albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Urban challenges can be separated into two broad categories: developed versus developing countries, and within those categories, primate versus secondary cities. This simplified typology is not intended to be exhaustive but rather illustrative of some of the differences in urban conditions and challenges which exist and would influence policy recommendations and specific solutions of the New Urban Agenda. The levels of GDP per capita of countries are used as proxies for level of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An aid scheme was established to encourage tree thinning so that, in general, the costs of forest maintenance projects such as thinning were divided up, with national government aid covering around 50 per cent, prefectural governments providing approximately 20 per cent and forest owners approximately 30 per cent. How to reduce costs that fall outside government assistance and how to proceed with tree thinning are major issues, because many local governments are under financial pressure and tree thinning has no economic merits for the individual forest owner. Furthermore, as there is no benefit to be gained from tree thinning and removal of wood, “cut and leave thinning”, whereby the cut material is abandoned in the forest, is increasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Where appropriate, states have also leveraged additional funds through issuing tax-exempt bonds to retail investors and investment management institutions. Revolving funds typically provide loans and, once repaid, the capital is available for new loans. The funds would also provide various forms of direct and indirect assistance to the borrowers. Each state operates its own CWSRF program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
I believe that political parties should commit to achieving gender parity within the leadership and also in the list of candidates that they put up for elections. A wide strip of land was critically damaged. More than 500 Chileans lost their lives and we will be rebuilding the country for a number of years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, the implications of the crisis on advanced economies are already affecting levels of ODA, which in 2011 declined for the first time since the early 2000s. Within the context of fiscal austerity, donors are facing an increasing need to justify large aid flows and demonstrate that taxpayer funds are generating ‘value for money’ and that interventions are ‘working’. There is also increasing interest in exploring how AfT can act as a catalyst for private sector investments. It analyses where barriers to effectiveness emerge and then examines circumstances that affect outcomes at each phase of the AfT project or programming cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scientists play an important role in framing public engagement with science. Their language can facilitate or impede particular interactions taking place with particular citizens: scientists' "speech acts" can "perform" different types of "scientific citizenship". This paper examines how scientists in Australia talked about therapeutic cloning during interviews and during the 2006 parliamentary debates on stem cell research. Some avoided complex labels, thereby facilitating public examination of this field. Others drew on language that only opens a space for publics to become educated, not to participate in a more meaningful way. Importantly, public utterances made by scientists here contrast with common international utterances: they did not focus on the therapeutic but the research promises of therapeutic cloning. Social scientists need to pay attention to the performative aspects of language in order to promote genuine citizen involvement in techno-science. Speech Act Theory is a useful analytical tool for this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Death and disease exacts a heavy toll on citizens in many democracies. I argue that the funding and distribution of health policy in democracies are subject to political economic distributive pressures. Patterns of partisanship, strategic importance, and quality of legislative representation condition the provision of public health funding within countries. In turn, public health spending alters district mortality outcomes. I assemble administrative district level data for late Third Republic France and model its health funding and mortality rates. Political importance, not need, plays a prominent role in determining who lives and dies in democracies. In an environment analogous to modern developing countries but absent international political pressures, my results demonstrate that poor health is not just a consequence of lack of funding but also domestic political economy incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, to benefit, countries will need to strengthen technology capabilities and increase access for all groups in a wide range of areas, with support from the international community. They have spurred innovations such as big data, Al, 3D printing, Internet of things (IoT), robotics, cloud computing and many others. The Internet of Things (IoT) monitors and manages connected objects and machines and has applications in healthcare, agriculture, energy, and water management and quality.4 Al offers a wide range of capabilities including image recognition for diagnostics in health care, and agriculture. Combined with robotics, Al could transform production and distribution networks, in line with new business models, especially in manufacturing.5 New types of 3D printing6 allow ever faster and cheaper low-volume production and rapid iterative prototyping of new products,7 offering benefits in healthcare, construction and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The more links a node has, the more connected it is, and the more likely it is to function as a hub (Lohmann, Albers, Koch, & Pavlovich, 2009). Tourism destinations that adopt a position as an aviation hub or gateway, and that are well serviced by air connections and accessible to a wide range of markets, can play an important role in stimulating the development of local and regional economies (Box 14). International cruise ships can cany thousands of passengers from port to port.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As described, the task of compiling systematic overviews of Norwegian and international educational research and make this knowledge available to the authorities and other users could go a long way toward solving this problem. However, higher spending in lower secondary education (beyond a certain basic level) is only tenuously linked to better student learning outcomes (OECD, 2007). According to PISA, the overall lack of a relationship between resources and outcomes does not show that resources are irrelevant, but that their level does not have a systematic impact within the prevailing range and it also depends on that resources are used efficiently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, the table presents a useful broad overview of the complexities of legislative impact on different phases of offshore renewable energy development. Shipping emissions are projected to increase over the coming decades. The IMO, for example, indicates that shipping-related carbon dioxide emissions would double or triple by 2050 (IMO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
We must obtain real-time data that can be easily analyzed across sectors and address the policy questions that need answering. Getting the right information to the right people at the right time saves lives and reduces losses, while also strengthening people's resilience to disasters. Some Asia-Pacific countries now have state-of-the-art disaster information management systems, but others have major gaps in data and analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For working-age women, services such as childcare and water and sanitation (discussed in section Investment in social services) are critical to redressing their socio-economic disadvantage by enabling their participation in the workforce. In addition, child-related transfers can help them shoulder some of the costs associated with raising children (see section Social transfers for families with children), while paid maternity and parental leave ensures that income is available when parents stay at home during the first months of a child's life (see Chapter 2). This section focuses on income security for the unemployed. In much of the developing world, however, such schemes either do not exist or reach only a minority, particularly where most workers are in informal self-employment, as in many sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries (see Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While initially focusing on the CRGE’s primary environmental aim of cutting back GHG emissions, an effective green growth strategy will also need to make far better use of natural assets within ecological limits. Green growth is also about understanding, developing, investing in and earning more from Ethiopia’s soils, water bodies, forests and biodiversity - and then accounting for changes in environmental stocks and flows. Green growth will also need to tackle the possible, if unintended, environmental and social problems and trade-offs that might arise from a focus on GHG reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The stewardship domain could not be assessed because of a lack of data for the selected indicators, signalling where infonnation systems capabilities need to be improved to support monitoring and evaluation efforts. This first HSPA now serves as a baseline to gauge any improvements in domains of evaluation over time. In particular, obesity prevalence is the highest in the EU and represents a major public health challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, at the same time, both ICTs and these policies - separately and in combination - have fundamentally altered the balance of power in many labour markets, to the detriment of workers. This effect has been particularly strong in countries with mature and highly developed labour market institutions, which have thus come under pressure. But looking back in time is nonetheless helpful in combatting pessimism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A pre-requisite to benefit from all school-related Foundations for Success is to be in school, therefore, access pertains to equity: do children from various sub-populations differ in their access to inclusive environments, quality instruction, learning time and material resources? Thus, access also has to do with equality: do children from various sub-populations differ in their distribution of attainment and performance? They are mainly from rural settings, and more likely to be girls. Youth with disabilities and those belonging to minority ethnic, linguistic or religious groups are also more likely to be oul-of-school. All of these factors are usually confounded with poverty (Carr-Hill, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When used in a non-technical context, there is generally a presumption that tax-benefit systems reduce inequalities by transferring resources to those in greater economic need (i.e., by taxing people and using the revenue to finance transfers). However, public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place. For instance, a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself, even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers, while a lump-sum tax increases it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Past resettlement projects often turned out to be ineffective: the resettled households were not satisfied with their living conditions in the new location (due to insufficient financial support for construction of houses there, inappropriate quality of soil in the allocated land for agriculture, lack of employment opportunities, etc.) At the same time, there remains the problem of previous spontaneous individual housing. The Master Plan of Dushanbe (approved in 1983 and adjusted in 2010) provides for demolition of tire "kibit" buildings made of traditional cob material in the central part of the city, which have total floor space estimated at about 750,000 nr, with an eye to using tire land for construction of multi-storey residential buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As concluded by Hovgaard (2015), the public sector of the Faroe Islands is important to the gender balance and to the career opportunities of Faroese women. According to Hovgaard, when Faroese men working as Long Distance Workers in the maritime sector choose to have their permanent address on the Faroe Islands, this is often motivated by providing the opportunity for their wives to find local employment. Hovgaard states that long distance work, as a profession and method of working, is in rapid growth in the Faroe Islands, and this method of working may potentially contribute to the future desire for maintaining a well-functioning local community on the Faroe Islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the health sector the ability to work in the usually better resourced and remunerated, private sector deters migration, although enabling such opportunities has been resisted where it is seen to divert doctors away from public responsibilities and areas of particular need. Tonga, where additional private practice is permitted for public sector doctors, has retained them more successfully than neighbouring Samoa, where this is not allowed. Larger numbers of doctors and nurses migrate but the more critical migration is of the relatively few allied health workers, and of those with such skills as anaesthesiology. ( Nonetheless, many countries have sought to raise salaries for skilled workers and have used particular strategies involving overtime and similar payments to achieve more effective recruitment, retention, geographical distribution and skill mixes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Further efforts to strengthen policies targeting efficiency in lighting should therefore be pursued, particularly for non-residential buildings. Energy intensity, adjusted for PPP, has improved by 2.7% per year from 1990 to 2009, mainly owing to structural changes in industry and the overall economy. Industry's share was 24% and the residential, services and primary sectors accounted for 20% of the total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cultural practices influence the activities of everyday life and are re-shaped overtime by socio-economic trends, history and family circumstances. Starting with Bronfennbrenner's (1986) concept of nested spheres of influence on individual well-being, the authors developed this working model using both regionally contextualised understandings of the interactions between young people's well-being and that of their families and communities (e.g. Dawes et al. While the scope of this study could not permit a full exploration of all interactions between the macro-level driving influences and parenting, it is able to demonstrate that the activities and relationships that constitute 'parenting' in any given context are both directly and indirectly influenced by wider socio-cultural, economic and political forces that change overtime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fiscal consolidation, including current expenditure prioritisation and public sector wage bill containment, should complement revenue mobilisation measures to improve fiscal and current account balances. Efforts to improve the quality and relevance of education must be stepped up and anti-corruption efforts redoubled to recapture public confidence and strengthen the country’s strong governance record. Growing at 4.5% per year, the urban population as a share of total population increased from 28% in 1991 to 43% in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The United Nations (“UN”) has been the strongest supporter of Human Rights since its invention. The term “human rights” appeared seven times in the UN’s founding Charter. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) reaffirmed that human rights obligations have become an inseparable part of international law. Since that time, the UN has “diligently” worked on promoting and protecting human rights through legal instruments and on ground activities. However, the UN engages in human rights breaches when it conducts on-ground activities through peacekeeping missions. The question in this paper is: who holds the UN accountable for its human rights breaches? This short paper aims to emphasize the importance of the question and provide a preliminary discussion of the factual matrix necessary to answer the question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the growth trends are somewhat comparable for certain commodities, the speed of adjustment between commodities and markets differs (Figure 1). These dynamics are presumably determined by the macroeconomic structure, extent of global value chain involvement of each sector in the economy, free trade agreements and investment linkages, among other factors. Commodity nomenclatures are not necessarily the same across countries. In this regard, concerns mainly revolve around the movement of the Chinese yuan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper identifies six models of public service reform that have been practiced in developing countries over the past half-century. It critically reviews their implementation, discussing them as attempted solutions to problems that have arisen in the policy process in different countries. The models are: public administration, decentralization, pay and employment reform, New Public Management, integrity and corruption reforms, and "bottom-up" reforms. The paper seeks an explanation for their disappointing performance in the political economy of reform, with an emphasis on how learning from failure can be the paradoxical foundation of future success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Total exports rise from 25.7 Mt in the base period to 31.9 Mt at the end, growing 4.1% per year. Brazil’s exporters seem to focus on exporting raw rather than refined sugar. Whereas exports of raw sugar grow to almost 27 Mt, averaging a growth rate of 4.7% per annum, exports of refined sugar grow much slower averaging 1.8% per annum to 5.2 Mt, some 15% below the base period level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this sense, it is an effective way of improving the efficacy and quality of the service that primary care practitioners are already providing. Furthermore, given this, introducing primary care-based CBT or talking-therapy equivalents is likely to be cost-saving relative to introducing stand-alone programmes, increasing reimbursements of non-primary care practitioner provided therapies (especially where alternative practitioners are private), or investing in capacity building for the delivery of psychological therapies. In particular, in countries with weak primary care systems and where there are high levels of stigma around mental illness, introducing CBT to primaiy care is not likely to be the most efficient use of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Possible research questions include: What are the most common mixes of sources of financing for social housing providers? How does the increased reliance on private debt affect the provision of social rental housing? How can providers become more efficient while providing suitable accommodation for low-income and vulnerable tenants?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Prices in the Water Bank ranged from USD41 to USD142 per 1,000 m\ and most of the water was purchased by urban water supply agencies. Agricultural agencies accounted for about 21% of the sales from the Water Bank, primarily for farmers needing to finish irrigating seasonal crops or to preserve permanent crop plantings, such as tree fruits, nuts, and vines (Teerink, 1993b, Green and Hamilton, 2000). In sum, the Water Bank purchased 1,105,000 m3 of water at an average price of USD100 per 1,000 m\ and sold 488,000 m3 of water at an average price of USD140 per 1,000 m3. Carriage losses accounted for 150,000 m3 of water, while 375,000 m3 were carried over to the following year (Howitt, 1994). The Arvin-Edison Water Storage District in Kern County, California was formed in 1942 for the purpose of obtaining irrigation water supplies from the Central Valley Project and reducing groundwater overdraft in the region (Schuck and Green, 2003a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the face of a growing epidemic of heroin misuse in the United States, the White House announced on 17 August a $13.4m (£8.6m, €12m) initiative to promote law enforcement and public health programs in areas where misuse of heroin and prescription opioids has surged.  The funds will be parceled out to programs in areas that have been determined to be critical drug trafficking regions, designated “high intensity drug trafficking areas” (HIDTAs). There are currently 28 such areas in the 48 states, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Promote awareness of and compliance by workers employed by multinational enterprises with respect to company policies through appropriate dissemination of these policies, including through training programmes. Refrain from discriminatory or disciplinary action against workers who make bona fide reports to management or, as appropriate, to the competent public authorities, on practices that contravene the law, the Guidelines or the enterprise’ policies. Carry out risk-based due diligence, for example by incorporating it into their enterprise risk management systems, to identify, prevent and mitigate actual and potential adverse impacts as described in paragraphs 11 and 12, and account for how these impacts are addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
On the other hand, employment appears to improve life outcomes, including by reducing the need for medical treatment, as well as by raising household income. While causality is complicated, the importance of drawing workers into the labour force and employment is highlighted by the relationships between non-participation and disability and drug use. Prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower. There is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability. This may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions. Krueger (2017(47)) found that around one-fifth of the non-participating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At that time, the leaks in Wawarsing would be repaired and the bypass tunnel would be connected to the existing tunnel. The shut down work would begin in 2022 and take between five to eight months. According to the results of the OECD Survey on Water Governance for Future Cities, several Mexican cities (e.g. Hermosillo, Veracruz, Toluca and Chihuahua) show lower shares of wastewater treated (Figure 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While MIKE is primarily a conservation tool to help keep accurate track of numbers, the information could also be used to map poaching activity. A key lesson learned from MIKE is the need to gain the trust and buy-in of local populations to act as an information network that reports the illegal killing of elephant in w ildlife non-protected areas. It is important to empower law enforcement agencies to intervene throughout the supply chain, at land crossings, air and maritime ports, and to equip and train them to use screening technology. It is also important to research the motivations of the various actors along the supply chain, to identify and supply adequate substitutes or fine-tune penalties that alter incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The contracting authorities also have to ensure that there are sufficient resources for overseeing the implementation of a PPP project. The contract can define how tariffs or payments may be adjusted and whether, and how, the private partner can make payments to the government for carrying out the project. Tariffs are ultimately approved by the Council of Ministers, with several other entities such as the WAJ, JVA, MWI and PMU able to make recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)