albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Unconditional cash transfers, now widely diffused in the most affected countries of sub-Saharan Africa are good examples given their potential to affect the underlying causes of HIV diffusion among young children. Indeed, a study by UNICEF (2007) on three cash transfers (Kalomo in Zambia, Mchinji in Malawi, and the social cash transfers in South Africa) show that the potential of such programmes is higher in contexts where most (around 70 per cent) of their targeted households (and the children within them) are affected by HIV/AIDS. Zomba Conditional Cash Transfer in Malawi Context: Malawi is one of the poorest countries within Sub-Saharan Africa and one of the countries with the highest rates of HIV prevalence in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is based on a three-point scoring system that scores aid as principal (with regard to targeting gender equality), significant (i.e. gender-mainstreamed), or not targeted. The data generated by the DAC gender equality policy marker provide an estimate of aid in support of gender equality, but are not an exact quantification. The infrastructure covered in this study includes the four sectors of transport and storage, energy, communications and water and sanitation. Overall, donors committed over USD 6.7 billion to gender equality, representing 28% of total aid, in these four sectors on average per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the World Bank's World Development Report 2016: Digital dividends points out, "More households in developing countries own a mobile phone than have access to electricity or clean water, and nearly 70 per cent of the bottom fifth of the population in developing countries own a mobile phone." Connectivity via mobile may have a long way to go to shrink the divide. However, as smartphone adoption skyrockets in many countries, including emerging economies,11 it is easy to imagine how central access will be or is already. Many countries do not collect relevant data and, even if they do, the age range used to estimate 'children' often varies, posing challenges to uniformity in data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Pessar and Mahler 2003, Kunz 2011. See, for example, the case of Morocco-ltaly (Salih 2001). The National Population Census 2011 shows that about 13 per cent of the absentee population is composed of women, almost 3 fold increase in absolute number since the 2001 census. Many of these violations are linked to the kafala (sponsorship) system, which requires workers to have a sponsor - usually the employer herself-who is responsible for their visa and legal status and hence ‘owns’the employee, since (s)he is not allowed to change workplace or employer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The modern State was founded on a sharp separation between the public and private spheres and on a hierarchical gender order. Politicizing the private (in the twofold sense of making it an object of policy and conceiving it as a space of power and negotiation) is part of the equality agenda we are proposing here. This is an extreme expression of discrimination against women and of their lack of autonomy, not only physical autonomy, but also economic and decision-making autonomy. Violence against women cannot be analysed and tackled in isolation, but must be considered bound up with the economic, social and cultural inequality that operate in the power relations between men and women, which are in turn mirrored in inequality of resources in the private and public domains and are directly related to the unequal distribution of labour, especially unpaid domestic work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The author makes two claims in this paper. First, there appears to be an increase in indications of inconsistency (“IoIs”) across the common law world. Second, this increase is a normatively concerning turn in judicial practice. IoIs are judicial statements which, either explicitly or by implication, indicate that primary legislation is incompatible with certain protected human rights or civil liberties. They are related to, but stop short of, the formal remedies known as declarations of inconsistency (“DoIs”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries' educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
“Employment at Will” (EAW) is an American common-law doctrine that governs a majority of employment relationships in the private sector of the economy in the United States (www.workplacefairness.org). Indeed, the United States is the only industrialized country that has such a doctrine. In the absence of an express contract, EAW specifies the terms of the employment relationship, i.e., essentially, that there are no terms – that either the employer or the employee can change the employment relationship at any time, for any reason, for no reason, just not for a reason contrary to law. Unlike employment relationships in the private sector, employees in the public sector are guaranteed due-process procedures and protection for whistleblowing.      Keywords:    business ethics,  corporate governance,  rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Farmers benefit directly: they earn higher incomes and can use the extra production to enhance their own household food consumption. In a second round of benefits, productivity growth enables farmers to hire additional workers and buy other goods and services, creating "multiplier effects" that can ripple throughout the economy, stimulating overall economic growth and reducing poverty (Hayami etal., Growth in agriculture reduces 1 dollar-a-day headcount poverty more than three times faster than growth in non-agricultural sectors (Christiaensen, Demery and Kuhl, 2011). For example, relatively strong, sustained per capita income growth of 2.5 percent per year for 20 years (a total of approximately 65 percent increase in income), would reduce the prevalence of underweight among children in developing countries by only 27 percent (Fladdad et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Because it catalogues where these partnerships have been deployed, it focuses largely on North American examples where many of these pilot programmes have been initiated. Examples include Lyft (and Uber, at the outset) offered as an option in Los Angeles Department of Transport Go LA app designed by Xerox and in the Dallas Area Rapid Transit trip planning app. These initiatives are analogous to those offered by several commercial third-party routing apps described in Chapter 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, procedures that might be expected to be covered, such as thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures are not included A failure to make such services systematically available limits access to good quality care. Public funding only accounted for 57% of health spending in 2015, the second lowest share in the EU after Bulgaria (Figure 12). Nearly all of the rest (42%) is paid out of pocket by patients themselves This is the third highest share in the EU after Cyprus and Bulgaria, and nearly three times the EU average of 15% These large out-of-pocket payments constitute a substantial barrier to accessing medical care for many Latvians, as reflected in the high levels of unmet medical and dental care needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In middle-income Latin American and transition economies, social insurance systems which are mature, albeit limited in coverage, ensure coverage at the top of income distribution. In other regions, coverage for the better off is achieved mostly through private expenditure and self-insurance in the form of savings. These innovative instruments need to be complemented by more traditional transfers and support for those of working age who are unable to work and for the elderly, for whom employment generation and conditions aiming at improving human capital make less sense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Appraises the classic rights based theory of the constitution and whether it can be used to explain judicial review. Describes the characteristics of classic rights based theory, in particular its relationship to common law constitutionalism. Examines the approach taken to fundamental rights in cases heard both before and after the coming into force of the Human Rights Act 1998. Reflects on the nature of judicial review, arguing that it is based more on the concept of legitimacy than the protection of rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTThis article examines the development of hacking and cybersecurity software packages as commodities, based on an international political economy of vendors and clients operating in the interstices of international law. Offensive hacking and defensive cybersecurity tools offer new means for surveillance of critics, journalists, and human rights workers, especially in corrupt or authoritarian political systems. The article provides a case study of the Hacking Team, an international “cybersecurity” firm offering spyware and surveillance systems to government security agencies, which was itself hacked and “doxed” in 2015. The leak of documents contributes new knowledge of an international political economy for software products, which exploits the digital rights of targets and which could further undermine general Internet security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security. Text from FAO (2006), Briefing Note “Food Security". There are other individuals and households that suffer a transitory or temporary decline in their access to adequate food. This temporary or transitory disruption can be due to shocks that affect income, assets or infrastructure and it has been denominated “transitory” food insecurity by the World Bank (1986). The use of this term highlights the different nature of the stability dimension of food security. The risk of transitory lack of access to food is due to potential shocks affecting individuals who normally have adequate access to food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite the importance of women’s wage labour in family economies, employment is one of the areas in which there are still the widest gender gaps, reflected in lower remuneration, low returns on education and predominance of informal and low-productivity work (ECLAC, 2007d). In this sense, the inclusion of the employment target in the Millennium Development Goals represents a significant step forward. It is thus recognized that the creation of quality jobs and equality between men and women are central goals of the development agenda and, at the same time, a prerequisite for the attainment of the other Goals (ECLAC, 2007a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This can lead to low use of capacity and high costs per bed and per case. The situation is made worse when limited local supply combines with poor transport facilities and networks. Medical aviation was not well developed during the Soviet period and completely died out during the transition due to lack of financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its construction led to the creation of Lake Assad, the country's largest water reservoir30 with a projected capacity to irrigate 640.000 ha of land.3' The third-largest dam on the Euphrates in Syria, the Baath Dam. In addition, two development projects in the Balikh/Jallab sub-basins use water imported from Lake Assad, while water from the Sajur River is also used for irrigation. This volume should be added to the 3,586 MCM used in operational irrigation projects.31 Official data states that 206,987 ha were irrigated by the Euphrates River in 2010 (Figure 8) in addition to 59,550 ha from the Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers, amounting to almost 270,000 ha.37 Applying a commonly accepted rate for irrigation requirements,38 this suggests an irrigation water use of about 2,700 MCM from the Euphrates, Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to ECLAC estimates, between 2002 and 2014 poverty and extreme poverty both fell considerably in the region: the poverty rate from 44.5% to 27.8%, and the extreme poverty rate from 11.2% to 7.8%, with the steepest fall occurring in the first half of that period. However, in 2015 and again in 2016 both rates rose, representing a setback that was especially severe in the case of extreme poverty. In turn, the extreme poverty rate will likely remain at the same level as in 2017, which would push up the numbers living in this situation by around 1 million. A range of procedures and assumptions are adopted for these measurements, which gives them the specificity necessary for use in the national context, but limits their comparability between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The expression "national security" or its close similes lacks a precise meaning, even in the public policy literature. Nevertheless, the concept appears in over 30 federal statutes. In most instances, the term is undefined, an important oversight in light of the significant powers these statutes accord the government. Under these circumstances, how courts review government invocations of "national security" is of real importance. With some exceptions, courts applying s. 7 of the Charter and standard administrative law doctrines have accorded substantial deference to government national security determinations. When largely deferential substantive review of the ambiguous concept of national security is coupled with the ex parti and in camera context in which these cases are often heard, the net effect is to leave government with a freer hand in national security matters than in other domains of administrative decision making. Several possible responses to this problem are proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Younger and better educated women have more opportunities to start their own business in the emerging knowledge-based economy. According to the study of Adrien et al. ( Between 2001 and 2004, revenue growth for firms run by single self-employed women rose by a cumulative 70% - three times faster than revenue growth among firms run by married women (CIBC, 2005). Third, better educated women are becoming the majority in most fields, they are gaining ground in traditional men’s areas such as business, natural and applied sciences, and engineering, they are entering in new growth sectors such as finance, insurance and real estate, and the growth rate of women’s self-employment in the emerging sectors related to the knowledge-based economy including health, social services and business services is rising (Adrien et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
She sold the cow's milk and used the money to pay for her own schooling and that of her brother. Stories like Sanchita's serve as beacons of hope - and as tangible proof that investments in girls can result in significant economic and social change. Girls around the world are putting the Girl Effect into motion when they are given the tools to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Police misconduct and corruption have the potential to erode public trust and confidence in both policing and government agencies. Repeat accounts of law enforcement officials engaging in deviant acts have prompted greater citizen involvement in the review of officer behavior. However, citizen oversight has had a contentious history in both the USA and Canada, with most challenges expressed by law enforcement officers whose behavior often comes under scrutiny. This article provides a review of how citizen oversight has evolved in both nations, as well as an examination of contemporary models of this accountability practice. This review reveals that operational differences exist between the different oversight models and that external factors such as political, police, and public support, as well as budgetary considerations also impact the procedural outcomes of citizen oversight. We conclude with a discussion of the future prospects and challenges to citizen oversight of the police.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The research note attempts to compare the law enforcement work of the Serious and Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) to that of its predecessor, the National Crime Squad, within the context of the extra financial resources given to the former. In so doing it raises interesting questions about the efficiency of the SOCA and the usefulness of official annual reports in the process of accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Causa, de Serres and Ruiz (2014) for details. However, a number of factors could explain the relatively low elasticity obtained over the sample examined. Severe under-representation of top-income household could account in part the low elasticity even at the level of average household if this group has benefited from a growing share of total income, as has been documented in several countries (OECD, 2011b). Again, insofar as the share of profits distributed in the form of capital gains has been rising during the period examined, this would result in measured household income growing less rapidly than GDP per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main consequences of the decline in fertility and mortality rates have been slower population growth and the transformation of the age pyramid to reflect an ageing population (ECLAC. This ageing process has an inescapable gender dimension: not only because women are a majority among older persons, but also because they are the primary caregivers for the very elderly, and because women are also much more likely to lack economic autonomy in old age then men. At present, they reproduce and intensify discrimination and inequities originating in other areas —the labour market, for example— without substantially contributing to the closure of gender gaps or to the promotion of distributive justice (Rico, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of note, qualitative evidence from the target population finds that many women believe the balance of benefits to risks is acceptable and welcome the opportunity to take part in breast screening (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012). What is still lacking, however, is a national population-based system that issues personalised invitations to all Czech citizens regularly, based on age, gender and screening history. The plan has a number of objectives all linked to the ultimate aim of reducing the burden of cancer in the Czech Republic, including improving rates of early diagnosis, in part through more effective screening, accrediting treatment centres on the basis of workforce skills, equipment, self-evaluation and communication, and encouraging research and innovation. The Czech Society for Oncology exists as a professional network, a significant part of whose work is dedicated to supporting patients through education and information, including around screening and prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper contends that history of education should be a required part of teacher preparation. The discipline’s languishing status in schools of education is widespread, and should be seen in relation to the general decline of humanities and social science subjects as foundations of teacher training. This paper examines the reasons for the disappearance of mandatory history of education courses in teacher preparation, and argues that a misrepresentation of the relationship between theory and practice permits a view of history as not immediately applicable to classroom concerns, and thus expendable in a curriculum driven largely by utilitarian concerns of accountability. Ii recommends strategies for reintroducing history of education courses into teacher education programmes in such a way as to develop habits of mind that promote critical and reflective inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regions will be hit differently. They are illustrated by recent developments in European water and related policies, which are at odds with the prevailing Dutch approach to water management. The challenge will be to stimulate the take up of new approaches to water management and to avoid building new path dependencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, mass media provide an incomplete indication of correlations between events and resulting actions. Finally, human interpretation of specific events could influence data processing and the results of the assessment, although this can be reduced somewhat through expert participation. Among the security of supply aspects evaluated were included cost effectiveness and fuel reserves, besides reducing national CO2 emissions. Nuclear energy in the Japanese situation decreases fossil fuel imports and total power generation costs, which consequently boosts national macro economy by stimulating consumption through increased investment and lower consumer electricity prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Luxembourg has been slow to implement certain laws (the Sustainable Development Plan, sectoral master plans) and European directives. For example, there are gaps in Luxembourg’s implementation of the Seveso Directive, which calls for external emergency plans that entail active obligations to notify local residents. Over the period 1990-2007, its economy grew strongly, with GDP rising by 118% for an average of 4.7% per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While most fisheries have been brought into alignment with multiple elements of the SSF, additional work remains. In October of 2017, Canada announced that it has achieved the 5% target. The review is focused on gaps in protection under the current legislation and on how to incorporate modem safeguards to protect and conserve fish and fish habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is expected that a more balanced development across regions could serve to reduce income inequality at the micro level. Indeed, the residuals explain more than half of inequality in 2001, and 45.8% in 2005. Labour market discrimination, for example, could be one of the residual variables. However, the unexplained part decreased from 2001 to 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Explaining the reason for eating unsafe food, a respondent said that it was cheaper to eat a purchased bun than making one at home and that the poor had to live with this food and shouldn’t be bothered about freshness or hygiene. A good number of people (23 per cent) also admitted to having had diarrhoea, while 8 per cent reported vomiting and another 8 per cent reported having had both diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the purchased food. In fact, the deprivation of the urban poor is worse than that of the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Who chooses who does what and who gets what? Why should policy makers care about men and women having equal opportunities to participate in paid work? In Becker’s rational choice model, the family is viewed as a single entity with common preferences. All family members work together to maximise the well-being of the family unit, and to achieve maximum returns, Becker argues, members participate in a strict “sexual division of labour” -one partner (typically the man) specialises in paid labour, while the other (typically the woman) specialises in unpaid housework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Under article 2 (3), quoted above, States are obliged to design development policies through a process of participation. A second approach to participation emphasizes the perspectives of right holders. Article 8 (2) of the Declaration says: "States should encourage popular participation in all spheres as an important factor in development and in the full realization of all human rights."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)