albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Top-earning, tertiary-educated women entrepreneurs tend to earn less than equally educated women in wage employment, while the opposite is true for men. The evidence clearly suggests that self-employment is a pathway to wealth only for a small group of well-prepared, highly motivated women. Improving the earning prospects of self-employment is critical to making it more attractive to women. National and local governments can encourage more women to enter industries that provide significant opportunities for growth and wealth by developing or sponsoring web-based knowledge platforms on emerging business opportunities, mentorships for aspiring entrepreneurs, and pre-incubator workshops that help women transform their ideas into viable businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Meanwhile, the poverty rate soared from 43 per cent to 64 per cent, affecting 4 million people. Data may also need to be better disaggregated to capture inequalities across all parameters relevant to a given country, nationally or subnationally. It is not enough, for instance, to know how many people have access to contraceptives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Girls today outperform boys in some areas of education and are less likely to drop out of school. But the glass is still only half full: women continue to earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and are more likely to spend their final years in poverty. Making the most of the talent pool ensures that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace, thereby enhancing their well-being and that of society. Greater educational equality does not guarantee equality in the workplace, however. If high childcare costs mean that it is not economically worthwhile for women to work full-time, if workplace culture penalises women for interrupting their careers to have children, and if women continue to bear the burden of unpaid household chores, childcare and looking after ageing parents, it will be difficult for them to realise their full potential in paid work. In developing countries, if discriminatory social norms favour early marriage and limit women’s access to credit, girls’ significant gains in educational attainment may not lead to increased formal employment and entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the processing and evaluation of past events makes it possible to carry out simulations for the future at initially defined different risk levels. Another advantage is that the model is not a product of an engineering approach, it contains a priori no initial considerations, preconceptions or pre-defmed probabilities. The model is constructed flexibly, based on the information on the relationship between the most influential factors captured throughout the data collection process. Furthermore, there is a need for extensive data collection making comparisons between countries difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unfortunately, many of those in Finland whose parents were bom abroad appear to inherit the integration challenges of their parents, struggling with language difficulties and lacking the local knowledge to navigate Finnish society and the Finnish labour market. While the concentration of foreign bom adults at the lower end of the wage distribution has been falling over the past 20 years, the opposite trend has emerged among their children. Recent research indicates that it can take students many years to develop the academic language used in school environments and language learning is an ongoing process that requires effective support beginning in early childhood education and continuing throughout compulsory and upper-secondary schooling. This is particularly the case given the complexity of the Finnish language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The green economy must not disturb the balance of the pillars of sustainable development. It was quite noticeable that the mistrust of the intent of the green economy, as expressed by some governments in the Rio+20 process, was a factor in the national consideration as there were lingering concerns on interpretation and implementation modalities. In this regard, the community-based organisation (CBO)/NGO responses were highly focused on social development, poverty eradication and livelihood issues. He outlined, ‘We accept that our tools will include a green and a blue economy based on various national approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Setting a high r is tantamount to setting equally distributed income at the income of the poorest individuals in the sample. Thus, increases in lower incomes are given relatively more weight in producing social welfare than increases in high incomes. Setting x to around 1.5 corresponds to setting yc/' approximately equal to the median of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A programme to improve drinking water quality in line with the EU directive has been underway since 2001, targeting around 900 settlements and more than 2.5 million residents of the country (SUMANAS, 2005). By 2010, only three settlements, with a total of 1 300 residents, are exposed to drinking water with arsenic levels highly exceeding the EU limit value. The affected population is supplied with healthy drinking water from alternative sources. The red sludge disaster in 2010, caused by a collapsed industrial toxic waste reservoir, exacerbated such risks. The elevated levels of arsenic and mercury in the red sludge could pose serious health risks for the affected population, especially if the toxic material has entered into the food chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Strengthen regional and national energy institutions and ministries, ensuring that they are well governed, sustainably funded and have sufficient human resources to implement their energy sector strategies, policies and plans. There is also a need to maximise the opportunities for accessing available energy and climate finance. In addition, development partners should strengthen existing capacity-building processes, such as SEIAPI and PacTVET, by mandating the use of these processes in their projects and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thus, all projections assume current technology and treatments are maintained in the future. Other drivers of health care expenditure seen in other models are not included, such as administration, infrastructure and human resource costs associated with a growing burden of disease. There is an assumption of constant prices. London: Government Office for Science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is the result of enterprise relocation enabled by broadband, which benefits primarily urban communities in the periphery of metropolitan areas (Katz et al. This was the result of a particularly strong capital/labor substitution process taking place, whereby productivity gains from broadband adoption reduced employment. Similarly, Thompson and Garbacz (2008) concluded that for certain industries, “there may be a substitution effect between broadband and employment’’175.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Alcohol and intimate partner violence: do we have enough information to act?. The European Journal of Public Health, 16(3), 278-284. Comparison of partner physical aggression across ten countries. Unhappy Hours: Alcohol and partner agression in the America. Women’s entrepreneurship and intimate partner violence: A cluster randomized trial of microenterprise assistance and partner participation in post-conflict Uganda (SSM-D-14-01580R1). Social Science & Medicine 133: 177-188.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The location of a school is one of the factors that influence the distribution of staff with different levels of experience and qualifications. In the United States, for example, urban school districts serving disadvantaged populations face particular teacher shortages, although there is great variation between districts (Papay et al., This often results in abelow-average share of experienced and highly-trained teachers (Monk, 2007(m], Gagnon and Mattingly, 2012[n4]), and curriculum areas being covered by one teacher and teachers with little subject-specific training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With average annual growth of GDP and GDP per capita of 6.3% and 4.5%, respectively, it has been among Latin America’s top economic performers. It weathered the recent financial and economic crisis well and picked up vigorously in 2010. Underpinning this excellent performance are sound macroeconomic policies, structural reforms to improve the functioning of product and labour markets, and the openness of the economy to international trade and foreign investment. These policies have fostered investment, productivity and job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This partially explains why Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia score 3 or above, while Bosnia and Herzegovina scores 2.8 and Kosovo 2.1. And, with the exception of Kosovo, they are all implementing measures as part of their strategies. The next step would be to improve their monitoring of progress against their implementation plans to identify if any corrective action is necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Law regulates breeding, protection, hunting, and use of game and its parts. Amendments have provided for increased numbers of wild animal species (game) to acquire the status of permanently protected wild species. The effect of implementing the amendments of the Law of Hunting in 2008 has been positive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, in 1962, a pioneering study group of India's Planning Commission set a monthly per capita consumption level of rupees (Rs) 20 in 1960-1961 prices as the bare minimum level-of-living threshold. This excluded expenditure on health and education, since it assumed that such needs would be covered directly for all and for free by the State, as enjoined upon it by India's Constitution. The State's obligation has not been fulfilled but the assumption of its fulfilment has nevertheless survived. In India, the official poverty line does not cover education and health needs. Factoring these in on the basis of the actual expenditure pattern of the median household reveals that the poverty line would need to be raised by 10.4 per cent for rural areas and by 15.6 per cent for urban areas.2 The rates of rural and urban poverty would increase from the official estimates of 28.3 and 27.5 per cent to the revised estimates of 36.4 and 35.8 per cent, respectively (Ravi and Dev, 2008, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several models exist that could guide the work within SAICM. For instance, the Montreal Protocol's Scientific Assessment Panel produces a report every four years, documenting the state of the ozone layer, based on contributions from an ad hoc steering group of international researchers. The Protocol's Technology and Economic Assessment Panel might be an even better model, because it provides a detailed analysis of issues connected with regulated substances and groups of substances, and may (if so mandated) suggest concrete and focused action. Another relevant example is the Climate and Clean Air Coalition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While many coal fired plants are able to fire gas or oil as well, the modern gas turbines in gas-fired combined cycle plants do not allow duel fuel capability (both gas and oil). However, they may be adapted (requiring additional system modifications like blade coating changes) if the frequency of occurrence and the duration of problems is large enough to justify such investments. Generic plant design problems may make a power system vulnerable when the type of generation plants is not very diversified, for instance in France two types of nuclear units form the majority of the production assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The data are collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. Mexican States) for non-European countries1. First, they complement international assessments of differences across regions in living conditions (OECD, 2013), by providing comparable measures of differences in household incomes and poverty levels between regions. Second, they can support the analysis of the levels and implications of income inequality in each region, by documenting how household income is distributed within regions and how many people are poor relatively to the typical citizen of their region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   The first wave of unilaterally declared environmental protection zones (starting with Canada’s Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act of 1970) may have been halted by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Yet, a second wave now seems to be gaining momentum: the French ‘ecological protection zone in the Mediterranean’ of April 2003 (promptly emulated by Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy), the British ‘environment (protection and preservation) zone’ around the Chagos Archipelago of September 2003, and the US ‘marine national monument’ around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of June 2006, all claiming new environmental regulatory powers in sea areas way beyond territorial waters. This viewpoint article questions the unilateral legitimation of those claims, and postulates a trusteeship ethos and fiduciary accountability for ocean governance in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, since 2011 the parks have been transferring all of the enterprises’ revenue to the central budget. In 2011, some 70% of the parks’ total operating costs - around PLN 200 million - were paid by the central budget (Pater, 2011). For major parks, the aim is for the central budget to cover all operating costs (Box 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The business sector began to understand the hidden potential of these investments only in the late 1990s. In 2006 the private investment was four times greater that invested by the OCS (US-Israel Science and Technology Foundation, 2008). Other incubators include NGT in Nazareth, Yokneam in Naiot, Yoznok Haemek in the Jezreel Valley and Kinarot in the Jordan Valley.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the social values include many aspects of the human-nature nexus, initiatives have been made by several agencies which only to some extent have been coordinated. Social values have also been studied in different research projects, but with little coordination. In 2007 the national research program "Friluftsliv i forandring" did a national survey on outdoor recreation participation which provided broad baseline data, and a follow-up survey to monitor the national policy on outdoor recreation in currently under consideration. A recommendation for the future is thus to better coordinate the efforts among the different stakeholders in order to provide an accepted and cost-efficient set of indicators which can be applied in a national (cross-sectional) monitoring system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The phenomena of rape against children are very alarming in today's society. The Penal Code and the Child Protection Act has posted punishment on the perpetrator, but there are some disadvantages that arise when legal sanctions are imposed on child rapist. Criminal sanctions against rapist are deemed not provide a deterrent effect. The government passed perpu on castration punishment for child rapist. The castration punishment was a punishment that shows revenge way of thought, so the approach has long been abandoned. In addition, from the objective of sentencing, castration punishment has not yet reflected the sense of justice. Since it has not provided a deterrent effect for offenders and unbalanced with the principles of the right to accommodate the rights of the sustainability of offspring for the offender.     Keywords: castration, rape, human rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Rural Clinical Training and Support programme funds a network of rural clinical schools and requires participating medical schools (17 of a total of 19 schools) to deliver shortterm rural placements to all medical students, and long-term (over one year) rural placements to 25% of their medical students. Medical schools must also fill 25% of medical school places with students from a rural background. The increasing number of graduating medical students has put pressure on available internship positions. The Australian Government has an agreement with the states and territories that guarantees intern positions for all Australian domestic medical graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These enforcement systems should have all the human, financial, legal, technical and other resources needed to make them effective (see also sect. Forced evictions constitute gross violations of a range of internationally recognized human rights, including the human rights to adequate housing, food, water, health, education, work, security of the person, freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and freedom of movement. Forced evictions are defined as the permanent or temporaiy removal against the will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, according to the new proposal by the Ministry, SBCs may become part of a new mechanism for credit guarantees. They are represented in Figure 2.3, which does not pretend to be all-inclusive but is intended to illustrate the complexity of the financial arrangements in support of the agro-food sector in Kazakhstan. The dimmed parts of the figure do not concern actual monetary transfers to the policy beneficiaries, but correspond to financial flows that support the provision of general services, such as research, education, information, land and water management, and SPS services. The highlighted parts of the figure indicate the actual monetary flows directed to the beneficiaries of agricultural policy, and are discussed below. The republican budget also includes annual “guaranteed” and ad hoc (targeted) transfers from the National Fund.3The purpose of targeted transfers is determined by the President based on the government’s proposals, the targeted use of these funds is strictly controlled. Local administrations and KazAgro agencies are the main channels through which actual money transfers reach agricultural producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Now, even sophisticated non-routine and highly cognitive jobs can - and will - soon be taken by machines. And this is not only the case in manufacturing, but increasingly also in the labour-intensive service sector. New ICT-enabled services, such as those provided in the cloud, give reason to believe that even complex tasks will be outsourced to developing countries with a growing number of high-skilled professionals currently earning a fraction of what their colleagues in developed countries take home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition to womens low rate of employment there is significant labour market gender segregation, with a high percentage of women employed in low wage sectors (NCPE 2014a). Maltese women are also more likely to interrupt their careers for childbearing, which generally leads them to drop out of the workforce. The situation has left Malta lagging behind when it comes to women pursuing lifelong careers (Mizzi 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme includes 21 districts in Penang island and the mainland, and the states of Kedah, Perlis, and northern Perak. The Northern Corridor Economic Region programme aims to accelerate economic growth and elevate income levels in the north of Peninsular Malaysia. It is part of a national strategy focusing on regions which can benefit from land, labour and natural resources, combining these with manufacturing experience and international linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, Denmark envisages more and better coherence in the initial training and education of teachers and ECEC staff. This common approach will ensure both consistency as well as better cooperation opportunities between ECEC and school (see Chapter 3). Working teams, however, do not always guarantee co-operation (as noted in the Swedish inspectorate of schools report (Swedish Schools Inspectorate, 2015)). The same professional jealousies and lack of understanding described above can obstruct co-operation, even within working teams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Monetisation makes the campaign unnecessarily costly and often dissuades women from active participation, due to their limited economic muscle. The PR systems have proved effective in embedding notions of inclusiveness, without putting the burden on the individual woman. This is partly the reason why some countries emerging out of conflict (e.g. Rwanda and South Africa) have adopted PR as the suitable electoral system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For our study, we need to find counterparts for the treatment and control groups in 2000 among students in lower secondary schools in 2003 or 2006. This can be achieved with matching methods where counterfactual 1= 1 scores are constructed using scores of students with similar characteristics to those observed in t=0. Usually, matching methods are used to make control and treatment groups more comparable, assuming that we have the same observations in each group in 1=0 and t=\ In our case, we do not want to adjust for dissimilarities among treatment and control groups. We know that students who were in vocational schools differed from those in general schools, but we are interested in whether moving students from different tracks, who differ by assumption, into the one-type comprehensive lower secondary schools, affected them similarly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The French Ministry of Education has set national targets that hold schools accountable for holding high numbers of students back and has implemented a reform that ensures individualised support two hours per week to those students who need it. This has also created various opportunities for students who have been lagging behind their classmates to catch up in the last two years of primary school. In 2014, an amendment to France’s school reform law declared that grade repetition should only be considered for exceptional cases (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This national regulation will be succeeded by a technical regulation of the Customs Union, which is currently under the discussion within the countries, and should be approved by all three countries. Currently, most supermarkets in Kazakhstan sell milk on a commission basis and expect the dairy plant to send one of its own workers to pack the products in coolers, monitor expiry dates, and keep displays organised and clean. This section is based on interviews carried out in January and March 2012 for this Review. Usually the plant has individual-work contracts with farmers who have more than fifty head of cattle for milk supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Fathers, particularly at the higher end of the income distribution, are viewed as more stable and reliable workers, whereas mothers (particularly those earning low wages) are viewed as unreliable in the face of family care commitments (Budig, 2014). Descriptive evidence from Mexico reveals that fathers have higher rates of employment or education enrolment than men who are not fathers (Figure 3.6), while mothers have lower rates relative to women who are not mothers of dependent children. Fathers are defined as having dependent children aged 14 or younger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)