albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
General rules for the participation of the private sector in the economy were also formulated at the constitutional level. Specific rules resulted from Law 142 of 1994, which established the Residential Public Services Regime and an independent regulator, the Water Supply and Sanitation Regulation Commission (CRA). The law defined the legal status of public service companies, set up as public companies under commercial law to provide public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Primary care nurses performed better diagnostic and prescribing functions with quick access to tools and health information resources to the point of care. This innovative strategy is likely to be more successful in countries where the medical infrastructure is not well developed. Countries with comparatively well-developed medical infrastructure usually face more challenges and resistance to implementing and enforcing innovative policies due to different positions among special-interest groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, reducing flooding in rice farming can not only save water but also limit associated methane emissions (Adhya et al., Another example is the use of agricultural residues, such as cotton or soy stalks, to make briquettes or pellets to heat boilers and stoves, respectively.48 In addition, consumers can play an important role in reducing GHG emissions from agriculture. For instance, reducing meat consumption and replacing meat with plant-based alternatives is a simple way to limit the ecological footprint of food consumption, in line with SDG 12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Initiatives to capture and re-use nutrients as a source of fertilizers or bio-energy provide economic opportunities. For example, reducing flood risk or the risk of shortage can increase the risk of undermining the resilience of freshw'ater systems. In a heavily modified environment that is also spatially constrained, such as the Netherlands, risk-risk trade-offs are a part of the daily activities of w'ater management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The roundwood harvesting in Finland fluctuated a lot due to the changes in international forest-product market situation over past few decades (Statistics Finland 2012). This is because the mineral soils have been a sink, but the organic soils have been a source due to drainage of peatland. Organic soils have released more CO2 than what mineral soils removed in most years between 1990 and 2010. It is projected that forest soils will become, and the forest biomass will remain a sink with increasing rates of removal for 2013-2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Only one-third of the workforce contributes to a pension plan and/or health insurance - approximately the same level as in China but less than South Africa and Brazil, where between half and two-thirds of the workforce contributes to such schemes. ( This share is only one-tenth in India and Indonesia.) The low coverage in part reflects the high incidence of informality and self-employment (see chapter covering Labour market issues).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The parks bring together companies, venture capitalists, universities, laboratories and research centres, with the aim of fostering the culture of innovation, increasing the competitiveness of private companies and creating a fertile and collaborative working environment. In the 1990s, a national programme extended the creation of technology parks to the whole nation, favouring the less developed areas. According to RIDITT, 44 science and technology parks are currently in operation in Italy, 6 of them are located in Lombardy (see Table 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The SERCs are responsible for specifying the renewable percentages in their states. Renewable generators receive a higher tariff for electricity sold to the distribution companies. The tariffs are being set by the SERCs following guidelines from the CERC. So far, 21 states have introduced renewable quotas between 1% and 14% for 2010/11 (MNRE, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such powers are often higher in countries where the burden of proof is mainly on the plaintiffs (who can effectively count on the assistance of equality bodies to gather the evidence). In countries where different bodies collaborate in the investigations (e.g. the labour inspectorate and the equality body), effective co-ordination between them can greatly improve the efficiency of the investigative process. The risk of retaliatory behaviour by their employers further increases the costs of filing a complaint for workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Section 2 briefly discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the dataset that is employed in the empirical analysis before presenting the estimation results.1 The article is complemented by an annex which provides further details on the dataset and the empirical results. Mincer-type earnings functions have since been estimated by a large number of studies, including, among others, Fortin (2006), Heckman et al. ( Numerous supplementary variables have since been added to earnings functions, including gender, ethnicity and union membership, among others (e.g. Polachek, 2007). Following this literature and keeping the model simple to ensure comparability across countries, this article starts by estimating a baseline model which relates the logarithm of an individual’s gross monthly labour earnings to the logarithm of working hours, gender, age and age squared, and the highest education level attained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
About 28% of students are enrolled in private tertiary educational institutions in Poland, close to the OECD average of 30%. In 2013, 90% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in education, against 32% of 20-29 year-olds. These figures were higher for Poland than for OECD countries, where the average was 84% for 15-19 year-olds and 28% for 20-29 year-olds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Looking across the OECD, sub-national governments manage around 72% of direct public investment - with notable variation among countries. If well managed, public investment represents a potentially growth-enhancing form of public expenditure. However, poor investment choices and implementation not only waste limited public resources and erode public trust, but they may also hamper future growth opportunities. Invest using an integrated strategy tailored to different places.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Congestion charging had become necessary because vehicle traffic was a major problem in the city centre despite high public transit ridership, the cost of which was estimated to be approximately GBP 4 billion. The aim of the charge was to reduce traffic and congestion and to raise revenue that would be re-invested in transport. The congestion charge has had several impacts, including a 30% decrease in congestion, a reduction in the total number of vehicles entering the zone per day, a 15% reduction in circulating traffic per weekday, and an 11% mode share shift away from cars and towards public transit, walking and cycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this sense, attaining an egalitarian distribution of human capital is similar to attaining an egalitarian distribution of physical assets through pro-poor distribution of incremental income. Both are time-consuming processes. However, allowing more people to acquire more human capital (by providing them with access to education and training) may be less of a source of conflict than directing more incremental income to the poor in order to build up their physical assets. In this sense, acquisition of human capital may provide an easier route to the attainment of a more egalitarian distribution of assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking. This paper reviews the insights of various contributions from research into multidimensional poverty and deprivation and combines them into an internally consistent framework. The framework adds an important element by emphasising that people may experience various types and forms of poverty and deprivation simultaneously. The experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The prevalence of undernourishment in North Africa remained low, at below 5 per cent, from 2000 to 2016, while it dropped from 30 to 22.9 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) during the same period. Across the whole of Africa, some 217 million people were undernourished in the period 2014-2016, an increase of 6 per cent from the 2010-2012 period. Second, agriculture, notwithstanding the commitments made for targeted investment under the Maputo Protocol, remains highly underinvested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the economy is now slowing at a time when inequality remains uery high, making future social progress challenging. This chapter discusses how to achieve greater social inclusiveness against the background of weaker medium-term growth. First, it argues that Chile needs to increase income redistribution through its tax and transfer system towards levels prevailing in other OECD countries. Although existing social transfers are effective in combatting poverty, their size remains small and many households at the bottom of the ladder are not reached by them. Second, the chapter argues that labour earnings should be less disparate, as they explain around 70% of income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These efforts should be pursued, and a new performance management system should be developed in the framework of results-oriented planning and budgeting. In cases of accidental pollution that causes environmental damage, the responsible party is liable for the costs of appropriate measures. The EPA was amended in 2008 to strengthen the environmental liability regulation with respect to prevention and remediation of environmental damage, in accordance with the EU’s Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most educational service providers form part of the umbrella organisation Edventure. Central mechanisms for student assessment, school evaluation and education system evaluation have been in place for several decades, along with requirements for schools to assure their own quality. This long-standing focus on developing reliable evaluation and assessment systems has allowed the central agencies to experiment with different approaches and develop and deepen their expertise overtime. In the Netherlands, the national assessments and examinations currently used by most schools have existed for over 30 years. Cito, created in 1968, was one of the first influential national testing institutes within the OECD and enjoys a high international reputation for its expertise and assessment instruments (Chapter 3). While there are different view's as to how the results should be used, the usefulness of standardised assessments to inform certification, accountability and improvement strategies is widely accepted among stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper focuses on the creation of the criminal insane asylum in Italy between unification in 1861 and World War I. The establishment of criminal insane asylums was a triumph of the positivist criminology of Cesare Lombroso, who advocated for an institution to intern insane criminals in his classic work, Criminal Man (1876). As a context for the analysis of the birth of the criminal insane asylum in Italy, this essay also outlines the history of the insanity plea in Italian criminal law and the young discipline of psychiatry during the fifty years after Italian unification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
That’s one reason why inequalities in income have historically been studied more closely. See "The Distribution of Wealth", (Bonesmo Fredriksen, 2012), an OECD working paper, http://dx. But the one that’s probably best known today is the Gini coefficient, which was defined by the Italian economist and statistician Corrado Gini in the early 20th century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
When collecting data on individual consumption, only part of the goods - for example, adult clothing, alcohol or tobacco - can be assigned to specific members of the household. It is less easy to measure how much of the food or household common goods (such as housing, water supply or sanitation) is consumed or used by each individual household member. Women have higher poverty rates than men in most of the countries in the region for the upper poverty line (60 per cent of the median equivalized income).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
More generally, any forest cover target should take account of nature protection objectives (based on Natura 2000, among other things). Forest management has considerably improved the age structure of Polish forests in the post-war period. Age classes are now more balanced,10 and stands older than 80 years have doubled since 1945 to 2 million ha, allowing Poland to meet the 2050 NFP target early (Figure 4.3, Table 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Essentialism and social constructionism theories have long explained the difficulties women experience as they aspire to higher managerial positions or enter science and technology fields. In the 1970s, the Women as Managers Scale WAMS sought to determine the extent to which males perceived females as being different from their social group. Given efforts to encourage women to consider IT careers and changes in public law and education that have occurred since the early 1970s, this study revisited the WAMS to compare current attitudes of young people toward women as managers. The results suggest that through the intangible individual differences of women, perspective, overtime, via training, by awareness, and with their greater participation in the workplace, there has been gradual improvement in the perception of women as managers by men in the science and technology fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries recognise the validity of other types of job-search actions, which eases this problem. The United Kingdom has taken a different approach. While not necessarily specifying the number of job-search actions, the individual action plan resembles an employment contract and details work preparation and job-search activities covering the same amount of time as agreed hours for prospective work (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also promotes improvements in prevention, diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation for targeted diseases. Construction and renovation represent about 30% of the total budget. At the same time, regional governments are supposed to develop regional programmes aimed at reaching the goals under the “demographic concept” (action plan) mentioned above and are required to transmit information on fertility, morbidity etc. They also co-finance number of target federal programmes from regional budgets. Initially, this programme covered 15.9 million public sector employees and 10.9 million persons who work in jobs with harmful or hazardous working conditions (Sheiman and Shishkin, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Insights into the direction in which information societies and technological advances are moving reveal a changing vision and a shift away from traditional practices. The impact of technological change on education calls for a critical examination of national policies, past and present. Thus, there is a need to review education, from the earliest levels of schooling to the tertiary level, and to reorient and improve existing curricula so as to capitalize on technological change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, it also exempted family law, succession law and customary law from this prohibition,2 all of which are critical to ensuring women’s access to land. According to the IFC, the availabi lity of credit significantly increases where security interests are protected and there is a predictable priority for creditors in cases of loan default. In countries with creditor protections, private sector credit is 60 percent of GDP. In those without, it is only 30 to 32 per cent of GDP (IFC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, in some cases a monetary evaluation of the values related to natural and cultural heritage may be beneficial and provide information that could stimulate balanced discussions about the options at hand, for instance regarding future land use and allocation of both public and private funding. The concept of ecosystem services is only emerging but has proved to be useful in this regard, in parallel to valuation methods focusing especially on cultural heritage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The WB6 and CESEC initiatives, combined with the dynamic nature of EU energy, place increasing demands on resources. However, all SEE economies have taken steps to develop legal and regulatory frameworks covering all sub-dimensions of the energy sector and encouragingly, progress is generally good in the fundamental governance and regulation sub-dimension. This is critical because the governance and regulation indicators set the direction for the remaining sub-dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It contributes to the work of the UNFF group of experts and reports on the implementation of the International Arrangement on Forests (IAF). The Ministry of Forestry regularly reports to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) programme and to the ECE/FAO Forests in the ECE Region Report on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF). Accordingly, its National Communications to UNFCCC, prepared under the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, have to include an assessment of climate change impacts on forestry, and the assessment of forests’ vulnerability and measures for forestry adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mexico’s signature of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, derive implicit and explicit commitments that must be met. On the one hand, the obligation to define, in the domestic sphere, crimes jurisdiction of the Court and, on the other, the obligation to have in place provisions penalizing offenses against the administration of justice in procedures performed at court or in connection with it and also allow secure procedures applicable to all forms of cooperation envisaged in the Statute. This paper explores the various ways in which States have sought to fulfill these obligations and proposes ways that would be more feasible in the case of Mexico, with particular reference to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within this context, the quality of government institutions decreased. Non-formal primary education has been introduced with the aim of providing primary educational services for children outside formal institutions in rural areas of the country. There are no large differences to the formal school curriculum while classes are composed of about 30 pupils (almost half respect to formal schools). At the beginning, 22 experimental non-formal primary education centres were established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The advisory council needs to improve its record, and the ministries face problems of policy execution owing to undcrstaffing. The “business models” of the main funding agencies and the relations between some agencies and “their” ministries need a close review. Funding programmes have some overlapping portfolios and seem to duplicate efforts of other intermediaries funded by the same agencies. A more mature evaluation culture could contribute to better feedback and communication loops. Improving governance would entail addressing a number of issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Replacing a traditional property tax with a land-value tax, or a split-value tax that includes higher rates for land value and lower rates for structures or other improvements (as implemented by some municipalities in the US state of Pennsylvania), could encourage development in the urban core. A development charge is a one-off levy on developers to finance the growth-related capital costs associated with new development or, in some cases, redevelopment. These charges are levied on works constructed by the municipality, and the funds collected must finance the infrastructure needed for the development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter discusses attempts by the Indian government to extend national policies within the disputed region of Kashmir, where Indian security forces can impose “special measures” to maim and kill with impunity. It argues that rights given to Indians are rendered meaningless for Kashmiris under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), a draconian law enforced in J&K. Using the “Right to Privacy” as an example, this chapter demonstrates how such constitutional amendments and presidential orders passed by the Indian government since 1948 have been a mode of “legalized” annexation steadily deployed to criminalize the demand for sovereignty and undermine the regional autonomy and personal freedoms of Kashmiris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hospitalisation is among the most common sequelae of harm in primary and ambulator)' care. The previous section identified that the majority of the direct costs stemming from safety lapses such as diagnostic error and ADEs generated by the need for hospitalisation. Consumption of hospital resources carries a direct cost - bed days and activity - and an opportunity cost - other admissions foregone (assuming hospitals are operating at high occupancy). This report defines patient safety in the primary and ambulatory setting as managing risks over extended periods of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Patients can choose whether they have a “medecin traitant” or not, but face significantly lower reimbursements if they choose not to. The “medecin traitant” can be GP or specialist and their role is to guide patients through the health system and keep patients medical records. If patients have an attested long-term condition (“affection de longue duree”) the “medecin traitant” receives an annual payment for documentation and co-ordination. Point presse de l’assurance maladie 21/04/2016”, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The national level has been important in facilitating gender-responsive budgeting initiatives at all levels of government in Indonesia by issuing decrees. Presidential Decree 9/2000 and Ministry of Home Affairs Decree 132/2003 have provided regulations that gender-responsive budgeting advocates are able to draw upon to argue the case for making budget allocations more gender responsive (Sharp and Elson 2008). Gender-responsive budgeting had the early support of the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, which undertook a gender budget pilot in the provinces of South Borneo and South Kalimantan (Sharp and Elson, 2008). The Ministry' sees gender budgeting as an entry point for strengthening gender mainstreaming in ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The industry added USD 44 billion to the US GDP in 2015 and paid USD 10 billion in taxes (RFA, 2016). One strategy to ultimately reach the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) targets is to make stepwise improvements in the existing biorefinery concepts. These stepwise improvements must include a regional strategy that builds in enough flexibility to use the “cheapest sources of renewable carbon” within a given region. Such flexibility implies, for example, using grain sorghum, switchgrass, or miscanthus in the US Midwest, sweet sorghum or cane sugar in the US South, guayule bagasse in the US Southwest, almond hull sugars in California and even citrus peel waste in Florida.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)