albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For the poorest households, social assistance accounts for almost 20 per cent of total household consumption. Looking at the different programmes separately, social allowances have the largest impact. They account for 23 per cent of total consumption among the poorest households that receive social allowances. In the absence of social assistance, the poverty rate would have been three percentage points higher, representing a relative reduction of 19 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
New trends were emerging, characterised by the growing diversity of regions of emigration and immigration and the emergence of transit countries, and the beginning of emigration from the Senegal groundnut basin, heralding the growth of the Mouride diaspora,21 and the emigration of natives from the major urban centres. Dakar thus became the foremost region for Senegalese emigration, overtaking the Senegal River basin, the traditional region for emigration towards Africa and Europe (Robin, Lalou and Ndiaye, 1999). Climatic and chronic agricultural crises, spreading into urban areas by a growing rural exodus, were succeeded by long-term economic and social crises that led to political conflicts on a regional scale. From 1973-74, the western European countries decided to halt all forms of immigration of workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would limit the additionality of climate finance and could potentially mean public climate finance displacing (crowding out) the private sector. Similarly, targeting climate finance on negative or low-cost mitigation activities, such as energy-efficiency measures, could crowd out the private sector unless the intervention is targeted at overcoming specific market failures. Identifying lessons learned is a key aspect of public climate finance interventions, and much effort has gone into identifying these lessons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. The Plan, formulated by the National Centre for Strategic Planning (CEPLAN), identifies biodiversity, along with water, soil, forests and hydro-biological resources, as a key natural resource for the country’s development (CEPLAN, 2011). The Plan elaborates biodiversity-specific goals, priority actions, indicators and targets, and includes cost estimates to implement the underlying programmes. The main aim of the PNDP is to achieve sustainable economic growth, through reduced dependence on natural resources, and increased productivity and formal employment (PRODUCE, 2014). The Plan recognises the importance of more effective use of natural resources, including biodiversity and forests, as a driver for the country’s economic growth. The PNDP also makes a reference to the National Environmental Action Plan and one of its five strategic objectives is “to achieve eco-efficient and competitive development of the public and private sectors, promoting national and international economic and environmental potential and opportunities".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Robert Tibbo is a prominent human rights lawyer and activist and is the defence lawyer of the National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden. This interview may be of particular interest to researchers in the field of critical management studies regarding its discussion of (1) the close relationship between whistleblowing and human rights activism, (2) the use of new systems of global mass surveillance to target activists and journalists, (3) the use of secrecy by government organisations to avoid democratic accountability in cases of human rights violations and (4) the effect of mass surveillance on freedom of expression and problems relating to increased self-censorship and political apathy. This interview with Robert Tibbo provides a helpful introductory discussion of whistleblowing and human rights activism from a key figure who has had first-hand experience in this key area of social and political struggle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, exports contracted anew after a mild recovery in Q4 2018 (Figure 1.6). Continuation of price support measures, and recent tourism incentives like visa waivers, tax breaks and free flights to second-tier destinations, should buoy private spending. On the other hand, the banking sector still exhibits pockets of vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Queuing characterizes patterns in Namibia and Uganda (although at different levels of overall U5M), while Cambodia’s pattern is mixed, showing that richer groups enjoy lower mortality rates, but the rates among poorer groups are not as extremely high as those observed in Niger. Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. What about the trends in health inequalities over time? Trend analysis requires at least two different data points, and only a handful of developing countries have conducted health surveys whose results are comparable at two or more different points in time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Life expectancy at age 65 is also much lower than the OECD average, at 18.6 years for females and 13.7 for males in Latvia, compared to 21.1 and 17.8 OECD averages, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate among men is 1.9 times greater than the rate among women. More specifically, mortality for men across all age groups is 6.9 times higher than women for suicide, 3.2 times higher for transport accident, 2.1 times higher for cancer, 1.8 times higher for ischemic heart diseases and 1.3 times higher for stroke.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some cases the savings in water achieved by more efficient irrigation have been used by farmers to irrigate larger areas of land. Investment in detecting and repairing leaks is important, and improvements to the construction and maintenance of water supply systems have reduced leakage losses throughout the sub-region. In the past 10 to 15 years, 30-50% reductions in leakage have been achieved in the Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands and Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the concluding observations examined in thissurvey.all the committees frequently expressed concern at the absolute ban on abortions and the lack of availability of free contraception, and stress the right to reproductive health.95 In LC v Peru the CEDAW Committee required the State party to provide an appropriate legal framework for therapeutic abortion providing for rapid decision-making to avoid risk to the pregnant mother. This decision related to a situation where a 13-year-old girl, pregnant following rape and injured after an attempted suicide. Thus in the concluding observations in this study the CRPD Committee consistently calls for States to insist on informed choice on the part of women with disabilities in relation to both abortion and sterilization. Concluding Observations China First Periodic Report.” Concluding Observations Spain First Periodic Report."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The inflows into skilled agriculture (1.5 million) do not offset this outflow, which results in a -1% growth rate. Furthermore, among both elementary occupations and professionals, prime-age workers had a relatively large downward influence on the annual growth rate when compared to other major growing occupations (Figure 3.10, Panel B). Another finding worth noting is that there was a relatively large number of new immigrants entering elementary occupations, the only occupational group in which such a relative impact can be witnessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A further White Paper will be presented to the Parliament by the end of 2008 to report on actions implemented. The North arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing (IUU-fishing) in the Barents Sea, but there has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock in the Barents Sea since 2005. The reduction is to a large extent due to implementation of measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Based on a national methodology, oblast akimats classified monotow'ns into high, medium and low categories based on their economic potential (Box 1.10). Each monotown also prepared a “Comprehensive Development Plan” (hereafter, CDP, or Compleksnie programmi razvitia, in Russian) that details capital investments required to upgrade urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks and housing) and investment projects that could contribute to diversifying the town’s economic structure. Most CDPs have the same target indicators: unemployment rate, number of SMEs with a real business activity, investments in fixed assets by companies, rate of degraded municipal utility (water, sewage, district heating) and electricity distribution networks. Sometimes industrial output (in volume) or population numbers are also target indicators. However, of 27 monotowns, only two (Janatass and Arkalik) are classified as having low' economic potential. Other monotowns have high or medium economic potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They use acts of violence and a series of behaviours, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, isolation, etc. They choose their tactics carefully: some destroy property, some rely on threats of abuse, and some threaten children. Any man who disregards a women’s “no” is raping her. Withdrawing support for the prosecution of her abuser may appear to be her safest short-term choice in a context of many difficult choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Children’s right to agency in what they consider their paramount interests would result in social protection that would be both anticipatory and transformative. With nearly 1.3 million orphans, Zambia has the highest proportion of orphans in the world. Evidence demonstrates that grandmothers care for approximately 43 per cent of the 845,546 HIV orphans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For the CV, the TEV for the short improvement to obtain good quality, is estimated to be between 138-150 million DKK per year (18-20 million EURO). For the large improvement the TEV is estimated to be between 200-223 million DKK per year (27-30 million EURO). For the CE, the TEV is more than 3 times as large as for the CV to obtain a good quality, 489 million DKK per year (66 million EURO). To obtain a very good quality (using CE) the TEV is 664 million DKK per year (89 million EURO). We do not go into details about the methodological challenges in the methods in general or the studies in particular here(see appendix 1 for some further discussion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As part of the women in leadership programme, MWA champions evidence and research to demonstrate the downsides of these norms. As stated by MWA, unconscious bias in the way that we see and evaluate women creates invisible barriers to women’s leadership (MWA 2013). Related to the social norms described previously, unconscious bias often manifests in the behaviour of senior leaders and decision-makers, whose negative attitudes may hinder the progression of women into senior roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Waste collection coverage in Ulaanbaatar is estimated to be 90-95 per cent. Typically, several companies or units of municipal companies serve a town. In 2015, there were 23 collection companies/units with around 250 vehicles operating in Ulaanbaatar. The total number of vehicles used for MSW collection in Mongolia was 773 in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Survey estimates that developing countries will require a little over $1 trillion a year in incremental green investment. While a large proportion of the incremental investment would ultimately be financed from developing countries’ public and private resources, international financing will be indispensable, particularly in the early years, in jump-starting green investment and financing the adoption of external technologies. The Copenhagen pledges do not appear to match the required scaling up of the global effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent evidence of deteriorating health indicators in mental health and infectious diseases (Box 2.6) highlight the need for maintaining critical preventive public health services, which will tend to benefit more the low-income groups who are likely to be more prone to these diseases (Karanikolos et al., Widespread tax evasion, however, distorts its distributional effects and reduces its effectiveness in terms of tax collection (Chapter 1). Based on micro-simulation analysis, Leventi and Matsaganis (2013b) conclude that the extended income underreporting (at an average rate of 12.2% in 2009), incurred mainly among self-employment, increases inequality and makes the tax system considerably more regressive (by around 32% on the basis of the difference in the value of redistribution indices under tax evasion and full compliance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The country anticipates that by 2025 almost the entire population will be included in the organized collection of a municipal waste system, recycled and treated waste will have grown significantly, and quantities of municipal and biodegradable waste will be much lower. The fact that the content of kitchen and biodegradable waste is higher in towns than the regional average is in line with situation observed in other countries. Waste in coastal regions shows a higher share of packaging than in continental regions, which may be caused by tourism. Variations in data may be due to the time lapse between analyses and the different regional scope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Brazil is the fifth largest cotton processing country with a 3% share of the world’s market. This is used mostly to satisfy domestic demand which is expected to increase slowly over the medium term but is not expected to surpass the levels recorded in late 2000s, when global per capita consumption of cotton reached historical highs. Brazilian meat production is expected to continue its fast growth in the coming decade. The depreciation of the Brazilian real relative to the US dollar, lower projected feed costs, improved animal genetics along with better health and nutrition, combined with an increasing domestic and international demand should sustain the projected expansion of Brazilian meat production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under the plan, some para/iscales - those financing ICBF (2%) and SENA (3%) - and the employers’ health care contributions (8.5%) will be abolished for firms employing workers with monthly wages under 10 times the monthly minimum wage. By reducing contribution rates on wages by 13.5 percentage points, the reform aims at creating between 400 000 and 1 million formal jobs. Non-wage labour costs will, however, remain above the OECD average and most other LACs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Its current research includes work on the development of wind, solar and oceanic energy. This financial support has allowed Indonesia to organise workshops, train staff in key institutions, develop the National REDD+ Strategy and set up a UN-REDD project management unit in the Ministry of Forestry. But unlike Indonesia, it is a middle-income rapidly industrialising, more urbanised country that hosts a large export-oriented electronics sector. Several decades of sustained economic expansion have greatly changed its natural environment, especially in East Malaysia where logging operations have led to deforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – This paper seeks to explain how negotiation simulation exercises can be used to develop management insights and theory in the areas of business continuity and international security.Design/methodology/approach – An extended multi‐cultural communication model for disaster and emergency management simulation exercises and a nine‐stage international security negotiation simulation exercise are outlined.Findings – The critical friendship group approach and the case study research approach can be used to provide insights into business continuity planning. Complex simulation exercises, underpinned by scenario planning, are useful with respect to providing training and educational support vis‐a‐vis crisis/disaster/emergency planning. A more focused approach to teaching the subject of negotiation, which takes into account the business‐international relations dimension and security in particular, will enable business and management students to link more firmly real world events with company‐government re...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In view of foregoing discussions, this paper addresses the questions: how does traditional and informal social protection work in the Pacific? Why is informal social protection weakening in the Pacific? How are informal and traditional social protection linked to formal social protection system? How has traditional social protection changed over the years? What role do NGOs play in social protection and social development in PICs?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Likewise, an estimate of a reasonable sustainable harvest level, taking account of unrecorded removals, would be necessary to monitor the sustainability of forest management in Armenia. Further information on social aspects of sustainable forest management, notably livelihoods of forest dependent people, are necessary for reporting commitments under the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. As a result, it is not possible to assess recent trends concerning the quantitative and qualitative status of Georgia's forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These activities are to be integrated into the city's master plan. The development of a “sustainable urban mobility plan” considers specifically the launch of light rail transit to Novopolotsk, and the development of cycle lanes, pedestrian paths, parking and transport interchanges. This project has led to the establishment of info-rooms in six locations, namely, Vileyka city, the urban-type settlements Zelva and Zhelyudok, and agro-towns Motole, Rakov and Vidonlya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Alternatively, broadcast content may be simulcast in both a DTTB and an IP network (such as LTE) to allow reception in areas where either the broadcast or IP signal cannot be received adequately. To date, however, such concepts are still under development. Such packets should be ignored by existing TV receivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The table has, in contrast to this real country-specific heterogeneity, mainly a didactic value. The private mental health care sector (psychologists or psychiatrists in private practice, depending on the country) is also open to individuals with milder disorders and sub-threshold conditions. However, the majority of mentally-ill patients in need, having at least a mild mental disorder and often being partially isolated from social and working life, do not find adequate help. The primary care practice is the location where most people with mental health conditions turn up, particularly for the first time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, traditional and cultural barriers, lack of education, lack of adequate financing and violence (especially gender-based violence). The first two provided a selection of potential answers for the respondents to choose from. The remaining four questions required a response based on the respondents’ assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Project Finance NewsWire, Discussion with four project finance bankers, moderated by Rohit Chadhry, Chadboume & Parke, pp. Investment Monitor 2Q 2010, vol. Policy instrument design to reduce financing costs in renewable energy technology projects, ECOFYS, Utrecht. Restructuring a green grid: Legal challenges to accommodate new renewable energy infrastructure. Environmental Law, 39, 977-1014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ask the pupils to respond in ways they can handle. Assess pupils through their strengths, not their weaknesses. The process helps teachers to plan and implement one lesson to accommodate all students and encourages each student to participate at his or her own level. Zone of Proximal Learning (Vygotsky):321 Everyone needs to be challenged in their learning by being placed just outside their comfort zone, so they use all their faculties to resolve a problem and learn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The scope of judicial review of administrative decisions is one of the most important issues in administrative law. The question of the scope of judicial review is a typical problem of public law. Prior to the decision of an administrative law court, there is usually a decision of a public agency. In contrast to that, civil or criminal law cases begin without a state-run decision because these courts have to judge the behavior of private persons. In Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, the Supreme Court held that if it determines Congress has not addressed the question at issue, “the court does not simply impose its own construction on the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an administrative interpretation [emphasis added].” Summarized in a simple formula, one can say that civil and criminal courts decide, while administrative and constitutional courts control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both growth and inequality in cities manifest themselves in terms of income, but also across major dimensions of people’s well-being, such as jobs and health. But a person’s zip code shapes much more of their life than their mere income. Life expectancies differ by almost 20 years across neighbourhoods in Baltimore (Baltimore City Health Department, 2015) or London (Cheshire, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While the largest shares of future health expenditures will continue to go to hospitals and physicians, smaller but faster rising components of health expenditure include government administration, retail sales of prescription medicines, investment in research and development, and private health insurance: all of which may double or more from 2009 amounts (CMS-OACT, 2010). The extent to which health care expenditures are financed by the state is a policy decision and some forecasting models explicitly consider scenarios related to the public/private cost split. For example, the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis forecast public health expenditures to reach 10% of GDP by 2015 with no policy action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although it has not always crystallized into social class formation, the social dynamic that stems from the penetration of the market has grown in importance. It is the disjuncture between the social differentiation in the marketplace, on the one hand, and the sluggishness of the governance sphere, on the other, that has led to the uprisings in the Arab world. In short, the operational demands of the economic system cannot be ignored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The very large income gains in the two main cities, Almaty and Astana, and in the oil cities of Atyrau and Aktau, led to significant rural-urban migration, especially from the northern and eastern regions.5 Out-migration from the relatively densely populated southern oblasts was more limited - indeed they received substantial temporary immigration from Uzbekistan, especially during the cotton-harvesting season - and living standards remained lower in the south. In the most comprehensive review of the data on inequality and poverty in eighteen economies in transition, Kazakhstan stands out for its increase in poverty. Rapid growth in output resulted in increased average incomes and reduced poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)