albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The project has made important contributions to the strengthening of the legal framework for local pprotected areas (LPAs). It helped to set up new, or, in some cases, to strengthen existing, LPA management structures in the three target LPAs. It helped develop long-term strategies, management plans and business plans for these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Energy efficiency has very low priority in practice, determined by the fact that such a large proportion of the population does not have secure and reliable access to energy . This Programme aimed to ensure that the country’s distant regions receive power at a low price. It proposed construction of 189 small HPPs (SHPPs) with a total capacity of 103 MW by 2020, and generation of 800 million kWh of electricity per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Currently, not all Red Book species enjoy relevant protection, regardless of whether they occur inside protected areas or beyond their boundaries. Some rare and endangered animal species, considered particularly attractive for trophy hunting, are subject to either poaching or legalized "limited hunting", including inside protected areas. The determination of annual quota for hunting game species is based on rough estimates as reliable information on the actual size of species populations is quite limited. The further decline of forests may result in accelerated desertification, landslides, mudflows and other natural disasters, limiting the profitability of agricultural practices and threatening human settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One important limitation is the poor quality of the household surveys on information regarding the supply side determinants (i.e. detailed information on school and health facilities). The characteristics of the interventions we propose are discussed below. A targeted cash transfer has significant and specific implications on the methodology also for the micro model: it is in fact on the micro side that we can identify poor children, predict their poverty status and target them for cash or in-kind transfers. Due to the lack of reliable information on the income levels of the households, the government is required to predict their poverty status using a limited number of individual, household and geographic characteristics, which are easily observable by the government and not subject to manipulation by the individual. To do that we estimate the relationship between these characteristics and expenditures (per adult equivalent) observed in the household surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As underscored in OECD Economic Surveys, this system results in a counterproductive outcome of rising marginal and average tax rates on labour and a reluctance by municipalities to shift revenue toward immovable property. Additionally, taxable values, which are updated by the Ministry of Finance, have tended to lag market values. The minimum-maximum bands within which municipal governments can set their property tax rates have been widened. Property assessments have been revised to better reflect market values, and cadastral values are expected to be completely updated by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is evidenced by the involvement of the FCC grain purchasing agency in crediting investment projects (with some of them unrelated to the grain sector). Financing of investment projects has been included in the portfolio of the Agrarian Credit Corporation, whose key mandate is to support the system of local credit institutions. The involvement of KazAgro agencies in activities which do not constitute their core mandates deserves re-consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hence, the cases >, < and = denote, respectively, a positive impact of the reform which is, for a given income group, statistically higher, lower, or equal than that on average income. For example, in the case of the unemployment benefit replacement rate (summary measure of generosity), household income effects are negative for all income groups and they are higher in absolute value for median income, incomes of the lower middle class and incomes of the poor, in each case compared with average income. The symbols (*, "") denote, respectively, statistical significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level. This illustrative scenario is based on a modest change (in practice the magnitude of the decline corresponds to the current difference in stringency of regulation between Australia and Denmark).37 Still, taken at face value, the estimates would imply that such reform could raise long-term level of household disposable incomes of the lower middle class by 0.7 and the poor by 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, while limited differentiation may mean that, in the immediate term at least, regional supply chains might need to be less differentiated than most Asian supply chains (or only part of the production chain can be located in this region), the prevalence of manufactured product in regional exports also means that some basic infrastructure for the production of manufactured goods already exists in South Asia. Countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan may be able to host, simultaneously, both labour-intensive assembly-type activities and more technically demanding intermediate activity across different supply chains, while India may be able to straddle all but the most technically demanding aspects of the production process. In short, it is unlikely that South Asia will replicate the ‘flying geese’ model in the classic sense, so famously attributed to East Asian industrial development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The authors' research is concerned with the use of visual imagery as data to examine schools and schooling. In attempting to develop knowledge further by incorporating the visual in educational research, they draw on a hybrid mix of disciplines including sociology, ethnography, history and the humanities. Many scholars and historians writing about the history of education emphasize written texts (e.g. formal curricula, school board minutes), photographers and visual artists depict the physical arrangements, postures and facial expressions of bodies within socially constructed spaces. Currently, some historians are attempting to open up new methodologies and theoretical perspectives for the inclusion of images as data, while others remain ambivalent about the legitimacy of visual data of educational history. In this article, the authors discuss images of three lessons that the body is subjected to as essential elements of schooling: surveillance, discipline and punishment. They argue for the usefulness of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Direct damage includes loss of timber stock, ground vegetation and other forest products, and the costs of firefighting and remediation and recultivation of the burned area. The degree of damage depends on the age and area of forest, tree species and vegetation, and the type of fire and its severity. Areas differ in their vulnerability to forest fire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This may be interpreted that people will still go see a doctor or be hospitalised if they or their doctor consider that they need it. However, this leads to significant financial burden for people in the lowest income quintile group among all enrolees of the Korean NHI. Direct payments for health care expenses resulted in approximately 1.5% of the total households sample in this study falling below the poverty line (based on the national minimum living cost set by the Korean Health and Welfare Ministry) (Lee and Shaw, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The average female labour force participation rate for OECD countries is 50.9%.2 In contrast, men’s participation in the labour force in the six countries reached 70% or more in 2014, only slightly below other emerging economies (WDI, 2016). According to the World Bank data, the MENA region includes the following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. The gap between male and female participation was reduced during the 1990s, but this progress slowed afterwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dynamic innovation, adaptation and adoption of new and better ways to allocate and productively use resources over time so as to continuously enhance what is achievable in terms of people’s needs or well-being. At the same time, we may face inter-temporal tradeoffs, in the well-being of people over time. In such cases, it is important to strike the right balance. Climate change is a much cited case of a potential win-lose outcome over time, and therefore unsustainable development. It is also, however, possible to go too far in the opposite direction, adopting policies that hurt those in the present more than they benefit those in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Comparisons are made between the human capital of native-born and foreign-bom workers, including with regard to skills mismatch. This chapter aims to conduct an empirical investigation of the labour market position of immigrants in Ghana based on a review of labour market indicators regarding migrant workers in comparison with native-bom workers. The review will be complemented in Chapter 4 by a formal econometric examination of the labour market impact of immigration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Latin America and the Caribbean, the association between household wealth and child survival is comparable to that of Asia, with a child from the richest quintile having a relative risk of only 70 per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile. Of the three regions, Africa is the region where the association between household wealth and child survival seems to be the lowest. This finding is consistent with the conclusion that household wealth has a substantial causal impact on levels of child mortality and may account for a large portion of the observed differentials. The knowledge and practices that could save the lives of children tend to be more prevalent among women with a level of education higher than primary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rivers are characterized by high gradients and a relatively high water run-off, 22 1/s/km2. In general, Republika Srpska is the downstream and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina the upstream region due to the country’s orography. Ultimately, a stream source and mouths may be in one entity and a part of the middle course in the other one, as occurs with the Una and Drina Rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Due to the lack of data on students who are out of school, this report focuses on those who are receiving instruction. However, it acknowledges the importance of drawing attention to the challenges faced by this population group and addressing these issues through concrete policy actions. In this section, indicators that are relevant to understanding the equity status of 15-year-olds from PISA will be examined in detail (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Labour informality, corruption and lengthy procedures for business startups were associated with high social exclusion. By contrast, because employment facilitates inclusion, functional and accessible labour market institutions were found to be important. Abruptly abandoning areas of responsibility by the state or insisting on rapid privatization of all state-owned companies may prove very costly for societies in the long run. Yet at the same time, retaining these responsibilities does not mean keeping the earlier structures intact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Penang’s economic sustainability is threatened not only by low-cost countries but also highly-skilled countries with research and design capabilities in the region -Singapore and Taiwan. Multinational corporations have started moving away, their independence from the local economy giving them the flexibility to move to locations with lower costs. The focus of industrialisation is shifting from the assembly stage of E&E products of high technological value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, policies should seek to go beyond the alleviation of hardship by integrating income support policies with policies to assist beneficiaries in their job search or to help them overcome social problems (e.g. the anti-poverty programme Chile Solidario). The Chilean unemployment insurance system of individual unemployment savings accounts (Regimen de Seguro de Cesantia) in combination with a Solidarity Fund (Fondo de Cesantia Solidario) provides an example of this type of arrangement. Self-insurance provides good incentives for workers to stay employed or return to work when unemployed, while possibly increasing the incentives to work in the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Trade in renewable energy products was also sensitive to tariff reduction at the 5 per cent level. It is possible that these two categories comprise high-technology products, most of which tend to be imported by developing countries. Thus the initial list of EGs could be further narrowed to include only these sub-items for the initial round of liberalization. It should, however, be noted that the elasticity of these products with respect to tariffs is low, with a tariff reduction of 1 per cent leading to only a 0.15 per cent increase in trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This information could potentially add strength to their voices in the policymaking process. The paper also attempts to quantify different dimensions of the contribution of the urban poor to the urban economy. The Planning Commission in India defines the number and proportion of population living below the poverty line based on the recommendations of a Taskforce on the Projection of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demands (1979). This Taskforce defines the poverty line as the cost of obtaining an all India consumption basket that meets the following caloric norms: 2,100 calories per person per day in the urban areas and 2,400 calories in the rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Helping girls and boys to develop the habit of reading for pleasure pays dividends throughout students’ school years and far beyond. Yet many boys do not read for enjoyment and are poor readers. Some of these initiatives aim to improve reading skills by challenging and encouraging students to read more, while others focus on raising awareness of the benefits of reading among parents and encouraging them to participate in reading activities with their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It would be very useful that an agreement could be reached on the competence of evaluators and on the criteria and consequences of evaluation. A lengthy negotiation may be preferable to a more forceful implementation of teacher evaluation, especially if school evaluation is under way. Because there are no goals, benchmarks or modes of evaluation for efficiency and performance at any level of the system, there are no means to hold individuals accountable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The total of India's lignite reserves are estimated at 38 bt, of which around 3.7 bt to 4.3 bt are considered as proven (Mills, 2007, BGR, 2009). Coal India Ltd., a public sector undertaking of the Indian government, dominates the coal market with a production share of 82% in 2008. The Ministry of Coal expects that Indian coal production will increase to 630 Mt by 2012 (Ministry of Coal, 2010). The coalbeds are often in remote areas where safety is an issue and access rights are not guaranteed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This means that 8 million fewer people were living in poverty and 3 million fewer were living in extreme poverty in 2011. The indigence line is updated each year on the basis of the variation in the food price index, whereas the non-food component of the poverty line is updated on the basis of the variation in prices for other goods. For the years from 2007 to 2009, that difference was the main reason why indigence rose at the region-wide level while pov erty declined. The poverty rate is likely to fall by at least one half of a percentage point, while the indigence rate is expected to hold more or less steady at its 2011 level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since it is relatively easy to quantify, this report does not discuss in details how to set full supply cost. Rather, the focus is on two other types of costs that are more difficult to estimate, and may be less obvious to both the general public and the users of the water resource. Figure 3.3 describes a situation where fees and tariffs do not cover the full supply cost of dam or multi-regional water. For example, too much groundwater abstraction can cause saline intrusion in coastal aquifers while the ecosystem of rivers and other surface waters may be degraded when river flows become too low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In most cases, the income surveys used for the OECD Income Distribution Database (IDD) are not designed to be representative at the regional level. The problem is particularly evident for city-regions. For example, the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla are represented respectively by 113 and 114 households in the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2011 sample, similarly, the regions of Bremen and Hamburg in Germany are represented by, respectively, 66 and 166 households in the German Socio-Economic Panel for 2011. These representativeness issues are discussed in detail in section 4 and in the annexes. Figure 1 shows, for each country, the ratios between the highest and the lowest value of GDP per capita, household market income and household disposable income data observed across regions. This evidence suggests large cross-country differences in the level of interregional disparities as measured by GDP and household income data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is compounded by poverty-related risk among children in the under-15 age group and the lack of permanent and comprehensive mechanisms for those in the over-65 age group. In 2008, the incidence of poverty in the 0-14 age segment in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Panama and Uruguay was twice that of adults (ECLAC, 2010b, p. 195). This creates a complex scenario in terms of intergenerational transmission of poverty and raises doubts about the covenants underpinning current State and civil-society support to families for the care, skill development and protection of children (ECLAC, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In some countries, Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards require energy suppliers to meet a specific proportion of their energy demand through EE (DEFRA, 2007). Energy suppliers may also help reduce energy demand (and electricity bills) by encouraging households to generate their own electricity. Eventually, it may give customers the opportunity to sell power produced in the home back to the grid. In Mauritius, for example, the Government encourages innovation to enable households to produce electricity based on emerging technologies for renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Aboriginal Australians. African Americans. Ali, Muhammad. Antislavery. Asylum Seeker. Beauty. Bigotry. Consumption. Cultural Identity. Ethnic Cleansing. Ethnocentrism. Ethnocide. Frantz Fanon. Globalization. Homelessness. Human Rights. Institutional Racism. Intelligence. Islamophobia. Michael Jackson. Michael Jordan. The Stephen Lawrence Case. Masculinity. Minority Language Rights. Motown. Multiculturalism. Negrophilia. Oklahoma Bombing. Racial Profiling. Reparations. Representations. Riots. September 11 2001. Sexuality. Social Exclusion. Social Work. Transracial Adoption. United Nations. Welfare. Whiteness
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2010, the traditional high-income countries accounted for around half of all waste generation. That is forecast to change quickly, with Asia overtaking these countries in terms of overall MSW generation by around 2030 and Africa potentially overtaking both later in the century. The percentage of paper appears to be proportional to income levels (23% of MSW in high-income, 19% to 11 % in middle-income and 7% in low-income countries). Plastic levels generally appear high across the board (8% to 12%), not showing as much dependence on income level as other waste types. ’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Proper maintenance requires information on the characteristics of the system and its elements and an understanding of which functions each contributes. Such an information database is necessary for an adequate monitoring, planning, execution and control of maintenance, for cost effectiveness of the work and for its cost recovery. The total costs for maintaining and modernising the existing water delivery systems to farms is likely to be substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter assesses UNDP’s contribution to results in GEWE in the four focus areas and seeks to answer the following evaluation question: "Has UNDP contributed to development results in gender equality and women's empowerment?” Taken together, the results produced by the two frameworks helped create a more comprehensive perspective on the quality of gender results, their level of effectiveness and the type of change to which UNDP contributed.111 The team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregate-level trends of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE results. They reflect the fact that working towards GEWE requires more than simply targeting women (or men) or ensuring that a certain number of women benefit from a programme. The frameworks aim at making visible the quality and content issues that are too often absent in accountability and reporting systems and also to capture the level of effectiveness of gender results as well as the type of gender change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 2015, China is expected to become the 2nd largest desalination market in the world after Saudi Arabia. Desalination can rely on a large resource base (oceans) and be widely implemented on coastal areas. The major constraint is that it is energy intensive.2 Moreover, brine discharges to the sea can increase salinity and temperature, and accumulate toxic compounds, in receiving waters. Industry can be made less dependent on the supply of potable water through obtaining water qualities that are tailored to suit product and process demands and quality standards (“water fit-for-use”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Guatemala and Italy, high-value niche products (hazelnuts, specialized coffee, Brazil nuts, shea nuts, and many more) have also helped boost local incomes. Certification and labelling can further increase their value. In Burkina Faso, careful forest seed selection and breeding as well as support for village nurseries have helped ensure that planted trees are adapted to local ecosystems, and that survival rates are high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The United Nations was formed in 1945 with the major purpose of promoting and ensuring international peace and security. Since then it has formed the major forum for the negotiation and management of major treaty regimes, become central to international law relevant to security, promoted normative and analytical innovation in international security, and – with bodies like the Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping, the High Commissioner for Refugees, and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – taken on a direct operational and coordinating role in the governance of international security. This chapter critically surveys the evolving architecture of the UN system as it pertains to security, with a particular focus on the changing role and focus of the Security Council since the end of the Cold War, drawing on issue-mapping research by the authors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)