmental stewardship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)