albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Department of Health, 2014a). The consultation has now closed and comments are being considered. Decisions to detain a person under the Act are a matter for clinical judgement, and it is agreed that there is no right or wrong overall number. What matters is that each individual decision should be correct at the time that it is taken. Positive and Proactive Care, reducing the use of restrictive interventions’ was published by the Department of Health in April 2014. It includes a requirement for Trust boards or equivalent to develop restraint reduction plans and to record the use of restraint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Compacts are agreements at various levels that seek to generate institutions in the broadest sense, that is to say, a set of rules or patterns of behaviour around which the expectations of social and political actors converge, and that effectively structure or coordinate their interactions. These compacts must change the policy and incentive framework to transform the existing structure and old institutions. They are a new point of social and political engagement for the stakeholders to achieve a collective vision on a path of high productivity with equality and environmental sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The total catch and total allowable catch for each of the years since 2004 is set out in Table 2. Rivers w'hich have an identifiable surplus over the conservation limit are open for salmon and sea trout fishing. Rivers meeting in excess of 65% of the conservation limit are granted catch and release status subject to approval.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are, currently, a number of different initiatives that support reporting. For the private sector, the most well known for sustainability reporting is the framework of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): The Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. The more recently launched framework for integrated reporting of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) addresses more explicitly the holistic approach towards business performance. For the public sector, the OECD has developed indicators for monitoring green growth at a country level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Algeria, education became obligatory in 1970. In Libya, education is compulsory and is free of charge at all levels, including advanced education. Today, the public sector remains the largest sector employing women, hiring 50% of all women in the labour force in 2012 (OECD findings). Likewise, in Tunisia the most important share of women in the labour force has attained tertiary education, with a rate of 38.3%, against 19.1% for males, followed by females with secondary' education (30%, against 37% for males), and with primary education (19.3%, against 32.9% for males) (Tunisia national census, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the broader evidence is mixed. In a recent synthesis of qualitative and quantitative reviews and key evidence, van den Bold and colleagues (2013) find that although qualitative evidence on CCTs, largely from Latin America and the Caribbean, generally points to positive impacts on empowerment indicators, quantitative results are mixed. More recent studies focusing on the Africa region have come to the same broad conclusions (Bonilla et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Coupled with Dominica's mountainous island topography and the saturated condition of the soil, the heavy rainfall resulted in intense and rapid flooding, with little warning to the population (Dominica Government 2015e). Dominica suffered severe infrastructure damage, primarily related to transportation, housing and agriculture. There were 30 deaths and around 28,594 people were affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has developed a rice variety that can survive under freshwater for two weeks.49 Such seed varieties can help famers adapt to climate change and its negative impacts, while also improving food security. Policies that address these challenges, such as improving information flows through agricultural extension services in developing countries, could help their agricultural sectors adapt to climate change. First, damage from climate-related disasters is often concentrated in the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Each of these endangered species is targeted for international trade in Asia, due to the grow'th in demand for ivory and other illegal wildlife products (CITES Secretariat/IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group/Traffic International 2013). With hundreds of miles of coastline and many active ports with limited customs agency resources, law enforcement has great difficulty intercepting the traffickers before large-scale shipments are sent to international markets in Asia. It is impossible for customs and border police to monitor, control, and secure against the modern day volume of illegal trafficking, but the use of advanced technologies can aid such agencies in deterring the flow of illicit trade and smuggling operations (Bau, 2014). This is perhaps due to its relatively localised production, distribution and consumption mainly within African countries close to the ranges where the hunted species live.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A further 7% is technical. The remaining 4% is technological. While this is a small proportion of SENA's total effort, it accounts for over half of the national effort in the area. Important efforts are under way, guided by the Ministries of Labour and Education, to develop and implement a national competency framework to integrate the national training effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has made efforts to counter the impact of drug trafficking and abuse in West Africa, there has been an overall increase in drug trafficking between Latin America and Europe using Africa as a transit area. The increase in illicit drug use in West Africa has resulted in challenges related to security, treatment and negative health and social consequences of that drug use. According to South African law enforcement authorities, drug trafficking organizations from China and the Balkans have established a significant presence in Southern Africa. In addition to importing drugs directly into Southern Africa, drug trafficking organizations ship drugs to Maputo, and from there the drugs are transported by truck to South Africa. A five-year strategic framework on drug control, focusing on drug abuse prevention and treatment standards, as well as the establishment of national and regional drug observatories, was discussed at the first meeting of the African Union Specialized Technical Committee on Health, Population and Drug Control, held in Addis Ababa in April 2015. During that meeting, African ministers of health, population and drug control held a meeting to discuss linkages between health and drug control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The result is a relatively uncoordinated range of national mandates and incentives for developing indigenous energy supplies where available, including coal, heavy oils, biofuels and other renewables, which leads to a patchwork of local standards and technologies. There is a strong element of rivalry between consumer governments, but they align with each other where their interests coincide. In this scenario, national energy companies play key intermediary roles, but themselves become increasingly mired in political machinations. Globalization exacerbates the tensions within and between nations, and distracts policy-makers from the need to take action and build international coalitions to face the challenges of energy and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While cannabis is the drug most abused by both men and women in terms of annual prevalence, cocaine is the second most frequent drug of abuse for men, whereas for women cannabis is followed closely by the misuse of tranquillizers, with cocaine coming a distant third. Experts in South America perceive an increase in cocaine use in the region, which is considered to be driven by increased abuse in Brazil. The rise in abuse of smokable cocaine has been receiving particular attention from national authorities, with the annual prevalence of “crack” cocaine being estimated at 0.7 per cent in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 0-2 scale is also problematic given both adaptation and mitigation activities are often integrated with other development objectives such as poverty alleviation and energy access. Particularly given the highly contextual nature of adaptation, it is often very difficult to tell from a project description of an activity whether or not it is adaptive. As Tirpak, et al (2010) point out, an activity that supports adaptation in one context may be maladaptive in another, depending upon climatic, environmental, socio-economic, cultural and institutional factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is only an approximate correspondence between transfers paid to “elderly” and “non-elderly” age groups and the functional classification used in the OECD social expenditure data. A considerable share of spending on old-age benefits is received by those drawing retirement benefits before they reach the age of 65. At the same time, a part of expenditures in the categories “incapacity related”, “housing” or “other social policy areas” may provide income support to the elderly. The decline is somewhat smaller, but still substantial, when early retirement benefits are included. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the OECD Development Centre, 2 me Andr6 Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France, or to dev.contact@oecd.org. Documents may be downloaded from: www.oecd.org/dev/wp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, this assessment of multidimensional poverty is limited to the material deprivations that household surveys conducted in the region can quantify. To make better use of the multidimensional approach, material deprivations should be assessed along with deprivation in other components of well-being. To do so requires improving the sources of information currently available. In most of the countries of the region, early fertility among poor mothers is falling at a slower pace than for all mothers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Two million of them have not finished Grade 12 (Kraak, 2013). Around half of young adults under 25 years are unemployed, with unemployment worsening since the global economic crisis (Statistics South Africa, 2014). While some of these young people will be working in South Africa's extensive informal economy (see Leibbrandt M. et. While the NEET challenge is typically greater in emerging economies (Quintini and Martin, 2013), in South Africa it is particularly severe (See Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Of course, the incentive to over-fish and sell the fish outside the set of monitored ports (in the case of Norway, this means outside Norway) remains the same, so that the equilibrium may well involve more over-fishing. Even if it does result in higher over-fishing, the advantage of a better recording of catches is not insignificant. Conservation efforts depend on accurate statistics and biological models that properly reflect stock dynamics (even with accurate statistics on catches, estimation of the underlying stock is still difficult).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is especially important for small-scale projects that would normally not resort to this form of funding. If legal barriers and complex up-front investment discussions are streamlined and investments are standardised, smart contracts could be used to execute investment transactions. In addition, appropriate screening of the platform and investment transactions will need to be ensured. This is especially important in regards to regulatory aspects in the realm of energy systems and grid resilience, or the prevention of investment flows to countries subject to economic sanctions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract This article draws together three issues—the environment, health, and (in)justice—with the overall purpose of articulating an agenda for policy and research that works towards improved justice and sustainability in the environmental health arena. Considerable research in the United States and elsewhere has shown that both environmental exposures and poor health are more prevalent in populations that are marginalized by race and social class (typically measured as income). The logical next step has been to attempt to establish concrete cause-effect links between health effects and environmental exposures in order to mobilize government action to reduce these disparities. However, we caution against pursuing such causal links alone as a necessary precondition for just and sustainable environmental health policy. We instead argue for a framework that considers both environmental justice and health inequality in terms of compounded disadvantage at the community level. We support a precautionary appro...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The architecture of these networks can be used to spread new practices, from the centre to the periphery of the network. A third strategy is to stimulate the diffusion of social changes between already connected actors (peers). This strategy, which is like a communication or marketing campaign, uses the properties of the existing network to facilitate the dissemination and adoption of new behaviours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Another lasting impact of this resolution is the explicit criteria that it declares for accessibility to drinking water and sanitation, noting that it needs to be “safe, clean, accessible and affordable”. It thus can be argued that this resolution introduced criteria that will need to be considered in shaping access to water and sanitation beyond 2015, including universal coverage, water quality and affordability. Additionally, wastewater treatment is highlighted within the scope of water quality protection and the reuse of treated wastewater is referenced within the scope of rural development and agricultural production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, it summarizes the achievements of SAICM and other initiatives in the area of international chemicals management. This has ensured broad participation and the presentation of different perspectives on issues, thereby enhancing the legitimacy of SAICM. To realise effective stakeholder participation, general awareness-raising is important, it provides motivation and tools to become active in the development and implementation of the policy framework. This was the case, for example, during ICCM4, where a strong interest group blocked progress towards the adoption of stringent actions on endocrine disrupting chemicals. Notably, intergovernmental organizations (UN-based and others), non-governmental organizations, and the chemical industry are fundamental participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Over the last 10 years, new media has ascended to a prominent place in many fields that utilize communication technologies. At the same time, new media education has evolved in such a way that students are often not prepared to understand the social context of new media design and development. To produce new media professionals who are adequately prepared to meet the needs of an online hyper-social marketplace, new media curricula must reflect those human-centered theories and practices found within the discipline of interaction design, in addition to formal new media technical knowledge. The authors propose a new three-by-three theoretical model, referred to as Knowledge-Operators-and-Domains (KOD). Applying this model suggests an approach that extends the practical boundaries of new media to include a range of human-centered theories and practices, such as ethnography and usability-based studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this paper, Tyson E. Lewis challenges the dominant theoretical and practical educational responses to globalization. On the level of public policy, Lewis demonstrates the limitations of both neoliberal privatization and liberal calls for rehabilitating public schooling. On the level of pedagogy, Lewis breaks with the dominant liberal democratic tradition which focuses on the cultivation of democratic dispositions for cosmopolitan citizenship. Shifting focus, Lewis posits a new location for education out of bounds of the common sense of public versus private, nationalism versus cosmopolitanism, inclusion versus exclusion, human versus civil rights. This is the space of the commonwealth whose actors cannot be identified as ‘citizens’ but are rather the anonymous multitude. In conclusion, Lewis finds a model for organizing this commonwealth in the work of Ivan Illich, whose learning networks speak to the urgent political and pedagogical need for exodus from the conceptual vocabulary that defines much of t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Source: OECD Network on Early Childhood Education and Care’s “Survey for the Quality Toolbox and ECEC Portal”, June 2011. For Sweden, data regarding child care refers to childminders. For Noiway, data regarding child care refers to child/youth workers. For Prince Edward Island (CAN), data refers to entry-level ECEC staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indicators for targets 9.b and 9.c have data available. Globally, energy efficiency and the use of cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent between 2000 and 2013. Although expenditure on research and development continues to grow globally, the poorest countries, especially those in Africa, spend a very small proportion of their GDP on such expenditure. In 2013, global investment in research and development stood at $1.7 trillion (purchasing power parity), up from $732 billion in 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, these villages are not considered properly electrified until further solutions are implemented (Ministry of New and Renewable Energies, 2007). However, the vast majority, 95%, of remote census villages taken up for electrification under the programme are provided with SPV home lighting systems. Such complaints have been taken up by some political parties which have been exerting pressure for grid power to reach their constituents, as opposed to stand-alone systems. As a consequence, the list of villages to be electrified under the Remote Village Electrification (RVE) scheme is being shortened each year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Switzerland and the United Kingdom, with comparatively long hospitalisation durations, have also experienced a strong decrease in the past few years, converging to the averages in other countries. Some countries, e.g. Norway or Denmark, have exceedingly short stays with a mean length below five days, pointing to fundamental differences between countries regarding their mental health care strategies. Furthermore, a Cochrane meta-analysis in 2000 did not find increased readmission risks of planned short-term admissions of patients with severe mental illnesses (Johnstone and Zolese, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A smart grid demonstration project is currently underway in the island of Jeju. The ability to collect and transmit real-time data as well as measurement devices permitting two-way communication allow for remote reading and greater demand-side participation. Smart meters also offer a broader set of tariffs based on real-time prices. Distributed energy resources are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 to 10 000 kW) located close to where electricity is used (e.g. a home or business) to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system (California Energy Commission, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Investments in port planning should consider these potential broad impacts as part of a national freight transport and logistics strategy. Furthermore, private investment in port terminals is facilitated by the by development of national freight transport and logistics strategies (ITF, 2015). The key challenges—low performance, particularly at the ship-to-shore interface, lack of capacity, and slow clearing and forwarding arrangements—all result in high cargo dwell times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The expansion appears also to have been at the expense of diluting the quality of academic staff, and by implication, the quality of graduates and their research outputs. Known popularly also as “Pearl of the Orient”, Penang is an international tourist destination famous for its many historic and scenic attractions and its diverse cultures. Growth and development has made Penang one of Malaysia’s most successful states without losing most of its historical charm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the latter, one office is often given more significant administrative responsibilities and a co-ordinating role. In less urban areas, these responsibilities are more frequently found at a sub-regional level OECD (2009a). This department operates a district office in the Brunei-Muara district (with a population of roughly 200 000). As the total population of Brunei is only 388 190 (equivalent to the sub-regional level in other countries) the PES was considered to have maximum flexibility for the purposes of this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Reforming the tax administration by improving information management and cross-checking statements and declarations leads to greater efficiency in tax collection.1 Setting up a special unit for high-income taxpayers has also been found to be helpful. Reducing or eliminating exemptions and loopholes, as well as enticing more businesses to join the formal sector, can go a long way towards broadening the tax base. It may be useful to combine the carrots of some incentives for tax payment with sticks of better enforcement. In all cases, however, revenues will rise only if the Government has the political will, makes its intentions clear and is consistent and determined about tax administration. The principle should generally be to rely as far as possible on rules-based and non-discretionary tax instruments that are corruption-resistant and have lower transaction costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 stands as one of the greatest achievements in U.S. history. Although the law made discrimination illegal, its effectiveness, especially Title VII covering the employment domain, remains highly contested. The authors argue that legal shifts produce workplace racial integration only to the extent that there are additional political pressures on firms to desegregate. They examine fluctuating national political pressure to enforce equal employment opportunity law and affirmative action mandates as key influences on the pace of workplace racial desegregation and explore trajectories of Black-White integration in U.S. workplaces since 1966. Their results show that although federal and state equal employment opportunity pressures had initial successes in reducing racial segregation in workplaces, little progress has been made since the early 1980s. They conclude that racial desegregation is an ongoing politically mediated process, not a natural or inevitable outcome of early civil ri...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)