albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Precise information concerning its fate is not available, although it is known that much of it is disposed of at municipal waste sites and some is kept at the site of production, but some is also dumped at unauthorized locations. Expert studies estimate that hazardous waste may constitute 3-5 per cent of total industrial waste. Albania created conditions for recording industrial as well as hazardous waste by adoption of a waste classification system and other legislation, but practical implementation -registration of waste amounts - has been delayed. The need to identify risks connected with improper waste management in the past resulted in the UNDP project Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Hotspots in Albania (January 2008-August 2011), funded by the Government of the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The group described as developed middle class and above encompasses workers in developing countries who are equivalent to the lower end of the middle class in the United States and who are able to afford most international consumer goods (Kapsos and Bourmpoula, 2013). Based on the data presented, there is little evidence of a large or substantial employed middle class in the LDCs, which may have negative implications for wider economic growth, investment and employment generation. However, other evidence suggests that in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, over the past 20 years the middle class has been growing quite rapidly (African Development Bank, 2011, Ravallion, 2009a). The ODC sample comprises 32 developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, if ambitious social and infrastructure spending results in large positive spillovers into the economy, the debt to GDP ratio could eventually fall below the baseline case (ESCAP, 2013). The crowding out effect refers to a situation when higher public expenditures, caused by increasing interest rates, lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase in total investment spending. Another consideration is the pace of investment (front-loading or gradual), with some empirical studies supporting the latter based on the assumption that this would allow time for improving efficiency (Ghazanchyan and others, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since the adoption of the Programme of Action, which contains one of the most comprehensive negotiated texts on international migration to date, the issue of international migration and its relation to development has become increasingly prominent. The High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, held in September 2006, was the first high-level meeting of the General Assembly exclusively dedicated to the topic. The Sustainable Development Goals include several migration-related targets, including one for the facilitation of orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, while the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, adopted at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, in 2015, includes practical recommendations to strengthen the contribution of migration and remittances to development (see General Assembly resolution 69/313). In 2016, the Assembly decided to develop two global compacts, one on refugees and one for safe, orderly and regular migration, both to be adopted in 2018 (see Assembly resolution 71/1). Both urbanization and international migration are inextricably linked with the process of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In lower-income countries, the informal sector is often achieving recycling rates of 20 to 30% for MSW. Most secondary materials come from industry and most are utilized inside national boundaries, but a sharp increase in the availability of materials from MSW recycling since the 1990s, together with the relocation of much of the world’s manufacturing industry to Asia in general and to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in particular, has led to an increasingly transboundary and even global market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
More than 30 years after the first scholarship of its kind was produced, feminist studies of crime are more commonplace than ever before. Two recent milestone events—the 20th anniversary of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime and the creation of this journal, the official publication of the division—provide the perfect opportunity to reflect on what lies ahead for feminist criminology. In this article, the author argues that the future of feminist criminology lies in our willingness to embrace a theoretical framework that recognizes multiple, intersecting inequalities. Specifically, the author maintains that to advance an understanding of gender, crime, and justice that achieves universal relevance and is free from the shortcomings of past ways of thinking, feminist criminologists must examine linkages between inequality and crime using an intersectional theoretical framework that is informed by multiracial feminism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As civilians, their lives are often dramatically altered, their livelihoods and their rights imperiled, by conflict. As mothers and caregivers, they are often left to head households under harsh, sometimes unlivable, conditions. As breadwinners, they sometimes engage in the illicit trade of arms. As soldiers, they serve many functions, from combatants to cooks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Paragraph 16 of the preamble to the Nagoya Protocol contains the only explicit reference in this document to pathogens, and stipulates that the Protocol is being adopted bearing in mind “the International Health Regulations (2005) of the WHO and the importance of ensuring access to human pathogens for public health preparedness and response purposes” (emphasis added). Further, Article 8(b) of the Protocol obligates each Party to the CBD, when formulating their access and benefit-sharing legislation and regulations, to “[p]ay due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health, as determined nationally or internationally.” This clause goes on that state that Parties may “take into consideration the need for expeditious access to genetic resources and expeditious fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such genetic resources, including access to affordable treatments by those in need, especially in developing countries.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Curricular standards and guidelines offer direct means for governments to promote social and emotional skills systematically and coherently. This section reviews countries’ approaches to raising social and emotional skills, focusing on practices observed in national and subnational curricula in primary and lower secondary schools. Such a framework is typically linked to the national objectives of education, and includes more detailed descriptions of skills to be targeted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The core international human rights treaty bodies play an important role in monitoring implementation of human rights standards through consideration of states parties’ reports. Yet very little research explores how seriously governments take their reporting obligations. This article examines the reporting record of parties to the Convention against Torture, finding that report submission is heavily conditioned by the practices of neighboring countries and by a government’s human rights commitment and institutional capacity. This article also introduces original data on the quality and responsiveness of reports, finding that more democratic—and particularly newly democratic—governments tend to render higher quality reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some, such as Mexico, are export-oriented manufacturers along the lines of SIEO economies. In these economies higher wages will detract from export competitiveness and growth. Others, such as Argentina and Chile, are more dependent on commodities exports. In these cases, when global commodity prices are high, higher wages may be associated with more imports and not an expansion of domestic aggregate demand because imports are cheap relative to domestically produced goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given that much of the necessary conventional back-up capacity is available in OECD countries and will provide the required electricity in time of need, the compression effect and the resulting lower electricity prices seem to provide a welcome benefit for electricity consumers. This, however, will change rapidly the moment that new investments in dispatchable capacity will be necessary, either because existing capacity has reached the end of its operating lifetime or because new demand will have to be satisfied. The first is the creation of a feedback mechanism between variable renewables and market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In recent decades, public bodies in the UK have increasingly relied on models, of differing levels of sophistication, to assist them with decision-making. However, officials are often reluctant to disclose such models. An important question of public law that results is if and when a public authority is under a duty to disclose a model. This article argues that there has now emerged a clear line of authorities which establishes a strong common law presumption in favor of disclosure. The principles around this presumption are likely to be an increasingly contested aspect of administrative law in the coming years and a clear legal framework is required. We therefore propose a three-stage approach which is both faithful to precedent and sensitive to the tensions surrounding this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Official data tend to focus on open-ocean and river fishing, which are male bastions, ignoring the rest of the fishing cycle, where women work. It is imperative for policymakers to track the fishing cycle from start to finish, thereby making visible the "invisible work” done by women within the fisheries sector of the region. An alarming rate of deforestation is taking place across the region due to land-use change in agriculture, urbanization, mining and infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of community-based forest governance, “conservation outcomes improved substantially with women’s greater involvement in green governance”. The successful cases also relied on strong social components which supported the acceptance of environmental protection and resulted in “co-benefit” solutions, improving both livelihoods and environmental protection. The more successful examples are characterized by a combination of regulatory or enabling public policies and local ownership and participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is high uncertainty of data, because of the lack of data verification procedures. Additionally, as well as receiving user fees, collection companies receive a subsidy from the municipality, which is based on the amount of w aste collected and distance to the disposal site. Disposal site operators do not collect a gate fee but receive a subsidy based on the amount of waste received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These loans have been substantially expanded through the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act. Similar credit support programmes have been operating effectively in Finland. Overall, policies seem to be particularly effective when financing instruments are supplemented with other services, such as training and consultancy, to address the additional challenges typically met by female entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Medical waste management benefits from the involvement of the private sector. Old pesticides have been exported from Albania for proper disposal. The capacity of national, regional and local administrations to achieve sustainable development of waste management in Albania is low. The increase of MSW amounts reflects the improvement of reporting on collection and disposal activities rather than an actual increase in MSW generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This was not an issue when Clermont-Ferrand was the capital of the Auvergne Region because of the polarisation around the agglomeration in terms of various public services. With the emergence of Lyon as the new regional capital, an important part of local economic activity may turn away from the Clermont pole. Overtime, this could reduce Clermont-Ferrand attractiveness for residents and business, which could reduce the rate of demographic and economic growth. Nestled in the Massif Central Mountains, the area’s transport connections are relatively poor. There is no high speed train (TGV) connection, and there are no plans for one to be developed at present. It presently takes more than three hours to reach Paris by train.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On 28 September 2011, at a gathering convened by Maastricht University and the International Commission of Jurists, a group of experts in international law and human rights adopted the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.  The experts came from universities and organizations located in all regions of the world and included current and former members of international human rights treaty bodies, regional human rights bodies, and former and current Special Rapporteurs of the United Nations Human Rights Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the Russian side of the Kaltonjoki (Santajoki) River, sea trout reproduces naturally. Baltic Whitefish rises regularly to the lower parts of the Vaalimaanjoki River, and trout also appear occasionally. Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe27 and the Narva Reservoir (built from 1955 to 1956) in the basin are transboundary, shared by Estonia and the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Marshall defined social citizenship as "including social rights, these being the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security and right to live the life of a civilized being (quoted in Jenson, 2006:6)" (Poppel, M. 2014: 127). You can be provided for by your family, by charity organizations or by friends. Fulfilling the norms of a given community gives access to its resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Network of Networks on Impact Evaluation (NONIE), comprised of the OECD DAC Evaluation Network, the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG), the Evaluation Cooperation Group (ECG), and the International Organisation for Cooperation in Evaluation (IOCE), was formed in 2006 to promote quality impact evaluations. The group has also developed NONIE guidance on impact evaluation (Leeuw and Vaessen, 2009). Systematic reviews examine the results of a synthesis of individual impact evaluation studies to identify general relationships and treatment effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
How should this paid leave period be divided between the mother and the father?” Parents’ behaviour around the birth of a new child is important for determining later roles and responsibilities within a family (Baxter, 2008, Schober, 2013, Bames, 2015). Up to parenthood many couples share paid and unpaid work relatively equally. But upon birth of the first child couples often revert to traditional roles and even as children grow older mothers do not always return (fully) to the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender discrimination impedes girls and young women, especially in today’s youdi-dominated populations. Girls and young women face the largest gaps between their enrolment in secondary school—a critical gateway to participation in society and the economy. Similarly, they face overall discrimination that further inhibits their engagement and contributions to their families, communities and the larger society, as illustrated by comparing percentages of young people in country populations and those countries’ rankings on a United Nations Development Programme index of gender discrimination. This is especially harmful because good health paves the way to economic opportunity, long life, and overall well-being. In most countries, their numbers compound challenges in escaping violence, in finding dignified work, or in gaining access to decent schooling and youth-friendly health services, including reproductive health and family planning services. Among the most promising strategies for spurring national development and improving the prospects of young people are energetic and well-timed investments in education, health—including sexual and reproductive health—and women’s status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2006, the Real Property Registration Agency was separated from ALAMGaC and formed into the Administration of State Registration of Titles. It has branch offices in the Ulaanbaatar City' and all 21 aimags, with one land officer in each soum. The activities of ALAMGaC mainly include land use planning and management, cadastral surveying and mapping, geodesy and cartography. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism is responsible for managing protected areas, forest and water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Solar Electric Light Fund has successfully deployed water irrigation pumps powered by PV panels in Benin. The sustainable systems are expected to be cost-advantageous after 2.3 years compared to gasoline or diesel engines (SELF, 2011). Four main segments of the private sector that can play a leading role in improving access to electricity have been identified: large multinational manufacturers (vendors), utilities/ESCOs, local private companies (community-based), and NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It was argued, in particular by the economist Lord Layard, that the economic benefits that IAPT would bring in terms of cost-saving on benefits, and improved economic productivity, meant that even set against the costs of establishing such a programme, of training and staffing a national rollout of cognitive behavioural therapies, IAPT would eventually pay for itself (London School of Economics, 2006) (Box 2.5). For countries with good primary care systems it may be more realistic to extend care from this base, even if cost-effectiveness arguments for investment in wide-scale psychological therapies programmes are persuasive. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) was established in England, and then rolled out across the country as part of an initiative led with the express support of the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, from 2009, following a campaign supporting the economic efficiency of psychological therapies driven by Labour peer and economist Lord Richard Layard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In a number of areas of critical interest for policy makers, gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack comparability across countries. Further effort should be promoted to develop sound gender-based measures in the fields of labour statistics, entrepreneurship and unpaid work, intra-household allocation of resources and gender-based violence. The terms sex and gender are often used synonymously, although in gender research the two concepts have different meanings. Sex refers to the biologically recognised differences between men and women (e.g. chromosomes, internal and external sex organs, hormonal makeup and other secondary sex characteristics). In contrast, the term gender refers to “to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female” (UNFPA, 2009). Gender is “constantly created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and is the texture and order of that social life” (Lorber, 2001:83).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are also strong geographic disparities, with students in the Northeast region - where adult illiteracy is still close to 20% - scoring particularly low on the tests. At a time of consistent growth in Brazil’s output in basic sciences, which reached a 2.02% share of international published articles in 2007, Brazil’s share of the world’s registered patents was only 0.06%. One reason for Brazil’s poor record in convening scientific knowledge into practical results is the country’s low level of investment in R&D. While Brazil dedicates only 0.98% of its gross domestic product (GDP) to research and development investments, the People’s Republic of China invests 1.22%, and Brazilian coiporations, which should be most responsible for creating patents, are investing little in their own research. For instance, the management of managers and senior managers in the federal government of Brazil receives less attention compared to the situation in most OECD member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women did not only learn how to use a computer, but also how to maintain one and process data. The association also developed a website that enabled women members to improve their marketing and sales skills. The website has proved important in enabling women to reach out with their products beyond the local market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Refugees can constitute a sizable proportion of a country’s population - in the 1990s, refugees made up 10 per cent of the national population of Malawi - and a persistent one -refugees have comprised around half of the population of some northern provinces of Pakistan for over 20 years (Marfleet, 2006). Of course, refugees do not migrate only to neighbouring countries, but may seek sanctuary in any country. However, most refugee flow is from countries in the South to countries in the South, with developing countries hosting four-fifths of the world’s refugees - arguably those with the least capacity, financially and institutionally, to manage such flows - and most refugees do move to their neighbouring country (UNHCR, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Instituted in 1994, it currendy lists nearly 150 vessels that have either violated Norwegian fisheries regulations in waters under Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction or are listed on the IUU lists of regional fisheries management organisations. There is no provision for removing vessels from this list.20 These lists reveal one of the difficulties for fishing inspectorates, in that many of the vessels have sailed under a number of different flags, and may also have changed their name several times. In September 2009, members of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation agreed a treaty that would, if effectively enforced, improve the effectiveness of this kind of measure by refusing port access to foreign ships that cannot justify the legitimacy of their catch and requiring ships' flag countries to take action against their own vessels subject to such refusal. The actual results of enforcement efforts are mixed - and they are also difficult to analyse because data on overall catches are not fully reliable. Considering the tendency of total allowable catches to be set relatively high, it should be important to ensure that they are not exceeded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
So far, they have been an important instrument to increase the geographical outreach of federal policies, enabling firms everywhere in the country to access information about existing policies and programmes. In doing so, they have also become a vehicle for the formalisation of the shadow economy, a stumbling block to the development of Mexico, as participation in public programmes is a common way to allure informal businesses in the regular economy. Being managed by intermediary organisations, CMEs also facilitate the local rooting of these organisations. If a drawback is to be singled out, this is the shortage of competition in the selection of the intermediaries running the centres. The very large majority of the centres are managed by the three main employer associations and chambers of commerce, whereas the implication of a more heterogeneous group of intermediaries should in principle result in better terms and conditions for the client firms of the centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)