albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This year the C&l training course focused on the organizational aspects of the conformity assessment from the administrative perspective: the roles of and relationship between the designating authorities, conformity assessment bodies, certification bureaux and test labs. The meeting was devoted mainly to reviewing the results of the evaluation study of the current regimes governing C&l testing in the Arab Maghreb countries and to the review/approval of the draft Mutual Recognition Agreement between the Arab Maghreb countries, as suggested by ITU. To this end, the launch of the ITU/ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development is aimed at promoting the use of broadband to achieve the SDGs. During the two-day event, commissioners had the chance to attend on-site sessions of the current three Broadband Commission working groups on Saturday, as well as the full-day meeting of the Commission on Sunday. The full meeting of the Commission also revisited the issue of new broadband targets to help achieve the SDGs. The year 2015 marked ITU's 150th anniversary and the tenth edition of the Future Networked Car event.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
During 2013 and 2014, the reference period of the household data used in this analysis, PES registration was not required for claimants of incapacity pensions in Estonia, though it was possible to register as unemployed on a voluntary basis. In January 2016, before the introduction of the Work Ability reform, only 13% of those who were registered unemployed were disabled (this had increased to 17% by August 2016 as more services for those with work-related disabilities started to be introduced as part of the Work Ability reform). As there are far more claimants of disability benefits than of unemployment benefits (see Figure 7), relatively few members of Group A would have been registered as unemployed in 2014. Work-related training is likely to be a key area of ALMPs for Group A. In general, low-skilled individuals have much lower employment rates in Estonia and the proportion of people who are under-skilled for their job is higher than the average for OECD countries (Figure 24). The proportion who are over-skilled is relatively low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A reanalysis of the same data using the ratio measure found that increases in gender equality in education were associated with higher levels of growth for rich and poor countries alike (Klasen, 1999). Labour is generally taken as a given factor of production, like land and other natural resources, rather than as a resource that has to be produced through human effort. Much of this care work is carried out by women, often on an unpaid basis. In developing countries, where State or market provision of services and infrastructure and technologies that would reduce the burden of such work are largely missing, women spend considerable time on childcare, food preparation, fuelwood and water collection and caring for older persons and the sick, in addition to economic activities such as food production, income generation, cash crop cultivation, livestock care and home gardening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This trend has been boosted by market liberalization and augmented by convergence, new technologies and resultant innovations such as mobile phones which continue to be the most rapidly adopted technology in history. While sector growth has been experienced worldwide, the impact has been exponential in developing countries. Today the mobile phone is the most popular and widespread personal communication technology on the planet, with an estimated average subscription world rate of 87 per 100 inhabitants in 20111.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Most GHG emissions attributed to the industrial sector and a significant share of those attributed to the residential, commercial and ‘‘other buildings” sectors result from the use of oil, natural gas and coal. As a result, more than half of all anthropogenic GHG emissions can be traced back to the energy sector. Specifically, electricity and heat generation (as well as industry) are the major sources of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions, accounting for 25 per cent and 21 per cent, respectively, of GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To assist in this undertaking, OHCHR developed "Guidelines for national plans of action for human rights education". I, Programme of Action, para. Starting from the recognition of the State's current situation, a national action plan against racial discrimination constitutes a comprehensive programme of activities aimed at progressively bringing about improvements in the promotion of racial equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, participation and attainment in education among Arab-Israelis is low, and Ultra-orthodox education is unconventional, which is contributing to high levels of relative poverty. Furthermore, international surveys reveal a general problem of weak core skills among secondary-school students, with negative implications for employers and tertiary institutions. This paper investigates these problems and the policy response to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, with the poverty threshold defined as 60 per cent of a country’s median income, in 2006, 72 million people in the EU were at risk of falling into poverty, and in 2001, more than half of all people in low-income households in the EU lived with the persistent risk of falling into poverty. In addition, it is estimated that one in five people in Europe lives in substandard housing and 10 per cent live in households where no one works (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). During the 1990s, poverty rates were highest in the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, Italy and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Provision of information by CARs to produce national aggregates is a key weakness in the system. However, further efforts are needed on environmental health monitoring and on information to better support policy making. The air quality monitoring system is not sufficient for assessing compliance with environmental standards at the national level (IAvH, IDEAM, IIAP, INVEMAR, SINCHI, 2011). Incompleteness of the water user registry hampers implementation of regulatory requirements for water management (IDEAM, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the case of projects implemented directly by SEDESOL, the aforementioned departments serve as technical advisers (World Bank, 2013). At the present time, the population targeted by the PET consists of individuals aged 16 years or older who suffer a temporary income cut owing to a lack of demand for labour or the effects of an emergency (Government of Mexico, 2013). In 2012, the authorities included a new area of action related to climate change and increasing the resilience of communities by building infrastructure to provide protection against flooding or landslides, the strengthening of coastal areas against damage caused by hurricanes, water harvesting in arid areas and the maintenance of rural roads, among other activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Differences in the Gini coefficients between any two periods are decomposed into the composition and the wage effects, as mentioned. Nine groups of covariates of interest are considered in the decomposition: demographic, education of the head, household structure, employment (men and women), work intensity (men and women) and skilled occupation (men and women).2 We focus, in particular, on three composition effects due to changes in women’s employment characteristics. Composition effects due to changes in men’s employment status are also discussed. Then a standard Stata programme oaxaca is used to perform a OB decomposition using the RIF as dependent variable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although a very wide range of national policies can have a profound effect on urban development, national governments rarely review this impact systematically through an "urban lens" (OECD, 2014, OECD, 2015d). For example, fossil fuel subsidies negotiated at the national level clearly undermine local efforts to develop environmentally sustainable cities. A NUP can also connect all levels of government and other stakeholders by providing forums for the co-creation of a shared vision and a framework which enables them to move as one towards the stated goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Changes in pension systems (in the past) will affect the present income situation of retired people, for instance, which can obscure findings and blur the picture. The analyses in this study focus on the working-age population, which allows the report to paint a more precise picture of the processes at work in the labour market and how they shape the incomes of households.6 The analytical framework of the report is outlined in Box 1. Part I looks at whether and how trends in globalisation, technological change and institutions and policies translated into inequalities in wages and earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, currently operating gas-fired power plants do not cause local air pollution due to the height of stacks and natural gas consumption. However, due to the fact that more coal-fired TPPs are currently in the pipeline, an increase in effects on the environment might be expected to take place in the future. However, the limited capacity of the country’s electricity transmission grid prevents this natural advantage from translating into major economic benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Technological solutions with the potential to contribute to decoupling are described for the agricultural, industry and municipal water-supply sectors. Systems-level technological solutions are also presented. Obviously, the tools described here are not an exhaustive collection of all those available (such a list would be constantly changing as new technologies are developed], but they provide a broad introduction to some of the best-known and documented tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the purpose of the analysis was not to emphasise the choice of particular indicators, but rather to demonstrate the feasibility of the Alkire-Foster method to study changes in multidimensional poverty over time using data from the EU-SILC. Unlike Whelan et al (2012) who used the household as the unit of analysis, Alkire et al (2012) used individuals aged 16 and over. Using data for children aged under five from the Bangladesh Demographic Household Survey 1997-2007, Roche (2013) showed the increased relevance to policy making and child poverty monitoring of analysing deprivations experienced simultaneously by children rather than focusing on each dimension in isolation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
2016).Their composite index is not necessarily multidimensional (Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003, also see de Neubourg et al., We refer to the share of children in the national population who lack access to a particular dimension as the "dimensional deprivation rate" or "dimensional poverty rate" while the share of children who are deprived in at least two out of seven dimensions is referred to as the "multidimensional child poverty" rate. Hence, the choice of dimensions is limited by the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the entry fee of $3 that the MBCA charges, only $1 is supposed to go back to the 19 villages adjacent to the Park, other returns are shared by boat owners (hotels, restaurants, individuals) and tour guides from outside the area who organize the trips. The proportion of tourists that use local accommodation facilities is also very low, suggesting that most of the benefits accrue outside the communities (Gautam 2010). This is evident in the dugong protection project in Mozambique and boat-based whale watching and shark diving in South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, comparable data on many clinical indicators in primary care and inpatient care (e.g. infection rates, waiting times) is virtually inexistent at the system level. In specific areas, such as cancer care, there is a strong need for the collection of more detailed data on basic aspects of process and outcomes like survival rates, which are virtually non-existent even in the leading national institutions. Although SISPRO is gradually evolving into a usable platform for information on provider indicators, there seems to be little knowledge among the general public on the availability of that information and how such information could be used, for example, to compare IPS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This leaves a large untapped potential, as long as the various obstacles to these innovations are not addressed. Many of the challenges to inclusive innovators - including grassroots innovators - are similar to those faced by "standard" innovators: skills and capacity building are often critical, while financing - and access to knowledge networks - can be difficult. This chapter identifies policy responses that are particularly critical to inclusive innovation, drawing on examples from China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and South Africa to illustrate its arguments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This work traces the attempt to complete the creation of a unified legal and political system in contemporary Russia. Multiple political and legal aspects of the problem are examined by both political scientists and legal scholars. The volume focuses on postSoviet developments in Russia, especially during the Putin administration. The contributors’ perspectives include constitutional law, judicial development, law reform, human rights, federalism, and international law. The collective study finds that much progress has been made toward the unification of political and legal space in Russia, although significant problems remain to be addressed in order for the process to continue to move forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries in the third wave of democratization have introduced competitive elections before establishing basic institutions of a modern state such as the rule of law, institutions of civil society and the accountability of governors. By contrast, countries in the first wave of democratization became modern states before universal suffrage was introduced. Because they have democratized backwards, most third-wave countries are currently incomplete democracies. Incomplete democracies can develop in three different ways: completing democratization, repudiating free elections and turning to an undemocratic alternative, or falling into a low-level equilibrium trap in which the inadequacies of elites are matched by low popular demands and expectations. The significance of incomplete democratization is shown by analysing public opinion survey data from three new democracies varying in their predecessor regimes: the Russian Federation (a totalitarian past), the Czech Republic (both a democratic and a totalitarian past) and the Republic of Korea (formerly an authoritarian military regime).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It averaged 3% over the five-year period in 1990-94, fluctuating within a range of -5% to 9% between 1990 and 1997 (Figure 2.13 and Tables 2.12 and 2.13). The low and sometimes negative level of support to producers during the 1990s reflects the priority given to ensuring stable and affordable domestic prices for consumers. Factors associated with the Asian financial crisis caused a sharp one-off drop in support in 1998.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Our health rights must include the recognition and respect ofTK held by indigenous healers. This knowledge, including our traditional medicines and their preventive and spiritual healing power, must be recognized and protected against exploitation. The TK of herbs and plants must be protected and passed onto future generations. Traditions cannot be separated from land, territory, or science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It focuses on exploring key drivers for, and obstacles to, renewable energy integration in mining, and possible approaches to accelerating this energy transition. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 provides an account of the key factors contributing to the business case for renewables in mining, and main obstacles that persist, Section 2 offers an analysis of the existing business models, the associated challenges and emerging solutions. Section 3 concludes by providing policy recommendations to the governments seeking to promote the energy transition of their mining industry and the synergistic development of the domestic renewable energy sector, thereby contributing to the achievement of the SDGs and the objectives of the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The quality of investments made in children, however, is correlated with households' socio-economic status, providing a channel for the transmission of poverty and inequality across generations.10’ In order to prevent social inequality deepening over time and to equalize real opportunities, macroeconomic policies need to support adequate investment in the childhood development of low-income households in particular. ’02This direct care represents a critical component of the unpaid labour necessary to keep an economy going, and which, because of its long-term consequences, needs to be recognized in macroeconomic policy. Care work is necessary to the investment in human beings required to support a viable macroeconomic environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is particularly true in landlocked countries in Africa, where prices for fertilisers are as much as ten times higher than in other developing countries13. World Bank 2012) report that geography seems to be important, as farmers in coastal countries in Africa generally enjoy better prices for fertilisers (a little over USD 600 in South Africa and less than USD 500 in Kenya), but there are coastal states such as Nigeria paying very high prices and landlocked countries such as Kazakhstan enjoying access to fertilisers at relatively low prices, which suggests the influence of other factors, such as the regulatory policies adopted by the concerned countries as regards the seed and fertiliser markets. Among the factors affecting African agricultural trade, Brenton et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Korea is also not listed as a non-Annex I country here, as it is assigned a basic contribution share as part of replenishment GEF cycles. Some share of these resources could be used for climate-related purposes. Some developing countries also provide development assistance, as discussed below, though these amounts are not systematically measured or tracked, systems for doing so have to date been developed by and for “traditional” developed country public finance providers (Dreher et al., It can also be difficult to monitor this information, developed countries have taken many years to establish systems that allow them to better track financial flows, let alone those targeting climate change action in developing countries. Even then, such tracking has generally been limited to public resources aimed at development, broadening the coverage to other financial flows and private climate finance can be complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, India has a National Database for Emergency Management which is a GIS-based repository of data at varying scales which uses core data, hazard-specific data, and dynamic data in spatial as well as temporal form. This is based on an inventory of hazards and vulnerabilities, taking into account the frequency and intensity of hazards, including floods, landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis. Vulnerability is quantified using socio-cultural, economic, physical, and environmental parameters. It also takes into account the regulatory and institutional capacities of local governments, as well as the effectiveness of early warning systems, vocational education system, and mitigation and preparedness systems. The IRBI, which is updated every two years, categorizes 497 districts as being at high, medium or low risk (see map below). These data can then be used to derive a risk index at the provincial level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The American Psychological Association’s Council of Representatives has voted to prohibit psychologists from participating in national security interrogations. The measure was passed by a vote of 156-1, with seven abstentions and one recusal, on 7 August during the association’s 123rd annual convention in Toronto, Canada.1  The vote came after the release of a scathing report in July,2 which concluded that association officials had colluded with officials in the Central Intelligence Agency and the US Department of Defense to align its ethics policies with the policies of the George W Bush Administration on the definition of torture.3 In doing so, the association had allowed psychologists to participate …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By being provided the opportunity to influence the policy design and the implementation schedule, companies and others can be expected to feel a higher ownership of the process and thus be more likely to respond positively. Finally, consultation processes provide "early warning" to the affected groups and make it possible for them to start preparing for expected future policies. Consultation processes require extra time, but the outcome can be better designed policies and more favourable conditions for successful implementation. Similarly, a step-wise introduction can facilitate compliance and reduce related costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Finally, it can help improve quality of life in reducing transport costs (both in time and money), given quicker and/or shorter journeys. To support this, the Chilean government is buying some land for subsidised housing in more central locations to try to reduce segregation and improve the social mix (OECD, 2012b). The main subsidy for vulnerable groups (DS49) includes a viable-location component, if the subsidised house is located close to infrastructure and public transport facilities, and close to health and education services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
AbstractThe American Society for Public Administration and the National Academy of Public Administration, as well as several leading authors in our field, have expressed support for a range of ethical principles, including representativeness, diversity, affirmative action, equality, fairness, and justice. Various social equity reformers have argued that universities should expand their integrative efforts to include more students of poverty and working class origins. This study surveyed the nation’s 50 top-rated MPA schools, asking whether they collect data about their students’ socioeconomic backgrounds. While other academic disciplines have initiated social class-based affirmative action plans for enrolling students, none of the 43 survey respondents said they do so. The discussion closes by suggesting that, with this study’s evidence and justification in place, academic public administration, driven by its commitment to the discipline’s acknowledged ideals, has a sound rationale for establishing econom...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The mobile voice story, however, is very different. Mobile voice and SMS, now considered "basic" in many countries are available to 90 percent of the global population, and 85 percent of people living in rural areas.2 The challenge in this area relates to affordability. The disparity in broadband access is wide. Penetration sits at 34 percent and 36 percent in North America and the European Union ("EU") respectively. This can be compared to 3.4 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1.7 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 0.1 percent in South Asia5 - mind the gap! It is, however, time to reassess it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)