albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They also show causality in both directions (the feedback hypothesis) for the two electricity variables (TES and PES). This indicates a stronger role for modern energy in LDCs in two respects. Not only does electricity supply allow economic growth, but at the same time economic growth also creates demand, which stimulates electricity supply. Second, this latter relationship is found in LDCs, but not in ODCs (table 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Progress in these projects is monitored. One challenge in implementing chemical leasing projects is to demonstrate to companies’ management that the approach leads to financial benefits, and to make the changes required to realise the benefits. Colombia has made good progress under the protocol and is in full compliance with its obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The digital infrastructure provides the glue to enable the smart sustainable city to operate efficiently and in an optimal manner. Common physical and service infrastructures include (1) Smart Energy, (2) Smart Buildings, (3) Smart Transportation (4) Smart Water, (5) Smart Waste, (6) Smart Physical Safety and Security, (7) Smart Healthcare and (8) Smart Education. Therefore, a smart sustainable city has an end goal to achieve an economically sustainable environment without sacrificing the comfort and convenience/quality of life of citizenry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rural communities consume little electricity, and have little or no disposable income to pay for electricity services. Lack of access to electricity is also due to the difficulties in providing electricity to households scattered in large, isolated or remote geographical areas. Many governments have invested in the extension of national grids over the past three decades, in many cases reaching a large segment of urban populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Associated with the Plan was a vision that “by 2020, California's workforce is trained and fully engaged to provide the human capital necessary to achieve California’s economic energy efficiency and demand site management potential”. Consequently the CPUC commissioned a California Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment for Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, and Distributed Generation (the WE&T Needs Assessment) undertaken by the Donald Vial Center on Employment in the Green Economy at the University of California, Berkeley. The first area of research analysed the impact of federal and state energy efficiency policies and programmes on jobs and the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While broad international consensus has supported this view,16 the challenge going forward is nevertheless centred around the adoption of national policies which will, within each country’s context and constraints, drive efforts towards poverty eradication, human development and climate resilience. However, there is less experience with and less recognition of the challenges posed by both slow setting events and the accumulation of weather-related hazards, which can have devastating consequences on livelihoods. In the absence of government support, even small changes in temperature or rain and wind patterns can push people into poverty traps (Olsson and others, 2014). Those who are the most exposed and vulnerable are also the ones who are already economically and socially disadvantaged and the least likely to have access to support systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The number of workers across skill-groups and within a sector is identified under the assumption that within sectors, workers engage in the same amount of hours across the different labour categories (high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled).35 In the second step, to calculate a wage for each of these worker categories, the value added of a given worker category (the wage bill) is divided by the number of workers in that category and sector. The resulting output is an average wage rate for each of the three categories of workers within a sector giving rise to a maximum of 105 country-sector-skill category-year wage observations.36 This information is then used to calculate aggregate measures of wage inequality37 — a Gini coefficient—using weights capturing the number of workers across skill categories and sectors within a country (Box 2). Great care has been taken to harmonise cross-country measures of inequality by the OECD in the Income Distribution database (which does not suffer from the problem of using income and expenditures in different years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The potential transborder nature of the issue may also require co-operation at the regional level, as is being done in Emerging Asia (Box 3.2). This frequently happens with emissions from energy production and heavy industry or from the burning of forests for agriculture. Regional solutions are therefore required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
During its early years, this centre contributed to the development of a national integrated data system, analysing social problems of migrant women workers, for example. Three ministries - those of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Higher Education (MOHE) and Education (MOE) - participate in the NCIA. Universiti Sains Malaysia supports the NCIA by conducting studies focusing on the electrical and electronic (E&E) industry in the Northern Corridor Economic Region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When political pressures interfere with the distribution planning, they cause financial difficulties to the utilities or distribution companies if they are forced to operate in a non-commercial manner or are unable to cut the power supply to non-paying customers. For this reason, rural electrification efforts should follow a predetermined, inviolable plan that involves a structured institutional setting. An apolitical monitoring of how rural electrification progresses is recommended. This task can be undertaken by independent institutions created or designated for that purpose.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This Round Island Route (RIR) links nature, culture, recreational sites, communities and parks, thereby enabling NMT such as cycling, skating and jogging. To facilitate cycling, or to take the place of bicycle lanes, new routes are wider than normal park connectors (six metres instead of four metres) with amenities such as shelters, toilets, lookout points, seating areas, information kiosks, bicycle parking lots and self-help bicycle repair facilities at various nodes. In 2017, Hyderabad launched India’s first electric airport taxi service with charging stations at the airport. In Singapore, Chinese automobile giant BYD teamed up with the Government of Singapore to launch a fleet of green taxis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Evidence showed that not only was poverty among children and adolescents more rigid during business cycle upswings, it was also more elastic during downswings. Most striking was that children and adolescents proved to be worst hit by crises, despite representing a shrinking share of the total population as a result of the deep-seated demographic changes occurring in the region. In short, child poverty decreased less than poverty in the total population and much less than that of older adults (Rossel, 2013, ECLAC, 2010), indicating that children and adolescents are seeing fewer benefits from the overall reduction in monetary poverty as has occurred recently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The sector is fragmented and governed by numerous laws. Some long-term care is often provided in hospitals, but the principal source of provision is informal care by family members. This is unsustainable given changing demographics and women's growing participation in the workforce. Increased funding, infrastructure investment, and better planning and management could improve this situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The global dimension is most obvious in the case of climate change, but problems of food insecurity and deforestation have significant cross-border effects as well, stemming, for example, from food price instability and greenhouse gas emissions. Through international trade and investment, incomes and consumption in one country are linked to the ecological footprints left in the country of production. Multilateral environmental agreements, trade and investment rules, financing facilities and intellectual property rights regimes would all need to be aligned so as to facilitate the green technological transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In other (Ljubljana with one option and Riga with four options), the capital city with more options achieves higher public transport demand. Therefore, for a city where bus service is the only available option and the policy goal would be to increase the demand for public transport, the introduction of a second mode may be worth a relevant consideration, especially if peer cities offering more options do reach higher demand for public transport. For the length, it is interesting to note that the capitals with the density between 900 to 1,600 inhabitants per square kilometer reach similar results for both measurements (figure 2.17.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The world view ofliving well encourages a biocentric and decolonial change of direction in the ideas on communication for development and for social change. This article provides an overview of the history of the discipline in an effort to include the new debates on post-development and critical ecology, particularly from the standpoint of re-evaluating the sustainable cultural legacies silenced by the modernity/coloniality perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Non-knowledge-intensive services” corresponds to electricity, gas and water supply, construction, trade, hotels and restaurants. “ Skill intensity” is based on the distribution of average wages across firms where “Low skilled” refers to the first quartile, “Medium skilled” to the second quartile, “Moderately-high skilled” to the third quartile and “High skilled” to the fourth quartile. Standard deviations are first averaged within each group and country, and subsequently averaged across the following countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using weights by firm size category and industry within each country does not qualitatively change the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, the reality in most SIDS is that many practising teachers lack formal training, and few have any training at all related to ESD. As such, while pre-service teacher education is important, the in-service professional development of practising teachers is of immediate concern. In Maldives, ESD themes have been incorporated into broader pedagogical reforms, which have included training of teachers on inquiry-based approaches to teaching environmental education. This approach shows strength in that it recognises the importance of balancing ESD with other compatible reform agendas, and emphasises active learning and the direct engagement of students with environmental issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Rather, it focuses on the lived subjectivities of migrant women from Nepal, trying to unpack the multi-faceted experiences of their journeys. The transnational migrant has become the living embodiment of the contradictions of globalization, playing out her fears and hopes, aspirations and struggle for capabilities in the context of global structural inequality and gendered fluxes of labour. See Silvey 2013 for an overview.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nonetheless, these regions frequently have long traditions in specific agricultural or manufacturing sectors, and possess valuable traditional knowledge and/or other assets that make them singular. For instance, they might be endowed with rich natural resources and biological diversity, have a large share of young population with entrepreneurial ambitions, or have dense networks of social relations. Innovation policies that take into account these local assets and promote innovative ways of seizing their potential have good chances of being successful in fostering regional growth and territorial inclusiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The election of a 'New Labour' UK government in 1997 promised a new era of central-local relations facilitated by a programme of local government reform which recognised local government's 'community leadership' role. Other aspects of the agenda supported the development of multi-level governance, for example, the establishment of sub-national institutions such as the Scottish Parliament and the promotion of neighbourhoods as key sites for action. Despite these actions this paper will argue that in England the central state retains considerable influence over the key agents of local governance. Using the example of public participation policy, and drawing on the findings of a recent study in two English cities, the paper will explore how national policy aspirations were reflected locally. It concludes that while local action generally complemented national priorities, there were important points of contrast, and that localities' capacity to act in their own interests is supported by the opportunities pres...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, there is a substantial gap between material deprivation rates for the total child population and the children in the poorest decile. It is substantially higher in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Slovakia where the rates are respectively 88%, 73.6% and 76.5% for children in the poorest decile and 39.9%, 29.2% and 25.5 % for the total child population. Children in the bottom end of the income distribution are prone to a lack of a suitable place to study or do homework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It prohibits minors from working under conditions harmful to their lives, health, ethics, safety and development, and working with certain materials, such as hazardous substances. Horse racing and training between 1 November and 1 May is prohibited for children. However, during summer, children as young as 7 years old are still able to participate in horse racing. It requires that information about research and surveys conducted is made publicly available through the Internet. The Resolution represents a step forward for strengthening surveillance and prevention but lacks detail on the exact environmental health indicators and frequency of submission of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The layout of questions and answers on the questionnaire should be uniform in order to assist with the flow of questions and responses. Uniformity refers to applying a particular layout consistently to all questions and another consistently to all responses. Different coloured paper can be used to differentiate components of the questionnaire so that interviewers can easily move through sections and omit those that are not applicable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evaluating land use and livelihood impacts of early forest carbon projects: Lessons for learning about REDD+, Environmental Science & Policy, 14(2), 152-167. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Quebec.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, they find their ability to protect and provide for their families is frustrated by lack of income. Parents recognise that disciplining their children is particularly difficult when mobility in either generation means that they spend little time together (Ramphele, 2002). Moreover, cultural norms emphasise material care over other forms of care such as social and emotional support (Khunou, 2006), meaning that the contributions fathers make in these spheres are overlooked or diminished in public discourse. ( Bray & Brandt, 2007). Additionally, cultural notions of propriety may restrict paternal communication. Formative research towards an adult-child communication intervention in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique found that adolescent girls rarely have close relationships with their fathers (Schwandt & Underwood, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several large national studies and many smaller local studies suggest that high-quality child care experiences are related, albeit modestly, to child outcomes, even after adjusting for factors such as socio-economic status and parental child-rearing attitudes and practices (Howes, Phillips and Whitebook, 1992, Peisner-Feinberg and Burchinal, 1997, Zill, 1999). Programmes for children should be intensive, yearlong and conducted by appropriately trained professionals (leseman, 2002). The timely transition from learning-to-read to reading-to-learn, which for most children occurs al about age 8 or 9, is essential to academic success, school attainment and well-being (Snow, Burns and Griffin, 1998). During the primary school years, from kindergarten to Grade 3, considerable emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They rarely enforce their posturing on women’s inclusion when it comes to negotiations in reality. For instance, in her discussion of the Taef Agreement (1989) in Lebanon, Kari Karame (Chapter 12) notes that even though the negotiation of the agreement was supported by the United Nations and the United States, only men were invited to the negotiation table. As Vanessa Farr shows in Chapter 11, more than 20 years later, “Contrary to the clear directives given in SCR 1325 to include women in all aspects of decision-making in a conflict zone, Palestinian women are routinely excluded from all high-level negotiations on the Israel-Palestine question - by Palestinian males, the state of Israel and the international community.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Currently, however, across countries, it is those women and girls who experience multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination who are often the furthest behind. They fare worse than all other groups in key dimensions of well-being. Differences related to wealth, location and ethnicity, for example, combine to create deep pockets of deprivation across a range of SDGs— from access to education and health to clean water and decent work. They transcend national borders and have been the topic of landmark human rights treaties and Human Rights Council resolutions, but data on women and girls that experience these forms of discrimination are often lacking. This will make it possible to inform and develop policies and programmes that respond to their realities. But disaggregation by sex alone is insufficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract One of the main conditions for post‐communist countries to attain membership of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was that national laws should be brought into line with international human rights standards, with special attention to political rights for minority groups. In the case of the Baltic States, the national elites played a major role in the process leading to more liberal citizenship laws towards the Russian‐speaking minority. However, was the changing of formal institutions a manifestation of a liberalization of the national elites’ orientations towards this minority? The article argues that instrumental elite strategies explain why nationalist attitudes seem to prevail both before and after membership, despite less restrictive laws and internationally‐orientated elites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is unclear why Caspian sturgeons have not been included in the 1999 Red Data Book of Turkmenistan, and why they reportedly will not be included in the upcoming edition. Numbers at the four strategically important haul-out sites along the Turkmen coast (Kara-Ada Island, Tyuleni Islands, Oshushnoy Island and southern Ogurchinsky Island), which are outside the core reproduction range of the species, used to be in the order of several thousands but had shrunk to a maximum of a few hundred in 2008/2009. Current threats in Turkmenistan reportedly include disturbance, poaching and by-catch in illegal sturgeon nets. The species will be listed as endangered in the upcoming edition of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The targets of the goal on food security reflect a rights-based approach by proposing to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round, and by ending all forms of malnutrition by the year 2030. By viewing the issue of food security from a wider angle, this SDG identifies food production as an important complementary element for achieving food security. In that regard, two targets are proposed aimed at the following: (a) doubling agricultural productivity and the incomes of small-scale food producers, and (b) ensuring sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One observer from a major Southern development bank, echoing similar interventions from other AfT recipients, even went so far as to say that he considered nearly every project that he implemented - whether it involved infrastructure, trade facilitation, tax reform or trade policy training - as related to supporting TRA. A quick glance at the categories and sub-categories of AfT within the CRS database (listed in Table 13.7) shows an immediate difference between TRA and the other AfT categories: it is the only category that is not split into several subcategories. Moreover, the CRS code descriptions for non-TRA categories are generally clearly defined either in terms of a sector (e.g. tourism, industry, agriculture) or a certain activity (e.g. training, management). This suggests a crucial difference: whereas other AfT categories can be easily defined by what aid is spent on, TRA is viewed more through the lens of why aid is being spent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence, children in low work intensity households, holding other characteristics constant, are more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that higher or is equal to 20%. Differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity is highest in Slovenia, closely followed by Slovak Republic and Estonia. The proportion of children living in deprived households differs across European countries with the lowest being 4.9% in Switzerland and highest reaching approximately 60% in Bulgaria. In all the European countries included in the analyses, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While it is still early days for measuring the impact of the legislation, studies are showing some positive signs. Public support for the Australia’s antitobacco policies is also high, with 75% of survey respondents supporting or feeling neutral about plain packaging and only one in three smokers opposing the measure (Rosenberg et al., Furthermore, the decline in the proportion of daily smokers appears to have accelerated in period during which plain packaging was introduced in Australia (AIHW, 2014). While further evidence about the effectiveness of plain packaging is still being gathered, these initiatives may provide the next set of policy instruments for governments to help further reduce the harmful impact of smoking in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Low commodity prices also helped reduce energy import bills and the current account deficit. Meanwhile, the fiscal deficit was estimated at 1.2% of GDP in 2015. Exports should increase amid a gradual economic recovery in Europe. Consumer spending is likely to benefit from a 30% rise in the minimum wage level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)