albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The database could be shared, for instance, with the DHS/Centerlink and local social service administrations to ensure confidentiality. After youth and their families have been contacted and agree to participate in a programme, information would be transmitted by these authorities to local service providers. Service providers would then need to inform the referring administration on the situation of youth on a regular basis. They address the causes of non-attendance through a regular exchange of information and dedicated follow-up services, and avoid youth falling through the cracks by systematically offering alternative education or training pathways to school drop-outs. Since 1994, each county has its own “Follow-up Service” with a mandate to keep an overview of the activity status of all young people who finish compulsoiy lower-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In South Asia the gap would be closed by 2050 due to the dual effect of education policies on population dynamics (which will reduce the number of young people that enter the labour market) and higher economic growth. For Sub-Saharan Africa additional policies to raise the employment intensity of growth would be needed to close the gap. For example, adolescents could risk being out of school and out of work, limiting their engagement in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One possible approach that is beginning to be explored is to place baiting stations (cotton balls soaked with sugar and bacteria and placed in clay jars) around villages where malaria is prevalent. Other major topics that need to be addressed are the resolution of regulatory, ethical and social issues related to the release of genetically modified bacteria in nature. First results of Phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children”, New England Journal of Medecine,No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It can also involve measures to protect pension rights after women are divorced or widowed, compensating forthe costs that the distribution of unpaid work in family arrangements can have on their pension entitlements. This involves promoting pension schemes that pool longevity risks between women and men and avoid punishing those who lives longer. It also involves establishing regular indexation mechanisms for pension benefits to avoid the loss of purchasing power with age, which makes women suffer more due to their longevity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mutual exclusivity across programmes can also lead to inefficiencies in the production of health care (for example low use of capacities in health facilities and suboptimal allocation of care, duplication of facilities). This is particularly the case in China where the thousands of county/municipal-level programmes within each province increase the overall cost of health protection, generate significant regional inequalities, and raise equity issues for migrants as workers cannot claim health benefits outside the region where they contributed. In Mexico, there are at least five contributory programmes and Seguro Popular, and spending on administration represents more than 11% of total health expenditure, the highest level in the OECD (Joumard and Andre, 2010). Chile, in the mid-1980s, actually merged the social security institution and the national health system into the current public health programme (FONASA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, in many communities, wood is the source of fuel for cooking food. Data on these activities, however, are typically not available at the national level. As a result, the contribution of the forestry sector to the economy is undervalued, an issue that was briefly highlighted in section 3.4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the 1980s, in Quebec history textbooks, authors presented history through linear, monocausal designs and attributed most social, political or economic changes favourable to democracy to unstable external causes or to stable external causes. They seldom attributed the evolution of democracy to ‘unstable internal causes’. These textbooks presented citizens as having almost no active role in socio-historical changes. This invited students to analyse past controversial social issues from a fatalistic perspective or through subjective moral criteria, while reinforcing the assumption that people from the past had bad ideas that good people have fortunately refuted since. Quebec history programmes were reformed, in the 2000s, for middle and high schools. This article presents the results of a content analysis of the new history textbooks used in Quebec, to see whether they still present such a deterministic and relativist perspective of social change. The preliminary results show that they do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When they exist, digital maps with municipal-level administrative boundaries are considered a state secretl and not available to foreign researchers and international organisations. Gridded population data from the Landscan project at a fine level of spatial disaggregation - 1 km2 - is used to identify city cores. The identification of core municipalities was made possible thanks to the derivation of municipal boundaries of the 26 FUA cores (i.e. the largest cities in Kazakhstan) from open cartographic resources, such as Open Street Map.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nonetheless, given the timeframes involved in constructing nuclear power plants (there is no planning yet) and the difficulties in setting up large-scale hydroelectric plants in Mexico, nearly all of the investment needed to reach this level will come from non-conventional renewable energy sources. This provides the opportunity to consume electricity generated with renewable sources, for which a higher price is normally paid. Worldwide there are over 6 million customers with these systems, of whom 2.6 million are in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both place and time are crucial when defining public policies in this sphere, as will be revealed throughout this analysis. The formal definition espoused by Thomas under the heading “unified concept of care” (see table 1) is useful for the analysis in this Social Panorama of Latin America as it looks at the care labour market and household spending on care services. This descriptive and empirical concept is based on the concrete manifestations of what is usually understood as people-centred services, whether in the public or the private sphere, in relation to seven dimensions (Thomas, 2011, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The aim of this study is to portray the status of awareness among Bangladeshi people. Six major characteristics- Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness and Participation, Consensus oriented, Equity and inclusiveness, Accountability, Effectiveness and efficiency have been threaded to quantify different aspects of the complex concept of Corporate Governance. Study identified significant variance in different segment of the society. Inconsistency is also due in relation to different characteristics of the concept. As a new born nation unawareness is in tolerance level but this status is not satisfactory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Questions may focus on current (or planned) recreation frequency. Quantitative data can be uploaded via satellites, but this approach only captures limited data on user preferences. The detailed data allows for spatial analysis of user behavior for a subsample of these sophisticated users (see e.g., Cord et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This project supports a participatory approach within the community to reach a common agreement on the selection of sites and their protection from grazing, as well as the planning and implementation of interventions needed to accompany this change. As the source of funds in this case is a World Bank Loan, this example possibly stretches the definition of a PES slightly, but from the point of view of the rural communities it operates in a 'PES-like fashion'and can be used as a model for other, similar projects in future. Currencies" can be used to determine biodiversity losses (in destroyed areas) and gains (increases in biodiversity value of restored areas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, they can manage their country’s integration into GVCs in such a way as to raise its developmental impact, by embedding GVCs in the country’s overall development strategy, building domestic productive capacities, implementing a strong environmental, social and governance framework and synergizing trade and investment policies and institutions (UNCTAD, 2013b: 175-210). Authorities need to negotiate with foreign investors in order to obtain the creation of domestic linkages and technology transfer to local firms, since international integration through GVCs and FDI have a lasting developmental effect only when they are complemented by continuous technological capability-building by participating domestic firms (so as to avoid being locked into labour-intensive, lower-productivity activities). Policies should also target the creation of linkages with other domestic firms that can learn and upgrade through these linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Households with valid information in all four waves can be at risk of moving into or out of poverty for one, two or three waves in the UK and for one or two waves in the rest of the countries. Table A1 in the Annex shows the same estimates in non-graphical format). Mean relative income growth rates have been calculated for each base-year decile group. In each period, income growth among children is clearly pro-poor: relative (per cent) income growth is highest in the poorest decile, although the pattern is slightly different for each of the four periods considered. Mean income growth in the poorest decile slowed down over time: it went from 212% between 2008 and 2011 to 122% between 2009 and 2012 and 146% between 2010 and 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Research based on the Heart Failure Survey in Israel, which examined the quality of care for patients with heart failure, found that mortality rates increased sharply after discharge from hospital. In-hospital mortality was 4.7%, however, mortality increased to 19% at six months post discharge and to 28% at one-year post discharge (Garty et al., The high risk of long-term mortality indicates the urgent need for developing more effective management strategies for patients with CHF discharged from hospital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The distributional consequences of reducing public pension spending, for example, depend on whether these are implemented through adjusting pension eligibility age, or lowering replacement rates. In particular, raising the effective retirement age is ranked high among the consolidation instruments due to its potential positive equity and growth effects, though it would yield only gradual budgetary improvements. On the other hand, an across-the-board reduction in pension replacement rates, could hurt equity though it improves the budget balance, with ambiguous growth effects (OECD, 2013a, Rawdanowicz et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Regarding longer-term hazards, a number of hazardous waste constituents are also carcinogenic, or cause non-cancer toxicity to different organs over long low level exposure periods, while many others have thresholds for toxicity below which exposure is expected to have no adverse effects. For HLW, the limescale for the radioactivity to decay to around the level of the original uranium ore is around 100 000 years whereas for LBLW, many of the isotopes have half-lives less than around 30 years. Some hazardous wastes (e.g. some organic chemicals) biodegrade and their hazards reduce over time. These wastes can thus be theoretically considered as having an infinite “half-life”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the spirit of SDGs, such policies should be adopted and evaluated through a gender equity lens. Public investment can be a tool to achieve full employment, promoting women's livelihoods while also reducing gender com petition over sea rce jobs (U N Women 2015). Public investment typically stimulates employment as businesses hire more workers to meet increased aggregate demand. When well targeted, public investment not only promotes capabilities accumulation and reduces vulnerability but it also builds resilience (UNDP 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further, MTN reported that average monthly data usage for its customers in Zambia was 217 MB in 2016.116 The closest bundle MTN offers in that range is 300 MB for K61.50 (US$5.96), quite close to what surveyed users reported spending per month. Households were divided into seven strata for the survey moving beyond simple urban and rural divisions to provide a high degree of analytical granularity (Figure 4.3). The cost of housing in a neighborhood is used to disaggregate urban areas with low cost below the average, medium cost around the average and high cost above average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If a DMS is not used, a plain word processing tool like MS Word could be used instead. With this approach, different heterogeneous systems can connect. This approach differs to traditional contract creation tools, where all involved parties have to agree on specific tools with the consequences that additional software needs to be installed if it is not a pure cloud solution. Ethereum is currently the best choice as it is mature enough and has a good support for smart contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
How can they ensure that every student thrives, regardless of his or her socio-economic background? The following sections review the challenges and propose policy recommendations for disadvantaged schools and their students’ success. These programmes need to ensure that school leaders are prepared to focus on issues that are more characteristic of disadvantaged schools such as: student behaviour, motivation and engagement, teaching and learning for disadvantaged and/or low performing students, improvement of the physical environment of the school, and cultures of care and achievement (Day et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, education, measured by years of schooling, is positively correlated with capital intensity in manufacturing (Qu and Cai, 2011). As most of the workforce in China is composed of junior and senior high-school graduates, there is ample scope for investment in education and training to boost labour productivity. Labour productivity would be 23% higher if junior high-school graduates had senior high-school education and would double if senior high-school graduates had college training. Higher education attainment alone, however, may not be sufficient. To adapt to the changing industry structure, a broad set of skills and wide general knowledge are needed, which facilitate the acquisition of new skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These green urban areas may be on public or private lands. Nordic countries (except perhaps Denmark) are somewhat unique: since urban recreation frequently occurs in semi-wilderness areas (e.g., thickly forested woods, rivers, mountains, etc.), Thus, the preferences for urban recreation areas may vary (see box 1, this page), which affects the types of economic studies that we select (see Chapters 3-6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The purpose of this paper is to explore public participation from the perspective of two parallel developments in English urban governance since 1997: namely the attempts to modernise local government and area-based approaches employed to tackle social exclusion. The paper will situate these developments within a system of multi-level governance and highlight the significance of the locality-neighbourhood axis. The paper seeks to explicate current changes by drawing on theories of governance. The emphasis on mechanisms that bring together relevant local interests to secure coherence and stability in matters of local governance, combined with the specific focus on the role of citizens and communities as key partners in these arrangements resonates strongly with the key concerns of regime theory. The strengths and limitations of regime theory are discussed with particular reference to matters of contextual specificity. Community Governance is then introduced as a means of better understanding the institutio...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such incentive-based schemes may produce revenue for the regulator (taxes), may be costly to the regulator (subsidies), or may involve payments only between producers (trading). The broad categories of instruments considered here are taxes (whether on pumped water or on a proxy), transferrable entitlement systems, and buyouts of land or water entitlements. Instruments that provide incentives related to the physical quantity of groundwater used, such as pumping taxes and some transferable permit systems, require the ability to monitor water use accurately and to confirm that changes in water use are occurring as a result of the incentive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Extensive college engagement occurs through student community service and volunteer programmes, for example the Perach programme which engages students from all Israeli higher education institutions with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in raising aspirations. The eight Perach programmes in operation in the Galilee involve approximately 1 000 higher education students. The authorities need to address these challenges in the periphery in a comprehensive way and mobilise appropriate levels of financial resources to support public education at all levels and for all population groups. Measureable targets should be set for higher education institutions regarding the enrolment and graduation rates of the minority groups. Institution-wide measures should be adopted to improve the retention rates of the first generation students. There is also a need to increase the outreach efforts of the higher education institutions and share good practices among themselves in a systematic manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Setting the right price is a complex exercise, with the rapidly decreasing cost of the technologies, and particularly in young markets where government capacity in the design of FiTs may be low and there may be asymmetry of information between regulator and companies. Partly as a result of their experience with fossil-fuel technologies, developing countries tend to have greater experience in using traditional procurement methods than with support mechanisms specific to clean energy. If used in combination with long-term power purchasing agreements (PPAs), tenders can be an alternative way to attract private investment in clean energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to section 13 of the Constitution of Tanzania, all people are equal before the law. However, the Constitution is silent about the age of marriage. Tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages including customary law, civil law and religious law. Section 13 (1) of the Law of Marriage Act, (LMA) 1971 sets the minimum age for marriage at 18 years for men and 15 years for women. The LMA allows the court to grant permission in special circumstances for a marriage where the parties are below the prescribed ages but have attained at least 14 years of age.64 Under section 17, a female who has not attained the apparent age of eighteen years must seek consent from her father, if he is dead, then her mother, or if both are dead then from her guardian. In their finding, their Lordships associated themselves with the Loveness Mudzuru decision and noted that the requirement of parental consent impacts negatively on the child and subjects her to complex matrimonial and conjugal obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While not taking into consideration the newly arrived students from 2015 onwards, PISA findings further indicate that, similar to most OECD countries, first-generation immigrant students in Sweden were the most academically disadvantaged among students with an immigrant background. Second-generation immigrant students are students who were bom in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have two foreign-born parents. Returning foreign-born students are students who were not born in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have at least one parent who was bom in such country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When the Commission establishes a total allowable catch or total allowable fishing effort for any fishery resource pursuant to Article 20 paragraph 4 (a) (ii) or (iii), it may, with the express consent of the coastal State Contracting Party or Parties concerned, also take decisions regarding participation in fishing for that resource throughout its relevant range. In taking decisions under paragraph 2, the Commission shall take into account the historic catch and past and present fishing patterns and practices throughout the relevant range of the fisheiy resource concerned and the criteria listed in paragraph 1(b) - (j). Such preliminary conservation and management measures, which may include requirements regarding notification of intention to fish, the establishment of a development plan, mitigation measures to prevent adverse impacts on marine ecosystems, use of particular fishing gear, the presence of observers, the collection of data, and the conduct of research or exploratoiy fishing, shall be consistent with the objective and the conservation and management principles and approaches of this Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Finally, progress made in areas of communications will be examined, including trends in access to mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions. Asia and the Pacific has continued to see improvements in transport infrastructure and services against a backdrop of substantial growth in output, trade and investment experienced by many countries in the region. On the other hand, the improvements have been quite uneven both across and within countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since the average yield in Japan is 5.3 t/ha, with advanced irrigation, sufficient fertilizer application and high-yield rice planting, it is expected that the same yields could be achieved in Thailand. Ultimately, 792 L of ethanol could be produced from 1 tonne of rice, as seen in Table 5.1.1. Statistics from the Thai Office of Agricultural Economics (www.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A balance needs to be found by policy makers to ensure that societal issues and societal good are advocated as legitimate reasons for taking sustainability actions. Even in this framework, there are actions that both serve to reduce environmental impacts and save money for individuals. Energy efficiency is one such broad area, where both individuals and society can benefit in many ways (IEA 2012].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As a recent analysis by the World Health Organization (2014) highlights, health events during adolescence have an impact across the life course. Adolescents differ from other groups in the population and are served less well dian many other groups, so they are a key population to address in efforts to achieve universal health coverage. A legal framework that facilitates redress to problems or obstacles in a health system is essential for ensuring quality. Likewise, a framework that ensures every person’s right to services, without requiring special permissions of other family members, can facilitate the use of services and a sense of entidement on the part of young clients. Behaviours and outcomes could be influenced by policy interventions, such as those that loosen age or parental-consent restrictions on adolescents’ access to services, or policies that allow pregnant students to return to school after giving birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)