albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Rural policies at this time focused on agricultural development. In some cases, formerly privately held farms w'ere collectivised (i.e. state farms were established), in others, land was parcelled out into small farms. Therefore, while Poland did not have the same scale of farm collectivisation as seen in other communist states (e.g. the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Ukraine), the agricultural sector was embedded within the socialist economy, which provided low but stable sources of income for farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If its GDP growth persists, Kazakhstan is likely to qualify as high income economy in the foreseeable future (Figure 5.2). In 2011 the total public budget amounted to USD PPP 23.1 billion (current prices), an increase of 56% compared to 2005 (World Bank, WDI). This represents, however, a relatively modest share of national income. In 2011, general government total expenditure equalled only 22% of GDP, below relative government spending in economies with comparable per capita income (emerging economies: 30%), historical legacy (Central Asian region: 28%), and also the average for OECD countries (43%) (Figure 5.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As the surge in immigrants is not unique to Sweden, other countries offer examples on building teaching capacity, particularly Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. In 2016, the total staffing needs amounted to 249 000 full time-positions, with 182 000 teachers and 67 000 educational staff, by 2031, the National Agency for Education forecasts 44 000 additional staff will be needed to accommodate Swedish pre-, primary and secondary school students as well as students in municipal adult education. Markedly, the number of applicants to teacher training programmes across Sweden has increased more than 70% since 2011 (Lofven and Knutsson, 2018[io7])- Retention can be a challenge, especially in the first two years in the profession (Statistics Sweden, 2016[i(»]). However, a new study shows that there has not been an increase over time in leaving the profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper analyzes the vital minimum right and the positive obligations of duty for the Public Administration in the Mexican legal system. According to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Justice, administrative agencies have to promote, protect and guarantee human rights in order to ensure the minimum vital, providing by this means a parameter of enforceability in cases of inaction. By examining cases of administrative inaction in the health sector, it was possible to distinguish between administrative instruments of action    (formal activity of the public administration) and administrative actions that transform the circumstances of individuals (material activity). With the help of a formalist dogmatic method, based on the exam of regulations, case-law and legal doctrine on the right to health, this paper identifies agency inaction pertaining to the material activity, as well as means of its enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The largest proportion of children experiencing only one deprivation is in the child protection dimension (4% are deprived in child protection only with 51% deprived in child protection in total) (see Figure 5.4). Less than 1% of children are deprived in water alone and this indicator is the most associated with other deprivations. The distribution in Figure 5.5 shows that about 44% of children experience three or four deprivations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Large and persistent losses of low-income groups following recessions underline the importance of well-targeted income-support policies during economic slumps, as well as during the recovery. In restoring incomes at the bottom, a key challenge for policy is to facilitate and encourage employment and earnings growth that benefits low-income groups in particular. The relative stability of higher incomes after recessions, as well as their longer-term trends, are important to bear in mind in policy debates that seek to define a response to growing inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, it is in the Commonwealth’s developing economies such as Kenya, Malaysia and the Pacific islands of Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu - where the historically poor fixed line infrastructure has resulted in the proliferation of mobile telephones - that cutting-edge innovation in the form of mobile phone banking is taking hold. Numerous institutions are already supporting training for SMEs, however, there is a case for targeted training for women-owned SMEs given the structural differences in firm make up, industry sectors as well as attitudes to finance. This further limits their ability to form the relationships required to successfully navigate the world of business finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Theory and experience clearly shows that relying on TAC management alone results in overcapacity, shortened fishing seasons, and fluctuating landings (OECD, 1997). Additionally, over-exploitation has not generally been prevented in fisheries managed solely by TACs. Reasons for this may include the level of the TACs and lack of compliance. However, setting the appropriate TAC is not always straightforward especially when there is considerable uncertainty and different views about how to measure the stock and its carrying capacity. Transparency in the estimation of the TAC and information sharing with stakeholders on the process and assumptions behind the estimation is an important part of a fisheries rebuilding plan as a consensus or common understanding of the biological situation and the targets chosen can help ensure buy-in by relevant stakeholders. If fishers and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain about the fundamental state of the stocks they may be less likely to adhere to and support a rebuilding plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Accordingly, cities have become increasingly important policy targets for national governments. These plans are then implemented by three levels of government: national, provincial and local (district and ward level). However the initial planning decisions are taken by the central government, which then inform the lower levels of planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The scope of this holistic vision builds on the advances made across the period of the MDGs, during which net enrolment rates in primary education increased from 83 to 91 per cent in developing regions of the world (United Nations 2015). As reinforced by the Incheon Declaration of the 2015 World Education Forum (World Education Forum 2015), education and lifelong learning are recognised through SDG 4 as being fundamental human rights and as vital in realising the broader aspirations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Finally, many sport-based initiatives have also been oriented towards the holistic development and empowerment of young people and the dissemination of educational messages, and so are relevant to SDG targets 4.4 and 4.7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Section 4.3 briefly surveys the factors that i nfluence risk management in public administration. It provides a quick overview of paradigm changes in risk management in public administration overtime. Recenttrends in the institutionalization of risk management at the level of governments across the world are presented, as well as country examples of how risks are managed in public administration. The section then reviews the connections between risk management and the institutional principles of SDG 16 examined in this report Finally, the section underlines challenges to risk management in public administration highlighted by experts who contributed to the chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Within the Rijkswaterstaat, the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA) played a significant role in the national supervision of industrial pollution, conducting research and providing advice on water-pollution control. The PSWA was the country’s first law on water-pollution control. It defined institutional responsibilities for water-quality management and introduced two pollution-control instruments -discharge permits and wastewater-discharge levies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While there are, of course, differences of views, there seems to be an underlying consensus on the purposes of evaluation and an expectation among stakeholders to participate in shaping the national agenda. This is evident in the development of the national evaluation and assessment framework. Schools have a high degree of autonomy regarding school policies, curriculum development, and evaluation and assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contractors are deeply intertwined with the American military and U.S. foreign policy. Over half of the personnel the United States has deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003 have been con- tractors. Their relationship with the U.S. government, the public, and domestic and international law differs from that of military personnel, and these differences pose both bene½ts and risks. America's use of private military and security companies (PMSCs) can provide or enhance forces for global gover- nance. Yet PMSCs can also be used to pursue agendas that do not have the support of American, inter- national, or local publics. Thus far, the use of PMSCs has proved a mixed bag in terms of effectiveness, accountability, and American values. Moving forward in a way that maximizes the bene½ts of contrac- tors and minimizes their risks will require careful management of the uncomfortable trade-offs these forces present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There has been an historical tendency to assume that labour productivity grows less rapidly in agriculture than in the manufacturing sector, partly because there is less scope for benefiting from the division of labour. Indeed dual models of transition, such as the Lewis Model (Lewis, 1954) typically contrast a stagnant traditional rural sector with a dynamic and modem manufacturing sector. However, this view has been challenged by others, who have observed rapid science-based technical change in agriculture (for example, Hayami and Ruttan, 1985).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For children in step-parent families there is some evidence that step parents are “selfish” (Case et al., This chapter has also considered what would happen to poverty and policy under two alternative scenarios, the “Golden Age?” While the outcomes of the first scenario are similar to what would happen if current trends were to continue the second suggests a very different set of challenges for policy. With the “Golden Age?” A substantial number of individuals also move in and out of work as employment is increasingly “flexible”, with more individuals working part-time and in temporary jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Each month, on the basis of national quota allocations, the Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine, following consultation with the industry, decides on management regimes for the following month. These management regimes involve catch limits per vessel and are implemented by means of Fishery Management Notices. Such species are subject to additional management measures controlling times, areas and weekly or monthly amounts fished.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For those who are dependent on such state support, conditions are also expected to become increasingly tough with work requirements attached to receipt. Families too will be expected to support other household members and there is likely to be a consequent rise in multiple family units. While poverty is reduced as a result of these living arrangements, there remain important questions about income-sharing within these family units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As well as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which takes place every two years, ministers responsible for education, environment, civil society, finance, foreign affairs, gender affairs, health law, tourism and youth also meet regularly. This ensures that Commonwealth policies and programmes represent the views of the members and gives governments a better understanding of each other's goals in an increasingly globalised world. The following statement was only included in the 2007 CHOGM Ministerial Statement because of the founding of the Commonwealth Disabled People's Forum103 in Uganda in 2007. It has subsequently been poorly supported, but is still functioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is not an easy thing to claim authority as a Buddhist. Although Shakyamuni Buddha taught the Dharma as a path suited to all creeds, cultures and levels of understanding, and that awakened mind – Enlightenment – is possible for anyone, in actuality, it is also said it may take lifetimes to develop. I came to this path via a journey that traversed a conservative rural Anglican upbringing, then socialism, feminism, immersion in the eco-hippy experience and later, teaching in the culturally diverse and invariably low socio-economic populations of Melbourne’s northern and western regions. The Dharma, namely the Buddha’s teachings, builds upon the existential realities of pervasive change and interdependence, requires individuals to take personal responsibility and provides a guided framework as means to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Graph-based reranking is effective for refining text-based video search results by making use of the social network structure. Unlike previous works which only focus on an individual video graph, the proposed method leverages the mutual reinforcement of heterogeneous graphs, such as videos and their associated tags obtained by social influence mining. Specifically, propagation of information relevancy across different modalities is performed by exchanging information of inter- and intra-relations among heterogeneous graphs. The proposed method then formulates the video search reranking as an optimization problem from the perspective of Bayesian framework. Furthermore, in order to model the consistency over the modified video graph topology, a local learning regularization with a social community detection scheme is introduced to the framework. Since videos within the same social community have strong semantic correlation, the consistency score estimation becomes feasible. Experimental results obtained by applying the proposed method to a real-world video collection show its effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are various reasons for this, including the absence of a strategic framework that links them and takes account of quality, price and timeliness requirements. Moreover, the average level of technical and administrative training among employees responsible for decision-making in most of the concessions makes it hard to attain the desired level of competitiveness, since business success is directly proportional to skills, abilities, and the training of the work force as a whole. This shortcoming needs to be overcome, particularly with a view to processing smaller- diameter logs and improving knowledge of international trends in terms of requirements, standards, norms and the updating of production processes. Diversification based on innovation and the development of new products would have positive economic effects and help boost job creation in the zone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, reinforcing an existing (or building a new) interconnection capacity between two regions may be motivated by the integration of new VRE capacity and thus serves primarily this objective. However, this provides other benefits for the whole system, such as for example reducing network congestion or reducing overall balancing requirements. The exact attribution of costs and benefits among different components of the system is virtually impossible in most practical cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An optimal allocation of aquaculture sites is also important for the preservation of biological diversity and habitats in general, and of particular importance for Norway's wild Atlantic salmon. This is particularly true for traditional salmon farming, but also for new species, such as cod and mussels. This development has probably contributed to major fish health problems experienced by the industry in recent years, particularly concerning the impact of pancreas disease and sea lice in Western Norway, where the density of farming facilities is the highest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
On the contrary, while electricity consumption has been slowing down, governments have accelerated renewable investments since 2008. The implication for Europe is that the residual demand to conventional generators in 2011 was equal to the level of 2002. In addition, the average price levels decrease, negative or zero prices can happen, and peaking units are running fewer hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The care burden of those living in households with more than one additional adult (in addition to the interviewee) did not differ from that of those in households with only one adult. Lastly, the presence of children (those aged under 12) tended to significantly increase the time devoted to domestic tasks as well as to the direct care of others. Workers in the following occupations in the fields of health, education and personal and household services fall under this categoiy: teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool level, and, especially, nannies, nurses and nursing assistants, other care and personal service workers, companions and domestic woikers. It has led to increasing recognition of unpaid work in the economy and the reconciliation of productive and reproductive work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Inequality by rural/urban (“geotype”) on the other hand is changing. While rural poverty rates remain substantially higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates are rising and rural rates seem to be falling. Finally, access to services is shown to have improved, deeming service delivery together with asset growth as being pro-poor. Chapter 2 provides new empirical analyses of poverty and inequality from three comparable national household survey data sets from 1993, 2000 and 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In fact, a large number of land conflicts have been reported in the media recently, arising not only from the low land registration rates but also from the lack of transparent and fair compensation and expropriation mechanisms. No regulatory framework is in place to support inclusive business partnerships between smallholders and large investors that would help ensure that investments benefit both local communities and agri-business companies. It does not oblige investors to undertake independent social and environmental impact assessments (ESIAs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strengthened capacity in key sector ministries to include environmental sustainability in their strategies. Improved livelihoods and access to environmental and natural resources for the poor. A review' of these (below) illustrates the various approaches that are emerging. Strategic Goal A is to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Growth models measure improvement by looking at how' a school has improved student performance independently of the level of achievement (Figlio and Loeb, 2011). Within each model, teachers are motivated to focus attention on different student groups. In status models, low-performing students receive greater attention to bring them up to proficiency levels, in growth models, teachers are rewarded for improving student outcomes for any level of student. Hence, in growth model systems teachers are less likely to exclude under-performing students, as any improvement in outcome is measured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This dataset shows a trend of moderate but continuous increase in waste production (with the exception of 2013, when a 17.5 per cent decrease was reported and 2016, when an 8 per cent decrease w'as reported): 5.5 per cent between 2011 and 2012, 8.1 per cent between 2012 and 2014 and 15 percent between 2014 and 2015. This suggests that further growth of MSW generation might be expected in the coming years. It is similar or slightly lower than the annual per capita waste generation in other Balkan countries: 350 kg in Croatia, 347 kg in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and 318 kg in Serbia in 2012. The data collection was based on an online reporting system and also included data on recycling, though the latter data set mostly lacked data. The system also showed data on the covered population related to waste collection and certain types of costs (percentage of population covered by the service, cost ton/year, cost resident/year) at the level of municipalities and presented data based on map and graphs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While Colombia has taken some steps to this end, much more needs to be done to establish an effective system comparable to those in OECD countries. A priority should be the establishment of a systematic framework for ensuring that industrial chemicals produced and used in Colombia are tested and assessed and that their risks are managed appropriately. In the process it has developed the technical capacities to test, assess and manage the associated health and environmental risks, though the emphasis has primarily been on health impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Within a similar climate, tree species composition may affect soil carbon stocks, mostly in the less stable forest floor carbon stocks. However, some species, via associated soil fauna or root turnover, may be better engineers for sequestration of carbon in stable forms in the mineral soil. Forest ecosystems vary according to gradients in climate and productivity, as well as terrain and disturbance regimes, resulting in a range of forest types with specific ecological characteristics and associated species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This applied work study, assessed by a qualitative method and deductive approach, uses a documental and bibliographical survey to discuss the fundamental right of the exercise of the citizenship by people with intellectual disability, having the Cultural Relativism as its instrument of strengthening. It aims to display the formal and abstract vision of the universality of the Human Rights, the disrespect by the Brazilian State and other determining reasons for the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ineffectiveness, in order to fight discrimination and to promote the achievement of the exercise of citizenship by people with intellectual disability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to responses received, 30 developing countries said they have a digital-related strategy. Out of this group, nearly all countries (29) said that they also have another type of strategy running in parallel, including national ICT development, e-government, e-commerce, telecommunications and broadband strategies (See figure 3 below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nestle also has put in place a Child Labour Monitoring and Remediation System (CLMRS) that involves 22 cooperatives nationally. Through CLMRS, community liaison officers from farming communities identify the children most at risk and, to combat child labour, the company is building or refurbishing 40 schools. Finally, the company has signed the Women's Empowerment Principles, a partnership between the United Nations Global Compact and UN Women, which is dedicated to gender equality and women's empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)