albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The pathways between and among institutions in Penang are limited. According to Penang’s Self-evaluation report, “There are no multiple pathways with well co-ordinated transfer routes and accreditation, including transfer systems, to ensure flexible student transfer between different educational institutions or between higher education institutions.”, ( While Universiti Sains Malaysia has an agreement to allow the transfer of credit for students from public higher education institutions to continue their studies at university, this applies only for students transferring from public higher education institutions such as a polytechnic and UiTM. The OECD received no information on the number of students who take advantage of this credit transfer agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Integrated Technical Education Cluster Initiative, ITEC, represents a valuable effort to provide VET of high quality, clearly articulated across different educational levels and designed to be more responsive to employers’ skills needs. The key point of this cluster model is to ensure that resources are integrated to achieve the highest level of utilisation and set up a clear progression path to higher technical skills for students - that must be also transparent and understandable to employers. These clusters have four components: a technical secondary school, a technical institute, an advanced technical institute, and a vocational training centre. Crucially, the curricula and programme design of these clusters at all levels is meant to be inspired by local labour market needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Taking this double certification into account, the world's total certified forest area as of May 2015 was about 439 million hectares, which is 10.9% of the total global forest area (4.033 billion hectares). Nevertheless, substantial growth in these regions seems far away, and it may be time for diversification and new approaches to certification. For example, a monitoring tool for REDD+ is under discussion, the drivers and incentives of certification could be enhanced if certification schemes could be used simultaneously to ensure sustainable forest management, monitor illegal logging, and deliver other accountability benefits. The IGIs are now available to be used in the development of national or subregional FSC standards (FSC, 2015b). This resulted in the immediate termination of DLH's FSC membership, while the suspension of its FSC certificates was to take effect within three months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Female foreign-bom workers face a double disadvantage, in that employment rates are lower for women than for men (whether native-born or not), and the female foreign-bom employment rate is lower than the rate for Ghanaian-bom women. However, the quality of employment as captured by the vulnerable employment rate is consistently better for foreign-bom workers. The evolution of the labour force, in terms of increasing numbers and rising educational attainment of workers, is mainly due to new (Ghanaian-bom) entrants and retirees. The demographic accounting framework also showed that outflows of workers due to retirement are being matched by inflows of young workers in low-growth occupations in Ghana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Legitimacy, justice and public international law: three perspectives on the debate Lukas H. Meyer and Pranay Sanklecha 1. The legitimacy of global governance institutions Allen Buchanan and Robert O. Keohane 2. Institutionalising global demoi-cracy Samantha Besson 3. The responsibilities and legitimacy of economic international institutions Simon Caney 4. Do international organisations play favourites? An impartialist account Steven R. Ratner 5. 'Victors' justice?' Historic injustice and the legitimacy of international law Daniel Butt 6. International law and global justice Peter Koller 7. Global justice: some problems of a cosmoplitan account Herlinde Pauer-Studer 8. The responsibility to protect human rights David Miller 9. The threat of violence and of new military force as a challenge to international public law Matthias Lutz-Bachmann 10. Forcing a people to be free Arthur Applbaum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Kosovo scores the lowest, 2.5, mainly because it currently has no functioning central employment agency. While the agency should start functioning soon, its role is currently carried out by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and local employment offices, which operate within their own legally defined mandates. Although PESs drive activation policies in all the economies, for those policies to succeed it is crucial that other actors are also involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Finger and Schuler (2000) estimated the implementation costs of just three areas (customs valuation, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [TRIPS] and sanitary/phytosanitary measures) would cost each developing country around US$150 million - a huge sum for many least-developed countries. Overall the agreement was not only unbalanced, it was unjust. For instance, access to lifesaving generic medicines was restricted, countries’ health budgets were hit badly and/or access to life-saving medicines was diminished, and newly flourishing generic drug companies in developing countries saw their prospects wane.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is difficult to know which generation options will be most financially viable 40 years from now - i.e. the average lifespan of generation facilities. At present, many of these countries use fossil-based generation technology that operates at efficiencies below that of OECD countries. This context creates significant opportunity for the private sector to support the upgrade of such technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is also an NGO Legal Information Centre. As a positive example, the MESP, in co-operation with the Governmental Communication Office, co-funded NGO-run information and communication projects in 2008-09. The MESP and the Ministry of Education also contribute to NGO initiatives on environmental education. However, the government could do more to encourage a closer relationship with the environmental NGO community based on a joint commitment to address priority environmental issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Forthis reason, we use the surface area of reforested and restored land to measure degree of implementation in Iceland (see below), and apply that to total mitigation potential measured in abated greenhouse gas emissions in the target countries. This constitutes 1.4% (i.3%-i.6%) of the 3,000-3,600 kha estimated to have been covered by woodland before settlement, as stated in the previous section. We therefore take this percentage range to be the degree of implementation for reforestation in Iceland. If we take revegetation of the estimated 40% of Iceland's surface (41,200 kha) affected by wind erosion (see previous section) to represent the technical potential for restoration, the currently revegetated area represents a 0.65% degree of implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Provision of health care services is managed by the Seguro de Enfermedad y Maternidad (SEM), a distribution fund into which all contributions are placed and which covers the expenses of all health services. Indeed, in 2002, when the effects of the economic, institutional and political crisis were being felt with a vengeance (recall the “corralitd’, and the subsequent social crisis that led to President de la Riia’s resignation in December 2001), the percentage of the population that felt that income distribution was very unfair rose to 64%, the highest level for the three years analysed (1997, 2002 and 2007) as well as for the 18 countries in question. The sharp drop to 31% in this indicator in 2007 does not mean that there was a change or reversal of perceptions, but rather that opinions became less polarized. In other words, the opinion of those who felt that income distribution was “very unfair” did not change to “very fair” or to “fair”, but rather to merely “unfair".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
That implies the development of a wider strategy which uses school evaluation evidence in ways which encourage schools to remain aspirational in relation to the wider educational agenda whatever their test results. As the new Australian Curriculum becomes embedded in schools, a major challenge will lie in ensuring that the full scope of its expectations is realised and that sufficient attention is given to raising performance across the areas it covers. Similarly, there is concern that, in aiming at strict national comparability across schools, the limited My School data was isolated from other available data in some states and territories about local schools that could provide a richer picture of school quality and student learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It consists of other commercial species (that may be secondary targets or may become target species if the market develops) and non-commercial species (returned to the sea or landed, in case of a discard ban) as well as incidental catches of vulnerable species, which may include species of commercial value or not, formally declared as “vulnerable” or “species at risk” as a result of natural or, more commonly, anthropogenic pressure, including fishing pressure (Figure 51). Fisheries impact not only target resources (e.g. fish, crustaceans and cephalopods), but also many other species that are relevant to the functioning of the overall ecosystem (Jackson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
El efecto del Programa Juntos en el empoderamiento de las mujeres dentro del hogar. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica, Working Paper: Lima, Peru. Asociacion entre la violencia de pareja contra las mujeres de las zonas urbanas en pobreza extrema e incorporation al programa de desarrollo humano oportunidades. Working paper: El Colegio de Mexico: Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We draw from social information processing theory and research on the framing of information to explore how the administration of social network surveys can influence CEOs' perceptions about their relationship to directors and the potential benefits to be derived from director network ties, thus affecting their subsequent selection and retention of board members in ways that change the firm's board interlock ties. We also consider how the social influence effects of network surveys may radiate beyond survey respondents to influence the actions of managers at other firms in the board interlock network. Our findings suggest network surveys influence the very ties that they are designed to measure. Hypotheses are tested using a unique dataset and research design that combines extensive archival data on board interlocks with original quasi-experimental survey data on CEO/board network ties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This section explores these channels in some detail, as they will determine the ultimate impact of water scarcity on economic growth and welfare. As this discussion requires some technical background, the following sub-section develops these ideas in detail. The reader solely interested in policy implications can skip over this sub-section and go immediately to the policy subsection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Explanations of state behavior in international relations theory and international law are frequently divided between norms and self-interest. In most discussions, these two competing explanations are portrayed as mutually exclusive. By examining one recent example of US international legal behavior-the International Criminal Court-we argue that these parallel arguments about state actions may actually converge. That is, both lines of argument may, in many instances, be complementary, and it may be hard to find sharp differences in the logic of arguments from self-interest and of arguments from norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Southern Asia, the birth rate dropped from 88 to 50 births per 1,000 girls, which was accompanied by an increase in school participation, an increase in the demand for contraception, and a decrease in the proportion of adolescents who married. However, the birth rate dropped only slightly in sub-Saharan Africa, and remained at 117 births per 1,000 girls in 2011, a much higher rate than in other regions. The adolescent birth rate also stayed high in Latin America and the Caribbean, at 76 births per 1,000 girls in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The municipality has made efforts to create a chair for urban studies within the USM that could have taken on board urban and environmental issues and amenity policy problem, but so far the university has not appointed a professor for this task. Universities and other tertiary education institutions in Penang could increase their co-operation with local or regional one-stop-shop agencies for business support. By training the trainers and other knowledge dissemination activities, universities could help these agencies acquire the specialised skills to advise firms on the cost-effective ways to reduce emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Empirical work in international law is rapidly increasing in quantity and sophistication. This trend reflects the expansion in number and importance of international organizations and courts, as well as developments in legal scholarship and the social sciences. This bibliographical essay forms the basis for a forthcoming chapter in the Oxford Handbook on Empirical Legal Studies (forthcoming 2010). It surveys empirical work on international tribunals, treaties and many substantive areas of law. Some of these areas, such as trade, investment and human rights, are the subject of burgeoning empirical literatures. Others, particularly private international law, have received less attention to date, but good work is beginning to emerge, as is the case with criminal law and investment law. We see the field continuing to expand and diversify in years to come, as many outstanding questions beg for analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Vulnerable or informal employment is particularly high among women, resulting in poor earnings and low-quality jobs. In entrepreneurship, the gender gap in the Middle East-North Africa region is the greatest in the world, with around 12% of adult women and 31% of adult men working as entrepreneurs (GEM, MENA Regional Report, 2012). Women’s economic participation provides them with resources that allow them to realise their personal aspirations, and to support their families, leading to increased well-being among women, men and children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the reported information should be used strategically for policy making. The code applies to new constructions and/or alterations with a specified minimum total gross floor area and it also adopts six performance standards (Table 2.7). The performance standards refer to areas where efficient practices are to be adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Between 1970 and 1980, technical assistance and financial support for national and regional marine science projects came from UN organizations such as the IOC, UNESCO, FAO, and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Developed countries, such as the US, Norway, UK, Canada and France provided technical assistance and opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate training through bilateral programmes. The Norwegian Government provided the R/V Fridtjof Nansen to the Mozambique Government, and later to other governments, to conduct fisheries and oceanographic surveys in Mozambican waters in 1977-1978. These commonly aimed to investigate the priorities and needs for capacity-building in the marine sciences and included visits to Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia and Tanzania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As seen in the previous section, a reduction on the availability factor of 0.7-1.4% could be attributed to load cycling operations in the French nuclear park. It is sometimes mentioned that the adoption of flexible operations could cause a suboptimal utilisation of nuclear fuel and a consequent increase in fuel costs. However, more advanced operational modes can smooth the variations in the neutron flux that is associated with load following and therefore limit the impact on fuel burn-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Further, mid-term evaluations have been found to be very useful in helping countries to re-focus work plans and budgets (Luhtala, 2012, UNDP, 2013). Other countries are establishing climate change progress reports (e.g. South Africa, which plans to do this yearly, including a section on monitoring adaptation, DEA 2016 forthcoming). Some countries have also identified monitoring and evaluation indicators (e.g. Comoros - PAG-PNA, 2014), even though they do not yet have a NAP or other national strategic framework in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the processing plant, quality testing is free for the trader. On the collector’s sale price of KZT 51.5 per litre, his profit is KZT 3.9 (7.6%). Keeping livestock requires much time and effort, so households prefer to have one to three cows to provide themselves with fresh milk and dairy products (many of them produce sour cream and cottage cheese at home), and they sell only the surplus. However, the collector noted stable growth in the number of livestock in the region during the last three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With few savings and living in precarious circumstances, they have few buffers against shocks. Nevertheless, poor communities and their most vulnerable members can learn from past adversity and can even bounce back stronger and better prepared for future shocks - especially if they can rely on social protection schemes and inclusive and adaptive governance. Rural communities, for example, rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods and are at greater risks from droughts and floods. Poor urban communities in precarious housing, such as slum dwellers and those living on riverbanks, are also more exposed to hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Discussions on financing were limited to how much money governments should provide to build the infrastructure. Over time, the discussions have evolved, with an increasing emphasis on cost recovery from water users (both for drinking water supply and sanitation and for irrigation, but potentially also for hydropower, navigation and others). Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive in Europe is a prominent illustration of this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, reductions in the value of benefit ceilings occurred in the two countries (Italy and the United States) where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous. These indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work. Reductions of NRR points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work. Figure 7.6 provides a strong indication of reduced cash support for the unemployed between 1995 and 2005: seven of the ten countries recorded declining NRRs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The exclusion of small-class schools from the application of the formula, at least at the beginning of the pilot process, seems reasonable as funding small rural schools through a unique national allocation formula is not an easy task. A per student funding scheme implies that resources are calculated for every student and that a specific formula is drawn, often in the form of a mathematical equation. A well designed funding formula can, under certain conditions, be the most efficient, equitable, stable and transparent method of funding schools (LevaCid, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additionally in Costa Rica, where allowances can constitute a large proportion of a teacher’s salary, some form of external evaluation could help to ensure a much more effective use of financial rewards to recognise and incentivise good teaching practice. International research shows that career prospects, career diversity, and giving teachers responsibility as professionals are important to keep teachers motivated, particularly in systems like Costa Rica where teaching is a job for life (Schleicher, 2013). Each track includes several positions as depicted below. In 2008, the declaration of the Quality Schools as the Axis of Costa Rican Education (Centro Educativo de Calidad como Eje de la Educacion Costarricense) marked a turning point, affirming the importance of school engagement to raise education outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These interviews also revealed other on-farm risk management practices that were not mentioned in the studies. For example, dairy farmers had developed emergency plans to deal with major disasters, including back-up power generating capacities to ensure that milking could continue and product spoilage minimised. To address risks of labour availability, farmers indicated they were increasing the degree of mechanisation in their operations and developing contingency strategies for unexpected interruptions in the availability of labour, including changes in the on-farm enterprise mix. Thus, irrigation and spraying against pests were identified as standard output risk strategies, and storage as a typical marketing strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the report encourages ratification and domestic implementation of treaties on human rights and refugee law (as well as international humanitarian law and international criminal law) (UNSG, 2009: para. The UNHCR has shown a willingness to engage with the R2P doctrine on the basis that it offers a way forward in addressing “asylum fatigue” by shifting the characterization of refugees away from “broader concerns about international security, transnational crime and terrorism” (Feller, 2006). This reflects a “desecuritization” of UNHCR’s own discourse on refugees, which has seen UNHCR wind back its security approach of the 1990s in favour of one that stresses the humanitarian nature of refugee protection (Ham-merstad, 2011:255). The Security Council’s first resolution authorizing collective coercive action to protect civilians in Libya (Res.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article is based on a paper originally presented at the 2006 Conference of the Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management. It discusses case studies of reform in developing countries presented at the Commonwealth Advanced Seminar, held annually in Wellington, New Zealand. The cases are analysed in terms of major reform issues such as civil service reform, strategic planning, management decentralization and accountability for results to draw out similarities in challenges and responses across jurisdictions and also some lessons about the uptake and implementation of policy ideas from other governments. The cases illustrate the influence on developing country governments of public management ideas, ranging from specific imitation of new management `technologies' to more generalized inspiration of the possibilities of reform.Points for practitionersThere are significant similarities of reform issues across the diverse countries of the Commonwealth, indicating the value of cross-jur...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)