albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It represents money saved over what a household would have to pay for the same service in the private market. Unpaid work at home increases the overall consumption of goods and services, represents implicit income and is crucial for enabling the labour force participation of beneficiary household members (Becker, 1965). In rural communities, agricultural production carried out within the household for family consumption has important value (Stiglitz et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These indicators suggest that there is room to protect outputs by improving efficiency in the event of a further shock (although any bed cuts in rural areas ought not to compromise access to health services). Legislative changes in 2002 stimulated prescribing of generics and have improved value for money. Pharmaceuticals now account for 21.4% of total health expenditure, slightly above the EU average but well below the inflated burden of pharmaceutical spending (around 30%) that affects its Baltic neighbours (2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The trend toward stricter entitlement requirements has, however, mostly stopped in the 2000s. Instead, reforms have tended to make it somewhat easier for people with shorter employment records to qualify for UI (Finland, France, United Kingdom). In the United State, entitlement conditions have remained unchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Further studies are underway in Africa and Latin America. These help meet aid effectiveness principles. One of the specific aims of this partnership is to increase donor harmonisation (JICA, 2011), The Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund was established so that development partners could support Bangladesh in implementing its Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCRF, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, the expansion of agricultural subsidies introduced more potential obstacles to agreement on a protocol of accession and the list of commitments. The process lost momentum also due to the implementation of the CU with Russia and Belarus, which brought about changes in Kazakhstan’s trade regime, in particular an increase in import tariffs. Progress has been made in making SPS and TBT legislation WTO-compatible, as in developing the regulatory base for the CU its members aimed at the harmonisation with WTO principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The collaboration is based on selling goods and services to each other - and hence to each other's clients - and cooperating in marketing efforts. He has not chosen his partners based on pre-defined sustainability criteria, but has refused cooperation on non-sustainability grounds. He works together with another small local company, who offers visitors bus transport on the island. The company 62° N, a travel agency with 50 years of experience, is also a partner to Lakeside Excursions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Even if it is assumed that migrant workers send home the entire amount of their wages and salaries, the total income generated by them is much larger due to complementarities between migrant and native workers and higher corporate profits, that is, the increment in GDP is much higher than the income of the migrant workers. One approach to estimate this additional benefit uses the concept of consumer surplus (Borjas, 2010). Consumer surplus arises due to lower prices that consumers pay as a larger supply of goods or services is made available by the migrant workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On successful completion of high school education students can enrol into different institutions of higher education. This depends on the individual performance of students and different entry requirements for admission of students into different courses. A number of public institutions exist. These include the Lesotho College of Education (LCE), the National University of Lesotho (NUL) and Lerotholi Polytechnic (LP) and the newly founded university Limkokwing on 15 October, 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Patients need a referral to access specialist services for free. However, direct access can be obtained by paying out-of-pocket Day care, day surgery and outpatient rehabilitation services have developed markedly over the past decade, but there still is a strong reliance on the inpatient sector. Hospital admission rates are persistently high - at 24 per 100 population, compared to the EU average of 17.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They suggest that the debate has moved beyond victimhood and towards women becoming agents for social change, despite challenging, complex and conflicting circumstances. It is no accident that countries in conflict or recovering from conflicts remain at the bottom of UNDP's Human Development Index. African women are not only affected by conflict, but are also actively engaged as conflict preventers, combatants and peacebuilders, and take part in rebuilding in the aftermath. They provide for their families and maintain the social fabric before, during and after the conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Being part of a regional trade agreement proves to have a significant and important positive impact on trade. This can reflect the fact that being part of a trade agreement does not only imply the benefit of preferential tariffs but also of other economic gains (i.e. FTAs can promote economic cooperation by offering a political forum of discussion) (Martin et al., Together with the results for common border and language, this points to the importance of stronger regional integration for boosting agricultural exports. Contrary to expectations, the effect of the NTMRI term is found to be positive and significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Road safety performance or road safety capacity reviews as they are known have been conducted in a number of countries. This is discussed with some examples in the “Getting Started” section at the end of this report. Between 2000 and 2012, the number of fatalities decreased by 67%- one of the largest reductions among IRTAD countries. Since 2000, the number of injury crashes has decreased by 18%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The amount of aviation kilometres has increased and some travel agencies have paid attention to the environmental impacts of the concept. There are alternatives to long-distance travelling, namely domestic and nearby tourism, and plenty of projects promoting them as a line of business. There are also initiatives emphasizing the ecological and cultural sustainability options for travelling, especially local tourism (Project 12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) provided in its 2014 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance (UNFCCC SCF, 2014) an estimate of alLclimate-related financial flows from developed countries to developing countries, concluding that on average between 2010-12, these ranged between USD 40 to USD 175 billion per year, including USD 35-50 billion through public institutions and between USD 5-1255 billion of private finance. It is therefore unclear to what extent these estimates of broader climate finance flows can tell us about progress towards the USD 100 billion goal. Separately the Biennial Assessment presented aggregates of (predominately) climate-specific public finance and core multilateral support (including non-climate finance) to developing countries provided and reported to the UNFCCC by Annex II countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It discusses developments relating to public-sector research, government support for business R&D and innovation, collaboration and networking among innovating organisations, globalisation of R&D and open innovation, human resources for S&T, and the evaluation of research and innovation policies. Tax credits for R&D are particularly widespread in Canada and Japan, where over 80% of public support to business R&D is provided in the form of fiscal incentives. In countries like the United States (through competitive R&D contracts) or Spain (through grants, subsidies or loans), direct support remains the main vehicle for public funding of business R&D. The wider issue of how many firms take part in public support schemes for innovation (as opposed to R&D) is not well documented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are sensitive, however, as absolute poverty measurements are, to within-country price differentials both between regions and across income groups, and how these are taken into account, as well as to the quality of source data on the income distribution. Using the dollar-a-day poverty line as an international standard is an arbitrary choice that focuses attention on the first of the "hierarchy of capabilities". Treating absolutely poor people in the same way as relatively poor people risks drawing attention away from the first capability of overcoming barriers to physical survival, which is the priority in most international efforts to improve the lives of the poorest (World Bank [1990], Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula [2008]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The first requires placing a price on greenhouse gas emissions through either taxation or emission trading systems. Regulation may also be appropriate in some circumstances. The second involves evaluation of broader innovation policies to ensure that they are aligned with low-carbon economy objectives. Policies that support or hinder the entry and growth of young and innovative firms may also play an important indirect role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even so, the interlinkages between climate change (and hazards) and multidimensional inequalities have yet to be fully explored. The role of the underlying structural causes of inequalities is also poorly understood. The objective of the present chapter is therefore to bridge these gaps, which will in turn provide the foundation for a discussion centred on the policy challenges related to building resilience to climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The higher education institutions should also develop a practical engagement with business and a collaborative way of referring enquiries from businesses and industry with the help of virtual and face-to-face collaboration. Authorities should channel funds to enhance SME/business/college linkage and related applied research projects that would contribute to strengthen the Galilean innovation system. The RAAK procedure in Netherland is an example to consider. Finnish, German and US initiatives are examples that could be emulated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The elements in this category include journey time reliability, labour supply (number of people that can now access the labour market due reduced commuting costs) and static clustering (i.e. how reductions of generalised transport costs bring firms and households closer together, leading to productivity gains). This involves determining whether these impacts, either individually or collectively, are likely to alter the overall value for money of the proposal. Methodologies in this category are not considered robust enough for inclusion in the BCR, but are used to inform the Value for Money (VfM) category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There has been a general assumption that the adoption of decentralization would facilate the improvement of governance quality. Based on an empirical study of Indonesia case, however, it is argued that such a kind of assumption is not always the case. Any good governance is hard to achieve because the complexity of its surrounding context, particularly the political ones. Given this, it can thus be suggested that in analysing any administrative phenomenon it is not neceessary to be exclusively reliant on the Wilsonian approach which separates public administration from politics. In order to have a functional analyses, particularly dealing with phenomenon in developing countries, it might be better to employ a wider perspective involving the usage of other discipline's approach, including politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, at second sight, land-use change and the use of natural resources during electricity provision are one of the most elusive aspects of full cost accounting. Second, studying the impacts on land-use change poses a fundamental methodological challenge for full cost accounting: much land is, in fact, privately traded and public land falls under strict regulations in OECD countries. Many land-use changes are thus already effectively internalised through changing property values in real estate markets or through existing land-use regulations. However, land has a social as well as a private value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Time-use data should be taken into account to incorporate the gender perspective when designing poverty-eradication programmes, or when evaluating the benefits of such conditions, and to promote shared responsibility between men and women and between the State, the market and families (ECLAC, 2016a), and when coordinating these programmes with others and strengthening health and education policies so that they reach the poorest sectors and are not supported by conditional transfer programmes and the unpaid work of women. The reasons vary, and include the cost and organization of health services, which complicate access to medical care, especially for people in the lowest-income households (Ferran, 2008). In order to produce estimates of the activities that directly affect the health of household members, time-use surveys must distinguish between care activities relating specifically to health care and other activities. If this heavy burden is maintained over time, it can influence the physical and mental health of the caregiver, who will then also need care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cod production from aquaculture passed 8 000 tonnes in 2005, doubling production from 2004, again underlining the fact that high value species are rapidly finding their way into aquaculture production systems. Norway, the United States, Canada, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands are the major export countries, accounting for 55% of total OECD exports in 2007 (Figure 1.8). The major importers in 2007 were the Unites States, Japan, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom, accounting for 71% of total imports to the OECD (Figure 1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In particular, post-Soviet transition countries have limited knowledge of informal settlements, because housing in the Soviet era was considered as a universal right, with the State providing housing and basic infrastructure free-of-charge and centrally. With the commodification of access to housing and facilities in these countries, residents have been experiencing degraded standards of living, which also now represent a great challenge for policymakers. This is why it is important to raise awareness and to develop a broad understanding of the phenomenon as well as to suggest possible solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The majority of LDCs in the Arab States and Asia-Pacific are lower-middle-income economies. The differences in income among the LDCs have implications for Internet affordability as well as skills since higher levels of income often translate into greater investments in educational systems, and consequently higher levels of education. Equatorial Guinea graduated from the category of the LDCs in June 2017. It was the fifth country to graduate since the inception of the LDCs category in 1971, following Botswana (1994), Cabo Verde (2007), Maldives (2011) and Samoa (2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its composition and amounts depend largely on consumption and production patterns. The main concerns raised by municipal waste relate to the potential impact from inappropriate waste management on human health and the environment (soil and water contamination, air quality, climate, land use and landscape). Treatment and disposal shares of municipal waste, along with private final consumption expenditure, are shown as complementary information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Amico Robot also seeks to emphasise lab work so as to promote learner participation and peer collaboration and tme, deep learning - compared with “the traditional learning sequence” seen as superficial (“in the end these learning experiences rather slip down like raindrops on window glass, and do not transform into deep learning.”) The six Executive Functions are: Focus of Attention, Working Memory, Inhibition Control, Cognitive Flexibility, Planning, and Goal-Directed Behaviour. Planning for the development of the six EF skills is intrinsic to the BMT approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The composite additive approach, which is based on tangible, observed practices, is more appropriate for teacher professionalism than other approaches, such as confirmatory factor analysis or structural equation modelling, which rely on inter-item correlations to capture a latent construct (such as, for example, job satisfaction). Figure 2.1 plots system-level values of the TALIS teacher professionalism index against student performance in the PISA 2012 mathematics assessment. The trend line suggests that there is a weak, positive relationship between the overall values on the teacher professionalism index and an education system's learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Christian missionaries, especially from Anglo-American Protestant denominations, have been remarkably successful in their effort to plant ‘self-propagating, self-supporting, self-governing’ churches throughout the world and especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Today's international non-governmental organizations and inter-governmental organizations engaged in development, humanitarian assistance, peace-building and human rights resemble ‘secular missionaries’ spreading their gospel of democracy, good governance, peace, justice and sustainable development. This article investigates the extent to which today's secular missionaries might learn from the indigenization of Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa. I conclude that an essential ingredient in the missionary strategy of evangelization is conspicuously absent in contemporary programmes of development, democratization, or peace-building. In particular, the extensive efforts devoted by Protestant missionaries to the translation of their Biblical message into l...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A study of 59 developing countries suggests that declines in GDP are likely to lead to significantly higher average infant mortality rates among girls than boys (Baird and others, 2007). The current crisis is expected to have a more negative impact on womens unemployment rates relative to men’s in most regions of the world, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (ILO, 2009a). The crisis will jeopardize developing countries’ progress towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The success and social/environmental impact of a challenge fund depends on: additionality (i.e. serving companies that could not access commercial finance), positive externalities (i.e. the selection of projects with the highest potential development benefit), and systemic impact (i.e. driven by demonstration/imitation effects and the creation of new markets). Development Informatics working paper no. Infrastructure public-private partnerships in the developing world: Lessons from recent experience", The Journal of Development Studies, 51(4), 335-354.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On December 25, 1951, approximately fifty Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers brutally beat seven young men in their custody, including five Mexican Americans. The ensuing controversy became known          as Bloody Christmas. Mexican American activists demanded investigations into allegations of police brutality and LAPD accountability to civilian control. The LAPD9s new chief, William Parker, however, had          just launched a reform campaign based on the police professionalism model, which stressed police autonomy, particularly about internal discipline. Parker and his allies in city government stifled external          investigations into department matters, vilified LAPD critics, and even ignored perjury by officers. They thus helped create an organizational culture that valued LAPD independence above the rule of law          and led to the LAPD9s estrangement from Mexican American and other minority communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They also offer preferential loans to develop projects of production and storage facilities for such purpose. These loans could be up to 70% of project value and last at most 12 years. The financial support provided for these loans is the difference of payment between interest rate of commercial loans and that of state credit for development (currently 10.8% per annum). These preferential loans are channelled through five designated state-owned commercial banks, namely VBARD, Mekong Housing Bank, Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Viet Nam, Viet Nam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade and Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Viet Nam (MARD, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article describes a lesson that uses the question, “Does Title VII’s prohibition on discrimination because of ‘sex’ include a prohibition on discrimination based on sexual orientation” as a means of teaching about the complexities of the legal regulation of business. This is a timely and important topic and may well reach the United States Supreme Court. The lesson involves numerous issues including statutory interpretation, jurisdiction, administrative law, stare decisis, separation of powers, the Commerce Clause and the Supremacy Clause. The case study also raises significant ethical issues and develops students’ ability to analyze laws from competing ethical frameworks. Because the case study involves a potentially controversial issue, the lesson requires students to discuss a divisive topic in a civil and respectful manner. Additionally, with the current focus on on-line and hybrid teaching at many universities, this is an example of how instructors can use online tools to further learning goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was noted that the Government of Germany had already provided valuable support for the Partnership. To strengthen the engagement of major groups in the work of the Forum, a number of participants said that it would be useful if in future the major groups were invited to make comments on each agenda item, or at the end of each day. Other suggestions were that more countries should invite representatives of major groups to join their national delegations, that major groups should participate as observers during meetings of the Bureau, that major groups should second staff to the Forum secretariat, and that regional meetings should be used to offer further opportunities for engaging major groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the present pension system represents a significant improvement over the previous model, the narrow range of coverage and the low level of expected pension income will leave most Mexicans with insufficient resources for retirement. Most importantly, INFONAVIT has an established relationship with formal-sector workers through the mandatory 5% employer contribution that is held in individual accounts that currently can be used to finance the purchase of a home and to supplement pension income. The proposed changes include: i) the introduction of both a universal pension for those who fail to qualify for a recognised pension and unemployment insurance (Mexico is the only country in the OECD that currently has no national system of unemployment insurance), ii) measures to increase competition among suppliers of pension sendees, and iii) additional provisions that will significantly affect the role of INFONAVIT in providing pensions and give the institute new functions in the country’s unemployment insurance regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)