albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The relevant provisions on farmers’ rights are set out in Box 4 below. In the context of ABS and TK, it is important to note that the farmers' rights as codified in the ITPGRFA deal with benefit sharing but not with access aspects. During the ITPGRFA negotiations it was argued by some parties that farmers’ rights should also cover free access to and exchange of IP-protected plant material as acknowledgement of farmers' contribution to the creation of the existing diversity of plant genetic material without which modem plant breeding could not exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The paper provides a methodological reading of Keynes’s "The Economic Consequences of the Peace." Drawing on the close interdependence between theory and method in Keynes's economics, which he considered as a branch of logic, a correct way of reasoning about a complex economic material, we reconstruct the rationale of Keynes's imaginative solutions for the troubles caused by WWI and the Versailles Treaty. We thereby shed light on a method of thinking out the specific problems of international economic relations that Keynes will be consistently using (though adapting it to changing times and circumstances) in his work of international economics and diplomacy. A method which will have a direct influence on the contents of Keynes's Bretton Woods reform plans, and may be of great importance in directing European policy-makers to a structural reform of the continent's economic architecture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Provided that causal relationships and correlations can be duly established and that policies meant to impact some of the accounts that are part of the SEEA, the data collected via the account could help monitor (some of the] impacts of a policy over time. Although the approach may include the development of land cover accounts as well as soil resources it is not really suited to support the designation of land for specific purposes (e.g. development, protection, restoration, etc.]. In principle, the SEEA framework can be adapted to each country's administrative boundaries - what ultimately matters is the availability of the data at the level at which it gets implemented - the national level tends to be the one at which the kind of data to feed into the SEEA is collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Clearly, meeting this goal will entail stepping up the pace of short-term efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals as they are defined today. This is a necessary prerequisite to full implementation of a green and sustainable economic model, in terms both of social inclusion and of economic development. Consequently, it would not be USD 1.6 billion in grants that would have to be harnessed for Africa, but at least some 6 billion. Throughout the world, the amount currently wasted in the water sector through lack of efficiency was evaluated in a 2010 report by the World Bank and the French Development Agency at around USD 2.7 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The sessions brought the insufficient and fragmented nature of existing care services to the fore, giving rise to the idea of an integrated national care system. Female members of the ruling left-wing party Frente Amplio successfully placed this idea on the political agenda, such that the Frente Amplio's re-election platform for 2010-2014 included the promise to create a national care system. After the Frente regained power, the Government organized 22 debates across the country to ensure broad participation in defining the new system, including by women's organizations, pensioners, caregivers and their families, programme administrators, service providers and regional and local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further, specific reporting tables may be needed for collective reports. Thus, they omit all three sources of mobilised private finance. Improved reporting would be facilitated if current CTF tables were revised, or new (voluntary) CTF tables developed to include reporting items that will become mandatory once reporting starts under the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They are integral contributors to the continuous process of improving existing policy frameworks (Watkiss, 2015). The capacity to change as new knowledge and information are gathered is important for delivering on the multiple objectives of effective climate change adaptation (Arup, 2014). If, for example, as circumstances change, intended outcomes are not achieved or if unintended consequences are identified, a flexible policymaking system will have the capacity to adjust the scope, the implementation modalities, or the expected outcomes when necessary. This iteration is strengthened by the participation of stakeholders, which begins with the identification of policy objectives and the scoping of options and continues with contributions to the design of policy interventions and follow-up of implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter showed that in most developing economies, growth in data services is slow in offsetting the sharp decline in voice revenues that is often due to high rates of adoption of free OTT services. As revenues and ARPU levels will continue to decline over the coming years, investments in network infrastructure will have to be balanced with profitability to create a sustainable market environment. In addition, ITU analysis has demonstrated that removing restrictions on foreign investment is a regulatory measure that correlates directly with enhanced competition and helps to create a level playing field. Policy-makers will have to adapt to this development phase to ensure sustainability and foster the investment required to connect consumers and businesses to smart societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The bio-economic basis for sustainable fisheries management is explored in this section. First, the section will define what is meant by the sustainable use of fisheries resources. Second, it will introduce a bio-economic model of a fishery to explain how overfishing - essentially, depletion of the fish stock at too high a rate -occurs under open access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Constructive, co-ordinated action between all of these actors is therefore key. General economic policies and investments, including macroeconomics, general education, growth policies and broader rural development, can all have significant positive spill-overs for a number of challenges identified above, such as food and nutrition security, for example. This is also evident from comparisons of the Fast, Globally-Driven Growth and Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth scenarios: international co-operation in various areas, trade and technological developments included, has major implications due to the generation of income opportunities, not least in developing countries. Agricultural Innovation Systems comprise not just investments in R&D, but also, crucially, include the whole framework of institutions and infrastructure which enable private and public R&D - as well as private-public partnerships - to develop future-proof methods and technologies, test and showcase these developments within the agriculture and food sectors, and ensure their broad and international application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It improved the understanding of the system's problems and made specific measures to be taken. For instance, the process of school consolidation first targeted the poor performing among the small schools. Such data provide teachers with valuable diagnostic evidence about both student performance, and school performance, more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, taking advantage of these new data sources needs investments in staff training and in systems for integrating geospatial, and earth observation data and ensuring interoperability. Advances in technology or technical human capabilities will only deliver their potential as part of integrated systems that align the flow of information with the shifting needs and demands of users. There can also be measures at the regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
During its operations, the landfill grew to a height of 70m and contained 17 million cubic metres of waste (Park Sharon, n.d.). By its final year of operation in 1998, the landfill was receiving 3 000 tons of household waste per day before the Ministry of Environmental Protection made the decision to transform the landfill site into a transfer station in 1999. The immense amount of garbage in the landfill site also attracted flocks of birds such that at one point, the birds were a hindrance to the safe landing of aitplanes landing and taking off from the nearby Ben-Gurion airport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, with some improvement in recent years. While the share of undernourished is lower in Western Asia than in most other regions, it is nevertheless the only region that has registered an increase since 1990-92. The most significant reduction in prevalence of undernourishment has occurred in Southeastern Asia, with a decline from 31 to 10 percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, most individuals need to accommodate both in their daily lives. However, there continue to be pronounced imbalances between men and women in how this balance is struck and in the degree of freedom available to make choices in this respect. These lead to markedly different opportunities and outcomes for human devel opment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But the aim should be to restrain growth in UBA courses and focus on measures that help sustain apprenticeship provision, gradually shifting resources from UBA centres to measures tackling the lack of apprenticeship places. The causes for the lack of apprenticeship places are complex. According to a survey of Tyrolean training companies that have reduced apprentice numbers since 1999, lack of suitable applicants is one of the three main reasons (the other two are the difficulty to end an apprenticeship even if the apprentice proves unsuited and the costs of training). Almost 70% of the companies reported that they had difficulties in finding suitable applicants “sometimes or often” (Schneeberger and Nowak, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the contrary, if the crop diversification strategy is available, the price intervention has two opposing effects depending on the level of intervention price. At the level of intervention price below GBP 68 per tonne, the minimum income increases as the farmer uses more of a crop diversification strategy. However, the higher intervention price has a negative effect on minimum income beyond GBP 74 per tonne due to the crowding-out of a crop diversification strategy. Given the negative correlation between price and yield in the UK, losses in natural hedging also contribute to this potential destabilization effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addressing systemic risk, the national strategy also includes a variety of programmes and plans to combat poverty and enhance societal resilience to reduce the risk of disasters and cascading impacts. Communities at particular and persistent risk of disasters include communities located near rivers, in close proximity to flood-prone dams, in low-lying areas prone to flooding during heavy rains, along seismically active zones and in areas affected by conflict. It has taken these as the foci for its national strategy and risk reduction measures, addressing IWRM and the security context, as well as the environmental, climatic, social, cultural and political context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The rear plate of a driver who has no transponder, fails to insert his cash card into the transponder, or fails to maintain a cash balance sufficient to pay a particular charge, is automatically photographed as it passes under a gantry. Such drivers originally had to pay a fine of SGD 70, but now pay an administrative charge of SGD 10. The charges at the central business district cordon apply on working days during daytime hours (7.30 a.m.-7 p.m.), but there are periods with zero charges (10 a.m.-noon). On other roads, charges apply during the morning peak period (7.30 a.m.-9.30 a.m.) and in some locations in the evening (5.30 p.m.-8 p.m.). The ERP system makes it possible to vary charges by location, time of day and vehicle type, so as to relate them to the actual level of congestion. The rates for different types of vehicles are set to be approximately proportional to their passenger car equivalent (PCE) values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At the other extreme, minimum wages in Nepal appear high relative to both GDP per capita and the poverty line. Indeed, average wages are estimated to be around 110% of the nominal minimum wage (ILO, 2010c). In a number of countries, in Latin America,12 but also in Indonesia (Harrison and Scorse, 2003) and elsewhere, the wage distribution has a spike at the minimum wage: a sizeable share of the workforce earns exactly the minimum wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this framework, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reaffirms its belief that the countries of the region need to launch a new development paradigm based on an environmental big push. The current generation is the first that cannot deny the scale of these changes, and it is also possibly the last that can lay the foundations for, and launch, a new economic, social and political regime capable of making more egalitarian economic growth compatible with environmental stewardship. Accordingly, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets forth three key lines of action for the new model: a macroeconomy for development, a welfare State based on rights and productivity growth, and decarbonization of the economy and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
About 5 per cent of wood (1.3 Mtoe) is used as an energy source in the pulp and paper, bricks and tiles, and lime industries. Whereas the pulp and paper industry and some iron producers use biomass residues from planted trees, most of the other industries rely on wood collected from the wild, and use primitive technologies and inefficient furnaces. The latter use primitive and inefficient kilns built with local materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, MPS increased dramatically in 2010 because domestic market prices rose and border prices fell, increasing the gap between them. A stronger rupiah in relation to the USD was one reason why border prices fell. The most important commodity is rice (Figure 2.15). Its importance in the overall value of production means that changes in the MPS for rice have a significant influence on annual changes in total MPS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While data on fixed-broadband subscripbons are available for the large majority of economies, more data on different broadband speeds are needed, especially for developing countries and LDCs. Greater standardization in reporting might also facilitate monitoring and analysis. No indicator has as yet been assigned for the first part of this target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Long-term commitment is required to address critical issues in the transport sector to support sustained economic growth, improve the living standards of the people and further increase the competitiveness of economies in the region. At the same time, political commitment and effective interventions are required to improve road safety and the energy efficiency of the transport sector. Since 2000, China's port container traffic has increased by 11.7 per cent per annum, growing from 41 million TEU in 2000 to 155 million in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Developing specific bundled (lump-sum) payments per patient for following up chronic diseases or for long-term services would help. This could partly affect the supply of new specialists, and care will be needed in the adjustment. Around 45% of specialists are allowed to extra- bill patients, except CMU-C and ACS recipients. The authorities offered voluntary contracts to some specialists guaranteeing, in particular, partial coverage of their social contributions if they limited extra billing, but they have had a modest take-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Due to the fact, however, that urban population, and especially that in capital cities, is expected to grow, a public transport network losing demand might be an issue of concern, in particular, if the demand is at relatively low level compared to private motorized transport. While this is a too short period for drawing meaningful conclusions, the demand levels should be carefully watched, and the causes for declines identified. Actions should then follow to reverse the negative trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
1. Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics 2. The Women's Movement in Malaysia from 1900-99: An Historical Analysis 3. Complex Configurations: The Women's Agenda for Change and the Women's Candidacy Initiative 4. Islamic Non-Governmental Organisations 5. The Environmental Movement in Malaysia 6. The Malaysian Human Rights Movement 7. Non Governmental Orgnaisations in Sarawak 8.The Peace Movement and Malaysian Foreign and Domestic Policy
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Non-mandatory reporting provisions introduced in the Paris Agreement (in addition to the mandatory reporting requirements mentioned above) include reporting of climate finance provided by countries “other” than developed countries, and reporting of indicative climate finance to be provided and mobilised by developed countries. This means that different national reports of climate finance in the context of the USD 100 billion goal are not always comparable, complete or consistent. This in turn hinders the ability to produce a meaningful aggregate, e.g. in the context of the global stocktake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These are the countries most dependent on natural resources -agriculture, including forestry and fisheries- for their livelihoods. Shaded countries are Least Developed Countries. Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN). The IPCC 4th assessment report shows some of these impacts (Figure 3.2). It can be expected that natural ecosystems as well as agricultural systems will be less resilient because rising temperature will alter the fitness of species that together define given ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would involve moving to a system of regional management under outcomes-based funding parameters. The allocation of funding would occur at the regional level and would be based on an assessment of local workforce needs rather than the current entitlement approach. This would allow regions to use incentives either for relocation or retention (Mason, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This approach allows the Ministry to function primarily as a policy agency rather than engaging in service delivery or advocacy. Belgium’s federal Inter-Departmental Coordination Group supports a whole-of-government approach by bringing together representatives from across ministries who also serve as gender focal points in their respective entities. A whole-of-government approach is also in place in Australia. Yet, while this type of approach can certainly yield significant gains, the potential for a diminished role for the central gender institution exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This explains to some extent why the partial indicators of productivity are much higher in Asian LDCs than in other LDCs. A survey was conducted with more than 100 agriculture experts working in Africa, asking them to identify the most important factors in advancing agriculture on the continent. Some 21 per cent of respondents identified such activities as enhancement of soil fertility, improved water management techniques and policy reform as the primary drivers of African agriculture, which were especially successful in southern Africa (Gabre-Madin and Haggblade, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Accountancy services, for example, driven by better internet connectivity and their easily codifiable nature (see Learner and Storper, 2001), may have now become more offshorable. Since these services are high-skill labour intensive, theory would suggest that these being offshored to India would lead to increases in inequality in India as wages of high-skilled workers rise relative to low-skilled workers. This stands against the traditional assumption that it is only low-skilled labour tasks that are going to be offshored to India (and in line with the assumptions of Zhu and Trefler, 2005). But at the same time, firms may also outsource their telephone services to India which involves a relatively less skilled labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Building an innovative economy is based on a range of actions—including interactive learning, information exchange, timely availability of finance and other resources, and effective collaboration among the private sector, universities, research centres, policymakers and other actors—as well as improved governance. Countries should work to develop national strategies for STI comprising policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks that strengthen the enabling environment and enhance interactive learning, while also strategically allocating resources andproviding adequate infrastructure. At the same time, they should use a variety of tools to incentivize greater private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The author argues that law students should be trained in more than one legal tradition or more than one legal culture as part of their formal legal education. In the article, two arguments supporting this claim are presented, each corresponding with a particular model of legal education. From a professional perspective, the first model of legal education is that of an institution defining itself through its links with the profession of law, and through its contribution to the training of its members. The second model treats legal education as a university discipline, where the institution defines itself through its contribution to the study of law as a topic of higher learning within a university education. For a cross-cultural legal education in both models, there is a need for a thicker, better understanding of law as a dynamic phenomenon of social ordering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At present, staff members consider that their responsibility in terms of teaching and research is more relevant to national needs than to regional requirements. This attitude may change when performance evaluations take into account their contribution to local engagement as is planned in Universiti Sains Malauysia. The Universiti Sains Malaysia has taken steps to introduce a “3-track promotion exercise” based on research, teaching and community engagement or industry collaboration to reward and incentivise community engagement and entrepreneurship support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the negative impacts of climate change make it imperative for CDDCs to adopt adaptation measures in both commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, many CDDCs lack the technical and financial capacities to design and implement such measures. Although the Paris Agreement does not make an explicit reference to CDDCs as a group, it alludes to their special circumstance in Article 4.15, where it requires Parties to “take into consideration in the implementation of this Agreement the concerns of Parties with economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)