albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They add that in some countries, teachers with a recognised qualification are automatically eligible to go on the payroll, putting pressure on the country’s budget. Citizenship issues notwithstanding, this might provide an incentive for governments not to recognise refugee teachers’ qualifications. With regard to teachers employed by nongovernmental bodies, Penson and Tomlinson (2009) noted the disruptive effect of the wide range of remuneration paid to teachers during the emergency in Timor-Leste by different agencies, with some being paid nothing and others receiving relatively high allowances, making it difficult to deploy teachers efficiently. Both the IIEP Guidebook for Planning Education in Emergencies and Reconstruction and the INEE Guidance Notes on Teacher Compensation in Fragile States, Situations of Displacement and Post-crisis Recovery contain advice on compensating teachers (INEE, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Note that the DHS was fielded from September -December, i.e. during a different season than the LEAP survey. The higher consumption of cassava leaves could be due to this seasonality. The appropriate nutritional measure is therefore height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), which has been commonly used as an indicator of overall long-term health and human capital (Victora et al., Weight, on the other hand, is more often used as a short-term indicator of undernutrition, since weight responds more quickly to deviations in food intake and infection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The main feature of this policy is refocusing on few key sectors rather than spreading resources over the whole territory. The new policy also aims at supporting enterprises across the Netherlands. The resources for regional development programmes are therefore expected to come from other institutions, such as the provinces and the municipal governments, the EU programmes, and other forms of co-operation that would involve the private sector (Public-Private Partnerships). The current urban policies are managed by the Ministry of Interior and Kingdom Relations focusing on deprived neighbourhoods and broadly include housing, education, labour market, health and safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Two illustrations of lack of policy coherence are subsidies for fossil fuels and the absence of microfinance to support projects. First, because rapid economic growth brings rapidly evolving social and economic priorities, which at times can be difficult to oversee and reconcile. Second, because coherence and coordination require institutional capacity and strong regulatory frameworks, which typically are lacking in poor countries. Third, because prioritization and coherence require political leadership, commitment and vision, which might be difficult to mobilize, given the numerous competing social and political needs in poor developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The results of the Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study from England (United Kingdom) have also shown that key explanatory factors for high-quality ECEC were related to “staff with higher qualifications, staff with leadership skills and long-serving staff, trained staff working alongside and supporting less qualified staff, staff with a good understanding of child development and learning” (Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and cooperation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most of the ongoing projects aim to increase the capacities of the Balkan countries (in particular Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria) for lobbying and advocacy concerning e-waste management issues, and to raise awareness about proper e-waste management among citizens, government officials, and the private sector. Bulgaria, and Slovenia are members of the EU, and have therefore adopted the WEEE Directive. However, there is still no national legislation tackling e-waste in Kosovo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Network length is 1,779 km, of this 1,075 km consists of the Danube international waterway, 524 km, navigable branches of the Danube River, and 92 km, channels of the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba (White Gate) -Midia Navodari. Romanian ports have some 49 km for berthing facilities and hydrotechnical constructions, of which 18.1 per cent are more than 50 years old and require urgent reconstruction work. Trends for the transport of goods by inland waterways in Romania show a sharp decline after 1990, from 12 million tons in 1990 to 6 million tons in 1992 and some recovery after 1996, with an average of approximately 14 million tons/year. In 2011, on the Romanian stretch of the Danube River, there were six events involving accidental pollution from ships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specifically, Goal 11 recognizes the role cities play in climate change through several targets including Targets 11.2,11.5,11.b, 11.C. Latest data indicates that cities are major contributors to climate change as they account for between 60 and 80% of energy consumption and generate more than 70% of all greenhouse gases emissions, waste and air pollution but they are also highly vulnerable to natural disasters. The NDCs place an emphasis on climate actions that are mainly connected to urban planning, transportation and early-warning systems. In general, urbanization features in about 70% of the submitted NDCs (113 out of 164), demonstrating the linkages between urbanization and climate change actions.”' The strong connection between NDCs and SDG 11 is crucial for achieving the 2030 Agenda and the success of the Paris agreement, making the two initiatives inter-dependent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Controlling for other factors, the former has lower odds of being delivered via caesarean section compared with intended births, which is contrary to the expected pattern. Higher odds of caesarean delivery are also noted among births to more educated women, while lower odds are reported among Luzon and Visayas residents. As expected, experience of pregnancy complications or delivery problems are strong predictors of caesarean delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A successful supply chain is a must for improved cookstoves in rural regions, and requires that the "institutions and companies involved make use of employees with knowledge of local market developments, installation and maintenance processes" (GVEP, 2009). The skills and knowledge within local communities can be of great value to the manufacturer of the technology to be deployed. Exploiting existing supply chains with strategic partnerships can also prove useful, especially when trying to reach rural populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some of the ambassadors later acted as mentors or coaches. Lead entrepreneurs support these aspiring businesswomen in setting and achieving growth objectives for their businesses in interactive roundtable sessions where everyone can share experiences and thoughts (OECD/EU, 2016). In Korea, WISET’s Girls Mentoring Program aims to help young women in high school develop their college study plans, with female professors and college students as their mentors. An online mentoring system and cyber community also allow mentees to communicate and conduct online activities with other members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Interaction and Rockefeller Foundation, www.intcraction.org/impact-evaluation-notcs. In: Uitto J., Puri J., van den Berg R. (eds) Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie): New' Delhi. Assessing the Use of Impact Evaluations in Forestiy Programmes, In: Uitto J., Shaw R. (eds) Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A growth engine for Africa: Training 1 million young people in digital skills." The RCDF is funded by a two percent levy on telecom operator revenue as well as contributions from other sources. One of the RCDF's flagship programs is the Integration of ICT into Education, part of its mandate to increase ICT access and literacy in the country. At the RCDF's inception, no government secondary school had a computer laboratory and as a result, computer study was not available as a subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These include the emergence of a “superstar” labour market, the growing use of stock options and performance pay and the “financialisation” of economies. For some, the spread of Westem-style lifestyle and culture - embracing everything from American coffee chain Starbucks to Korean K-Pop music - is its most visible face. In many developed countries, there’s also a perception that aspects of globalisation, such as outsourcing by businesses, are costing jobs and driving down incomes. That’s not so surprising -technology has long had an impact on people’s livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2013, 7.8% of Internet users in the European Union followed an online course against 6.9% in 2009. Across the 26 OECD countries on which data is available, 7.6% of people follow'ed an online course, with peaks of 16% in Finland and the lowest levels in Austria, Czech Republic and Poland (Figure 9). These high dropout rates can be explained by several factors, learner’s motivation to start a course, incentives driving completion as well as the inherent difficulties that completing a MOOC may entail. As an illustration, educational research has shown that self-regulation skills which are particularly important for online courses, do not simply emerge from studying on line but are a precondition for effective self-directed learning (Orr, Rimini and Van Damme, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It can also help rejuvenate the population through the free exercise of the right to motherhood or fatherhood by removing obstacles to reconciling work and family life. This array of policies is good for society, because a younger population contributes to the sustainability of social protection funding in the medium and long term by changing the balance between the paid working population and the dependent population (Sojo, 2011, p. 9). A network of public, private and mixed entities will need to be funded, coordinated and regulated to provide the necessary services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Social protection systems in Viet Nam have been instrumental in mitigating risks associated with ill health, disability, work-related injury and old age, protecting vulnerable groups, and narrowing inequalities between different socio-economic groups of the population. Over the past two decades, poverty rate has decreased sharply for the whole population, ethnic minorities included, and health outcomes have improved. Although it is difficult to isolate the contribution of social policies to improved living standards, it is undeniable that the efforts of the government to invest in social protection have had positive effects on social outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is a particular challenge in a system which relies extensively on school-based workshops to develop practical vocational skills. Current budgetary pressures are putting particular strain on Spain’s school-based model of vocational training. Retiring teachers are not being replaced - ageing the workforce and perhaps distancing it further from industry, while postponing the replacement of out-of-date training equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Institutional arrangements chapter of this sourcebook shows that the appointment of NFPs as members of GEF steering committees has proved to be an important step. National Dialogues aim to raise awareness about the GEF, strengthen country level coordination and ownership, and clarify and address country GEF needs and priorities linked to national development strategies. They provide an opportunity for discourse among GEF partners and key stakeholders representing a wide range of national and local interests and areas of expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This piece considers the decision of the Supreme Court in Osborn v The Parole Board, on the circumstances in which natural justice requires that prisoners be afforded an oral hearing before the Parole Board. It analyses the terms of that decision, and suggests that it demonstrates the difficulties faced by public bodies who attempt to provide the minimum degree of procedural fairness required by law - the common law's ongoing evolution makes this strategy problematic. It further considers the account offered by Lord Reed of the relationship between 'domestic' and human rights law, praising it for its attempt to return the common law grounds of review to the centre of public law and the light thereby shed on what might be gained, or not, from the repeal of the Human Rights Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This will serve as a basis for an effective platform to make decisions on energy policy and regulatory actions and will facilitate the interaction with other government institutions and stakeholders. Such an exercise in applying an international standard, which is related to the Sustainable Development Goals at a national level, has not been performed elsewhere in the region. While there are no other significant examples to follow, this exercise sets an example of its own. Moreover, the experience gained in Mexico could be replicated in other countries in the Latin American region and, possibly, other regions like Africa, within the framework of South-South cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Strengthen mechanisms for systematic consultations. A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4376& langld=en (accessed 31 October 2014). A Trainer's Manual, Glossary of Gender Terms, http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/librarv7192862/ (accessed 31 October 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This calls for considerable capacity for GHG abatement project business planning, management and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), all of which is anticipated by the CRGE. However, international climate finance regimes face uncertainties on the part of too many countries and companies. Therefore, Ethiopia will do well to bear in mind other international possibilities, notably in regional markets for the goods and services produced by a green Ethiopian economy, in wider international environmental markets, and in global collective action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The focus is on aggregate indicators and also on racial shares. In addition, the rural-urban dimension of inequality and poverty is given some attention. Section 1.2 augments this long-run picture by describing and summarising the evidence from national household survey data on post-Apartheid inequality and poverty changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As regards patented drugs, preferred drug lists are used in the United States only, as insurers negotiate discounts with manufacturers. There is evidence that preferred drug lists have led to cost savings, as pharmaceutical companies lower prices to avoid going off list (Kibicho and Pinkerton 2012, Elzinga and Mills 1997). The fundholder is expected to be to obtain services at the best price/quality ration or suffer the consequences of budget over-runs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increasing access to long-acting reversible methods of contraception can help prevent unintended second pregnancies. Today, an estimated 67 million girls globally were married before their 18th birthday (UNFPA, 2013e). The overwhelming majority of adolescent pregnancies in developing countries occur within marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to the frequent use of upper contribution limits and the flat payment schedule below those limits, they are slightly regressive on average (but particularly so in Poland). With contribution burdens approximately proportional to incomes, even sizable changes in the overall contribution burden change the redistributive effect by a relatively small amount (top graph of Panel B). Overall rate structures have essentially remained the same over the period. Where progressivity did change (Finland, Poland), contributions rates are low, so that the redistributive effect of these changes is negligible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In practice, the Ecological ICMS has been used to compensate municipalities for the opportunity cost of maintaining part of their territory under nature protection. While the revenue is not necessarily used to finance expenditure in protected areas, the mechanism has helped increase the number and size of protected areas in Brazil. The impact on biodiversity conservation is not clear, however (May et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The scholarships cover a range of costs in addition to tuition, such as materials, food, transport and lodging. Applicants for the benefit must have completed secondary education and live in a household in a situation of poverty or extreme poverty. After graduation, scholarship recipients must work during the first three years in a State agency. The programme gives priority to adolescents and youths from marginal rural and urban areas, as well as some indigenous communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They show that both air shipping and air travel remain extremely low in Africa (excluding North Africa). In 2015, the number of passengers carried by air was 45 million people, while the levels for Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and Caribbean were 23 times and 6 times higher, respectively. On the basis of these figures, in 2015, Africa (excluding North Africa) represented 1.3 per cent and 1.5 per cent, respectively, of world air travel and air shipping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the extent to which the results have been used to minimise the cost of climate change mitigation is unclear. For example, the very generous support for renewable energy is not necessarily cheaper than energy efficiency policies. The cost-effectiveness of transport sector policies has not been evaluated, although reductions in this sector are expected to produce almost half the total required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Each generation has to find afresh a manageable equilibrium of forces. This is a constantly shifting equilibrium which has to adapt to changes in the social and economic environment, in technology and in national and international political systems. It is also about creating solidarity in society such that exclusion will be minimised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Initiative for Start-ups and Business Transfer (IFEX) implemented in the German State of Baden-Wiirttemberg, for example, launches public awareness campaigns (both online and through face-to-face seminars) that target immigrant entrepreneurs, informing them about existing support programmes that could help them strengthen their business skills, build networks or address the barriers to business development they might face. While coaching focuses exclusively on honing skills, mentoring also aims at enhancing entrepreneurs’ personal development (OECD/EU, 2015). Under the Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs in Ireland, successful applicants are appointed a business mentor for 10 one-on-one sessions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Political parties can be vehicles for economic and social development in poor countries. They can also serve as rent seeking instruments. Uncovering how parties function is therefore key to establishing the preconditions for good governance. The paper discusses when and why clientelism on the basis of party affiliation may arise. Operationally, party-based clientelism is defined as a bias of public policy in favour of members of the governing political party. In a sample of local governments in India, party-based clientelism is shown to exist in two out of four states and to be strongly affected by economic inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, rural households are expected to play an active role in the region's economic development, which should lead to an increase in the revenue arising from productive activities. The purpose is that the development of productive activities will generate enough revenues to cover the costs incurred in power supply, operation and maintenance, and will also ensure that no additional government money will be needed to fund the replacement in the future of any part of the system. In the event the RGGVY scheme is not implemented in a satisfactory way, capital subsidies will then be converted into interest-bearing loans as an incentive to correct the implementation of the scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) leads rural technical assistance and extension services which focus on family agriculture. At the national level, the priorities for R&D are established by the national government through the different ministries involved in innovation, led by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) which also has a strong role in providing resources for agricultural research, especially at the university R&D level. Agricultural research is thus integrated into the national innovation system, as reflected in the National Strategy for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation 2012-15, and follows clear mechanisms at both the federal and state levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Disadvantaged groups are likely to have less experience and a weak knowledge base to start and manage a business. Primary schools can play a key role in shaping positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship, while secondary school can incentivise the acquisition of certain technical skills, such as business planning and access to finance (OECD/EU, 2016). Other less formal activities might be highly effective in increasing the interest in entrepreneurship of students from most disadvantaged groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This did not happen in Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela or Nicaragua, however, where the income of the highest quintile grew significantly, nor in El Salvador where the average real income of that group fell (see figure 1.26). Higher earnings from work were the main factor driving income growth in the lowest quintile. A similar thing happened with incomes in the highest quintile, where labour income grew slightly, and this was partly or fully offset by reductions in incomes from other sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The two concepts represent different approaches, but both aim to quantify the extent to which water is used more efficiently in agriculture. Plusquellec (2002) estimates that 60% of the additional food in the next few decades will be provided by irrigated agriculture. To support such an expansion in irrigated output, world agriculture needs to consume additional water, or use the current extraction in a more productive way, or both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Multipliers show the effects on global farm incomes (capital and labour) in USD per USD of global value of given support measures, as calculated from these marginal policy simulations. As a result, energy prices may change the impacts of fertiliser and biofuel policies. Lower energy prices, for example, may adversely affect the competitiveness of biofuels in the markets for transport fuels and may increase the impacts of biofuel policies on agricultural markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)