albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The problem of TDS network is the inefficiency due to the rather long guard-time. Usually the guard-time is required to absorb the switching time of optical switches. In TDS network, it is also used to absorb the clock sy nchronization error and time-slot-phase difference, w hich is caused by the various fiber lengths between nodes (asynchronous phase network).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The simulation in this section models the individually tailored forward contract that allow farmer to fix the selling price (with no basis risk) in advance at lower price than the expected price. The simulation result shows that in Australia and in the UK the farmer does not use a forward contract strategy unless its cost is approximately less than 2.5% of the expected price. While the representative farm in Australia almost fully hedges price risk at zero transaction cost of the forward contract, the representative farm in the UK hedges the price at less than 60% of his production even when the transaction cost of the forward contract is zero. The marginal impact of the use of price hedging on farm welfare is larger in the UK than in Australia (first graph in the figure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These different impacts are driven by a number of factors, including access to resources, endowments, skills levels, regulatory processes, rights and entitlements, that are sometimes enshrined in law, as well as social norms and values. The impact of trade also depends on the goods and services produced within sectors and on whether production occurs in the formal or informal sector, which has implications for the ways in which women and men are employed. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the gender profile of trade negotiators at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and considers whether or not better representation of women in senior roles at the WTO, aligned with an improved trade policy framework at national and regional levels, could result in more gender-equitable trade outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both ratios are used side by side and they definitely are not interchangeable. The OECD/ITF report entitled “Reporting on serious road traffic casualties” (2011) advocates considering injury consequences as a relevant outcome indicator of road crashes, next to fatal injuries. Sometimes, the (economic) costs of crashes and injuries resulting from crashes are also considered to be outcome indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Human rights campaigns assert controversial arguments about the importance of human dignity in the face of the arbitrary exercise of power. The history of human rights is indeed a history of confrontation between forces seeking to preserve the status quo and those acting in defense of marginalized underdogs. Yet, a new tradition was created when human rights advocates designed platforms that are in tension with—or even antithetical to—the radical history of human rights. The critical theory of the Frankfurt School warns of the political risks for movements that rely on commercial transactions and marketized relationships. Today, elements of consumerism and popular culture are integral to human rights movement-building efforts, but this new direction poses risks for the long-term viability of the movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More research on the contexts in which this is possible and how mothers sustain this way of life, as well as the parallel roles of fathers, would enhance our understanding of ways to achieve positive parenting within the region. Female kin battle over orphaned children in a bid to gain access to a foster care grant. Adolescents seek control over how grant money is spent or decide to move in with other kin, thereby removing a source of income to their current household (Vale &Thabeng, 2015).These financial considerations put a new source of power into the hands of adolescents that may become even more problematic when adolescents are themselves parents. Many of these are oriented not only towards the well-being of individual children, but to the sustenance of a social network that can support the wider family, including those with parenting responsibilities. Striking in the ethnographic data is an increasing mismatch between norms in family life, including care and parenting, and the diminishing possibilities afforded to adults and children for achieving these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Jane Chapman, independent risk adviser to the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, conducted a comprehensive governance and risk assessment of Big White Wall. The assessment showed BWW carries an overall low risk for users given the safeguards in place. This could indicate different directions that countries are taking in the development, and prioritisations, in their mental health systems. In Norway, where there is a perceived shortage of psychologists, and in particular nurses and psychologists in schools, the Ministry of Health and Care Services has been directly funding an increase in psychologists to work in municipalities, and this direct funding is due to be allocated to psychologists in schools also.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Measures such as these may reduce food shortages in the short run, but they distort the price system and can discourage food production and foster the formation of local cartels, among other problems (Von Braun, 2008). Such initiatives include the Food Mission (Mision Alimentacion) of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, set up in 2003. According to figures from the statistics unit of the Food Markets Mission (MERCAL), in September 2008, food was distributed to over 13 million people at prices representing a 71.7% saving on market prices.3 Nonetheless, the impact of this initiative has not been rigorously evaluated to its identify its effects on poverty and food security, or the progressive nature of the expenditure and repercussions on private food supply. In this area, some countries have provided support to small-scale farmers and have given incentives for the production of food for self-consumption (ECLAC, 2008b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ethnic difference is an exciting and empowering idea for some who live in mixed communities. For others, the experience is the opposite: caused in large part by social and economic inequalities and inequitable access to a community's resources. Coiled within this reality are theories of public citizenship such as neo-liberalism, communitarian theory and deliberative democracy that attempt to manage ethnic difference through their respected frameworks. The impact of public citizenship theories to promote high levels of equity within the community is greeted with waning levels of success, especially when compared to targeted inclusionary strategies such as multiculturalism and assimilation. This essay will suggest that in spite of the efforts of public citizenship, greater attention should be placed to exploring the practicalities of employing inclusionary strategies guided by a human development approach, in the hopes of understanding its potential for improving the management of ethnic difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 and how the existing system could evolve, will help to lay the groundwork for this task, together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for related work to be undertaken by the APA and other UNFCCC bodies. Coherence will be needed between the different sets of modalities, procedures and guidelines for mitigation, finance and other forms of support. To achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement, the transparency arrangements will also need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It starts with a short analysis of the volume of official development finance for infrastructure. Next, it highlights some of the strategies pursued by donors that are particularly active in this area and presents several case stories. It concludes with some observations about how to improve the effectiveness of support for trade-related infrastructure investments. Together Japan, the World Bank Group, the European Union (EU) institutions, Germany and France disbursed over three quarters of all funds during the period 2006-15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   Within the money laundering process, lawyers could become the potential vehicle for the launderers to conduct their illegal activities. In dealing with this problem, the Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Act 2001 (AML/ATF) imposes a duty on the Malaysian lawyers to report any suspicious transactions to the authority. Employing a content analysis method, this conceptual paper examines such obligation and the impediments to reporting in many jurisdictions, including Malaysia. The lawyers’ reluctance to comply with their duties to report could be attributed to the culture of confidentiality and the fear of erosion of the principle of client-lawyer privilege.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This functionality is provided to registered users. An online reporting mechanism was introduced in 2015 (http://e-reporting.eitimongolia.mn). On 29 May 2017, the Computerized Mining Cadastre System of Mongolia identified 2,164 exploration licences and 1,592 exploitation licences (i.e. 3,756 mining licences), covering 6.21 per cent and 0.90 per cent of the area respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Unfortunately, the results of this survey were not available in time for the publication of this report. Individuals working for their own consumption were not included (IPEA, 2012). When only out-of-school youth are considered, the informality rates of youth and adults in Brazil are very similar (Quintini and Martin, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is important to highlight that these apply predominately with climate-related aid in mind. There is limited understanding of how the aid effectiveness principles relate to private climate finance mobilised through development finance - and the degree to which private climate finance mobilised by public sector efforts is accountable. For instance, mainstreaming climate change considerations into national development plans may involve introducing carbon-pricing mechanisms that can help to level the playing field between fossil fuel and low-carbon investments (e.g. Morden, 2013 and GoSA, 2013). Capacity development (i.e. strengthening the enabling environments and national capacities to effectively manage climate finance, as well as the international co-operation and partnerships needed to support country ownership) is critical, as outlined in the Busan Partnership for Action on Climate Finance and Development Effectiveness10 (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Latest data shows that the expansion of the world's cities has been accompanied by changes in land use, both in terms of form as well as structure, and a progressive reduction of the proportion of space allocated to streets. The integration of public space in local, regional and national policies and frameworks promoting sustainability is key to securing the provision of public space and creating more liveable cities. Ensuring citywide distribution of public spaces is a way for governments to reduce inequalities and expand benefits and prosperity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper examines how the decentralization of state power and, advent of mayoral elections in Bogota, Colombia, enabled municipal government, with the help of a cadre of professional planners and designers, to transform the city socially and physically by reinventing civil society and public space. Three contiguous mayoral administrations used public space as a setting and tool to reinvent a culture of citizenship as well as to demonstrate competency on behalf of the mayors. The mayors’ strategy was largely successful as Bogota has experienced a move from individualism to collective spirit, and citizens report improvements in civility, friendliness and quality of life. Much of the city's success derives from the vision of the mayors and the important role urban planners and designers provide in implementing that vision. By examining Bogota's transformation, it is possible to better understand how local politicians and planning and design administrators are key to that change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This sub-category also includes medical non-durable goods that have been prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. Sub-categories such as "essential medicines” are operational distinctions that are already institutionalised in some countries for routine monitoring, which could be also included in a detailed breakdown. Eventually, a therapeutic breakdown based on the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification may also be feasible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Three reasons lie behind this. First, more is known about the promotion of agricultural growth than the promotion of alternative, non-agricultural activities (Valdes and Foster, 2010). Second, the responsibility for rural development has often fallen to government departments responsible for agriculture, farming and related activities (Rojas-Caldelas et al., Third, in most developing countries, the vast majority of the rural population is engaged in agriculture, and improving farm incomes is often seen as an obvious first step. It is not that approaches based on single sectors in isolation are necessarily ineffective or undesirable, but simply that an approach to development with too narrow' a focus is unlikely to recognise the full complexity, externalities and opportunities that affect the development potential of a given region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There has been a steady decline in unionization, from 64.4% of employees in 1993 to 30% in 1999 and then to 17.3% in 2009 (Myant, 2010, Visser, 2013). However, the percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining is higher, estimated to be at least 30% but possibly as much as 41% (Myant, 2013, Visser, 2013). Nominal wage increases achieved through collective bargaining agreements have broadly mirrored aggregate wage growth in the business sector since 2010 (Table 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It revealed that Ofsted has little direct control over this aim, except regarding statutory provisions for identifying and monitoring schools and regulatory control of childcare. Findings indicate that well-managed providers and those that cause concern are the most likely to benefit from inspections. This study provides a more detailed look at the quality of early years settings in England (United Kingdom).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the aftermath of the Supreme Court decision largely upholding the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act, many stakeholders have renewed their commitment to health care reform. In fact, a new political economy of health care has emerged that is characterized by three dynamics. One is the “log-rolling” dynamic of distributive politics, as evident in mutually supportive efforts for maintenance and expansion of subsidies and other opportunities to advance the interests of stakeholders. A second is the cut-throat zero-sum politics of interest-group conflict, as evident in the intense competition among stakeholders for limited resources and authority. The third dynamic is the result of the emotional and ideological conflicts of resource redistribution. These new dynamics may make repeal of reform more daunting than expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most recent example is the self-generation of electricity using renewable energy sources, which allows private users to sell surplus energy to the national power utility (UNCSD submission, Tunisia, 2012). Fossil fuel dependence exposes countries’ growth pathways to both financial and political risks arising from the price volatility of fossil fuels. Reducing fossil fuel dependence also reduces the fiscal burden from fossil fuel subsidies where they are in place (however, subsidy reform is also essential, as noted above). Without such policies, dependence on fossil fuels can also lock-in higher local air pollution and higher carbon emissions for many years through long-lived infrastructure choices and development patterns (e.g. for transport).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With regard to wastewater management, there is a growing use of separate charges for wastewater collection and for wastewater treatment, with the latter increasingly based on the pollution load of industrial effluents, thus better reflecting actual treatment costs. A variety of water funds aim to secure funding for water infrastructure. For the financial year 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested USD 3.9 billion for Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs) for funding water infrastructure projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Over the past two decades, rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity have helped reduce hunger. Nevertheless, agriculture is under strain. Between 1992 and 2014, the amount of arable land in Asia and the Pacific fell from 0.28 to 0.21 hectares per person. Another concern is the availability of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Another common practice within this ethnic group is where a victim of defilement is required to get married to the perpetrator. This practice is extended within the Buganda region and in some clans in Acholi region, whereby when a girl is defiled the parents will offer the girl to the defiler for marriage,22 even if the girl does not wish to marry her defiler. Among the Baganda,23 prior to the enthronement of the king, it was a customary requirement that he have sexual relations with a virgin girl commonly known as ‘Nakku’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is not a physical or natural law but a technological trend that has been remarkably long-lived. Originally formulated in 1965 at the dawn of the electronic age, the popular rendering of Moore's conjecture is that the number of components in an integrated circuit will double every year (Moore, 1965). This means in theory that the processing or computing capability of the integrated circuit doubles every year as well. This prediction was later revised by Moore to doubling every two years (other reformulations of the law state that the doubling occurs every 18 months).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As discussed below', this appears to have been the case in the NDP 2010-14. A major source of market failure is the difficulty of appropriating the returns to basic research, as they tend to spill over to the rest of society. Therefore, relative to the social optimum, the business sector tends to under-invest in basic research, but undertake R&D closer to market where they can appropriate more of the benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is a particular need for the inclusion of a question on the continuity of services in terms of access to mains water, electricity and natural gas, so as to reflect any deprivations that would not be revealed by merely asking whether households are connected to these networks. The collection of information on multiple dimensions in the same survey would also enable analysis of the interplay of different dimensions, their combined distribution and causal interrelationships, which would facilitate the formulation and monitoring of policies. It is to be hoped that the various efforts being made in the region, under the banner of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of ECLAC, or globally through initiatives such as the International Household Survey Network, will give rise to the greater availability of more useful and reliable sources of information that can adequately meet the growing demand for information. Alkire and olhers (2014) and Santos (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policy makers will increasingly rely on irrigation pricing strategies and markets to motivate improvements in water management and to improve resource allocation. Farm-level costs will increase, but innovative management and wise use of technology will enable farmers to adjust in ways that generate greater value from limited water resources. Looking forward, farmers in the United States and elsewhere must adjust to rising energy costs and increasing water scarcity. While the outlook for agricultural prices is uncertain, recent increases in food prices suggest that crop prices might be notably higher in some years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Human Rights Officers conducting interviews should be aware of this and must ensure that follow-up questions focus on the women's experience. Gender Advisers can play an essential role in preparing victims and witnesses to speak in public hearings and in sensitizing Commissioners, Experts and Human Rights Officers on how best to ask questions on gender issues. Consideration should be given to whether public hearings could expose victims to further stigmatization or violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This report provides policy guidance that can help governments achieve this goal, organised around four main areas (i) the choice and design of policy instruments, (ii) how to combine them into an effective policy mix that covers the whole of the product lifecycle, (iii) integrating resource efficiency into cross-cutting and sectoral policies, and (iv) strengthening of data and analysis to support policy development and evaluation. While the focus is mostly on the measures that governments can take at the domestic level, the report concludes by identifying a number of areas where international co-operation, including in the G7 framework, could make an important contribution in moving this agenda forward. To do this without simply displacing environmental burdens across the lifecycle of products or from one environmental medium to another requires the application of policy mixes that create a coherent set of incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This lack of demand was attributed to inadequate comprehension of how statistics could be used for effective decision-making by policymakers, or how other actors could employ them in advocacy to influence policy. What is needed to deal with this situation, in the view of an official at the National Institute of Statistics, is capacity-building among users of statistics. However, lack of capabilities is not the only problem, lack of political will is critical as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For this to happen, it is essential to have the acceptance and support of such development from the communities that will reap the benefits and costs associated w ith tourism development. As in many countries, destination management plans (DMP) can be used to support tourism development and take into account local needs and characteristics (OECD, 2018a). They can help to co-ordinate public and private actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Partners extend the educational workforce, resources and sites for learning. Working with partners is a form of capital investment - the social, intellectual, and professional capital on which a thriving learning organisation depends (Hargreaves and Fullan, 2012). This is even more critical in circumstances of scarce resources, when more is expected to be done with less.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The processes and outputs of national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems could, indirectly, contribute to the assessment of collective progress towards the global goal on adaptation, should Parties allow the use of country-specific information to that puipose. The extent to which this can be done is uncertain and varies according to which of the stated objectives of the global stocktake on adaptation is considered. Monitoring and evaluation of adaptation aims to improve the effectiveness of adaptation action by evaluating its outcomes and continuously learning from them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)