albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Hazardous waste cannot be imported, while imports of non-hazardous waste are subject to authorization. This list also includes the waste listed by the Basel Convention and the European Waste Catalogue (EWC: a catalogue of all waste types generated in the EU based on Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 establishing a list of wastes). It also designates the governmental authorities in charge of defining the content of the draft plan and sets out the procedure for organizing and conducting the public inquiry to which the draft plan is subject. In addition to the Decree, terms of reference for studies on the provincial/prefectural master plans for managing household and similar waste have been elaborated to provide consultants with the terms of reference that require a technical review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user-friendliness and other functional characteristics. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software. That said, ICT product innovation increasingly occurs also in non-ICT sectors including space, defence, infrastructure (e.g. power grids), automobiles, automation, robots, logistics, aviation, healthcare, environment monitoring, and toys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
International cooperation does not have to be strictly developed-developing country interactions. R&D cooperation in clean and energy-efficient technologies is emerging between developing countries too. Brazil, India and South Africa signed a scientific cooperation agreement in 2010 for commercial use of solar energy (Xinhua News Agency 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Female illiteracy remains a policy issue primarily for Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Morocco and Yemen (World Bank, 2016). As for higher education, young women tend to outnumber their male peers in almost all MENA countries (ibid.), As in many OECD countries, female students in the MENA region concentrate more on educational sciences, the humanities and the arts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lastly, Mexico has a conditional cash transfer programme for the poorest rural and urban households: PROGRESA-OPORTUNIDADES-PROSPERA. This social programme reaches a quite important number of poor small-scale farmers of the country. To a lesser extent it also offers several other monetary supports like individual technical assistance, trade events, management training, on-farm infrastructure, stockholding etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The whole consumer surplus in period 1 is the sum of the dark and light grey areas. This approach has been utilized by Crandall and Jackson (2003) to estimate the US consumer surplus derived from new services like shopping, entertainment and telemedicine enabled by broadband infrastructure. Similarly, Lee and Lee (2006) relied on regression techniques to estimate the consumer surplus for the Korean telecommunications market. In their analysis for the period between 1999 and 2006, the authors determined that in 2006 the consumer surplus generated by broadband represented USD 7.5 billion (or 27 per cent of the total USD 28 billion in broadband surplus). This was calculated on the basis of what users would be willing to pay to adopt broadband and substitute narrowband access. Consumer surplus can also be conceptualized in terms of the benefits that broadband represents to the end user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 1992, the Thailand government passed the energy conservation promotion act. In conjunction with this legislation, the energy conservation fund (ENCON) was created. The fund was established to stimulate financial sector involvement in EE projects and to simplify project evaluation and financing procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such a regulatory scheme has been proven effective in some OECD cities (Box 3.4). Ho Chi Minh City’s programme could be replicated countrywide. Develop collaboration among local governments, business communities as well as universities to create effective policies and programmes to develop a skilled labour market for RE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More and more households have installed garbage-grinding units in their sinks and are now disposing of their kitchen waste through the sewer system. Only a minority of communes are respecting the legal requirement for recovery (PGD Act). The recycling target (75%) and management harmonisation goals (PGGD 2000) have not been achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This ratio is also known as the inverse Mills ratio (or lambda, X), whose mean values are a proxy variable for the existence of labour-market entry barriers. The sum of the estimated probabilities as a proportion of the total working-age population gives the net participation rate, estimated at the aggregate level. The elasticity is the ratio of the percentage change in the wage over the change in this rate. These variables can then be used to construct three growth models using the GDP growth rate as a dependent variable and including, alternatively, the variables for labour-market feminization and hours of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is also a need to develop guidelines aimed at harmonizing concepts and definitions related to international migration statistics, building on the existing United Nations standards and definitions. The disaggregation of socioeconomic characteristics by migratory status is needed to monitor differences between migrants and non-migrants and across different groups of migrants. Population and housing censuses remain a critically important source of data on cities of different types and sizes and on internal and international migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular the Transitional Allowance (TA) is for lone parents only and it is probably this factor which explains why the estimates of APE and PPR are larger for the broader second and third definitions of SA. In sum, and taking the estimates from the studies discussed at face value, it is clear that there is genuine state dependence that exists over and above the spurious state dependence that is attributable to observed and unobserved differences across individuals. Moreover state dependence varies across groups within national populations, with a tendency for greater dependence for groups typically seen as more disadvantaged (e.g. lone mothers, immigrants, etc.) Annexes 4.A and 4.B provide a discussion of a number of issues concerning the reliability of these conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Indeed, strong evidence shows that greater gender equality in labour markets and education can contribute to economic growth, national happiness and well-being (OECD 2012). Furthermore, confidence in institutions - a key ingredient for a favourable investment climate and business development - strongly depends on the extent to which decision-makers reflect the composition of society, including in terms of gender. Finally, achieving inclusive and fair outcomes requires policy processes that are inclusive and that integrate the diverse perspectives of both men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In terms of impact, Kyrgyzstan ranks all other pressure factors as local and moderate. The town of Kyzylorda and other settlements arc generally flooded in winter when hydropower generation is maximized at the Toktogul Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan. Because of all the withdrawals, little flow reaches Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Countries with the lowest share of women under a partner’s coercive control were Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and the Czech Republic, all of which had rates below 5%. The highest prevalence of coercive control - between 10% and 16% of women - was in Eastern Europe (ibid.). Such findings present a puzzle for causal inference: are women in northern European countries more likely to experience (non-coercive control) violence, or are they simply more likely to report it?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The strategy's objectives are to sensitize and raise awareness among school children of the negative impact that using plastic bags has on the environment, to encourage schoolchildren to replace plastic bags with other less-polluting alternatives and to teach them how to properly dispose of plastic bags after use. A key event was organized for Earth Day 2010 in all the schools, and a guide to waste management was widely distributed at the event. The children not only participated in collecting plastic bags at nature sites and clean-up projects, but were also asked to pass on what they learned to friends and neighbours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There is a lack of support for integration of field experience, work-experience and community service within the curricula. The long delay in the process for approval of new academic programmes, which in some cases lasts for more than five years, inhibits the responsiveness of higher education institutions to changing regional needs. There is a need to ensure that higher education programme review and approval process is streamlined to allow for speed and greater responsiveness to regional needs. The principal incentive for the colleges is negative: their exclusion from research funding. Student numbers are established centrally and there are no incentives to enrol students from within the region. Because the institutions depend to a degree on revenue from tuition fees (within limits set by the Planning and Budgeting Committee), they have incentives to recruit paying students from outside the region to generate additional revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
People with disabilities are also more likely than the general population to be victims of violence.135 And they may be less able to work and so are generally poorer than the rest of the population. Cognitive, intellectual or physical impairments can reduce their capacity to access information or act on it.136 They can be left behind during evacuations or be turned away by shelters and refugee camps on the grounds that they might need complex medical care. For instance, people with disabilities are also more likely to have less ability to work and thus are poorer than their counterparts without disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Universities around the world are now in conversation with University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee about research partnerships, while the National Science Foundation has awarded UW-M and Marquette USD 675 000 for research on seven different projects over the next five years. The Council helped arrange another USD 1.5 million in private sector donations to supplement that amount. While local research institutions do engage in research that benefits local green firms, venture capital for industrial/energy start-ups is still largely focused on the coasts. Total regional employment in the R&D sector declined by roughly 40% between 2000 and 2009 (CMAP, 2010a). Investments in the industrial/energy sector in Illinois are significantly lower than in the Silicon Valley of California, particularly in the past several years as venture capital levels have rebounded (PWC/NVCA, 2011) (Figure 3.1). Between 1995 and 2011, the industrial/energy sector in Silicon Valley attracted an average of 13 deals/year, compared to 3.6 deals/year in Illinois.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the back of this initial success and demonstrated demand, Stargate is seeking investors fora new fund, Trapezia EIS II, with a target of £10 million. Yet less than 2.5 per cent out of a total of €3.5 billion of venture capital funding in the UK and Europe is going to companies with a female chief executive.’ Recognising an incredible market opportunity in the underserved segment of women entrepreneurs, Gita Patel, a dynamic and experienced finance executive, created the Trapezia EIS fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Monitoring has suffered owing to a general lack of national funding, even if recently the situation has improved in some countries due to an increase in national environmental budgets (e.g., Armenia). In Georgia, no systematic groundwater monitoring has taken place for the past 20 years. Improvement in microbiological and biological monitoring is reported in Armenia and Georgia. Self-monitoring of sewage water by enterprises has been introduced in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, but enforcement is not always strict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are two climate-related Rio markers: the mitigation marker (established in 1998) and the adaptation Rio marker (since 2010). The Rio Markers are an important tool in increasing transparency and accountability in relation to climate finance. The markers have been used by some OECD countries as the basis for their climate finance reporting to the UNFCCC and in this way can assist in tracking progress towards delivering the commitment by developed countries to provide the USD 100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
And I mean he literally laughed 'ha ha ha', and I was like you know, I come from a mining background, I know a lot about mining, more than you will ever know.' Research conducted by Gender Links shows that women constituted a mere 24 per cent of news sources in election coverage in 2009, this was up from 10 per cent in 1999, but similar to the 23 per cent achieved in 2004. This shows that women's views and voices are still marginalised in elections (Lowe Morna et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Relatively, increase in agricultural land has impacted forests in a severe manner when forest land has been cleared, for example, for plantation or agro-industrial estates. Agricultural expansion may not always occur on forest land. It is important to note that in the case of Cambodia the conversion of forest land for ELCs since 1990, including mining, has had a significant impact on forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Building upon institutional theory, this study investigates whether and how market enforcement mediates the relationship between external (country-level) and internal (firm-level) corporate governance mechanisms. We focus on two countries with contrasting legal, regulatory and institutional regimes: Canada and France. Market enforcement is proxied by two measures of market efficiency: abnormal returns and price volatility. Our results suggest that external governance mechanisms interact with internal governance mechanisms via market enforcement, which differs greatly between both countries. Hence, the complementarity of internal and external governance mechanisms depends upon the nature and type of enforcement (i.e., emphasis on ex-ante monitoring and compliance vs. ex post sanctions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The assessment of a school leader’s exercise of tasks and responsibilities includes a test on professional preparation (5%). The appraisal framework described for Mexico throughout this chapter refers to the exclusive appraisal scheme for school principals at centrally managed public schools at ISCED level 3. For further details on the external element (external school evaluation), see Chapter 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The estimates show that all margin correlations are relatively weak. Moreover, gross margins in the sheep and deer breeding are negatively correlated. These results are congruent with the evidence from price correlations, implying that even within pastoral farming diversification across different livestock types may have important income-stabilising effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More generally, data on the programme budget of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation show that it continuously and substantially increased during the last decade.*** Similar increasing trends were found in allocation of budget for management of agro-biodiversity and climate change adaptation and management. Notably, Nepal has estimated the total cost of the NBSAP implementation over six years (almost 673 million United States dollars [USD] from 2014/15 to 2019/20), and has identified where the funding would come from (government covering 55%, donors 25%, private sector 2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If all goods were priced to internalise environmental costs, then trade flows would be environmentally neutral and there would be no rationale for restricting trade on environmental grounds. There are enormous difficulties in arriving at such a scenario, of course. It at least needs to be noted, however, that it would greatly reduce almost all trade and environmental tensions. The WTO’s current law is now over 20 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Surface water resources generated in Finland’s part of Paatsjoki/Pasvik Basin arc estimated at 5,140 x 10° m3/ycar, groundwater resources are 36.8 x 10s m’/year. Some 48% of the withdrawal was for industry and 32% for domestic use. The total water use (including non-consumptive) for hydropower generation is some 37 x 10° m5/ycar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The approval granted by a DRA is limited in its scope to the national territory. An inventor who is granted a patent for a new and inventive drug may still be denied regulatory approval if clinical tests show potential negative effects of this drug on the human body. The originator of a drug thus has to file two separate applications, one with the DRA (for the regulatory approval) and another at the patent office (for the respective product and/or process patents).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article describes a qualitative study exploring the effects of community-based human rights and pro-equality education on Bolivian adolescent boys. By privileging the boys’ own voices, the study examines how the boys’ sense of solidarity toward others, derived from the citizenship duties and collegiality emphasised in non-governmental workshops, impacted their commitment to gender equality. Research implications include the importance of educating young males on females’ rights and listening to the boys’ views on the resulting progress and remaining challenges regarding the attainment of sustainable gender equality in social spheres and public policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this context, development policies would need to become more concerned with macroeconomic stability and to rely much more on deregulated markets and private initiative not only in productive activities but also in the provisioning of social services. The market reforms would be conducive to “getting the prices right” and provide the necessary incentives for businesses and households to improve efficiency and invest in a better future. Different levels of success in achieving development were no longer explained by differences in initial conditions, but rather by whether the “right” policies (market-friendly, fiscally sound) or the “wrong” ones (interventionist) had been conducted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper draws on postcolonial feminist political ecology theory, feminist theories of violence and new materialist approaches to sport and physical cultural studies—combined with literature on the role of non-humans in international development—to unpack the connections between gender-based violence and the environment in sport, gender and development (SGD) programming in Nicaragua. To do this, postcolonial feminist participatory action research (PFPAR), including visual research methods such as photovoice, was used to better understand, and prioritize, young Nicaraguan women’s experiences of the environment and gender-based violence as they participated in an SGD program used to promote environmentalism and improve their sexual and reproductive health rights. To conclude, the importance of accounting for the broader physical environment in social and political forces was underlined as it shapes the lives of those on the receiving end of SGD interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It comprised mass media campaigns (both in Spanish and indigenous language), advocacy aimed at Congress and key decision makers, local fairs and expositions, forums for consultation and debate, and locally trained peer facilitators working in schools, peasant unions and women’s organisations (OECD, 2012c). • A call for innovative solutions to those challenges is then issued on an online open innovation platform, where solutions can be publicly discussed and then submitted to the “Prototypes of Social Innovation” solution competition. • Technical expert teams elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities, which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ideally, groups could be formed that included the core sub-specialties of family medicine: paediatrics, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynaecology at a minimum. The triaging of patients, children, women and other adults, within these group practices is likely to occur on the same basis as occurs today in the United Kingdom, where health clinics are staffed by general practitioners with their own practice preferences. At the same time, location in a common facility puts the onus on doctors to work together to help meet the complex needs of patients, which may require the support of multiple specialists, and makes it physically easier for them to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Good legal and institutional instruments to collect data on municipal solid waste and hazardous waste have been established. But lack of co-ordination between institutions responsible for data collection and analysis, and insufficient enforcement of reporting obligations, result in data gaps and unreliable data, especially in the case of hazardous waste. There is no information available on non-hazardous industrial waste or major waste streams such as those from forestry and agriculture, or from construction and demolition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These studies conclude that GM animals may have either positive or negative effects on the environment depending on the particular animal, trait and production environment in which it is introduced. The main environmental concerns associated with animals involve: (a) the possibility that transgenic animals could escape with resultant negative effects on wild relatives or ecosystems, and (b) potential changes in production practices that may lead to varying degrees of environmental stress. These reports recommend that GM animals should be evaluated in relation to their conventional counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These stations are staffed by medical assistants and midwives and report to local hospitals. The latter are equipped with clinical laboratory and radiology units and have one or more physicians, a surgeon and a gynaecologist. The closer to administrative centres, the more specialized is the level of facilities and staff. The system includes specialized medical dispensaries for certain diseases, such as tuberculosis, cancer, sexually transmitted infections, psychiatric disorders and skin diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, Ethiopia’s debt levels are rising significantly. However, fiscal space, as measured by the capacity to sustainably increase spending as a proportion of GDP, is constrained. With social protection spending (both including and excluding humanitarian relief) currently reliant on donor support, spending in this area is particularly vulnerable to a decline in grants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For further details, see: Smailova, A. et al. ( The remotely located single-industry based towns and villages are losing their young and adult population, as they move to seek professional education and jobs. See: Musabaev, T.T. (2013), “Master Plan for the Organisation of the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan”, White Paper, Valeiy, Astana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)