albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Currently 5 projects are in various stages of development. Examples of successful activities are the chemical leasing models used by Ecopetrol in its oil dehydration process and by the Corona Group in industrial wastewater treatment. Other projects involve the galvanoplastic and ceramic industries, covering products such ascaustic soda, metabisulfites and polymers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This allows for a very generous benefits package with low cost-sharing and high quality of health care services. The population benefits from good financial and geographic access to services, which is reflected in the low level of unmet needs and out-of-pocket expenditure. However, the level of unmet needs for financial reasons is slowly creeping up in the lowest income groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Therefore, OECD could encourage all donors to report using the markers. They fluctuate as aid policies change, and reflect how donors’ political commitments translate into action. They thus give an indication about future flows. They show the realisation of donors’ intentions and the implementation of their policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Quantity-based mechanisms are quota obligations (usually by using tradable green certificates) and tendering systems. Priced-based market instruments are feed-in tariffs (FiTs) and feed-in premiums (FIPs), fiscal incentives, such as carbon taxes, or investment grants. Nuclear investors would have to forego the hope of ever recouping their initial outlays on the fixed costs. From an investor point of view, the advent of zero variable cost renewables thus militates against capital-intensive technologies such as nuclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Following examples in Austria, language camps could be offered to children aged 6 and above. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be helpful. Making summer camps in all municipalities accessible to all students is important, irrespective of their financial situation. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be beneficial irrespective of the family’s situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It provides R&D funds to Brazilian companies to develop and strengthen input supply chains, machinery and equipment for agriculture and the development of food products and processes. Inova-Agro has become the main channel for BNDES to deliver R&D funds in the sector, and accounted for over 80% of a total of about USD 27 million). Over 80% of Inova-Agro funding is targeted to livestock, fisheries and aquaculture. Only coffee research is currently supported by tax deductions and Embrapa is managing a national consortium to use the coffee fund (FUNCAFE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2013, Sierra Leone granted six licenses to public Internet operators and started working on connecting the African coast with European cable (Africa Coast to Europe). The objective was to obtain affordable access to the international broadband network through the construction of a 17 000 km submarine fibre optic cable from France to South Africa (WTO, 2017a). In 2015, Sierra Leone adopted the Telecommunications Amendment Act 2015, which terminated a monopoly over the international telecommunications gateway (WTO, 2014-15). As part of the Telecommunications and Radio Communications Regulation Act No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As central agencies seem to define missions and objectives but do not invest the necessary means to achieve them, little co-ordination is possible between these policy areas. In addition, intensive competition between different ministries is common in water, energy and agricultural policy co-ordination in several LAC countries. In Chile, water policies in the agricultural sector are designed by two separate ministries with different interests: the Ministry of Public Works, through its Office of Water Infrastructure (dams, irrigation, etc.) Lastly, unclear allocation of roles and a lack of institutional incentives for co-operation are also cited as common concerns for both water-energy and water-agricultural policy coherence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In fact, it is not just the mother’s current health status that affects children but rather the longstanding maternal health represented by the mother’s own low birth-weight, which is associated with a higher probability of her children experiencing low birth weight (Currie and Moretti, 2007). Currie and Moretti (2007) estimate an average intergenerational correlation of 0.17, meaning that a 100 g increase in the birth weight of a mother is associated with a 17 g increase in the birth weight of her children. Trying to quantify the impact of health at birth on adult outcomes, the estimates in Black, Devereux and Salvanes (2005) suggest that a 7.5% increase in birth weight would lead to a 1.1% increase in the birth weight of a person’s children in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inequality declined in nine countries, including some small European countries and a few medium ones. Inequality increase was near universal in the transition economies and very common in OECD countries, but less general in the developing countries, particularly in SSA and MENA, for which however, the data were limited and not of high quality. In other words, rising inequality might have been caused by a slow or negative growth rather than other factors such as greater global economic integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The report also proposed more flexibility in the requirements for becoming a mother tongue teacher. Trained subject teachers with another mother tongue than Swedish should be offered a complementary course in language didactics with focus on mother tongue education (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education), 2018[i9ij). At the university level in the United States, the School of Education at Indiana University has several cultural immersion programmes for preservice teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is believed that the cause of the decline of the species is more intensive forestry (photo: Jussi Murtosaari). The rich countries also have a responsibility for contributing environmental aid to poor countries to ensure that they can implement the convention. The larvae of the Cranberry frititlary (Boloria aquilonaris) live on cranberries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Specific goals were also to establish to what degree the emerging economies are committed to such collaboration and to identify the preferred vehicle. Participants also noted the need to have the IEA as a focal point for information exchanges not only between the IEA countries and emerging economies, but also among the latter. They noted that rural energy decision makers required support in adapting policies to local conditions and that assistance was needed in technology transfer and capacity building, both technical and policy-related.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, legal, regulatory and policy frameworks have enabled contract farming in the Greater Mekong Subregion corridor programme, which covers Cambodia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. A fund created for the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania includes a facility for large-scale agribusiness companies that develop supply chains with smallholder farmers, as well as a social venture-capital fund that supports youth agro-enterprises. Agro-parks can help to reverse or mitigate this trend. In China, industrial parks have helped small-scale park tenants to grow into medium-sized and large enterprises (Dinh et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Rice farmers have been given top priority and received about 81.4% of total loans in 2009-10, with the remaining loans being divided among farmers growing oilseeds (10.4%), pulses (6.9%), maize (0.7%) and cotton (0.6%) (Table 9.13). However, the cost in terms of paperwork, visits to bank offices, forming lending groups, and speed money (payments to process loan forms quickly) can be very high. As the MADB does not conduct mobile banking, farmers are required to travel to the MADB branch to receive and repay their loans, imposing them considerable expense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It discusses how innovation is defined and measured and how the concept has broadened to include non-technological activities such as organisational change and marketing. It presents a selection of data and indicators which show that not only R&D but various other inputs are needed for effective innovation. It looks at how the innovation process has opened up and why collaboration has become a key to innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, Decision 1/CP.21 does not specify when the first national inventory reports and progress reports under the Paris Agreement are to be submitted. However, the timing of final biennial reports (BRs) and biennial update reports (BURs) has not yet been set." Further, Decision 1/CP.21 does not include any guidance regarding the future frequency of national communications for developed and developing country Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, indigenous lands cover about 13% of the territory, mostly in the Amazon region. Brazil thus has already exceeded the Aichi target of protecting at least 17% of its terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020. The Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme, launched in 2002, has been at the heart of this progress. One of the world’s largest tropical forest conservation programmes, it created more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas in the biome, including along the so-called “deforestation arc” and in areas expecting road infrastructure development. The ARPA programme complemented the PPCDAm in reducing deforestation in the region (Figure 3) and, in turn, greatly contributed to the achievement of Brazil’s climate change goals (see also Sections 1 and 4). More efforts thus are needed in areas outside the Amazon biome if Brazil is to meet its ambitious targets of protecting at least 30% of the Amazon and 17% of the other terrestrial biomes by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Public administration scholarship tends to assume a broad, underlying consensus on the elements of good governance, including the legitimacy of public values, authority, and action, as well as the presence of opportunities, incentives, and motivations for individual and institutional change. The tenor and trajectory of American public life, however, especially as expressed in the outsourcing of national security, belie such a shared perspective. This essay, therefore, examines the concepts and conflicts embedded in the national security environment via a consideration of public value perspectives, public values and public management, and the key literature on national security outsourcing. Finally, with an eye toward possible change, the essay concludes with a recommendation for empirical, as well as normative, multidisciplinary, and multinational research projects, in order to advance our understanding of national security outsourcing and to promote an advocacy and action reform agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will set the global framework and level of pressure on each and every country for implementing their climate change mitigation policies, including emission reduction targets. In this context, specific references were made to the US “cap and trade” mechanism1 and to various targets in terms of renewable energy and/or biofiiel incorporation in the European Union. In addition to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) schemes there are, for example, the case for the way “carbon credit” might be awarded to forest owners and the opportunity to take into account the carbon stored in wood products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Bachelet's leadership and commitment to advancing gender equality were crucial to the success of the reform process. This shift had a particularly adverse impact on women's pension entitlements.109 Minimum pensions for those with limited individual savings required long contributory records (20 years), reducing women's access to these benefits, while non-contributory pensions were low and tightly targeted. By the mid-2000s, only 55 per cent of women over 65 years of age were in receipt of an old-age pension compared to 71 per cent of men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The provisions of the Agreement include an exchange of information on transboundary waters. Monitoring surface water quality is carried out at four monitoring points. Information on discharge, regime, quality monitoring results and flood and emergency situations is exchanged in the joint Mongolian-Russian Working Group, established by order of the Minister of Nature and Environment of Mongolia, and its Russian counterpart. In the framework of the “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia" project, 17 groundwater-monitoring wells will be set up within the Selenga River Basin area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Fees have also been raised to compensate for the depreciation of the national currency on the foreign exchange markets. The rest was sold at stumpage values, mainly to FEs and Bellesbumprom concern (20 per cent in 2013) and other budget organizations (15 per cent in 2013). The price of roundwood sold by auction is, on average, 30-50 per cent higher than that of roundwood sold through contracts outside this competitive system. However, data on timber sales are not immediately and fully available. Such a system gives FEs an advantage on the private sector wood processing companies, as they are provided with a cheaper and guaranteed continuity of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Teachers view this as a ‘core pedagogy’ which provides a rhythm to the school day, week and year. So, it is the ‘Web 2.0 pedagogy” that is important, with blogs, podcasts, social networking sites and virtual worlds as tools to realise this approach. Such pedagogical approaches demand that teachers mentor and foster competences for self-regulated learning, compatible with learners as (pro-) active and collaborative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One way to do this is to start building regulations and institutions to direct and support REDD implementation in a way that is favourable to each country. Indonesia has already started this by passing three key pieces of legislation that outline REDD approval and implementation procedures as well as REDD revenue sharing guidelines. In practical terms, countries can start with locally-generated investments in ecosystem services that are important to local buyers. This approach reduces uncertainty and risk related to internationally regulated markets and prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It would be committed to carry out regular evaluations of policy programmes. Comparable Latin American countries such as Chile and Uruguay offer alternative models that could be relevant for Costa Rica (Box 5.5). In other cases countries established separate agencies, typically one in change of innovation support (generally referred to as innovation agencies, such as Vinnova in Sweden or Tekes in Finland) and one (or more than one) in charge of the allocation of competitive scientific research grants (generally referred to as research councils) as in the case of the Swedish and British research councils or the Academy of Finland. These professionalised research agencies are typically responsible for rigorous and independent monitoring and evaluation of the public research system. They depend on a number of factors which have to do with the level of development, the structure and openness of the economy, the specificity of institutional contexts, the endowment in natural resources, the initial conditions regarding the strength and organisation of the S&T capacities, the articulation between components of the STI system, and the framework conditions that impinge upon innovation performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In MEA and other initiatives the focus has often been on desertification in dry regions and areas in the tropics, far from the Nordic countries. Degraded land is however indeed also present in the Nordic region and concern have risen during the last decades as increased pressures on nature values and biodiversity have been documented in most ecosystems, although at different levels and intensities (Halldorsson et al. The dramatic example of erosion and land degradation, caused by overgrazing and deforestation on Icelandic volcanic soils is the most striking example in the Nordic (Figure 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The assessment was based on high, medium, and low emission IPCC scenarios, for the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s.26 This indicated the associated temperature increases and likely declines in precipitation, as in the maps below. The project impact on gross state domestic product (GSDP) is indicated below. Rivers flowing through this region are vital for the survival and well-being of more than a billion people, most of whom live in the surrounding plains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When the utilisation of psychiatric and other medical services is regarded in relation to unemployment, it has been repeatedly found that unemployment, underemployment and disability are strongly connected to service use. An analysis of all psychiatric hospitalisations in Switzerland between 2000 and 2004 showed an up to 17-fold hospitalisation risk for unemployed persons in comparison with full-time employed patients (Kuhl and Herdt, 2007). In this analysis, the work-related difference in hospitalisation days is substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Labour legislation regulates maximum working hours, industrial safety, minimum wages and benefits for workers and the prevention of child labour, but enforcement, if any, is weak. Therefore, the immigration laws applicable in Western countries cannot be applied to these workers. T. H. including basic public services. ,,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The large variation in adult learning activities and participation among OECD countries at similar levels of economic development suggests that there are significant differences in learning cultures, learning opportunities at work and adult-education systems (Borkowsky, 2013). Similar reinforcing patterns hold for numeracy proficiency and skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies (ICT) for problem solving in relation to participation in formal and/or non-formal education. Around three-quarters of partidpants in formal and/or non-formal education and training consulted the Internet to get relevant education and training information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It could therefore be very beneficial for countries wanting to do this if the countries that have done so reported on lessons learned on how best to integrate national and sub-national adaptation actions and plans. This can therefore help countries strengthen their adaptation actions, if needed. Monitoring and evaluating policies and learning lessons from what went well (as well as less well) can help to improve the effectiveness of adaptation policies as well as their implementation. Indeed, monitoring, evaluation and learning is a key part of the LEG technical guidelines for the NAP process (LEG, 2012). These challenges are compounded when trying to assess the overall adaptation effects of multiple actions at an aggregated level, as there is no single indicator that can be used to assess the extent of a country’s multiple different adaptation actions, approaches and needs - and not always a reliable “baseline” against which effects can be measured (AFD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Implementation of its commitments appears to be primarily through CEP, in which Turkmenistan participates actively. It has included a number of projects relevant to biodiversity, for example, on fisheries management, eco-toxicology, coastal site inventory, Caspian seal conservation action planning and ballast water management. A part of the PA has been designated as a Ramsar site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Among low-skilled workers, a high minimum wage and strict employment protection pose a barrier to employment, and the public employment services and training systems are still underdeveloped. Expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others, would make the labour market more inclusive. Chile is one of the few OECD countries where unemployment rates are now lower than at the start of the crisis (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This observation does not hold true for the entire region, however, since in Brazil, Panama and Peru the odds ratio associated with geographical area is appreciably higher than one, even when educational traits are included. The variables that most increase a household’s probability of being poor are, in order of magnitude, unemployment of the head of household, lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group. Based on the average of the parameters estimated for those countries in which they are significant, a household with an unemployed head is almost three times as likely to be poor as a household whose head is employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Builders immediately score higher in the environmental section of the scoring system if they build their own power supply generated by natural gas. Second, natural gas power generation is approximately 7% to 8% cheaper than the energy provided by the national (coal-driven) power system. The savings in cost reduces the cost of producing the desalinated water, thereby raising the bid-score further (since cheaper water scores higher). Builders are permitted to build a power facility that exceeds the required power for the desalination process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In view of the high cost of hospital care, the funds manage hospital expenditures intensively. Community-based alternatives to hospital care include community-based specialists, emergency care centres, ambulatory surgery clinics, secondary care centres, diagnostic services etc. Primary care staff are supported by a sophisticated IT infrastructure that supports the delivery of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTThis article investigates the characteristics of the disclosures of anticorruption measures that Italian local governments (LGs) publish to increase transparency, public accountability, and citizens’ trust in public administration. The analysis of the anticorruption plans of a sample of Italian LGs shows that this type of disclosure might be a way of repairing organizational legitimacy after an occurrence of corruption. More external directors in the governing body also increase the pressure on LG managers to publish information about anticorruption measures. Finally, larger LGs demonstrate a greater propensity to provide information on the actions implemented to mitigate corruption risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Thailand, education is the main area in which language policy is enacted, and this chapter investigates foreign language policy and practice, especially concerning English, in an attempt to shed light on language policy. We identify seven sources of English language education policy, namely, the National Education Act, national education standards, Ministry of Education recommended textbooks, isolated Ministry of Education initiatives, demand-driven changes in the types of schools, test washback, and decentralised decision making. We show that these sources present conflicting versions of language policy. To examine how the policies are implemented in practice, we interviewed principals and teachers at four representative government secondary schools. The findings show awareness of the various policies but a great diversity in how they are implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)