albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There is a risk that two-way trafficking for the manufacture and consumption of heroin may grow as drug trafficking syndicates exploit the easier movement of people and capital resulting from initiatives enhancing regional integration within the ASEAN community. In the light of such challenges, INCB encourages close cooperation and collaboration among the ASEAN member States for the timely exchange of intelligence. The total amount of heroin seized in Cambodia and Thailand dropped significantly in 2014 (1.8 kg and 371 kg, respectively), back to its longer-term average level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Virginia’s Nutrient Credit Exchange has proven to be an effective mechanism for facilitating compliance trading between point sources with permanent phosphorus offsets selling for upwards of USD 20 000/pound, largely generated by land conversion activities. Maryland’s nutrient trading program has yet to experience any trades. This is likely due to a lack of binding regulations, which may have led to uncertainty and risk for regulated entities to purchase credits in lieu of addressing requirements onsite. Because of the long ecosystem response-time delays associated with nutrient reductions, water quality improvements in Chesapeake Bay, and the effectiveness of the water quality trading programmes, are yet to be verified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These reforms are a “step in the right direction” towards simplifying the millefeuille territorial (OECD, 2015b). Both Fiance, the United Kingdom and Germany have such competency clauses, which are related to the idea of subsidiarity (that decision making authority should be ascribed to those at the lowest level of government in order to be closer to communities and residents). There are a number of caveats to the clause. For example, in France, subnational governments can take on tasks that are not formally ascribed to them if these tasks are not part of the obligatory responsibilities of another level of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Data for Germany relate to 2006. The sample includes only full-time, full-year equivalent employees to exclude working time effects on earnings. Observations are weighted to make the sample representative of the actual population. The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The importance of artisanal fishing and technical assistance to developing countries as well as the need to address IUU fishing were also discussed. Some WTO members noted that the peer review was a voluntary process taking place outside, and without any link to the WTO, and expressed the view that the CTE was not the appropriate forum to discuss fossil fuel subsidy reforms. Other delegations, highlighting the broad CTE mandate, welcomed the discussions and considered such information sharing to be useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Wal-Mart is introducing similar requirements for its suppliers in other countries in 2011 (Wal-Mart 2008,2010). It can address possible concerns of local firms and governments. It can expand and adapt programmes to different sectors and countries. It can replicate programmes in countries where lead multinationals are absent, identifying actors to fill these roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The increase in maize production over the same period was more significant, with an average increase of 11.4% per annum. As rice and maize are already at self-sufficiency level, the target for 2010-14 is to maintain production in line with the expected growth in demand. Production targets in 2014 for rice and maize represent annual average increases in production of 3.5% and 13% respectively over 2009 levels. In February 2011, President Yudhoyono raised the 2014 production target for rice of 75.7 million tonnes by a further 13% by requiring a surplus of 10 million tonnes by that year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This creates no problems when arguments drawing on either of these perspectives work in the same direction to generate sustained growth and poverty reduction. However, the discussion becomes problematic when the evidence suggests that politically desirable concepts of good governance are not a necessary condition for fast economic growth or poverty reduction and may even be inconsistent with them. In such cases, a choice may have to be made among governance, growth and poverty reduction objectives. However, its overall poverty reduction effects remain doubtful in the absence of other complementary factors, such as entrepreneurial skills and the growth of overall demand in the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article investigates the application of the “smart cities” and “urban climate justice” concepts to two urban initiatives based in Bristol, UK. Both ideas are increasingly popular in academic literature. Yet, little is known about their understanding by the practitioners such as policymakers, third sector organisations and citizens. Two case studies, a community-based energy efficiency initiative, and a local authority electric vehicle policy were critically reviewed using discourse analysis. The method helped to reveal the explicit, implied and obscured aims of the examined initiatives. Using discourse analysis, the researchers developed a heuristic which could improve traditional policy analysis approaches. The examination of case studies illustrates how practitioners understand the notions of “urban climate justice” and “smart cities” and whether their conceptualisations differ from those present in the academic literature. Finally, the paper offers methodological suggestions for embedding justice in “smart” initiatives at each stage of policy and project design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Due to war and forest exploitation, forest area dropped to 33 percent in 1976 and to 27 percent in 1990. The government recognized the urgency of reforestation for environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, and thus implemented widespread and ambitious reforestation projects from 1990 onwards. Consequently, Viet Nam’s forest area coverage increased to 32 percent in 1999, and 49 percent in 2015. This increase has resulted largely from reforestation programmes and land reforms, namely: the 'Greening the Barren Hills Programme’ (or Programme 327) and its successor the Five Million Hectare Reforestation Programme (5MHRP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Communication, education and public awareness are critically important, together with the need for transparent information about the state and trends of ecological, economic, social and cultural/spiritual dimensions of landscapes as social-ecological systems. The term landscape approach captures this and can be operationalized by applying concepts such as Model Forest, Biosphere Reserve, and traditional village systems. In this paper we advocate an approach that supports communication, education and public awareness and that relies on landscapes as laboratories for learning and knowledge production. We stress that to implement policies about sustainable development and sustainability, the context of landscapes in terms of environmental history, biophysical conditions, cultural heritage and modes for government and governance in the landscape need to be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As elsewhere in South Africa, there is a high level of school failure. About 150 000 youth (18 to 24 years age cohort) are outside education, training and labour market. The average household incomes are below the national average and feature deep racial inequalities. Only one-third of the working age population are in formal employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The forest sector must also contribute to climate change adaptation, given its various positive externalities, such as its role in water resources protection and many other environmental services. It was noted, however, that the cost of certification can be a possible limiting factor for small forest owners who cannot afford certification and, therefore, have to regroup themselves. It consists in developing plantations of eucalyptus, respecting sustainable forest management standards, including ensuring high social standards for their workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Researchers are testing a "bionic pancreas" pump that is inserted under the patient's skin. When paired with an app and a small chip, this device is capable of tracking blood sugar levels and adjusting the amount of insulin and glucagon (another hormone that controls blood sugar) on its own. A key study is slated for 2016 and the researchers, who are based at Boston University and Massachusetts General Hospital, plan to submit the device for US FDA approval in 2017.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The demand elasticity of electricity declines in this scenario from 0.95 in 2011/12 to 0.725 in 2051/52. This significantly affects demand in 2050. Both projections are, however, still considerably higher than those from the IEA. A fivefold increase in electricity demand from 792 TWh in 2007 to 4 069 TWh in 2050 is projected in the Baseline Scenario. Total electricity demand is reduced in BLUE Map to the level of 3 769 TWh. Figure 3.1 shows electricity demand projections for India from the two different sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2013, there were 3 767 pre-school institutions in Tunisia, including both nursery and Kouttab schools (Ministere des Affaires de la Femme et de la Famille, 2014) - up from 2 422 in 2004 (Observatoire de l’Enfance, 2010). In addition, five-year olds can attend an anneepreparatoire [preparatory year], which is under the responsibility of the Ministere de I ’Education [Ministry of Education] and is provided either in public primary schools, or in private/semi-private institutions. While this preparatory year is considered part of the basic education cycle, it is neither compulsory, nor is free access guaranteed to all (Education Act of 23 July 2002).37 The proportion of children (aged 3-5) in pre-school education is relatively low, at 44.3% compared to 76.9% on average across the OECD (Figure 3.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In developing regions, a significant proportion of women who are in the labour force have no income of their own because they are contributing family workers, on family farms and enterprises. Being married and having young children in the household dampen women's labour force participation rates, while they have the opposite effect on men's. Discrimination in labour markets and women's disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work pose a particular problem for lone mothers who cannot rely on income-pooling with a partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Support to the establishment of security system monitoring bodies should ensure that they are participative and inclusive of CSOs. More specifically, they may require training on security system oversight. In turn, CSOs working on security oversight may also benefit from training on gender issues. In addition, support for the creation of CSO networks on security and/or gender issues can increase the credibility and impact of CSO engagement with SSR and security system institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Household heads which are self-employed, unemployed, retired, studying, homemaker or disabled are more likely to be financially vulnerable as compared to household heads who are working as employees. Amongst other socioeconomic determinants, numbers of children in the family do not play any role in explaining households’ financial vulnerability. However, marital status of the household head plays a significant role in impacting the financial vulnerability level. Being not married or not living with a partner raises the level of financial vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Despite the 2008 crisis, people continued to borrow money to buy houses, but only high-income groups are now able to afford them, given the high interest rates on mortgages, of 13%-15% in 2016. This has prevented many citizens from entering the real estate market. As a consequence, a growing percentage of home seekers from middle and low-income groups have registered for social housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are compelling reasons for maintaining independence from the state. The Committee prepares for its dialogue with the State Party by requesting additional information in the form of a list of issues. The State Party report and the responses to the list of issues form the basis of the discussion with the State Party. Following the dialogue, the Committee issues concluding observations, which highlight key issues of concern and make recommendations for follow-up actions. This process is called 'shadow or parallel reporting'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also at the same meeting, statements were made by Wu Zhimin (China) and Peter Besseau (Canada) on the country-led initiative hosted by China, and Christian Ktichli (Switzerland) and Anna Sternberg (Switzerland) on the country-led initiative hosted by Switzerland. At its 10th meeting, on 15 May, the Forum considered agenda item 6 jointly with items 3, 4, 5, 7 (Multi-stakeholder dialogue) and 9. For its consideration of the item, the Forum had before it the report of the Secretary-General on enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination and regional and subregional inputs (E/CN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Further, reduce barriers for risk- and debt-averse students by providing relevant and reliable information to support their learning and career choices. Consider using fee differentiation by programme or allowing tuition levels to evolve in step with increases in household income or an appropriate education cost index. Undertake efforts to develop a better set of indicators upon which to base performance funding to institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If it is calculated for the exact age of 20 years, it indicates the probability of becoming a modter during adolescence. When censuses are used as a source, die numerator is mothers aged 15 tol9 who report diat they have had one or more live birdis. When specialized surveys are used (Demographic and Health Surveys or Intemarional Reproductive Health Surveys), die numerator normally corresponds to women aged 15 to 19 who report diat diey have had one or mote live births and women who are pregnant for the first time. In both cases, die denominator is all women aged 15 tol9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An objective of future surveys could therefore be to put greater emphasis on seeking input regarding issues that are not raised in the survey, e.g. by inviting respondents to identify unaddressed issues, suggest research topics and propose solutions. Finally, we note that the survey can be an important source of insight regarding the potential gap that may exist between expert beliefs regarding the most effective measures and the existing evidence regarding these measures. Identifying any such gaps could shed light on the need to generate more evidence in certain areas, or alternatively, to better disseminate existing evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Table 3 summarises further needs to consider, and a brief discussion of them is offered below. The CRGE’s Green Economy component lays out a politically- and financially-attractive first step in its set of projects to reduce GHGs and accelerate progress towards middle-income status. But green growth is as much about systems and structures as individual solutions. Leaders in all sectors and livelihood groups will need to be engaged, and will need to gain green economy capacities and access green technologies. In other words, many people throughout Ethiopia will turn the good (if so far ‘top-down’) green economy vision into diverse, bottom-up realities. In particular, the agriculture sector will need to be much more engaged - not only because of the GHG emissions of the sector, but primarily because of its guardianship of natural assets, its employment of the majority of the population, and its potential to generate wealth for those who stay in a more sustainably managed sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is particularly pronounced in China due to the land tenure system and the fact that contract rights are not well defined and tenure is limited. Furthermore, property law forbids the contract rights to rural land to be mortgaged. The 2009 OECD Rural Policy Review of China emphasised the importance of continued reforms that improve the availability of finance in rural areas (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to steps planned by the Norwegian Government, minimum mental health service provision guidelines for municipalities, as well as established patient pathways from primary care, may strengthen access to appropriate specialist services - such as CBT or other talking therapies - for mild-to-moderate disorders across the country. The systematic recording of waiting times for patients following a referral to psychological therapies, published alongside Norway’s existing data on waiting times and referral to depression services, may be a further way of effectively appraising unmet need and disparities across the country. For these individuals, good co-ordination of care, good follow-up in the community following hospitalisations, appropriate long-term support, and sensitivity to patient requests and treatment needs are important parts of securing high-quality care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
So, beyond GHG abatement alone, it is important to anticipate the full range of linked and independent drivers, develop scenarios for them, and plan green growth strategies that are resilient to them. But there are also positive drivers that could be more firmly embraced in their own right. Globally, if not yet in Ethiopia, the growth of environmentally- and socially-discriminating markets offers possibilities for Ethiopia to export sustainable tourism, energy and food products, as well as biodiversity conservation services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finally, we know little about long-term impacts, including how impacts may vary over time horizons and if impacts are non-linear, as well as the sustainability of impacts after CTs end or households graduate (the latter studied only by Roy et al. For example, it is likely that within any one program there are multiple or competing casual pathways operative, with differential distributional impacts or those that vary by type of IPV. It is also possible that impacts in the short-run may differ from longer-term impacts as relationships end and begin and programs are phased out. As cash and other transfers are increasingly scaled up in development settings, we welcome further research to better understand and leverage gains across sectors on non-traditional outcomes including IPV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The differences are larger and more widespread for self-employed workers. The most common differences include the exclusion of self-employed workers from unemployment benefits, and no or non-compulsory eligibility for work injury benefits as well as differences in the rules on sickness and maternity benefits. With the exception of a handful of countries (Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), the effective differences in the content and extent of taxes and benefits for part-time workers are related more to their particular circumstances (e.g. lower earnings due to fewer hours of work) than to structural differences in policy rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Network members share best practices and provide financial services to women entrepreneurs. For this type of saving, a formula with regular deposits is preferable because it makes it easier to forecast expenses by spreading them out over time. According to available cash levels and planned expenditures, the entrepreneur may prefer to seek a more flexible savings solution that makes funds easily available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For a unit with a production cost of EUR 40/MWh, load modulation would have increased the operating profit by 76% in comparison to a unit operated in a baseload mode. Load modulation allows those plants to be profitable even when average electricity prices fall below their production cost. The corresponding figure for a variable production cost of EUR 15/MWh is approximately 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to another study, however, child mortality in Argentina fell 8% in areas where water services had been privatized and the effect was greatest (26%) in the poorest areas (Galiani ef al. In many cases water privatization has led to considerable cost increases for the most vulnerable groups, poor service, and disconnection of public access points. The economic crises that in many instances propelled governments to get out of the water-supply business leave individuals less able to pay for privatized water: economic crises further reduce the ability of poor households, especially women, to pay for water by severely limiting their access to income and credit. In a further ripple effect, the credit freeze at national levels, combined with shrinking donor financing, means microfinance institutions have fewer funds to loan to clients (mainly women) (CAP-NET and GWA 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This project is part of a national E-strategy. It involves the deployment of 4G broadband network infrastructure to enable digital inclusion and provide access to information and knowledge, and make ICTs available for all. The deployed network also provides service to remote and poor connectivity areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is particularly true for the allocation of resources in the area of social transfers. Education is probably the most prominent example for such public services, but other areas may play important roles as well, including health and transport policies. Despite much progress, a significant share of Brazil’s population lacks access to essential services. In 2011 nearly 22% of the population lived in a household where no resident had completed at least 8 years of schooling, although ten years earlier this share was almost twice as high (Figure 15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This led to comprehensive efforts to boost availability. The Slovak Republic also financed the purchase of diagnostic technology, such as positron emission tomography, CT and magnetic resonance scanners. Japan stands out with the highest rate of CT and MRI scanners per million population (97.3 and 43.1, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Canadian science parks also tended to follow the US model but on a more modest scale. This was in the form of the incubator or innovation centre, a small-scale development adjacent to a university, fit into the urban environment with a focus on new firm creation. Some small-scale research parks continued to be built, at universities with semi-rural campuses, but especially in larger cities and particularly in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They make significant contributions to non-state social protection systems, and participate informally in all social protection programmes such as labour markets, social insurance, social assistance, micro and area-schemes, and child protection. There is a substantial umbrella of national NGOs. These include the Fiji Council of Social Services (FCOSS), the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre (FWCC), Kiribati Association of NGOs (KANGO), Samoa Umbrella for NGOs (SUNGO), the Solomon Island Development Trust (SIDT), Tonga Community Development Trust (TCDT), Tuvalu Association of NGOs (TANGO) and the Vanuatu Association of NGOs (VANGO).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)