albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Spain and United Kingdom provided estimates for three-year averages (2008-2010 income figures for Spain, 2010-2012 income figures for United Kingdom). “ N.P." means “not-publishable", i.e. precision or sample size is rated as too low according to national criteria. Regionally disaggregated statistics from social surveys should be published with confidence intervals, to enable statistically sound comparisons of the point estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, India’s rural population remains large relative to the total population (68%), and as such this may mean less change in dietary composition than might be experienced in other countries. In most countries, the consumption profile of the rural population is quite different to that in urban areas, in terms of diet diversification, and less dynamic in terms of change toward more processed and diverse foods. It is anticipated that agricultural land will continue to decline slowly over time. However, around 25-30 Mha may be left fallow each year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a starting point key elements from the Paris Agreement are highlighted which are relevant for climate finance as well as the finance sector more broadly. This is followed by an overview of finance needs as articulated in the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)3 submitted by countries as part of the Paris process. The (l)NDC analysis is complemented by a summary of findings on four cases studies to better understand country and sector specific finance and support needs. The earlier commitment by developed countries on the joint mobilization of USD 100 billion per annum by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation was extended through to 2025, but specific numbers are not included in the legally binding part of the Agreement, with a decision on the level of finance postponed, but with a requirement that it "should represent a progression beyond previous efforts" Accordingly, before 2025, a new collective goal is to be defined with the USD 100 billion constituting the minimum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are three main conditions that must be met: (1) risks should be non-uniform at the national level, (2) high-risk regions should be well-defined and bounded, and (3) hotspot assessments should be supported by robust information and data. Both steps will vary depending on the scope, scale and time horizon, as well as the level of information. This exercise identified China, India, and the United States as the top three water risk hotspot countries for agriculture production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We therefore believe that desegregating special education is the first step in tackling prejudice against people with disabilities and other difficulties. They have been omitted from previous equal opportunities initiatives, and it is now obvious that our aim of achieving comprehensive education in Newham will remain hindered while we continue to select approximately 2 per cent of school pupils for separate education. Parents became increasingly confident that their neighbourhood schools could meet diverse needs. Newham has 17 resourced mainstream schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this way, students learn to apply mathematics to solve problems, appreciate the value of mathematics and develop important skills that will support their future learning and their ability to deal with new problems. There is no question that state-of-the-art knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important. Innovative or creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Introduction 1. Dev'l-in Disguise?: Harm, Privacy and the Sexual Offences Act 2003 2. On being Responsible 3. 'Freedom and the Capacity to Make a Choice': A Feminist Analysis of Consent in the Criminal Law of Rape 4. De-meaning of Contract 5. Out of the Shadows: Feminist Silence and Liberal Law 6. Transgender: Destabilising Feminism? 7. Beyond Unity 8. Speaking beyond Thinking: Citizenship, Governance and Lesbian and Gay Politics 9. Teenage Pregnancies and Sex Education: Constructing the Girl/Woman Concept 10. 'Faith' and the 'Good' Liberal: The Construction of Female Sexual Subjectivity in Anti-trafficking Legal Discourse 11. Making Sense of Zero Tolerance Policies in Peacekeeping Sexual Economies 12. Wives and Whores: Prospects for a Feminist Theory of Redistribution
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsequently, however, the focus on sustainable development meant a significant turn away from the more progressive approaches associated with “eco-development” that were promoted throughout the 1970s toward a much vaguer concept that entailed a rebalancing of environmental, social and economic goals and respecting the interests of future generations. As a result, environmental concerns were taken up by policy makers as well as the private sector. The extensive uptake and institutionalization of sustainability further moulded the concept, limiting the social dimension and fitting it into the neoliberal frame.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Emissions to land, water, and the atmosphere from mining and mineral processing activities are well documented and serve to lower the availability and productivity of these resources. An economic analysis of such a transition is left for future study. It is hard to say w'hich link is most important or deserves most attention. Bottlenecks resulting from resource scarcity are time and place specific. The linkages with water deserve special attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The RRCs contact and provide assistance to inactive youth seeking training and employment opportunities (Eurofound, 2012). Despite the range of school-based mental health programmes available across the OECD, few countries have evaluated their impact on student outcomes, in particular in the long term. Moreover, schools’ capacity to deliver evidence-based practices (EBPs) often remains limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With a higher interest rate, a larger capital expenditure implies greater upfront financing costs, while the effect of fuel savings throughout a plant’s life cycle tapers off quickly because of discounting. This highlights the critical importance of sensitivity analysis in the interpretation of the LCOE. While its exclusive focus on private costs is in line with private investment decisions, it neglects key policy issues, including (unpriced) environmental externalities, system-wide considerations (notably the time profile of generation) and energy security. Energy-security concerns underline the importance of attention to resource endowments and geographical factors as well as the relative climate resilience of different energy sources (highlighted by the slump in hydro-based electricity generation following the 2016 drought in Southern Africa). Such considerations are essentially ignored in LCOE metrics (IEA, 2016c). Anticipating growing complexity as systems develop, and enhancing system flexibility from the planning and design phases for newly built electricity infrastructure, could offer significant leapfrogging opportunities to LDCs, by reducing the need to retrofit existing infrastructure (Welsch et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Linearization has the clear advantage of requiring much less computational time. The JRR procedure, by comparison, is more attractive because the same variance estimation formula can be applied to different types of statistics. Both linearized and resampling methodologies can be extended to longitudinal samples and to measures developed over multiple cross-sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
So should the risk-informed development approach called for in the Sendai Framework, through the systematic integration of risk information across all sectoral planning processes. Delivering DRR is possible in any context, but the scope of what is viable and appropriate will change depending on the context. And for some, such as those affected by armed conflict and fragility, what this looks like is still to be learned.469 There remains a dearth of practical and policy advice on how to devise and implement DRR strategies for complex risk contexts, including where violent conflict forms part of the broader environment in which DRR takes place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
When seeking to understand the nature of the investment treaty system, participants routinely draw analogies from and with public international law, international commercial arbitration, public law, trade law, and human rights law. However, these analogies frequently point to distinct (and sometimes clashing) conclusions as a result of differences in their underlying paradigms. This article examines what each paradigm reveals and obscures about the investment treaty system and how the backgrounds and interests of different actors inform their choice of analogies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A multifaceted approach is required. Examples include reform of family codes to foster equality in marriage and inheritance and legislation that criminalises domestic violence. However, they often face challenges of visibility and authority in effectively pursuing coherent approaches to advancing gender equality across policy areas and tiers of government. The responsibility of government agencies for appropriately addressing issues of gender inequality and mainstreaming gender into policies and programmes was formalised in the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The CABs of the CLM economies (Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar) remained in the red, weighed down by imports of capital and durable consumer goods. The CABs of China and India are declining, although China’s balance remains in surplus. In both countries, export growth pulled back relative to the rate in the previous year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One problem with this kind of study is that it ignores the price effects of transfers. Cash transfers essentially reduce the cost of obtaining services, and thus should lead to higher demand (for example, for children’s education) or usage of social services (for example, health-care centres). Therefore, the net effect of cash transfers should depend on the relative size of the price and income effects. More importantly, such findings of adverse incentive effects (or negative income effects) on labour supply imply that the poor are poor either because they are “lazy” (in other words, they prefer more leisure), or because their expectations are “low” (in other words, they work for a low minimum target income).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Three quarters of care workers are household-based domestic workers, while the remaining quarter works in other sectors such as education and health. The first concerns the proportion of all employed persons who work in the care sector. The study carried out for this edition of Social Panorama indicates that employment in the care sector currently accounts for 6.7% of total employment. However, this average masks a somewhat heterogeneous reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, they will need to support locally customised options, for instance building on existing regulatory frameworks with engagement from stakeholders, and combining instruments that work better together. This does not mean, however, that groundwater systems there are equivalent to others. Some experts focus on whether solutions are technological or institutional (Giordano, 2009). Others compare direct versus indirect approaches (Kemper, 2007), consider the legal status of groundwater (Llamas et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Out-of-hours care is available through 24-hour telephone hotlines staffed by nurses, evening care centres, urgent care centres and home visit services. The bulk of patients suffering from chronic conditions are likely to find doctors and nurses working to help monitor their health and manage their condition through proactive practices, such as regular measurement of blood glucose and blood pressure for those suffering with diabetes. These efforts are often supported by information technology platforms such as those that remind clinic staff which patients have not received a regular check-up. In 2009, an estimated 3 601 years of life were lost in Israel by men under the age of 70, compared to an average of 4 689 amongst OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. A negative partial relationship between literacy and age exists with literacy declining with age, especially after age 45.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Once CBHI is scaled up, the health fee waiver programme will be replaced by the CBHI’s subsidised contributions for indigent households. Regional governments spent about ETB 33 million on average on fee waivers between 2012/13 and 2016/17, implying average expenditure per beneficiary of ETB 22 per year (Figure 1.16). The programme is also intended to improve the health and nutrition status of women and children and to create employment and market opportunities for small and micro enterprises and farmers in drought-affected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On average, the respondents took 50 minutes to complete the cognitive assessment. This test assessed vocabulary knowledge, the ability to process meaning at the level of the sentence, and to fluently read passages of text. The test had no time limit but the time taken by respondents to complete the tasks was recorded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although many countries have undertaken climate and disaster risk assessments, the systematic integration of these assessments into national financial and fiscal planning processes is still limited. This indicates the extent of policy coherence or integrated risk governance that is already being made possible under this mechanism. Projects are explicitly documented in relation to the SDGs that they help to implement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The topic of this book concerns protection of sacred sites in the Arctic. To recognise indigenous customary law means to support indigenous customary protection of such sacred sites. It also implies safeguarding cultural heritage in the Arctic. Both legal pluralism and cultural ecology help us understand indigenous customary laws in the Arctic and why we should recognise them. The aim of this chapter is to explain the relations between cultural ecology and legal pluralism in making a case for the recognition of indigenous customary law in the Arctic. It is not about human rights or international public law. It does not deal with any substantial law. However, the implications of the ideas presented here concern constitutional law, cultural autonomy, political autonomy, international law, and the concept of sovereignty. The ideas refer also to the problem of ethos as the basis of every law and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Socioeconomic and ecological processes are susceptible to external shocks and turbulence, which has prompted an approach to sustainability that is less interested in a system’s final state than in its resilience, defined as its capacity to survive, adapt, and develop in the face of exogenous changes—it is the opposite of vulnerability. In this resilience perspective, policies for sustainable development aim at enhancing adaptive capacities and inducing behaviours that anticipate future events or trends. Sustainable development is to be guided by the Rio Principles of Sustainable Development (UNCED, 1992), which include poverty eradication as a priority (no.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper focuses on the principal parties' manifestos in UK statewide elections 1970–2010. It makes an original contribution by using a mixed methodology to examine the electoral discourse, issue-salience and policy framing associated with civil conflict resolution (CCR) proposals for Northern Ireland. Mandate and accountability theory suggest that party programmes may play an important role in understanding CCR. Accordingly, a series of hypotheses is tested and the findings used to advance an Electoral Discourse Model of Civil Conflict Resolution. The findings show that electoral politics matter in shaping CCR. Statistically significant inter-party differences in issue-salience and policy framing are revealed as parties seek to secure ‘issue-ownership’, influence voter preferences and secure a mandate for action. An iterative inter-party process is shown to lead to frame convergence over time, thereby providing an indicator of progress towards conflict resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 5.1 provides an overview of the objectives and activities allowed for each category. About two-thirds of the area under protection lies within sustainable use categories (Figure 5.1). This results from several factors, including the higher political and social acceptability of sustainable use areas, as they impose fewer restrictions on land and resource use, respect of traditional communities’ rights and civil society movements in defence of these rights, and the government objective of stimulating sustainable timber logging in national forests (Verissimo et al., The Brazilian example of extractive reserves has contributed to shaping the international classification of protected areas (Table 5.1). Between 2003 and 2008, it accounted for more than 70% of the world’s new terrestrial area placed under protection (Jenkins and Joppa, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By contrast, non-EU migrants who come through the labour channel are more educated than the natives, have a higher income and a very low unemployment rate. In 2008, Sweden reverted to a more open labour migration policy by allowing employers to recruit workers from abroad for any occupation as long as wages and other working conditions fulfil the ones prevailing in collective agreements. This boosted the number of non-EU migrants coming in through the labour channel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the national level, quality standards and certification schemes can contribute to the increased international competitiveness of the entire industry, facilitate international cooperation by applying a common language and quality culture, and create local capacity and know-how in quality management and software process improvement. Which schemes are more appropriate in a country depends on the existing availability of skills and capabilities, financial resources and target markets. A short overview follows that presents selected quality models, standards and methodologies of varying relevance for software industries in developing and transition economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Wide differences also exist among countries in each of these regions (see ILO 2014,Table B.9). Household data from Latin America also point at large gender gaps in pension coverage in other countries apart from those presented in the figure (see Rofman and Oliveri 2011). However, countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay have managed to reach high coverage rates for women and men, often combining contributory, semi-contributory and non-contributory pensions (see section 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given that banks were not willing to launch the Greencoat IPO without the UK GIB and BIS as cornerstone investors, the IPO provides an excellent example of a transaction that would not have worked without the involvement of government as an investor. A combination of government (for profit) capital, and the name and reputation of these government entities helped the transaction be successfully completed. The government backing helped de-risk the IPO for institutional investors, but the deal also reflects the extent to which there is appetite for the kind of low-risk infrastructure-style investment in operational wind projects that Greencoat aims to execute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Considered together, average dietary energy supply adequacy and undernourishment can shed light on whether food insecurity is caused by supply deficits or by other factors such as income or food distribution. However, for a particular country, high average dietary energy supply adequacy alone may not be sufficient to ensure adequate food for all people. In the SAARC countries, however, it remained low at 106 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It will not realise its potential as one of the world’s major emerging market economies, however, if it relies merely on exploiting its natural resources and its demographic structure. It will need to develop its human capital through education that leads to effective learning and skills formation. It must do so urgently, given the lead that comparator and competitor nations, especially in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) but also in other regions, have over Indonesia on many indicators of physical infrastructure, educational attainment and performance, advanced human capital and research capacity, and the pace and scale at which they are moving ahead.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This has in turn shaped policy, and the province is partnering with organisations and providing resources to intervene with these trends. In Alberta, well-being surveys are done at the school level, and many schools use these to inform their approaches to Indigenous issues and students. Each year, Alberta Education produces report cards with 16 selected indicators for schools to use as a basis for an evaluative discussion. It co-constructs the process for understanding classroom practice across a school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Carbon Tax on Businesses document (Failte Ireland, 2010) gives information about expected cost increases because of taxes on carbon emissions. The carbon tax at EUR 15 per tonne came into effect on 10 December 2009 in respect of petrol and auto diesel, and from 1 May 2010 has also been applied to kerosene, marked gas oil {i.e. 'green diesel' or 'agricultural diesel’), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), fuel oil and natural gas. The application of the tax to coal and commercial peat is subject to a Commencement Order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since the end of the Cold War, states have become increasingly engaged in the suppression of transnational organised crime. The existence of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and its Protocols demonstrates the necessity to comprehend this subject in a systematic way. Synthesizing the various sources of law that form this area of growing academic and practical importance, this book provides readers with a thorough understanding of the key concepts and legal instruments in international law governing transnational organized crime. The volume analyses transnational organised crime in consideration of the most relevant subareas of international law, such as international human rights and the law of armed conflict. Written by internationally recognized scholars in international and criminal law as well as respected high-level practitioners, this book is a useful tool for lawyers, public agents, and academics seeking straightforward and comprehensive access to a complex and significant topic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is primarily due to differences in payments to the sector resulting from phasing out the previous operational program for the period 2007-2013 and phasing in the new one, as well as differences in reporting, especially in terms of funds allocated to research and development. The main efforts in fisheries management are associated with improving the functioning of the system. In the review period, Denmark progressed on a new scheme for coastal fisheries that will go into effect in 2017. Under the new management, there will be additional quotas added for cod, sole and plaice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)