albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
International courts regularly cite each other, in part as a means of building legitimacy. Such international, cross-court use of precedent (or “judicial dialogue”) among the regional human rights courts and the Human Rights Committee has an additional purpose and effect: the construction of a rights-based global constitutionalism. Judicial dialogue among the human rights courts is purposeful in that the courts see themselves as embedded in, and contributing to, a global human rights legal system. Cross-citation among the human rights courts advances the construction of rights-based global constitutionalism in that it provides a basic degree of coordination among the regional courts. The jurisprudence of the U.N. Human Rights Committee (HRC), as an authoritative interpreter of core international human rights norms, plays the role of a central focal point for the decentralized coordination of jurisprudence. The network of regional courts and the HRC is building an emergent institutional structure for global rights-based constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Domestic investment is even much lower. Since 2007, no domestic investment has been registered for crops, and USD 18.22 million has been registered for livestock and fisheries (Table 9.6). However, additional DICA data show that, as of 31 October 2010, domestic investment in crops reached around USD 0.53 million and domestic investment in livestock and fisheries around USD 14.39 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite progress on many fronts, including on reaching the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation, in 2008 an estimated 141 million city dwellers and 743 million rural dwellers remained without access to an improved water source, and an estimated 2.6 billion people without access to sanitation. Governments must put in place the conditions to ensure that the actions of all stakeholders - different categories of users, multiple responsible authorities, financiers, and various service providers - contribute to the longterm objectives of environmental sustainability and enhancing social welfare. It also often means generating sufficient information and support for policy change by making the case for reform — answering the question of “what is in it for society and individuals?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This collection of articles addresses the interconnections between punishment, citizenship and identity. As immigration and crime control measures have intersected, prisons in a number of countries have ended up housing a growing population of foreign-national offenders and immigration detainees. It is somewhat surprising that criminologists have traditionally spent so little time exploring the relationship between the prison and national identity. With notable exceptions, scholars almost universally treat the prison as an institution bounded by and within the nation-state. This special issue seeks to disrupt that convention of prison studies and criminology more broadly. Focusing on the incarceration of foreign-nationals in diverse contexts, the contributions to this issue collectively argue that the prison is a projection of national sovereignty and an expression of state power. It is also a concrete space where global inequalities play out. When considered through the lens of citizenship, our understan...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Effect II depicts the impact of ICTs on business productivity by reducing transaction costs and enhancing the efficiency of enterprises (sometimes referred to as the “spillover effect”). Effect III posits the increase in the average household income as a result of enhancing the capacity of the population to market its skills. Effects II and III contribute in turn to GDP growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also looks at possible drivers for changes in poverty and inequality patterns. This section analyses the various sources of bias that may be found in the content of this report by virtue of this problem. We focus specifically on the differences in measurement of income, which is the variable upon which the analysis of poverty and inequality rests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The “Nairobi Package” includes a commitment to abolish export subsidies for farm exports, in addition to other agriculture-relevant decisions concerning public stockholding for food security purposes, a special safeguard mechanism (SSM) for developing countries, measures related to cotton, and preferential rules of origin. The latter have been given more time and have been agreed to be phased out by the end of 2020. Developing countries have until the end of 2018 to phase out export subsidies, but will be able to continue to cover marketing and transport costs for agriculture exports until the end of 2023.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These estimates translate into roughly 605 million, 260 million and 688 million children under age 15, respectively. The relationship between food insecurity and poverty, and well-being varies by region, demonstrating that definitions of food insecurity depend on regional context, and encompass more than monetary poverty alone. Finally, correlations of food insecurity and income per capita between 2006 and 2015, show that some regions were harder hit by the shocks in food prices and the Great Recession than others. In addition, further research on how food insecurity differs between children and adults will be important for future efforts to address and reduce child hunger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Volumes reported provide an indication of production magnitude and trend. Data may be heterogeneous and not directly comparable. More information is available in the OECD Fisheries Database. Data on aquaculture production were sourced from the China Statistical Yeatbook 2016, differences with FAO total figures are under review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The status of women is explicitly part of the mandate of the Supreme Council of Women that supervises and reports on compliance with relevant national and international standards, prepares legislative proposals, examines policies and budgets, and provides advice to the government. These countries need to develop gender-specific strategies or committees in legislative bodies while adopting and building consensus on new national constitutions. In Tunisia, for example, a commission in charge of social affairs exists within the body of the Constitutional Convention, but its relation to the Ministry of Women’s and Family Affairs remains to be clarified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Will the obstacles blocking her path to adulthood have been cleared by then? The challenge is considerable, but we must honour our commitments or the framework will ring hollow. The future hangs in the balance. Investing in girls makes good financial sense. Conversely, foiling to invest in them is nothing less than planned poverty (Bruce, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, higher education institutions could assist in greening the SMEs in the tourism and the E&E industry. There is a rapid evolution of technologies and tools available to business to monitor the environmental sustainability of their production (e.g. sustainability audits) and undertake action to improve environmental performance (e.g. systematic use of life cycle assessments practices). With the help of them, the provision of technical assistance is now more carefully designed to build capacity within the firm, rather than substitute for it (OECD, 2011, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2008-9 cuts in fossil fuel subsidies, and the support for renewable energy, form a strong foundation for this (although subsidy removal was introduced primarily for financial reasons, and the savings being realised in the treasury have not been directed to renewable energy development or energy efficiency).. Ethiopia has also joined the Friends of the Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform movement that comprise a number of non-G20 countries, enabling Ethiopia to gather momentum for putting pressure on the G20 Countries to adopt similar measures. Green policy instruments, such as payments for ecosystem services, feed-in tariffs for renewables, and taxing unsustainable use of natural resources are promising, but are not yet in place to send the right policy signals to public and private sectors alike. Finally, the CRGE’s principal assumption is that international climate finance will offer an incentive that is greater than prevailing incentives for ‘brown’ practice, yet international prices for carbon have been disappointing, and there is a strong risk that they remain too low, too expensive to access, and too volatile to provide a sure and single driver for green growth in Ethiopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In terms of maritime trafficking, remote coastal areas of Honduras and parts of northern Nicaragua are also used. Once offloaded, shipments are moved further north by air.28 In Nicaragua, most cocaine is seized in remote, underpopulated and isolated areas along the Atlantic coast. Drug trafficking by sea remains a major problem in Central America and the Caribbean. In addition, light aircraft operating from clandestine airstrips in remote areas of South America are increasingly being used to transport cocaine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The findings are summarized in figure 2.8. The role of electricity in contributing to economic growth seems to be stronger than that of all other forms of energy, as the finding of no causality is less frequent in the former case (just 14 per cent in one of the reviews and not at all in the other - figure 2.8) than in the latter (figure 2.7). A direction of causality from electricity to growth, or reciprocal causality between them, is backed by 63 per cent to 72 per cent of the studies. The conservation hypothesis is supported in 23 per cent to 28 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Countries such as Malaysia and the Republic of Korea - and more recently, China - have constantly upgraded their economic structures through appropriate policy and regulatory changes and forward-looking investments. Reform often started with the rural and agricultural sectors. The ine represents private investment flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
School leaders with an unsatisfactory performance may also be required or advised to complete compulsory training to improve (e.g. various Australian states and territories, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], Korea [School Principal Appraisal for Professional Development], New Zealand, Portugal, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom). This also depends on evaluators’ and school leaders’ capacity to use appraisal results. A review of principal appraisal in school districts in the United States, for example, found that almost half of the appraisal models reviewed failed to provide school leaders with clear feedback that was linked to a development plan on what they could be doing better to improve teaching and learning in their school (Goldring et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Farmers and communities are also given access to extension services through the firm or through NGOs and donors. Producers negotiate prices with Honey Care Africa and are able to demand transparent information concerning costs, profit margins, etc. Donors and NGOs act as mediators and as guarantors of transparent transactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The National Environmental Action Plan for Estonia (2007-2013) defines long-term development trends for maintaining the good status of the natural environment (including of waters). The population in the Estonian territory is expected to remain stable until 2013. Belaiits— Blue treasure Beiarus: Eneydopedia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They fully include the effects of pension reforms already legislated and which will be phased in over time. Pre-reform replacement rates are calculated using pre-2006 reform rules and refer to a worker entering the labour market in 2006. Net replacement rates are calculated as the ratio between net pension entitlements and net pre-retirement earnings taking into account income taxes and social security contributions paid by income earners and pensioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Better understanding of the links between sustainability performance, competitiveness and business success could enable profit-oriented organisations to realise their “win-win-win” potential (Schaltegger and Wagner, 2006). These indicator sets have been developed by various organisations, including public authorities, industry associations and non-govem-mental organisations (NGOs), and many companies have also developed their own indicator sets according to their needs. As a result, there exist a multitude - and diversity - of indicator sets for sustainable manufacturing around the world.2 However, they do not appear to have been comprehensively categorised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
To date, however, there is no accepted formulation of core country systems that reflects the distinct roles of the private sector and civil society within the overarching country system framework. Accordingly, for these non-governmental actors the entry point discussion in this chapter is informed by country systems concepts, but is organised by stakeholder group (energy suppliers, other private sector, and civil society) rather than by defined country system categories. These strategies/plans may also explicitly address environmental considerations either as a stand-alone topic or, less commonly, as a cross-cutting factor in national and sectoral development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The root of the face-negotiation (FN) conflict theory was influenced anthropological essay “The Chinese Concept of ‘Face’, ” sociological article “On Face-Work,” and Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's linguistics monograph “Politeness.” The face-negotiation conflict theory, developed by Stella Ting-Toomey in the human communication studies discipline, explains the culture-based, individual-based, and situational-based factors that shape communicators’ tendencies in approaching conflicts. It is viewed as a cross-cultural conflict communication theory due to its focus on a comparative analysis of how members of individualistic and collectivistic cultural systems handle diverse conflict situations.      Keywords:    conflict management,  collectivism,  communication,  individualism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, as only about 10 per cent of Vietnamese have a bank account, the effectiveness of these policies has been limited (EIU, 2010). Thirdly, many women entrepreneurs in developing regions are considered by banks to be high-risk, low-profit customers, as they operate informal businesses in low-growth sectors of the economy (ibid.). For example, a study of women entrepreneurs in Nepal found that such loans made up 85 per cent of women’s borrowing (UNESCAP, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Using DRGs has led to lower cost variability across hospitals (Milcent, 2016a) and to an increase in the surgical activity of those public hospitals that are exposed to private-sector competition (Chone et al., The main statutory insurance scheme assigns each stay to a DRG. Hospitals then receive a sum that depends on the number of their patients in each DRG group and the associated tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An estimated 14-33% of the total global catch consists of IUU fishing, with a value of USJ8-19 billion (Borit and Olsen 2012). The real figures are likely to be higher since IUU data, by definition, are scarce. Information on women's roles in IUU is even scarcer (Kleiber ef al. When carried out on an industrial scale on the open seas, they rely almost exclusively on labour by men, many of whom have been pressed into indentured labour and held on ships as actual or de facto slaves, often for years without being allowed off the ship (Urbina 2015, ILO 2013). Pirate fishing operations in particular are characterized by some of the worst working conditions, and there are extensive reports of abuse (EJF 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, at the level of plants and units, there is no evidence of any differences in the speed of energy technology change across a wide range of technologies since the nineteenth century (Wilson, forthcoming). Policy has typically focused on technology as the main lever for reducing emissions and it is indeed a powerful driver. Future energy technology change will be as important for determining future greenhouse gas emissions levels as long-term demographic and economic developments over the course of the twenty-first century (Roehrl and Riahi, 2000). Figure 11.4 illustrates the contributions of energy technologies to greenhouse gas emissions reductions, under a high-emissions baseline scenario, required for stabilization at a concentration of 550 ppmv CO e by 2100.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The chapter examines the contribution that International Relations theory has made to the reading and practice of peacebuilding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, gaps remain in data collection and in UNFCCC reporting and review provisions (Table 1), particularly for mobilised private climate finance. Mandatory reporting requirements for climate finance provided have been extended from “Annex II” to “developed” countries. Review of climate finance provided will also extend to “developed” countries (rather than just Annex II countries, as at present), as well as to “other countries” if they report this information voluntarily. It is unclear from the Paris Agreement whether review of mandatory information on climate finance mobilised by developed countries is within the transparency framework, as this is not mentioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In developing this framework, the BMFLUW will have to overcome the absence of specific targets or indications of success, which makes it challenging to provide a consistent and robust overview of progress on implementation. For the mid- to long-term perspective it is therefore recommended to build up a more systematic approach to monitoring and evaluation, based on a more concrete specification of the actions to be completed. This is partly an issue of process, insofar as the production of results needs to be aligned with the policy-making cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The regional average dependency ratio (i.e. the ratio of people younger than 15 to the working-age population in the 15-64 year range) totalled 74.7% (UNFPA, 2015). An ever increasing and younger population is a distinctive feature of West Africa: the total population is projected to almost double and approach 600 million by 2050 (OECD/SWAC, 2013). From 1950 to 2010, the percentage of urban dwellers increased from 9% to 41% and this figure is projected to soar to 67% by 2050 (Moriconi-Ebrard, Harre and Heinrigs, 2016, OECD/SWAC, 2013). Urban growth concerns old and new towns, larger cities and smaller and rural centres alike (Ibidem).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Based on accounts gathered from nine museums and four professional/policy-making bodies, as well as policy analysis, this article maps out and assesses the effects of and ways of experiencing the new managerialist mode of governance within the publicly funded museums in England, focusing specifically on performance management in museums. It will be argued that the performance management regime has impacted local authority museums and national museums in distinct ways, creating different professional/organisational cultures as a result. These impacts pertain specifically to the professional and organisational autonomy of museums, with significant differences between small local authority museums and large national museums. This has serious implications for the way different types of museum relate to new managerialism and their mode of functioning. Some of the negative and unintended impacts of the performance management regime have induced a reappraisal – initially championed by the art world – and a move ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Traditionally, within Ethiopian families, men - particularly older men - are authoritarian patriarchs, and gender roles are strictly divided such that women are responsible for all household work and care. Migration to Australia often changes these dynamics. But, men who come from a different country like not straight from Ethiopia, [but via] Kenya, Sudan or somewhere else, when they come here, because they had experience of living by themselves, and then cooking for themselves, cleaning and things like that, they understand how it can be hard for the woman doing the housework, going to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Estimations show that this could comprise a total potential of 13,000 GWh. The most attractive industrial hydropower potentials are located along the western edge of Greenland’s ice cap, between 62 and 68 degrees north. In this region the vast interior contains a potential for each reservoir of somewhere between 600-2,500 GWh per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Migrant children often have difficulty adapting in the host country's classrooms, where the teaching methods, curriculum and language are unfamiliar. An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development study in 23 countries showed that first-generation immigrant students have much lower scores than do local students, second-generation immigrant students do slightly better.' The variations across host countries are important, which may indicate that policies to integrate migrant students affect these students' outcomes. Migrant children may be experiencing school for the first time in the host country at an age when their peers have already been in school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given the potential impact of widespread AV use in urban areas, e.g. in terms of congestion, environment, road safety, user behaviour and infrastructure development, it will be important for cities to assume a more prominent role regarding AV policies. If this does not occur, the promised impacts of AV adoption may not materialise, or even generate negative impacts, e.g. if people shift from walking and cycling to personal AV use. It is therefore important to judiciously frame the introduction of AVs in order to ensure that this technology benefits, rather than hinders, mobility in urban areas. Accomplishing this represents a significant challenge: while AVs are an attractive choice for users, their attractiveness could in fact lead to over-purchasing, low utilisation capacities, congestion, urban sprawl, loss of public space, as well as the decreased use of public transit, walking, and cycling (along with the accompanying health implications).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Expectations about the contribution of STI have increased in recent years as fast-evolving technologies are rapidly changing the development landscape. They open new possibilities to address long-standing development challenges across the SDGs—from poverty and hunger, access to health care and education, to low-carbon energy, combatting climate change, and financial inclusion. They are also changing the development finance landscape, creating opportunities across the action areas of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (hereafter, Addis Agenda).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Will new public SMKs be built in the 14% of sub-districts which have no senior secondary school? Will some SMAs be converted to SMKs? Since private SMKs constitute 70% of current provision, will there be a financial incentive provided for them to expand their enrolment? These various options have different cost implications for the national budget. Vocational secondary education is expensive for several reasons: the initial capital cost for equipment and workshops, and the recurrent cost for consumable supplies and the maintenance, repair and replacement of equipment (a factor often ignored).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)