albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Ironically, the main impact of the ‘electric revolution’ may be to stimulate much greater efficiency in the conventional ICE power train, and in the development of fuel efficient engine control systems. Automobile companies typically bear the costs of investing in research, technology and plant capacity for their own vehicles - though in some cases they have benefited from partial public funding for production facilities. Early movers investing in hybrid and battery electric vehicles may reap large rewards when (and if) these technologies meet market success, as has been the case with Toyota which bore losses for years before sales of its hybrids took off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Investment Plans included objectives such as public transport efficiency, or promotion of "integrated development" of both housing and residential infrastructure, along with so-called productive investments such as industrial parks or factories. Strategic investment plans acknowledged that the urban area was larger than a project area, that some spaces deserved higher priority than others, and that "strategy" meant making choices in a spatial context. The challenge, therefore, was to determine which rules might encourage behaviour in specific directions and what were the so-called "enabling conditions" required for desired outcomes to be achieved. The difference lay in the assertion that market-oriented policies were intended to affect not only individual entities, both corporate and otherwise, but the whole pattern of behaviour of all entities, both individually and collectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In complex societies such as those in Africa, the outcome of any particular policy is inevitably uncertain. African governments will need to follow a governance framework that is pragmatic and able to problem-solve and adapt collectively and rapidly. Similarly, it is a characteristic of these countries that they are adept at modifying and shifting their policies and budget priorities as circumstances change. In most instances, such modifications are undertaken with full support of the country’s development partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such flexibility means that not all of a plant’s value necessarily becomes stranded if regulatory or economic conditions change. However, in general at least some part of the asset value may nevertheless be at risk. However, the political economy of stranded capital is complex. Whilst all energy companies know that there will be an eventual need to deviate from the business-as-usual path, the timescales for changing the emissions pathway (especially within a given country or regulatory regime) is quite uncertain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The highly indented eastern coast of the Adriatic acts as a breeding ground and nursery to a large number of marine species. The central sections of the Adriatic Sea Basin, where the coast of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located, have relatively little discharge. In any case, the main habitats described in fishers’ reports show the high heterogeneity of the area, with mixed bottoms with rocks, sand, mud, sand-mud, and ostrea beds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility can also be taken as a symptom of the structure of relations on the supply side. But there is more diversity on the supply side, as evidenced by different public commitments to care and the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility (see Box 3-1). In other words, the persistence of women’s traditional responsibilities for care in the family, combined with few alternatives to providing such care, means that the promise of less gender inequality in the labour market is limited by trade-offs with social reproduction. France’s high fertility rates are a testament to family policies that draw the provision of care out of the family and into the public sphere, making for a high road supply side (Salles et al. Both have less supportive family policies than Germany but higher fertility and comparable work participation among women. At issue here is whether and how social reproduction moves out of the family (Balbo et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The household composition also plays a major role in determining whether a family is poor or not, and how family composition and family living arrangements are taken into account in the estimation of poverty rates can make a significant difference in poverty appraisal (Box 2). For the sake of simplicity, the standard approach collects information on income at household level, and it is then attributed to each member using an equivalence scale, assuming that all individual and collective resources of household members are pooled together. The equivalence scale is assumed to reflect the relative needs of the household members (including children) and the economies of scale generated by members sharing resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Spending on Active Labour Market Programmes (ALMPs) cannot be disaggregated in financial transfers and services, they are, however, included in the total public spending (shown in brackets), 2005 data for Australia, Mexico, Turkey and the United States. Data do not include public spending on housing and utility services, except for income-tested housing cash payments as included in the totals in Table 3.3. Spending on income support to the working-age population concerns non-pension related income support payments, see Table 3.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These trends are increasingly global and impact both developed and developing countries. It explores evidence that shows how policies and regulation may impact ICT services uptake and introduces new tools developed by ITU. Technology is moving fast, transforming lifestyles and rendering old business models obsolete. The ICT industry has moved from distinct infrastructure platforms and connected devices to an interconnected ecosystem of computing -the cloud - which changes the traditional rules of the game.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Probabilities depend on the individual’s age, sex, and the presence of risk factors and w'ere determined from the published literature. Disease pathways (recovery, continuance, death) were developed to match survival and case fatality statistics via a randomized or Monte Carlo process. The Monte Carlo process involves the generation of a random number that influences the occurrence of events and allows outcomes to vary from one individual to another. Survival probabilities are determined by the survival experience of individuals with a given disease, moderated by age and sex, and were obtained from the published literature. Forecasts future public costs (NHS costs) in constant dollars attributed to increasing obesity rates. The time horizon of the projection is over forty years, with recent published projections from 2008 to 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indicators help to make decisions and move analysis to a diagnostic mode, as they can be a source of realtime feedback on performance. They can reveal what additional analysis may be needed to better understand a phenomenon. For example, an observed change may be an aberration or derive from systemic change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2009-2011, the total volume declared (and paid) under the general regime was only 33% of the volume granted. A water entitlement can expire if the total volume of water granted has not been used in two consecutive years without explanation.19 Since 2011 the water title-holder can pay a guarantee fee {cuota de garantid) to avoid the expiration of the water entitlement. The aim of this mechanism is to encourage title-holders that do not intend to use the water to give back their titles. The rationale is that unused entitlements generate opportunity costs for society: water that is allocated but not used could be used in other activities and generate social benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hunting licenses are also sold, which gives the public the possibility to hunt in privately owned forests, on common land and in municipal and state-owned forests" (Detnorske skogselskap 2011). Several environmental and recreational NGOs criticized the act for not taking the environmental concerns in the preamble seriously in the following sections of the act A follow-up Regulation on sustainable forestry (LMD 2006) was approved and tied to the Forestry Act, primarily to give more specific rules on how to achieve sustainable forestry and long term resource management (including concerns for "outdoor recreation, landscape and cultural values)." The responsibility for such concerns mainly belongs to the forest owner ("freedom under responsibility)." The forest owner shall be aware of the environmental values in his/her own forest and allow for environmental concerns when implementing any action in the forest The premise is that "forest and environmental resources" in the actual forest are documented, and that a plan for management of these resources is developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Vol. Ecological Management and Restoration, Vol. Climate and Conservation: Landscape and Seascape Science, Planning and Action, Island Press, pp. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources”, International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC, www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b ff0a28049a790d6b835faa8c6a8312a/PS6 English 2Q12.pdf?MOD=AJP ERES. A framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat”, Restoration Ecology, Vol. Sustainable Development Research Advances, Nova Publishers, New York, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite no increase in funding since 2010, the health sector is still the largest receiving sector of ODF support to science and innovation. The focus areas in the health sector are infectious and STD-related disease control, including HIV/AIDS, and reproductive health. Other priority sectors are the agriculture and education sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the region faces a number of human resource issues: there is a shortage of skilled personnel, a shortage of highly qualified people and a loss of talent. Penang also faces competition from Singapore and other countries that have the human resources and access to research and innovation needed to compete at the high-end of the value chain. The problem is not only an inadequate supply of graduates but the lack of an economy and other regional amenities that retain graduates who are otherwise attracted to Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and other major economic centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, the Fund is to “operate in a transparent and accountable manner guided by efficiency and effectiveness” (UNFCCC, 2011). Further, monitoring and evaluation under the GCF will include “a results measurement framework with guidelines and appropriate performance indicators” (GCF, 2011). The benefits and challenges of developing results frameworks to assess the effectiveness of climate finance interventions are outlined in Box 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All countries should design and implement special programmes to address the nutritional needs of women of child-bearing age, especially those who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and should give particular attention to the prevention and management of nutritional anaemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Priority should be accorded to improving the nutritional and health status of young women through education and training as part of maternal health and safe motherhood programmes. Adolescent females and males should be provided with information, education and counselling to help them delay early family formation, premature sexual activity and first pregnancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Achilles’ heel of coal instead is the carbon price. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of C02 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process. This is reflected in the good security of supply performance of OECD countries with significant investments in nuclear energy during the 1970s and 1980s as measured in terms of the Simplified Supply and Demand Index (SSDI).14 Figure 4.5 from the NEA study on the security of energy supply shows how countries such as Finland, France, Sweden or the United Kingdom improved their security of supply situation during the past 40 years. While any composite indicator is the product of its defined inputs (which are explained in detail in NEA, 2010), it is clear that nuclear energy has very attractive security of supply characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This section provides a summary of the investment trends being exhibited by operators investing in fixed and wireless broadband networks and higher-layer services. The global telecommunication services market1 will be worth an estimated USD 1.79 trillion in 2019, up from an estimated USD 1.68 trillion in 2014 (Figure 1.2). Penetration rates are even lower for fixed broadband services, with a 0.4 per cent rate in Africa, 3 per cent in the Arab States and 7.7 per cent in the Asia and Pacific region2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The human rights movement has spent considerable energy developing and promoting the adoption of both international and domestic legal prohibitions against torture. Empirical scholarship testing the effectiveness of these prohibitions using observational data, however, has produced mixed results. In this paper, we explore one possible mechanism through which these prohibitions may be effective: dampening public support for torture. Specifically, we conducted a survey experiment to explore the impact of international and constitutional law on public support for torture. We found that a bare majority of respondents in our control group support the use of torture, and that presenting respondents with arguments that this practice violates international law or constitutional law did not produce a statistically significant decrease in support. These findings are consistent with prior research suggesting, even in democracies, that legal prohibitions on torture have been ineffective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It typically refers to the need for new thinking to solve today's pressing environmental, social and economic challenges. The concept has strong ties to efforts aimed at transforming the traditional fossil fuel driven economy into a resource-efficient economy based on sustainability principles and increased use of renewable resources. Among the objectives of the bioeconomy are the reduction of climate change impact, reduced use of raw materials and energy, increased added value from biomaterials, and increased utilisation of waste (Smaradottiretal., The implementation of the program therefore required close multidisciplinary collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Centre for Education Law and Policy (CELP) is grateful for the opportunity to have a section in SA Public Law set aside for articles dealing with Education Law. Considering the rate at which the highest courts in South Africa, for example, the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court, are called upon to decide on educational matters, it is clear that not only education stakeholders such as the National Department of Basic Education, provincial departments of basic education, principals, governing bodies and educators, but also the courts struggle to benchmark the interpretation of Education Law against the Constitution. With this in mind, CELP invited articles from experts in Constitutional Law and Education Law on the theme: Benchmarking South African Education Law against the Constitution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include bioregional classification, coherent systems of marine protected or managed areas, ocean zoning and fisheries management. Environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment ensure that proposed activities do not cause undue environmental degradation. Overall, a key challenge remains: integrating various management approaches undertaken by sectors into a comprehensive and cohesive plan with the ecosystem as its central framework. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is one approach that can help countries undertake this task, and it is gaining considerable popularity. Similarly to integrated coastal zone management, it provides for operationalizing an ecosystem approach through a planning process involving all stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Through the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000,3 the United Nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Poverty reduction was featured as the first and pre-eminent goal. However, the Goals, per se, do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives. For instance, while productive employment creation is generally considered a main vehicle for poverty reduction, targets for the creation of decent employment were not initially part of the MDG agenda, employment indicators were introduced only after 2005.4 The goals provide no more than a set of targets, which, though they may provide a focus for a coherent strategy, do not as such offer any guidance on what combination of policies would be most effective in fostering the simultaneous achievement of the MDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this work we set out to examine how the effective separation of powers in a political system, secures increased accountability and reduces the incentives of agents to try to corrupt officials. We summarize the main results of the existing literature that examines both these relationships and analyze a select number of constitutions, in an effort to find out to what extent some attributes of democracies lead both to decisions that do not offer incentives to seek corrupt practices and at the same time form an environment that is not favorable to the emergence of corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This requires both top-down and bottom-up approaches, so that new standards are defined at the systemic level, training is offered by education institutions, skilled teachers can mentor others, and teachers can learn from each other, investigate in collaboration with others and exchange good practices. This makes the teaching profession more attractive, but also much more demanding. Many education systems still struggle to raise the status of the teaching career, so that teaching can be considered a "profession" viewed as having the same value as medicine, law or engineering (Guerriero, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the more efficient allocation of resources as a result of structural reforms has had positive effects, economic growth has been mainly due to capital formation and increased labour input. In the future, Peru is likely to face greater competition from countries with similar comparative advantages. For its natural resource-based exports, it faces the uncertainty of world demand and the price volatility of commodities. There is ample evidence that, for a given volume of resources devoted to STI, innovation performance depends on the quality of the governance of STI systems, that is, the set of largely publicly determined institutional arrangements that shape policy design, implementation (agencies and instruments), delivery and evaluation and determine how the various public and private actors interact in allocating and managing resources devoted to STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Documents presented by ANEP to the parliament are publicly available (INEEd, 2015). It has jurisdiction over all the education councils and programmes operating within ANEP. Its tasks include monitoring the use of resources within the school system, assessing compliance with laws and regulations, analysing information systems to assess their reliability, and providing advice to ANEP in the fulfilment of its objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As many as 12 of the 18 countries in the region posted growth rates at least as high as in 2006 (see table LI). In addition to the expansion of the world economy and abundant liquidity on international markets, the rapid industrialization process unfolding in several Asian developing countries, particularly China and India, generated greater demand which boosted the region’s export volumes and improved its terms of trade (ECLAC, 2008b). The rise in international food and energy prices that gathered pace in that year fuelled inflationary forces and, although the process weakened as from the second half of 2008, it was partly counteracted by the devaluation of a number of local currencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Relevant data, particularly on ESG criteria, needs to be accessible through standardised interfaces, as opposed to being collected in a redundant and uncoordinated fashion through a multitude of databases. While a variety of databases and reporting platforms already exist, they are mostly fragmented. A decentralised network of systems could represent an option to reduce friction in data and transaction flows, while improving on data standards for infrastructure performance reporting (Mattila and Seppala, 2015). While centralised entities have many advantages, complex multi-party relationships that require a high degree of transparency and immutable data trails are arguably better served by decentralised blockchain ledgers. The advantages provided by blockchain technology are summarised in Table 2. Decentralised ledgers and transaction networks can be a catalyst for standardisation and transparent monitoring, reporting and steering of data collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
1. Twenty years of revolutionary democratic Ethiopia, 1991 to 2011 2. Ethnic-based federalism and ethnicity in Ethiopia: reassessing the experiment after 20 years 3. Revolutionary democratic state-building: party, state and people in the EPRDF's Ethiopia 4. Abyotawi democracy: neither revolutionary nor democratic, a critical review of EPRDF's conception of revolutionary democracy in post-1991 Ethiopia 5. The (un)making of opposition coalitions and the challenge of democratization in Ethiopia, 1991-2011 6. Separation of powers and its implications for the judiciary in Ethiopia 7. The press and the political restructuring of Ethiopia 8. Decentralization to the household: expansion and limits of state power in rural Oromiya 9. EPRDF's revolutionary democracy and religious plurality: Islam and Christianity in post-Derg Ethiopia 10. Overlapping nationalist projects and contested spaces: the Oromo 11. Aid negotiation: the uneasy ''partnership'' between EPRDF and the donors
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Modern international law is largely characterized by its specialized regimes. International commercial law, international protection of human rights and international environmental law are only the most important examples of isolated areas in international law and which are characterized by the establishment of a certain hegemony of their rules. This article analyzes the interaction between different regimes and will conclude that current international law lacks the capacities to effectively coordinate these regimes. We will argue that coordination is required between the different dispute settlement mechanisms. An effective coordination between specialized regimes can be carried out through rules such as the forum non conveniens of common law and not, as established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, through criteria of temporal sequence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)