albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Developed and operated by a private firm called the Environment Bank, the Environmental Markets Exchange is an information repository for developers and planners to search for sites that meet their offsetting requirements (The Environment Bank, 2014). In addition to offset supply information, the Wetland Database and Reporting Tool in Alberta’s Wetlands Policy provides the public with information on the regulatory approvals process and the links between offset sites in the database and the corresponding biodiversity loss sites (Alberta Government, 2013). Offset registries are therefore particularly important for sites which will be used to supply offsets to multiple projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Scholars often assert that public support for judicial authority induces Congress to grant resources and discretion to the Supreme Court. However, the theory of competing public agency embraced by the Constitution suggests that public support for courts cannot, by itself, explain congressional support for judicial authority. Instead, the logic of the separation of powers system indicates that legislative support for the institutional capacity of courts will be a function of public confidence in the legislature as well as evaluations of the judiciary. We test this theory, finding that public confidence in both Congress and the Court significantly affect congressional support for the Supreme Court, controlling for the ideological distance between the Court and Congress as well as the Court’s workload. The results offer a more refined and complex view of the role of public sentiment in balancing institutional power in American politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But they succeeded because of the time and effort they invested in educating teachers and fostering peer collaboration. At the end of the process, they not only obtained reliable student-performance data, but teachers also had a good understanding of the nature of the assessment and how students responded to the different tasks. Perhaps most important, teachers had a better sense of how teachers in other classrooms and other schools were grading similar student work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The sheer size of the poverty problem in these countries and the dense income distribution at the lower end make it difficult to distinguish the poorest from the poor. Potential beneficiaries have to submit various documents with their application, including birth certificates, passports, residence permits (propiska’s), employment certificates, unemployment registration cards and more. Obtaining these documents in the first place can be too high a cost for very poor households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By tackling sociocultural practices that limit women's ownership of mobile devices, the project also enable women to buy bigger plots of land, sell more vegetables, save money, and make improvements to their homes. How M-Pesa Changed Banking in Africa." Payment Mechanisms and Antipoverty Programs: Evidence from a Mobile Money Cash Transfer Experiment in Niger." Economic Development and Cultural Change 65 (1): 1-37.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, very few countries, especially developing countries, maintain data on e-commerce. According to UNCTAD (2015: 39), ‘[tjhere are few benchmarks of country e-commerce performance, those that exist suffer from a lack of public availability, scope or consistent methodology, as well as limited geographical coverage.’ However, few studies actually pertain to the measurement of e-commerce—that is, the actual trade taking place between parties through electronic means and that was hitherto conducted through traditional means such as through border and customs post, or captured by local presence in the case of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But in my conversations with education ministers around the world, the challenges they most commonly cite are not about designing reforms, but about how reforms can be put into practice successfully. Schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions are among the biggest recipients of public spending. And because everyone has participated in education, everyone has an opinion about it. Everyone supports education reform - except when it might affect their own children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several 5-year plans, including the 2015 Transport Master Plan, directly refer to economic instruments and environmental taxation. Over the past 30 years, Thailand has implemented several environmental fiscal reform measures. Changing tax regimes for vehicles - cars and motorcycles - as well as a carbon tax on transport fuels drawn up by the Fiscal Policy Office -have all tended to restructure existing tax systems without significantly increasing prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This hit hard against workers in the sector, and those in rural areas of forest were often very hard hit. However, in order to emerge quickly from the crisis, government stimulus packages to re-energise the construction industries should include the development of strategies to use more renew'able materials, particularly wood. This would serve the double purpose of stimulating the w'ood and forestry' industries and enabling strategies to combat climate change. The opportunity' created by infrastructure investment should be harnessed in order to better develop the industry' and improve training of workers in order that they better understand issues of sustainable forest management and, therefore, make a better contribution to forestry to enable mitigation of climate change. The reports and evidence from trade unions in the industry' shows a tendency for social standards to be at great risk or actually declining at a time when w'orsening standards can least be afforded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The choice of study design may also lead to an underestimation of the costs. This is demonstrated by Schwartz et al (Box 2.3 in Chapter 2). In the study, a broader definition of diagnostic errors was applied, including contextual as well as biomedical factors. The estimated costs using the expanded context of medical error were twenty times higher than what could be identified from a medical record review alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This includes direct and indirect transfer of funds and liabilities, tax breaks, price and market support measures, as w'ell as other regulations giving an advantage to fossil fuels. Using the price-gap approach, the IEA provides a global estimate of subsidies to fossil fuels at USD 325 bln in 2015, a figure that is limited only to consumer subsidies, and only to developing countries (IEA, 2016b, p. 97). The IEA also estimates worldwide subsidies for renewables at USD 150 bln in the same year (IEA, 2016b, p. 97).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Apparently diverse countries fit the same group: the rules in Iceland, Sweden and "IUrkey for instance all provide for ample user choice even if in practice there are geographical and other constraints. Note that the United States did not participate in the Survey. In addition to the features mentioned above, in most countries of this group the provision of health care is highly decentralised. The Finnish health care system in OECD perspective (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The incumbent telecom operator, SOTELMA was privatized in 2009, when a 51% stake was sold to Maroc Telecom. Orange Mali is 70% owned by Orange France managed through its subsidiary Sonatel, an operator in neighboring Senegal. Orange has been aggressive in terms of expanding the network, partly because it has direct access to submarine cable via Senegal. Despite a duopoly and Orange's high market share, the mobile market has grown tremendously with ongoing promotions and steadily falling prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
American constitutional law has dominated China’s constitutional imagination for the nearly past two scores. The reception of American constitutional law in China experienced two large phases. In the first, which spans from the 1980s to the early 1990s, American constitutionalism was taken as a particular political regime to be politically criticized or objectively appraised. Tripartite separation of powers was overwhelmingly highlighted to characterize American constitutional-political system. In the second, starting in the late 1990s, a paradigmatic shift from a political, regime-centered perspective to a legalized, court-centered approach occurred in the introduction of and studies on American constitutionalism. The U.S. Supreme Court and judicial review now overwhelms most Chinese constitutional minds, they have been the focal points of reference for Chinese constitutional reform. The shift reflects both ideological and social changes since the Reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Denmark has a comparatively small share of low-performing students, but also a relatively low proportion of top-performing students. The difference in performance between the 90th and the 10th percentiles is comparatively small. Across assessments, the share of top-performing students has remained stable in science, but decreased since 2003 in mathematics (from 15.9% to 10%) and reading (from 8.1% to 5.4%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For all types of OECD regions, human capital appears to be the most critical and statistical robust factor influencing regional grow'th and development. The cross-regional analysis finds that, overall, reducing the proportion of the people in a region with very low skills seems to matter more than increasing the share with very high skill levels. Furthermore, the gains to human capital are multiplied when other framework conditions in the regions are in place, which indicates the importance of adopting a broader holistic approach to regional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the first climate change scenario, the UNFCCC assumed a 10% increase in research and extension funding and a 2% increase in capital formation, while the second climate change scenario assumed an 8.6% increase in research and extension funding and a 0.4% increase in capital formation. Based on the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model calculation, the World Bank (2010) reports that approximately USD 7.6-7.7 billion is needed annually for agricultural adaptation measures in developing countries until 2050. One of the main indicators used in this study is the number of malnourished children. Climate change negatively affects food security and in both of the climate change scenarios used by the World Bank, the number of undernourished children increases by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This study profiles the engagement of elite Canadian grant-making foundations in public policy.  There is a growing realization by public and private foundations alike that downstream community issues are not isolated from upstream policy and regulatory practices. Engagement in this context has been measured across five policy streams: policy research and issue identification, policy entrepreneurship and convening, policy advocacy, policy implementation, and policy evaluation and impact. Themes emerging from this research include: 1) a migration from program into policy engagement, 2) the utilization of multiple soft and hard policy tools, 3) simultaneous engagement across multiple policy streams, 4) engagement with both systems and agents, 5) engagement in policy implementation, and 6) a long-term commitment to a focused policy issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Negative effects in mountain ecosystems are caused by uncontrolled collection of plant species and illegal hunting of large carnivores and the Balkan chamois. Threats are also induced by overuse of biological resources, mostly for commercial purposes. Thus, a high number of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants, 67 species of mushrooms, more than 110 species of diatom algae, 12 species of lichens, 12 species of ferns, and 20 species of mosses are all at risk. At the national level, the most threatened groups of higher plants are the angiosperms (flowering plants) (with approximately 280-300 species). Aquatic and wetland plants are especially endangered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A recent study by the ONEQ and the ILO (2014) show's that only 10% of unemployed men and 5% of unemployed women find vocational education and training useful to find a job in Tunisia. Conversely, 23% of unemployed men and 28% of unemployed women believe that higher education is useful to find a job. In part, this hierarchy reflects the widespread preference for public sector jobs in Tunisia, for which the entry requirement is typically an academic university qualification (AfDB, 2012, World Bank, 2013, Yaagoubi et al., The problem of poor career guidance outcomes for young Tunisian is not new.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Excluding pensions from the calculation of eligible family income, on the other hand, would increase the number of eligible beneficiaries by 46 per cent (Delarue and Nikaj, 2009). Eligible families are identified through a mix of community-based targeting and means testing. A commission chaired by the deputy-chairman of each district (hukumat) is responsible for the final selection of beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) has subject-matter jurisdiction over the ‘most serious crimes of international concern’ (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) committed after 1 July 2002. The jurisdictional powers of the ICC are truly universal in reach only when the Security Council refers a situation to the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (ICCOP) under Article 13.b Rome Statute (RS). The primacy of the ICTY and ICTR is the result of their establishment by a resolution of the Security Council acting under Chapter VII UN Charter. The participation of victims in the ICC proceedings is one of the most distinctive features of the RS. The latest jurisprudence of the Appeals Chamber of the  ad hoc  Tribunals has revisited the applicable standard of review in appeals against judgement.  Keywords:  ad hoc  Tribunals, Appeals Chamber, ICCOP, ICTR, ICTY, International Criminal Court (ICC), Rome Statute (RS), Security Council, war crimes
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As of late 2015, 314 SHPPs exist in Tajikistan, with a total installed capacity of over 26,000 kW, but about one third of them (103 units, with a total capacity of about 5,700 kWh) are currently not working. Many SHPPs in remote rural areas have been built in a makeshift manner without adequate expertise. Many are poorly designed, freeze in the winter, lack technical maintenance and become non-operational after a relatively short period. This can be due to the absence of well-established or functioning supply chains for SHPPs, which would ensure the broad availability of such systems and better service support for end users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As of early 2015, 145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in the power generation, heating and cooling, and transport sectors, the majority of which are not gender-sensitive (REN21 2015). Uganda's Renewable Energy Policy has special gender strategies, including promotion of microfinance, to ensure that women can benefit from renewable energy technologies in their household tasks. India's national biofuels programme specifically refers to the role of women in cultivating biodiesel crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This offers a partial explanation for the modest development of childcare policies in Germany. About 30% of low-income families using centre-based care, and 16% using an in-home care centre for a child under age six, receive subsidies. The percentage of middle-income families receiving subsidies is negligible - about 3% for an in-home care centre. There are federal tax policies, however, that tend to benefit middle-income and professional-managerial families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, things may not be quite as straightforward from the point of view of a private investor. Given that in a liberalised market the marginal fuel (the one with the highest variable cost, i.e. gas) sets the price of electricity, the electricity price in a liberalised market tends to fluctuate with the gas price thus preserving a rather stable profit margin for investors in gas. In a market with regulated prices instead, investors in nuclear would benefit from a stable profit margin and investors in gas would have to cope with the volatility of their cost base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In many OECD countries, reimbursement policies, especially for drugs, are based on HTA. For instance, in Iceland and Ireland, HTA is solely used to help determine pharmaceutical coverage. The main lesson from the experiences of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom is that HTA has provided useful evidence to inform reimbursement policies as well as improved patients’ access to cost-effective treatments (Lopert and Elshaug, 2013, Clement et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is a broad theoretical and empirical literature that sees financial inclusion as a tool with the potential to expand individuals' capacity to increase their well-being (Barajas and others., Firstly, sparse population density, compounded by low income levels, offer very low margins to compensate for the high operating costs of incorporating excluded populations, especially through traditional business schemes. Secondly, the users' limited financial capacities restrict demand, while those of the financial service providers constrain effective supply in the absence of products suited to the needs and conditions of small rural producers. This is compounded by the persistence of perverse incentives for non-payment, associated with clientelism in public-policy actions (Campos, 2017), the vulnerability of the rural environment to risks of various kinds (Argumedo, 2017, ECLAC/FAO/ IICA 2015), low rates of formal property ownership which reduce the range of collateral-eligible assets (Valenzuela and Cruz, 2017), and limitations in terms of both the coverage and the quality of the available infrastructure (Reyes Luna, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Personal autonomy—or the lack of it—is a key determinant of access and use. Girls may also not seek care if they believe providers of services will be judgmental or refuse to accommodate them. Pregnant girls often lack knowledge about which services exist, when care should be sought and how to find care at the right time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The development of the new Environmental Planning Act, integrating all spatial, environmental and water legislations at the national level, could provide an opportunity to put renewed emphasis on minimising risks to freshwater systems and ensuring a better balance among various water policy objectives. However, the way the act is currently formulated allows for significant flexibility to decide how' objectives will be balanced. Hence, in the development of specific plans, there will remain significant discretion to prioritise economic development and short-term cost reductions, at times at the expense of long-term benefits to the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article discusses ethnographic/qualitative research concerning the ways in which drug trafficking and drug traffickers are portrayed and interpreted in northern Mexico and the border region via a recently popularized form of the traditional narrative music genre called the corrido. The research links the drug trafficker persona to historical issues/values associated with the Sierra and border areas, including long-standing patterns of smuggling, a tradition of independence, and conflicting relationships with both Mexican and U.S. authorities. The construction of traffickers as social bandits or heroes varies by social group and between rural and urban areas. In any case, the “celebretization” of drug traffickers described in this article highlights the ambivalent relationship between drug trafficking, historical conflicts between the United States and Mexico, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. Cross-cultural comparisons are also made regarding drug trafficker portrayals in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the currently available epidemiological analysis, the most affected age groups are people aged 18-30 and young infants before they are eligible to receive the first dose of measles vaccine at nine months of age. This finding suggests that there is an immunity gap against measles among people who were bom between 1986 and 1998 (currently 18-30 years of age) and newborn infants who are too young to receive the first dose of measles vaccine and are not protected by the immunity of the mother. The only way to close the immunity gap for both groups was to conduct a vaccination campaign with measles-containing vaccine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Africa’s political commitment was expressed through the Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA), launched in 2004 by 44 countries and now counting 51 members. The campaign cites Zimbabwe as an innovative country in reducing maternal mortality and neonatal morbidity. The programme’s objective was to prevent unwanted pregnancies and encourage child spacing. As a result, the percentage of married women using family planning methods has steadily increased from 48 per cent in 1994 to 60 per cent in 2006 and 65 per cent in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Essentially, the same applies to technology transfer (chap. For example, the cost of photovoltaics produced in Japan had halved between 1973 and 1976, but none of this improvement is evident in observed prices because it occurred prior to the installation of any demonstration units, thus cumulative installed capacity was zero. Such RD&D expenditures are a small factor in the cost improvements of technologies that have already advanced to the stage where they have found commercial niche markets and are candidates for pervasive diffusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Securing women’s political rights has become increasingly prominent in international law and treaties on human rights. At the outset, starting from the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the focus was on ensuring women’s formal political citizenship rights only, that is, suffrage and formal eligibility for public office. Over time and as societies proved resistant to accepting women as fully-fledged political actors, the focus gradually shifted to emphasising women’s inclusion in all forms of decision-making, as well as incorporating gender equality considerations in all the levels and stages of policy-making (gender mainstreaming). The motivation is often that women’s increased participation is conceived as enhancing democracy. Paradoxically, however, as this chapter illustrates, democracy may also be an important precondition which helps realise the participation of women’s constituencies in public policy-making. It also shows that their inclusion indeed matters, as it tends to produce more satisfactory policy outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the cap on the number of students that any university may enrol will be lifted. Victoria and its tertiary education sector have also made considerable strides in widening access to education, strengthening university-industry collaboration and improving the overall relevance of educational provision. At the same time, however, the current extent of locally or regionally relevant activities by Victorian tertiary education institutions are in many cases not fully reflected in tertiary education policy or institutional set-up. There are gaps in important areas such as lifelong learning, entrepreneurship education and support for small and medium-sized-enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)