albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions would suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socio-economic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The present value of net losses from deforestation to the Tanzania economy from this scenario therefore amounts TSh 273 billion (US$ 171 million) for the period 2013-2033. These are potential real (as opposed to hypothetical) losses to be experienced by production sectors that have economic linkages with the forestry sector, which according to table 11 include both public and private production units. Such losses will have potential implications for their net profits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter reflects on and re-examines some of the key constructs of ‘vulnerability’ and ‘cultural diversity’ that informed the 2013 research-based review of cross-cultural education and training at Victoria Police, a major policing jurisdiction in the state of Victoria, Australia, with Melbourne as its capital city. Policing in Australia has been deeply imbricated in the development of broader shifts in thinking about cultural diversity and its implications for how public order, community safety and security can be successfully balanced against not only universal human rights principles but also the particulars of culturally diverse community perspectives on law, safety and social wellbeing. However, specific tensions have arisen for both policing policy and practice when it comes to how we think about cultural diversity in relation to ‘vulnerability’, and the models of policing education, training, engagement and praxis that derive from this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trade costs among developing countries (“South-South") were the slowest to decline at the beginning of the period, but their decline gained momentum after the mid-2000s, outpacing the rest. They also show that trade costs are higher for services, mostly due to high variable costs. The first three categories capture the cost of delivering goods from suppliers to customers. They include the costs of transport, cargo loading, storage, port services and the costs of complying with customs procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, it is difficult for authorities to expand service provision to match the pace of urban expansion. In the case of public transport, the difficulty of providing bus services is complicated by development whose roads are unable to accommodate buses. The lack of access to public transport in many areas is further exacerbated by increasing motorcycle dependence. For example, the city should ensure the implementation of its plan to put 220 eco-friendly buses into operation by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They have outgrown their traditional role as complements to North-South cooperation and are now an indispensable source of knowledge sharing and innovation for many developing countries. Japan helped Brazil develop its own tropical savannah region, known as the Cerrado, making it a leading producer of soybeans and other agricultural products. The two countries now extend collaborative support to Mozambique to develop that country's vast savannah.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Based on the review, this chapter outlines key questions for EECCA countries to assess their readiness and to identify priority areas for improvement. In addition, while this report does not solely focus on access to the GCF funding, Box 3.1 outlines key institutions and capacities needed to access its resources as one example. Such institutions include the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and other bilateral agencies and multilateral institutions such as Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the KfW Development Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Resources Institute (WRI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Meanwhile, the reduction in gender-related educational disparities has been very striking and stands in contrast to trends in labour market indicators (see chapter IV for more details). This means not only that the physical housing itself must be adequate, but that there must be access to appropriate services such as water, sanitation and energy and security of ownership and environment. This section provides a brief overview of the recent evolution of inequalities in access to basic services (water, sanitation and electricity) and in the quality of housing (using an approach based on the quality of materials), disaggregated by income brackets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Annual statutory salaries of teachers refer to the average scheduled gross salary per year of full-time classroom teachers according to official pay scales (OECD, 2016b). Minimum qualifications required to enter the teaching profession may not be the most commonly held qualifications in the teaching force. In several education systems, the "typical" teacher is certified and qualified beyond the minimum requirements and has reached a given position on the salary scale. This is referred to as "typical training" of teachers in Table il.6.54 and it varies depending on the country and the school system (OECD, 2016b, Indicator D3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For this variable, the 2010 value is taken, since civil liberties achievement is a progressive and dynamic process measured by a categorical variable that cannot be calculated with averages or sums. Time-invariant variables are obtained from the CEPII's Gravity Dataset (Head et al., This variable comes from the COW database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Within the health policy field, a growing literature is attempting to understand the diverse responses of policy makers to research, and to explain why certain research findings make their way into policy while others are effectively ignored. In this paper we apply a policy analysis framework to the development of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis national policy in Malawi. Arguing that Malawi was one of the early adopters of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis at a national level, we show how the research to policy process was influenced by national healthcare context, the networks of individuals involved, and the nature of the public health evidence itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the United Kingdom, individuals requiring inpatient care for mental health purposes can be admitted to hospital with their consent as informal patients, or formally through procedure(s) prescribed by law. There are, however, instances where individuals otherwise referred to as informal patients are on admission without their consent or in circumstances that amount to deprivation of their liberty as defined by the United Kingdom Supreme Court and without recourse to lawful procedures by their clinical team as stipulated by the European Convention on Human Rights. Such instances might be without the awareness of the individuals or their clinical teams or the clinical teams might be unclear as to which statute applies to patient care. This paper has been written to help clinicians define the legal status of patients at the point of admission, during their stay on the inpatient unit and the statute(s) that apply to different in-patient situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Kazakhstan, TL2 regions correspond to the regional level (including Astana and Almaty City), while TL3 regions are districts (rayons) and cities of regional significance. Cities of regional significance have district-level administrative status and prerogatives, in addition to municipal-level tasks and prerogatives. The four largest cities of Kazakhstan, Almaty City, Shymkent, Astana and Karaganda, are divided into city districts that are subdivisions of the municipal administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Throughout the OECD, employers are increasingly aware of the value of diversity in the workplace and they are showing a growing willingness to take concrete steps to promote it (BIAC and Deloitte, 2014). The weaker position of women in the labour market results in weaker networks, thereby sustaining gender gaps in access to employment and job quality. Specific interventions may be devised to strengthen women’s networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Under the collective system, households were paid a share of output based on the hours laboured on the communal land. The co-operatives and collectives proved inefficient due to pervasive incentive problems and rural people began to oppose the collective system (Ravallion and van de Walle, 2008). But because of constant renegotiations of quotas this policy was abandoned, resulting in a loss of confidence in public institutions (Do and Iyer, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The individual day-care institution or childminder determines the goals of the learning plans. Children begin to attend compulsory school in August the calendar year they turn six and end compulsory school after grade 9 in July. There is no streaming, which means the students are not grouped according to ability or interests. When a child enters first grade, he/she normally receives education in all subjects together with the same classmates throughout the nine or ten years of school life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The role of the counselling service is to assist children and their parents (and staff) in a number of activities, including their transition to primary school. These are cross-cutting themes emerging from the literature and countries’ experiences and struggles outlined above. They are exploratory only, seeking to provide a source of inspiration when designing and revising policies and practices. Not all policy orientations will be relevant for all countries as each country needs to take into account their context (values, traditions, characteristics of ECEC and education systems) and their policy priorities. Many jurisdictions have implemented initiatives to take into account children’s voices and to make them active participants in their own transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The social mix principle tries to promote a rational distribution of urban public resources and provides adequate housing for different revenue groups through city planning regulations - ensuring social equity and promoting economic efficiency. An affordable and accommodating city is a core feature of a sustainable city. For example, Vietnamese cities are struggling for the provision of open space in dense inner-city centres. In Hanoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2 (HealthBridge, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Surface water markets can also be used to replace groundwater markets especially in times of scarcity. During California's 2014 drought, for instance, some farmers bought surface water pumped from aquifers of neighbouring farmers (Sommer, 2014). Agriculture water conservation and irrigation efficiency programs often rely on fiscal instruments to redirect economic incentives towards lower intensive use of groundwater. Figure 4.4 shows that eight of the 21 responding countries report having subsidies for water conservation programs and nine have subsidies for irrigation efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The PRODEEM programme provided mainly non-grid solar PV electrification to community installations, health facilities and schools. Top-down management with little local stakeholder involvement, lack of cost-recovery schemes, and lack of co-ordination with grid electrification plans severely affected the results of PRODEEM (Goldemberg eta!., The target groups for rural electrification thus live mainly in the northern and north-eastern states of the country where electricity access at the beginning of LpT was lowest in both nominal and relative numbers: in the north-east 1.1 million rural households (34.4% of all rural households in the region), and in the north 447 thousand rural households (59.7% of all rural households in that region) lacked access to electric energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the later stages of development, human capital became the prime engine of economic growth and large inequalities, by aggravating the negative impact of credit constraints on human capital accumulation, become detrimental to growth. Rajan (2010), for instance, argues that rising income inequality in the United States led to a boom in lending to the poor to buttress their consumption. On the other hand, preliminary work by Atkinson and Morelli (2011) using a large country sample over a long time span does not find a consistent cross-country pattern of high or rising inequality prior to banking crises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Starting in 1975, which was also International Women's Year, Mexico City hosted the World Conference on the International Women's Year, which resulted in the World Plan of Action and the designation of 1975-1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women. In 1980, another international conference on women was held in Copenhagen and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was opened for signature. The third World Conference on Women was held in Nairobi, with the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women having begun its work in 1982.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is relevant to the OECD’s ongoing work on energy efficiency financing, including support to the G20 Energy Sustainability Working Group (ESWG). Another approach is to link energy efficiency loan repayment to property tax payments through tax liens (e.g. “Property-Assessed Clean Energy” (PACE) in the United States). This approach facilitates investment by allowing energy savings to offset loan repayments, while making repayment effortless for borrowers and creating increased security for lenders. For example, the Connecticut Green Bank’s C-PACE programme financed, in less than two years, nearly USD 54 million in energy upgrades for 89 buildings, accounting for about one-third of the commercial PACE market in the United States. Well-designed climate policies create many of the conditions necessary to stimulate LCR investments. Within such a framework, GIBs can play a supportive role in overcoming remaining barriers and catalysing investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The country's potential in developing energy production technologies like wave power and osmotic power is also substantial. Norway is Europe's largest producer of hydropower, which delivers 99% of the country's electricity. On January 1 2008, Norway had a total installed capacity of 29030 MW at 699 hydropower stations larger than 1 MW. The Kvill-dal hydropower station in Rogaland county is Norway’s largest, with a maximum generating capacity of 1240 MW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Brazil (2009), Chile (2009), Costa Rica (2009), Guatemala (2006) and Nicaragua (2005). The differences in the characteristics of the surveys used to measure household income and the criteria used by the countries to deal with outlying values and correct for non-response to questions about income may substantially affect measurements of inequality (see box 1.4). Again, conditions of strict “dominance” commonly do not obtain between different countries’ income distributions, in other words, one distribution may be more equitable than another for one subset of the population and more inequitable for another, yielding different countiy rankings depending on the indicator used (see box 1.5). Taking these caveats into account, a regional overview of inequality ranks the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay as the countries with the least concentrated income, while the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Guatemala are at the other extreme (see figure 1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We explore these trends in greater detail below. More specifically, they are persons who are working and living in households with income below the poverty line. They comprise two distinct categories: working people living as unrelated (non-own-family) individuals with income below the poverty level, and working people living in families with total income below the poverty level. Data series 2013 to 2018 are preliminary projections. However, that percentage is still substantially above levels prevalent in ODCs, where it is expected to shrink from 30 per cent in 2000 to 7 per cent by 2017. Among that group, Liberia and Madagascar experienced no overall change in the share of the working poor living on less than $1.25 per day during the period 2000-2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One key obstacle to business innovation could be relatively underdeveloped knowledge- and information-intensive services. Business services are essentially concentrated in large and medium-sized urban agglomerations. The R&D “ranking” of Kazakhstan’s cities is relatively stable: the main development since 2005 has been the rise of Astana (from 9.1% of national R&D expenditures in 2005 to 19.4% in 2015). The science city of Kurshatov (11 670 inhabitants, home of the national nuclear centre and its research institutes) is by far the smallest city with significant R&D spending and personnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some measures to address climate variability may not be labelled as such (Agrawala et al., In particular, more decentralised and autonomous efforts are likely to be under-reported (Gingrich et al., The sectoral scope of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors and the preference of the Austrian government for “no-regrets” options that would be important elements of natural hazard management even without climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Contributions should be supported, as far as possible, with references from peer-reviewed and internationally available literature and with copies of any unpublished material cited, along with clear indications of how to access the latter. For material available in electronic format only, the location where such material may be accessed should be cited. It is a risk that the availability of data sources guides the assessment focus. It is important to try to identify gaps in knowledge and to understand what is unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Unless indicated otherwise, all statistics on Indonesian fisheries in this paper are from MMAF (2011a-f). Indonesia will focus on getting optimal sustainable value from its aquatic ecosystems by effective governance for recovery and maintenance of ecosystems and fish stocks, and by improving post-harvest practices along supply chains. Sustainability and quality improvement programmes will result in higher profitability of the fisheries sector, increased food security, and increased competitiveness of Indonesian fisheries products on international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
After a slight recession in 2013, EU15 members as a group should show a positive growth of 1.3% in 2014, and for the remaining period, they are expected to recover gradually at an average growth rate of 1.75% p.a. Australia and Mexico should continue to show a firm recovery at 3.5% p.a. The United States and Canada are expected to recover gradually, averaging 2.4 and 2.3% p.a.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The surface pedestrian crossing model includes requirements and standards in terms of visibility, drainage, lighting, pavement, road signs, traffic timing and other factors. For instance, for traffic crossings, there is a requirement that the green crossing signal be open for sufficient time to allow the whole track to be crossed at a speed of 0.4 m/s. To facilitate the crossing of the visually impaired, the model requires traffic lights to be equipped with mechanisms that emit sounds and vibrate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
And while for most Low Income Countries and Least Developed Countries, ODA still accounts for the majority share of external finance and will remain essential, a tendency to take advantage of the full range of development finance flows is becoming evident (UN, 2015b). The Paris Agreement stresses the important role played by public finance in supporting climate action and stresses the need for public and grant based resources for adaptation in LDCs and SIDS (Article 9.4). Decision 1/CP.21 also invites all UN agencies and international, regional and national financial institutions to report on how their development assistance and climate finance programmes are climate proofed and made more resilient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Conceptualizing international public administrations (IPAs) as attention-seeking bureaucracies which aim to actively feed their policy-relevant information into multilateral decision-making process, the chapter proposes two pathways through which international treaty secretariats may seek to influence international negotiations: (a) secretariats may attempt to supply policy-relevant information to negotiators from the inside via their close cooperation with the chairs of multilateral negotiations, (b) they may attempt to build support for their preferred policy outputs by engaging with and communicatively connecting actors within the broader transnational policy network in order to exert pressure on negotiators from the outside. Taking the secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) as an example, these potential pathways of secretariat influence are illustrated and explored empirically. The findings contribute to a growing body of literature that studies the role of national and IPAs as agenda-setters, policy entrepreneurs, or policy brokers at the interface of public policy analysis and PA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, an intervention that seeks to promote transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Such aims could include promoting lesson learning and supporting effective processes (e.g. at sectoral or national levels), which often requires mainstreaming climate concerns, aligning with government priorities, and/or achieving longer-term transformational impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A number of incentive programmes support these objectives: cross-sectoral platforms exist to bring different stakeholders and funding mechanisms together and strengthen local municipal capacity in natural resource management. In addition, programmes are underway to support the role of forests in watershed management. Bolivian forests are included in an alternative REDD+ strategy and integrated into Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) targets. These have been largely successful, but there are technical and capacity constraints which in some cases have contributed to resource degradation. Small-scale land owners are in the process of successfully partnering with larger-scale private enterprises to increase productivity and value-chain development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
English reading shows no difference in the period 2010-12. The 2011 English reading scores are missing due to technical problems with the computer-based tests in Norway. The mean student score for Reading in intervention schools was 3.44 in both 2010 and 2012, while the nonintervention schools show a decline from 3.49 in 2010 to 3.46 in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)