albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In contrast to the OECD average of 20%, approximately 80% of Israeli R&D spending is concentrated on the ICT fields. These fields represent 15% of Israeli GDP but only 5% of employment. At the same time 4% of government support to R&D is directed to traditional industry (2004 figures). While the Israeli ICT companies invest around 10% to 18% of their turnover in R&D, the corresponding figures for traditional industries are 0.1% to 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When studying the dynamics of benefit receipt, data requirements are much greater than for a cross-sectional analysis. First, information needs to be at the micro level to allow identification of benefit receipt for specific individuals or households. Second, data need to have a panel dimension that permits following individuals’ paths onto and off benefits over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2008 Act on Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Certain Plans and Programmes institutes a system of environmental assessments at the planning stage and transposes European Directive 2001/42/EC, which was supposed to be reflected in member states’ legislation before July 2004. It supplements other legal provisions in this area such as the 2003 Grand Ducal Regulation on assessing the environmental impact of certain public and private projects, the 2007 Act on Assessing the Impact of Road, Rail and Airport Infrastructure Projects on the Natural and Human Environment and the Grand Ducal Regulation of 2007 determining the contents, conditions and methods of conducting the impact study required for the consolidation of rural properties. The 2009 Act on Environmental Liability with Regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage establishes an environmental liability framework based on the polluter pays principle in order to prevent and repair environmental damage, and transposes European Directive 2004/35/EC into domestic law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In order to assist policymakers in responding to such challenges, ESCAP's activity on green growth has been developed to focus on five paths: sustainable infrastructure development, investment in natural capital, green tax and budget reform, sustainable consumption and production, and the greening of business and markets. Natural capital provides both "direct" ecosystem services such as the provision of food and raw materials, and “indirect" ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, aquifer recharge and biodiversity habitat provision (see box 1). They are usually irreplaceable, or can only be substituted for, at great cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hence, they should be re-assessed and removed when found to be obsolete or counter-productive. Globally, over half of all women experience violence in their lifetime.33 Sexual violence and intimate partner violence are the most prominent forms of violence against women. Recent estimates suggest that one woman in three has experienced physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in her lifetime. Intimate partners commit 38% of murders of women (WHO, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A special case concerns secondary teachers in agrarian schools whose salary compensates 50% of direct teaching hours and 50% of production activities. As long as they have 30 years of service, retirement with a full pension is possible for female teachers at age 55 and for male teachers at age 60. However, after the economic crisis of 2002, the devaluation of the currency meant that in real terms teacher salaries were lowered (IDB, 2015) and despite increases since then, salaries compare unfavourably with those in other Latin American countries as shown in Figure 5.4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Depression was identified as a major risk factor for suicide and premature mortality. Evidence from depression and anxiety guidelines suggested that CBT was a cost-effective way of treating depression. Backed by the evidence presented in the NICE guideline, GBP 177 million was invested to train and employ 6 000 CBT therapists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2006, registered unemployed people received such referrals at an average rate of 4.2 per year, i.e. about one every three months (OECD, 2007c). Recently additional funding for disabled and older workers was announced and the system was expanded to include older freeters and daily-dispatched workers (see Chapter 5, Web-Japan, 2005, OECD, 2009a, and MHLW, 2009a). Job applicants may sometimes be called into the office for a pre-selection interview, but in the majority of the cases they are referred without such interviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractThe quality of Latin American democracy is threatened by elected presidents who concentrate power in the executive branch of government, the political influence of the armed forces, the weakness of the rule of law and judicial independence, the erosion of parties and representative institutions, and the persistence of long-standing patterns of violence and social exclusion. These threats largely arise from the tension—especially acute in Latin America due to certain structural, cultural, and institutional conditions—between the separation of powers and democracy. Although the post-Cold War international environment contributed to the prevention of a return to authoritarian rule, efforts by the international community to promote and defend democracy are constrained by the impossibility of fostering respect for the separation of powers without impinging upon national sovereignty. The global war on terrorism will diminish the will to question domestic practices that violate democracy while encouragin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, secondary forests have tended to decline while plantations have increased. In Cambodia, for example, farmers search for new land for rice paddies due to inefficient farming systems and lack of access to irrigation. These circumstances also lead to forest conversion as farmers cultivate additional land for new rice paddies in order to meet high market demand and accommodate rural population growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An ICU would provide wider opportunities to expand the sewerage network to the communities. Brief description of current circumstances. The population is mainly engaged in fruit growing, viticulture, vegetable growing, and animal husbandry. They receive an average of AMD 26 000 (EUR 47.7) monthly pension, those receiving subsidy (25%) get a monthly average of AMD 24 600 (EUR 45.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The kink in the aggregate demand curve characterises urban and rural residents’ different willingness to pay. Under normal conditions, efficient allocation is achieved at price PO, total water supply (QOt) is divided among urban and rural users (QOu and QOr), such that their marginal benefits of use are equalised. In case of water abundance, supply exceeds the total demanded quantity, there will be no competition for water resources and therefore the efficient price of water will be PI (opportunity cost of water). Under severe water scarcity conditions (S2) such as droughts, the optimal strategy to minimise total damages is to impose a larger reduction of the water supply on the more price-elastic user, namely agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To what extent is climate change included in the Agriculture Outlook? While recent climate change concerns are mainly related to increasing global mean temperature (global warming), in the broader sense it encompasses changes and variability in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, humidity and wind. Climate change also affects the frequency of storms, floods, droughts and other extreme weather events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Information for rice in 2010 and 2011 excludes China since it is not clear how China’s licenses were administered, and hence whether they were restrictive or not. In any year, average share of production or exports for 2004-06 refers to countries with policies in that year Data for other oilseeds include cottonseed, rapeseed, sunflower seed and palm kernel depending on the country and year Data for vegetable oils include soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil depending on the country and year. Data are not available for all relevant commodities for all countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The decomposition of men with and without dependent children, by age, is presented in Annex Figure 3.A1.2. A key determinant of a mother’s likelihood of engaging in paid work is the age of her child. Flexible work arrangements -another important work-life balance strategy - are discussed in Chapter 4.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This comparative article explores the interrelationship of domestic and international human rights law in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, with reference to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The two jurisdictions offer a valuable comparison, in that the UK’s dualist approach to international law has meant that it is only very recently that the ECHR has been directly enforceable in UK domestic law. The Netherlands, meanwhile, appears to the English lawyer to present a completely different approach to international law, being based as it is upon a form of monism. Whilst the two systems appear opposed in logic because of their dualist and monist bases, they in fact have much to learn from each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In most modern Iranian irrigation and drainage schemes — e.g., Moghan, Khodaafarin — wastewater reuse or managed aquifer recharge are applied. Demand management should be developed more. Erosion control measurements are done in Turkish territory, and sediments are dredged in certain parts of the river. A related database has also been established in cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter explores three important themes in constitutional immigration law. First, as creators and executors of U.S. immigration policy, Congress and the President have virtually limitless power over designating who may enter the country, under what terms, and when they must leave. Second, this plenary power over immigration law was created by a complicit U.S. Supreme Court and has never been constitutionally repudiated. The plenary power doctrine thus enjoyed the Court’s imprimatur, guaranteeing considerable political branch latitude even if laws resulted in systemic exclusion based on invidious criteria like race or national origin. Third, notwithstanding this historical deference to the political branches, the Court has provided an occasional yet essential check on legislative and executive overreaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The core international human rights treaty bodies play an important role in monitoring implementation of human rights standards through consideration of States parties' reports. Yet very little research explores how seriously governments take their reporting obligations. This article examines the reporting record of parties to the Convention against Torture, finding that report submission is heavily conditioned by the practices of neighboring countries and by a government’s human rights commitment and institutional capacity. This article also introduces original data on the quality and responsiveness of reports, finding that more democratic – and particularly newly democratic – governments tend to render higher quality reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Smaller branch units with as few as 30 students provide education from first to third or first to sixth grade students in geographically remote regions. In bigger cities, school sizes reach over 1 000 pupils. Compulsory education for pupils between 6 and 15 years old is offered in so-called basic schools and is organised as a single structure (without distinction between primary and lower secondary levels). Currently, Slovenian schools must employ a large number of professional support staff, as a share of total staff, and retain them regardless of the size of the school, making the system very costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The more diversified the economy, the higher are the opportunities for risk diversification. In spite of this, the debate on whether economic specialisation or diversification is more desirable to spur economic growth has still not concluded (Box 6). Adam Smith was the first to describe the benefits of specialisation of nations in terms of absolute advantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Part I - The Economy as a Polity: Renewing a Debate: Theorising the Economy as a Polity: The Point of View of Contemporary Economics The Problmatique of Economic Modernity: Critical Theory, Political Philosophy and the Analysis of Capitalism Civilizational Perspectives on Capitalism One World Or Three?: Globalization and the Future of Welfare Capitalism. Part II - Capitalism, co-ordination, Constitution: Capitalism, Coordination, and Economic Change: Lessons from the French Political Economy Between Constitutional Democracy and Society: reflections on the Legal-Historical Evolution of Administrative Governance The Turn to Governance and the Problmatique of Constitutionalism The European Social Model and the Constitution-Giving Process in the European Union. Part III - Markets, Mobility, Monetary Regulation: The Basel System of International Monetary relations, 1960-1968 Monetary Regulation and European Economic Policy in Historical Perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wide inequalities exist in the prevalence of these chronic conditions by education level. However, differences in self-rated health by socioeconomic status are observed: 82% of people in the highest income quintile report being in good health compared to 68% of those in the lowest quintile (Figure 4). Yet this gap is smaller than in most other EU countries. Accoiding to estimates, over 30% of the overall disease burden in Derenark in 2015 could be attributed to behavioural risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, diet and physical inactivity, with smoking and metabolic risks (e.g. obesity and high cholesterol) contributing the most (IHME.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Several regulatory measures have been introduced to reduce and prevent water pollution by nitrates. They have focused on: periods in which land application of nitrogen is prohibited, rules for fertiliser application on steeply sloping ground and on water-saturated, flooded, frozen or snow-covered ground, and rules for fertiliser application in the vicinity of watercourses. However, implementation of the requirements is still inadequate and further efforts are needed, especially to better manage the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers and reduce uncontrolled applications of livestock manure on soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Important considerations when developing a questionnaire on violence against women include the length of the completed interview, the mode of interviewing, the need for skip and filter questions, the importance of establishing a rapport with respondents, the wording and order of questions, including multiple opportunities to disclose, the need to ensure respondent safety and the importance of minimizing emotional trauma. This questionnaire can be expanded and/or adapted for individual country contexts and used as a dedicated survey. Questionnaire development begins with qualitative research, in which survey managers review the relevant studies on violence against women in order to assess the primary policy and research issues that a survey on violence against women could help to address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A medical waste legislative and strategic framew'ork has been defined and several private ambulances now incinerate their waste, but the public health sector has yet to introduce proper management of medical waste. Steps taken have significantly reduced environmental pollution from waste. Most development occurs in the area of Greater Baku and on the Absheron peninsula, where some 40 per cent of the country’s population live, but the application of MSW management to other regions is only envisaged in future projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2008, France and Spain provided the most generous schemes with respectively 0.425 and 0.349 units of tax relief per US dollar of R&D expenditure. These instruments are also being developed in non-member countries. Brazil, China, India, Singapore and South Africa provide a generous and competitive tax environment for R&D investments (OECD, 2009b). Korea stands out as an exception since tax credits for large firms have increased faster than for SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Gini is a measure of inequality of the whole income distribution, whereas previous indicators focused on the lower end of the distribution. This indicator is known for being particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution. However, changes in Gini happen slowly. Indeed, in terms of magnitude, there was little change in household inequality based on the Gini coefficient over 2008-2012 (see Figure 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Based on these approaches, practical applications for the multidimensional measurement of poverty have been developed at both regional and international level. Some recent official applications are described below: The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was prepared by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in collaboration with UNDP This index, which applies the methodology devised by Alkire and Foster (2008), is a measure of acute poverty that reflects deprivations in access to basic services and in key functionings of education, health and living standards among the populations of 104 countries, including some in Latin America. The unit of analysis is the household, with individuals identified as poor when they reside in households subject to three or more deprivations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However neither entity has clear statistics on NTFP production and trade, nor any data on the NTFP resource base. The market for these products is also unregulated. However, the RS Forest Agency is attempting to develop a programme for NTFP. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources has been involved in joint projects on NTFP with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If an individual wants to have less electricity, he or she will stop buying it. If the same individual would like to have less particulate matter emitted, there exists no possibility to ensure that this wish is being heard. In the famous words of Kenneth Arrow (1970), "externalities are goods for which no markets exist”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age. The pattern is observed in all the countries analysed and is much wider in emerging economies than in the average OECD country. The gap is narrowest among the youngest NEETs (15 to 19 years old) and widens with age - a reflection of the fact that while the gender gap in school enrolment has disappeared in most countries, gender differences in labour force participation persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 4 shows the number of subscribers globally, by generation of mobile technology. In Singapore, the operators Singtel and StarHub have boosted mobile services to lGbps, following successful trials in 2017. Ooredoo Oman had covered 90% of the population with LTE network by mid-201817. Several MENA operators have commenced trials of 5G and are beginning to map out spectrum strategies in conjunction with national regulatory authorities-for example, Zain and Etisalat have conducted 5G trials in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and UAE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As analyses of climate change impacts suggest that there is no immediate need to undertake practical adaptation measures with regard to hydropower (BMLFUW, 2010), projects focus on understanding climate change impacts, except for a few practical measures aimed at introducing district cooling from biomass or waste-to-energy plans, which would also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation. The conclusions of the OECD (2007) still hold true: “many hazards which have strong linkages to climate change actually have relatively low/ medium economic significance”. The clearest impact of climate change on natural hazards involve glacial and permafrost areas, which may be of limited economic significance from a national perspective, although the implications for local communities may be quite significant. “ On the other hand, hazards which have considerably higher economic and social significance, such as floods and windstorms, have more complex and less certain linkages with climate change.” Despite the uncertainty of climate change impacts on flooding and winter storms, the related risk should be taken seriously, given the impact of such events and the growing vulnerability to them on the part of Alpine societies because of demographic, land use and other pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Altogether, the proposed irrigation schemes comprise a new irrigated area of 6,800 ha in the Hermel and Al Qaa area of the basin.” In terms of water use. Average annual use for the period from 1992 to 2009 was around 2,582 MCM.3’ Agriculture is the largest water user, consuming about 1,977 MCM annually (77% of total water use], followed by domestic water use at 9% and industry at 8% (Figure 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Water scarcity can be a significant limitation to economic development. Water use and its regulation are therefore important targets for biodiversity mainstreaming. Sectors that are experiencing either environmental regulatory issues or real environmental limits are likely to be more open to the potential outcomes of biodiversity mainstreaming. Biodiversity mainstreaming into the National Water Resource Strategy version 2 (NWRS2) (DWA, 2014) proved to be a long and convoluted process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition to offering some potential carbon savings by reducing the need to transport components, 3D printing can offer benefits in health care, construction and education. Extraordinary advances in biotechnology albw very specific gene editing for human medicine, making personalized treatments possible for certain conditions in combination with artificial intelligence and big data, as well as for genetic modification of plants and animals. Nanotechnology - the manufacture and use of materials at an infinitesimal scale - has important applications in water supply (water purification), energy (battery storage), agriculture (precise management of the release of agrochemicals), ICT (reducing the size of electronic components) and medicine (delivery mechanisms for medication).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Bringing the two together requires the availability and filtering of information from different channels. For policy makers, the relative uncertainties of scientific results, such as those from quantitative modelling, often make the use of these results quite difficult. It needs to provide bold advice, such as on innovation policies. There is also an increasing need to bridge existing gaps between short-term and long-term policy advice, as well as between general policy advice and its practical implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)