albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This sub-section shows that while scheduling mandatory interviews may already generate positive employment impacts through a threat effect, such services are particularly effective if they are of high quality. While a high frequency of interviews may be desirable, it is often constrained by staff caseloads - the ratio of clients to employment counselling staff. As for initial eligibility reviews, counselling services may be more effective through the threat effect (i.e. causing flows off benefit prior to the actual interview) than through the actual delivery of the service (Graversen and van Ours, 2008, and Hagglund, 2011). A recent study for the United States shows that claimants who exited benefit before a scheduled job-search assistance programme had improved job prospects in the longer run compared with those who participated (Cebi et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2007, with ocean dumping of livestock manure expected to be banned in 2012, the programme was expanded in earnest with the target of beating livestock manure in areas that used to practice ocean dumping. The public complaints of manure odour have driven an expansion of the programme. Past policies on livestock manure did not show visible progress for the general public in terms of reduced manure odour. The effect of past odour management policies was limited due to the lack of management know-how, the absence of experts and inadequate facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, this does not necessarily indicate simply an insufficient demand for education in these areas, but also an insufficient supply of education. Labour among children in Cameroon is largely a rural phenomenon. In the 6 to 10 years old category, 41% of children living in rural areas participate in labour, as opposed to 10% in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Employment allows individuals to interact with others, gain valuable experience and knowledge, discover their potential and contribute to society. Education and skills formation alone cannot solve all the issues related to jobs. However, as will be discussed in the following sections, research findings suggest that adult education and job-related training, which can help improve adult skills in general, are all the more important for disadvantaged individuals with low level of education attainment and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ACCLIM data were chosen for this case study because they represented the latest knowledge of climate change affects on the Finnish climate at the time of this study. The winter will become shorter and the growing season will lengthen. Precipitation is also expected to increase, although the biomass growth is unable to fully exploit the increased precipitation because of simultaneous increased evaporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Standards are also set out in regulation and are used as the basis for school accreditation. At the senior secondary level private enrolments accounts for around 55% of provision. The government can provide support to community-based institutions at the senior secondary level but is not required to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This increase is due to the increased participation of Arab population in undergraduate studies. At the same time, 8 500 Israeli Arab students are reported to study abroad, notably in Jordan. With the exceptions of the Technion, the University of Haifa and the Tel Hai Academic College, the higher education institutions draw most of their students from the Galilee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It provides information on children’s home and family environment, their health and safety1, their education and school life, their activities and their life satisfaction, and also links to information on public policies for children. Information covers children from 0 to 17 years of age, although some information is available only for specific ages. Where possible, information is provided for different age groups, from early childhood to adolescence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the National Water Committee, created in 1964, brings together water users’ representatives, associations, presidents of basin committees, national and local authorities (sub-national governments and central government departments and agencies), in addition to other experts and the presidents of basin committees. It provides guidance on the strategic orientation of national water policy, and recommendations on government legislation, reform projects and action plans. It also has a consultative committee that can give its opinion on the price of water, the quality of drinking water and wastewater services. Since 2006, committees on fisheries and on water information systems have also been created, and the prerogatives of certain categories of users have been reinforced. It is composed of representatives from local authorities (40%), water users and associations (40%) and the central government (20%). All categories of users are represented in this entity, which provides guidance on water policies at the basin level and designs the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines the recent actions of the Public Account Committee of Parliament in relation to the audit on the use of Ebola funds in Sierra Leone. It analyzes the effect on constitutionalism in the quest for accountability in Sierra Leone. It concludes that the Public Account Committee pronouncements are unconstitutional and may consequently undermine the quest for due process led public accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bird population indices are available from Europe and North America. More accurate and comparable time-series data on wildlife populations still need to be developed. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The targets agreed in 2002 by parties to the CBD to “significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss” by 2010 were not met, at least not at global level. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinction throughout the century if current trends persist. Many species are threatened by habitat alteration or loss, both within and outside protected areas (e.g. on farms and in forests).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Tertiary specialist hospitals were also worse affected. This includes the national children’s hospital, where average waiting time for surgery was remarkably long, at 701 days. It is interesting to note that waiting times in the hospitals belonging to the INS insurer-provider network (see Box 1) are typically less than a week. Although the INS offers a restricted set of services compared to the CCSS, its short waiting times include elective surgery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
E-commerce enables women to run their businesses while managing household obligations, and to reach a much vaster market than they could offline. Thus, digital platforms help women to work and build companies in cultures where they are expected to stay at home and where they lack men's professional networks and resources (World Bank, 2016). For example, a 2015 survey of Pacific Island exporters showed that firms that are active online have a greater concentration of female executives under 45 years of age (DiCaprio and Suominen, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, it is regulated that the umbrella organisations provide support to schools via their PBDs. Furthermore, networks and umbrella organisations are key players in the VLOR. This position makes the umbrella organisations indispensable in the development and implementation of attainment targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For PROs this means a thorough revision of current approaches to scientific research, user needs and (lack of) critical mass: if a fair process of consultation does not lead to a main strategic objective, other solutions, including potential merger into a university, should be considered. Base this reform process on the NHEP and the RISS as it must include many aspects of the two strategy documents. A structured legal and organisational framework needs to be put in place in advance. Build interim evaluation and reporting systems into the transition to autonomy in order to ensure that the reforms produce the intended results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A much increased need for support, paired with severe cyclical and structural fiscal pressures, can be expected to produce protracted periods of significant reforms, and a continued search for a new balance between alleviating inequality, and achieving fiscal sustainability. In addition, the dynamics of the income distribution produced by the GR - and the boom years that preceded it - can build up further pressure for policy adjustments. For instance, changing perceptions of what constitutes “fair” and “unfair” gaps between low and high-income earners may reshape social preferences and trigger periods of repeated policy adjustments Alesina etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article examines the role of TV coverage in voter decision making during the 2001 Australian federal election campaign, called just weeks after a major asylum seeker incident and the September 11 terrorist attacks. It does so by exploring voters’ differential reliance on two distinct, high profile sets of issues that dominated media election campaign coverage: the domestic issues that had been the focus throughout the election year (especially health, education, and taxes) and the international issues that assumed centre stage just before the election was called (refugees and asylum seekers, terrorism, and defence and national security). Using an original content analysis of TV coverage and the 2001 Australian election survey, interaction effects models yield significantly different patterns of reliance on international and domestic for groups of voters. These effects are distinguished by the timing of individuals’ vote choice, and the level of their existing political interest and information. Moder...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This should also be a prerogative for regional governments to support coherent rural-urban spatial strategies. Such evidence-based assessments will help establish priority areas for collaboration. Austria’s Conference on Spatial Planning, which assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies, is one of the best examples of multi-level government spatial co-ordination within the OECD (Box 4.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
And any such learning about the specificities of intervention design must begin by taking a step back to consider how parenting support to adolescents is best thought about including - but not limited to -child protection, youth empowerment, family strengthening and community cohesion. Ignoring this step risks significant compromise in policy and programme effectiveness through overlooking key parameters that affect what is possible and desirable in family life, as well as viable pathways to healthy and fulfilled adulthood in the east and southern African region. Identifying areas of cultural misalignment between practice in the region that is considered 'good parenting' and the content of 'positive parenting' models developed in the global north.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is a relatively low penalty when compared with practices in other OECD countries: for the same violation in Western Australia, drivers will be issued with a fine of AUD 1 000 (around EUR 720) as well as having 7 points (out of 12) deducted from their driving license. In France, the penalty is a EUR 1 500 fine and the loss of 6 points (out of 12). The effectiveness of such courses is about to be evaluated in the United Kingdom. In Austria, courses take place over four evenings and a psychologist leads group discussions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In both Brazil and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the distribution effect came to outstrip the growth effect, with its contribution rising from 45% to 55%, and it increased substantially in another three countries. While the changes observed are small in size, they do indicate that countries have scope to deal with adverse economic situations by safeguarding the living conditions of the most disadvantaged in society. Other income sources, particularly transfers, also contributed, but to a lesser degree. In the second period, however, transfers played a much more important role. In fact they were the main source of poverty reduction in Chile and Panama and played an important role in Argentina, Colombia and the Dominican Republic (see figure 1.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Though part of these expenditures may have an explicit social aim and can be attributed to a specific individual beneficiary, as for instance in the case of free legal support. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The article compares the employment regime for academics in UK HEIs with that of faculty in US HEIs. It considers, inter alia, ‘progressive discipline’, ‘at will contracts’, ‘the Model Statute’, ‘academic freedom’, ‘faculty misconduct’ and ‘academic underperformance’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Observations of increases in global average temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and a rising global average sea level indicate that the climate is already warming (IPCC, 2007a). If greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to grow, this could result in a wide range of adverse impacts and potentially trigger large-scale, irreversible and catastrophic changes (IPCC, 2007b) that will exceed the adaptive capacity of natural and social systems. The environmental, social and economic costs of inaction are likely to be significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Cities are major recipients of intra-regional and interregional migrations, and internal migration is a driving force in Kazakhstan’s gradual urbanisation. However, its importance should not be overestimated: in most large cities, natural population growth is higher than net inward migration (see Chapter 1). Distance plays an important role in determining internal movements in the country, but migration across cities or regions can also be explained by economic incentives, since migrants are attracted by higher wages or incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, the quality of sorting is uneven and there is considerable unexploited recovery potential, particularly for organic components and plastics from municipal waste. The polluter pays principle is only partially applied, and prices vary among the communes. There has been little progress in managing waste from the health sector, it is no longer co-ordinated, and self-sufficiency is not guaranteed for the treatment and disposal of infectious waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Legal minimum ages for contraceptive access and HIV testing may be overly blunt instruments that often fail to extend protections to all who need them. These include female genital mutilation and child marriage. A minimum age of marriage should be set at 18, avoiding ambiguous definitions such as “puberty,” which begins as early as age 8 in girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Advancement in the information and communication technology make possible the development of e-government. The Indonesian government already grasped the opportunity to develop its own e-government system in providing public services. The obvious intent is to increase the quality of public service provision by the bureaucracy. This is hoped to be achieved by securing transparency and accountability of public officials. It is also to be expected that e-governance will be able to eradicate or at least decrease the possibility of corruptive behaviour.  Unfortunately, fact speaks differently. Cases to be analysed here are: corruption committed by public officials working at the Investment and One Stop Service Office of the Bandung Municipality and those performed by public officials managing e-procurement services. In particular, this article shall discuss the issue how to develop e-government as to better at eradicating and preventing corruption by public officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Progress on policy development is monitored twice a year through a full round consultation with the government. As a result, participating development co-operation practitioners reported that good co-ordination, a large country programme and well-defined national priorities on climate change are pre-conditions that enable effective climate finance in Vietnam. It is chaired by a permanent secretary and co-chaired by a donor on a rotating basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Funding of EUR 5.7 billion (USD 7.6 billion) is allocated to achieve that goal under the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). Progress has been made in the North-East Atlantic region (including also the North Sea and the Baltic Sea), but moving towards maximum sustainable yield in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea remains challenging. In 2015, all Member States finalised Multiannual National Strategic Plans for the promotion of sustainable aquaculture in their countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The percentage of adults per household has in fact risen by an average of some three percentage points in the countries and periods analysed. This increase, which is equivalent to a decline in the demographic dependency rate, translates into a rise in per capita household income that has indeed been instrumental in bringing down poverty. This change in family structures has been fairly homogeneous across all income groups, however, which explains why it has done so little to reduce the gap between the highest and lowest quintiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It can build capacity -preparing teaching materials, organizing training and facilitating the necessary expertise. And it can involve other multinational corporations in improving industrial energy efficiency through their value chains while ensuring that they follow corporate social responsibility principles transparently. Industrial energy-efficiency technologies need to be transferred to developing countries, where energy use is growing faster and innovation is generally slower. Many of these countries lag in their capacity to obtain, develop and deploy innovative climate change and energy-efficient technologies (UNIDO 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, before such projects are developed, detailed plans for MPAs should be elaborated, and other measures to preserve marine and coastal biodiversity should be resourced and implemented. This is necessary to provide a clear framework for sustainable investment and development by industry while safeguarding the marine environment in line with policy objectives. Designating protected areas (as discussed above) and restricting trade in endangered species are classic examples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Where development negatively affects the level of tangible ecosystem services such as water purification or the level of forest products for local stakeholders, offset schemes sometimes provide compensation for these losses. The Potgietersrust Platinums Limited mine in South Africa, for example, provides local women with access to the offset for the sustainable collection of firewood (Anglo Platinum, 2009). The IFC Performance Standards also contain provisions for identifying priority ecosystem services through a stakeholder engagement process and requirements for compensation under certain conditions (IFC, 2012). Other programmes allow developers some flexibility when selecting an indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the case of sustainable energy, energy efficiency loans or solar leases could be pooled, securitised and issued as an asset-backed security. The process of pooling or warehousing these loans or receivables is discussed further in the report. To provide a credit enhancement, a specialised insurance provider guarantees or “wraps” the asset-backed security to insure against losses. The insurance wrap typically increases the credit rating of the issuance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The unclear status of these areas resulted in growing pressures (e.g. for grazing areas) which, in some cases, led to their deterioration. Finally, in late 2015, the legal protective status of 12 nature preserves has been extended, for the next 10 years (until 2025). Therefore, the legal status alone of 13 nature preserves cannot currently be perceived as an effective solution to ensuring their protection, due to the uncertainty of their continued existence in the future. This is attributable in large part to the fact that all state nature reserves are legal entities with a stable and clear legal mandate, have valid land use certificates, are managed solely for nature conservation purposes, and receive more attention and support from the Government, foreign donors, international organizations and conservation NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The FAO census data are for 114 countries, representing 83% of the world’s population and 64% of the world’s surface area. Lowder, Skoet and Singh (2014) report data on 167 countries, representing 97% of the total farm population and 90% of agricultural land worldwide. From the wider coverage, there are at least 570 million farms globally,2 500 million of these are family farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public investments in R&D during this period were primarily channelled through the Academy of Finland and Tekes. The Academy was a traditional research council or science foundation, largely funding “bottom-up” proposals from the universities. Tekes was founded in 1983 as a technology development agency, funding R&D within companies and in academic-industry partnerships- both bottom-up and, w'here networks of stakeholders w'ith common interests could be established, in the form of technology programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is responsible for 80% of occupations in China. A transition to more sustainable production consumption systems will call for new professionals. More sustainable TVET, also seen as a strategy to bring more dignity to the technical and vocational jobs, needs to address ethical and sustainability goals associated with each occupational specialisation. The curricula, methods of delivery and required competencies for graduates needs to evolve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Given the already indicated technological limits to fast-tracking the sustainable energy transformation, per capita caps on energy use and emissions may be needed to ease the challenge. This limit would be similar to the figure for the present per capita primary energy use in China and that for the world average (figure II.8). It should be noted, however, that the suggestion is for a limit on primary energy (not final energy), which is most relevant for the environmental impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All the information can then be used on a metropolitan-wide platform. Data collection should take advantage of future fare integration initiatives to collect information on whole origin-destination travel, rather than trip segments only. Solid models based on long-term population and employment trends should be developed and used to decide on the projects that should be included in the mobility plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)