albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Kyrgyzstan joined the ENA FLEG process at the 2005 international ministerial conference held in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (21-25 November). The conference endorsed two multilateral documents: an International Declaration and an Indicative Plan of Action. On the basis of these two documents, participating countries are to develop their systems of fight with law violation in the forestry sector. After signing these documents, Kyrgyzstan expressed its readiness to work in this direction and to develop its own National Plan of Measures to combat illegal forest logging. Moreover the low introduced a five year ban on cutting, transportation, purchase, trade, logging, export and import of the specially valuable wood species (nut and juniper). This creates law enforcement issues and generally decreases managerial effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Families and households change their composition over time as individuals arrive (e.g. via birth of a child or marriage) or depart (e.g. via a child becoming non-dependent or leaving home, death or divorce). And these types of change are common (see e.g. Jenkins, 2000). Thus one can only follow individuals over time, though of course one can characterise individuals in terms of their family’s characteristics including receipt status at a given point in time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This section briefly summarises the three international outlook studies recently carried out by ECE and FAO, which contain valuable indications, based on objective and transparent analysis of trends to the middle of the twenty-first century in the three main parts of the ECE Region. Given their broad international background, their objective methods and the transparency of their processes, they may be taken as a background or reference for the outlook of the sector as a whole in the ECE Region. All three studies have a reference scenario, and alternative, or policy, scenarios, which describe how the outlook would change in differing circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The local government can facilitate the exchange of good practices and knowledge acquired though the rural-urban partnership, promoting evaluation of the initiatives and sharing information. They provide useful vehicles for translating national policy design and implementation at the local level, increasing national policy effectiveness. Also, regions and cities are responsible for much of the service delivery and public investment that determines economic growth and people’s well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is a lot that companies can do to prevent long hours. The overarching goal is to adjust workplace culture so that managers prioritise tasks, time management, and efficient output rather than time in the office. Leaders must recognise that working long hours is not necessaiy for high-quality work and may even prevent it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Two major dams have been constructed on the Black Drin in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In Neretva andTrebisnjica hydro-geological basin, hydroelectric production infrastructure includes dams and underground channels for the transfer of water, including one that transfers water across the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, to the Dubrovnik hydropower plant. There arc a number of dams in the Bulgarian part of the Maritsa/ Evros/Meris River Basin, and as many as 722 reservoirs. As far as the Sava River Basin is concerned, there are 21 dams with a reservoir capacity of over 5 million m5. Five of them have a reservoir capacity between 161 million m3 and 340 million m3 (the highest (131 m) dam in Serbia, in the Drina sub-basin, has a reservoir with a capacity of 170 million m3). In addition to altering the character of the aquatic and riparian habitats, resulting from reduced sediment transport capacity — as was reported among the main effects of the construction of Iron Gates 1 and U reservoirs — related sediment deposition has induced the gradual increase of high water levels upstream, reducing the safety of the existing flood protection system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, they are typically not included in the System of National Accounts or - in the case of activities like fetching water/fuel - are is theoretically included but often not well documented or accounted for (Folbre, 2018). In this paper, unpaid care work will be used to refer to unpaid care and domestic work. Globally, women spend three times longer on unpaid care work than men, ranging from 1.5 times longer in North American countries to 6.7 times longer in South Asian countries (see Figure 1). Research using the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI, see Box 2) finds that this unequal distribution of caring responsibilities is deeply embedded in social norms that view unpaid care work as a female prerogative (Ferrant, Pesando and Nowacka, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In sections 38 and 39, the child’s parent or guardian with parental responsibility may apply to vary or stop the protection order. The community also has a duty to report to the Local Council any abuse of rights or neglect to provide, inter alia, education.103 Practitioners may also look to the rights of the child and the guiding principles on the welfare of children provided under the Act. Uganda also enacted other laws which could be useful in preventing CEFM. Uganda, like Tanzania, is faced with the challenge of legal pluralism in relation to the laws governing marriage yet the Marriage and Divorce Bill of 2009, a law intended to govern all marriages has been and it is still pending before the parliament.109 The danger of such pluralism was manifested in an Indian case, Court on Its Own Motion (Lajja Devi) Vs. Laxmi Devi and another vs. State Maha Dev V. State, Devender @ Babli vs. State. In this case, Court found that although there were several laws on marriages, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 contained loopholes which made child marriages voidable and not void.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently, this has resulted in an upsurge in the numbers of road accidents in several countries within the region, particularly within metropolitan cities. Worldwide, road traffic takes the lives of nearly 1.3 million people every year, and injures 20-50 million more.127 According to the World Health Organization, road traffic fatalities are predicted to rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, resulting in an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year. Roads that are not capable of handling levels of traffic volume, are inadequate for the terrain, are poorly maintained and have poor visibility, can all contribute to road fatalities and injuries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
States, particularly countries of origin, can address increases in vulnerability to trafficking-related discrimination and violence against women through a range of practical measures, such as providing safe shelter with medical, psychological and legal facilities for women experiencing violence. Longer-term measures that seek to address the social, cultural and structural causes of violence are also important. These may include: reforming legislation that either discriminates against women or fails to address violence against women, ensuring the prompt investigation and prosecution of complaints related to violence against women, providing access to effective remedies for gender-based violence, and implementing initiatives aimed at educating the public and relevant officials about violence against women. Promoting and protecting the human rights of trafficked persons, migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and internally displaced persons should be at the centre of all anti-trafficking measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the Job Centres/Jobs & Benefit Offices have a limited role in determining outsourcing arrangements at the local level with Lead Contractors. For example, in Alberta, Canada, local offices are able to influence overall programme design and direction through strong interactions that take place with the department responsible for labour market policies (Froy et al., Local and regional employment staff are expected to implement broad departmental strategic priorities and objectives which have been developed on a provincial basis (without specific targets) according to local needs. The only place where hard targets are identified is in a “provincial business plan”, and these are not formally applied to the regional and local level plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A move in this direction was signalled in the new agricultural programme for 2013-20. However, these efforts are only likely to succeed if the current agricultural debt is carefully managed. In the longer run, a deeper liberalisation of the state credit system should be pursued, with a phasing-out of interest rate subsidies and down-scaling provision of public resources for credit. This would require addressing the core issues of why agricultural credit markets malfunction: the high risks in agriculture, the limited collateral opportunities, information asymmetries, and the increased transactions costs in agricultural lending (OECD, 2012c). There has been an apparent multiplication of the functions of KazAgro agencies in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Samaniego (2006) emphasises the role played by industry composition. In a vintage-capital model firms optimally reduce their workforce as they fall behind the technological frontier. As a consequence, firing restrictions are more costly in industries characterised by rapid technological change such as ICT. Countries where regulations are more stringent will therefore tend to specialise in industries where the rate of technical change is sluggish. Poschke (2009) emphasises the role of firing costs in the selection of the most efficient firms and the exit decision of low-productivity firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The region is aiming for a 20% energy intensity reduction by 2020 based on the year 2005 level. To some extent, some ASEAN member states have been looking at gradually phasing out the energy subsidies to encourage investments in energy efficiency. Moreover, most ASEAN member states should concentrate on enacting a wide range of legislation and regulations for energy conservation and environmental protection. Awareness-raising needs to be increased among the public and economy sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Introduction: Governing the World? Sophie Harman and David Williams 1. Security and Global Governance Jamie Gaskarth 2. Governing Poverty: Power, Poverty and Policy David Hulme and James Scott 3. Global Financial Governance: Taming Financial Innovation Anastasia Nesvetailova and Carlos Belli 4. Governing Corruption Charles Cater 5. Governing Trade Mark Langan 6. The Global Governance of Labour Juanita Elias 7. Governing Communications Thomas Richard Davies 8. Problems and Prospects for Health in the Twenty-First Century Adam Kamradt-Scott 9. Governing Climate Change and the Planetary Environment Carl Death 10. Governing Human Rights: Rendition, Secret Detention and Torture in the `War on Terror' Ruth Blakeley and Sam Raphael 11. Governing Forced Migration Phil Orchard Conclusion Sophie Harman and David Williams
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Irish Public Service8 remains segmented in dealing with environmental issues, as it is for other policy fields, so there is little coherence in policy development (OECD, 2008b). It will be critical to review and adapt the structures through which sustainable development policies and strategies are delivered. The Act required that several spatial plans (e.g. regional planning guidelines, development plans, local area plans and strategic development zone plans) include sustainable development objectives and be accompanied by information about their likely significant effects on the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
According to NCE (2016), USD 4 trillion per year needs to be invested in infrastructure over the next 15 years. However, incremental costs for low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure are relatively low and at around 5% of investment requirements for new and upgraded infrastructure (NCE, 2014). The private sector - including financiers from capital markets but also firms - could help bridge part of the financing gap for sustainable infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, the current expansion of the metropolitan area towards its outskirts (the fastest growing LGUs are Carcar and Danao City) create increasing demand for public transport system in these areas. Similarly, road widths are not being maintained across LGU boundaries, which precludes good, co-ordinated transportation (and land use) planning. The same types of problems can be observed in other sectors, such as water supply and sanitation (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Priority areas for action, F. Multiple crises and other emerging challenges of the Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA). In section F, climate change is examined along with environmental sustainability, economic shocks and disaster risk reduction. The monitoring of the recommendations in this section on climate change is fairly complex, since the actions do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. In order to monitor these actions we propose, first, to identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the least developed countries (LDCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The unemployment rate is consistently higher than the already high national average, 27.8% vs. 24.6% respectively, and unequally distributed between population groups (see Figure 2.1.). A high proportion of discouraged workers, 7.8% of the labour force (90 795 people in 2009), have given up searching for employment. Agricultural and mining employment has dropped, reducing the availability of employment opportunities for the less or non-qualified job seekers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To achieve this objective, they should be protected from political influence and insulated from the regulated companies. That is, regulators should be both politically and functionally independent and not subordinate to any public body (ECRB, 2015). Transparency and fair treatment are important during the market reform phase that the SEE economies are undergoing, as the task of adopting legislation and developing policy is central.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On May 31, 2016, the Supreme Court decided United States Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. (Hawkes), holding that Jurisdictional Determinations (JDs) made by the Corps are final agency actions subject to judicial review under the Administrative Procedure Act. Following the Court’s decision in Sackett v. EPA (Sackett) in 2012, also involving a dispute as to whether certain lands were wetlands subject to Clean Water Act jurisdiction, this outcome was not surprising, but the Court’s opinion and the accompanying concurring opinions still leave much open to question regarding how the term “final agency action” in the APA is to be interpreted. This article will discuss first what the Court has decided and what it has suggested, and then it will discuss the questions left open and suggest how they might be answered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
El Salvador, Paraguay and Uruguay, several of which showed the largest gains in this source, reported increases both in average income per recipient and in coverage. In the other countries, the outcome resulted from a rise in one factor combined with a fall in the other (see figure 11.8). Within this framework, it is possible to analyse different combinations of inequality reduction and average income growth that could produce a particular poverty rate, and then assess whether those conditions are in line with the trends observed in recent years. Goal 1 is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere and sets targets for achieving that. Target 1.1 is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By 2014, these eight countries accounted for over 51% of the total. Within some emerging countries, notably Indonesia and China, the growth in PSE has been driven by a growth in the use of policies that are most distortionary in terms of their impact on trade - including market price support, output based payments and input subsidies. Other emerging economies, such as Brazil, show both a falling PSE and a shift tow'ards decoupled payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite this, no women were included in peace talks held in Townsville in 2000. Although women welcomed RAMSI’s arrival and the immediate effect it had on curbing lawlessness in the capital, women leaders feel marginalised in the peace-building process’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). They also played a more active role, crossing boundaries to talk and pray with the warring groups (Kabutaulaka 2002:23). In May 2000, women, especially those in Honiara, formed women’s peace groups and were later contacted by women around Guadalcanal who joined them in their peace work to resolve the crisis (ibid.). The conflict exposed introduced systems, intended to uphold the rule of law, as weak and irrelevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
How these pathways play out depends on intra-household gender dynamics, which are in turn are affected by local gender regimes and socio-economic inequalities within a setting or beneficiary population. Likewise, programs that generate smaller shifts in relationship power appear more easily accepted by men than those catalysing larger disruptions (Wasilkowska 2011, Slate and Mphale 2008, Maldonado 2005). For example, Buller and colleagues (2016) note that increased cash and in-kind transfers to women was accepted by Colombian and Ecuadorian men in part because it was intended for children’s nutrition, a domain already within the domestic r esponsibilities of women. Indeed, how' a program is ‘‘framed” and the meaning imbued to cash by a program’s stated intent (e.g. for women’s entrepreneurship versus child health) may influence the transfer’s impact on gender dynamics and IPV as much as any other program feature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Four groups of actors can be identified within the value chain: PVC polymer producers, stabilizer producers, plasticizer producers and PVC converters.10 PVC converters manufacture products made from PVC. The member organization European Plastics Converters (EuPC) consists of four divisions: packaging, building and construction, automotive and transport, and technical parts. The members are national plastics processing associations representing the plastics converting industry. Members from the Nordic countries are: Norwegian Plastics Association (Plastindustriforbundet), Danish Plastic Federation (Plastindustrien), and Swedish Plastics Association (IKEM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
And that is why we need both macroeconomic and global frameworks. In order to meet the basic needs of the world population, such frameworks must still take into account the "old” objectives of better global and national income distributions. This course of action could be stimulated at the macrolevel by making development policies greener and at the microlevel by focusing on the creation of a new financial structure. In some cases, where a basic needs-type strategy had been implemented in practice, as in Sri Lanka in the 1970s, it was seen (by some) to hamper growth by de-emphasizing investment and industrial development (Grindle, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the 2011 round of assessments in mathematics and science, Danish students scored above the TIMMS scale centrepoint, but below the TIMMS Advanced and High International Benchmarks. In the reading assessment, Danish students reached excellent results above the PIRLS scale centrepoint and the PIRLS High International Benchmark. This result places Denmark among the top eleven high-achieving countries. Over time, Denmark has increased its performance in mathematics and science (between 2007 and 2011) as well as in reading (between 2006 and 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Catchments are much smaller and are aggregated into river basin scale to satisfy the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000). Rivers and wetlands of national and international significance are protected and improved by means of the most cost-effective measures. For non-designated rivers, action must be cost-beneficial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Currently, some of the most extensive uses of the loT in developing countries are in projects where the objectives include the improvement of clean water delivery and/or sanitation. The wireless COMMON-Sense Net has been deployed over a small area of two acres to measure temperature, humidity, ambient light, and barometric pressure in rural Karnataka. Soil moisture has been measured with a special probe since April 2005.,4 Data from the sensors are visualized on the project's website for real-time monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After a short description of CVD and diabetes, it will examine trends in mortality and morbidity. It summarises recent findings that seek to explain some of these recent trends. This chapter will also assess the mortality and morbidity burden across countries according to gender and age. Finally, this chapter will describe the economic burden in terms of direct health care cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the Land Act of 1902, property could be transferred only to Norwegian citizens (i.e., persons able to speak, read and write Norwegian), and proficiency in the Norwegian language continued to be a criterion for buying or leasing state land until the 1940s. For almost a century, the Sami language was prohibited in Norwegian schools, from 1860 to 1959. It takes time to fundamentally change general frameworks in politics, legislation and ordinances, as well as myths and attitudes, to appropriately redress and reclaim Sami culture, language, traditions and social needs, including equitable access to health care, education and employment and other determinants of health. Many people remain influenced by past assimilation policies despite the official legislation and policies having been reversed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In July 2009 the European Parliament voted to ban the importation of seal products, reckoning that the hunt was cruel. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List labels the harp seal as of “least concern” but cautions that the species is threatened by climate change due to its dependence on pack ice. The hooded seal is classified as vulnerable on the Norwegian 2006 Red List. Quotas are based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One of these ‘horizontal’ funds is an infrastructure fund aimed at supporting the improvement of academic research infrastructure. The entire program had approximately BRLS300 million at its disposal in 2002 (de Negri et al, 2006). In 2011, the Green-Yellow Fund alone was able to disburse over BRLS330 million, while the size of the entire Sectorial Funds grew to BRLS3.2 billion (Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inova^ao, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This policy seeks to guide the Caribbean community in its pursuit of a sustainable energy sector and has a renewable energy (RE) target of an overall 47 per cent share in the region by 2027. Regional and national governing bodies must be proactive in implementing policy frameworks that promote the investments needed to encourage energy efficiency improvements and allow renewable energy projects to take hold. Instead, policy-makers must design and implement an appropriate policy mix that matches unique domestic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)