albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, regional networks such as the planned Pacific Network of Island Universities Higher Education for Sustainable Development Framework or informal networks such as the one established through the Mainstreaming Environmental Sustainability in Caribbean Universities (MESCA) audit discussed below, provide opportunities for the continued sharing of experiences between institutions for the strengthening of ESD-oriented programmes. This process has already begun, evidenced by the Network of Island Universities (NIU) EDULINK project, which brings together USP along with the National University of Samoa and the University of Papua New Guinea, resulting in new course offerings focused on thematic areas related to sustainability. As a regional centre of expertise on ESD under the UNESCO model, USP has made important contributions to advancing ESD in the region. Currently, both the Caribbean and AIMS regions lack such a centre, and one source in the Caribbean has suggested that this is something that should be explored further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, the regulatory framework and the infrastructure investment process need strengthening. Even though Poland has significantly upgraded its infrastructure over the last 20 years, it still ranks poorly in terms of the perceived quality of transport infrastructure (World Economic Forum, 2016). Electricity supply remains lower and information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure less developed than in most OECD countries. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and urban air pollution are sizeable, contributing to climate change and substantially harming health outcomes (OECD, 2015b, OECD, 2016b, Goujard, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Section C analyses the electricity market in the region’s countries and the influence that the sector reforms implemented in the 1990s have had on its current configuration. The following section provides an overview of the transnational enterprises in the sector, their investment strategies in the region and the effect of the European and global situations. Section E analyses electric power generation from renewable sources, and particularly the exponential growth of wind power in Brazil, Mexico and other countries of the region. The final section sets forth a number of conclusions and analyses the policies implemented by the countries of the region to develop the sector in accordance with the multiple objectives mentioned above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Income and property taxes, and taxes on luxury items, are generally more progressive than indirect taxes, such as value-added tax (VAT), which can also be made less regressive by exempting basic goods and services. It is most effective when women's rights advocates in grassroots and civil society organizations, think tanks and university departments can build strategic alliances with actors in political parties, state bureaucracies and regional and global institutions. This work demands judgment, skill, agility and persistence on the part of advocates, as well as access to information, policy debates and decision-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, the authorities are given advance notification of each individual shipment at least three working days before shipment takes place, and certificates of receiving and of treating the waste are required. An original movement document (Annex IB) and copies of the written permits from the competent authorities should accompany a shipment subject to the notification procedure. It is required only that information in accordance with Annex VII of the WSR accompanies the waste and that the person arranging the shipment and the consignee have a valid contract under Article 18 of the WSR before shipment begins. Individual Member States may require the information specified in Annex VII for inspection, enforcement, planning, and statistical purposes, according to Article 18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In most dry subtropical regions, the changed precipitation patterns might lead to decreasing renewable surface w'ater and groundwater resources with a higher extent and frequency of soil moisture droughts. It is likely that rainfall in subtropical latitudes, particularly in the Mediterranean, Mexico and Central America and parts of Australia will decrease. This could lead to less surface water and groundwater in most dry subtropical regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Prior to this configuration (1975-98), the administrative structure included over three times the number of vovoideships and the powiat level did not exist. There are three legal types of municipalities: 1) urban communes, 2) rural communes, 3) uiban-mral communes. These are translated into country-specific recommendations and target objectives.8 Within the EU policy framework there is scope for country members to determine their own complementary priority areas and as such, Poland’s rural policies are a mix of both EU and national priorities (involving the co-financing and co-management of funds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In May 2016, the New Development Bank, established and funded by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, approved its first set of loans totalling USD 811 million in support for renewable energy projects in India, China and Russia, and created a USD 300 million credit line for renewable energy projects in Brazil (Roychoudhury and Vazquez, 2016). Improved clarity on all climate finance flows is needed to assess progress towards this objective. One element of this will be greater transparency around finance being provided, mobilised and received from all countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Examples of informational challenges noted in NBSAPs of India, Ethiopia and Uganda are highlighted in Box 2.3. Barriers to collecting comprehensive data include lack of technical and scientific capacity, lack of financial and institutional resources, and fragmentation of existing data. Another challenge often raised is the capacity needed to manage and report the existing data in an accessible and policy-relevant form.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A major difference is that the UNECE’s framework does not have support any particular policy agenda, and as such does not have any policy focus, and the indicators are selected and presented as a toolbox for National Statistics Offices. By contrast, the OECD's Framework is meant to be more operational and policy-based and builds on the UNECE toolbox. Therefore the two approaches can be considered as mutually supportive. Furthermore, they should also fulfil standard statistical requirements, e.g. come from official or other well-established sources, be defined in a comparable way, have data collected regularly and be timely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Such solutions allow for online payments and online money transfer services, for example, as well as ease funding for SMEs based on the history of their transactions and even on their savings. Innovations through digital platforms have also allowed for a rise in peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding. Moreover, while still in its nascent stage, there has also been an uptake of blockchain technology in trade finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The necessary adjustments in legislation were passed on 15 October 2009. Currently, heroin can now be prescribed to a selected group of patients who meet the required indication. The study found that clients receiving both methadone and heroin, compared to clients who just received methadone, had higher health benefits, and created less costs for law enforcement and lower damage to victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rhetoric and communication inquiry characterize the broader discipline of communication studies. The discipline has developed by retaining interest in questions of interaction and exchange, language and institutions, as well as publics and social change. The futures of such work include critical investigations into communication societies that are culturally diverse, technologically wired, local-cosmopolitan networks. I support Andrew King's position that economics should play an increasingly important role in our discipline, but I urge that inquiry be extended beyond ideological critique with its melioristic ends. Communication society should be examined in its varied and specific sites of inquiry in order to create an emergent global discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From a system-wide perspective, the overarching objective is thus to strategically steer the portfolio of technologies, to attain a generation mix suited to the country’s resources and future needs. This is likely to shift the balance of advantage decisively towards renewable technologies, where recurrent costs are a much smaller part of the total. However, while the availability of external financing is thus relevant to technology choices, it is important that such choices be driven by local circumstances, and not simply by the availability of financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For ease of interpretation, the indicators “sewerage system” and “water” were grouped into a single dimension under the heading “urban features” and the indicators “child labour” and “school attendance” were grouped into a dimension under the heading of “children”. Three other indicators (“unemployed adults”, “functional illiteracy” and “assets”) were grouped under the heading of “unskilled, low-income adults”. The factor analysis also turned up another grouping of indicators of low socioeconomic status which was not apparent in table 6 because of the small number of observations (“main material used in the construction of the external walls of the dwelling” and “fuel used for cooking”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The survey was carried out in 2011 by Gallup Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, and covered over 150 000 people. The target population was the entire civilian population aged 15 and older. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represented less than 80% of the population and by telephone in countries with higher coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It stresses that sexual violence should be excluded from any amnesty provisions in a peace process and that equal access to justice should be ensured for victims of sexual violence. The subsequent follow-up resolutions have focused on preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence, and called for, inter alia, the appointment of a special representative on sexual violence in conflict, a team of experts and women protection advisers to advise Governments and peacekeeping missions in dealing with sexual violence. Resolution 1325 (2000) referred to the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and children, while at the same time acknowledging that women are not mere victims of conflict, but also active agents with an important role to play in conflict prevention, peacekeeping initiatives, conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts.77 This was an important departure from references to women as victims or vulnerable groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It signals an important change in emphasis: from extensive development based on quantity to one focused on quality and efficiency improvement. It also identifies a changing role for the government: from service provider to facilitator. Based on the perspective that sector restructuring should be in line with the overall national process of adopting the market mechanism and guaranteeing fundamental benefits for farmers and consumers, the state will play a supportive role in order to enable a favourable environment for the activities of social and economic sectors from central to local levels, promote public-private partnerships (PPP) and co-management mechanisms, and enhance the role of community organisations (FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, however, to harness the potential of science and technology and climb the innovation ladder, more public resources need to be devoted to the generation, diffusion and use of knowledge and technology, institutional reforms in S&T governance, policy design and implementation need to be continued and stepped up as they affect the efficiency of instruments. Sustained political commitment, consensus building among stakeholders in determining national priorities and social visibility of the benefits to the economy and society as a whole are essential to a successful S&T and innovation policy. This requires oversight processes to ensure that priorities are effectively addressed in the design of innovation policies and reflected both in budgetary appropriations and institutional arrangements for policy implementation. Scientific, economic and social outcomes of increased public investment should be highlighted in the public debate, hence the importance of accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
E-governance has become increasingly important to deliver better public services, and increase public trust. With a specific focus on e-procurement and the issues of transparency and accountability this research investigates the role and barriers of information technology in enhancing information transparency and accountability to the public, using the actor-network theory and notion of delegation approach. This research concludes that information technology was delegated to automate the procurement process to increase transparency, accountability and prevent fraud. However, barriers of e-literacy, lack of leadership, reluctance of implementation, and lack of infrastructure created obstacles to attain the goals. This infers that social and technical aspects are interrelated and empower each other to support the technology in enhancing information transparency and accountability. Enhanced collaborative approach between the developers and users in the application development and implementation should be taken on board to enhance e-procurement system implementation quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bilateral DFIs are usually owned by donor governments, source their core capital from official development funds, and have access to government guarantees. Some examples include Proparco (France), DEG (Germany) and FMO (Netherlands). The multilateral equivalents of DFIs are the private sector arms or departments of multilateral development banks (such as the International Finance Corporation under the World Bank Group, and non-sovereign operations under the regional development banks).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Business R&D is therefore particularly relevant to such upgrading and to encouraging innovation, and thus to development. In developing countries, by contrast, firms' involvement in formal innovation is mixed. While firms are heavily engaged in innovation activities in some developing countries - such as China, the Republic of Korea and Singapore - the share of business R&D to total R&D expenditure in developing regions is far below the world average of 65.9 per cent: 38.3 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, 35.2 per cent in Asia-Pacific and 32.2 per cent in Latin America in 2011. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2016). While there were 1,098 researchers per 1 millbn inhabitants in 2014 gbbally, the corresponding figures for LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa were 63.4 and 87.9 per 1 million, respectively. A related indicator is the share of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates in tertiary education."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fortunately there is a General Assembly resolution that tells us we can extend the ICPD in 2014 and continue, because there is so much still to do,” Osotimehin said. We don’t have, as we speak, an actual committed position on what the development agenda is going to be after the Millennium Development Goals.” But regardless of what happens in the run-up to 2015 and well into the future, “there have to be more voices from the global South, and many of them should be those of young people,” Osotimehin said. “ Those voices, young or old, should be heard at every level from the national to the regional and international,” he added. It’s a failure of advocacy from the South” that funds for reproductive health can be so easily cut, she said.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several programmes try to provide innovative access to finance tor women, such as cash tlow-based loans with flexible collateral, direct credit from exporters to producers, or providing financial services though mobile phones. The women’s economic contributions were perceived as unimportant compared to the main cash crop contributions (usually the husband's view). Yet the woman’s income was otten significant in absolute terms and was critical in facilitating cash flow and maintaining family wellbeing during the off-seasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These describe growth dynamics at the industry level. Source: Platts (2005), see Wilson (2012) for details. Unit capacities remain low, with maximum unit capacities typically in the 10-50 MW range. During the next twenty years, continued growth in cumulative total capacity is increasingly driven by a concentrated period of up-scaling, which is preceded by a dramatic jump in the numbers of units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By linking the realms of public policy-making, science and the public, advisory committees that include academics, state representatives and societal stakeholders answer to a double challenge that governments face today: a need for technical knowledge and an increasing demand for public acceptance and accountability. In contrast to purely scientific policy advice, little theoretical attention has so far been paid to these hybrid advisory committees. Drawing on and adapting research on knowledge utilisation, theories of delegation, decision-making and governance, an analytical framework of the use of multi-source, negotiated expertise will be developed and applied to four cases set up by the German Federal Government with mandates in social policy and in science and technology policy. The study shows the committees’ pronounced governance potential, which builds on their political and epistemic authority. It describes two distinct dynamics that lend the committees to instrumental, problem solving, and symbolic, substantiating purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Societal discrimination makes people feel powerless, including not responding to economic opportunities if their experience of discrimination has led them to undervalue themselves. Social combined with political empowerment results in individual and collective capacity to secure the eradication of discriminatory practices in markets, services and state institutions, it also contributes directly to growth through expanding the pool of human resources. Capability in terms of knowledge includes not only skills but also a critical self-awareness. Empowerment and new knowledge are iterative inter-active processes in which people’s growing awareness of the changes they want in their lives stimulates them to seek the knowledge and information they will need to bring these changes about - for example, how the state or the market function, where they can get the best price for their crop, or how to do a business plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is usually calculated for the population aged 6 to 14 years, but given the high rates of school attendance in most countries in the region, the age bracket has been expanded on this occasion to 6 to 17 years. As regards data problems, in some countries, the population under 7 years of age is excluded and also in some surveys, enrolment is used as the criterion instead of actual attendance. In line with the usual practice in the research used in the multidimensional approach (see boxes 1.3 and 1.5), the same weighting is assigned for the dimensions used in this exercise, since no agreement was reached on whether to assign them more or less importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition to these facilities, some pourashavas have specialized hospitals, such as tuberculosis and diabetic hospitals. In pourashavas, other than the government facilities, there are, on average, 2-15 private clinics, 1-4 NGO clinics and 2-20 diagnostic centres. In addition, there are 35 urban dispensaries across the country that provide primary health services, mainly to the urban poor. Many private for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals also provide health services in urban areas. Private hospitals are mostly located in big pourashavas or city corporations. To provide insight into this deprivation, the following two sections depict the nature of urban poverty and the limited access of the urban poor to the existing services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Frongillo, E., et al.. Questionnaire-based measures are valid for the identification of rural households with hunger and food insecurity. Journal of Nutrition, 1997.127: p. 699-705. Gulliford, M., D. Mahabir, and B. Rocke, Food insecurity, food choices, and body mass index in adults: nutrition transition in Trinidad and Tobago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, local governments provide a direct contact point for residents on questions of water conservation. In this sense, they have a greater ability to adjust policies to adapt to changing behaviour and are more likely to influence popular water habits than higher levels of government. While each province of Argentina has its own set of laws outlining water roles and responsibilities, most LAC countries have a national water law to allocate roles and competences in water to lower levels of government. More than half of the LAC countries surveyed have also enshrined sub-national responsibilities in the water sector in their constitutional arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most contributors agree that active facilitation and cooperation by all actors, whether local or international, are crucial in engaging and supporting women in the transformation of all aspects of a post-conflict society. Thus each case is relevant beyond its own context and its lessons will likely resonate with the challenges faced and opportunities for change offered in other settings. However, these remarkable advancements met with many obstacles and difficulties. While there is a committed network of individuals and institutions that are dedicated to moving a pro-women peacebuilding agenda forward, widespread ignorance of women’s right to equality, a refusal to address violence against women and obstruction of women’s peace efforts are still real constraints (Chapter 2). They are detrimental to, but also highlight the need for, creative and feasible solutions to give women more just and meaningful roles, even in the most adverse political, economic and cultural environments. Post-conflict processes continue to serve the interests of male-dominated parties and tend to overlook the needs and interests of women, as if they were a special interest group or simply one of many vulnerable groups rather than half or more of society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lessons from common challenges can help governments accelerate progress. Most countries have implemented some measures to begin pricing pollution and provide incentives for efficient resource use, such as pricing instruments, regulatory measures and subsidies.1 Around one-third of OECD countries and a number of OECD partner economies have adapted, or are adapting, the Green Growth Strategy’s indicator framework to help evaluate and monitor progress towards national green growth objectives (OECD, 2014a). To drive green growth, governments must embed environmental challenges at the heart of economic policy making, by linking environmental and economic reform priorities in a consistent set of objectives. Finance and economic ministries have a major role to play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)