albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This was followed by HIV antibody testing and blood-screening facilities, which were introduced in 1987.23 The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed a major HIV campaign by the government of Ghana and it adopted a multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS programming. The Ghana AIDS/STI Commission (GAC)24 was established as a supra-ministerial and multi-sectoral body under the leadership of the President to direct and coordinate all HIV/AIDS activities in the country. For instance, as a result of the accessibility of funds and the efforts by the implementers of some of the policies in place, the care, treatment and support for HIV/ AIDS patients were expanded and the number of people accessing these services increased. However, existing findings reveal that, although there is high HIV/AIDS awareness amongst the Ghanaian population, this has not translated into behavioural changes because most citizens believe that they are not personally at risk of contracting HIV.30 This shows the failure of the behavioural adjustment model of HIV/AIDS intervention in this country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The social science literature contains competing theories on the relationship between economic globalization and class com- promise. According to supporters of the " strong globalization thesis," over the last few decades many important national- level economic processes have been subsumed into a worldwide " borderless" economy in which global market forces, rather than electorates, now dictate national economic policy. This argument implies that globalization has signie cantly eroded the ability of democratic governance to create a genuine class com- promise. Conversely, supporters of the " weak globalization the- sis" maintain that the strong version of globalization is largely a " myth," and that as a result national economic policy geared towards egalitarianism is still possible. After analyzing changes
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fouquet (2010) compares the drivers of fourteen energy transitions in the means of providing heat, light, mobility and power in the UK over the past millennium. In the majority of cases, better or different energy services drove the transition: “The steam engine enabled entrepreneurs to boost production, not limited by humans or animals or by the location of flowing water. Railways and cars transformed the provision of transport services, allowing a faster service and a more flexible and private form of transport respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article addresses the tools by which international lawyers engage in interpretative ‘boundary crossings’ across distinct international regimes, such as those involving trade, investment, and human rights. It distinguishes the traditional tools of treaty interpretation, such as those licensed by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), that encourage interactions between trade and international investment law (such as the VCLT’s Article 31(3)(c), from some more innovative interpretations now proposed by self-identified ‘public law’ scholars. Drawing on examples of boundary crossings pursued recently by investor-state arbitrators and the International Law Commission, it warns against interpretative boundary crossings that go against the object and purpose, remedies or organizational structures of the underlying regimes. It argues that such interpretative linkages, however well-meaning, may not be as ‘progressive’ as anticipated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Modern renewables jointly accounted for less than 1 per cent. The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing CO, emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival”, in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. In 2010, the global share of coal reached an estimated 29 per cent, which in relative terms was higher than, and in absolute terms about twice as large as, at the time of the first oil crisis, in 1973.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Adolescence is not only a period of rapid physical, sexual and brain development, but also one when the shaping of gender beliefs and attitudes intensifies, with potentially life-long effects (Kagesten et al. In 2013, some of the leading causes of adolescent deaths globally included HIV/AIDS, road injuries and maternal disorders, while key risk factors for health and well-being included unsafe sex and alcohol misuse (Mokhad et al., In many settings, outcomes and risk factors like these are influenced by gendered attitudes and behaviour learned through the process of gender socialization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Statutory Instruments are promulgated under this framework for such measures as quota management, fishery closures, licensing regimes, effort control and technical conservation measures. A review of the existing national legislation in this area, undertaken with a view to updating it to ensure Ireland’s compliance with the obligations of the CFP, was completed early in 2006 with a new Act, the Sea Fisheries and Maritime Jurisdiction Act 2006, enacted on 4 April 2006. This Act, coupled with a further Act introduced in 2003, has totally updated the national framework for the implementation of sea fisheries law. This modem legal framework ensures Ireland’s full and continued compliance with the control obligations of the CFP and allows for the implementation of the CFP. This enactment allows for the introduction of secondary legislation (Statutory Instruments) to bring into force EU and national control and conservation measures. In addition, Fishery Management Notices are also in place to provide for management of Ireland's quota and fishing effort entitlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For the deprivation rates by indicator, see Annex 3 which provides further details on the drivers of deprivation per dimension. In the case of CC-MODA, four indicators are at an individual level allowing for analysis by gender.7 When looking at the children of all thirty countries jointly, some gender differences are observed (although there are some variations across countries). With regards to schooling indicators for older children, the percentage of children not attending school at compulsory school age is significantly higher among girls, while the percentage of adolescents without primary education is equally high for both boys and girls and the difference is statistically insignificant (at a 95% level).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The erosion mapping showed that over 50% of the island had considerable to extremely severe erosion (Arnalds et al. The classification of land based on erosion give good estimates on conditions of land, and can also be an indication of degradation (Figure 4.3). This is however not fully adequate for degradation classification as land classified as 1 and 2 could be degraded although well vegetated, and some land is eroded due to natural reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These provisions may cause labour cost increases to companies. Compared to 2007, the year before the Employment Contract Law was enacted, the labour costs for social insurance in 2008 had increased by 11.4%. The survey also indicated that regulations on the conclusion and termination of the employment contract also increase labour costs for employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Several of the skippers commented that this information alone would result in the meter paying for itself in less than six months. The UK’s Seafish is an example of how the public and private sectors can work together to promote innovation. Seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed and imported in the United Kingdom. It aims to support and improve the environmental sustainability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting sustainably-sourced seafood. Seafish has worked on the installation of fuel meters on fishing vessels as well as other energy saving devices notably gear and vessel design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Most of those jurisdictions that allow for utility model protection either require a lower standard of inventive step or waive that requirement altogether.158 The advantages of utility models, as compared to patents, are their rapid registration159 and low registration fees, which can accommodate small businesses. In Australia, for example, utility models (“innovation patents”) are required to include an “innovative” step, as a lower threshold than inventive step. Going even further, the new IP Law of Rwanda includes no requirement of inventiveness at all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Convention covers women’s right to equality and non-discrimination in the areas of employment and economic life, as well as in civil matters, such as the conclusion of contracts and administration of property. It also requires States parties to ensure the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property. It includes, inter alia, a specific provision on fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reducing pollution and minimizing dumping of hazardous materials into upstream ecosystems will benefit marine environments and reduce the impact on coastal ecosystems. Most effects due to climate change will be experienced through changes in the hydrological cycle, such as overall water availability, water quality and frequency of extreme weather events (e.g. floods and droughts). Water-related hazards account for a large part of disaster loss and impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2017, the Global Review of Aid for Trade highlighted the importance of accessible and affordable connections for trade connectivity. Drawing extensively on information harvested in the Monitoring and Evaluation exercise in preparation for the Review, this paper analyses aid for trade for digital connectivity and e-commerce. Also presented in this paper are the types of issues and challenges faced in cross-border electronic transactions - an area in which demand for support is set to grow. The paper also surveys flows reported to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Creditor Reporting System.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It identified the differing outcomes as being due to: countries’ varying physical and geographical characteristics, the nature of the implementation of these policy measures, the capacity and quality of the institutions under which the reforms were implemented, and the political and social environment. The complex interaction of policy reforms and a country’s existing structural attributes determined the overall outcomes that were beyond the predictions of simplified theoretical constructs. While the ingredients are common across different growth experiences, the recipes need to be very country-specific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In some cases, advanced wastewater treatment was abandoned, because the economic situation did not allow continuing financing the operation of existing wastewater treatment plants. The mechanical treatment plants now work to a certain degree only in Tbilisi-Rustavi, Kutaisi, Tkieuli, Gori and Batumi. Most of the treatment plants are only partially operating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is also evidence that the easier access to information and the reduced need for face-to-face interactions that digital trade allows facilitate the increased participation in trade by women (see Box C.3). A study by Couture et al. ( Furthermore, it has the potential to increase business opportunities for local sellers, particularly in rural communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2010, the working age group (15-59) represented about 73% of the population, and the total labour force participation rate reached 61.5%, with variations between the main economic hubs and the other Emirates (ranging from 68% in Dubai to 47% in Ras Al Kaimah). Although all Gulf countries supported the 2011 ILO Convention on Domestic Workers, foreign workers still often have little protection in terms of labour standards and rights, for example, with respect to job safety. The situation of migrant women is particularly vulnerable, as they often enter these countries on the work visa of their foreign husband or, in the case of domestic workers, of their sponsor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, some countries have included the energy sector, including investments in renewable energy and EE, as a part of their stimulus packages. They should also be prepared for a rebound in oil prices. Low-carbon growth should therefore become an increasingly important pillar of competitiveness and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While all female-headed households with outstanding loans used land as collateral, male-headed households also used livestock, houses and other property (UNCTAD, 2014). Major obstacles include target groups’ lack of awareness and inability to comply with lending requirements. Cooperatives and other civil society organizations could serve as a bridge between these lending institutions and individual women, but establishment and registration procedures are often cumbersome and involve high transaction costs, and civil society organizations often lack the financial and human resources necessary to perform such a role on a large scale (UNCTAD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It follows that adopting such a policy would benefit the rural poor and non-poor much more than adopting similar policies in the agriculture or wood, paper and printing sectors. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism could potentially use these predictions to argue for additional funding support to the sector in the interests of poverty alleviation. The ministry could also use this prediction to seek pro-poor donor funding for rural development and forest conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The metropolitan area acts as an Environmental Authority and has created a Metropolitan Environmental Council. It has established a Transport Authority, in charge of mass public transport, in particular the bus, rail, metro and metrocable systems in the Medellin area. The metropolitan area also promotes co-ordination across levels of government to align development objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The working time that becomes available due to the use of machines can be reallocated to tasks that require more cognitive skills. Thus, semi-automation (interactions between workers and robots) may moderate the negative employment effect that is often associated with the notion of factory automation (Lutkenhorst, 2018). Autor and Salomons' study confirms that automation-induced productivity growth does indeed have a negative employment effect within the respective industries. However, when separating the direct and indirect effects, the results suggest that inter-industry and final demand effects may offset the negative effects for labour demand. These effects may be reversed in particularthrough input-output linkages (i.e. becoming a supplier for intermediate goods for another industry). Moreover, the increase in aggregate demand may lead to a positive net effect on employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These include cooperating internationally, enhancing national institutions, processes, and enabling environments, designing interventions and allocating resources, and measuring results. The development community in both developed and developing countries emphasises the importance of supporting country ownership and alignment with national priorities, as articulated in agreed aid effectiveness principles. The underlying logic in these principles is that international co-operation and capacity building within national and local institutions can help to establish enabling environments that channel, deliver and manage climate finance more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, two connection options through Morelos may be envisaged. One of them would be a road that runs through Cuernavaca, reaches Zacatepec and continues up until Iguala, for which there is a rehabilitation project undertaken by the federal government. The second would be a new road going from Zacatepec to Cuautla. However, such projects may be substantially hindered by railway companies. They could negotiate an agreement with railway companies to achieve conditions that suit the specific requirements and parameters of the automotive industry'. This agreement would require the support of relevant state governments and the federal government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Finally, the surveys should serve to elaborate, monitor, evaluate and expand specific policies dedicated to improving labour market functioning and supporting the informal sector. Despite abundant international reporting on ALMPs, evidence of long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness is insufficient, as most programmes remain largely unmonitored and unevaluated. Any programme aimed at bringingyoung people into employment is based on an assumption of what the main obstacles to youth employment are and how they can best be removed given the country context and target group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The progress achieved in these areas, though modest in certain countries in the region, would certainly contribute to achieving the dual aim of a ‘flexicurity’ strategy. As understood by the Council of Europe, social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of all its members, minimising disparities and avoiding polarisation. A cohesive society is a mutually supportive community of free individuals pursuing these common goals by democratic means. All societies have to live with the strains and stresses caused by divisions and potential divisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is a strong emphasis on experiential and blended forms of learning. The setting for the face-to-face parts of the programme is purposefully in non-traditional learning environments. Getting the right degree of challenge without overload is especially important for graduate students who are fully engaged with their work responsibilities and active family lives in addition to their formal studies. The inclusion of community leaders from outside education as well as the expectation that participants connect across their settings helps to develop horizontal connectedness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In these places, the city that plans has become a reality. There is no shortage of places where planning is practiced as a vanity for national or municipal leadership, where imported ideas of “what will lead to a good city” are recited by planners from their textbooks or in response to the directives of their political leaders, where visions of urban form and urban design are thought to be sufficient to charting the future, where implementation is an afterthought, and where the objective is the planned city. Therefore, as the United Nations embarks on charting the New Urban Agenda, it is important that the discussions recognize the diverse contexts as well as issues and lessons emerging from them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To that effect, the Sub-Committee on Cotton was set up, which has been looking at all trade-distorting policies affecting the sector. In order to promote development assistance aspects, a consultative framework has been established to improve coherence and coordination and enhanced implementation of cotton-related assistance. Subsequently, at the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference, developed country members of the WTO agreed to provide duty- and quota-free access for cotton exports from least developed countries from the commencement of the implementation of the Doha Round.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The investigation and prosecution of international (cyber)stalking suffers from impediments that are absent when national and/or offline stalking is concerned. This contribution aims to enumerate some of the most pressing issues and to look for possible solutions. To this end, stalking legislation in the United States will be compared to that of the European Member States, issues of jurisdiction, extradition and international legal assistance will be touched upon, and the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime will be analyzed to see if it can serve a purpose in the combat against international (cyber)stalking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By making Malanville the staging point for imports destined to the isolated territories of French Sudan, the colonial administration broke with older commercial logics dominated by exchanges along the Niger River valley and by routes linking Hausa territories in the east to the Ashanti in the southwest. Malanville and Gaya became international crossroads whereas the riparian communities entered a period of pronounced isolation. The density and quality of contemporary road infrastructure reflects this orientation and favours international flows to the detriment of the local economy fMap 6.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A recent innovation in financing microcredit is online microlending, where individual investors provide loan capital via the Internet. One example is Kiva.org, a not-for-profit organisation operating an online platform where individuals can lend money (from USD 25) to entrepreneurs of their choice in developing countries. The platform provides “profiles” of applicants’ projects, which have been screened by Kiva’s partners, international microfinance institutions (MFIs) and social businesses. Kiva has disbursed more than 678 000 loans since its inception in 2005, with an average loan size of USD 415 (Kiva, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indeed, the cost of shipping a product from harvest areas to Yangon for export can be as high as the purchase price. Furthermore, the port of Yangon is regarded as one of the most expensive and least efficient ports in the world. Producers’ associations under the UMFCCI, such as the Fruit and Vegetables Producers and Exporters Association, are getting involved in the export of agricultural commodities produced in hilly regions and marketed in Singapore and Bangkok through Yangon airport, such as mangos, to improve the prices paid to producers. Cross-border trade with China is also being improved for products of Mandalay to increase the market share and better fulfil export criteria imposed by Chinese buyers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There is one major city, Odense city, with a population of ca. Figure 17 gives an overview of the area. These water bodies are subject to varying pressures to their environmental state (Hasler et al. There are approximately 1,800 registered farms in ORB. Approximately half the farms are livestock farms, dominated by pigs (59%) and cattle (37%). The livestock density is 0.9 LU/ha (Dubgaard et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data on biofuel production and use were taken from the database of the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2011). Data on feedstock composition are not available from a consistent source and therefore taken from various sources (e.g. Ecofys, 2011). The monetary value of feedstock commodities is determined based on the volume required by the biofuel sectors and the feedstock price, as provided by the FAO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under a high-GDP-growth scenario, social protection spending under this scenario would almost treble to ETB 61.9 billion in 2025/26. Under a low-GDP-growth scenario, total annual social protection expenditure under this scenario would increase from ETB 29.3 billion in 2016/17 to ETB 58.9 billion by 2025/26. Under a high-GDP-growth scenario, social protection spending would reach ETB 75 billion in 2025/26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)