albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
But caution must be exercised to ensure these measures maintain wage-led growth instead of just shifting the economy from a high to a low road distribution of social reproduction. This group, especially those located in East Asia, industrialized later and faster than today’s AIEs but experienced a path of growth and structural change that is relatively close to the standard AIE development trajectory in terms of sectoral and employment transitions (UNRISD 2010). These economies have among the highest female labour force participation rates in the world, and industry is a significant employer of both women and men. However, when exports and industries upgrade, there is defeminization of industrial employment (Tejani and Milberg 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Performing a retrospective data analysis using medical claims, for example, can produce information reflective of specific populations (for example, a particular combination of chronic conditions of interest) that RCTs cannot easily replicate. Each of these options needs to be reviewed to assess how well they can provide evidence to treat people with multiple chronic conditions. In these countries, chronic disease is already responsible for over half of the burden of disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
About 7% of the population reports some unmet needs of this type, with a considerable gap between high- and low-income groups (Figure 11) and between regions. About 4% of high-income households report unmet medical needs compared to 10% in the lowest income bracket Costs and waiting times are the greatest contributors to unmet needs in Poland. While most conventional medical procedures are included, the list of reimbursable drugs is nanow. Consequently, the share of out-of-pocket expenditure on pharmaceuticals in Poland (60%) is the fourth highest in the EU (after Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia) and considerably higher than the EU average (44%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, large variations are observed across countries. The difference in employment rates between mothers with their youngest child under the age of 3 and aged 3-5 is over 30 percentage points in a group of Eastern European countries, including the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and the Slovak Republic. A relationship between enrolment rates at ages 3-5 and maternal employment among w'omen aged 15-64 w'ith their youngest child aged 3-5 still exist at these ages, but the correlation is w'eaker compared to younger ages (Figure 5.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is a strategy for making the concerns and strategies of women and men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men can benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated’ (ECOSOC, 1997 cited Commonwealth Secretariat, 2012). The ultimate goal of gender mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality. However Ambassadors are not necessarily trade specialists, in which case the next most senior designation would be Senior Counsellor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The report brings the agenda of the Global Compact and that of SDG 4 closer together and creates clarity for countries now tasked with transforming words into policy and policy into reality. Education is also a critical path to integration into society and the best investment in sustainable development. It provides migrant children with opportunities for their own advancement os well as a chance to contribute both to their country of residence and, in many cases, eventually also to their country of origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ghana”, NBER Working Paper, No. Boom and Bust in the Venture Capital Industry and the Impact on Innovation”, NBER Chapters, in A. Jaffe, J. Lemer and S. Stem (eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A few countries have sought to control pharmaceutical use and to raise revenues by introducing a copayment for cancer drugs. This may appear small, but given that cancer care costs are about 3-7% of total expenditure on health as described in Chapter 1, these costs actually comprise a significant part of spending in cancer care systems. Among the countries in which data were collected through the OECD questionnaire, Latvia and Spain spent less than 0.6% of total health expenditure on cancer drugs. Considering the limited number of countries for which data are available, the proportion of pharmaceutical spending is highest in Hungary, at 41.4% of total cancer care (not total health expenditure) in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Related training may also be provided by the community sponsor. As of September 2010,3 979 young people had been placed into a Community Max project. A five-year goal-oriented programme was launched in 2008 to raise the quality of education by enhancing teachers’ competence levels and contribute to a satisfactory and stable recruitment to the teaching profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Despite these concerns, the depletion of non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and uranium, should not be a major issue of consideration in policy making. As commodities with high private and little additional social value, oil, coal, gas and uranium are traded on large and liquid international markets, where information about long-term scarcity is widely known and would be priced in immediately if it ever became a genuine cause for concern. From a policy-making point of view, the best response to resource depletion concerns is to ensure that existing markets remain as open and competitive as possible and that information about resource availability is shared widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such effects hold across the distribution of household income, with stronger estimated gains for the poor - implying reduced inequality. The decomposition of total household income effects suggests that indirect GDP per capita-driven gains are compounded by additional and reinforcing direct gains accruing to the lower-middle class and, even more so, the poor. The income-equalising effects of export intensity are broadly consistent with previous empirical literature (e.g. Jaumotte et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A principal challenge for the WTO, as well as for, its members is to adjust to new realities in order to achieve its goals in an increasingly uncertain global environment. While agriculture and food security are important sub-themes of this session, the speakers also addressed problems and possible solutions in a broader context. The influence of the changing global environment were addressed. The challenges brought about as a result of natural crises, both in terms of the climate and of disease, price shocks, food to fuel switches and price volatility, as well as financial and geopolitical events, have changed the world dramatically even since the time of the Marrakesh Ministerial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The program was started with USD 25 million in funds from the US DOE's Better Buildings Neighborhood Program, which is authorized through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. Most of the program funds (USD 15.75 million) are for improving access to finance across the multifamily, single-family residential and commercial building sectors. This activity is accomplished mostly through creation of Revolving Loan Funds and/or credit enhancements like Loan Loss Reserves that have allowed the program to secure commitment of USD 128.5 million in private investment leverage from multiple financial institutions nationwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As noted in the Committee’s earlier work on IUU fishing,9 IUU fishing is generally an economic activity that will continue as long as it is profitable for fishing vessels to be engaged in such activities. The information available on IUU fishing on the high seas suggests that it targets fish stocks of predominantly high commercial value with easy marketability. As a result, IUU fishing has received increasing attention from policy makers due to its negative economic, social and environmental impact, both directly on the resources and indirectly on the domestic fisheries economy. It is therefore important that domestic fisheries policies ensure that fishing overcapacity is dealt with in an appropriate way through scrapping and through legislation that does not allow for fishing capacity to be exported and re-flagged to countries that do not co-operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The 2005 Act provides some exceptions (requests deemed frivolous or too general, damage to international relations, public security, privacy or confidentiality, etc.). Applicants must be notified of the grounds for refusal. The main obstacles reported by the Ministry arise in complying with the deadlines for providing environmental information (CEENU, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The country reviews have revealed many examples of promising practices at different levels of education. The challenges ahead will be to learn from these practices and to implement them on a wider scale. Of critical importance are political leadership, adequate resources and incentives, knowledge management and clear policies informed by a strong evidence base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The mothers all live and work locally, and they drop their children off in the morning and pick them up as soon as they have finished work. The children are given lunch and spend most of the day watchingchildren'sTVand/or playing with each other in the small space. It is primarily Rubka who looks after all the children as well as doing domestic work, but this arrangement works for her as it allows her to also look after her three-year-old son Yafit (which she would not have been able to do in a ‘regular’job as a domestic worker).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Uber has other one-time promotions in Des Moines, Iowa, and Dallas, Texas. During the same period, Uber also helped distribute (via their drivers) free pre-loaded EASY public transport passes to encourage riders to try mixing Uber and Metrorail. For several weeks between 00:30 and 4:00, Lyft offered up to a 75% discount for shared Lyft Line rides along the T line and Uber offered a flat USD 5 UberPOOL fare. They represent very early experimentation by companies and public authorities seeking synergies between the types of services provided by ride-sourcing and commercial ride-sharing companies and public transport operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To answer this question - and to give exact data for the manager of the specific forest area, an on-site methodology in Part II of the Forest and Folk project was initiated. Questionnaire results for the car-borne use regarding duration of stay, group size, activities, travelling time and distance to the forest were obtained as well. The basic data collection consisted of 28,652 instantaneous, manual counts of parked cars and the delivering of 44,846 questionnaires. The response percentage for the questionnaires was 53.7% (impossible to use follow-ups).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These contributions take in account the degree of diversity and supply origin of different energy carriers, the efficiency of energy consumption by main the economic sectors, and the state of the electricity generation infrastructure. The values of weights determining the relative contribution of the demand, infrastructure and supply branches are close to those used in the original S/D model, where they were adjusted to reflect the percieved vulnerability of the branches. A higher weight indicates increased vulnerability. As described below, a maximal score 100 refers to a country with low energy intensity, developed electricity generation infrastructure, perfectly diversified primary energy sources, with the latter all domestically produced or imported from trustworthy sources. On the contrary, a score 0 corresponds to a country with low energy efficiency, an electricity capacity unable to satisfy the peak load, and importing the totality of the energy carriers from unreliable sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This initiative, which includes a trans-Asian energy system, will help to ensure both the near- and long-term energy security of the Region. It will connect producers and consumers of energy resources and facilitate new markets for clean and efficient energy technologies. Its goal is to shift development to a low carbon path while ensuring universal access to energy within a predictable time frame. Rapid economic growth of the Region translates to rising energy demands, both to sustain the large and growing production economy as well as to support direct energy consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In England, for example, initial teacher training programmes have been described as too generic and theoretical, and insufficiently related to the professional and occupational expertise of college lecturers (Lingfield, 2012). In contrast to secondary school initial teacher training, where trainees are grouped by subject, programmes for teachers in (often vocational) further education cater for a huge diversity of trainees and subject and occupational areas. Programmes designed to teach how to go about conveying practical and vocational skills are rarely available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
After ten years in operation, the PAA had purchased more than 3 million tonnes of food from over 200 000 family farms. Nevertheless, it constitutes only 0.0004 percent of Brazil's GDP (IPC-IG and WFP, 2013). Through the DAP, farmers are classified by poverty and vulnerability, to determine the poorest and most vulnerable. It is established by law that they are to receive preference as potential participants in the PAA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
No cases have been identified since then, but the source of the outbreak remains uncertain. In 2000, 291 cases of waterborne viral hepatitis A were reported in Uvurkhangai Aimag. Compared with 2015, an decrease in congenital syphilis cases was observed in 2016. Indeed, 42 cases of congenital syphilis were registered in 2016 (52 cases in 2015), 25 of which were registered in Ulaanbaatar. This decrease in congenital syphilis cases was attributed to improved pregnancy monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, these amounts are most often covered by private complementary health insurance. These co-payments are mostly covered by voluntary private health insurance. Patients publicly insured with a restricted access to public provides have a maximum co-insurance of 20% while patients publicly insured with free choice of provider and privately insured have a maximum co-insurance of 50%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Domestic violence is generally thought to lessen, as women become more educated and empowered, especially as they gain greater rights to land and home ownership. Today, it remains a huge concern for many, many women - half or more of women in some societies. In 25 countries, women became a speaker or presiding officer of parliament for the first time in the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Regarding informal social protection, Oduro (2010: 3) writes, “(it) encompasses those arrangements and actions taken by individual or groups of individuals that are not guided by formal legal regulations but are not necessarily contravening these laws and regulations”. The concept of “social capital” commonly refers to reciprocity, trust and networking among groups, and takes a prominent place in an “informal security regime” and in any development discourse. It also refers to community/household relationships that play a crucial role in reducing the vulnerability of the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The risk is that the difficulty of deciding on a common target could become an obstacle to progress in the debate, while detracting from the effort to achieve minimum targets. Furthermore, if it were decided to include a specific income inequality target, it would have to be aligned with the poverty target. Since the poverty target implicitly determines the prescribed variations in inequality for a given level of economic growth, specified targets for poverty and income inequality would have to be consistent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Of course, it will be necessary to consider the condition of the fishing business and consult representatives of the fishing industry in order to select the most effective and practical alternatives. In order to ensure the sustainability of species, fishing intensity should be decreased to 0.75FABC. The number of permits and trips should be limited and new fishing gear and methods should be considered for shifted species and fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2018, tax cuts coupled with foreign trade sanctions raised concerns on economic insecurity and voter disenfranchisement in America’s dominantly red heartland. President Trump’s campaign rhetoric also negatively characterized the Latinx population, a group tied to agricultural labor. Our research analyzes economic insecurity and identity politics as connected to vote share changes at the state and local levels between the 2016 and 2018 elections. Using identity theory, we posit that perceived threats, either economically or racially, will impact vote share. We find little evidence of a tax/tariff effect on changes in Republican vote share. However, race and ethnicity tied to Hispanic income gains or White-Black inequality in education impacted Republican vote share. We interpret these results as support for the argument that group-positional grievances motivated White voting behavior. All told, we find support for arguments that group-based grievances and perceived threats continued to motivate Republican support in the 2018 election.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Composition of municipal waste (table 5.1) was analysed in the regions of Tbilisi, Kvemo Kaitli and Kutaisi, which is accepted as representative of the whole of Georgia. It is estimated that about 70 per cent of generated municipal waste is collected by regular services and delivered to local disposal sites. These are located along main streets, enabling easy and fast collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They should collectively engage in setting sector-specific policy priorities. This should be a participatory and bottom-up process, involving consultation with local communities. The SSF Guidelines themselves do not offer this definition, but leave it to individual countries to do so according to their local contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fertiliser use declined dramatically in the 1990s, partly as a reaction to over-use of such inputs in the planned economy. In some cases, especially in the northern grain region, fertiliser use could mask the basic unsuitability for cultivation of some marginal land. When producers had to pay commercial prices for fertilisers, their use dropped dramatically (Figure 1.12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For developing countries, UNCTAD estimates investment needs of $1.6 trillion—$2.5 trillion per year between 2015 and 2030, against current actual investment of $870 billion.15 An earlier study by Bhattacharya et al. ( These regional evaluations are not perfectly comparable, since they are produced by different organizations drawing on their own methodologies and data sources. In Africa, Ethiopia and United Republic of Tanzania spend well above 5 per cent of GDP on infrastructure, while Nigeria and South Africa (the region’s two largest economies) have expenditures of just above 3 per cent and Egypt just over 2 per cent. In Latin America, the regional average is, to a large extent, influenced by low infrastructure expenditure in the region’s larger economies, with Argentina, Brazil and Mexico spending less than 2 per cent of GDP in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These can collect information from diverse sources and offer customized presentation for specific types of user. Customization is organized according to ‘access control’ and ‘workflow’. Access control means that different groups of users can be given privileged or limited access to certain areas of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Decentralization, goal steering, accountability, managerialism, evaluation, choice, competition and privatization are key terms in the international rhetoric of educational policy. However, in the historical traditions and cultural-social framework of various nations, this ‘new’ policy perspective takes a specific form and shape. In the Nordic countries, with their welfare state tradition which stresses equality in education as well as in other fields of life, radical changes are taking place. This article examines the change in educational policy and governance in Finland during the past decade. The examination is based on many sources and materials including documents, statistics and interviews with educational politicians, administrators and teachers, and a survey of students collected during two comparative research projects during 1998–2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The recent Supreme Court decision regarding the constitutionality of Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070 was declared a “victory” by both proponents and dissenters. While the Supreme Court declared three of the laws four provisions unconstitutional, both President Barack Obama and Arizona Governor Jan Brewer framed the outcome in a positive light. Despite three of the four provisions dismantled, the sole surviving provision allows law enforcement to question the immigration status of anyone who violates a non-immigration offense. Although the Supreme Court placed this provision within the parameters of a “wait and see” scenario, whereby, if there are problems/violations in the laws application/implementation, the Court will revisit this provision, I argue that such a provision, despite its “wait and see” clause, invites racial profiling. To illustrate this point, this article will perform a rhetorical analysis of the Court’s majority opinion, before concluding with final thoughts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In China market price support is mainly sustained through tariffs, TRQs and state trading, combined with minimum guaranteed prices for rice and wheat. In Russia price policies are commodity specific, taxing some commodities while subsidising others, and involve import protection and export restrictions. The market access policies are bounded by its WTO accession agreement and domestic support payments are bounded by fiscal austerity imposed through stand-by and loan agreements with the IMF from 2008. Biofuel policies include mandatory obligations to use a specific quantity of share of biofuels and various types of subsidies to end-users and producers (Box 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More extreme weather - with intense precipitation, floods and droughts - is predicted across the six SEE economies. Rainfall is predicted to decrease. These changes could reduce crop yields across the six SEE economies, especially for maize, and increase exposure to agricultural pests. Livestock productivity in Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro could fall (Callaway etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A perfectly equal distribution would describe a straight 45-degree line showing that each 10% of population held exactly 10% of the overall wealth. The larger the distance of the actual curve from the 45-degree line, the higher the inequality in the distribution of financial wealth. In the 13 OECD countries in Figure 2.22, the top 30% of the wealth distribution hold more than two-thirds of the financial wealth. During the same period, those in the top 19% saw their wealth increase by more than 3 percentage points (ibid.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)