albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At a time when bank customers, including SMEs, are starting to look beyond banks to alternative sources of finance (Ernst and Young, 2013), women-led businesses are one of the potential future markets for banks’ lending development. In their responses to the survey, all banks stated that they have previously financed or are currently financing businesses owned by women. For example, at the time, Khaleeji Commercial Bank of Bahrain reported investment in 11 projects involving women-led businesses, and considers these interests as part of its broader strategy to penetrate new market segments and expand its presence in the region. The bank sees many opportunities for growing its business, not only in its domestic market, but also in the wider MENA region (Khaleeji, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, only a few states and river basins charge for water. When charges exist, unit prices are often too low to affect decisions about water allocation and use (Chapter 3). National parks can charge entrance fees, but only a few of them have done so and have the capacity to collect such fees (Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The model then takes inputs for zone-to-zone travel times from any number of major travel demand models. The model can then be run iteratively to compare a range of combined transport and land-use consequences from various transport policy and investment scenarios. It is an integrated transport land-use model that has been applied in a number of regions to test alternative land development scenarios and transport policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Contractual information and agreements, such as nationally determined contributions (NDCs), investment agreements, or service agreements (e.g. research activities or emission audits), can be implemented on the self-enforcing network. In this regard, blockchain solutions have been proposed for the shipping sector in the EU, which is by law required to monitor, report and verify (MRV) CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and other parameters from each ship using EU ports. By combining IoT and blockchain, this data can be tracked easily and immutably, increasing efficiency in the MRV process (EC, 2018b). The blockchain layer is the base protocol, which defines the overarching consensus and validation mechanism, as well as smart contract and wallet standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.______ The assessment focusses on the impact of trade facilitation measures in three areas: on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in final domestic demand, on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in the gross exports of a reference country, and on the amount of domestic value-added embodied in foreign final demand for agriculture and primary products, low tech industries, medium-low tech industries, and high and medium-high tech industries. A small increase of 0.1 in TFIs performance could potentially generate increases in a country’s value-added “imports” in a range of between 1.5 and 3.5%, while in the case of “exports” these increases could range between 1 and 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unfortunately, our data sets do not allow for consistent comparison of formal versus informal employment shares across time. However, evidence from other data sets (Leibbrandt, Woolard, McEwen 2009) shows clearly that there was an increase informal employment and in self employment over this period. Moving now to the overall measurement of income inequality, Table 2.6 shows that the Gini coefficient in South Africa rose from 0.66 in 1993 to 0.68 in 2000 and further to 0.70 in 2008* Inequality by racial group also increased monotonically across the time period, with the Gini coefficient being particularly high for Africans and Asian/Indians. There is also stark inequality difference by geotype, with inequality in urban and rural areas being measured at 0.56 and 0.67 respectively in 2008, although it appears that rural inequality decreased from 1993 to 2008. The high level of inequality is further confirmed by the ratios of the income accming to the 90lh percentile to that accruing to the 10th percentile. These disparity' indices stand at close to 30 for the three years under consideration (see Table A.3.8 of the annex III).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It also takes into consideration the role of ICTs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this document, e-sustainability refers to the broader issues of using ICTs for sustainable development, but recognizes the urgent priority of dealing with climate change in order to achieve sustainable development. An outline for a sustainable e-strategy - Sweden and a central issue forthe future. Saving the climate @ the speed of light.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the design of the toolkits special efforts have been made to lower the barriers of access and to present the content in such a way that it also appeals to persons without an economic or management training background. The toolkits also pay specific attention to practical implementation, so that users can rapidly apply the acquired knowledge to day-to-day operations. It also offers ideas on how to incorporate the brand essence of Canada into the users' own advertising and promotional materials, supported by numerous illustrations and supporting material. Accessible and hands-on, this toolkit touches upon very practical elements of branding in tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Food and water This dimension is defined by two variables. The first is measured at the household level and is defined as deprivation in the public water supply to the home. The threshold is defined on the basis of the responsibility of the State (municipal governments) to provide a water supply (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, article 264).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Another commonly used source of firewood, collected free of charge, is the forest shelter belts on irrigated farmland, saxaul protective belts, or strips of woody vegetation along roadsides, field bounds and watercourses in mountain ravines. Furthermore, as most of the agricultural land in Tajikistan is much more suitable for livestock farming than for the production of crops, in some regions, dried dung is more commonly used as fuel than firewood, which is much less accessible in mountain regions, e.g. in Pamir. Some villages are supplied with coal for heating purposes, while the number of mountain settlements where electricity is becoming available is still growing, which also limits the dependency on firewood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It compares these financial needs with expected biodiversity expenditures over a medium- to long-term planning horizon. National biodiversity targets are typically articulated in NBSAPs and other key national strategies such as NDPs, sectoral development plans and climate change plans. The plan proposes steps to implement a balanced mix of prioritised finance solutions to sustainably manage biodiversity finance and achieve national biodiversity targets. Based on the findings from the Biodiversity Expenditure Review and the Financial Needs Assessment, the amount that is currently financed is 20% of the total annual requirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over 55% of those receiving entrepreneurship training have been women, over one-third of those receive other training and technical assistance, market access and BDS, and over one-quarter of those have been assisted in accessing financing. One of the biggest challenges faced by El Mobadara in providing BDS services to women is their low level of education and the effort required to upgrade their enterprises so that they are able to function in supply chains, particularly in the food-processing sector. They see great opportunities for supporting women entrepreneurs through supply chain integration, but more skills are needed in conducting gender-sensitive value chain analysis. Gender-sensitivity training may be an important factor in improving the response of BDS organisations to the needs of women entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This means that today the Mexican health system is beset with inefficiencies and fragmentation, with resources split across multiple independent subsystems. Though coverage and public health expenditure has increased, which should be commended, access to services remains far from equal. Not only are some 21.5% of Mexicans still without health coverage according to survey data (CONEVAL, 2012), but levels of services differ significantly between sub-systems, and accessing care often demands a significant out-of-pocket expense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the macro level, enrollment correlates with the Gross National Product, at the micro level, poor children, particularly girls, are traditionally less likely to enroll. Poverty is both a barrier to education and an outcome of the lack of education. Further, poverty alleviation and gender equality strategies focusing on investment in education greatly depend on government action, first and foremost in relation to financing (Checchi, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The policy measures suggested below, however, are those specifically related to food access and availability. It is particularly important to address the multiple food insecurities that women and girls face. This may require, among other measures, the review and amendment of legislation and practices to ensure gender equality concerning inheritance and ownership of productive resources so that women’s equal right to food is explicitly protected. Public distribution systems should offer a wide variety of locally produced foods and also include secondary crops such as corn, millets, and sorghum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nevertheless, the labour productivity gap in agriculture is declining, with rapid improvements in labour productivity driven mainly by more capital-intensive production. Some of that growth occurred among small-scale farms producing high value products. The country is relatively urbanised, with 15% of the population living in rural areas in 2013 (World Bank, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Topics that have both an impact on the organization as well as on its stakeholders are the most material and therefore are discussed in more depth in the sustainability report. Once these topics are selected the company can identify the related indicators and use the GRI protocols to measure the data. Currently the GRI has three application levels, differing from reporting on 10 indicators with particular context information (Level C) to reporting on all material indicators (Level A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
International tourism represents the apotheosis of consumer capitalism and Western modernity, based on an apparently seamless harmony between the free movement of people, merchandise and capital. However, as the growing insecurities engendered by the globalisation of terrorism and military interventionism, as well as targeted attacks on foreign tourists in certain parts of the world illustrate, the liberal calculus of unhindered mobility, political stability and the unfettered expansion of the market, which underpins the ‘right’ to travel, is, however, increasingly mediated by heightened concerns of risk and security. This paper will examine how the geopolitics of security and the neo-liberal expansion of the global market have begun to radically reshape the parameters of mobility and the environments in which tourism operates. In doing so, it analyses the manner in which international tourism has become intertwined with restricted notions of freedom associated with the intensification of market relations...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While it is important for Finland to participate in a wide range of technology areas, it is striking that among Tekes’ technology programmes, “Arctic Seas” is the only one to focus distinctly on needs and opportunities specific to Finland. With a gap in funding technology programmes and the importance to continue and to strengthen industry-science links, policy should emphasise either a growth in the number and scope of technology programmes, or identify additional instruments that can fulfil this purpose. Industrial problems, needs and opportunities affecting research agendas, and eventually higher education requirements, need to be communicated to develop capacities respective to the technologies found important to the growth of the Finnish industry. This in return affects the supply of human capital to industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The amaHlubi community of KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa, is a good example of how customary law can be applied in a way that recognizes gender equality. This shows that customary land practice need not be bound by inflexible inheritance rules, but can operate on principles of access to livelihood and ensuring social inclusion. There are considerable variations between and within customary legal systems, as well as statutory systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study aimed to evidence, through an historical context, the numerous changes brought in public policies, and particularly in educational policy after the advent of the 1988 Constitution. These changes were primarily motivated by the ‘new federalism’ proposed therein and that placed municipalities at a federal entity status, as well as the decentralization process, represented by the decentralization of social policies. The process of decentralization occurred in response to the cry of Brazilian society in the 1980s for the democratization of social policies, greater involvement of civil society and the efficiency of public administration. We will use as a ‘background’ for our reflection, the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the institution of the Federative System of Brazil, which brought great innovations, however, many challenges to the implementation and enforcement of social and educational policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using as a benchmark a world with no gender discrimination in social institutions, the current level of discrimination is estimated to induce a loss of up to USD 12 trillion or 16% of global income. Income losses are measured in terms of 2011 real income at current PPP. The regions are: East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), South Asia (SA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of the LDC migrants are low- or semi-skilled workers coming from rural areas. These migrant workers often have to pay exorbitantly high charges to unscrupulous middlemen. Additionally, because of the cumbersome migration process, some aspiring migrants tend to take recourse to illegal means to travel to host countries in search of jobs. Middlemen take advantage of this and charge higher fees from the migrant workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although public ownership of health centres is still the norm in many county councils, especially in rural and sparsely populated areas, the number of private providers increased significantly following the recent reforms. In some county councils they are significant players - in Stockholm, for example, about half of all primary care providers are private. Although there are no robust evaluations of the impact of the reforms, some positive impacts have been reported. The recent reforms are reported to have increased primary care capacity, reduced waiting times and improved access, including for low-income groups (Anell et al., The increase in primary care providers notwithstanding, relative shortages persist in rural areas because the expansion has occurred primarily in wealthier, urban and more densely populated areas. The reforms have also brought an increased focus on quality, efficiency and transparency, exemplified by the measurement and publication of information on performance to support patient choice (for example through the Open Comparisons website), and incentives to county councils and municipalities for quality improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In many cases there is lack of consensus between the countries about the extent of aquifers or even their transboundary character. The First Assessment revealed many such examples. Different positions between countries regarding the transboundary character of an aquifer, its real extent or its hydraulic connection to surface water systems also emerged in the preparations of the Second Assessment. It is a positive development that, since the First Assessment, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia have acceded to the Convention and that the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is preparing for accession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are guidelines on carrying out environmental impact studies for controlled landfill projects. They apply to the three landfill categories set out in section 48 of Law No. Since up to 80 per cent of waste is made up of organic matter, very large compactions are carried out, despite the compaction during the application phase. Large quantities of leachates are produced and they contain large quantities of salt, which requires specific treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Most marine technologies (apart from wind) are not yet proven commercially. However, with continued political support for renewable energy as a source of clean, secure and reliable energy, technologies are expected to develop in the coming decade, and to become increasingly attractive and cost-competitive. A combination of significant available resource (including wind, wave, tidal stream and range), high energy demand and the resulting large scale of potential development has led to a highly market-driven approach to MRE in these countries. Such growth and expansion of the renewable energy sector has been politically attractive for countries trying both to recover from financial crises through the development of infrastructure projects and associated industry and to address renewable energy targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Responsibility for vocational secondary schooling is shared across two ministries, there are multiple course offerings, and provision is dominated by the private sector. This hinders statistical generalisations and sector analysis. Nevertheless, in line with trends worldwide, access to vocational senior secondary education is affected by the demand for its programmes and the level of resourcing available. Vocational education is typically perceived by Indonesian society as being for the “academic failures” and the poorer classes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
"Forging a Convention for Crimes against Humanity" includes the text of the Proposed International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity, an account of the historical development of the Proposed Convention, and 15 scholarly papers by leading experts in international criminal law. The papers were initially presented and discussed at a conference held at the Washington University School of Law on 13 and 14 April 2009. They range in focus from technical discussions of specific legal issues to analyses of earlier codifications and definitions of crimes against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and in the statutory laws of the ad hoc tribunals. In general, this is an outstanding and thought provoking work that will be an essential reference to academics, legal scholars, practitioners, human rights advocates, and those who are engaged in the study and promotion of international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the rate of increment in growing stock has been slower than the rate of increase in drain and thus size of forest biomass sink decreased gradually. The increase in the rate of drain has mainly been due to the increase in harvesting rate which is led by increased demand for forest products (EPA 2012). The drain peaked in 2005 as a result of wind throws originating from a severe storm which corresponded to the lowest quantity of CO2 removal by forests in Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since 2009-10, the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) has been replaced by the Fair and Remuneratory Price (FRP). However, state governments have announced mandatory state advised prices for sugarcane which have usually been higher than the SMP/FRP, but payments to farmers are often delayed. This has resulted in uncertainty of returns which caused production fluctuations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nonetheless, women share responsibility for caring for cattle, typically including milking the cows twice a day, tending the herds, fetching water and cleaning shelters, as well as marketing milk. Only 45 per cent of female heads of household, but 54 per cent of their male counterparts, have completed primary school, and three times as many female heads as male heads have never attended school. However, primary school enrolment is slightly higher for girls (59 per cent) than for boys (57 per cent) (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013), and preliminary findings of a survey conducted in 2013 point to full gender parity in the highest grade achieved in school among 12-year-olds (Young Lives, 2014). Where credit is available, women’s access can be affected by their limited control of land, which impairs their ability to provide collateral. Lower levels of education and literacy also mean that women are less likely than men to have the skills required to apply for loans successfully or to design and articulate business plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In much of the debate about the current role of frontier development (settlement, colonization) in many so-called Third World countries, frontiers in the latter are invariably compared negatively with the late nineteenth-century experience of the IIS frontier held up as an example that others should attempt to follow Recent approaches to the history of the IIS frontier however have questioned the Jeffersonian and/or Turnerist ideal of an egalitarian democracy ofsmall farmers who managed to construct an harmonious and viable frontier in the New World. Rather than contributing positive cultural and political attributes and characteristics to American society, as was claimed by many IIS historians during the Cold War era, the IIS frontier involved genocide, demographic collapse, ecological devastation, economic exploitation and dependency, widespread inter-ethnic violence, social polarization, political corruption, disempowerment and ideological intolerance. The IIS frontier experience did not represent an a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, it the most isolated people and those belonging to most wealthy socioeconomic group also have a disproportionately high perceptions of exclusion. Thus, objective situations of social isolation that have been mentioned in the literature as factors that diminish capacities to deal with the crisis among the poorest population groups and influence the reproduction of poverty, would strengthen the effect of relative deprivation. This is expressed in psychologically negative sentiments, but.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Coverage and enforcement of legal minimum wages are equally important. In developing countries many women in the informal economy are not legally covered by minimum wages. However, minimum wage legislation can still play a positive role:first there is some evidence that minimum wages in the formal sector improve wage levels in the informal sector too, known as a "lighthouse effect"” and second, the minimum wage sets a standard for pressure groups and trade unions to aim at when pressingfor improved conditions for informal workers in a subcontracting chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)