albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, they should continue to press for a comprehensive deal on cotton, taking advantage of opportunities, such as the historically high prices of cotton, which have eroded the significance of subsidies, and budgetary pressures in the USA and the EU. While the focus of this chapter has been on what the international community could do to help LDCs to engage more effectively in global trade, it is important to emphasise that LDCs can do much to help themselves. These developments also bring with them certain challenges that LDCs should address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They have developed limited networks of care providers only for specific expenditures that have a low statutory reimbursement rate, notably optical care, dentures and hearing aids (HCAAM, 2013). Indeed, they cannot contract with GPs (Pierron, 2016). As recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000, Imai et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the Special Rapporteur, the State's due diligence obligation under international human rights law consists of preventing, investigating, punishing acts of violence against women, protecting women from violence, and providing an effective remedy and reparation to victims of violence. For human rights law, the standard serves as a tool for rights holders to hold duty bearers accountable by providing an assessment framework for ascertaining what constitutes effective fulfilment of the obligation, and for analysing the actions or omissions of the duty bearer. This is especially important if the potential infringement comes through a duty bearer's failure to act, as it can be difficult for rights holders to assess if an omission constituted a violation of their right without some normative basis for the appraisal. Cotton Field") v. Mexico (Judgement of 16 November 2009), concerning the abduction, sexual violence and killing of two children and a woman by non-State actors, was one of hundreds of similar cases of disappearance, rape and murder of predominantly migrant women and girls that had occurred in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Another way to look at the burden of OOP payments for health spending is to consider this spending as a share of total household consumption. As a share of total household consumption, out-of-pocket medical spending (excluding any spending on long-term care) accounted on average for 4.7% of the final consumption of all households in Korea in 2013. This is much higher than the average across OECD countries (2.8% on average) and more than two times greater than across G7 countries (2.1%) OECD (Figure 5.7). In Korea, the share of the costs covered by the public insurance scheme is relatively low for all health services and pharmaceuticals, and even lower for dental care. Nearly 50% of all out-of-pocket spending for health care in Korea (excluding long-term care) is related to curative care in hospital or outside hospital, about 30% is for the purchase of pharmaceuticals, and the other 20% is for dental care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The article further develops ideas included in a report submitted by the author to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/23/47) on 30 May 2013, in C Heyns ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems: Living a Dignified Life and Dying a Dignified Death’ in N Bhuta and others (eds) Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (2016) 3, C Heyns ‘Human Rights and the Use of Increasingly Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) During Domestic Law Enforcement’ (2016) 38 Human Rights Quarterly 350–78, as well as in various submissions made to meetings of the State Parties of the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two-thirds (66%) of all coal was transported by rail in 2005/06 (Raghuram and Gangwar, 2008). About 88% of all coal transported by rail originated in mines, the remaining 12% from harbours (total 370 Mt in 2008/09). Only 20% of all steam coal that arrives by ship is subsequently transported by rail. The mine-mouth cost of coal is in the range USD 15/t to USD 20/t.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Policy implementation has gained substantial currency and popularity among teoriticians and pratitioners. Many now indicate an interest or involvement in research and discussion about such topic as policy implementation of poverty alleviation program or community development driven program, implementation of decentralization or local autonomy program, and implementation of strategic decision, etc. At the same time, perspectives, schools and program have been introduced and established. In spite of all this interest in policy implementation theories and practices, there is still no aggreement on what policy implementation model applicable to all kinds of development programs or projects, and to different sectors. This article will explain policy implementation concepts and their perspectives, models and measurement criteria with the contour or focus on what, why, and how policy implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New EZs and ICs are also planned to the north and south-east of the traditional urban core in several satellite areas. The Hai Phong Economic Zone Authority provides a “one-stop service” for investors in Hai Phong’s industrial parks and EZs. The Dinh Vu - Cat Hai Economic Zone covers an area of 22 540 hectares (non-tariff zone 1 258 ha, tariff zone 12 532 ha: others 8 750 ha), extending to the north and south-east of the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This reflects in part the general emphasis in climate discussions on mitigation, as noted in chapter I. While the challenges of adaptation are recognized in international forums, that recognition has not yet generated the resources and level of support required for climate-resilient development. Understanding the socioeconomic attributes of vulnerable groups and further assessing the potential impacts of climate hazards and policies on their livelihoods requires sound data and information, at the lowest possible geographical resolutions, with respect to where people live and where adaptation must take place. This is critical for enabling policymakers and population groups and communities to be better informed and acquire an understanding of the true nature of the problems to be confronted, as well as the expected impact of policy alternatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Trial installations started in 2012 with smart meters being offered to all households from 2014 on a voluntary basis. The Dutch public and private sectors have established the Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP). The principal aim of the NWP is to co-ordinate Dutch activities abroad and to promote Dutch expertise in the water field worldw ide.4 The Netherlands is seeking to be seen as a world leader in sustainable water management. As customer interests are not normally taken into account, utilities can encounter unexpected opposition and not be able to respond to it, therefore rendering policy impotent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition the IUU-fishing of cod in the Barents Sea is decreasing and the development of a global binding agreement for port state control is in good progress. Fuel prices have risen considerably and more expensive fuel will lead to less pressure on stocks, less pressure on the ecosystem and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. This, in relation to other ongoing processes, will form a basis for the future evolvement and need of regulatory instruments in the fishing fleet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As loT revenue and investment opportunities are scaling up, certain enablers, such as Artificial Intelligence, big data analytics (BDA) and Blockchain, are gaining momentum. These emerging solutions are helping businesses to boost revenues, lower their cost base, and gain in efficiencies and competitive edge, while laying the foundation for "smart societies". This illustrates the rapid transformation experienced by the sector, from the analogue era of the 1970s to the convergence era of the early 2000s, all powered by the advent of the Internet, and the digital transformation phase which the sector has been experiencing since 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, the ratio of defence and economic affairs to total government expenditure has been decreasing, while the share of health has been increasing rapidly (Figure 6.5). As Figure 6.6 shows, the central government controls only 40% of the overall budget. The remaining 60% of the total budget is controlled by local governments and the education authority. This is in contrast to the situation in other OECD countries, implying that Korea is one of the most decentralised OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This, together with further evidence that the bulk of SPS measures (94 per cent according to WTO 2012) affect primarily the agricultural sector while a large number of NTMs apply to apparel (Andriamananjara et al. First, there is a general presumption that NTMs are targeted at LDCs. This is, however, not borne out by the data. Focusing on SPS measures, we note from Figure 7.14 that there were 11 cases where these measures were applied bilaterally on LDCs, over and above the 1,934 MFN-type measures as of August 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Statistics Norway also produces statistics about municipal investment in outdoor recreation. The indicator 2 mentioned here has been included as indicator 1 c] in the State of the Environment Norway, heading: Outdoor recreation. An example is the proportion of protected forest land of different categories or administratively protected key habitats for biodiversity. The Nature Diversity Act (MD 2009a] played a role in achieving the political goal of increasing participation in urban outdoor activities, because the act is a main legal tool for managing large nature areas that are important for recreation and tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This association illustrates the fact that households with lower incomes tend to rent their dwellings rather than buy them, the drop in income leading to an increase in the proportion of renters. In addition, Figure B.l. Therefore, it appears that rising house prices are pushing more and more poor families (and among them the poorest) to rent their homes and that the propensity to buy one’s home becomes more and more dependent on the level of household income. The income gap (before housing costs) between poor families who own and those who do not then becomes larger. In addition, 53% of poor children have a father employed full time full year in 2014, compared to 66% in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the homosocial world of enslaved men in the antebellum American South. It underscores that the lives of enslaved men were intertwined with one another, and that male interdependence was a fact of enslaved life. It examines how pursuits such as drinking, gambling, and wrestling brought enslaved men together in an all-male subculture through which they constructed their own independent notions of masculinity, friendship, solidarity, and resistance. The article claims that homosocial company was integral to the gendered identity and self-esteem of enslaved men. Through their homosocial relationships men forged strong ties of friendship. These relationships offered enslaved men a significant emotional landscape through which to resist the dehumanizing features of enslaved life. Furthermore, the article reveals how some friendships nurtured a culture of resistance among enslaved men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They may also face a restricted social and physical environment, which when combined with diminished personal capabilities can hold back older people from taking advantage of opportunities available to them and from being resilient to threats that affect them. Women’s life expectancy is longer than men’s, so women may spend more time in poverty than men. Women are more likely to lose their partner and less likely to remarry. Lower education and the need to combine work with childcare means that women are more likely to work in the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The definitions of afforestation and reforestation refer to the three points of land-use change, when there was forest previously and when it was planted (Kobayashi, 2008b). In addition, upper limits were determined for the application (calculation) of capture volume for the commitment targets of individual countries. Methods of calculating forest capture rates used the IPCC’s “Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry” (IPCC NGGIP, 2003), adopted at the Tenth Session of the Conference of Parties (COP 10) in 2004. Article 8 of this law stipulates the establishment of a framework for achieving Kyoto Protocol targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this context even rape — transcending its semantic meaning and using the body as a means to exert ritualistically the most traumatic and symbolic violence — has taken a new and even more frightening role becoming a specific weapon of the most atrocious crimes, including genocide. A crime too often left unpunished. These are: to launch a new International Protocol with international standards for documenting and investigating sexual violence in conflict areas, to take practical steps to prevent the event of this atrocious crime, to support the victims and the survivors, and last but not least, trying to produce a Copernican revolution in the universe of war and violence changing once and for all the hideous attitude to apply sexual violence as a lethal arm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Other environmentally important polluting substances are emitted to air beyond GHGs and ODSs. The most important are the different fractions of PM, which is an air pollutant consisting of mixed solid (i.e., dust) and liquid particles suspended in the air. Furthermore, the particulate material contains different chemical elements and compounds that can be harmful beyond the potential impact of dust. For example, PM can contain chemical constituents such as sulphates, nitrates and ammonium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, agreed to establish a Climate Technology Centre and Network, which aim to support technology transfer and local technology innovation capacity. Efforts of emerging and other developing economies to support clean energy technology have typically focused on domestic research, development, manufacturing and export capacities. China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan, endorsed in March 2011, encompasses a green growth strategy geared towards building technology leadership, through special efforts to develop and deploy wind, solar, hydro, nuclear, energy efficiency, electric cars, “smart grids”, infrastructure and high-speed rail. It includes a plan to install 10 million charging stations for electric cars and to increase installed renewable energy capacity by 47 per cent by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This has happened while they have maintained (and actually increased) their share of the total economy-wide value added in the Nordic countries (see Figure 9). This has mainly happened because of two reasons. Firstly, the paper industry is producing a different mix of products today as production of for instance printing paper is declining (because of reduced demand), and production of cardboard is increasing. The change has on average decreased the average energy intensity of the products.16 Secondly, the paper industry has invested heavily in energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The premium is then set as the difference in the average wind market price and the feed in tariff level. This represents an implicit floor price guarantee for the wind farm at the level of the regulated tariff. All wind generators that achieve a higher price on the market have an advantage, all who make a below average revenue get less.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additional funding from general taxation would finance specific programmes (traineeships, medical specialisations and tertiary education). The bill also envisages the abolition of the complementary VHI scheme by 2019, and its replacement with an income-dependent contribution that will be more efficient to administer. This reflects a number of factors: the shift from bed-day payments to case-based (DRG) payments, tariff reductions and rationalisation during the crisis, and the rise of day care (from 11.1% of all hospital cases in 2005 to 30% in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sweden has also managed long term projects on capacity building and institutional strengthening in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In many cases, DANIDA’s work on chemicals is part of a broader collaborative effort on environmental quality. The Danish government believes that the challenge facing the government of Vietnam is to bring “pollution under control and restore environmental quality without undermining economic growth or its development and poverty reduction strategy. Individual DANIDA-funded environmental projects will now be incorporated within this program, which commits approximately $42 million to the program for the period 2005 to 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What are the innovative features of the Paris Agreement? What is the outlook and prospects for effective climate change governance in the post-Paris era? Moreover, the article outlines the nature, strengths and limitations of the Paris Agreement and analyses the prospects for effective action on climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In view of the lack of programme evaluation in the Arab region, the evidence for this assertion comes from programmes around the world on tobacco abuse, bullying, drugs and obesity.106 A school approach is appropriate for sexual and reproductive health, although, in this area, cultural stigma and taboo are barriers to access to information. Although the analysis in this chapter identifies policies that each country can implement, success will be enhanced if countries apply the policies comprehensively and if groups of countries adopt similar policies. Tobacco shows why: before 2006, Jordan and Syria had bans on advertising in tobacco products, although Lebanon did not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over the same period, this was faster than the average annual growth of coal (1.6 per cent), crude oil (1.5 per cent) and natural gas (1.2 per cent). The growth of modern renewables from 1990 to 2008 was much slower than historical expansions of coal, at 5 per cent per year from 1850 to 1870, oil extraction, at 8 per cent per year from 1880 to 1900, and natural gas production, at 8 per cent per year from 1920 to 1940. Modern renewables (half of which was wind power) accounted for 3 per cent of global electricity production in 2008. Solutions that do not build on the prevailing prime movers and existing energy infrastructure will require decades to make significant dents in the primary energy mix.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While output is determined by demand, supply-side inefficiencies contribute to inflation. Overly aggressive monetary policy responses can also have strong output costs with limited effects on the underlying causes of inflation, as the case of India suggests. High budget deficits in most of these countries also have inflationary implications. Poor infrastructure and high relative public service costs are contributing factors. Exchange rate depreciation affecting a number of currencies in the subregion also resulted in price rises of imported commodities, including food and fuel. The persistence of high inflation in Pakistan is primarily due to entrenched expectations of inflation remaining high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Section 5 provides a detailed analysis of the availability and coverage of income-support programmes for youth. It suggests that a better design of benefit systems, e.g. unemployment or social assistance schemes, could help reach a larger share of the neediest youth in a number of countries, notably when economic conditions worsen. Often, one year of work only will however provide benefits for less than a year, and many young people, and in particular the NEETs, may not even have these 12 months of work experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the Pacific bluefin fishery, the fishing area has tended to shift northward year by year. They concluded that water temperature in recent years seemed to be higher than normal, but that these changes were not necessarily related to global warming because other fluctuations over periods lasting from ten years to several decades were dominating (Yamada et al., More recently, Seo (2010) reported that the fast growth of Hokkaido chum salmon at the age of one year, which was related to global warming, would positively affect the survival rate and in turn would affect the population density-dependent growth and maturing at age two to four due to the limited carrying capacity of the Bering Sea. These are statistical downscaling, dynamic downscaling on regional scales, and dynamic global models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Africa, of course, has most of its population living in tropical climes. The study explains this significant tropical zone shortfall in terms of the greater prevalence of disease, poor soils, typhoons and other natural calamities in the tropics. Surprisingly, the study seems oblivious of W. A. Lewis' (1969, 1978) pioneering work seeking to explain economic performance in the tropics as a result of falling terms of trade. Lewis emphasized however that not all tropical countries responded to this increased demand for exports. As the exports in greater demand were largely water-intensive, only those areas with enough water - or minerals - to substantially increase their exports were able to take advantage of the new opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If the percentage is greater than 100%, it means that the country is investing more in input subsidies for smallholders than in GSSE for the sector as a whole. Chile and South Africa are the only countries where this percentage is less than 100%, with 52% and 31% respectively. Moreover, to compare only the levels of budgetary support, the MPS was deducted from the TSE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Technical advisors are only paid if and when the applications are successful, therefore incentivising them to meet all the requirements from the call for projects. Projects that enter into a compensation agreement with CONAFOR must also enter a services agreement with the technical advisor, who should be involved during the project implementation and should also support the preparation and submission of progress reports to CONAFOR. However, since the programme is funded solely by the Forest Fund, it has budget constraints for administrative and transaction costs to run the scheme, resulting in stretched capacity of the personnel managing the programme locally (Garcia, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to the Energy Conservation and Cleaner Production Centre of Hai Phong City (ECC), the energy audit activities have saved a total of 50.3 million kWh per year, equivalent in monetary terms to more than USD 3.03 million (VDN 64 billion) and a reduction in carbon emissions of 42 000 tons per year (ECCH, 2014a). To accelerate these efforts, the city could consider providing technical guidance and financial support to all small and medium-sized manufacturing industries in the city. For example, the city could send experts who provide technical advice to these firms and finance a part of the costs of high-energy-efficiency production facilities. The experience of Kitakyushu, Japan, suggests that process conversion and end-of-pipe (EP) technologies can achieve a significant reduction in pollution, and that decisive action by the city w'as a critical factor in its success (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)