albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Removing critical supply bottlenecks through ongoing improvement in electricity, gas and transport infrastructure is also vital to mitigate cost-push inflation. The upward revision of administered energy prices, rise in food prices due to drought conditions, depreciation of the domestic currency as well as increase in import duties on several food items contributed to upward pressure on prices. Inflation in Maldives has been on the rise and reached double-digit levels in 2011 and 2012. About two thirds of the total trade of Nepal takes place with India only. Inflation in Nepal remained high but came down from 9.6% in 2011 to 8.3% in 2012. A weak supply of food items kept inflation high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The strongly growing international market for e.g. wood energy pellets supports this development and major investments are made in both supply lines and conversion capacity that relies on globally traded biomass resources. Given that large scale deployment of second generation biofuels, that could compete with oil prices around 70 U$/barrel, is expected to kick in before 2020, there is a major opportunity for the forest sector. Current expanding markets for biomass for producing heat and power could gradually be complemented by cultivated biomass from perennial cropping system and deliver the feedstock to the new biorefineries that produce 2nd generation biofuels. A clear message presented in a neutral manner that allows the public to make appropriate distinctions depending on the relevant specific issues and challenges, including forest area, biodiversity and damages, for various geographic contexts, i.e. local forests, European forests, forests worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using social dominance theory and structural balance theory to analyze the political and psychological perspectives of subordinated peoples, we argue that struggles between dominant and subordinated polities are embedded in layered power structures. In such contexts, it is important to examine publics' political desires and interests in relation to their political elites' positions or choices of political tactics and allegiances. To illustrate these arguments, we used random urban samples surveyed in March 2010 to examine Lebanese and Syrian citizens' favorability toward their governments and Hezbollah (a quasi-government faction with significant relations to the governments of Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the United States). As theorized, citizens' favorability depended on (i) how much they view their government as providing services for them, (ii) opposition to general group dominance, (iii) opposition to US oppression, and (iv) their governments' alignments vis-a-vis the US. Implications for political psychology and international relations theory are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where the solid line falls outside the OECD average, this implies better results than the OECD average. For instance, for Japan, out-of-pocket spending is low, but is shown as being outside the dotted line, because this is good for adequacy. The indicators are presented in standard deviation units. The equity aspect relates to their effect on the distribution of income, after-tax and health care payments, the efficiency aspect relates to the risk pooling, expenditure smoothing and deadweight losses they entail (Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The beauty of return migration is that returnees have the same language and culture - particularly valuable in healthcare. In Samoa a renal unit has been established, and operated to a great extent by short-term Samoan returnees. Many Tongan health workers in New Zealand would be willing to return in certain circumstances and could contribute in terms of missing skills. They are enthusiastic about involvement, some would say from guilt, others out of ‘ofa (love) or, again, for pride and social insurance, but in the end it does not much matter why expatriates make a contribution. Success in the health realm may offer models for successes elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThis article challenges the convention that political-elite diplomacy should be the main instrument for coping with difficult violent conflicts. Its main argument is that a multifaceted approach to peace-making that creates equilibrium between political-elite diplomacy and public diplomacy has the greatest potential to generate a positive change in difficult situations of protracted violent conflicts where ordinary citizens are at the centre of the struggle. To demonstrate our central claim, the paper analyses three case studies that are considered to be significant cases within the realm of geopolitics and the history of modern statecraft: the Oslo Accord in the Israeli–Palestinian situation, the Dhaka negotiations that preceded the civil war between East and West Pakistan, and the Mandela–de Klerk interactions that led to a revolutionary transformation in South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Drawing on Lewis, Rapoport, and Gambles’ [(2007). The constraints of a ‘work–life balance’ approach: An international perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 360–373] critical treatment of ‘work–life balance’ (WLB) as a western, neoliberal discourse with problematic assumptions of gender and culture neutrality, this study examines the ways in which WLB discourse(s) are translated and adopted within transnational call centres in India. Discursive understandings suggest that work–life balance negotiations are filtered through two dominant discourses: neoliberalism/individualism and collectivism–paternalism. The contradictions between these discourses are explored using Critical Discourse Analysis by examining qualitative interviews with 50 call centres in South India. Analysis reveals that work–life balance terminology and discourses were used to describe a form of ‘global modernity,' an extension of professionalism and neoliberal working practices. On the shop floor howe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is consistent with theory: changes in yield that affect the aggregate production can impact market prices. In a big country that can affect world prices or in a small isolated market or region, this link is stronger. In a small market with strong trade the correlation may vanish. For individual producers, price-yield correlation would occur only to the extent that the main yield shocks are systemic and affect all producers at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result Chile’s old-age pension system has reduced elderly poverty from around 23% in 2008 to 20% in 2011, thanks to this reform in that introduced a solidarity pension. However, the average pension remain modest among other things because they are mostly financed by mandatory contributions that remain low (10% of earnings - compared to 20% on average across the OECD). In Chile low earners’ pension benefits replacement rate is only between 50% and 60% of their pre-retirement earnings, among the lowest rates in the OECD (Figure 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recommended reforms to Mexico’s health system (cont.) Once the essential minimum of a national patient register is established, the focus should then be on consolidation and interoperability of the various additional databases used by SP and the SS institutes. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, whether the latter is mainly aimed at identifying supply shortages, the indicator at hand is aimed at discovering temporary oversupply. Whether or not this situation may occur, depends on the flexibility of the power system as a whole, i.e. flexibility on the supply side (shutdown and ramping capabilities of generation units) and demand side (interruptible contracts, variable pricing, smart metering, etc.). The flexibility of the demand side of the power system will be dealt with in more detail under demand-side security of supply indices. This is particularly relevant when extreme events occur, occasioning sudden decreases in demand or increases in supply from other sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The famous saying that “Your freedom ends where my nose begins” may, in the electronic era, be transformed to mean “Your freedom ends where my ‘Network’ begins”. The progression into an e-literate society in which the electronic medium is used to transact all forms of business – including government (e-governance) – has greatly increased the need to protect the privacy of the individual from invasions not only by the State, but also from others who seek to profit from such intrusions. This paper probes into the latest trends in modern technology and analyses the existing legal framework in Sri Lanka and India in support of the argument that the right to privacy must be guarded as a constitutional right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adaptive governance implies flexible institutions that can evolve to become more efficient and better articulate their functions and roles. At the same time, this flexibility should build on the comparative advantage of century-old institutions that have proven to be less vulnerable to, and able to recover from, disaster. Drinking water companies are responsible for abstraction, treatment and distribution of potable water, municipalities deal with sewage collection, and regional water authorities manage wastewater treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is much less experience with reporting and review of mobilised private climate finance than with public climate finance provided. Reporting on private finance mobilised by multilateral sources, or indirectly mobilised by policy interventions, is not mentioned in current reporting requirements for biennial reports from any country grouping. To date, some donor countries have commissioned and completed pilot studies to make initial estimates of the levels of private climate finance that they mobilised from their bilateral public climate finance (e.g. Abeille et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Their results are summarised in Table 4.3. All but one of the models analysed (25 out of 26) assumed atmospheric concentrations of GHGs between 525 and 650 ppm in 2050, which is, of course, considerably higher than the 450 ppm or lower implied in the Paris Agreement. This may be taken as an indicator of the extent to which the policy debate has abandoned any link with modelling efforts attempting to estimate realistic medium-range scenarios. It should also be noted that the models considered calculate abatement costs for the energy sector rather than for the electricity sector. In principle, this would correspond to the level of the carbon tax required. Ppm: parts per million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to helping design the curriculum, Elop also supplied research labs, provided its scientists and engineers as teachers and tutors in specific areas, trained teachers, hosted students' visits to the company’s facilities, and supported the college's management in its request for recognition of the programme by the Ministry of Education. Workplace learning opportunities are also a direct expression of employers' needs, as employers will be ready to offer opportunities in areas where there is a skills shortage. Box 1.8 details how one city created a campaign to increase the number of apprenticeships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They have made the goal of developing social and emotional skills explicit by including it in their curricula and by introducing concrete actions to achieve it. Skills for Social Progress, describes some of these actions (OECD, 2015a). To address this issue, the curriculum was revised in 2009 to include direct and indirect methods for developing creativity and innovation and the academic content of the curriculum was reduced by 20%. The curriculum now includes "creative experiential learning activities" - essentially, extracurricular activities that allow for the learning of the core subjects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition to characterizing the state of the population, For instance, when performing the economic evaluations of cancer control interventions, POHEM typically uses a simulation sample size of one million individuals and draws together information on risk factors, disease incidence by age, gender and cell-type, stage distribution at the time of diagnosis, and the ‘standard’ or typical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used. Moreover, data on disease progression after initial diagnosis (depending upon age, gender and stage at diagnosis) are required, in addition to follow-up patterns of practice, treatment at relapse, and terminal care. Therefore 23 different datasets are used which include various cancer registries and hospital registries, data from pharmaceutical associations, population health surveys, screening studies and clinical trials, etc. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, IMOFI in Morelos runs a business credit programme which covers the full range of loan size as Capital Semilla (i.e. from MXN 70 000 to MXN 1 million) but offers an interest rate of 7.5% on on-time repayments. Credito PYME by SOFEQ in Queretaro lowers this rate even to 6% for loans of MXN 700 000 averagely. In addition to the budget constraints of the programme, this could explain the relatively low number of incubated firms that apply for the seed capital programme (12% in 2010) and points towards an alignment of interest rates so that similar public programmes offer similar conditions, avoiding to compete against each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It requires the involvement of and buy-in from all government actors. In Mexico, the central government - comprising all secretariats, sub-secretariats, public agencies, parastatal entities and civil servants- is required by law to make the gender perspective a transversal objective that cuts across all sectors of activity. The President of INMUJERES is called to Cabinet meetings on an ad-hoc basis, as it does not enjoy the same standing in the Cabinet as, for instance, the Secretariats of Finance or Public Administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Return on investment, which may encompass wider benefits of improved community well-being and safety, can be particularly evident in respect of local developments. As such, it is at the local level that public-private partnerships to generate investment in sporting facilities and spaces may be realised. In a ‘sports-led regeneration model, event hosting and/or the construction of sport stadiums represent catalysts for broader urban planning and development projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Obviously, two rather contradictory principles regarding the jurisdiction are currently in force in the European Union. On one hand, the international nuclear liability conventions clearly follow the provisions of liability channelling and concentrate all proceedings to one court. On the other hand, the Brussels I. Regulation obviously prefers to make the plaintiff possible to choose between submitting his claims to the court in the country where incident occurred and to the court in his home country. This paper aims to identify interfaces between these two contradictory principles with special attention to the possibility to enforce the judgements issued by courts of non-convention states (i.e., Austria, Ireland, and Luxembourg) in those member countries, which are contracting parties either to the Paris or to the Vienna Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Grouping the State of Mexico with a large number of other entities makes it impossible to analyse waste management at the metropolitan level. According to the 2013-2018 Development Programme of the Federal District, 59% of the city’s territory is conservation land, located mainly in the south and southwest (see Chapter 1). The conservation land is critical for recharging the aquifers, improving air quality, protecting biodiversity, regulating weather and providing recreational opportunities, which in turn promotes eco-tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The respondent is the “eligible woman”, i.e. “a married woman between the ages of 15 and 49” in a household. These five typical questions can reflect what a woman’s status in a family is. By including this variable in the model, we can estimate how the female labour force participation rate is influenced by the independence of woman.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the same year, the cap on all co-payments for outpatient and inpatient health care services per person per year increased from about EUR 213 to EUR 570, and the cap on total payment per hospitalisation episode increased from EUR 114 to EUR 356. However, in 2010, co-payments for outpatient visits to specialists and hospitals were reduced from EUR 7.11 to EUR 4.27, and co-payments for daily inpatient charges in hospital were reduced from EUR 17 to EUR 13.52, starting from the second day (Taube et al., Paying out-of-pocket to avoid long waits for services, especially towards the end of the year, is common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Children and young individuals require special attention, as adequate transport access to educational institutions is crucial for their development. At the same time, elderly and/or disabled individuals also have specific transport requirements. Estimates of the World Health Organization for the previous decade indicate that about 2.9 per cent of the global population was severely disabled and about 12.4 per cent was moderately disabled. The social inclusion of these groups requires reasonable access to health institutions and cultural and social activities and, therefore, increased requirements for transport accessibility (UNECE, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Its central objective is to keep the global average temperature rise 'well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels' (UNFCCC 2015, Article 2(a)). The Paris Agreement was concluded on overtime and signed by over 190 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP). The Paris Agreement offers a political framework for implementing the goals in the agreement through voluntary national climate plans - national determined contribution (NDCs) - submitted by the states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, it has been estimated that an increase of 100 kg in the food ratio contributes to an increase in attendance rates of 17 and 16 percentage points for boys and girls respectively (Ravallion and Wodon, 2000). Receipt of the child grant in South Africa is positively correlated with the beneficiary attending school, an increase estimated in the range of 25 per cent (Samson et al., The grant's effects are most positive if women are the recipients (Santana, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Municipalities’ controlled dump sites cause a pollution risk to surface water and groundwater. The pressures from wastewater and solid waste are both assessed by Turkey as widespread but moderate. Wastewater discharges from small and medium industries are reported to cause pollution in Turkey, but it is considered local and moderate, whereas in the Islamic Republic of Iran discharges from industries are viewed to have a widespread and severe influence. The lower part of the Araks/Aras River in Turkey is at a risk of flooding during high flows in winter and spring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although the dynamics of tree growth and biomass carbon stocks are reasonably well understood for forests a bit older than harvestable age, such dynamics in old forest, with trees approaching their natural life span, are poorly known. In particular we have inadequate knowledge of old forest tree mortality under natural dynamics and whether gap-filling dynamics will compensate biomass loss by natural mortality agents. Another important area requiring better knowledge is the variation in soil carbon stocks with stand age, site productivity, and other environmental factors, as well as the responses of soil carbon to disturbances like biomass harvesting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The importance of subsistence harvest in the Arctic emphasizes the need to include this aspect of the Arctic economy in a measure of material well-being. Even when the traditional activity is less important in providing real income, traditional pursuits maintain cultural significance. It is projected that there will be significant impacts on the availability of key subsistence marine and terrestrial species as climate continues to change, and the ability to maintain one’s material well-being may be affected and may necessitate adjustments in hunting and harvest strategies as well as reallocations of labour and other resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Improvements in health coverage as measured by access to services is demonstrated in some key metrics, such as reductions in unmet health care needs, reductions in waiting times for an appointment, and increased perceptions of quality by service users (Figures 1.12, 2.2 and 1.13 respectively). As with extension of financial protection, improved access to services has mostly benefited the poorest Colombians: reported unmet health care needs in the past month fell from 33.2% surveyed in 1993 to 2.0% in 2013 (compared to 7.3% and 0.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile) and preventive health care consultations (in the 12 months prior to being surveyed) rose from 30.1% of the population surveyed in 1993 to 62.8% in 2010 (compared to 50.2% and 78.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile). The vast majority of these health system contacts (85%) were in the ambulatory care sector (MSPS, 2013a). Reassuringly, only 15% of health system contacts involved complex emergency care and/or hospital admissions, which suggests that the system as a whole is not adversely biased tow'ard hospital care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The poverty threshold is set at 50% of median disposable income in each country. Working-age adults are defined as 18-64 year-olds. Children are defined as 0-17 year-olds. Data for China, India and the Russian Federation refer to 2011, for Brazil to 2013, and for Australia, Hungary, Iceland, Mexico and New Zealand to 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The average age of teachers is 48.1 years in primary education and 48.9 in secondary' education. Some 41% of primary teachers and 44% of lower secondary teachers were 50 years old or older in 2014, which are significantly higher than the OECD averages (30% and 34%, respectively). The cognitive skills of the teaching workforce are a significant determinant of international differences in student performance (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the one hand, the last decade has shown much faster than anticipated growth in mobile-cellular telephony, with consequent changes in the provision of access to basic communication services. In particular, significant progress has been made in increasing mobile cellular coverage for rural populations. Currently available data suggest that in 2013, almost 90 per cent of the world's rural inhabitants were covered by a 2G mobile cellular signal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)