albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the current system of national accounts, they are accounted for as non-profit or charitable institutions. Such deficiencies remain a decisive factor in the region’s high levels of poverty. Primary income distribution is corrected through wealth redistribution schemes which can function provided that there is a revenue collection system which taxes current income, wealth, profits and consumption and which, for workers, includes the obligation to contribute a proportion of their income to finance benefits and transfers to be paid when their working lives have come to an end. There are also voluntary, solidarity-based redistributive mechanisms, which involve not only gifts among private households but also participation by community organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Federal Mortgage Society (Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal, SHF) provides bridge loans with a preferential rate for developers to construct houses using eco-technology. This project is expected to help cut over 1 million tonnes of GHG emissions over 40 years, the estimated lifecycle of these houses. The air quality plan seeks to minimise emissions, while transport planning seeks to increase mobility. Transport activities are not funded or approved unless they conform to the purpose of the air quality plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, analysis of health care utilisation by income quintile and ethnicity shows that the richest households and the majority Kinh and Hoa population enjoy the largest share of high-level care. Commune Health Centres (CHCs) that meet national standards are also less accessible in the poorest Northern Mountains and Central Highland regions. At present, the personal income tax (PIT) system in Viet Nam has little effect on redistribution. The design is progressive in theory, but is undermined by high tax relief levels with few people actually paying taxes, thereby compromising the essential revenue-generating function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper examines the exercise of social control in Brazil, from the general debate that prompted him, as well as the internal context that led to the creation of institutionalized spaces for your application. The objective is to evaluate the exercise of social control through the Public Policy Management Councils. Through studies conducted by other researchers in Public Policy Management Councils, in the three levels of government, and empirical study, we found that the way it has happened to the exercise of social control in these forums, much moves away from what is expected by law. From this table, we bring contributions to the understanding of this fact and to the advancement of social control itself, understood as a necessary and a high level of democratization of public management in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fpdevare-Banken has received some basic funding from Ministry of Social Affairs, and both the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and Ministry of Health were actively involved in the planning of Matsentralen in Oslo. However, there seems to be quite a low engagement from most authorities in development of food redistribution both on the national and the local arena. One should eventually have expected a stronger involvement and commitment from the Social Security authorities, as the food banks certainly are and will be very important for the charity organisations operating food serving for low income people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While there is a risk of declining progress in reducing hunger, which needs to be addressed, ending hunger in the coming decade would be realistic yet ambitious goal. The numbers about undernourished people are rough estimates at best, and even less well known is the increase in diet deficiency and related long-term—indeed lifelong—health effects that impair physical and mental capacities. The FAO above mentioned estimates do only capture trends and not annual change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Prices reflect changes in demand and supply of water entitlements and contracts are exchanged between buyer and seller. Trades of entitlements (and lease or transfers) are subject to approval by licensing authorities (both the buyers and sellers, as these may be different). Thus, a change of owners implies the transfer of the permit, but the competent authority has to be notified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although the mailbox obligation does not affect the LDC members’ right to refuse to issue or enforce patents on pharmaceutical products until 2016, it does require them to install and maintain administrative procedures that permit the receipt and retention of pending pharmaceutical patent applications for the purpose of later examination (i.e. from 2016 on). That Decision extended the transition period under TRIPS Article 66.1 in 2013. The Decision on the 2013 Extension expressly refers to the LDC transition period “under Article 66.1 of the Agreement”, i.e. the transition period that had to respect the mailbox obligation under Article 70.8(a). This reference has to be understood as carrying over into 2013 the original mailbox obligation under the original transition period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTIn May 2015, the Bangladesh Supreme Court’s Appellate Division invalidated the mandatory death penalty for a specific form of aggravated murder. The Appellate Division confirmed a broad Commonwealth consensus that the mandatory death penalty constitutes cruel and degrading punishment, citing jurisprudence from the United States, the English-speaking Caribbean, East Africa, Singapore and India. Although the decision followed the majority rule in the common law world, it is unlikely to transform Bangladesh’s capital punishment regime due to the country’s professed exceptionalism as it pertains to political crimes, such as the alleged war crimes carried out during the War of Independence with West Pakistan in 1971. Nonetheless, invalidation of the mandatory death penalty accords with international human rights norms and asserts the independence of the judiciary in relation to criminal sentencing matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The objective of this paper is to conduct an overlap analysis of child deprivation in the EU to gain insight into the breadth of child poverty and degree of overlap between measures of monetary and multidimensional poverty. Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences. Overall, the paper’s findings provide a strong call for the need to take a multidimensional approach towards the measurement of child poverty in the EU context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If either primary or secondary care providers need to make any substantial investments in order to respond to new incentives, a lack of power in the pilot studies may blunt their effectiveness. Increasingly, it is likely that such targeting of initiatives will be a key to the optimal use of limited primary care resources. They will often involve an increased expenditure in the short term, the benefits of which will only become apparent in later years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Awami League, which was not allocated any of the reserved seats, demanded direct election. Parliament passed the 15th Amendment Bill of the Constitution on 30 June 2011 and increased the number of seats for women from 45 to 50 (Deccan Herald 2013). If direct election in the reserved seats is introduced, then women members' dependency on their male colleagues will no longer exist and they will be accountable to the voters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The visitor monitoring data gathered continuously in a uniform manner across the country and saved in one database (ASTA) provides opportunities for index such as local economic impacts of visitors' spending (Huhtala et al. These economic impacts have been calculated annually starting year 2009 using methodology devised by NHS and the Finnish Forest Research Institute. These economic calculations and reporting are integrated into the ASTA database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Ten years ago, the Bayerisches Landessozialgericht referred four questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling, the resulting judgment on Maria Martinez Sala’s entitlement to a child-raising allowance finally yanked the concept of Union citizenship from its sluggish hinterland in the EC Treaty and launched the Court and the Community legislature on a mission—to uncover the substantive content and scope of citizenship, and to realise its potential as an autonomous rights-giving force. The intervening decade has seen enthusiastic, if not always coherent, progression of this vocation, and thereby renewed animation of Community law on the free movement of persons. Much work in this field seeks to plot the evolving rights for EU citizens, but what about the position of the Member States? Their capacity to determine and manage their own immigration rules had already been eroded by ‘traditional’ Community law on workers, establishment and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In practice, however, their rights are inhibited by a number of hurdles: the courts do not always enforce the rules, the judiciary may lack knowledge of current principles and standards, women are often not aware of their rights and, even when they are, social norms and financial constraints may hinder them from going to court. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor. The six countries have ratified the two covenants (Algeria 1989, Egypt 1982, Jordan 1975, Libya 1970, Morocco 1979 and Tunisia 1969).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yeah, so he got the money from them [Centre Link]. I didn't get paid when I was in there [in Ethiopia].” But she recalls that it has been very difficult, particularly when her second son was born,as she was at University taking a degree in film-making and had to balance childcare with study. Her mother was back in Ethiopia and both her sisters were also studying, so she needed to send the children to childcare five days a week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Jesuit and Mahler (2004) document trends in overall measures of redistribution for the 25-59 age-group but those results do not show what drove the observed trends (for instance, changes are not shown separately for taxes and benefits, and do not distinguish between changes in the progressivity and the size of redistribution instruments). The substantial gains in female employment rates over the past two decades provide a striking example of a long-term trend that is not simply a consequence of reforms to redistribution policies. For policy analysis purposes, it is therefore informative to distinguish between changes in redistribution that can be directly attributed to tax-benefit policy reforms (referred to as direct policy changes in what follows), and those that have occurred as a result of the evolution of market incomes or population structures (referred to as income and population changes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the ROPs offer support to firms to conduct research and development activities, funding to local governments for public infrastructure and roads, and revitalisation and programmes for job seekers. How' funds are directed to rural areas is not always clear in the ROPs. Some ROP funds are targeted to rural areas - e.g. rural renewal under Malopolskie’s 2014-2020 ROP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2011, travel services represented 44.7 per cent of LDC exports of commercial services, and transport services another 21 per cent. Beyond these sectors, LDCs are virtually absent in non-traditional services. Exports of communication and other business services, for example, have more than tripled in value since 2000 but their combined share has stagnated around 20 per cent in recent years, lower than in 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The EU's first biennial review of EUTR implementation, including a stakeholder consultation process, is underway (European Commission, 2015b). An analysis of EU trade flows for the biennial review did not identify any step-change in trade resulting from the EUTR, but it did note that the regulation is reinforcing existing trends, for example in reducing speculative purchasing and focusing EU imports on a more limited range of operators able to offer reliable legality assurances (IMM, 2015). The key focus of the summit was on valuing the timber and forestry resource, with delegates considering how the wood industry worldwide could maximize the commercial potential of legal and sustainable forestry and timber production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Human rights can be viewed from legal and sociolegal perspectives. From a legal perspective, human rights are the rights derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other human rights instruments, they are enforced on both international and domestic levels. Sociolegal perspectives, embedded within the disciplines of history, sociology, anthropology, and international relations, instruct that human rights are not constrained only by law, they have their own history, sociology, social life, and transnational activist networks. The issue may be posed whether the field of human rights has moved beyond a topic of interdisciplinary research to become a distinct discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most successful treatment for a rural bend is shown in Figure 6.6, it produced a reduction in mean speed at curve entry of 3.4 km/h as compared with no treatment. The countdown signs that were the most effective treatment for the approach to village entry, with a speed reduction of 4.7 km/h as compared with no treatment, are shown in Figure 6.7. The most effective solution for rural straight sections was very similar to the 2-1 concept. These speed reductions are highly significant in safety terms. However, a real-world evaluation to substantiate that the selected treatments worked in the real word has not so far been earned out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This suggests that regulators could continue to be concerned with supply adequacy more than with flexibility. As discussed previously, creating a market platform for flexibility could be sufficient in order to bring together solutions such as flexibility from nuclear or coal plants, pumped storage, demand-side positive response (water heating) and curtailment of variable generation, as well as other technical solutions in order to develop least cost flexibility solutions. There are many options and liberalisation is still a work in progress. While pure economic analysis would probably lead to prescribing an ideal solution, the approach adopted here aims to reflect real life circumstances and to identify situations under which one option might be preferable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the IMTA setting, seawater is recycled and up to 30% of the wild kelp, Ecklonia maxima, consumed by abalone is replaced by Ulva lactuca grown on site in the recirculation system. The overall commercial gain from using an IMTA approach was estimated at between USD 1.1 and 3.0 million per year, including a significant increase in farm profits (USD 200 000 to 700 000). The environmental benefits included the reduction of nitrogen discharges into adjacent coastal waters by 3.7 to 5.0 tonnes per year, the reduction in harvesting of wild kelp beds by 2.2 to 6.6 hectares per year, and the reduction of C02 emissions (reduced pumping needs) by 290 to 350 tonnes per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Slums may be housing a gradually reduced portion of the urban population as local policies take effect and as incomes increase. However, for the hundreds of millions at the bottom of the urban system, garbage pickup and removal is almost non-existent, toilets, let alone public toilets, are rare, running water to one's premises is an impossibility, well-funded public education is unavailable, and the quality of health services, transport facilities, leisure and open spaces, and even good local food markets is low. Investing in infrastructure is therefore an absolute necessity for the new urban agenda. In this regard, Goal 13 of the Sustainable Development Agenda, which urges countries to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, could not have come at more auspicious time. Urban areas concentrate economic activities, households, industries and infrastructures which are hotspots for energy consumption as well as key sources of greenhouse gases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the previous chapters, this book has examined Japan’s nuclear identity, that is, ‘nuclear-bombed state’, ‘nuclear disarmament state’, ‘nuclear-threatened state’, and ‘nuclear umbrella state’ by applying international relations theory (classical liberalism, neoliberalism, classical realism, and neorealism). Each chapter has demonstrated that each nuclear identity has been domestically and internationally constructed and has influenced Japan’s policy toward nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Some types of nuclear identity are overlapped and others are incongruous in theory and reality. Are these kinds of Japan’s nuclear identity, however, sustainable or unalterable in the future? Also, can Japan reinforce its own nuclear identity to make a greater contribution to create a world without nuclear weapons? In this concluding chapter, the four types of Japan’s nuclear identity are to be reassessed and policy recommendations for Japanese diplomacy toward the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation will be taken into consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The capacity of institutions and individuals is central to the success ofaNUR which is why UN-Habitat and its partners develop tailored training programs to strengthen the ability of cities and municipalities to manage urban development with relevant data, knowledge and tools. To support the NUP process, training programmes are initiated through various conferences and workshops. These forums include elements such as national consultations, workshops and other capacity building and advocacy activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, Ipsos MORI (2010) contacted a range of UK businesses and only 23% of those surveyed reported having taken action in response to the risks of climate change. Actions to improve businesses’ resilience or to manage environmental or climate risks may occur as part of standard risk management or planning processes, and may not be explicitly categorised as an adaptation response to climate change. The second challenge is that there are weak drivers for companies to publicise their actions on adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These included additional information and reporting obligations and the requirement that countries operating such programmes ensure that they do not adversely affect the food security of other members. In some cases, the objective may be to maintain an emergency reserve to protect against domestic supply shocks, reflecting a reluctance to rely entirely on international markets to ensure adequate food availability. Such emergency reserves generally involve purchases at market prices, food security programmes operated along these lines are not constrained under WTO rules. In other cases, stockholding policies involve purchases at prices higher than prevailing market prices, and in this case WTO limitations on domestic support do apply. Public stocks may be held as part of a domestic price stabilisation policy, or to stimulate production and incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In order to assess the effects of a lower availability of wind and solar resources on the configuration of a least-cost electricity system operation, the annual electricity generation of wind and PV power plants is reduced by 15% for the scenarios with a renewable share of 80%. With the reduced availability of variable renewables, pump storage is used less, but curtailment of wind and PV power plants still amounts to approximately 4% of their annual electricity generation. In total, renewables show a share of 68% in the annual electricity demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This largely reflects the region’s strong economic performance and, in some countries, a shift in the sector composition of GDP towards more electricity-intensive activities.7 Current per capita electricity consumption in the region (2,150 kW), while still far below the level in developed countries, suggests sustained growth of consumption in the next few decades, as has happened in other developing regions such as Asia or Africa (IEA, 201 la). These differ widely between countries, and it is impossible to analyse each one in this chapter, but certain key measures are highlighted which have contributed to investment in new capacity, particularly in the generating segment, in the region’s largest economies. Under this system, the firms that bid the lowest electricity prices are awarded a contract to sell energy to the distributors.8 With the resulting 20-year income guarantee, the firms constructed generating plants with good financing conditions, which, together with the availability of good hydro and wind resources in Brazil, enabled them to make auction bids to supply energy at 67 reais (USS 59) per MWh for large hydroelectric plants in 2010, and 102 reais (USS 59) per MWh for wind and hydro and gas energy in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although NRPs may lack enforcement power, defining such goals and tools should certainly bring in more coherence and help NRPs achieve their complex goals. A wide stream of this literature emphasises the key role of institutions in the efficiency of collective action. Ostrom (2005) underlines that the effects of the size of the protected area and the heterogeneity of appropriators on the outcomes of the protected area are unclear. There is a need to evaluate NRPs on these important elements to know how they could be improved. Natural Regional Parks and environmental zoning (cont.) The stated goals of a natural park may be conflictual to specific stakeholders’ interests, but they may also be contradictory or at least mitigated by other policies such as local uiban planning instruments or other environmental measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This infrastructure, together with wind farms, harbours, etc. At the same time, the Sound is one of the most trafficked places in the world oceans. Thus, the Sound is a hotspot of almost all kinds of human activities: Commercial, household and sports fisheries, as well as navigation, yachting, bathing, diving, sand and gravel extraction, windfarming, sewage discharge, urban and coastal development, land transport, aviation, recreational activities on land, large scale tourism and even agriculture, industry and forestry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)