albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article investigates the global ‘retail revolution’ through the path chosen by key people in the Norwegian trade network called Technical Supplies Partner (TSP). The story is told from the perspective of a single entrepreneur working closely together with an A-team of fiercely independent shop-owners who helped transform TSP from a voluntary association into a market-leading Scandinavian retail chain. The trade network then became a global supply chain, before finally nearly going bankrupt. Three main points are made. The first is that the ‘retail revolution’ occurred as the result of new technology and market liberalization, but only as these were mediated through people’s efforts at new venture creation. The second point is that entrepreneurship itself changes the conditions for entrepreneurship, and the third that ethnography is a good method for investigating how entrepreneurship changes the conditions for entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This corresponds to a very low level of successful court decisions in comparison with cases brought to court (e.g. in RS in 2008 decisions were adopted in only 288 out of 1,037 administrative cases submitted and in 42 out of 575 criminal cases). The process has also been driven by interest in export and better access to global markets. The public company JPS Sume RS, Sokolac is the bearer of a group certificate for its 23 organizational parts (the certificate number is SGS-FM/COC-004338, to be referred to by all wood processors who purchase raw material from the company).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article outlines the differences and commonalities between social policy developments in Croatia and those in Central Europe. In Croatia, issues such as national identities and the redefinition of citizenship, war, state-building and crisis management have produced a complex mix of statist centralization and parallelism of welfare actors at the central and local level. While subject both to neo-liberal pressures to privatize provision, and later to European Union influences, both of these came later, and were more mediated, than in Central Europe. Croatia forms a bridge to studying the uneven welfare arrangements of other countries in South-East Europe, marked as they are by complex governance arrangements and the presence of social development and postwar reconstruction discourses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The article deals with the new development regarding the adoption of the European Convention for Human Rights by the European Union. The foundations for this development were laid down in the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 and the 14th Protocol to the European Convention for Human Rights in 2004. Consequently, the EU would also be subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court for Human Rights when human rights are concerned. However, the prolonged negotiation process that started after these two instruments had come into force showed that there are many open issues and that the European Court of Justice is not going to relinquish part of its jurisdiction so easily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Kubler suggests that in the case of Sydney there was an evolution over multiple decades from a bargaining approach that focused on achieving specific outcomes to one that is more like problem solving and is oriented to finding a process to manage land-use conflicts. Ways to better manage interconnections between urban areas and their more rural hinterlands were explored in the 2013 report OECD Rural Policy Reviews: Rural-Urban Partnerships. Prague was one of the 11 case study regions. The main conclusion of the report is that rural and urban places within metropolitan regions are strongly coupled across multiple dimensions, including: population and commuting flows, investments and economic transactions, service provision, environmental goods and amenities, and government interactions (Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The facilitated participation, which represented a broad range of views, provided a solid basis for improving resource management and policy, as well as for mobilizing funding. The complexity involved in carrying out interdisciplinary work at multiple levels with diverse stakeholders requires a significant investment of time and learning. As the assessments are carried out under the Water Convention, water is the element that connects the countries, and it is at the basin level where nexus impacts are studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2013, institutional investors in OECD countries (e.g. insurance companies, investment funds, pension funds, public pension reserve funds, foundations and endowments) held USD 93 trillion worth of assets (OECD, 2015c). Traditional sources of green infrastructure investments, such as governments and banks, face increasing constraints due to structural obstacles, deleveraging and impending financial regulations. In emerging and developing countries, sovereign wealth funds are key sources of capital, thanks to their USD 7 trillion in assets as of January 2015 (Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It can spare people en masse from poverty and drudgery. It also creates the resources to support health care, education, and the other Millennium Development Goals to which the world has committed itself (CGD, 2008, p. I). Governments committed to growth must therefore liberalize product markets, allowing new, more productive firms to enter and obsolete firms to exit. They must also create room to manoeuvre in the labour market, so that new industries can quickly create jobs and workers can move freely to fill them (CGD 2008, p. 6). They tried a variety of policies to help diversify exports or sustain competitiveness”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Recognising that deaths from diabetes can typically be prevented with timely (primaiy) health care, Luxembourg is currently developing strategies and programmes that will target diabetes patients more effectively. This has increased the identification and notification of HIV cases. However, in women, death rates increased slightly in the last decade compared to a decreasing trend in men, reflecting the long-term consequences of increased smoking among women in previous generations. Luxembourg's Anti-Tobacco Plan 2016-2020 also involves public awareness campaigns and tax increases starting from 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The residual curve obtained can be directly compared with those resulting from the integration of solar and wind technologies.34 It is thus possible to derive for each scenario the optimal generation mix which satisfies that residual load at the least-cost. It is then possible to show and quantify those additional costs borne by the whole electrical system. When integrating intermittent renewables are present in the electrical system, dispatchable sources must provide more electricity in the periods of high residual demand, when the electricity is more costly, and less electricity in period of low residual demand, when the electricity is cheaper. Those are represented by the areas in blue and in pink, respectively, in Figure 4.1D.The dotted black line in the figure shows the minimal cost for producing electricity as a function of the utilisation time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The forestry sector is also important: the formal forestry sector is estimated to contribute more than USD 600 billion, or 0.9% of the world’s GDP, and provide employment to 13.2 million people (FAO, 2014). Concurrently, forests, particularly in the tropics, provide habitat to 80% of global terrestrial species and a variety of ecosystem services (UN SPF, 2017). Fisheries play an important role for food security and nutrition, and fishery trade is especially important for developing nations, in some cases accounting for more than half of the total value of traded commodities (FAO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The creation of a multi-stakeholder commission composed of government officials, investors, producers’ organisation and civil society organisations could help develop such standards and mechanisms. The Farmland Law states that farmland administration bodies (FABs) will arbitrate land disputes, but as many of these disputes may involve the MOAI itself, the impartiality may be compromised. An independent body could be established to arbitrate land disputes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If anything, the present report helps to identify priority areas - such as limiting air pollution, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and properly allocating system costs - that warrant specific, new research. This report highlights the importance of full cost accounting, in particular in the context of the energy transitions under way in many countries. Ideally, it will contribute to generating new and more comprehensive research in the area of the full costs of electricity to allow policy makers and the public to make better informed decisions along the path towards fully sustainable electricity systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Concessional finance which is not country-allocable are often support towards research at universities and research institutions in donor countries or core support to NGOs or other entities with a global or regional mandate. A greater share of technology-oriented development finance is allocated to countries compared to support to research. Most of the increase in concessional finance to STI can be attributed to support to research institutions, which tend to have a global focus. Support to countries have remained rather stable since 2010 with most research spending aimed to benefit LDCs and LMICs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A seminal contribution in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Wiedmann et al., We employed the Eora MRIO framework for attributing natural resources and emissions to final consumption and capital expenditure. For high importing and exporting countries this will allow an 'equal playing field’ regardless of economic structure and role in the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Abstract: The objective of this article was to comparatively analyze the codes of ethics for federal public servants that have been in force in Mexico and their relationship with human rights and criminal law, in order, first, to know how they have evolved said codes based on their ethical principles and values, second to study the link they have with the constitutional reform of human rights of 2011 and criminal law, to find an explanation that allows understanding the reason why some non-governmental organizations (NGOs ), as Human Rigth Watch (HRW), Transparency International (TI), Latinobarometro, World Justice Project (WJP), Mexico evaluates, continue to place Mexico in the first places of corruption and impunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This may also force the use of still costly energy sources. In particular, investments in additional fossil fuel pow'er plants will be needed to complement the intermittent energy production from RES. These investments will have to be supported as they may not be profitable in the long run. Contrary to RES, fossil fuel power plants do not have priority access to the electricity grid and would only sell their production at the margin when RES will not be sufficient to satisfy demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Notice in table 6 that the common support (cs) percentage of mothers decreases from approximately 92% in set I to 50% in set III for the formal and informal subsamples, while the cs percentage of non-mothers decreases from 90% to 42% in the formal sector and from 95% to 57% in the informal sector. After matching on age and year, 1 % is accounted for by differences in the support (AM = -0.1% and ANm = 1-1%) and differences in the distribution of individual characteristics in the common support explain 3% (Ax), while Ao = -4% is the unexplained motherhood wage gap. Most is accounted for by the components that exist because of unmatchable mothers (AM = -4.6%) and non-mothers (A^ = 3.6%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In China, the lake consists of Greater Xingkai Lake and Lesser Xingkai Lake, separated by narrow forested sand dunes, with a maximum width of 1 km in dry season. In summer, the two lakes connect. Lake Khanka/Xingkai has 23 inflowing rivers (8 from China and 15 from Russia) draining the basin area of 16,890 km2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several underscored the importance of bilateral, regional and international cooperation in this area. Some members stressed that initiatives to counter illegal logging should be consistent with WTO disciplines, scientifically based, and not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade. Concerns were raised on the implementation costs of such initiatives and the need for capacity building in developing countries to build awareness and improve enforcement of laws to combat illegal logging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is not unique to the United Kingdom, as mental health problems are gradually becoming the main cause for disability claims across OECD countries, accounting on average for a third of the total and often more than half for young people (OECD, 2012b). According to an evaluation for the OECD Mental Health and Work project (OECD, 2013), the United Kingdom is among the most advanced countries in terms of awareness about the costs of mental illness for employers and society as a whole, and of the mental-health benefits of employment. Integration of health and employment services is also well developed, as illustrated by the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative which aims to provide access to both evidence-based psychological therapies and matching employment services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Decentralisation processes, undertaken for a series of activities formerly provided by the central government, led to major modifications in how the water sector was managed and operated. The only exceptions to this trend were Azerbaijan, Belarus and Turkmenistan, where water sector management has remained strongly centralised. In Azerbaijan, for example, the national company AZERSU JSC supplies water to 65% of the population, with 10% provided by small private operators and 25% by households themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When evaluating the concept of environmental responsibility, the precautionary principle comes into play, which entails that ignorance may not be used as an excuse for delaying or avoiding the initiation of proportionate and cost-effective measures to counteract serious or irreversible damage to the environment. The strategy focuses on the environmental aspects of sustainable fish farming, based on five main areas in which the industry impacts the environment (the impact model). The first four have important implications for coastal area planning and will be addressed in this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nonstandard work can create job opportunities but also contributes to higher inequality. Many non-standard workers are worse off in many aspects of job quality, such as earnings, job security or access to training. In particular, low-skilled temporary workers face substantial wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, 36 per cent of children are deprived, but do not live in poor households. These children need direct intervention to tackle deprivation, and are at risk of being missed by policies that only address monetary poverty. About one third of children age 0-5 are deprived in nutrition, and 23 per cent of children age 3-5 are deprived in early childhood education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Boreal forest landscapes predominate and forests cover almost 50 percent of land area. The regional economy deteriorated dramatically in the early post-Soviet years, with rapid privatization and disruption of institutions and state financing systems. There has since been a recovery and poverty rates in the region, which had increased in the 1990s, are currently at 14.5 percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract Nanotechnologies, like other emergent technologies, have had mixed receptions: heightened expectations of their likely benefits are accompanied with uncertainties and fears about their potential consequences. Scientists and policymakers are acutely aware of the significance of public perceptions for the successful realisation of technologies, which is especially evident in recent policy documents and debates on nanotechnologies. Trust, or rather its absence, has been identified as a core issue of contemporary risk governance. In this context, questions regarding the ways in which risk calculations are communicated are bound to be crucial where the establishment of public support is concerned. While there has been a shift in the rhetoric of science communication, intended to signal a greater emphasis on public engagement during the early phase of technology development, the extent to which publics are currently able to shape the direction of policies affecting nanotechnology invite careful scrutin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This approach from Wiggins and Keats (2013) was based on 31 major case studies with thousands of smallholder participants across Africa. The aim is to see the extent to which policy instruments align with major smallholders’ constraints. In order to carry out this exercise, a questionnaire was sent to the five participant countries asking questions regarding national definition of small-scale agriculture, main constraints for accessing markets identified by governments, policies aiming at solving those banders, among others3. It is important to note that not all questions were fully addressed by the countries, particularly the ones related to how effective the policies have been or which proportion of the programmes is being directed towards smallholders. National definition of small-scale agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These include externalities, public goods, decreasing marginal costs, common property resources, and uncertainty (Young, 1978). The presence of these market failures gives rise to an inefficient allocation of water and related capital resources under competitive market conditions. Economic analysis of public water resource management has long emphasized market failure as justification for public intervention into the development and allocation of water for irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hospital doctors are required to provide patient data and indications for pharmaceutical use and dosage online, and the pharmaceutical validated by the system is released at the hospital pharmacy. If the patient is considered as a “non-responder” based on disease progression, progression-related death, or an excessively high toxicity level for continuing treatment, the manufacturers are expected to bear a certain proportion of the pharmaceutical costs. For example, during the initial six weeks of treatment with Avastin, half the cost is bom by the pharmaceutical company, and the other half by the NHS. After this period, all the cost is born by the NHS if the pharmaceutical is found effective, but for doses administered above a certain threshold, the pharmaceutical company has to reimburse the entire cost. The risk-sharing arrangements for the same pharmaceutical are sometimes different depending on the indication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While 96.8 per cent of men were full-time workers in 2011-2012, only 82.7 per cent of women were in that category (Figure 11-2). The improvement has to be seen, however, in the context of the overall decline in the work participation rate (WPR) of women in 2011-2012. The shares of such workers during 2004-2005 were 26.9 per cent and 33.6 per cent, respectively, for men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International Relations is one of the last branches of social science to have gained the status of an autonomous discipline. It was only officially accepted in academic circles in 1919, in the wake of the dramatic experience of the First World War, with the establishment of the first university teaching post at the University of Aberystwyth in Wales. Given that to a large extent it has progressed along a separate path from political philosophy and that this book is aimed at both political philosophers and international relations theorists, it may be useful to give a quick summary of the history of the discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study also focused on the importance of cultural heritage as a factor attracting people to stay in the region. According to the study, about 60% of the tourists visited Raros because ofthetown's cultural heritage. In addition, around 40% of guests attending conferences stayed in Raros due to the cultural heritage of the town.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
State-based policies to mandate HPV vaccination are politically challenging and have received broad criticisms. There is a critical need to understand the legislative activities that underpin subsequent policy implementation. The objective of this policy analysis was to analyze state legislation that focused on HPV vaccination from 2006-2015. A content analysis was conducted among primary sources of legislative data from HPV vaccine-related bills, including using the National Conference of State Legislatures as a search-source. Findings reveal that much of the legislative activity occurred early after the HPV vaccination was introduced, and focused on increased information for parents, public financing, awareness campaigns, etc. Far fewer states focused on voluntary or mandatory vaccination. Understanding the barriers to achieving mandatory vaccination policy and implementation of such policies for HPV vaccines remains a public health priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ten indicators are presented in Table 4.12. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. This framework has been applied to psychiatric care with the development of more than 30 process and outcome indicators which were then compared between regions or patient groups (Bjorkenstam et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In most of this paper, comparisons between vocational and academic education are made at the same level of educational attainment, hence outcomes of treatment 1 (3) are compared to those of treatment 2 (4). Depending on the research question being investigated, other comparisons are possible and may deliver a different picture than the one presented here. In this paper, we assume that the assignment of individuals to the treatments listed above is explained by parental education, country of birth, the number of books in the house at age 16 as well as the pupil/teacher ratio in primary school and the proportion of residents in rural areas at the age of selection. We discuss in the report how plausible this assumption is in the context of the data being used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This concept note presents political economy system maps (PESMs). PESMs are a conceptual and visual tool to help policy-makers think about the problems affecting the production and delivery of public goods and services from the point of view of the system’s political organization, as well as possible interventions to solve those problems. These maps help to problem-solve by transforming information about a public good and services production and delivery into a set of simple strategic insights about the underlying political landscape (actors, flows and processes) on which the system is based upon. In so doing, these maps can help understand better the incentives and expectations at play in a public policy system and to manage reform processes.We use the case of transparency and accountability reforms to illustrate our point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)