albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Plans and policies designed in the BMA are influenced to large extent by policies and regulations issued by higher levels of government, in particular the national government. This affects not only general development objectives but also sectoral policies in opportunity areas for green growth (e.g. transport, energy). The main components of Indonesia’s National Development Plans (RPJPN 2005-2025 and RPJMN, 2015-2019) are translated at lower levels of government into the West Java Province Development Plans and into each of the five municipalities of BMA (e.g. Bandung Development Plans) (Table 4.1). This is a powerful instrument of policy harmonisation in Indonesia, and a means of boosting cities’ economic and environmental performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the 21st Century, distinctions and boundaries between global health, international politics, and the broader interests of the global community are harder to define and enforce than ever before. As a result, global health workers, leaders, and institutions face pressing questions around the nature and extent of their involvement with non-health endeavors, including international conflict resolution, counter-terrorism, and peace-keeping, under the global health diplomacy (GHD) paradigm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, while an increase in the share of older age groups tends to boost health-care spending because health needs increase with age, longevity gains could translate into “healthy ageing". For long-term care, however, there may be less of an offset: extra longevity is unlikely to reduce dependency, and long-term care costs are concentrated on the very old age groups, whose numbers will increase the most. The reason why income gains on their own might not generate tremendous pressure is related to the size of the aggregate elasticity of health expenditure per capita to GDP per capita. The hypothesis that health care is a "superior" good is generally rejected based on micro-data analysis where health spending is found to be relatively inelastic to individual income (implying that health is a “necessity", even though estimates might be blurred by the extent of insurance coverage). Moreover, evidence that the aggregate elasticity is significantly greater than unity is not very robust (see Oliveira Martins and de la Maisonneuve, 2006, Annex 2B). As a result, long-term financial simulations generally assume an aggregate income elasticity within the range of 1.0-1.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The institutional turn in comparative authoritarianism has generated wide interest. This article reviews three prominent books on authoritarian institutions and their central theoretical propositions about the origins, functions and effects of dominant party institutions on authoritarian rule. Two critical perspectives on political institutions, one based on rationalist theories of institutional design and the other based on a social conflict theory of political economy, suggest that authoritarian institutions are epiphenomenal on more fundamental political, social and/or economic relations. Such approaches have been largely ignored in this recent literature, but each calls into question the theoretical and empirical claims that form the basis of institutionalist approaches to authoritarian rule. A central implication of this article is that authoritarian institutions cannot be studied separately from the concrete problems of redistribution and policy making that motivate regime behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Payment systems are tied to activities, inputs or last year’s outlays, and do not reward quality or outcomes. The negative effects that one would expect from traditional payment systems are manifest - increasing spend, with no improvement in productivity or outcomes. The rate of hospital discharges per bed has risen from 45 discharges per bed in 1990 to 62 in 2015, as shown in Figure 3.15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Modem medicine has also been called mainstream medicine (MM), allopathic medicine, conventional medicine, modern medicine, orthodox medicine, traditional medicine. Western medicine or clinical medicine. It involves the approach to health care practiced in developed nations, based on scientific data for diagnosing and treating disease, MM assumes that all physiologic and pathological phenomena can be explained in concrete terms, MM tools include non-human model systems, blind studies and statistical analysis to ensure reproducible results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In private-subsidised schools, principals are employed according to the Labour Code. While the employment framework, therefore, differs, school principals in both systems need to have relevant training and teaching experience to be eligible for a position. Professionals from other fields outside education may only apply in exceptional cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Team Academy offers a special three and a half year educational stream. Each student takes intensive training in leadership and marketing as a member of a team through real life project work. The Team Academy is open to business students, but based on its experiences, a set of courses promoting entrepreneurship have been developed to all students, under the title “the path for nascent entrepreneur”. It has provided entrepreneurial education for more than 500 BBA graduates and given birth to 17 companies in addition to the cooperatives that operate during the study time. About 25% of the Team Academy graduates are active entrepreneurs especially in the service sector and consultancy. The Team Academy has received a number of national awards for its innovative learning methods and its proven track record in the enhancement of entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTThis article investigates how members of US Congress legitimized their votes in four cases of military interventions after the Cold War (Iraq 1991, 2002–2009, Somalia 1993, Libya 2011). Using an original dataset on congressional rhetoric, the qualitative content analysis highlights that the domestic legitimization of military interventions hinges on members of Congress’s perception of external threats and national interests. So far, international relations research focused on the executive and the war powers literature offered mainly quantitative accounts on voting patterns within the legislative branch―especially for the US case. The relevance of national interest arguments within congressional debates confirms the expectations of neoclassical realism while contradicting previous studies about a dominant discourse in US society, which legitimizes interventions with universal values, such as democracy promotion or human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To stem speculative attacks, the central bank responded by intervening in the foreign exchange market and tightening controls on currency trade. A new 20% reserve requirement was imposed on all currency forward positions. These projections are still largely in line with a minimum target for an economic growth rate of 6.5% during the country’s 13th five-year plan (2016-2020). The plan places emphasis on the quality of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For financial and organisational reasons, these water resources plans are progressively being implemented, with priority given to scenarios that consolidate the local structure. Prior to the implementation of the federal government’s public policies for the construction of water and sanitation utilities at national level, inter-institutional collaborative agreements became official between the federal public administration’s departments and institutions. Human, financial, infrastructural and technical resources were coordinated through these agreements in order to develop studies and projects, and implement basic infrastructures and utilities in low human development indicator municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is no information available regarding the tourism sector, as it is regarded as urban consumption from the water resources management standpoint. The unsatisfactory sanitary and technical conditions existing in the WSSs often lead to breakdowns, leading to losses of 40-60 per cent. The water tariffs currently in place allow for only partial recovery of operation and maintenance costs of water services, estimated at 75 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Current trends intensify the longstanding problem of how the rule-of-law should be institutionalized in the welfare state. Welfare programs are being re-designed to increase their capacities to adapt to rapidly changing conditions and to tailor their responses to diverse clienteles. These developments challenge the understanding of legal accountability developed in the Warren Court era. This Article reports on an emerging model of accountable administration that strives to reconcile programmatic flexibility with rule-of-law values. The model has been developed in the reform of state child protective services systems, but it has potentially broad application to public law. It also has novel implications for such basic rule-of-law issues as the choice between rules and standards, the relation of bureaucratic and judicial control, the proper scope of judicial intervention into dysfunctional public agencies, and the justiciability of "positive" (or social and economic) rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To cover these, 87% of the population have voluntary health insurance and there is help for those who cannot afford it. Out-of-pocket payments are low overall, but the share of private expenditure is high compared to the EU average. However, despite the strong primary care system, there is a lack of coordination and integration across levels and sectors, causing discontinuity of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first election held after the 2014 constitutional amendment came into force was the legislative election of 2015. It saw 211 women voted into the Chamber of Deputies - 42.37% of the total and up from 36.8% in the previous 2012 election (PARLINE database). Many of the OECD countries that have statutory gender quotas for their parliaments still fall short of the numerical target set by law. In Mexico, for example, while the 2008 electoral law targeted a gender quota of 40% of women, the 2009 legislative election delivered only 28.2%. Prior to 2011, a loophole in the electoral law allowed parties to nominate less than 40% of women if they did so as a result of a “democratic election process” - as defined by each political party (Box 5.3). In 2011, the TEPJF crucially ruled that the practice was unconstitutional, so closing the loophole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The department was, however, primarily intended to assist Tongans overseas concerning issues in Tonga, such as land registration, providing updates on legal and policy changes or assisting them when they visit Tonga, and for such things as quick passport renewals or assisting deportees to become re-integrated. In a sense, the objective was to include overseas Tongans more directly in the affairs of the country. According to the then prime minister, it was, however, a somewhat futile strategy, since ‘relatives took care of all these things more effectively than a bureaucracy’ (personal communication). After the change of government in 2010, the department effectively lapsed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And what role did female participation, employment intensity and job characteristics play in the upward trend in household income inequality? To answer these questions, it is useful to simulate a series of counterfactual distributions of household income. The counterfactual exercise builds on the results from a decomposition approach based on Firpo et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These disorders are the cause of staggering economic and social costs. The indicator is also called Primary Completion Rate. Universal primary education is an important goal of the international sustainable development agenda. Education is a process by which human beings and societies reach their fullest potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, pension reforms are often not easy to make. Even reforms extending rights, which are in principle politically rewarding, may generate resistance when they touch the benefits received by others, impose costsforfinancing, reassign resources or alter previously established social norms. Policy makers need to be innovative and seize the right moment to put relevant issues in the agenda. One key constraint in most reforms involving an expansion of coverage and benefits is financing, which may restrict the options available or generate resistance when resources are redirected from other ends (as in the case of Renta Dignidad in Plurinational State of Bolivia, see Muller 2009). To compensate for gender gaps, many gender-equitable policies require state subsidies, which are likely to face greater restrictions in austerity contexts. Some reforms also require administrative capacity-for instance, to administer contribution records or means tests -that is not always present in lower-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This enables an accurate description of inter-temporal restrictions as start-up, minimal operation and minimal offline times. The generation is however described by a continuous variable, whose value can vary between the installed net capacity and the minimal load. In order to avoid a high computational effort, the start-up/ shutdown status can alternatively be described with a continuous variable based on a linear relaxation. Hence, the provision of reserve capacity is also a part of the unit commitment and dispatch optimisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
United Nations General Assembly officially established the Technology Bank as a new UN institution in 2016, however, it took until June 2018 to inaugurate the Technology Bank’s headquarters in Gebze, Turkey. In 2018, the Technology Bank are planning to conduct STI reviews and technology-need assessments in five LDCs and improve access for scientists and researchers to data, publications and STI initiatives in another twelve. The digitalisation of societies and economies have the potential to serve as a catalyst in making progress towards many of the SDGs. Several international declarations have recognised the growing importance and cross-cutting nature of STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Figure 1.12 provides more detail on the dynamics of C02 emissions per capita in the region, focusing on emissions from fuel combustion only and using IEA data (IEA Energy Balances Statistics, n.d.). These data demonstrate that C02 emissions in the energy sector of the EaP countries remained stable over the period 2004-14. However, without a further transformational change, improving living standards in the region may result in an increase in energy consumption and emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The indicator is calculated from data gained by people's direct responses to eight questions regarding their access to food of adequate quality and quantity. It is used in the FIES module on food insecurity (FAO, 2017c, 2017p) for the calculation of the food insecurity prevalence (SDG Indicator 2.1.2). The answers determine one of three possible conclusions: mild food insecurity, moderate food insecurity, and severe food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Internet increasingly allows access to information on a global scale, reducing information asymmetries and helping to create a virtuous circle for innovation across the globe. The Internet helps new services to emerge and improves already existing ones by making them more efficient. Internet enabled services are able to reach out to consumers, including connected consumers in rural areas, who otherwise would not be able to benefit from them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Often such problems are a result of timing—it takes years to collect evidence, and policy makers need to make decisions quickly about which policies are succeeding, which require adjustment, and which should be phased out. This is all the more reason to have few priorities, invest strategically and parsimoniously in research and evaluation, and carefully assess interim trends. The Steering Group did not hear much about either data driven or research-based decision making, although there are a substantial number of evaluations going on. The new Centre for Education Research within the Norwegian Research Council should address this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This moderate level of severity of food insecurity can contribute to various forms of malnutrition and has serious consequences for health and well-being. For this reason, this report was renamed The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World in 2017. Since then it has reported on nutrition indicators, in addition to food security indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Charitable foundations associated with the financial industry also engage in projects targeting migrants, for instance in Egypt (Attia and Engelhardt, 2016). The institute also works with the IFAD facility to encourage community-based organizations to share good practice in financial literacy. During the migration stage, the focus is on remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These findings are consistent with previous work that examined differences in wage inequality across countries (Blau and Khan, 2005, Fournier and Koske, 2012). Returns to education are also found to be an important role in explaining the rise in earnings inequality (see Autor, 2014). In these countries, however, the magnitude of the contribution is quite small. Two types of explanation are commonly proposed in the literature. The first emphasises relative supply and demand for skills: characteristics in lower (net) supply get higher rewards. The second, emphasises the role played by labour market institutions such as minimum wages, the degree of unionisation and the rules governing wage bargaining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (9): 1078-1092. Geneva, available at: www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue9/bul0711 .pdf. Regulatory approaches to rural electrification and renewable energy: case studies from six developing countries World Bank Working Paper (by Martinot E. and Reiche K).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Basel Convention website8 provides data on transboundary movement of hazardous waste and other waste (i.e. household waste and incinerator ash from household waste) and this could be a starting point to understand the trends and magnitude of such trade flows.9 Correspondence tables between waste codes and the Harmonised System (HS)10 are also made available by the Secretariat of the Basel Convention (2013) as well as individual studies by Kellenberg (2012), which enables to complement data on international trade flows of waste. Preliminary results show that global trade in waste and scrap reached 227 million tonnes in weight and USD 96 billion in value in 2016. Over the period of 2003 to 2016, the amount of trade increased by 48% in weight and 183% in value. These trends imply that the value of waste and scrap has significantly increased during the past decade. The majority of these trade flows consisted of metal, paper and plastic waste and scrap which all together accounted for 97% in total value and 94% in total weight in 2016 (Figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA), Innocenti Working Paper, 2012-10, Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-04 Florence: UNICEF Office of Research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the 1959 Water Law establishes the framework for the control and protection of Israel’s water resources. A 2004 amendment to this law allows the allocation of water explicitly for nature and landscape assets. A government decision in 2000 allocated 50 million m3 per year of water to nature, raised in 2010 to 60 million m3 per year (including 10 million m3 of potable water) (Chapter 4). First, the National Parks and Nature Reserves Law and the Wildlife Protection Law aim at “nature protection”, which is similar but not identical to “biodiversity conservation and management”. Hence, these laws provide solutions for individual species rather than for biodiversity and ecosystems under threat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Results of the governments efforts in the implementation of the provisions of this sessional paper were seen in significant overall economic growth and development (Oyugi, 2006). Hope (2012) also observes that, as a result of the policies arising from Sessional Paper 10, the immediate post-independence period was, beyond the success with the economy, characterised by some forms of public sector transformation. Depending on the factors considered, different writers on public sector reforms and transformation in Kenya characterise the country’s reform journey into four phases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Run-of-river hydropower schemes tend to be less disrupting, but even they can involve diversions which affect other water users (OECD EAP Task Force, 2012b). The same is true for withdrawals for cooling in thermal power and industrial plants, where volumes of water are typically very large, and with the added impact caused by the release of water at higher temperatures into recipient water bodies (World Bank, 2014). There is no justification for the current practice in Georgia of treating the abstraction of irrigation water on the same footing as thermal power cooling for the purpose of levying abstraction charges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among these are the Sahabat Alam Malaysia, the country’s leading civil society social environment organisation, and Pantai Acheh, the world’s smallest national park and Consumer’s Association of Penang whose well-researched studies have provided substantive strength on many fronts to Malaysians. As a port city, there is potential for maritime education and research. Above all, the Penang area has a significant repository of diverse ethnic groups, including retirees and expatriates, who constitute an untapped source of talent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, a number of councils include the holders of high posts and senior public officials. Ministers who are not members of a sub-council can attend their sessions. Each of the ministers can request a decision of a sub-council to be presented to the full cabinet. This interdepartmental preparation occurs through official co-ordination committees, the so-called “official anterooms”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If the migrants return home, they are considered return migrants, if they migrate to another place again, they are considered stepwise migrants. It is measured by comparing the place of residence at the moment of measurement with the place of residence up to five years earlier. It is measured by comparing the place of residence at the moment of measurement with the place of residence at birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)