albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The PIAAC survey provides a measure of the numeracy and literacy skills. One obvious concern in the context of the present analysis is to what extent these measures actually reflect skills acquired while in education, given that skills are likely to depreciate with age, and might be complemented by those accumulated at work. These concerns are addressed both empirically and based on previous results suggesting that PIAAC skills largely reflect those accumulated while studying (see Annex 3 for a discussion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The State of Mexico has an initiative to protect forest lands, under w'hich the government gives a type of subsidy to land owners as an incentive not to build on the land. However, this scheme applies mainly to municipalities that are not part of the ZMVM. The preservation of the conservation land will not only require legal reinforcement, but adopting the technical instruments, such as land-use planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Governments in 20 countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector or non-governmental organizations. The remaining 17 Governments did not support family planning, including the Holy See, which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction. By contrast, the percentage of Governments in developed regions providing direct support for family planning declined from 58 per cent in 1976 to 38 per cent in 2005, but then increased to 45 per cent in 2013. Thus, Governments in developing regions were more than twice as likely as those in developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the Committee explains in its general comment No. States should therefore take measures to reduce to the extent possible the number of workers outside the formal economy (predominantly women) who thus lack any protection by the State. Work must be available, accessible without discrimination on any grounds, and acceptable to the individual worker.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their relative productivities rationalize the observed pattern in the household division of labour that leads to optimal household utility. Later on, game-theoretic household models have emerged to explain household dynamics. Manser and Brown (1980) and McElroy and Horney (1981) highlight the role of divorce laws and employment opportunities in determining the 'fallback position' or 'threat point' of the partner or spouse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractExtortive corruption is a particularly harmful form of graft, in which politicians threaten private property to induce bribe giving. While perceived rates of corruption in Korea sharply declined with democratization, instances of abuse of power remain, most recently at the National Intelligence Service. Employing previously classified data, this comparative analysis of industrial restructuring programmes demonstrates how democratization and a stronger rule of law created an inhospitable environment for extortive corruption. Whereas the dictator Chun Doo-hwan manipulated industrial rationalization measures to confiscate the assets of average financial performers that had withheld bribe contributions or were politically suspect, democratic checks on authority protected firms from President Kim Dae-jung's willingness to sacrifice property rights for the sake of corporate restructuring objectives. Potential victims of expropriation could appeal for support from competing veto players. An independent j...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their report on a road map to improve the quality and availability of crime statistics at the national and international levels (E/CN.3/2013/11) was welcomed by the Statistical Commission, and the activities presented in the road map were supported. This may in part be due to the substantial investment of resources required to keep a person in prison and to maintain an effective criminal justice system. Those incarcerated in overcrowded prisons are at far greater risk of violence and communicating or catching diseases, which can, in turn, be passed back into the wider community. Furthermore, the individuals held and not yet proven to be guilty may lose their jobs, their homes and their ability to provide for their families. In Asia and the Pacific, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines are particularly affected, with occupancy rates ranging from around 125 per cent of capacity to 300 per cent of capacity, and pretrial detention rates above 60 per cent of all prisoners. It is often more expensive for the State to keep someone in prison than for a parent to send a child to an elite private school, and pressure for scarce government resources combined with voter apathy towards prisoners may partly explain the lack of investment in adequate facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Eligibility criteria include that the family satisfies an activity test, with the hours of subsidised care depending on the hours spent in work, training, study or other recognised activities such as volunteering (The Treasury, 2015b). Low-income families, who do not meet the activity test, will be subsidised for up to 24 hours of childcare each fortnight, in recognition of children from non-working families being developmentally more vulnerable and benefitting particularly from ECEC (Productivity Commission, 2014). Other Budget measures include the Child Care Safety Net programme, which will provide targeted support to disadvantaged or vulnerable families who encounter barriers to accessing regular childcare and a two-year pilot programme, which extends childcare fee assistance to in-home care provided by nannies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
According to Ragwitz and Huber (2004), these include, but are not limited to: an increase in the market penetration of renewable energy technology, protection ofthe climate and environment through sustainable development, minimization of the risk premium required by investors due to high level of price security in the system, low administration and transaction costs, and job creation. In fact, countries such as China, India, and South Africa are already adopting variants of a feed-in tariff. But scaling up and replicating these initiatives in developing countries probably requires financial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nevertheless, it has been increasing (from 22.5% in 2000 to 32.8% in 2010), while the share of heads of household employed in other sectors has even fallen slightly (from 49.3% in 2000 to 47.6% in 2010). The percentage of heads of household was similar among domestic workers and other care woikers (33.4% and 30.6%, respectively, in 2010). Although the percentage of heads of household has risen for both groups, the increase has been more marked among domestic workers (see figure HI. Data for Ecuador and Uruguay corresp ond to urban areas. For example, the share of female care sector workers w ho are heads of household is higher than among other female workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently both the NBSAP (2008) and the NBSAP addendum (2014) list action points related to inventory building for setting baselines and building valuation models for biodiversity-related goods and services. Despite considerable progress through the development of the National System of Environmental Information, challenges persist. Where the data are collected, they might not always be shared with the government or made publicly available. They are also not always sufficiently systematised and user-friendly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The expert authors in this timely volume offer diverse perspectives on how corruption distorts state and market relations, while drawing from insights in political science, economics, and law. This book represents a new wave of research in political economy, relying on methodological rigor to address topics ranging from corruption in taxation and trade to crony capitalism and false anticorruption reforms. Key chapters provide a thorough review of the literature on links between political connections and democratic institutions. Special attention is paid to the OECD Anti Bribery Convention, the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, China’s anti-corruption drive, and language used to discuss tax evasion. Case studies from various regions—such as China, Paraguay, South Africa, and New York City— anchor the analysis with real world situations. Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State is a critical resource for students, researchers, and practitioners interested in development, economics, governance, and corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Assuming that the issue of fragmentation of international human rights law can also be usefully examined in the case-law on particular rights using a comparative method, this article examines the divergence and convergence of freedom of assembly guarantees and jurisprudence in international fora. It finds that some identified divergences in fact point to underlying common concerns and assumptions about assemblies. On this basis, the article argues that the fragmentation discourse is prone to structurally analogous, though “reverse”, fallacies as the methodology of comparative law. In particular, the functionalist method is much criticised for being apologetic or trapped within one's own conceptual and institutional system, a concern which might be present in the fragmentation debate as well. The article concludes on this basis by formulating some suggestions which might be applied to examining fragmentation in international human rights law and potentially beyond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although most of the EE opportunities are in the rapidly industrializing countries, it is estimated that almost 30 per cent of the EE potential can be exploited in other developing countries (McKinsey Global Institute, 2008:22). Demand-side EE measures may be particularly cost-effective. Yet there are many well-documented obstacles to EE improvements. Some of these obstacles are greater in developing countries, such as lack of awareness of and information on benefits of EE, lack of capital, proliferation of inefficient equipment (including through imports of used and/or inefficient equipment), the desire to minimize initial costs and energy-supply constraints (e.g. limited availability of commercial fuels in rural areas, which often impedes switching to more energy-efficient equipment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Applying consistently this scoring rule to all countries led to a number of revisions of previously published figures, notably in Spain. Second, normally only regulations concerning dismissal for redundancy or personal reasons but without fault are considered for the computation of the scores. This choice is justified by the fact that procedures for dismissal for fault are usually faster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Fulfilling this ambition will require collaboration among the 40 countries located along the silk routes, both the overland routes from China to Europe and the sea routes. The project requires significant funding—an estimated USD 8 trillion between 2010 and 2020 alone. The Chinese government has announced several commitments, including a USD 40 billion Silk Road Fund for projects in the Central Asia region (Lehmacher and Padilla, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most of the aggregate data used in this chapter come from the OECD Economic Outlook No. The overview of the labour market impacts of the 2008-09 recession in this section of the chapter makes use of a common dating scheme based on average developments for the OECD area. The more detailed analysis of labour market adjustment in Section 2 makes use of country-specific dating that takes account of differences in when the recession began and ended in different countries. These estimates are based on national definitions of unemployment that differ from the internationally harmonised definition in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The figures are expressed in dollars at constant 2010 prices (IEA, 201 la). Nonetheless, unlike what is happening in telecommunications infrastructure, these transnationals do not completely dominate the industry, but coexist with a number of large public-sector enterprises. In view of this, and the strict regulatory control exerted by governments on the electricity sector, the investment decisions that will need to be taken to ensure systemic expansion need to be the responsibility of both sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It has a weak capacity to speak with one voice and present strong evidence to the two respective national governments, other than claiming that what is good for a given part of its territory is ultimately good for the country. The closest Western Scandinavia has gotten to a form of politically integrated governance body was the “Scandinavian Arena” (DSA), a cross-border political co-operation body, which also initiated the 8 Million City project and served as a steering group for the project (discussed earlier). Although the 8 Million City project allowed for a substantial amount of innovative thinking and data mining, it never managed to put together a full, coherent cost-benefit analysis covering the entire high-speed coastal rail corridor it was advocating for (Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The system includes a mobile health library consisting of locally relevant clinical and public health information with easy-to-use navigation tools for mobile devices, and a mobile health library portal that enables users to download new clinical and public health content using mobile devices through an Internet connection. Embedding the MHIS within the ECDOH and transferring the technology and content were key goals for FHI 360 from the outset. The project started in 2008 and will continue through 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This consultation produced a key document, the “Statement of Roles and Responsibilities,” (SNC, 1997) which helped achieve a successful trading programme. This document stated agreed-to facts, such as recognition of the trading programme as a pilot, the need for more flexible approaches to pollution control and the ability to achieve greater reductions in contaminant loading. It was signed by local agricultural organisations, the Provincial government and SNC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2009), China Statistical Abstract. Both the nature of rural poverty and the instruments of poverty alleviation differ from previous phases. Therefore, the poverty-alleviation strategy emphasised targeting households and helping the poor through the social security system rather than through regional development programmes. In recent years, Dibao programme has been piloted in rural areas in order to set up a safety net for the poor in rural China.10 In 2008, the Chinese government raised the rural poverty line significantly, which means that the government’s poverty-alleviation efforts are going to cover more low-income people, including rural poor, in the Dibao programme (Table 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, eleven countries are known to have conducted two or more surveys, providing an opportunity to compare findings over time.8 This data suggest that the median availability of generics in public sector facilities rose in Lebanon, Sudan, Uganda, Tajikistan and Indonesia. The greatest increase was seen in Lebanon, where availability grew from 8.4 per cent in 2004 to 70.0 per cent in 2013 (figure 3). There was little change in Tanzania, Ethiopia and Shaanxi Province. The availability of generics decreased in Mongolia and Ukraine. In the more recent survey, only three of the countries (Tajikistan, Ukraine and Sudan) were found to have availability of generics of 80 per cent or greater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From time to time, a crime involving sexual violence against a minor is given excessive news coverage producing a strong social rejection and generating proposals for reforms to enlarge the scope of the criminal law. These proposals usually include the establishment of life imprisonment for such a crimes underthe idea that those who commit them are dangerous offenders, incapables of being rehabilitated, and, therefore, subject to incapacitation as the only possible aim of punishment. Then, this work, through the dialectic method and empirical research, analyses the scientific foundations of such proposals and,consequently, its acceptance and use in penal policy, with special emphasis on the last of the constructions regarding that subject: the sexually violent predator. In this regard, it is concluded that future behaviour cannot be predicted and there is no such thing as incorrigible people.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.2018.v25.a57
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The country has made progress in learning how to elaborate pluri-annual plans and monitor the implementation of innovation policy. Nevertheless, major challenges remain: especially in guaranteeing pluri-annual budgeting for innovation, in improving the co-ordination of the promotion of science, technology and innovation with the national development strategy, and in scaling up initiatives in key priority areas. This chapter focuses on: i) the institutional setting and governance for innovation policy, ii) the national innovation strategy and policy mix as outlined in Panama's National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (PENCYT) 2010-2014, and iii) the main implementation challenges. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Human geography articles published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers over the past century have gone through several overlapping phases that include Darwinian environmentalist approaches during the early part of the century, a strongly antideterminist cultural geography influenced by Carl Sauer at midcentury, and a science of “space” supported by quantitative methods in the postwar period. All three approaches take a regional perspective, although with very different definitions of the region. During the 1970s, regional and quantitative methods remained strong, although humanism and Marxism became the two dominant methodologies. Since the 1980s, and the emergence of a variety of poststructuralist perspectives, these two approaches no longer run on separate tracks. The past two decades have seen the rather later influence of feminism and antiracism as major themes in the Annals, as well as strengthening of economic and political theories. Presidential addresses have played an importa...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Implementation of criminal sanctions in the Act No. 28 Year 2007 on General Rules of Taxation, give rise to legal issues in conceptual level. That the Tax Law, is a part of the State Administration Law, requiring forceful measures for taxpayers, especially the Taxable Entrepreneur, which in principle is a form of criminalization of administrative behavior. Criminal Law, through the principle of legality, wants   a norm setting strict sanctions and obviously in the legislation, it appears to be broken in the Act No. 28 Year 2007 on General Rules of Taxation. Parameters of the crime of taxation is limited only by the elements of negligence and intentional, with the implementation under based on discretion of of the competent institution. Thus, gave rise the transactional behavior in a practical level. Therefore, the principle of ultimum remedium, becomes extremely important to avoid the use of arbitrary of discretion .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the 2002-2008 period, the rise in employment contributed to earnings growth, but less so than the change in the remuneration of those employed. Colombia, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay are exceptions, as employment among poor households increased in the recent period (see figure 1.6). The percentage of the population analysed is the same in both periods and corresponds to the poverty rate in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, it also introduces differences between the protected and unprotected segments of the labour force. Moreover, it can affect levels of employment, at least in the protected sector. As remarked by Freeman (2009), employment protection laws essentially deal with property rights at work - whether the worker or the firm owns the job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ECE Committee on Forests and the Forest Industry, the FAO European Forestry Commission, the Governments of the authors' country and the ECE/FAO secretariat, are neither responsible for the opinions expressed, nor the facts presented, nor the conclusions and recommendations in the Discussion Paper. They are distributed automatically to nominated forestry libraries and information centres in member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, in the United States, Burtless (2009) reports that changes in the population’s age structure, living arrangements and ethnic mix contributed only a small share of the rise in inequality between 1979 and 2004: only around 15% of the overall rise in inequality was explained by demographic change with the rise in single-adult households (rather than the ageing population) being the more important contributor. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (1995) too finds household structures had little influence on the growth in household inequality in the 1980s. Across countries, differences in family structure also do little to explain cross-country differences in poverty rates or inequality (Jantti, 1997, Pasqua, 2008, Harkness, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In part, this is because the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has pushed for reductions in public-sector spending via the conditionalities it imposes on those poor countries that must borrow from it, rather than from private capital markets, during crises. In the recent crisis,for example, the IMF required budget reductions in a number of developing countries—Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ghana, Latvia and Mali, among others (Weisbrot et al. The costs in terms of lost services and employment are painfully high amongst those who have the least savings and assets to weather economic storms, including women. The economic costs of procyclical (contractionary) policies relate to the negative economy-wide effects resulting from persistent high unemployment rates. Of great concern is that longterm unemployment contributes to skills erosion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The National Action Plan of Palestine was endorsed further to Decision No. In addition, the Sudan established a Committee for Women and Peace within its General Directorate for Women and the Family. Articles 4 and 43 of the Tunisian Republic’s Loi organique relative a l'instauration de la justice transitionnelle et a son organisation [Organic law pertaining to the establishment of transitional justice and its organisation], available from httn://w ww.ihei.org/wn-conieni/unloads/2014A)2/Loi-iustice-transitionnelle-Tunisie.pdf.) The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women later adopted General Recommendation No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)