albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The last decades has seen an enormous explosion in the use of private security providers by governments, industry, the UN and humanitarian organizations. Meanwhile, the accountability of these companies and their personnel for violations of human rights has not kept pace. Some researchers suggested that private security providers functioning in the grey area of the public international law, but in this paper we suggest that the international regulation is existed and the international soft low could transform into hard law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This classification (which, for European Union countries, is largely consistent with the Eurostat NUTS classification) facilitates comparability of regions at the same territorial level. E, Health, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men was 69.1 years in 2010-12, about 10.6 years lower than for non-indigenous men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter discusses the origin of Colombia’s military criminal code in emergency decrees and the decades-long military jurisdiction over human rights cases that followed. This chapter traces a shift from prior years of government impunity to a period in the mid-late 1990s when human rights prosecutions emerged and steadily increased over time. As a result of two key factors, judicial review of emergency legislation and judicial independence among judges on the Constitutional Court, the military criminal code was altered, prosecutions were steadily transferred from military courts to ordinary courts, and the number of prosecutions increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this endeavour, the role of ICTs is critical. This is particularly relevant to two fundamental UN goals: SDG 16 - Peace and Justice for all -and SDG 17 calling for global partnerships. In this section we explore how ICT-enabled systems such as e-Government offer considerable scope for creating peaceful, just and inclusive societies by facilitating more open, accountable and transparent governments. Second, in Section 4.5, we assess how government policy on ICT markets impacts the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Finally, in Section 4.6, we consider how government policy on non-ICT markets is shaping the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Government policy on non-ICT markets (including food, water, energy, urban and human-settlement services, education services, health, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Clotfelte, Ladd, & Vigdor (2008) arrived to this conclusion through the estimation of a model with student fixed effects, that minimizes possible bias, using data from North Virgina at the high school level. After ruling out alternative explanations (like prior achievements, or socio-cultural environment), they find a positive relationship between teachers’ college ratings and test scores, as well as a positive relationship between teachers’ degrees, coursework and certification and student outcomes in mathematics. Good, Grouws, & Ebmeier (1983) were among the first analytical study of the links between teachers’ education - and in particular in-service education - and student performance. This study wanted to put into evidence the impact on students of their mathematics teachers’ continuing training. To do so, teachers were assigned randomly to either a control or a treatment group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
1. The force of meaning: cultural studies of law Sara L. Knox and Cristyn Davies 2. Memory and echo: pop cult, hi tech and the irony of tradition Desmond Manderson 3. Temporal horizons: On the possibilities of law and fatherhood in To Kill a Mockingbird Austin Sarat and Martha Merrill Umphrey 4. Entertaining torture, embodying law Peter J. Hutchings 5. Instrumental and gratuitous violence: The torture and death of Gul Rahman in the CIA Salt Pit Joseph Pugliese 6. Constructing 'decency': government subsidized cultural production during the culture wars Cristyn Davies 7. Weapons of sex, weapons of war: Feminisms, ethnic conflict and the rise of rape and sexual violence in public international law during the 1990s Rana Jaleel 8. Legitimating transphobia: the legal disavowal of transgender rights in prison John Nguyet Erni
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter assesses the contribution of immigrant workers to GDP in Thailand, based on labour market and other information. Assuming that the economic contribution of immigrant workers is broadly related to the number of workers, it is possible to make a quantitative assessment of the direct output generated by immigrants in Thailand. As the sectoral distribution of workers is a major determinant of the contribution to GDP, this chapter starts with a brief review of sectoral development of the Thai economy and the position of foreign-bom workers in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
That said, average per capita emissions in developed regions are significantly higher than in developing regions. In developed regions, average emissions are about 11 metric tons of C02 per person per year, compared to about 3 metric tons in developing regions, though wide variations are found among regions. Emissions per unit of economic output remain higher in developing than in developed regions: 0.6 versus 0.4 kilograms of C02, respectively, per dollar of economic output in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the United States, the Regulatory In lieu fee and Bank Information Tracking System (RIBITS) is a composite registry that is used for both the Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation scheme and the Conservation Banking scheme. Developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Fish and Wildlife Service, the RIBITS website provides civil society with information on the location of offset and compensation sites, their geographical service areas and the availability of credits from the site (USACE, 2014). Like the RIBITS database, the registry system used in England has a strong focus on communicating the availability of credits at prospective offset sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
AbstractPublic education is one influence on how young people learn to navigate social conflicts and to contribute to building democratic peace, including their sense of hope or powerlessness. Social studies curricula, in particular, introduce core concerns, geographies, governance and civil society, and participation skills and norms. History education narratives frame identity, (dis)trust or peaceful coexistence, and provide exemplars of how social conflicts and injustice have been handled in the past. To shed light on these peacebuilding and peace-blocking choices, this paper examines government-sanctioned social studies and history curricula in contrasting contexts of violent conflict and peace: Bangladesh, Colombia, Mexico, and (Ontario) Canada. Our comparative analysis shows how these official curricula (de)normalize violence and militarism, present national identities as hegemonic/exclusive or plural/inclusive, and create opportunities for teaching/learning peacebuilding citizenship competencies su...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This reflects the particular complexity and problems of the SCP and sustainability domain, as well as the standard insight of traditional public policy, that policy making is an iterative process. Table 6:1 gives an overview of monitoring implications for two important SCP domains, housing and mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The assessments of those groundwaters that are either not connected with the surface waters of the basin — discharging directly to the sea for example— or for which the connection was not confirmed by the countries, have been placed at the end of the chapter. Its common usage is derived from the WFD, in which surface water bodies and groundwater bodies are defined as water management units within river basins. One of the essential steps for EU member States in their implementation of the WFD has been to delineate and characterize bodies of surface water and groundwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More precisely, the question at stake is how to integrate the project of the various intercommunalites, w'ith their own level of constraints and local solutions, into a larger scale than single municipalities. By doing so, these individuals are able to bring local ideas and projects to a supra level, and have the potential to overcome difficulties based on the differences between territories. For example, the north littoral is filled with elderly people, whereas in the south there are mostly younger couples with children. But most of all, the main question is often about the opposition between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire on the one hand, and on the other hand, the other communes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although popular culture war depictions have often presented evangelical elites as intransigent in their opposition to homosexuality, we find that during the last several decades, evangelical elites have actually been subtly but significantly changing their moral reasoning about homosexuality. Based on content analysis of the popular evangelical magazine Christianity Today, we identify the shifts that compose this change, and we propose that various combinations of these shifts align with and map onto four overarching responses to homosexuality. We suggest that the development of these responses demonstrates a trajectory of change that portends the increasing liberalization of evangelical elites’ positions and attitudes on public policy debates related to homosexuality. We argue that these changing responses are largely the result of underlying shifts in the sources of moral authority to which evangelical elites have been appealing when making arguments about homosexuality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central Asia and Russia], Ye. Tyuryukanova and R. Abazov, eds. Labour Migration, Remittances, and Human Development in Central Asia. Central Asia Human Development Series. Available from www.eurasia.undp.org/content/ dam / rbec/ docs / CAM&RHDpaperFIN AL.pdf? Gender v vosprijatii obshhestva (rezul'taty nacional'nogo obsledovanija) [Gender as perceived in society (results of national survey].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (Geneva, May-June 2011) approved, in the form of a set of decisions and resolutions, the initiation of the process to establish the Global Framework. For example, agrometeorological forecasts, epidemiological predictions and early warnings for floods or droughts will come in support of adaptation measures at community level. The GFCS will allow the United Nations system to better help Members States to fulfil their commitments regarding the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, and meet the new challenges they face. Each hot spot is home to large numbers of poor people whose livelihoods depend on climate sensitive sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Besides, according to this approach the weights will represent a subjective perspective to poverty, deprivation and well-being. However, as mentioned before on the discussion of the concepts of (child) well-being, this method is not used often, since it is not possible and/or suitable to attach a price to many of the aspects of well-being. Alkire and Santos (2010) assign an equal weight to each dimension (33.3% for each of the three dimensions) since, according to the authors, there are no compelling reasons to consider one dimension to be more important than another. The authors, however, use a different number of indicators in each dimension, which results in having different weights for the indicators, varying from 5.6% for indicators in the 'living standards' dimension to 16.7% for the health and education indicators. In the aforementioned analysis of four European countries by Roelen and Notten (2011) the authors use equal indicator weights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Promising applications exist in areas such as manufacturing, precision agriculture, government, education, health care, smart cities, and smart transportation. As part of broader initiatives, ICTs can contribute to achieving each of the 17 SDGs. Networks will have to support diverse quality-of-service demands from applications and users while delivering robust and ubiquitous connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Financial incentives could assist owners to replace their vehicles with low emission vehicles or even electronic Jeepneys (e-jeepneys). Metro Cebu could set a target and support such transition. Globally, under the Urban Electric Mobility Initiative, city governments have pledged that electrical vehicles will account for 30% of light duty vehicles plying their cities by 2030 (UEMI, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article argues that human security discourses and initiatives are made intelligible by the politics of applying legalism to global politics. Human security projects like the International Criminal Court, the Ottawa Treaty on landmines, and coercive interventions like Kosovo are shaped, mobilised, but also limited and constrained by the wider problematic of the legal constitution of global politics. Although human security has been the justiﬁcation for efforts to liberalise and humanise politics through law, it has also been associated with exceptionalistic and non-universal legal relationships that reinforce the interests of the most dominant actors in global politics. As a result, human security runs the danger of becoming an instrument of hegemony. Nonetheless, the article also argues that there are always progressive political openings in the politics of a global rule of law that can facilitate a wider conception of human security than has been pursued since the mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The number of GPs per capita is set to decrease temporarily below the current OECD average around 2025, due to their unfavourable age structure and historically tight restrictions on the number of medical students (Figure 14, Panels A and B, Drees, 2016b, Bachelet and Anguis, 2017). Indeed, households in poor neighbourhoods were only half as likely as the general population to have complementary insurance in 2012 (ONZUS, 2015), despite the CMU-C and ACS schemes, and this could have effectively limited their ability to afford extra billing (which moreover is forbidden for this category of patient). In addition, the CMU-C and ACS schemes limit physicians’ tariffs and exempt households from co-payments, and the outcomes of several discrimination tests indicate that households covered by CMU universal health coverage are frequently refused medical appointments, in particular by specialists who extra-bill (Baudis, 2014, Despres et al., France, like other OECD countries, does not limit physicians’ choice of location but provides incentives to locate in some areas (Ono et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, some would argue that the critical mass of women is contributing to the passage of legislation that addresses women’s concerns. Women have been able to successfully lobby for greater allocation of health-care spending, for example, as well as enact changes to land inheritance laws to be more favourable to women (Norville 2011). This suggests that encouraging Commonwealth countries to adopt NAPs can have the beneficial effect of helping to institutionalise and normalise the perception that women should be included in political institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Significant investment is needed in the LDCs to boost technological progress and economic growth, and to achieve the target of doubling industry's share in the gross domestic product of these countries. Trends in MVA show steady increases in developing regions and a slight decline in developed regions, which is similar to trends in manufacturing jobs. The potential for growth in manufacturing employment is particularly high in the LDCs because large segments of the population continue to work in agricultural and traditional sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since then Barbados, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago have received technical assistance from Chile, with support from the Organization of American States (OAS), in the development and implementation of local versions of the Puente programme. So, for example, in Jamaica the Bridge Jamaica initiative assists families to access basic services or benefits to which they would not normally have access. These services or benefits all relate to the seven supporting pillars of the bridge, namely, personal identification, health, education and training, family dynamics, housing conditions and disaster management, employment, and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2012 the number of women in ministerial positions and in parliament was higher in the OECD on average than in Asia/Pacific economies. Across the board, New Zealand consistently performs better than its OECD peers. In recent history, Indira Ghandi (prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again in 1984) is arguably the most famous female Asian leader.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The decline for men has been particularly strong since 1985. Figure 1.4 shows the relationship between declining rates of CVD morality and gains in life expectancy. The horizontal axis represents the reduction in CVD mortality (in percentage terms) achieved by OECD countries between 1985 and 2011. For example, in the Netherlands the CVD mortality rate fell from 501 per 100 000 population in 1985 to 217 in 2011, representing a 57% fall. Countries such as Israel and Australia have been able to reduce CVD-related mortality by more than 65% over this period, whereas other countries such as Greece, the Slovak Republic and Mexico have reduced their rates by 40% or less.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines the place of Machiavelli’s Prince in the history of ethics and the history of leadership philosophy. Close scrutiny indicates that Machiavelli advances an ethical system for leadership that involves uprooting corruption and establishing rule of law. He draws on history and current affairs in order to obtain a realistic understanding of human behavior that forms a basis for a consequentialist ethics. While he claims a good leader might do bad things, this is in situations where necessity constrains a prince to choosing the “least bad” course of action. Furthermore, Machiavelli advocates winning the goodwill of followers through leadership as a source of power. Machiavelli’s leadership ethics has a sophistication not fully enjoyed by his reputation in management scholarship. He would not score as especially “Machiavellian” on the Mach IV. Many of his ideas contain seeds for theories that are now considered important for leadership today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If an EIA is carried out, but improperly and leading to environmental damage, the licensed EIA entity must pay compensation. There is also a mismatch between the economic value for animals, their conservation status and their market value (chapter 3). The 2012 Law on Hunting, for example, foresees a reward of 15 per cent of fines imposed to be given to the citizen identifying the person responsible for the violation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The stock of public debt rose from just below 70% of GDP at end-2010 to 108% by end-2015. Consequently, interest payments on public sector debt increased to absorb 40% of government revenues in 2015, up from 25% in 2013. The outlook for 2016 is clouded by policy slippages related to financing another large programmed deficit of 9.3% of GDP. Associated with the fiscal deficit, Gambia experienced a significant balance of payments crisis, which led to a decrease in its official reserves from six months of import cover at end-2012 to less than three months in early 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The unadjusted gaps are estimated only for students with non-missing information on whether they speak the language of assessment at home and a nonmissing score on the PISA ESCS index. Countries and economies with a non-adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk before the country/economy name. Countries and economies with an adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk after the country/economy name.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These improvements are partially reduced by climate change, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Their joint work largely follows methods used by Krishnamurthy, Lewis and Choularton (2014), with vulnerability defined by a composite index based on measures of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Projections of future levels of vulnerability were made for two time periods: 2050 and 2080.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Obesity rates are rising, particularly among children, where the rate has grown by 50% since 2001. Nevertheless, the share of public expenditure is high (77%) and the benefits package is broad. While co-payments are levied on an increasingly wide range of health benefits, there are exemptions for vulnerable groups and out-of-pocket payments accounted for only 15% of total health spending in 2015, equal to the EU average. Strengthened health system governance will be crucial to ensure financial sustainability. There is a large gender gap, with women living about six years longer than men (81 years for women compared with slightly less than 75 years for men). Standardised death rates from cardiovascular diseases were 679 per 100 000 population in 2014,1.8 times higher than the EU average of 374.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper reflects on aspects of the meaning of new social security as 'conditional welfare' (such as welfare quarantining) and its implications for client rights, advocacy and public policy accountability. The paper considers the rising reliance on conditional welfare and related measures such as 'linked', localised or place‑based welfare, and the increasing complexity of welfare discretions. The paper essentially makes the argument that it is past time to begin to debate the pros and cons for Australia of conditional welfare as it impacts on administrative law and new forms of welfare advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Which sectors do they cover (e.g. electricity generation, heat production, transport fuels)? The latter must be set with careful consideration for any possible overlaps or conflicting interactions with other economic and financial incentives for clean energy development. In fact, recent analysis on the use of tradable quotas for carbon reduction and renewable energy deployment seems to show that renewable energy support policies do not automatically result in improved performance against carbon reduction targets if there already exists an efficient and binding emission trading scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Social Justice Instruction and Teaching Practices in the Elementary Setting covers the historical perspective of social justice in schools, in general, followed by in elementary schools, and classrooms. It provides specific teaching practices and strategies, as well as traditional and multimedia resources, which can be utilized immediately in classrooms embedded in all subject content through compassion, tolerance, and empathy, this chapter primarily focuses on these three skills with specifics offered the social studies curriculum. An important distinction is drawn between young children learning social justice from social injustice. While grounded in theory, it is primarily a practitioner paper with application which can be of benefit in elementary classrooms immediately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)