albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Given seasonal and inter-annual variability of demand and supply, and the wish to maintain an environmental flow level, high ratios imply a high risk that water supply will be inadequate. Agriculture was the largest user of water, accounting for about 70% of total global freshwater demand (OECD, 2008c). The largest global water demand after irrigated agriculture in 2000 was for electricity generation, primarily for cooling of thermal (steam cycle-based) power generation. This is despite increases in abstractions for public water supply and, to a lesser extent, irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further detoils on the survey methodology con be found in Arvis el ol. ( A decade ago, a study of the impacts of low transport accessibility was carried out in the United Kingdom (Social Exclusion Unit, 2003). National and local initiatives were developed to deal with these issues, including increased funding for rural and urban bus services, integration of routes and new ticketing systems, as well as a transport schemes to support access to work (UNECE, 2012). In rural areas, investment forexpanding/ upgrading the transport network is scarce, whereas, at the same time, expanding rural transport networks might have significant environmental impacts. In urban areas, the lack of space constrains expansion of and/or structural changes in the transport network, moreover, the environmental and health impacts of an expanding urban transport network may be very significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To improve quality and equity, the state of Morelos’ main actions are towards the improvement of educational materials and infrastructures and supporting schools in managing their own resources and developing more autonomy. Four key programmes have been supporting those efforts. The Programme of Excellence to Combat Lagging in Education (Programa de Excelencia para Abatir el Rezago Educativo) aims to improve the physical infrastructure of some school buildings in order to improve the working and learning environment for students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The former captures more precise information about particular conditions, while the latter enables patients' outcomes to be compared across a range of conditions. Patients complete surveys before and 3-6 months after a surgical procedure to assess whether the intervention improved their health. Hospital-level data are publicly reported, with applied case-mix adjustment to ensure meaningful comparisons can be made between hospitals. Among the clinical areas using PROMs are cardiac, breast cancer and rheumatism care, as well as care for hip fracture and spinal surgery. The purpose is to assess whether patients need check-ups, tests and other treatment to promote high-value care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sewage and solid waste were disposed to river channels. Rivers have become the “backyards” of most localities, serving as sites for the disposal of sewage and solid waste. But over the past two decades, river rehabilitation and recovery of the river’s environmental and social function have taken an increasingly important place on the public agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Schools with a specific educational orientation are allowed to hold entry tests. A survey found that the two most important criteria used by parents when choosing a school for their children were the distance from home and the quality of the teachers (NCESE, 2013). This hides considerable variations across oblasts and cities: from 9.9 students in primary education in North Kazakhstan to 25.6 students in primary education in Almaty City. The average class size in small-class schools (8.4 students) more than halves that of other schools (20.8 students) (see Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Compared to a situation without climate change, the four “climate change” scenarios modelled in this study project large changes in future yields, resulting in increased threats to food security in many developing countries. Aggregate consumption decreases in all regions in all four of the modelled scenarios. The loss of calories per capita due to climate change ranges between 2% and 5% compared to the Reference scenario. This would have obvious impacts on food availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This set up limits the ability to compare like-to-like environmental impact and services between the impact and the compensation. A few attempts have been made to use geographic data systems to map precise project locations and track progress of existing and completed projects, for instance by including the co-ordinates of a selection of compensation projects in Google Earth (Garcia, 2014). While this approach would not by itself replace the need to carry out inspections on site, it could allow building a database or registry of compensated areas to aid in the evaluation of the programme effectiveness in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But often income ceilings apply at the moment of entry and social renters may meanwhile improve their income position over time without being obliged to move to other housing. On average, the share of overall social housing expenditures going to the bottom quintile is 37%, while that going to the top quintile is around 9%. However, the share going to the bottom quintile exceeds 50% in Belgium, the Slovak Republic and Ireland, and is only around 20% in Austria, the Czech Republic and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP stood at 10.5 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) and 11.3 per cent in North Africa in 2015. By comparison, the figure was 14.0 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12.6 per cent for all the least developed countries, 23 per cent for Asia and the Pacific and 16 per cent globally. Neither North Africa nor the rest of Africa made significant progress during the first half of the current decade. Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP increased only slightly, from 10.3 to 10.5 per cent during the period 2010-2015 for Africa (excluding North Africa) and from 11.2 to 11.5 per cent for North Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Alibaba has expanded from its marketplace operations to offer logistics services, online payments and even travel services. Google has extended its services from a search engine to a provider of maps, a marketplace and its own operating system, spanning even the telecoms sector and devices (Google glasses). Similarly, Apple has added considerable complementary services to its hardware and software products, while other platforms are expanding to include logistics services and hardware.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While some countries raised entitlements for some or all recipients (longer benefit durations in Austria and Finland, somewhat higher benefit amounts in United States/Michigan), none appear to have lowered the barriers to access the benefit system. Benefit amounts tend to be both lower and, because they are means-tested on family income, more targeted to low-income families. Unemployment assistance benefits (UA, Annex Table A3) are, however, sometimes only available as follow-up support once insurance benefits expire (Austria, France in 1985 and Germany prior to 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the French Community of Belgium monitors for accountability purposes (with sanctions or rewards), to inform policy making and to improve the level of quality provided by ECEC provisions. There are no rewards possible in the Flemish Community of Belgium based on monitoring results. Sanctions are possible in the case that the recommendations are not implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of LNG as ship fuel has now started with ships on regular trades. An increasing number of ships on tramp trades i.e. when the ship does not have a fixed schedule or published port of call are using LNG as fuel in Northern Europe, where access to LNG can be provided by LNG bunker suppliers. "Safe" in an health, safety and environment (HSE) sense, "reliable" from the ship owner's perspective as the owner depends on fuel supply in the quantity and quality as needed at a location where needed and at a time when needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Taking its cue from the “cultural turn” move in Translation Studies, this essay argues that modern reimaginings of The Arabian Nights can be seen as attempts at making this classical work relevant to modern sensibilities and aesthetic forms. It will juxtapose the normative versions of the Nights to Edgar Allan Poe’s The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade (1845) in light of scientism, Naguib Mahfouz’s Arabian Nights and Days (1979) from the perspective of political agency, as well as Hanan Al-Shaykh’s One Thousand and One Nights (2011) by way of feminism and human rights. This essay posits that the malleability of the Nights to modernist ideas and forms entrenches its stature as an exemplary work of world literature. Lastly and relatedly, this essay will also revisit Lefevere and Bassnett’s “rewriting” theory to explore its potential contribution to the nascent discipline of world literature in light of Zhang Longxi’s arguments on cross-cultural translatability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even the most consolidated providers continue changing their services in order to reach broader audiences and ensure long-term financial sustainability. Udacity, the first MOOCs provider, was also the first to shift from a student to a corporate -oriented model, whereas edX has kept its focus on their original mission of expanding access to knowledge. To better understand how they can address education and labour market challenges, it may be useful to classify MOOCs according to the main market they serve (Table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Impact analyses are considered difficult to use because they tend to be medium and long term endeavours. Criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial planning are mostly sectoral, at least when it comes to short-term evaluations (e.g. concerning regional economic development, transports and communications). These evaluations are mostly process oriented, while the effectiveness can only be assessed after some years. Performance measurement is further complicated by the fact that planning systems is only one among many influences on regional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Neighbouring countries which have suffered the effects of haze originating in Indonesia would welcome more determined efforts to limit the use of fires to clear land for farming and logging, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Indonesia’s planning and investment promotion agencies recognise the importance of green policies but this recognition is not always reflected in their policies and programmes. Of the agencies with a specific remit on environmental sustainability, one of the most prominent is the Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim (DNPI) or National Council on Climate Change (NCCC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, the contribution of net exports to growth tended to decline. This trend sharpened with the outbreak of the global financial crisis, owing both to sliding demand for exports as economic activity slowed in the destination countries and to the policy responses in those countries and in the region. The United States' monetary policy triggered a surge in global liquidity that drove up the value of the region's currencies even further, while in Europe austerity measures reduced demand for its exports. Meanwhile, countercyclical policies in Latin America, intended to prevent or buffer production and employment losses, spurred spending, especially consumer spending, and thus imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Majority of cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean allocate less than 15 per cent of land to streets in the city cores and less than 10 per cent in the suburbs. Out of 40 cities analysed from these regions, 7 cities allocated more than 20 per cent of land to street in their city core. Regionally, sub-Saharan African cities have less space allocated to open public spaces (43 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indicators of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty are the most important. Poverty can be measured in absolute terms - a cut-off income line below which individuals are not able to afford a bundle of pre-defined basic goods - or in relative terms -with the relative poverty line defined as a percentage (usually 50 or 60%) of median income. In addition, Sen (1983) argues that the right approach for assessing the standard of living is to focus not on basic commodities or utility but on capabilities or functionings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This budget was then reduced from 2012 onwards and began rising again in 2016, although reaching lower levels than during the peak investments in around 2010. Nevertheless, in 2017, the budget of the Ministry of Education for adult learning was about twice that of 2006. Similarly, the budget of the organisation in charge of professional training for public servants (INA) benefitted from a major increase in 2016. By contrast, the budget of the ANQEP declined throughout the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This in contrast to other policy approaches shown in Table 5.4 which are generally applied regionally or nationally. For example, in negotiating CAs with farmers water supply utilities might feel at a disadvantage, especially if they are under pressure to comply with water quality regulatory standards. Also participation is voluntary and usually the CA is limited in its duration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This includes the pace and nature of capital accumulation, technological advancement, institutions that determine the sequencing of infrastmcture investment and its interaction with production capacities, linkages that emerge between sectors over time, and eventually, trade relations and international competitiveness (see Gomory and Baumol, 2000). This reiterates the need for planning, which is elaborated upon in the following subsection. However, from the late twentieth century, planning went into decline as a state tool for economic transformation, except in East Asian economies. Recently it has staged something of a comeback, as more developing countries are discovering the long-term costs of unplanned growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Comparative law examines, among other aspects, the circulation of models between different legal systems. An interesting aspect in this analysis, still lacking further study, is the circulation of models between national legal systems and the international legal system, which can occur in both directions. This article examines a case of circulation of legal models between national systems, and between a national system and the International Law system on Human Rights, in the light of the concept of “shelter”, which originates from Mexican Constitutional Law. It is proposed therefore to examine how that constitutional system influenced a number of other legal systems, not only in Latin America but also in other continents, and how it influenced also international law through the concept of “shelter”, leaving its mark on important international documents and instruments of integral protection of Global and Inter-American Systems of protection of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development of urbanisation is one of its manifestations. It assumes two forms: (1) the growth of major cities, and (2) the growth of a network of small and medium-sized towns. The first form is linked to the integration of national economies into the international economy and began rapidly, before slowing down from the 1980s onwards with the onset of the financial and economic crises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A survey of 1 000 young migrants of 14 to 29 conducted in Almaty City in 2012 showed that 54.2% of the respondents had no registration in the city, while 50.9% were still registered at their previous place of residence (Makhmutova, 2012). This problem also exists in Astana: of 124 internal migrants who had settled there permanently, 24% did not have registration there in 2014 (Tukmadieva, 2015). It is not possible to enrol children in kindergarten or public schools without local registration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In most of these countries the majority of lone mothers also work fiill-time, except for Austria and Germany (see Figure 1.6). Net replacement rates for long-term unemployed lone parents are among the highest in the OECD. These countries generally apply a full-time work test when the youngest child turns three or even before and childcare costs tend to be relatively low (Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, one approach could be to consult with parents on their availability and organise activities around their schedules. It is possible that frequent exposure to activities gives parents a better grasp of what they can do to support their child. At the same time, more frequent contact with school activities and school personnel may ensure trustful relationships with pedagogical staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Greater efforts are therefore needed to systematically integrate impact evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis in the design and implementation of biodiversity policy monitoring. More generally, Gertler et al. ( Lc Velly and Dutilly (2016) propose guidelines and discuss methodological choices in designing impact evaluation for PES programmes and Ahmadia (2015) discusses how impact evaluation monitoring can be integrated into the design of Marine Protected Areas (see Box 4.1). In another paper, Peterson et al. ( Considerable monitoring efforts took place from 2009 to 2014 inside both no-take and use zones of the six Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and in 2012, in areas outside of MPAs, to document baseline ecological conditions (fish and benthic attributes) of coral reefs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In each case the labour force was projected individually by gender and five-year age group, with the overall labour force size the sum across both genders and all five-year age groups. Estimates of GDP per capita were calculated using a modified version of the long-term growth models presented in OECD Economic Outlook, No. These growth models estimate GDP based on a standard Cobb-Douglas production function with the usual long-term growth determinants (i.e. physical capital, human capital, potential employment and labour efficiency). Potential GDP across the projection period (here, 2012-2040) is estimated by projecting trends and changes in the various input components, with projections of the components themselves based on both long-term dynamics within the given country and on convergence patterns between countries (see OECD (2014c) and Johansson et al (2013) for details on the measures, data and assumptions used to project the individual components).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The rise of populist governments around the world has attracted a great deal of attention from international law scholars. The field of international law witnesses a range of studies analyzing recent populist movements and their impact on international law, in particular, in the fields of trade, environment, human rights and migration. However, existing literature focusing on the Global South is scant. Nonetheless, as populism is essentially linked to nativism, jingoism, and authoritarianism, the South countries need to be investigated as well, given their close association with nationalism and localism especially when they came to participate in the rule-of-law dialogues. This article fills the gap by offering some insights to the understanding of populism from three perspectives: behaviors, regimes and actors, and cautions that populism places global justice and rule of law at a high stake of risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These gender-related disparities remain significant even when other differences between men and women-founded enterprises are controlled for. It shows that in the United States (as across European countries) gender differences in innovation outcomes tend to disappear when less capital- and research-intensive forms of innovation are considered. The only significant differences between men and women-founded enterprises relate to expenditure in design, software, and databases. Sample means for enterprises where all the owners were men at the start-up date (men founded) and where all the owners were women (women founded).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Qualification mismatch is determined based on a comparison of a worker’s qualification level - expressed as the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level corresponding to his or her highest educational qualification - and what is thought to be the required qualification level for his or her occupation code - the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) code attached to the job he or she holds. Because ISCED levels do not accurately reflect skills -not even those acquired in initial education - and ISCO codes do not accurately describe jobs, the resulting measure does not precisely describe how a worker’s skills set matches the skills needed to carry out his or her tasks at work. Skills mismatch, however, refers more precisely to a worker’s actual skills and to the skills needed in his or her specific job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Evidence suggests that women's representation among clients of these services is very low. At the national level, a number of existing “industrial modernisation centres”, “mise a niveau” programmes, technology and innovation centres, and so on, target enterprises in the manufacturing sectors that have been in operation for at least two years, have a minimum number of employees (perhaps 10 or more) or are working in high-technology sectors. The vast majority of women-owned enterprises do not meet these criteria. At this time, the governments of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia created Young Entrepreneur Programmes to provide start-up training, counselling, assistance with business plan preparation, incubation, and seed capital for unemployed graduates of technical institutes and universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the project of the Global Reporting Initiative and the consultative group on devebping Sustainable Development Goal indicators aims to facilitate companies’ reporting on their contribution to the achievement of the Goals in relevant aspects of their performance, UNCTAD work focuses on selecting a limited number of core quantitative indicators that would be universal and comparable. These core indicators form the baseline metrics for reporting, drawing on existing guidelines to foster the enhanced comparability of sustainability reporting across enterprises, industries and geographies. The objective of the guidance is to provide Member States of the United Natbns with a methodology for measuring the number of companies that publish sustainability reports, a requirement of the Goals monitoring framework. The guidance provides a new context for the selection of core indicators, as they can play an important role in assisting key stakeholders in building a consensus on the minimum requirements that should be met by a reporting entity to qualify the data provided as sustainability reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This might limit the extent to which schools select the candidate who best fits their needs and explains, in part, why often recruitment processes have a certain degree of informality (see below). Schools and school boards do not seem to be required to advertise their teacher vacancies even if some of them do so on the school network’s website or at the Flemish public employment service. School networks, groups or associations typically keep a list of potential candidates and often directly contact a potential candidate for a position in the school, while not organising a formal recruitment process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)