albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, it includes a function that allows SMEs to calculate shipping costs using DHL services. It also offers low-cost ‘ePromotion Services’, helping SMEs increase their online visibility through web advertisements, web design and web hosting. This platform is part of the Digital Free Trade Zone (DFTZ).286 The novelty of DFTZ is that it includes both physical and virtual facilities to provide integrated logistical support, cross-border solutions, and trade facilitation. Are crypto-currencies just a fad, or are they here to stay?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Reform of governance is essential, including measures to deal with corruption and regulatory cost burdens. Even so, a policy of deliberate legal and financial integration would need to be grounded in understanding of the varying potential of different informal enterprises for growth and the extent to which they contribute to a loss of human capital by deskilling what is a relatively skilled and educated labour force (Bernabe, 2002). Thus, only the highly skilled are expected to engage in formal employment and reap the benefits it provides. Those with low skills, and especially with low educational background, are likely to be employed informally and, hence, receive relatively lower incomes and fewer benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Making a bold declaration at Rio+20, the Grenadian prime minister highlighted, as an example of the national effort, the construction of the first green parliament building in the Americas. This paper concludes with the final words of the prime minister at the Rio+20 conference: ‘For the future we want, for the future we need, visionary and action-oriented leadership is a fundamental requirement. We motivate our people to pursue the path to sustainable development, and we commit to achieving the goals of Rio+20, acting at the national level and in collaboration with our global partners’ (GoG 2012e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, the college provides college-level opportunities for special needs adults who by Israeli law are entitled to state-supported education till the age of 21. The college also has a centre for giftedness and excellence which prepares students to teach these special needs students and provides services to the region's teachers and schools in this field. Key needs of the Arab community in Israel were recently identified in a market survey that helped the institution to identify its focus areas: occupation therapy, computer science, environmental science, entrepreneurship and business management, theology and Holy Land studies, speech therapy, biotechnology and nutrition science. Study programmes integrate practice, education and theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Industrial roundwood production value is estimated as only $0.5 million, which is about 0.008 per cent of the country’s GDP. There are no production forests in Kyrgyzstan, as such (table 8.3). Limited production of industrial timber and fuelwood takes place in “multiple-use” function forests and totals about 27,300 m3 annually (table 8.4). At the same time, some studies indicate that estimated production of industrial wood and fuelwood is much higher than legal supply in many countries with economies in transition (table 8.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For some countries, it may be advisable to organize common training courses at a training centre that serves neighbouring countries. Such a training centre would work best if it is associated with a designated instrument centre and if the countries served have agreed on the use of similar standardized equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The transformation of the Eurocentric epistemological base of International Relations, without inadvertently generating a ‘derivative discourse’ of Western International Relations, requires an intellectual flight over rigid boundaries of Western scientism, thereby reorienting the discipline of International Relations itself towards a post-Western epoch. As such, post-Western International Relations theory can be largely viewed as an offspring of scholastic explorations aimed at breaking epistemological imperialism in International Relations. Not surprisingly, the non-Western ‘rising powers’ in global politics are taking particular interest in designing a post-Western International Relations theory. While the notion of ‘Tianxia’ has emerged as a Chinese conceptual response to the budding intellectual curiosity surrounding post-Western International Relations, the Indian scholarly scepticism towards formulating ‘systemic’ theories projects a hazy image of the status of post-Western International Relations t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This proviso is called conditionality: the buyer needs to know they will continue to get what they have paid for. It is a range of financing arrangements for the conservation and sustainable use of natural ecosystems, such as forests, to ensure that the cost to the environment is paid for. It is not, therefore, one model to be universally applied, but rather a series of schemes which can be considered for application to particular circumstances, whether or not they exactly conform to the CBD or UNECE definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A defining characteristic of most agricultural activity is its geographical dispersion. There is a role for public policy in improving transport infrastructure, especially rural roads, which is a critical first step in the supply chain of goods from farm to market. Kazakhstan has high human capital indicators for its level of development, but this chapter highlights the knowledge and skills bottlenecks, as well as the importance of disseminating specific knowledge and best practice, e.g. with respect to cold chains, business management and marketing. Encouragement of producer associations could be one institutional approach to advance in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The nature reserve category means a strictly protected natural area, serving the effective protection of ecosystems and natural processes, where all economic activities are prohibited and access is restricted solely to scientists and rangers (depending on the country - in some cases, low-impact tourist visitation may be allowed). The protective status of nature reserve is legally granted with no time limitation, and its withdraw'al, theoretically possible, is usually subject to complicated procedures, in the event that the natural values have seriously deteriorated or vanished. Thus, nature reserves have much higher legal protective status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, personal car ownership is expected to increase rapidly in many countries in the coming decades. As ownership rates in emerging economies and developing countries start to approach levels in OECD countries, a business-as-usual scenario would see them encounter significant increases in import fuel costs and environmental impacts. Key solutions include public transit (such as light rail and bus rapid transit) and non-motorised transport (especially in regions that are unlikely to experience high car ownership levels), improved vehicle fuel economy, adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PFIEVs), and wider use of biofuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The extension of income data at sub-national level is part of the OECD work on advancing the measurement agenda of wellbeing to regions and cities (see http://www.oecd.org/regional/how-is-life-in-your-region.htm). Income-based measures of poverty at regional level are a first step towards more encompassing metrics of deprivation that include non-monetary measures. High disparities between regions can undermine national economic grow'th, leading to inequality of opportunities and creating social tensions that in turn may sustain regional imbalances over time (OECD, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the other hand, the current priority of achieving a high level of material recovery from waste is resulting in the need to collect data on waste in tons. The practice shows that information on MSW in tons allows better evaluation of the impact of current policies. Therefore, the published information on MSW in m3 is based on estimation and information in tons is a combination of direct weighing of MSW and recalculation of m to tons using a factor of 0.2 t/m .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As defined in Chapter 2, the following five policy sectors are considered: economic development, spatial structure, human development, environmental sustainability and climate resilience. Section 4.3 presents a qualitative assessment of the goals and objectives of NUPs at the regional scale. Section 4.4 interprets the results and makes conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Their simulation results show that the overall world price impact of trade policy distortions is most significant for rice, at 24%, followed by wheat (14%) and barley (9%). Poorer food-deficit countries and regions, with limited power to manipulate their trade policies, experienced higher price increases than those major trading countries which adopted policy interventions. The authors show that developing countries which are net importers but did not implement trade policy interventions experienced significant welfare losses resulting from interventions implemented by other major trading countries. The lower prices penalise farmers, reducing the incentives for investments that can increase long-term supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The effects of these policies on lung cancer death rates remain to be seen over the coming decades. In 2012-14, the government established several small-scale programmes to fight excessive alcohol misuse among young adults through awareness-raising activities which are part of the National Action Plan 2015-2019 in the fight against drugs and related addictions. A national alcohol strategy is currently under development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, housing vulnerability of applicants is currently not taken into account. Finally, the maximum housing price is quite high (2 000 UF, or more than 90 000 USD in the case of middle-income families) which makes applying attractive for better-off families (OECD, 2012b). The government has recently revised the system, criteria and reliability of the means proxy test (Ficha de Proteccion Social). In addition, the new DS49 subsidy (i.e. the main subsidy for vulnerable groups), includes different (and some additional) variables for eligibility,20 which will likely better target subsidy allocation to the most vulnerable segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The second stressed the importance of government support measures for innovation and technology-based business. They were the source of several follow-up programmes and initiatives, such as the establishment of business innovation and technology centres, viewed as “interface institutions” between universities/public research and industry, w'ith supporting institutions to assist companies through their startup and expansion phases. However, while they were seriously considered at the time, the centres never materialised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unpaid care and domestic work is also being measured as part of the official Labour Force Survey. Primary school fees were abolished, again, and farm input subsidies reintroduced, in part due to public pressure supported by the campaign. Gender budgeting initiatives elsewhere in Africa have drawn heavily on the Tanzanian experience as a model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It provides potential young entrepreneurs with the experience, support and advice they need to establish and run successful businesses and contribute to overall economic growth and job creation. Its initiative, Promise Programme, is a highly intensive youth entrepreneurship training programme of 14 months that combines traditional entrepreneurship theory with interactive case-based studies, practical experience, personal development retreats, and professional business consulting and mentoring. This support has included the provision of incubator facilities including office space, monthly training workshops, group learning, mentoring, and counselling (provided by some of the best-known companies in Senegal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Overall, the evidence suggests that social protection programmes have had minor impacts on the overall labour supply, but can lead to significant shifts in labour reallocation within households. Ultimately, the size and direction of the impact depends on a variety of factors, including household size, demographic composition, the nature of the programme, household economic activities and local labour markets. Many studies do not find a significant impact on participation in wage employment by males and females, but some find evidence of a reallocation of household labour between agriculture and non-agricultural sectors. For example, Nicaragua's (now discontinued) Red de Proteccidn Social did not have an impact on labour market participation, but slightly reduced the time spent working by males (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Forty-five observation points on the Aral Sea bed help to assess the impact of the lowering sea level on groundwater in the area. Twelve observation points focus on the assessment of the impact of the Tajik Aluminium Plant. Several observation points near the Mailuu-Suu and Sumsar Rivers assess the pollution of groundwater from tailings located in Kyigyzstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Factors that concern the economic contribution include, for example, the motives which encourage immigrants to work in these sectors, the knowledge and skills they bring, the innovation generated directly or indirectly by them, and possible negative economic or related effects (e.g. pressure on native-bom employment, infrastructure, price levels or the environment). However, these national results do not necessarily hold for each economic sector, since even within the same sector employment creation and displacement effects may occur simultaneously. The study discussed in this chapter illustrates such effects, and in this way complements the analysis in other chapters. Wholesale and retail trade is a very important sector in terms of employment, and almost one in five workers are employed in this sector. The share of employment in mining is far lower (just above 1%), but at the same time this sector accounts for almost 9% of GDP (compared with 7% for trade, Ghana Statistical Service, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this chapter the relation between globalization and migration and their effects on trafficking in human beings are explored. Given that the legal response to THE3 most often finds its basis in criminal law, it is examined which obligations follow if using a human rights law framework to address TIIB, in order to create a balance between criminal law interests and victims’ interests. It will be argued that only when the needs of those who are trafficked will be chosen as the starting point for devising remedies against trafficking in human beings, a more comprehensive approach to trafficking in human beings can be realised. Finally it is argued that the concept of human security might be helpful, not only to identify these needs in a comprehensive way, but also as a conceptual framework that allows to productively reconcile the tension between prosecutorial interests and victim protection in the field of trafficking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In three (Chile, Peru and Uruguay), the effect of this factor was boosted by an improvement in distribution —at least in the distribution area near the poverty line. On the other hand, the downward trend in poverty in Argentina and the Dominican Republic was, in part, slowed —not helped— by changes in distribution. In another group of five countries the distribution effect was the main determinant of falling poverty rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They went on to assert that social exclusion is the result of the interplay of structural factors that have created and maintained a system of stratification that has given rise to neighbourhoods populated by minorities that are disadvantaged in multiple ways, including poverty, unemployment and broken families. The social, political and economic forces that help to create these structural factors include a legacy of slavery and discrimination, discriminatory practices, residential segregation, globalization and deindustrialization. If these or other forces had placed the Caucasian population at the same type of disadvantage, it would exhibit similar cultural adaptations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Its total population (based on TL5 data) that lives within a ten-minute walking distance from a bus stop is 81% (compared to 75% in Daejeon, second-ranked) and 19.8% within a ten-minute walking distance from a train station on average (compared with 12.2% in Busan, second-ranked). Most areas in Seoul have a balanced level of accessibility to bus stops and train stations, which is quite unique compared with other TL3 regions in Korea. A comprehensive public transport network, composed of 9 subway lines, 355 intra-city bus routes and 238 village bus routes, serves Seoul’s 25 autonomous districts (gu) (Seoul, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
/ The dominant discourse of media literacy policy espouses an ethical individualism within the digital media environment in which the source of moral values and principles, and the basis of ethical evaluation, is the individual. In this perspective, even vulnerable citizens such as children and young people, who tend to be in the vanguard of new media adoption, are required to negotiate the risks and opportunities of the online world with diminishing degrees of institutional support from trusted information sources. Noticeably absent from this discourse is any consideration of the notion of communication rights. Examining an alternative conceptualization of media literacy identifies it as a fundamental human right as important as other forms of literacy. Examining some of the ethical challenges that citizens now face in the digital world, the article argues that a rights-based framework is required to address the challenges posed for media literacy education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the core of Canada's identity as a diplomatic actor is the image of good international citizenship, but Indigenous issues highlight the gap between this self‐image and flaws in its record. Unlike the situational aspects of targeting specific governments for their human rights records, the Indigenous question is an embedded structural predicament, juxtaposing the mainstream identity of Canada as a country with a colonial past and the identity among the Aboriginal peoples of Canada as territorial occupants. The full extent of this predicament – the “Achilles heel” of Canada's international image – needs to be more fully appreciated in the workings of Canadian foreign policy. Aboriginal representatives, borrowing some of the most Canadian habits of diplomacy, have adopted blame and shame tactics designed to exploit Canadian discomfort. The seriousness with which Canadian diplomats have dealt with these challenges is striking. Using historical and contemporary case studies, this article unpacks and analyse...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTTo date there has been very little scholarship that (1) traces the color-blind rhetoric of liberal or progressive communities, or (2) emphasizes the mainstream, color-blind rhetoric of far-right conservative movements. This article compares the racial politics at two ends of the U.S. political spectrum in order to demonstrate how color-blind ideology constitutes the dominant framework for understanding and discussing race and racial inequality in the United States. This racial ideology transcends political party and ideology, but also motivates individuals to do identity work constructing themselves as transcending racism. Grounded in a racial formations framework, I compare two distinct political locations, one consisting of liberal Democrats and progressives in a diverse urban community and the other among Tea Party organizers in one state, in order to demonstrate the similarities in racial discourse and identities, despite differing political orientations and goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Monitoring is carried out among newly electrified consumers. ( In the longer run it will be interesting to undertake broader economic assessments to locate possible long-term changes.) This monitoring exercise has revealed that the majority, 96%, of electrified households use electricity for lighting and TV, 63% use electricity also for cooking, a large proportion of the population, 34%, use electricity for heating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This underlines the importance of ensuring access to genetic assets and fairly sharing the benefits derived from them. Brazil signed the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)4 in 2011, and is discussing its ratification. After more than a decade of a transitory regime and years of debate, in May 2015 Brazil approved a comprehensive Biodiversity Framework Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The test identified a break in total wheat imports and per capita wheat imports in 1997 and 1996, respectively, while 2001 and 2002 emerge as the most significant break-years for total rice imports and per capita rice imports, respectively. These years correspond to significant policy shifts in Senegal, starting with the devaluation of the local currency (the CFA Franc) in 1994. Policy measures adopted included a full liberalisation of import in 1996 (rice trade was highly regulated by the State and imports were subject to quotas until 1996) and the implementation of the regional Common Exterior Thriff (CET) in 2000, leading to a drop in rice import tariff from 38% to 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The DFP executing agencies operate in all 12 regions, and the DFSDs manage national parks and other protected areas involving forestry land. The law enforcement and control functions in protected areas are performed by the Forestry Police. This results in a lack of sustainable and stable funding (or project external funding) for their completion, maintenance and operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As inflationary pressures continued to abate, the central banks of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan cut their policy rates sharply since the beginning of 2012. With economic growth slowing and policy rates already low, the prospect of a rise in food price inflation in late 2012 created a potential policy dilemma. Although the refinancing rate has not been changed since September 2011, the bank's conduct of monetary policy would have only a limited impact on inflation due to its weak institutional capacity and the relatively undeveloped domestic debt market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A third option which is sometimes used for agricultural withdrawals is to base charges on the acreage of irrigated land. Abstraction and Pollution charges set at meaningful levels will create incentives for these utilities to make efficient use of raw water and to treat their wastewater effluents. It is customary to levy abstraction charges on non-consumptive use at a fraction of rates applying to consumptive use, w ith the precise rate dependent on sector, location, and other local circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These persons must be working on R&D programmes. It also allocated additional funding to improve the administration of the Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) investment tax credit programme. Budget 2008 also extended the SR&ED tax credit to certain activities carried out outside of Canada. Recent and proposed changes in R&D tax incentives in OECD and selected non-member countries (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)