albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In contrast, the dominant market-liberal rationality sees human and natural resources as production factors to achieve economic growth as the main pathway toward welfare. As noted above, such an approach has been associated with adverse social and environmental impacts.25 Does the 2030 Agenda hold the potential for a profound transformation toward a more progressive and rights-based eco-social approach that would shift the normative hierarchy for decision making, as discussed in chapter 7? Many lower and middle income countries object to the 2°C goal, especially low-lying small island states that stress the significant risks and impacts they already face at lower levels of global warming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where offsets are located far away from the development site, the local community directly affected by the development will suffer a loss in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Equally, the community proximal to the offset site will experience an increase in biodiversity and ecosystem services. In some programmes, low land prices are a significant driver of the location of biodiversity offsets, low land prices are often correlated with relatively low population densities. Many biodiversity offsets are therefore located in regional areas where lower land prices improve the economic viability of the conservation projects, resulting in a spatial redistribution of biodiversity from urban to regional areas (Hough and Robertson, 2009, Ruhl and Salzman, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Just what “moderate” means is not easy to define, but an approximate definition is: “not much higher than people have been used to over the last few years and fairly close to the trend level of the corresponding border prices” (Fane and Ware, 2008). Another important aspect of this objective relates to ensuring an appropriate distribution of food throughout the archipelago, especially to isolated areas during periods of famine. For five food commodities - rice, corn, soybean, sugar and beef - targets have been set at levels that would achieve self-sufficiency based on the forecasted consumption (Table 2.1). Production increases for rice during the late 2000s, which averaged 3.8% per annum between 2004 and 2009, enabled Indonesia to once again claim self-sufficiency in rice in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Available from http://pascual.scripts.mit.edu/research/01/PR_jmp.pdf, Soloman Pol-achek and others (eds.) , Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets (Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2017). At the same time, higher volatility and slower growth in wages undermine the sustainability of current social protection systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Low usage of enhanced input and mechanised technologies contribute to the rudimentary nature of smallholder rice production. As discussed in this report, very few of these wholesalers are women. Small-scale processing is dependent on portable basic milling machinery with only a minor proportion of millers operating with modern facilities able to produce quality polished rice. In Nigeria, there are examples of modern sized mills integrated with large-scale paddy production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom (ADI) the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (the Grand Chamber), having deliberated for over thirteen months, held that the United Kingdom’s statutory ban on paid political advertisements in the broadcast media did not breach the free speech rights of an animal rights NGO that wished to broadcast an advertisement publicising the ill treatment of primates in captivity.1 The Grand Chamber reached its decision by the slenderest of majorities, 9:8, and in so doing departed from its recent case law on broadcast political advertising. The case raises serious issues concerning the adjudication of freedom of expression cases, and of human rights cases more generally. Some of these concerns will be explored below, following a summary of the factual and legal background to the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The importance of freshwater is discussed thoroughly, though. Also, areas that are not covered at all, for instance the mountain areas in Norway, Sweden and Finland and some inland cultural landscapes, are important recreation areas in the Nordic countries. The pilot study is to be followed by a larger valuation survey that will assess the value of this ecosystem service and investigate how the value of the ecosystem service is affected by changes in water quality, litter, congestion and substitute recreation sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This problem is further compounded by the lack of competence of employment services centres that fail to channel VET graduates to employment or further training. Resource mapping identifies funding available for a specific purpose (e.g. workforce development) that various parties receive from the central government, local government, NGOs and other sources in a region. This exercise helps level funding surplus and deficit of programmes since some funds are flexible in its usage. Successful management of these processes and customisation to the needs of local communities and markets is a complex task, but certainly one that will result in advancing growth rates and employment levels. More importantly, providing professionals in private and public organisations with the knowledge to collect and analyse relevant labour market information and the capacity to put strategic plans into place to address emerging issues can help to prevent stagnation of economic sectors, underemployment, rising unemployment levels and social exclusion. Industry transformation towards a low-carbon economy challenges traditional labour market measures and emphasises new needs and priorities to be taken into account for workforce development and for the support provided by strategic employment services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted in Paris, on December 9, 1948, at the third session of the United Nations General Assembly. The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty of the modern system, codifying an international norm that protects the right to life and to the existence of national, ethnic, racial, and religious minorities. Many historians and sociologists employ the term genocide to describe a range of atrocities involving killing large numbers of people. The legal concept of genocide was forged in the crucible of post-Second World War efforts to prosecute Nazi atrocities. The Genocide Convention continues to fascinate jurists, politicians, journalists, and human rights activists. In early 1945, genocide and crimes against humanity were cognates, terms devised to describe the barbarous acts of the Nazi regime.  Keywords:Genocide Convention, human rights, humanity, international crimes, Nazi regime
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A notable aspect of sustainability is its holistic and cross-cutting nature—it cannot be achieved by any single rule, statute or agency. Instead, sustainability must be institutionalized across the legal system and government as a whole. In this paper, we propose and examine five mechanisms for institutionalizing sustainability across the federal legal system: (1) an Executive Order on sustainability, (2) a sustainability impact assessment process, (3) a non-partisan Congressional Joint Committee on Sustainability, (4) a federal Sustainability Commission, and (5) a Sustainability Law Reform Commission. Each is modeled on an existing institution in the United States or another jurisdiction. We discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each mechanism, and discuss how the mechanisms might best be used, singly or in combination, to institutionalize sustainability across the federal government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Denmark, for example, clinical guidelines describe not only “what should be done”, but they tend to describe “who should do what, when and where”. At present, there are very few established standards for health care provision, and those that exist are mostly minimum-standard process checks, for example staffing numbers and facility checks. Latvia is struggling to find a robust framew'ork for quality that could be used to apply minimum standards to all providers, regardless of their size and nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We discuss related issues, including the increased use of the Ecosystem Services framework to assess environmental change, and indicators relating to other sectors including health and wellbeing and tourism. The FOREST EUROPE process has the commitment of 45 states in the European region and neighbouring countries. Their full definitions and issues relating to how they are reported are given below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Though far from the only lever, funding flows have a significant influence on the shape of health systems and services, and could be exploited more in Wales. Some targeted funding has been put in place for 2015-16: GBP 30 million of hypothecated funding to develop primary care services across Wales, and GBP 20 million to take forward projects funded by the Intennediate Care Fund this year that have proven to be effective across community and acute environments, linking out-of-hospital care and social care to strengthen the resilience of the unscheduled care system. Pushing beyond this, Wales could consider commitments or concrete ambitions such as setting an expectation that a certain percentage of Health Board spending be shifted out of hospitals and secondary care and towards primary care in the next 5-10 years, or pushing for minimum investment levels from Health Board financial planning in primary and community care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Community technology centers (CTCs) are potentially a critical component in the communication environment of urban communities. They have been investigated extensively as instruments of technology-based public policy and social service capacity-building, yet they have not been subject to research that posits these centers as integral components of larger communication systems essential to civic participation and empowerment. This article describes how communication theory, communication infrastructure theory and community technology centers contribute to solving the inequalities addressed in previous studies of the `digital divide'. The article presents the communication infrastructure theory perspective as a way to reconcile alternative prescriptions for the way in which community technology interventions can lead to positive outcomes for local community-building and social mobility enhancement. This project re-situates the CTC as a communication-centric phenomenon, focusing on the linkages between the c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Then it moves on to provide a rationale for strengthening the participation of women within security and justice institutions and information on how to overcome common challenges to the increased participation of women, including cultural norms and stereotypes, lack of education, discrimination, sexual harassment and sexual violence. The chapter concludes with practical recommendations for how to increase women’s recruitment, retention and advancement in post-conflict security sector institutions. In this context, the transformation of security sector institutions is one of the key activities necessary in order to provide justice and security and prevent the resurgence of conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In fact electricity provision led to a significant improvement in total study time for children in rural households coupled with an increase in the number of completed school years. These encouraging results are real incentives to target household electrification as a means of attaining social equity which in the long run will lead to economic growth. Indeed, considering only the productive end-uses of electricity as useful for development is obscuring the actual proven development capacity of health services and education (Cabraal et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since engineering projects for protecting the city entail lead times for planning and construction that are measured in decades, the acceleration of sea-level rise presents a difficult policy challenge. The protection plan addresses this challenge through an iterative approach which builds incrementally upon the existing system, selectively raising defences and taking other measures to elevate the protection standards of the current system (see figure IV.3). The black arrows point to alternative measures which may be applied once a measure is no longer effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But a later introduction of the same innovation, but in a different context, may also qualify as innovation. As Fagerberg (2006) explains “the latter arguably includes a larger dose of imitative behaviour (imitation), or what is sometimes called ‘technology transfer”’. However, the author also acknowledges that “introducing something in a new context often implies considerable adaptation (and hence incremental innovation) and, as history' has shown, organisational changes (or innovations) that may significantly increase productivity and competitiveness”. This is highly relevant for digital innovation, where the adoption and use of a particular ICT may not occur for the first time from a (global) market perspective, but may be new or a significant improvement from the perspective of a specific organisation or social group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, UK employment tribunal cases resolved by a full tribunal hearing cost, on average, more than twice as much for employers and almost three times as much for employees than cases resolved at the conciliation stage (Knight and Latreille, 2000). Three quarters of UK employers who made a settlement offer for a case before the employment tribunal did so to save time or money (Hayward et al., Likewise, Mexican dismissal disputes that go to court typically cost firms 50% more than those that are resolved informally (Rojas and Santamaria, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Bongaarts and Potter (1983) identified four key variables or principal proximate determinants that account for the most cross-country variation in fertility levels. They are marriage, contraceptive use, induced abortion and post-partum infecundability. Bulatao (1984) studied the determinants of fertility and attempted to reach conclusions that are relevant for fertility reduction policies in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, for exporters lacking domestic capacity to process these materials, the restrictions may provoke increased domestic incineration and landfilling (at least in the short term). Second, the trade restrictions can risk diverting waste and scrap exports to countries with relatively weak treatment standards including alternative sinks in South and South-East Asia (see Figure 3). A number of studies make theoretical investigations and indicate that there could be a structural incentive tow'ards illegal trade in hazardous waste (See Dato, 2017, Bernard, 2015, Higashida, 2012, Kellenberg, 2012, and Shinkuma and Managi, 2011, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Current assessments of benefits of summer fallow on clean fields suggest that in many cases it leads to erosion and nutrient leaching, unless a cover crop is employed. While chemical fertiliser can replace nutrient losses the presence of organic matter provides better physical characteristics and as well as micro-nutrients that can affect plant growth. While no-till and conservation till systems require the purchase of synthetic herbicides to be effective the initial cost of herbicides is offset by higher yields and improved soil quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Progressivity is the Kakwani measure for the respective tax or benefit. The benefit indicators shown in Figure 9 are for all cash transfers taken together. Due to data limitations, it is often difficult to distinguish between individual benefit programmes and, hence, draw more specific conclusions about their relative importance has evolved over time. One can, however, analyse results for different population groups. Both policy reforms and cyclical drivers of labour-market activity impact differently on older workers in particular. It is may therefore be informative to look separately at results for those aged below and above 55.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
French practitioners of spatial planning and territorial development questioned on some key-concepts of the European Union regional policy”, Information geographique, Vol. Connecting theoretical concepts with empirical evidence from Europe”, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol 28/1, pp. Comparative Politics, Vol 7/1, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This relation holds for the majority of countries with elasticities ranging between 0.3% and 0.6%. Firms with a large productivity gap at the beginning of the period are considered far from the technology frontier, while those on a par with or with a small productivity gap compared to the top productive firms are close to the technology frontier. However, firms with a low productivity level at the beginning of the period are as likely to innovate as those with a higher productivity level. These findings hold for firms in almost all participating countries. For firms closer to the technology frontier, those that receive public funding spend 30% to 50% more on innovation than those that do not receive public funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These District Committees help in the co-ordination and review of the coverage of electrification within the district. The Ministry of Power has noted that where these Committees were active and met regularly, progress in rural electrification projects had improved (Press Information Bureau, 2009). A web-based monitoring system has also been introduced which works at village level. Through this monitoring system, implementing agencies are supposed to provide all the data relating to activities carried out at village level, the result of quality inspections, the state of fund utilisation, the state of village electrification, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Those include reconstruction work for 345 km of the Ulaanbaatar-Altanbulag road, as well as the so-called West and East corridors crossing the country from the north to the south. The Mongolian government action plan for 2016-20 includes roads from Ulaanbaatar to provincial capitals, with a total length of 5100 km. In 2018, 904 km of roads to provinces Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd, Uvs, Govi-Altai and Zavkhan were under construction. The country also plans a massive expansion of its railway network that will connect mainly major mining sites with the centre and with the country borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Household income information is for the year 2008. The round analysed is that of 2007, with income data referring to the year 2006. On an annual basis it collects timely and comparable multidimensional micro-data on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. Every year, both cross-sectional data and longitudinal data are collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The local community needs to truly understand the harmful consequences and see the value of giving girls and women other opportunities in life - on equal footing with boys and men. This means, for example, allowing them to continue their education, inherit, own their own land, and have their own bank account. Gender based violence is an extreme expression of inequality, which affects one in three women in the world. In South Africa and Burkina Faso, I have met men who play a key role in improving the lives of women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Based on this analysis, we propose a new paradigm for enhancing agricultural productivity per unit area through the introduction of more adaptable crops with a holistic management approach. We outline an integrated genetic natural resource management (IGNRM) strategy based on hands-on experiences in India for harnessing the untapped potential of rain-fed paddy fallow areas to increase food production, and improve the livelihoods of people with finite and scarce resources by enhancing resource-use efficiency. Approximately 46.9 million ha or 45 percent of Southeast Asia's cropland is planted to paddy in irrigated (18 million ha), rain-fed (18 million ha), and other cropping systems (see Table 4.1). South Asia accounts for 40 percent of the world's harvested paddy area (USDA, 2010), which supplies almost 25 percent of the world's population (FAO, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By the end of the 1990s, these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy. The focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal, rather than as an implicit or indirect one. Through the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000,3 the United Nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The aggregation of herring in the Sound may have been the main reason and motivation for the first settlements around the Sound, and herring fishery has since become a central part of the cultural heritage of the area. The historian Saxo Grammaticus (1160-1208) already described this fishery back in the early Middle Ages, and the richness of this ecosystem service was emphasised with anecdotal descriptions of how people caught herring with their bare hands. The nutritious herring, preserved by salting, sustained food security both locally and regionally, through export to the Baltic Sea region in all seasons. The Danish kings moved their residence from its old location in Roskilde to the shores of the Sound in Copenhagen in 1443.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
More commonly, teacher professional development on ESD has been undertaken by CSOs (such as the Jamaica Environmental Trust (JET)’s School Environment Programme in Jamaica) or multilateral organisations (such as UNESCO). There is a missed opportunity for better co-operation in this area, since in many cases CSOs are providing ESD training to public sector teachers - which should arguably be the responsibility of MoEs - but without full MoE support or formal endorsement of the work. For example, while many countries have a credentialing system that requires teacher professional development, there is no evidence of CSO-delivered training on ESD being credited in any of these systems, even when the CSOs have sought this out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, robust growth has not delivered inclusive prosperity as limited progress has been made to reduce overall income inequality (Figure 1.1), leaving Chile as one of the most unequal countries in the OECD. Addressing this challenge would contribute to sustainable long-run growth by raising social capital and public trust, and by reducing distributional conflict and crime, leading to higher factor accumulation and productivity improvements. This includes a tax reform to raise more revenue and expand social programmes, an education reform to build more inclusive schools and reduce skill gaps across socio-economic groups, and a labour reform to expand the coverage and scope of collective bargaining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)