albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The draft PPP Law proposes the creation of a PPP Unit within the Ministry of Finance and a Partnership Council whose secretariat would be the PPP Unit. A small PPP Unit currently exists in the Ministry of Finance, but it is still not fully operational nor does it have a strong legal mandate. Under the draft PPP Law, a Partnership Council chaired by the Prime Minister and comprised of several ministers (Finance, Industry and Trade, Planning and International Co-operation), the Governor of the Central Bank of Jordan and the Director of the PPP Unit will be created. This council will approve or reject viability reports for PPP projects, approve or refuse the commencement of the tender process, and approve winning bidders and the final PPP contract. These functions are similar to those executed by the Economic Development Committee, a high-level, inter-ministerial body that reviews and approves mega projects. These overlaps could generate confusion for decision making on PPPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Deprivation of adequate nutrition therefore cements advantage or disadvantage among children, creating intergenerational cycles of poverty. Moreover, as women often bear the brunt of a household's domestic work, time-consuming water collection restricts them from engaging in income-generating work or educational activities. Water collection responsibilities also place women at higher risk of suffering health injuries and sexual violence. Sodal Development Policy Papers, #2018-04 (Bangkok, 2018 forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The growing number of people using social media to communicate with their peers and document their personal everyday feelings and views is creating a ‘data on an epic scale’ that provides the opportunity for social scientists to con- duct research such as ethnography, discourse and content analysis of social interactions, providing an additional insight into today’s society. However, the tools and methods required to conduct such analysis are often isolated and/or proprietary. The Cardiff Online Social Media Observatory (COSMOS) provides an integrated virtual research environment for supporting the collection, analysis, and visualization of social media data, providing researchers with an innovative facility on which to conduct hypothetical experiments that lead to defensible results. This study presents a methodology for Digital Social Research and explains how the features of COSMOS aim to underpin it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ideas from Randall Collins’s Sociology of Philosophies are applied to U.S. criminology, a policy-oriented field and one case of differentiation out of a fragmented sociological discipline. Building on previous quantitative work, in-depth interviews with eight prominent scholars provide the empirical material. As in philosophy, vertical network ties are important. Yet, they may take different forms, with consequences for the shape of horizontal networks and the nature of scholarship. Comparable to philosophy, horizontal network ties provide social capital and opportunities for interaction rituals that generate collective effervescence and emotional energy. Further, the nature of these interactions is dependent on the changing institutional environment in which they are embedded. Such institutional settings, themselves affected by changes in the political economy, also provide material resources, constituting dependencies that produce mediated effects and, in this policy-oriented field, also direct effects on the nature of scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, 16 of the 42 LDCs for which data are available had employment-to-population ratios of above 70 per cent during the period 2000-2012. The following countries had both high employment-to-population ratios (above 80 per cent) and a relatively high share of the population (above 75 per cent)12 living below the $2-per-day poverty line: Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Nepal, Rwanda and United Republic of Tanzania. In Asian LDCs and some island LDCs, women’s economic contribution may be constrained by social institutions and cultural norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indigenous peoples at boarding schools: a comparative study. Prepared for the secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Available at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/IPS_Boarding_ Schools.pdf. Randburg, South Africa: Southern Africa Regional Coordination Office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Restricted mobility also constitutes a key barrier. Needing permission from husbands or guardians to travel may limit women's ability to develop a customer base beyond their local community. There is a need to conduct further country-level research on restrictions to mobility, and on the impact of personal status laws on women’s ability to engage in business and trade activity. In a few cases, businesswomen’s associations have created online stores where women entrepreneurs can showcase their products and reach out to regional, national and international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These platforms can be different in type depending on their end-customers, inventory business model, the value unit they provide, and the extent of their open access. However, they have all grown in market reach, scope and in the communities they serve. Moreover, they have expanded from mere matchmaking to providing many more services for their customers including logistics, software and even hardware sales. Finally, with every increase in community reach, more information and knowledge is generated through them, increasing the value they provide for SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Step 97 of the “100 Concrete Steps to Implement the Five Institutional Reforms” reflects central government’s acknowledgement of the need to enhance citizen participation in the decision-making process through the development of self-regulation and local self-government. However, little evidence emerged on how this was being implemented. When a city general plan is developed, a public hearing is held to allow citizens to participate in discussions and air their comments. Cities have the duty to inform residents about the general plans and get feedback from them. This is important, as these experiences can be the foundation for civic action in major cities. The problem seems to be that there is, to some extent, a lack of interest from citizens, due to the mistrust of government in general, no methodology makes public participation an integral part of the urban planning process and implementation, citizens do not perceive a benefit from taking part in these exercises, and local government officials are not trained to engage with the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, wage gaps widened and unemployment fell, indicating that opportunities for entering the workforce and for obtaining employment increased, but only in the case of part-time work. Thus, the results in terms of the feminization of the workforce are positive both for women entering the labour market and for economic growth, but entry and employment conditions may not be favourable for women, and widening gaps and shrinking average wages could impact growth in the short run. Foir a detailed explanation of the justification for using this model, see Martin (2008). Table 1 gives the results for the variables of interest when pooled ordinary least squares and intragroup fixed effect estimator regressions were run. The other variables are given in the detailed model set out in annex A3. The Arellano-Bond test for autocorrelation does not rule out the null hypothesis of the absence of this phenomenon for the second order difference equations, which justifies the use of moment instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The river then flows through semi-arid to arid areas for over 1,500 km, with high evaporation rates and no further dilution. It has also led to the salinization of the Shatt al Arab River (see Chap. The spatial variations in salinity levels generally indicate an increasing trend of dissolved solids downstream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Electricity represents 17% of overall global energy demand and is expected to increase to 23% by 2050 (IEA, 2010b). According to the IEA BLUE Map Scenario, electricity demand is growing between 30% and 37% in OECD member countries from 2007 until 2050 compared to 104% to 509% in non-OECD regions in the same time period. Electricity provides lighting, refrigeration and appliance power that would be difficult to replace with other forms of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.” By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.” Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The distribution of earnings changes is trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles. Source: OECD calculations based on national longitudinal household and labour force surveys (UHS: China, Fedesarollo: Colombia, NIDS: South Africa) and the EU-SILC national files (Hirkey). While these conclusions hold on average, one should keep in mind that informal jobs are also extremely diverse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The activities of non-consumptive user-groups, such as bird-watchers, will not directly affect the environment (except for issues such as crowding) while the activities of consumptive user groups have a more direct impact. User groups will tend to organise along these two broader categories, seeking to build coalitions within the categories to influence policy choices (Degnbol et al., The difference between user groups and other stakeholders is important because it is the behaviour of the user groups that fisheries policy seeks to influence and to whom policy reform is primarily directed. Commercial fishers can be further divided into small-scale and large-scale fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To achieve its aims, the arrangements of the enhanced transparency framework will need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view. A shared understanding of what the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 mean and how the existing system could evolve will help to lay the groundwork for this task, together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for the work to be undertaken. I., et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ideally, long-term development policies should be able to discriminate between those who are potentially viable in the sector and those who are not, creating improved competitive conditions for the former and facilitating adjustment via diversification or exit for the latter. Generalised agricultural policies, such as price support or sector-wide input subsidies, cannot do this. Indeed they run the risk of impeding structural adjustment. Smallholder adjustment here is understood to be the optimal path to higher long-term income, be that improved competitiveness within the sector, income diversification (from agricultural or non-agricultural sources), or exit to other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, other measures may be required to ensure the required environmental flows are achieved. For example, reservoir release rules may be necessary to achieve medium or high-flow objectives at the required times, for example to ensure the higher flows required for the movement of sediment, to periodically inundate wetlands, or to trigger fish spawning or migration. Typically, senior right holders benefit from a rent situation and only use a portion of their entitlement, while new comers, who may be able to use water wisely, may be denied access to river water. The prevailing response has been supply augmentation via additional dams and reservoirs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among the lessons learned is that these experiences facilitate the access of non-indigenous people to the indigenous health system and facilitate a "dialogue of wisdoms" between men and women practitioners in the health systems. Intercultural health experiences have led to mechanisms for coordination between indigenous and official health systems even where they do not share the same facilities. The coordination is based on referral and counter-referral agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This can be especially important for young women in migrant or minority groups who experience oppression along lines other than gender. In this case, the family may represent a haven from discrimination in the outside world. The often violent conditions under the Israeli occupation have bolstered a Palestinian (neo-)patriarchy that is highly deleterious to women.44 However, a study of Palestinian women’s birthing experiences in Occupied East Jerusalem shows that husbands and family members are the most important support for young women in difficult times.45 Embattled situations can strengthen patriarchal society, while also strengthening young women’s reliance on and appreciation of family members. Young women not only participated in these protests, but many also took the lead in organizing them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, energy subsidies to fanners have detrimental impacts on groundwater management and water demand, which works against water policy effectiveness. Yet, there are some good practices that could serve as examples. Established by the General Law of Climate Change (issued on 6 June 2012), an Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CICC - Comision Intersecretarial de Cambio Climdtico) was created to co-ordinate all actions of the federal administration in relation to the formulation of national policies to prevent and mitigate climate change impacts and to promote strategies and programmes to comply with international commitments. In some municipalities, permits are granted without the need for water operators’ approval or consultation. This lack of co-ordination imposes excessive costs, which are borne, without proper retribution, by utilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data visualization examples include maps, poverty composition graphics, bubble charts of incidence and intensity, and so on. Because the MPI is additive and decomposable, and because the data it uses are directly comparable across populations, the MPI, headcount ratio (percentage of people who are poor), intensity (average deprivation score among poor people), as well as all indicator levels and trends can be disaggregated by any subgroup for which the data are representative, such as subnational region, ethnic group, age group, or other social categories. This supports the SDG goal of "leaving no one behind" and seeing whether the poorest groups are catching up over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Exercise Report, IOWave 14. Most of the gaps here - such as improving communication among key actors, participation of local communities and performance assessments - relate to good governance. Gender issues as well as the special needs of other vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and older persons also need to be taken into account. International standards proving common alert levels and colour codes in a multi-hazard approach could help facilitate this. But it is important also to build the political will and institutional commitment to ensure the necessary resources and coordination. Integrate the concept of ‘early warning as a public good’ into national planning, policy and decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It then considers the role of poverty reduction strategies in extending and complementing the ethical principles implicit in the Constitution. It ends with an assessment of the strength of the current consensus on poverty and poverty reduction. In our view, this is because ethical perspectives describe and help us assess just institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Bommelaer and Devaux (2012) list such cases: inherited orphan industrial pollution (ruins of war, sediments, sludge, dredging residues, etc.), Putting a price on water cannot compensate for such pollutions, as this would transfer the cost of pollution to agents not responsible for the externality. This first category of benefits encompasses the direct benefits received by water users such as farmers, energy producers and industrial facilities, as well as households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The GM Science Review Panel and other expert bodies recommend that GM crops that produce medical or industrial substances should be designed and grown in ways that would avoid gene flow to food and feed crops (GM Science Review Panel). The monarch butterfly controversy (Box 24 on page 71) demonstrated that it is difficult to extrapolate from laboratory studies to field conditions. Field studies have shown some differences in soil microbial community structure between Bt and non-Bt crops, but these are within the normal range of variation found between cultivars of the same crop and do not provide convincing evidence that Bt crops could be damaging to soil health in the long term (GM Science Review Panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the social and economic prerogatives of the Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) and the spatial focus of the AOMP should work in tandem, in reality, spatial master plans frequently lack considerations for social and economic questions, and investment plans based on SEDS typically do not consider their spatial implications. This lack of co-ordination between sectoral policies manifests itself even simply in the duration of the respective plans. For example, some sectoral master plans and transport plans have a longer duration than the SEDS, and therefore frequently are not reflecting the up-to-date socio-economic policy objectives of the country. The current framework, despite its considerable scope (e.g., laws, plans, strategies and programmes), is not performing as effectively as it should, due to a lack of clear hierarchical alignment among the networks of laws, government decrees and other policy documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The industrial park has succeeded in attracting sophisticated manufacturing and software companies from the centre of the country. The lower costs and higher worker productivity in the region have enabled for example the global defence electronics company Elbit to relocate the bulk of its manufacturing operations of its communications equipment for the security services to the industrial park. Other fast-growth companies include the biotech companies Etrog and Tagra.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rebecca Kadaga, first woman Speaker of the Ugandan Parliament, also agrees that there is a need to focus beyond increasing the number of women in government to increasing their effectiveness in political positions and their impact on decision-making at all levels. The following are some strategies that have proved successful at increasing women's representation in decision-making across the Commonwealth. Endorsement of political parties - After studying the political processes in the selected countries, the incremental rise of women in these countries can be directly attributed to the political parties - especially the ruling party - taking a firm decision to institutionalise mechanisms favourable to women's access into power and positions of authority in party and governance structures at all levels of decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development commits Commonwealth1 and state and territory governments to addressing access and social inclusion issues through collaborative action in skills. The National Foundation Skills Strategy for Adults (2012) aims to help working age Australians increase their English language, literacy and numeracy skills for improved economic and social participation. The Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Program provides additional funding to help universities attract, support, and retain students from disadvantaged backgrounds. These students may receive financial support through income support grants for eligible students and income contingent loans available to all students. Expenditure on education institutions at all levels is 6.1% of GDP (slightly below the OECD average of 6.3%) (see Figure 8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data for the Netherlands refer to 2009-08 differences. For Switzerland, statistics are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by gender of the sole proprietor. Countries are arranged from left to right in ascending order of change in births of female-owned enterprises. Policies to stimulate entrepreneurship among women should be based on thorough analysis of the factors that prevent or discourage them from going into business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The environmental impacts of pipelines are mainly related to the risk of an oil or gas leak or spillage, and are location specific. There are no data available to enable a conclusion to be drawn on whether or not Tajikistan follows international guidelines and best practice on the management of risk of spills from existing pipelines. While hydropower is a renewable resource, the impacts of the hydropower sector include habitat loss and displacement of local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Second, it implies a potential need for more intensive management of the nearby hillsides, and more precisely, the identification of specific areas that can be devoted to the needs of the local population. They reflect conflicts about specific parcels of land because some uses may be perceived as harming the interests of nearby land owners. A media analysis of land use conflicts in Puy-de-Dome illustrates this point well. It was found that the majority of conflicts are brought forward by rural residents who would like to maintain the natural environment against the land uses of businesses and industry (Mann and Jeanneaux, 2009: 129). Of the 35 conflicts identified in the area in the study, three quarters were resolved in the residents’ interest—a fact the author of the study notes demonstrates that ex-post decision protest behaviour can result in political decisions that maintain or improve the quality of residential life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The increased interaction between people and devices and devices themselves —a trend also known as the Internet of Things—is creating new paradigms for energy efficiency. Platforms for the provision of Energy as a Service, i.e. charging for pumped water, lighting, battery charging or efficiency services instead of charging for the energy consumed. Dematerialization of billing processes and metering of energy services to operators. New financing models for energy access with metering, and advanced demand and supply management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, using these data to inform about children requires too many assumptions about what happens within households, and how children are impacted. For all of these reasons, it is important to move forward with a global monitoring system that measures child food insecurity. Table 1 summarizes the constructs described above and why they are inadequate as proxies for child food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter identifies three areas that are opening new opportunities for SMEs and have consequently changed the business ecosystem in which they operate: information, finance and logistics. They have increased transparency and improved buyer-seller matching, while at the same time providing a feedback mechanism through peer reviews and customer ratings. Digital platforms have also increased SME access to finance. Through their ICT-enabled tools, such as mobile money and peer-to-peer lending, platforms are now making finance available to SMEs, many of which are greatly underserved by traditional banking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)