albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article provides a critical reading of the judgments of The Hague District Court and especially The Hague Court of Appeal in the case of Mothers of Srebrenica v. the State of the Netherlands, which concerned the liability in tort of the Dutch State for facilitating the massacre of Bosnian Muslims in 1995. It engages with the courts’ considerations regarding the attribution of conduct to the State in UN peacekeeping operations, the extraterritorial application of human rights treaties, the State obligation to prevent genocide, and the State’s liability for damages. While not fully agreeing with the courts’ argumentation, the author concludes that the judgments contribute to the refinement of the law and practice of State responsibility in respect of wrongful acts committed in complex multinational peace operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the Cameroon economy benefits less from the positive trade effect because of the greater fall in the prices of energy products. If Ghana's favourable terms of trade developments, associated with continuing strong export prices for its two main exports (gold and cocoa) and greater exposure to external trade, has contributed to substantially improve its trade deficit, the importance of foreign investment in the country renders it particularly vulnerable to its reduction during the crisis. Table 6 shows a relative increase in the average real price of imports and a relative fall in the average real price of exports. However, the decline in export volumes is less than that of import volumes for the same period. The nature of the products exported by these two groups of countries is the main cause of this difference. Developing countries, including those covered by our analysis, mainly export agricultural and mining goods to industrialized and emerging countries whereas they mainly import from these countries manufactured goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Barro (2000) suggests that the negative impact of inequality on growth depends on how wealthy a country is, although this relationship is not robust. Using the two-step Arellano and Bond estimator, he found that income inequality depresses economic growth and was able to corroborate the convergence hypothesis, according to which initially low income or output levels are correlated with higher growth rates. These authors detected six such clubs, with the factors that reduced the inequality of income distribution in the municipalities of Brazil having asymmetric effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over time, as it becomes more established, this body could play a more direct role in shaping teaching policy and certification requirements. End the high-stakes consequences of regular appraisal that hinder its developmental function. Regular appraisal results should not be used to determine salary bonuses, and eligibility for career advancement should be based on a minimum threshold rather than requiring teachers to obtain the highest marks on their regular appraisals. These changes should be made as part of a broader reform to the career advancement appraisal (see Recommendation 3.4.2). For those teachers w'ho do not pursue career advancement, the regular developmental appraisal could be balanced by the externality of a periodic appraisal for recertification to provide adequate quality assurance and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With the 2017 reform, Wien-Umgebung was divided into four parts, each of which was absorbed into a different predominantly rural county (Bruck an der Leitha, Komeuburg, St. Polten Land and Tulin). This stated objective is visible in most of the regional strategic documents currently in place: the Oslo-Akershus Joint Regional Plan for Transport and Land Use, the Vision of Vastra Gotaland and the Regional Development Programme (RUP) of Vastra Gotaland “VG2020”, Skane’s regional development strategy “The Open Skane 2030” and “Strategies for Polycentric Skane” (Table 2.5). In the case of Oslo-Akershus, the national government’s push for a joint regional plan on transport and land use stimulated co-ordination between both counties and municipalities (Box 2.4). In the case of the two Swedish sub-regions, the focus on polycentric development may also reflect the fact that the current perimeter of Vastra Gotaland and Skane is the result of county amalgamations in 1998-99.2 The Committee for Sustainable Development in Vastra Gotaland ensures effective co-ordination and mutual reinforcement between regional and municipal initiatives (Box 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The GEF-6 Replenishment strategy envisaged supporting initiatives to address the water-energy-food nexus. Regarding IW, tradeoffs in GEF's "Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystem Security Nexus" were recognized among challenges related to the implementation of Strategic Action Plans (SAPs).5 GEF:IW projects have traditionally tackled intersectoral issues, and the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis methodology is a well-established approach for addressing transboundary issues from an ecosystems perspective. This is suggested by the interaction of nexus work under the Water Convention with several GEF-funded IW projects, notably in the Kura, Drina and Drin basins (table 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
But while recent decades have seen greater inequality among younger cohorts, older cohorts have tended to have a more equal distribution of income (Bell et al., Inequalities in many cases are reinforced by welfare regimes, which tend to favour older generations (Chauvel, 2008). This trend is likely to be exacerbated as globalisation continues to expand, putting greater downward pressure on wages for those at the bottom of the income-distribution ladder, while wages for those at the top would appear likely to continue to rise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores aspects of translation, multilingualism and language policy in the field of transnational civil society. By focusing on translation policies at Amnesty International, an international non-governmental organisation that performs a key role in global governance, this article seeks to contribute to a globalisation-sensitive sociolinguistics. It argues that combining a sociolinguistic approach – more precisely linguistic ethnography – with translation studies leads to an increased understanding of the language practices under study. Furthermore, the article calls for more interdisciplinary research, stating that there is space for sociolinguistics and translation studies to contribute to research in international relations and development studies by highlighting the role of multilingualism and challenging the traditionally powerful position of English in transnational civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This short paper discusses international law and statutory interpretation in the Supreme Court’s recent decisions. It argues that the last decade has been one of ferment. Some Justices, most prominently Breyer and Ginsburg, have invented new canons to determine the extraterritorial reach of statutes. Other Justices, most prominently Scalia and Thomas, have relied on the presumption against extraterritoriality, though shifting it in important ways. Neither camp has made much use of the Charming Betsy canon because it would allocate prescriptive jurisdiction in a way that neither finds desirable. The paper will appear in a forthcoming book on the history of international law in the U.S. Supreme Court to be published by Cambridge University Press in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most rivers exhibit a high degree of degradation, particularly within the Murray-Darling catchment, Australia’s main agricultural producing region. Drinking water quality is impaired in many locations, and coastal regions downstream of large agricultural areas suffer from sediment and nutrient loadings. In terms of the environmental health of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), recent research indicates that quantities of sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen entering the GBR have been increasing, with agriculture a key contributor to water quality issues in the GBR (Rolfe and Windle, 2011). But given the lack of a national monitoring system it is difficult to assess national trends in water quality related to agriculture (OECD, 2008a). There are expensive restoration clean-ups going on in some iconic lakes and there are questions over the state of groundwater. At a national level, diffuse discharges now greatly exceed point source pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite being a key concept in social work practice, community empowerment has been largely overlooked in the Christian social work literature. One potential explanation for the paucity of publication is arguably a lack of theoretical guidance from scholars who embrace both Christianity and social work. This paper sought to expand the literature by proposing, among other things, the Community Empowerment Framework (CEF) to guide practice within the Christian social work realm. The CEF contains the following nine principles: unit, purpose, power dynamics, needs assessment, inductive reasoning, solidarity, legacy, accountability, democracy, and identity. From these principles arise nine corresponding assumptions. This paper holds major implications for theory, research, and community practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Health and education outcomes are generally poorer in Melanesia (except Fiji) and Micronesia (PIFS, 2015a). The Pacific region is currently facing a non-communicable diseases (NCDs) crises, which is the leading cause of death in all Commonwealth Pacific small states except PNG (see Chapter 6). Polynesian and Micronesian states rank high on global obesity, tobacco use and physical inactivity rates (see Chapter 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the same time, these measures can support domestic demand and boost growth and employment creation in the economy as a whole. However, there are limits to achieving greater equality in personal income distribution in this way. A comprehensive policy approach to reversing the trend towards greater inequality will require a broader reorientation of economic policy that takes into account the dynamics linking productive investment, growth and income distribution, which are influenced by labour market and macroeconomic policies. These aspects are discussed in the next chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is explained in the More Than Rain report (Ulsrud et al., Traditional livelihoods have been developed in close interaction between people, society, technology, the local nature and climate conditions. People have tried to cope and adapt to circumstances that they are unfamiliar with or less familiar within the limits shaped by the social, political, economic and environmental barriers they face (Ulsrud et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, they do not indicate whether transport improvement would actually meet various groups' access needs. However, land use is often included only in a broad way, disregarding competition effects. As an example, an indicator may reflect access to schools but not account for the types of schools to which different people want access, nor the competition for access to a specific school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The emergence of online retailers and platforms, such as E Bay, Amazon and Alibaba, have transformed the retail industry and changed consumers’ behaviours. E-commerce platforms has the potential to reduce transaction costs and create direct links between producers and consumers, providing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with access to new markets. Mobile and digital technologies also have the potential to reduce the costs of financial transactions, e.g. on remittances, and open up banking services to new groups of people. Another area, which can greatly benefit from digitalisation, is agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Verisign, a large web address company, is now the sole registry operator for TV through 2021. It paid Tuvalu US$5 million in 2015 in registry fees63, equal to 15% of the country's Gross Domestic Product.64 Today there are over half a million TV domains generating an estimated US$22 million a year. The island nation of Tuvalu is being kept afloat by its domain name."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Migration to and from Ghana has been predominantly regional in scope, but this deportation also marked the beginning of a broader dispersion of Ghanaian emigration, with many highly-skilled workers moving further afield in search of employment to countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many Nigerians have been involved in trade in diamonds, vehicles, building materials and related activities. Nigerian banks, telecommunication and other companies have also invested in the Ghanaian economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
New validators can be on-boarded over time, however, there should be a clear policy on which government entities can join the project and under which circumstances. Due to the binding force of the respective treaty, governments and potentially nominated NGOs should act as the only validators in a proof-of-authority set-up. Companies covered by the trading scheme can participate and trade emissions certificates, however they would not participate in transaction validation on the platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The ocean has been a catalyst for regionalism. These have profound, damaging effects on our ocean and its ecosystems. But we also see that the ocean has an incredible ability to adapt and regenerate if it is given the chance. This requires rethinking the way we sustainably manage our oceanic resources. We recognize that there must be transformational change in attitude and behaviour. We must come together if we are to succeed as citizens, communities, governments and countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Requests to translate the publication in its entirety should be addressed to: Communications Unit. Bruno Martorano®'b (bruno.martorano@unifi.it: bmartorano@unicef.org), Sudhanshu Handa® (shanda@unicef.org). The goal of this paper is to monitor the impact of the Great Recession on child well-being in countries of the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As such, independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Finally, parliaments and parliamentary' committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment (OECD, 2014). Indeed, public sector capacities required for embedding gender equality can only be as effective as the general government capacities, including planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The present article sets out to analyse the progress and evolution of women’s participation in production and business activities in South America, considering the situation of female employment, its evolution over the past decade and its differences from male employment. The article also analyses men’s and women’s time use, women’s share of employment in jobs with higher average earnings (executive positions) and women’s empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs). One of the goals laid down at the Conference was equitable participation by women in the economic activities of their respective countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The school-based vocational pathway offered in secondary education is not well regarded in Lithuania, and is taken up by fewer students than in many other countries. Efforts to raise esteem and participation are underway, but have not yet shown results. Between 2010 and 2014 the number of students enrolled in upper secondary education fell by over one quarter, from 108 000 to 79 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although family is an essential unit of every society, many intensive care units continue to impose limitations on families' access to their loved ones. Unlimited family presence is backed both by data and the guidelines of multiple professional societies. We propose that the obligation to protect the integrity and needs of our patients and families extends past our immediate relationship to them at the bedside, and is also a societal imperative. In a society rife with implicit bias, restrictions on family visitation risk selective enforcement of these rules, and further propagate social injustice. Restrictions on family presence, including rigid hours, reflect an arbitrary vision based on increasingly obsolete socioeconomic realities. The time is now to open our intensive care units both on behalf of our patients and families, and for the betterment of our society as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Family cash allowances regarding dependent children (up to age 15+) do not exist in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam. Similarly, many Asian countries do not have legislation that provides for regular payment of unemployment benefits, but severance payment provisions exist in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Overall, it seems that in South Asia and the Pacific social protection systems are still at a relatively early stage of development in contrast to Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia, Thailand and the OECD countries in the region (Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Key stakeholders of the project include the Faculty of Applied Building Technology of the Hamburg University of Technology, The Federal Institute for Vocational Training and Federal Ministry for Education and Research. For example, demand to develop low-carbon technologies, opens business opportunities where knowledge of cleaner production and innovativeness for developing new business models would be high on the agenda. Presence of new greener technologies and more sustainable services require specialists that might not yet exist or who do not possess all required skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
National governments and their partners could deploy policy advocacy networks and promotional campaigns. Along with adoption of strategies that specifically address women’s entrepreneurship, governments need to envisage mechanisms for the continued improvement of women’s entrepreneurship policies. This includes start-up training and training (including coaching and mentoring services) for SME growth and internationalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the western areas of Kazakhstan, the rapid growth of Zhanaozen, Aktau is connected to the strong dynamics of natural resource extraction (i.e. hydrocarbons). Astana’s impressive population growth during the period corresponds to the relocation of Kazakhstan’s central administrative apparatus and the headquarters of large state-ow'ned enterprises (SOEs). In contrast, the population of FUAs in the northeast of Kazakhstan stagnated or even declined during 1999-2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Kazakhstan needs to promote economic diversification in order to reduce the country’s reliance on the natural resource sectors (OECD, 2016). The Kazakh economy is projected to start expanding again in 2017 with GDP growth expected to reach 2.5% (IMF, 2017b). However, poverty rates remain much higher in rural than in urban areas, in 2015 the rural poverty headcount ratio, at 4.9%, was almost four times higher than the urban figure of 1.3% (Figure 1.1, right panel). Real wages have increased by 280% over the last decade, compared with an OECD average of 17%‘. The World Bank estimates that in Kazakhstan the Gini index - a coefficient that measures the income inequality in a society and ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximal inequality) - stood at 0.263 in 2013 (the most recent available data) down from 0.347 in 1996. This is considerably lower than the average Gini coefficient across OECD countries, which has shown an upward trend and reached 0.32 in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Quality and performance targets are defined in the hospital contract. Nearly 5% of the total hospital budget is allocated to hospital according to their performance levels. These indicators relate to access, clinical performance and economic performance. Patient Safety is one of the seven strategic priorities of the National Strategy for Quality in Health in Portugal, which defines the development of following specific actions: elaboration of guidelines in the field of patient safety, namely in surgical and medication safety, the creation of the national system of notification of incidents and adverse events and the co-ordination of the prevention and control of health care associated infections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Maritime conflict management is the regulation of conflict in relation to the sea. It comprises conflict enforcement, conflict resolution and conflict avoidance. How did victims of maritime conflicts claim and obtain damages or demand compensation or reparation? The articles in this issue aim to shed light on this question from two distinct yet related perspectives: that of the aggressor and the victim, on the one hand, and that of the political entities to which they belonged, on the other. The articles, covering seven centuries, reveal connections and entanglements between private parties and public authorities, demonstrating the importance of both for the development of maritime conflict management. Taken together these contributions provide evidence for the gradual development of maritime conflict management, diplomacy and norms for international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Particularly around the issue of violence against women, civil society activists organized tribunals to put the spotlight on violations of women's rights, previously unaddressed because they were considered part of the private sphere, taboo or simply accepted as an inevitable part of women's lives. The Conference was successful in adopting the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which stated that "the human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights" (para. Importantly, the Programme of Action also called for "the eradication of any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism" (para.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, while among Finland’s Estonian population the employment population ratio, at 66%, is less than four percentage points below that of Finnish citizens, among the Russian, Iraqi, Somali and Afghan population conversely, employment population ratios are substantially lower, standing at 37, 12, 11 and 15% respectively. However, as the number of migrants from Iraq, Somalia and Afghanistan continues to grow, efforts to improve their labour market integration is becoming an increasingly pressing concern. This represented a substantial increase in the number of asylum requests compared to the preceding years, during which it had hovered between three and four thousand. The country has been grappling with the implications of these numbers, both in terms of meeting the immediate needs regarding housing and initial settlement, and in terms of long-term integration into the Finnish labour market and society. Of the asylum decisions made in 2016 in Finland, only 27 % were positive, rising to 40% in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)