albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A central achievement has been the development of spatially detailed climate projections: a set of regionalised models provides projections up to 2050 for greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios A1B and Bl,5 with 10-km x 10-km grid spacing. This work is being extended to provide projections to 2100 and to reflect higher GHG emissions. A qualitative vulnerability assessment has provided policy makers with comprehensive information on the most affected sectors (water, tourism, agriculture, forestry, electricity and energy, housing and construction, health, ecosystems and biodiversity, and transport/infrastructure). Two reports resulting from this work (Haas et al., This research subsequently provided the basis for an online database of adaptation measures, which is now regularly updated as new information becomes available (Section 5.2). The database has the potential to foster peer learning and there is scope to further exploit its potential as a decision-making and communications tool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article investigates how national histories marred by racial conflict can be translated into narratives of group identity formation. I study the role of “identity-driven” museums in converting American’s racial past into a metanarrative of black identity from subjugation to citizenship. Drawing on a thick description of exhibitions at 15 museums, interviews with curators and directors, museum documents, and newspaper articles, I use the “political economy of memory” as a framework to explain how ideological and material processes intersect in the production of exhibitions. I show that in addition to struggles over the truth and interpretive styles, more prosaic issues of funding, attendance, and institutional capacity-building hve an impact on representational selectivities. I explain how these issues affect black museums operating during the civil rights and post-civil rights eras. I consider the motivations and consequences of “remembering” national histories of violence and intolerance through the prism of group identity formation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social assistance programmes providing cash transfers to poor and vulnerable people are very limited or non-existent in PICs, with the exception of Fiji’s Social Welfare Family Assistance Program (FAP) and the school fee scheme of the Social Affairs Department of Kiribati. It is clearly evident that there exist high social protection deficits within PICs. Most Pacific Island states have long relied only on traditional support mechanisms from families, overseas migrants, community institutions, and churches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the 20 LMICs with the highest levels of regional disparities, only 5 have levels of GDP per capita in excess of USD 10 000 (Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama). Those middle- and high-income countries with high levels of regional disparities tend to be located in Central and Eastern Europe -including Croatia, Latvia, the Russian Federation and the Slovak Republic - all having undergone post-socialist transitions. Others include Chile and the United Arab Emirates, both natural resource-dependent countries, but with economic activity highly concentrated in metropolitan regions - Santiago, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Very-Low-Cost-Access (VLCA) practices, which receive subsidies to serve high-need communities, accept in exchange to forgo some revenue from patient fees. As a consequence, the average co-payment per visit payable in “ordinary” practices (NZD 36.58 or USD 24.73) is reduced to NZD 14.77 (USD 9.99) in VLCA practices. Otherwise, patients may be exposed to costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The coverage of protected areas across biomes varies widely. Over three-quarters of the SNUC area is in the Amazon biome, accounting for nearly 27% of this region’s surface area, including its vast freshwater bodies (Figure 5.3 and Table 5.2). This reflects the use of protected areas as a primary policy tool to fight deforestation in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women and girls have fewer educational opportunities and more domestic responsibilities. Lack of access to infrastructure for water and electricity compounds cultural constraints on women's time. Trading companies in landlocked countries are active in agriculture, wood and paper, but not in the women-dominated sectors of clothing and miscellaneous manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A document of national and international literature review, which included also the indicators of FOREST EUROPE reports (Huhtala et al 2007) created starting point for the expert panel work. The recommendations based on this workshop effort were applied in the NFP assessment report in 2009 and they continue to be applied also in the future assessments of the NFP. Two different levels of indicators were found to be needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The guarantee of the offended child´s right to give testimony in a penal suit is investigated. The issue focuses on the acknowledgement of the child´s hearing as a right and not as a duty. The supposition is based on Brazilian law, international law and in the res judicata of the jurisdictional organ of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights. Since it is a right, the violation of such a warrant triggers international mechanisms of protection for the effects of the personality´s rights written in the Inter-American Convention of Human Rights (San Jose da Costa Rica Pact). Discussions employ the deductive method and bibliographical, documental and jurisprudential research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, efforts to target women in public works projects by setting gender quotas can lead to unintended outcomes, if women who are already overburdened and “time poor” have to do even more work. Within die region’s complex resource environment, and amid die debate on self-reliance versus self-sufficiency in food for sustainable food security, the gender equality scorecard is marked by disparity. This is reflected in human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) rankings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Statistical evidence compiled for this report show that this is also the case across Chilean regions (Box 1.1, Figure 1.3, Panel B). Being born in a high-income family can boost wages by more than 50% relative to the average, while a penalty of around 40% is expected when coming from a disadvantaged background. This is largely due to the transmission (or lack thereof) of human and social capital across generations: on average, 80% of individuals with at least one parent having attended university also have tertiary education (Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the intra-urban level, the quality of road infrastructure and public transport influences mobility and home-to-work connectivity within the urban perimeter and its adjacent areas. At the inter-urban level, transport infrastructure is essential for urban capacity to attract and retain investment and capital and to develop competitive advantages. The transport sector in Chile has progressed greatly in recent decades: public transportation is more widely available within and between cities and the quality and extension of transport infrastructure has improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This was reasonably participatory, and in line with Ethiopian government normal practice. However, there has not yet been much outreach of the CRGE’s plans, and so the CRGE is not yet fully internalised among the many stakeholders who need to understand it: they understand the GTP better. Nevertheless, further consultation is planned as CRGE implementation proceeds. Each local community will formulate its own work programmes and by-laws to guide and govern the actions of its members towards greater climate resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Encouraging systematic reporting on climate finance at a disaggregated level (such as activity-level information) could also help improve transparency, as well as accessibility of information. Reporting in the form of a standardised database with common variables and classifications (such as exchange rates) would also help to improve consistency. In this context, the UNFCCC could usefully draw on the experience from existing statistical systems on international flows, such as the OECD DAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They are the focus of increasing attention by road authorities because of their potential to improve management of the roads and improve safety. In the United States, NHTSA is considering a requirement for new vehicles to be equipped with V2V capability. In Europe, the transport directorate of the European Commission has established the C-ITS Platform of experts to advise on deployment of Cooperative ITS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In many, if not in most cases, cogeneration may compete favourably with conventional power plants partly because it tends to be located close to the consumers. As a result of a fruitful collaboration between INEE and the Government, the text included the first explicit legal reference to cogeneration and district cooling/heating associated with cogeneration. This law and its ensuing decrees allow distribution utilities to buy up to 10 per cent of their energy needs directly from cogenerators and other DG sources, instead of by means of public auction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The wide range of legislation existing on cooperative societies is the result of historical and political circumstances that go beyond the decision of the Constitutional Court of 1983 accepting the constitutionality of Act 1/1982, of 1 February, on Cooperatives, of the Basque Country, which was followed by others from other autonomous communities until the current legal cooperative framework was reached. This stemmed from the fact that the commercial nature of cooperative societies had not been accepted by the national legislator before 1979, when the first Statute of Autonomy was published. However, the discussions and conclusions on the commercial nature of cooperative societies have been present in the legal doctrine far before that date. This paper briefly reviews the legal concepts and grounds that have been provided with regard to cooperatives through to their current perceived status as commercial societies.  Received: 03 July 2017 Accepted: 26 September 2017
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For poorer retirees, public pensions and other income transfers are generally the only source of income. Other sources of income are private pension schemes and the workplace, since older people in many countries continue working to earn part of their retirement income. But that is not the whole picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To facilitate the build-up of credit records, over half of OECD countries require retailers or utility companies to provide information to private credit bureaus or public credit registries. A record of successful repayments to such companies can help women build their credit histories and access finance. Some emerging economies have adopted similar measures and have extended their coverage to microfinance institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The main pressures from human activities include agriculture expansion, transport infrastructure development, unsustainable forestry, air pollution and intentional burning of forests. Many forest resources are threatened by degradation, fragmentation and conversion to other types of land uses. This includes avoiding overexploitation and degradation, so as to maintain adequate supply of wood for production activities, and to ensure the provision of essential environmental services, including biodiversity and carbon sinks. A new UNFCCC mechanism, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in developing countries, will help mobilise finance to mitigate deforestation and thus GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fiscal decentralisation was implemented in 2004 following enactment of the State Budget Law in 2002. The National Assembly together with the Provincial People's Councils plays a central role in budget allocations and transfers from central to local government. The budget planning process uses a mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches, but sub-provincial level consultations, particularly involving the communes, remain marginal. Pro-poor fiscal transfers can help reduce spatial inequalities. As part of decentralisation, equalisation mechanisms were put in place to transfer budgetary resources to provinces to meet overall national development objectives. By allocating more central budgetary resources to lagging provinces, the aim is to better address local needs through decentralised budget management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Those households above the poverty line will pay for their connection at prescribed connection charges and no government subsidy will be released for this purpose. In the case of decentralised systems, capital subsidies should not give rise to too many differences between the price that remote villages powered by DDG systems will pay for electricity, and the price paid by villages connected to the grid. But rural electricity tariffs are often lower than the average cost of electricity supply, and state governments are responsible for making budgetary provisions for subsidised electricity supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Given the relatively low share of public revenue in GDP in most LDCs, improving domestic resource mobilization may be the best way to place the financing of public investment on sounder footing. This can be done by strengthening fiscal revenues through tax reforms and by making tax collection and administration more efficient. Many LDCs receive ODA in the form of grants and conditional lending, which enables them to finance significant public investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The country is divided into 25 departments and shares borders with Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east and Bolivia and Chile to the south. Geographical variation is large with the Pacific Ocean along the west of the countiy, the Andes mountain chain passing through the centre, and the Amazon jungle in the east. Rapid urbanisation is reinforcing a situation where most people live along the Pacific coast, while the mountains and rainforests are scarcely populated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This compliance burden becomes multiplied in complex supply chains and, according to a survey by the USITC, affects both large firms and MSMEs (USITC, 2010). Product certification, product testing and inspection requirements represent more than half of all firms' complaints about TBT or SPS measures in developing countries (WTO, 2012c). It is expected to grow at nearly twice the expected growth rate of domestic e-commerce, by 25 per cent annually until 2020, and account for 22 per cent of global e-commerce merchandise sales in that year (DHL, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Previous work on smallholder development has stressed the need to improve the competitiveness of potentially viable farms (Brooks, 2010, Brooks, et. Therefore, for the small-scale farmers that could continue within the sector, the question is then, what constrains their agricultural growth? And more specifically, what constrains smallholders from accessing markets?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Population peaks in 2070, GDP growth is moderate, and inequality declines steadily, GDP shares of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia rise significantly. Rapid population growth, moderate economic growth and slow technological change in the energy sector. High inequality leads to reduced trade flows, leaving many parts of the world vulnerable, and with low adaptive capacity. Rapid development of low carbon energy technologies in key GHG emitting regions leads to relatively large mitigative capacity, but in other regions development is slow, inequality high, and adaptive capacity limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the evolving nature of the complex social problem of drug abuse, drug trafficking and illicit drug cultivation and production requires that Governments be cognizant of the challenges and opportunities facing them. The special session of the General Assembly on the world drug problem to be held in 2016 is a timely opportunity to review drug control policies and practices grounded in evidence and science and based upon the principle of shared responsibility and a comprehensive, integrated and balanced approach. Legalization of the use of internationally controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for non-medical purposes is not an adequate response to the existing challenges. Poverty reduction measures within a framework for sustainable development that give farmers an economically viable, legal alternative to growing illicit crops are of fundamental importance for the success of the efforts to reduce illicit cultivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regional dummies are included in all regressions and robust standard errors are clustered at the country level. However, to test the robustness of our results, equation 2 is also estimated as an ordered probit model, fitting the ordinal nature of the dependent variable. This model will again be estimated for three separate samples (the overall population, women, and men) to test the existence of gender-specific effect of the SIGI, using both ordered probit and OLS estimators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the operator did not comply, the IGAOT was authorised to take the necessary enforcement actions. A varying percentage of the fines goes to the Environmental Intervention Fund, to be spent in cases where site remediation is necessary after a facility has closed and no other financial or legal alternative exists. The law also harmonises Portuguese legislation with the EU Directive on public access to environmental information (2003/4/EC). For example, high precipitation levels and increased hydroelectric power production contributed to a subsequent reduction in SOx emissions from thermal plants in 2003. Hydroelectric power production fell in 2004 and 2005, leading to increased fossil fuel consumption and, consequently, higher SOx emissions. Daily limit values were not exceeded more than three times in a calendar year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Their disappearance may be traced to the drainage and pollution of Israel’s water bodies. Only 67 of the endangered plant species are among Israel’s 268 protected plant species, 66 of the protected plant species are endemic native plants, and 203 of them are species whose habitat is highly threatened (MoEP, 2009, 2010b). As part of its legal obligation under the CBD, Israel prepared its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (or, more simply, National Biodiversity Strategy or NBS). The NBS was developed during the past decade and completed in 2010 (Frankenberg, 2005, MoEP, 2009, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Comparisons of energy intensity, therefore, are more informative when focused on a specific sector of the economy. For example, a number of developing economies in Asia and the Pacific continue to rely on traditional forms of agriculture with low levels of mechanization (Fig 7). In contrast, agriculture in higher-income economies is more energy intensive, having achieved increased levels of productivity through deployment of modern energy services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
No More Killing Fields Preventing Deadly Conflict. David A. Hamburg. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 2002. 391 pp. $39.95. ISBN 0-7425-1674-1.  The best approach to preserving peace and preventing war and terrorism, Hamburg argues, lies in cooperative, international efforts that support preventative diplomacy, build democratic institutions, and upgrade socioeconomic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It covers two types of beneficiaries: public works beneficiaries, who receive benefits in exchange for the provision of labour, and direct support beneficiaries, who receive transfers on an unconditional basis. They participate in public works programmes implemented when they are practical and when they are most required, such as during periods of food shortages and/or limited agricultural activity. Payments made to individuals are intended to be in line with the local market wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The share of women in the tourism workforce is also higher (55.9% compared to 43.2%). Earnings in hotels and restaurants, meanwhile, are around 37% lower than average earnings in the economy as a whole, and up to 60% lower in some countries (Table 1). Accommodation and Food Service Activities (ISIC Rev.4). For more information, please refer to the Statistical Annex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In both cases, the loss of species from a habitat which is being affected by eutrophication due to various sources may happen rather quickly and can as such be documented with standard biodiversity indicators, even if the response time may be protracted. If the environmental conditions are improved and thus re-establishing suitable growth conditions for plant species that are adapted to a nutrient-poor environment, it may take much longer for these plant species to reappear at the specific site. There may be several reasons for this, but one major reason is the fact that the dispersal of many plant species can be very slow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nevertheless, the evidence of higher prices in particular in services sector remains (Ministry of Business and Growth, 2013) and weak competition is also reflected in the large number of low-productivity firms in many sectors (Productivity Commission, 2013, Danish Economic Council, 2010). Many professions are highly regulated, notably retail trade, pharmacies and taxis. Also, some network sectors, such as railways, have some scope for further opening to competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, Poland has achieved significant improvement in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). While the performance of Polish 15-year-olds was still below the OECD average in 2000, it now surpasses that average by a sizeable margin. Poland has also made remarkable progress in terms of the health outcomes of its citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Towards Zero: Road Safety Strategy endorsed by the Government of WA, Perth, 2009. Safer Journey: New' Zealand's Road Safety Strategy 2010-2020. In line with this goal, the EU aims at halving road casualties by 2020. Make sure that the EU is a world leader in safety and security of transport in all modes of transport.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, further progress is needed to improve the comparability of gender-disaggregated data across countries. However, credit providers might also discriminate against women entrepreneurs. The banks and public support policies should ensure tight supervision to prevent any discrimination. In this regard, the Consumer Financial Protection Agency (CFPA) in the United States collects data on small business credit availability by gender, race, and ethnicity and enforces lending laws to ensure that loans are granted fairly to small business owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)