albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
AbstractThis essay explores the ways in which archives that bear the traces of military violence set up affective demands for those who turn to photographic archives in pursuit of evidence. I compare my intimate encounter with a relative's archive of Second World War battlefield souvenirs with the US national encounter with the torture pictures from Abu Ghraib. Bringing these two seemingly disparate archives into conjunction reveals battlefield archives to be sites that elicit complex negotiations around subjectivity, citizenship, and witnessing. Using my relationship with my relative's archive as an anchor through which to resist imposing a “moral” judgment that enables an alibi of disavowal, I propose witnessing strategies that instead encourage a self-reflexive engagement with spectatorship and historical accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The work of the task force focussed on the use of natural gas in transportation to facilitate and accelerate the commercialization of natural gas, including renewable methane, as a fuel for the road and marine sectors. Asociacion Iberica del Gas Natural para la Movilidad (GASNAM') provided preliminary inputs regarding maritime use of natural gas. This present report has built on those initial inputs with significant contributions by DNV GL’. The report summarizes findings to date on the main barriers to the use of natural gas in maritime transport to inform the Group of Experts on Gas on appropriate approaches to their removal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Exemption 3 of the Freedom of Information Act states that a federal agency can withhold a document that has already been deemed non-disclosable by a different statute. That exemption is often used by agencies that are involved in traditional national security practices and the controversial modern techniques of pervasive electronic surveillance, as justification for keeping information on those practices secret. This article argues that Exemption 3 has inadvertently made the security and surveillance establishment more secretive, creating a nearly irrebuttable presumption that documents must not be disclosed to citizens or journalists. Exemption 3 jurisprudence has allowed precedents on the secrecy of old-school surveillance techniques to be applied to the far more pervasive techniques exercised by security agencies in the modern era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These figures were significantly higher than those for agricultural commodities such as rice, sugar, coffee and tea. The remaining 20%, entirely from capture fisheries, is destined for non-food products, mainly for production of fishmeal and fish oil, as well as direct feed in aquaculture and livestock. In 2008, total world fish production (capture and aquaculture), excluding aquatic plants, reached 142 Mt. It should be mentioned that this figure might underestimate the effective amount due to the incomplete recording of subsistence fisheries as well as of illegal, unreported and unregulated catches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Argentina, for instance, where a programme oriented to expand coverage to the elderly with insufficient contributory records was implemented in recent years, the majority of new benefits were received by women and women’s pension coverage rate at age 65 increased to 92.4 per cent in 2010 (Rofman and Oliveri 2011, see also MTEySS 2012:19, Arza 2012c). In Africa, contributory pensions cover a very limited percentage of the population and most people work beyond the legal retirement age or depend on family help during old age. In the past decades, several African countries have developed NC pensions that have achieved high coverage rates either under means-tested or universal designs. Mauritius and South Africa have been pioneers in this regard. The South African older persons grant was initially introduced in 1928 as a social safety net for white people not covered by occupational pensions. It was later gradually extended to the black majority, initially under different conditions and benefit levels, to finally reach full parity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has given the farmers an opportunity to seek additional income possibilities and thus reduce rural poverty. Also, the EbA approach resulted in benefits for biodiversity and the environment as fewer chemicals was used, restoration of the hydrological cycle because of revegetation and reforestation and better nutrition. Information flows can be hindered by lack of communication means or channels, or can be hindered by excessive bureaucracy that prevents ease of sharing and distribution. Further, lack of technical or other capacity increase the risk of information, tools, or knowledge not reaching the intended beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The occupations that they gave in their answers were later classified in the 2008 International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08). These coded answers were used to create an indicator of science-related career expectations, defined as those whose realisation requires the study of science beyond compulsory education, typically in formal tertiary education. Within this large group of science-related occupations, the following major groups were distinguished: science and engineering professionals, health professionals, science technicians and associate professionals, and information and communication technology (ICT) professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to eliminate poverty and to rapidly reduce inequality as its overarching goal, anchored on a strategy of‘leaving no one behind’ in the development process by 2030. And, as articulated in the Outcome Document of the third International Conference on Financing for Development, implementing progressive and efficient tax systems and delivering social protection and essential public services to all are crucial to realizing the SDGs, especially Goal 1 on poverty and Goal 10 on inequality. It is important to know who benefits from public spending programmes and who pays for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Security tokens are designed as tradeable assets held for investment purposes. Often used as a type for pre-payment or voucher, utility tokens facilitate the access to services, but do not represent ownership of an asset. While it was only possible to copy data via the internet in the past, blockchain accelerates the move to an “internet of value” as shown in Figure 2. This enables intangible assets like currencies, shares, copyrights or patents to be transferred from one user to another and also tangible assets like real estate or obligations like contracts to be exchanged via the trusted ledger (Deloitte, 2017d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Though there are likely to be additional impact evaluation and CEA studies available, this sample is nevertheless likely to represent the majority of studies that exist at this time. These are Ahmadia et al. ( Time-series data is planned to be collected in order to undertake a full impact evaluation study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Outside the general competition law, government plays virtually no role in the rural insurance market. One exception is the insurance provided by the Earthquake Commission, which is a public agency offering insurance against damage caused by geological disasters, but this concerns only personal property (homes and contents). Government does not have any form of partnerships with insurance providers. There are no known arrangements between the insurance companies to share information related to agricultural insurance except, according to FMG, the information related to life insurance. Biosecurity New Zealand (BNZ) is the largest department in MAF, accounting for about 80% of MAF’s total budget of NZD 360 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For the whole of Kazakhstan, about 19 million hectares on which crops had been grown in 1990 were no longer used as of 2000. Some abandoned lands were recovered by seeding them with grasses and perennials. Soil degradation continued during the independence period due to a lack of investment and inadequate cultivation practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the concluding observations reviewed in this study, the treaty bodies consistently stress the importance of the need to change attitudes, among both the community in general and those responsible for compliance. Concluding Observations Bulgaria Fourth and Fifth Periodic Report." E/C.12/BGR/CO/4-5, para 15, CESCR, Estonia, op. Concluding Observations Canada Nineteenth and Twentieth Combined Periodic Report."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This slowdown was caused by the impact of the drought on the agricultural sector, which grew by 2.3% in that year, down from average annual growth of 6.6% over the previous five years. Due to the growth of the industrial and service sectors since 2000, this marked slowdown in agricultural output did not slow GDP growth by as much as it would have done in the past. However, this does not alter the fact that the drought put the health and livelihoods of millions of rural households at severe risk and required a massive increase in humanitarian relief to avert catastrophe. The proportion of the population below the poverty line fell from 45.5% in 1995/96 to 38.7% in 2004/05, 29.6% in 2010/11 and 23.5% in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Subsequently to its adoption the UN General Assembly (UNGA) agreed to take the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 as a universal framework for action on biodiversity and a foundation for sustainable development for all stakeholders, including agencies across the UN System.61 The governing bodies of the other five Biodiversity-related Conventions, other than the CBD, have also recognized or supported the Plan6*, and a meeting of the Biodiversity Liaison Group (BLG) in 2010 played a key role in this61. In fact, it has often been highlighted that the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity was formulated in a way that automatically addresses concerns of other conventions than just the CBD, and it would be almost impossible to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets without creating synergies with other Biodiversity-related Conventions. Accordingly, the CBD decision that adopted the strategy, invites parties to involve NFPs of all the biodiversity-related agreements, as appropriate, in the process of updating and implementation of NBSAPs and related enabling activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Particular attention has been given to the mental health of children and young people, but still there are no signs of a rapidly deteriorating situation. Yet, compared to surveys before the economic collapse in 2008 the happiness score has slightly declined. Thus, in the Health and Wellbeing Study conducted by the National Public Health Institute, the score was 7.9 in the year 2007 compared to 7.8 in 2009, a statistically significant decline (Dora Gudrun Gudmundsdottir, personal communication).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among employed workers, under or over-qualification appears less common than in most OECD countries (Figure 2, Panel B, OECD and Statistics Canada, 2011, Randstad, 2012, in contrast, Quintini, 2011, suggests frequent under-qualification of workers), but many people occupy a position not directly related to their field of study, a common pattern across Eastern European countries (Figure 2, Panel C). Mobility of workers is essential to good matching. Although job-to-job mobility is about average, the reallocation of labour across economic sectors has slowed since the mid-1990s (Harasztosi, 2011) and geographic mobility is low', resulting in persistently large regional discrepancies in the unemployment rate (Figure 3). Unweighted average of other Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many of these provisions are imposed to achieve environmental objectives and to ensure domestic production systems remain disease or pest free. Behind the border barriers generally refer to characteristics of the domestic regulatory environment that create difficulties or costs for international suppliers. They include domestic interventions to protect consumers such as food labelling, handling, safety, traceability and other such measures along with licensing and other requirements placed on suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Because hazardous waste has a wide range of producers across many types of industries, all levels of government tend to be involved in its management with distributed responsibility across federal, regional and local authorities. A diversity of administrative frameworks deals with hazardous waste management, which is largely market-oriented within a regulatory framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Students who are disadvantaged or who are struggling with their learning need more rather than fewer opportunities to develop and leam. In addition, students’ absenteeism and lack of punctuality can have a disruptive effect on their classmates and their school. This can be particularly problematic for schools that have high proportions of students who demonstrate these behaviours. Across OECD countries, 26% of students reported that they had skipped at least one class, and 20% reported that they had skipped an entire day of school without authorisation in the two weeks before the PISA test.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This includes setting up of legal aid centres that assist in fighting workplace sexual harassment, the publication and distribution of newspapers, and the establishment of a women’s centre that provides legal education, medical assistance, small credit and skills training. This challenges the traditional definitions of labour issues or workplace politics (Baskin, 1991). When achieving leadership positions, women’s participation in trade unions tends to be limited to ‘women’s issues’ and women are excluded from participating in ‘hard core issues’ that require collective bargaining agreements with employers and governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first section of the chapter presents a range of alternative solutions to the measurement of labour inputs. In doing so, it examines the various choices in collecting information on time-use. For instance, should data be recorded via a full time-diary, or less resource-intensive stylized questions?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If female-owned enterprises had, on average, the same characteristics (size, capital intensity, distribution by industry, age) as enterprises owned by men, then their productivity gap would be reduced by 51%, their profit gap by 92%, and their employment growth gap by 78%. The purpose of the survey was to shed light on factors that help or hinder the success of newly created enterprises. It was conducted as a one-off survey, within the framework of data collection on business demography, using samples of enterprises in the business registers stratified by activity and employee size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The impact can be indirect (and often difficult to measure) through the influence of family supports on family and employment behaviours, but poverty rates also depend on the redistribution through taxes and transfers which generally help reduce child- and family poverty. Given this overall structure, the analysis follows a two-step approach. The first step attempts to unravel the interconnected factors which determine the trends in child poverty and focuses on the main demographic and economic factors that may explain child poverty rates after taxes and transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition to the economic appeal of Gold Coast, there were push factors causing people to move to Ghana. For example, there were droughts, a famine, and ethnic conflict in Upper Volta in the 1920s. Indeed, in the 19th century, the British administered Ghana and Nigeria as part of a larger West African colony headquartered at Freetown, Sierra Leone (Boahen, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The personal care service is generally a part-time provision, but a full-time service for children aged 0 to 2 years old is available. However, the service is used by only a minority of children - less than 1% in 2014. The data show n in the chart cover all children aged 0-5 (where age 0 includes those not yet born) on 1st January of the given year, and thus cover all children aged 0-5, plus any children w'ho have tinned 6 by the time of the survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If this is the case, then policymakers need to reprioritize public programmes and improve efficiency of public expenditure as well as take steps to improve revenue collection by broadening the tax base and enhancing the efficiency of tax administration. If tax revenues are earmarked for socially desirable expenditure, there will be incentives for tax payments. In this context, the recent experience of the “Tax for Development” campaign implemented in Bangladesh is very encouraging, the tax-to-GDP ratio in Bangladesh has risen from approximately 9% to approximately 13%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With commitments of USD 19.6 billion, the lower middle income countries were the largest aid-for-trade recipients in 2015, whereas the upper middle income countries saw their commitments drop by USD 600 million, to USD 8.6 billion. At USD 51.6 billion or 85% of total commitments, this group received an increase of USD 5.3 billion from their 2014 levels. To a lesser extent the low-income group also increased by USD 0.6 billion to USD 5.7 billion, with the lion's share being attributed to the least developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The government of India, through laws and reforms which have shaped the country's institutional and legal framework, and through the establishment of dedicated rural electrification institutions, has opted for long-term planning, with centrally determined objectives and target years. Without firm implementation policies and goals that can be enforced through legislation, the electrification process will fall through. Before 2007, lack of sufficient funds was the main reason for the slow implementation of rural electrification in India during the 10th Five-Year Plan. Moreover, if secure and dedicated funds are not available for the longer term once the project is implemented, there will be financial losses and perhaps the de-Page | 100 electrification of previously newly electrified villages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article aims to shed light on a particular area in the field of Islamic International law (siyar) treaty in Islamic jurisprudence. It addresses a comparative view of classical jurists of treaties both theoretically and historically and highlights their continued relevance to the contemporary world. Since the concept of treaty a lacuna in scholarship as well as the familiar of international legal theorists to study and integrate the Islamic treaty system into the body of modern international law in order to have a mutual understanding and respect and honor for treaties among nations. I would like to present a series of three parts the first one addresses the concept of treaty in Islamic jurisprudence the second addresses the process of drafting treaties and their conclusion and the third addresses selected treaties, including the treaty of      H{udaybiya      that took place between Muslims and non-Muslims..
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Decades of rapid economic growth, facilitated by globalization and technology, came at a cost - rising inequalities and environmental degradation. Owing to skills mismatches and lack of social protection, many were left behind in the creative destruction of jobs. While many have been lifted out of extreme poverty, the majority of the region's population are not yet "middle class" but could rather be classified as "transitional class" that is vulnerable to falling back into poverty (ESCAP, 2016c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another OECD study (Korinek et al., The conceptual difficulties of pursuing an analysis of that type were highlighted, with a particular emphasis placed on identifying concrete changes in SPS measures that were made in response to requirements emanating from the SPS Agreement. The study also aimed to establish clear cause-effect linkages between modifications in SPS measures and changes in trade flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze an implementation of neutrality principles at sea in time of armed conflict. It because the law of neutrality at sea has not progressed and seem stagnant since 1907 on the Hague Convention. Indeed, the UN Charter and UNCLOS 1982 set up significant developments on international law. On the other hand, there still found a lack of rules available in particular area, therefore international community provide San Remo Manual 1994. The San Remo Manual created based on the Hague Convention of 1907, the UN Charter, UNCLOS 1982, other international treaties and customary international law. To conclude, that the law of neutrality at sea should respected the sovereignty of neutral countries
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, regular engagements with associations of MSMEs would be necessary to better develop mechanisms for adoption of less polluting and environmentally friendly approaches in their work since such technologies and approached keep evolving. This could help mobilise the needed support to ensure Cebu in all its spheres remain on an environmentally sustainable path. Greening industries is not only beneficial to residents but for the business as well, since cost reductions increases the economic returns to the business whilst at the same time conserves the environment to mitigate effects of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Consequently, more efforts are still required to ensure that a critical mass of women are elected into positions of authority and at all levels of decision-making. In order to have effective and competent women holding positions of leadership, the political space has to be opened up for more women to participate in politics. Hence it is crucial to deal with the systematic and endemic barriers that hinder the effective participation of women in politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The social organization of mobile hunter-gatherers has several derived features, including low within-camp relatedness and fluid meta-groups. Although these features have been proposed to have provided the selective context for the evolution of human hypercooperation and cumulative culture, how such a distinctive social system may have emerged remains unclear. We present an agent-based model suggesting that, even if all individuals in a community seek to live with as many kin as possible, within-camp relatedness is reduced if men and women have equal influence in selecting camp members. Our model closely approximates observed patterns of co-residence among Agta and Mbendjele BaYaka hunter-gatherers. Our results suggest that pair-bonding and increased sex egalitarianism in human evolutionary history may have had a transformative effect on human social organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The discussion covers a variety of international and national actors, including development finance institutions, international climate funds, governments and relevant government agencies. Data regarding global finance flows are mostly drawn from the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) reports as they represent the most comprehensive source of such flows to date. Second, the paper focuses on the regional landscape of climate finance in the Asia-Pacific region, with particular attention given to active climate funds, multilateral development banks, the distribution of climate finance across countries, and national-level initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)