albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the Labour Inspectorate continues to be crucial for the functioning of Latvia’s labour market. One key challenge is enforcement of applicable labour regulations in small firms, where very low levels of trade union activity mean that many workers may not benefit from any legal protection other than that provided by the inspectorate. Other reporting requirements were tightened as well and several recent initiatives aimed at addressing what is often described as the “cultural problem” of tax evasion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The corruption activities of the Kenya police are conducted primarily through syndicates run by superior officers. Police corruption crime has emerged as a serious “crime problem” in Kenya, perhaps not surprisingly given its reputation as being one of the most corrupt nations in the world. In countries where police corruption is persistent, such as Kenya, it represents a systemic failure of governance where the principal institutions responsible for ensuring police accountability, the observance of ethics and integrity standards, and enforcing the rule of law are compromised and themselves infested with corrupt individuals and syndicates. This work discusses and analyzes the trends and magnitude of police corruption crime in Kenya drawing on available data and providing detailed analysis to show a coherent picture of the police corruption problem and its environmental/situational determinants in the country within the current policing institutional framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The act does, however, specify how the vision is to be implemented - e.g. the tools and instruments to be used, which are the same for all levels of government. Apart from this, governments are free to choose a form that best suits the spatial subjects, the method of work, and their own political and administrative culture. Vertical co-ordination between provinces and municipalities occurs in provincial planning committees that serve as platforms for discussions between all three levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
That is the first question. Biodiversity underpins some economic activities and a loss of biodiversity (or in broader terms, ecosystems and their related goods and services) affects the functioning of the economic system. However, the exact impact on the economic activity depends on the type of changes in biodiversity experienced as well as the economic activity in question, with sectors such as agriculture or tourism being more affected than, for instance, banking or the automobile industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The removal of subsidies resulted in public financial gains, as the government was able to save the equivalent of 2.5% of GDP (OECD, 2010). While the purpose of fossil fuel subsidy reform was not environmental protection, it did create a boost in clean energy generation by removing price distortions for conventional and clean fuels. The subsidy reform was also hailed for its compensatory measures that helped cushion consumers from rising living costs (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They can also guide teachers in preparing learning programmes and lessons that might be needed in order for students to be able to reach the prescribed standards. For example, it provides content standards describing what all students should learn at each grade level and places a significant amount of responsibility on educators to determine how the content should be implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This means that there should be a high degree of certainty that the improvements in ecosystem management are attributable to the PES programme. It also means that the services should not be lost to deteriorating ecosystems elsewhere, as environmental pressures (for example from logging activity) move from an area protected via PES, to an area which is not protected. This situation, known as "leakage" only has real significance to a PES programme if the area where ecosystem services deterioriate, is important for the provision of the ecosystem services. If a critical watershed is protected via payments for hydrological services, and logging activity moves out of the critical watershed, then the desired ecosystem services in that watershed are still secure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, individuals should not be deprived of essential food, basic shelter or education. This is also an immediate obligation. Macroeconomic policy choices should guard against eroding those rights overtime (i.e., against retrogression). Governments have an obligation to take steps, to the maximum of their available resources, to realize economic and social rights overtime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 2.2 illustrates some of the different ways in which government and students share the costs at secondary level. Fees are subject to government guidelines in public sector. Most programmes, although ‘upper secondary' in terms of ISCED level, are outside the school sector. The OECD International Survey of VET Systems, OECD, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, it is anticipated that these countries will experience serious damage due to floods and droughts. However, even developed countries cannot always avoid more violent physical events, such as torrential rainfall or severe drought, on a previously unimaginable scale. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 is representative of an event of such a large-scale impact, it destroyed protective levees and seriously damaged the city of New Orleans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When temperatures drop, and lichen is covered with ice, many reindeer are likely to starve. In addition, the thinning of the Arctic ice has made tracking reindeer herds more dangerous, as the inherited local knowledge regarding safe tracking is then no longer useful. This is clear when considering the case of Nepal, a least developed country, where rising temperatures, erratic rain- and snowfall, and the unpredictability of the beginning of the monsoon season have resulted in slow growth and decreased crop production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the United Kingdom, ADEs may account for 4% of hospital capacity at an estimated cost of EUR706 million each year. Safety lapses in primary/ambulatory care most often result in hospital admission -the most significant source of direct costs. Hospitalisation for five common chronic conditions27 that can be managed in the primary/ambulatory setting account for a substantial proportion of hospital resources. The headline figure is approximately 6% of all bed days across a panel of 27 OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The second water introduces social technologies to capture and store of rainwater for agriculture, especially for vegetable gardens and small livestock. Frequently geographical targeting is used to select an area for intervention, and is then often combined with other criteria such as poverty, risk of drought, vulnerability to climate change, cultivation of certain crops, steepness of land, or degree of urbanization. In agricultural interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty, geographical targeting often follows the same logic as in social protection programmes and intervention areas selected by poverty incidence criteria. Unlike in social protection, geographical targeting is based not only on poverty maps or poverty-related criteria, but also on the type of agricultural intervention, such as irrigation, rural development, natural resource management or land reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With sufficient warning, businesses can move productive assets to safe ground, and households can shutter windows and reinforce rooftops. Given these varying needs, the warning authorities need to carefully judge how to release information - achieving the optimum balance between timeliness and accuracy. Foresight Reducing Risks of Future Disasters: Priorities for Decision Makers (2012) Final Proj Office for Science, London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Free legal aid should be provided for women without the means to pay for court costs and attorney fees, so as to ensure that no woman is forced to forgo her economic rights to obtain a divorce” (para. The Committee also reminded them that they a re "obligated to provide, upon divorce and/or separation, for equality between the parties in the division of all property accumulated duringthe marriage. States parties should recognize the value of indirect, including non-financial contributions with regard to the acquisition of property acquired during the marriage”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The European Union advocates a progressive implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management, which will contribute to efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries industry, while minimising the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. The European Union has steadily increased the number of plans governing fisheries, bringing the large majority of catches under multiannual management. In addition, fishing opportunities (Total Allowable Catches, effort restrictions) are fixed annually by the European Union (for some stocks, bi-annually). A broad array of technical conservation measures also come into play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Before, the participation was voluntary and vessels could join the segment for three years and exit it afterwards. The Danish AgriFish Agency provides daily updates to a series of risk lists that identify critical vessels. The vessels are given a score between 0 and 10, depending on the ability to comply with the rules on a number of selected issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Is the liberty to pursue individual self-interest in the capitalist market all that remains of the grand Enlightenment promise of human emancipation? The article addresses this question by returning to eighteenth century scholarship on the relationship between English common law and commercial law. Specifically, I explore the fundamental challenge posed to common law by the regulation, through commercial law, of enslaved Africans as labouring ‘things’. I show how key British scholars in the eighteenth century traditions of jurisprudence, moral philosophy and political economy struggled to address the radical unfreedom of the enslaved and the meaning of her/his radical emancipation. I explore how this Atlantic challenge was ‘indigenised’ to speak to the threat posed by enclosures in Britain, in particular, the possible destruction of the qualified unfreedoms and freedoms extant in the paternal social order upheld by common law. I explore how political economy traditions pre and post abolition and emancipat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Small economic size and a narrow resource base may lead to frequent swings in economic variables as prices or supply of a narrow range of resources change. This volatility complicates circum-Arctic comparisons and raises the risk of arriving at biased or invalid comparisons (Larsen, 2007). The observed economic volatility captured in GDP complicates regional comparisons of material well-being based on single year analysis and GDP data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These in turn are divorced from the less common initiatives to counter economic and geopolitical risk. Again, the focus is on large drought, locust invasion and animal disease shocks, with priority placed on food and nutrition security as the overall objective of risk management. Undeniably, these are the critical issues affecting those most vulnerable to disaster, however this prioritisation, at the expense of other risks and risk management approaches, means that flooding, human epidemics (and pandemics) and other (non-negligible) economic and geopolitical risks are inadequately addressed or are siloed from the predominant drought risk management programming in Niger. The disproportional focus on using shorter-term instruments at the expense of longer-term development (as outlined in Section 4.1) is replicated in risk management programming, reinforced by the prioritisation of food and nutrition security and preparedness, traditionally led by humanitarian actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The state welfare system was substantially reformed after the end of Apartheid. Until then, the system was mainly dominated by means-tested, non-contributory old-age and disability pensions with conditions attached to the size of the benefit as well as eligibility that favoured the white population. The reform aimed at changing this and, twenty years later, the picture has been reversed, with the majority of grant beneficiaries being black Africans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Diseases of the respiratory system w'ere the leading cause of death in 1990 (31.3 per cent), but decreased to 4.5 per cent in 2005 and stayed between 3 .4 and 4.5 per cent in the period 2005-2016. In 2014, the probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from the four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was 32 per cent. The leading causes of mortality in 2016 were diseases of the circulatory system (33.3 per cent), cancer (25.6 per cent), injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (15.0 per cent), diseases of the digestive system (7.4 per cent) and diseases of the respiratory system (4.3 percent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To achieve complete payment of, say, 60% of expenditure between the deductible and the limit for catastrophic insurance would require a further payment of CNY 200 per person. This, moreover, is without allowing for the price elasticity of demand which, while lower than unity, is still sufficient to increase total outlays significantly when out-of-pocket expenses fall (Brown and Theoharides, 2009). With the system still not fully rolled out, it is too early to look for effects on macro-level health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Even when trying to prevent a crash, they make errors. In the case of a crash, we don’t ask who is to blame, but instead we ask “how could this crash have occurred?” This new approach fits better with our understanding of the majority of crashes, in which the ordinary behaviour of ordinary people is involved, rather than criminal behaviour by a small number of offenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Poland has by far the highest shares of generic drugs market penetration in the OECD (Figure 15), representing 75% in volume terms and 58% in value, which contributes to the comparatively low price of drugs (in Purchasing Power Parity terms) (OECD, 2008a). They then provide the cheaper drug on patients’ request. However, in practice, these obligations are rarely met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Earnings from this tax for 2010/11 are estimated to be around INR 22.5 billion (USD 500 million). As India's pledge refers to articles in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) related to the provision of financial resources and technology transfer from developed countries, it is unclear whether India regards this technology co-operation as a precondition for pursuing its reduction efforts. The pledge explicitly excludes emissions from agriculture, but it is also not clear whether the target refers to C02 or GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is scope to use public procurement for government agencies, hospitals, schools and the military as a vehicle for biodiversity conservation by introducing criteria, in tenders, concerning the degree to which the goods procured are consistent with biodiversity conservation objectives (e.g. biodiversity-friendly paper or food). It has set up more narrowly focused monitoring systems and developed more integrated and overarching biodiversity monitoring mechanisms. The purpose of this consortium is to co-ordinate and promote long-term monitoring of the state of ecosystems and their biodiversity, and to link scientific knowledge and ecosystem management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They often possess considerable monopsony or monopoly power in particular sectors, even if there is formally no restriction on new entrants. The use of industry associations such as VFA to implement policy needs to be fully reviewed, as there is a strong possibility for vested interests to limit competition. Efforts to open up various components of the food chain, including importing and exporting, to private firms are unlikely to be successful if the incumbent SOEs have sufficient market power to deter entry. This may delay adjustments to market signals, including those calling for higher-added value products to be supplied to domestic and international consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Universally, tourism has both a direct and indirect impact on employment and the beneficiaries are both international and local labour. There is considerable evidence to suggest that a rise in tourist arrivals leads to a rise in employment in the host destination and vice versa. Tourism can also be highly capital intensive and can lead to a significant inflow of Foreign Direct Investment. The combination makes tourism a highly desired industry by most governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Looking at the dimensions separately, the good news is that gender equality has been achieved - and for some countries surpassed - in terms of life expectancy and that some progress has been made in closing the gender gap in marriage ages, although structural differences remain between different regions. In many developed countries, parity has also been achieved in educational attainment. However, there is still much scope for progress in all the other dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 3.1 below show's federal, state and municipal natural protected areas. Its vision for development emphasises relatively affordable land, low labour costs and proximity to other central regions in Mexico. The state's precarious rural economy has also contributed to this vision - it has motivated a great number of farmers, mainly from the ejidos, to sell their agricultural land to real estate developers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The pilot was so successful that we are now building a permanent digital platform for it. The same holds across countries: top-performing countries in PISA, like Japan, Singapore and South Korea in Asia, Estonia and Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America, also came out on top in the PISA assessment of collaborative problem solving. For example, Japanese students did very well in those subjects, but they did even better in collaborative problem solving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Estimates of adaptation costs vary greatly, depending on the methodology used, analytical principles applied and assumptions made. As a result, there are no widely agreed methods for calculating costs, and therefore no agreed single estimate of the costs of adaptation. However, a review of the literature on the costs of adaptation in developing countries indicates they are likely to be underestimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, from 2000 to 2010, the private vehicle fleet grew by more than 58% in Chile (INE, 2011,2005, 2003). This was paralleled by a rise in the percentage of total trips made in private transport versus public transport (CEPAL, 2012). In common with most of Chile’s larger cities,31 these trends are leading to greater road congestion and elevated pollution levels. In 2006 on average, approximately 54% of the daily motorised trips in the Santiago metropolitan region were made on public transport (bus, metro, collective taxis).32 If daily commuting is disaggregated by income, results show that the lower-income segments are still highly dependent on public transport (CEPAL, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a bourgeoning and widely recognized critical‐emancipationist program, critical race theory (CRT) retains its commitment to treating the social construction of race as central to the way that people of color are ordered and constrained in society. In advocating for justice for such ‘minority’ populations as Blacks, Latinos, Asians, gays, Indians, and women of color, CRT has in recent years ramified into several area programs including Latino/a critical studies, critical queer studies, critical race feminism, and critical White studies. Despite its important analytical and activist breakthroughs in rooting out racial injustice, we argue that CRT needs to sharpen its critical edge. In order to do so, it must confront and resolve the three problems of (1) the rule of law, (2) theory, and (3) colorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A case study in Ethiopia revealed that the entrances to toilets are often too narrow for wheelchairs, forcing individuals to crawl or drag themselves on the floor to reach the toilets (Wilbur, 2010). Accessibility problems also apply to children, (chronically) ill and older people as facilities may not be within easy and safe reach. Some illnesses can generate stigmatization (such as HIV/AIDS) and people affected may suffer from exclusion and be denied access to facilities. In 2015, two out of five people in rural areas had access to piped water supplies (a form of‘improved’ supply, but not necessarily a ‘safely managed’ supply), whereas four out of five people in urban areas had piped supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The three diseases that resulted in the greatest number of lost life years in 2013 were all related to air pollution. Reducing the exposure to air pollution of children at home during early development would decrease pneumonia and impact on lung development. Thus, it is necessary to reduce exposures to air pollution for school-age children in order to decrease the impacts of air-pollution-related diseases later in life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Article 12 of the Nationality Law (modified by Amendments No. However, “Before reaching the age of 17, the applicant shall become Tunisian upon joint declaration by his mother and father”. In some countries, women enjoy equal legal access to justice, yet other institutional and legal impediments, limited awareness and understanding, and persistent societal restrictions continue to hinder de facto their access to such justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Enforcing standards on fuel quality and vehicle emissions can reduce dangerous emissions from motor vehicles. Many countries in the region follow European standards for emissions, which define maximum acceptable emission rates of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide per kilometre travelled. Vehicle retirement or scrappage programmes are another way of reducing air pollution and road safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Connected thermometers are monitoring vaccine delivery and storage in real-time. Cameras and sensors in smartphones and tablets are allowing healthcare workers to provide remote diagnosis of disease. And off-grid solar systems, monitored via SMS, are bringing affordable electricity to lower income families. Figure 10 (page 28) highlights how Big Data capacities enable both real-time monitoring and response, and also predictive pattern data analysis, facilitating a shift in strategy from reactive to proactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)