albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is particularly so regarding reductions in S02 and COD from point sources, including power generation and heavy industry that have been accomplished primarily through end-of-pipe solutions. Going forward more emphasis ought to be placed on the use of a broader range of tools, including well-implemented market-based measures, to tackle a broader range of challenges. Such changes will form part of the broader reform effort needed to rebalance the structure of the Chinese economy, including moving towards more consumption and services-oriented growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Tonle Sap water-related crisis mainly concerns governance, and at both the local and cross-boundary levels the crisis requires a more integrated and comprehensive solution than is the case at present. This paper addresses the institutional challenges of this basin from three levels: international collaborative facilitation and resource mobilization toward sustainable development of the Mekong region, national and local institutional matters, and participatory issues. The results show that new governance principles such as a holistic institutional approach and upstream–downstream relationship, transparency and accountability, public participation and decentralization, gender and equity, and separation of incompatible administrative functions, etc., are much needed in the Mekong and Tonle Sap Basins. The governance should have a greater emphasis on broader policy and planning, and more strategic approaches and attention to equity, sustainability and poverty alleviation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This recent trend coincided with the onset of the new millennium and commitments made by the donor community, in particular to Africa. In addition, in 2007-2008, the total annual average aid commitments to agriculture amounted to US$ 7.2 billion (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2010), which represented a positive step towards increasing financing for agriculture in developing countries. Still, in 2008, the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis urged donor countries to double ODA for food assistance, other types of nutritional support and safety net programmes, and to increase the proportion of ODA to be invested in food security and agricultural development from the current 3 to 10 per cent within five years (and beyond if needed) so as to reverse the historic underinvestment in agriculture (United Nations, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is therefore important to determine what type of policy will be the most effective in reversing poverty as rapidly as possible. The question, then, is: Should poverty-reduction policies focus on raising mean income levels or on decreasing income inequality? Based on the results of this study, an effort is made to identify the most influential factors in terms of poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While the labour market shock has been significantly larger and more persistent in the United States than in Australia, these two countries follow distinctive approaches in targeting income assistance to job losers setting the stage for an interesting case study. Figure 1.22 analyses the effectiveness of the tax/transfer system in cushioning these income losses at different points in the income distribution. The analysis is restricted to persons living in households headed by working-age individuals and hence vulnerable to earnings losses due to unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There could be closer examination of care quality for specific procedures, for example open heart surgery, and also for specific disciplines which are known to be vulnerable to inequities in quality and coverage, for example old age psychiatry. Denmark’s unique patient identifiers could be used most fruitfully to further understanding of care quality across population groups. Indeed, Denmark is the only Nordic country for which alcohol consumption decreased between 1980 and 2010 (OECD, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is interesting to note here that, if frequency control and daily load following both reduce load factor, those reductions have a different economical impact for the electricity producer. Frequency control implies an electrical output reduction during the whole day, at peak hours when the electricity is valuable and at night-time, when the demand for electricity is low. On the other hand daily and weekly load following reduces the electrical output only at low-demand periods, when electricity value is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Disparities of coverage across social groups and health services suggest paying greater attention to co-ordination between statutory and complementary insurance provision. Ongoing reforms to improve prevention and co-ordination among care providers are steps in the right direction. However, progress in the development of capitation-based payment schemes, which can reduce the incentives to increase the number of medical acts and encourage health professionals to spend more time with their patients, and performance-based payment schemes in primary care need to be stepped up to respond to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and curb supplier-induced demand and social disparities in access to care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are very different in terms of wealth, landmass and population size, and cover a wide range of MDG achievements. Considering only the overall Asia-Pacific regional averages therefore hides the true picture. This chapter assesses MDG disparities both between and within countries, particularly in standards of health, and considers possible causes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Brazil is also home to several World Heritage natural sites and 12 internationally recognised wetlands under the Ramsar Convention that are designated protected areas and cover over 65 000 km2. The government aspires to obtain the designation of additional 10 Ramsar sites by 2017 (MMA, 2015a). Sustainable use areas dominate in all biomes except the Pantanal (Figure 5.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
And which one should teachers be using for what purpose? Data from the PISA 2012 assessment indicate a prevalence of teacher-directed methods, but deciding how to teach mathematics is not as simple as choosing between one strategy and another. Teachers need to consider both the content and the students to be taught when choosing the best teaching strategy for their mathematics lessons. The results indicate that, teacher-directed practices are used widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The combined number of persons who were marginally attached or underemployed was approximately 90% of the number unemployed on average in the OECD area in 2007. That share fell to 79% in 2010Q3 due to the small increase in the number of marginally attached workers. Unless otherwise noted, references to unemployment duration in this chapter always refer to the amount of time that currently unemployed persons have been jobless. Most of the currently unemployed will accumulate some additional time in unemployment, so that their currently observed durations (the so-called “interrupted” durations) understate the total time they ultimately will be unemployed (“completed” durations). The share of all unemployed with a year of more of unemployment increased sharply in Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Spain and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Independent LP usually sell wheat to Central Asian countries. Each contrad is 10 000-100 000 tonnes. This concerns mostly small producers. The value in the table represents the differential between the es for 3rd grade wheat with 23-24% and with 27-30% gluten content. This concerns mostly small producers. The value in the table is estimated using price of lOO KZT/tonne and assuming moisture content 7% higher than the actual one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The tax rates are higher for diesel vehicles in order to address their higher impacts on local air pollution, diesel cars with particle emissions equal or above 0.005 g/km are also subject to an extra tax (EUR 250). While the vehicle taxation reform is a step forward, taxes on purchase and ownership of vehicles are less efficient than fuel taxes and road charges in reducing emissions since they are more distant from actual vehicle use. Moreover, in the Portuguese case they provide very, and possibly disproportionately, strong incentives to abate C02 emissions compared to the incentives faced in other sectors of the economy (e.g. in those participating in the EU ETS): the tax rates rapidly increase with the level of C02 emissions/km and are much higher in Portugal than in other OECD countries (OECD, 2009b). The average C02 emission rate of new cars (average C02 emissions per km) sold in Portugal has greatly declined, at 135 g/km in 2009 compared to the EU average of 154 g/km.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The city is located in the middle of Korea, reachable from Seoul within an hour by express train. It resulted from the merger of Yeongi-gun and several towmships of Gongju-si and Cheongwon-gun, mainly on what used to be agricultural land. Today, 74.7% of the city’s land surface remains fields and farmlands, and over half will be reserved as parks and green space, according to the Sejong Urban Master Plan 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This study seeks to test the capacity to measure individual agency integrity using the theoretical perspective and police integrity instrument developed by Klockars and colleagues. Specifically, sworn officers in a large U.S. municipal law enforcement agency evaluated 11 vignettes describing various forms of police misconduct, from police corruption and the use of excessive force to perjury and planting of evidence. Although our study in Rainless West yields a picture of police integrity that is largely similar to those reported for the three police agencies participating in the study by Klockars and colleagues, we detect substantial differences in the levels of integrity associated with the least serious forms of misconduct. Rainless West offers a lesson for institutions seeking to raise police accountability to explore integrity not only as it applies to the most serious forms of misconduct, but also as it applies to the least serious forms of misconduct.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In rural and remote areas that can only be served by solutions not connected to the main power grid network of the country, ICT can help to make a viable business case for energy providers. Two types of loss occur. Technical losses refer to power dissipation in components along electricity distribution infrastructure. Non-technical losses refer to electricity theft (e.g. the 'hook line'), customers failing to pay their bills, and accounting errors (World Bank, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, this reallocation stimulus was simple, and its transactions costs low. In fact, managing an effective mechanism to monitor compliance by the many farmers in the Zhang He basin (who own only a small fraction of the total cultivated land) would have been impossible. One of their greatest advantages is that they reduce dependence on direct abstraction of freshwater supplies and are therefore especially fit for areas where significant political, economic and environmental barriers to procuring new sources of water supplies exist (see Box 4.4 for an illustration in Southern California). The area is under great water stress and is vulnerable to severe droughts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Also “[b]y law, workers have the right to request their employers to insure them” (NIC, 2009). Although firms must insure workers when their contracts specify 20 or more basic working hours per week, workers with lower basic working hours may have higher actual working hours. Higuchi (2001) reported that the “percentage of workers contributing to employment insurance” was 62.6% (67.4% for men, 55.3% for women), which suggests low coverage of non-regular employment. If the numbers enrolled in the El system (40.4 million in 1995 and 38.7 million in 2005) are compared with total number of employees aged 15-64, the implied El coverage was 80% in 1995 and fell to 75% in 2005 (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Tables 16-3, and 20-8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A high level of general and scientific education facilitates acceptance of innovations by society at large. Effective innovation systems require well-educated researchers, teachers, extension officers and business, and producers with a good general, technical and business education would generally be more willing and better skilled at adopting innovations. Between 2000 and 2011, the increase in public expenditures on education outpaced those in almost all OECD countries. Per student spending in primary and secondary education was more than doubled over this period, and was also increased for tertiary education but only slightly as expenditures were allocated across a nearly doubling of student numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article examines the impact of the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect on Peacekeeping in the United Nations. One of the key debates in peacekeeping is whether there is a duty to use force to protect civilians from genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The practice of UN peacekeeping is evolving in many instances, with the notable exception of Darfur, into robust peacemaking actions with a positive responsibility to protect civilians within the field of operations. This article reviews the development of the concept of the responsibility to protect and then applies the various parts of the doctrine to actual situations of threats to international peace and security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, joint work with Intel Technology Sdn. In collaboration with the Penang State Government, courses on oral and written English are offered to the support staff. Furthermore, the school of computer sciences works in close collaboration with several industries such as Intel Penang and the Software Consortium of Penang.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The surplus of women in older age groups is significant and is increasing, with obvious implications for health care and other social needs. In Europe, the average age at which women first marry is 30 or older in many countries. In some less developed countries, however, such as Mali, Niger and several other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the average age at which women first marry is still below 20.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These values are increased by an additional TND 9.375, TND 18.750 and TND 23.475 per quarter for the first, second and third child, respectively, in the case of single earner families (or approximately EUR 4.34, EUR 8.67 and EUR 10.85 respectively). Finally, some specific help with childcare costs (TND 15, or EUR 6.94 a month for up to 11 months for each eligible child) is available for employees earning less than two times the minimum wage (SMIG) and whose children are aged between two and 36 months. In comparison to an estimated cost of nursery care of TND 70-80 (EUR 32-37) per month and per child (excluding canteen costs),41 these payments are relatively small and young parents (aged under 28) are not eligible for any of these benefits anyway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With Congress firmly in control of the jurisdiction, resources, and structure of the federal courts, the scope of the judiciary’s independence is limited indeed. If there is an attribute that can be considered the core of judicial independence, it is the power of the federal courts to decide cases pending before them . In a pair of recent decisions, however, the Supreme Court has called into question whether the federal judiciary possesses even this limited attribute of independence. This Article examines how the Roberts Court has blurred the line between the judicial and legislative powers by ceding to Congress the authority to direct federal courts to decide pending cases for particular parties. After identifying the thorny issues that the Court has left unsettled, this Article suggests an approach to resolving them that preserves both Congress’s role in lawmaking as well as the core of the judiciary’s independence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Conversely, since economic development improves household and individual welfare, the acquisition power of customers is expected to rise (with the caveat of inequality in the distribution of welfare gains). Target 2 was about making broadband affordable: "By 2015, entry-level broadband services should be made affordable (less than 5 per cent of average monthly income) in developing countries through adequate regulation and market forces. Recognizing the relative nature of affordability targets, Target 1.3 of the ITU Connect 2020 Agenda stated that "Worldwide, telecommunications/ICTs should be 40 per cent more affordable by 2020". Following a similar formulation, Target 2.3.A declared that: "The affordability gap between developed and developing countries should be reduced by 40 per cent by 2020" (ITU, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Telecommunication is critical to support sustainable development and is closely linked to social, economic, and institutional development. In many developing countries, mobile telephony has overtaken fixed telephony in its importance as means of communication. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) activities are defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and development performed on the national territory during a given period. This includes both current costs and capital expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Quality education can empower individuals to overcome inequalities by increasing their knowledge and their cognitive, social and emotional skills, which enable them to reach their full potential and to improve their socioeconomic status as a reward for their hard work. The benefits of education, such as better earnings, employment, better health, successful parenting and civic participation, need to be widely shared across society. While policies intended to reduce inequalities are complex and multidimensional, often involving a high degree of trade-offs, education and skills policies that promote educational opportunities can enhance inclusive economic growth and social cohesion simultaneously. Successful education and skills policies enhance human capital development of the disadvantaged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the beginning of the Nuremberg trial, the status of the individual in international law has changed. This change is intimately connected with the rights of defence in criminal proceedings, especially in the context of international criminal proceedings. Today, as a matter of right, the individual may make certain claims in international law, and especially in international criminal law and international human rights law related to criminal procedure and substantive criminal law, without relying on a State to make them on his or her behalf. This brief article explores this development of the international legal personality of individuals. It surveys the sources and evidence of international law that can be used by individual defendants in international criminal cases. Finally, it considers an important limit of this development, concerning whether acts of individuals and other private actors “in the field” affect the development of customary international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strategic suggestions were made by leading experts, the details of which are presented in Chapter 14 Conclusion: Way Forward. A detailed analysis of each country's results is illustrated in Part II. They have an important role to play in sustainable agriculture due to their agility and adaptability to low-input systems, climate resilience and high nutritional values. Several of these FSF are fruits, cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the aforementioned section, if it is proved that the accused took diligent steps but failed to find out the actual age of a child, then such an accused would not be guilty of defilement. This was illustrated in Martin Charo vs. Republic [2016] eKLR. The trial court convicted the appellant and sentenced him to serve twenty years in prison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By measuring these discriminatory social institutions in key areas that affect a woman's life, the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Centre, has been instrumental in documenting the persistence and prevalence of gender discrimination across countries at different stages of development. The SIGI also has been used increasingly to explore the links between discriminatory social institutions and gender disparities in well-being outcomes. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To this end, the Albertan policy provides for the funding of “provincial level monitoring of wetlands, specified wetland inventory work and data acquisition public education and outreach programmes” (Alberta Government, 2013). The risk associated with non-restorative compensation is that it may abandon the link between impact and compensation and thereby undermine its efficacy. The implementation of the Compensatory Afforestation programme in India has been criticised on these grounds as it permits the proceeds of certain payments in-lieu to be used for the construction of infrastructure, capacity building and office support at the expense of afforestation activities (Kohli et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract The argument is presented that the state's use of the override (s.33) clause in the Canadian Charter to infringe certain rights and freedoms is constitutional only when in accord with s.1 (where it can ‘be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society’). The argument is supported by textual analysis of the Charter and reference to the intent of the framers that s.33 be used to protect democracy. The Charter thus integrates human rights, democracy and the rule of law so as to make them inseparable. The ‘rule of law’ requires that the courts be a check on the legislature and not vice versa. Only then will the values and guarantees enshrined in the Charter be protected and enforced for the benefit of every member of Canadian society as they must be if the state is to meet the international law criteria for a democratic state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are therefore many documented examples of how different countries in the Commonwealth use sport to support some of their main policy priorities for health. The network believes that sport and physical activity are effective ways of attracting youth while serving as creative mediums to facilitate and share positive messages about HIV and AIDS and other critical health issues affecting youth. Sport and physical activity are used to build awareness about HIV and AIDS while also encouraging peers to discuss issues affecting their lives and their communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, learning through international benchmarking and co-operation has become more important. For example, the OECD and UNESCO have been active in this area since the 1960s, and the European Commission has considerably expanded its support for STI policy making since the 1980s. First, the necessary absorptive capacity is often missing or under-developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)