albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
and public concerns due to accounts in the popular press of killer germs. 7 The initial activities were aimed at regulation of biological agent transfers and training emergency responders in 120 cities—commonly referred to as the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici preparedness programme—and was aimed at overt chemical terrorism. 8,9 This focus has expanded to acknowledge and address the key role that public health will have in detection and management of a covert biological terrorist incident. Similar efforts to coordinate national contingency arrangements and successfully conclude negotiations over the protocol for verification of the Biological Weapons Convention are underway in the UK. 9
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are: 1) the senior secondary vocational schools known as sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMKs) and the Islamic vocational senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAKs), 2) community colleges or akademi komunitas (AKs), 3) polytechnics, 4) universities, and 5) vocational centres known as balai latihan kerja (BLKs). At the time of the OECD review team’s visit, the Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) was responsible for SMKs, which provide secondary education, and the newly established AKs, polytechnics and research universities, which provide post-secondary education. The latter are now under the purview of the new Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MORTHE) combining the former Directorate General for Higher Education and the Ministry of Research and Technology. The BLKs, which provide non-formal technical and vocational education and training (TVET), fall under the administration of the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (MOMT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 13 countries people who engage in such acts can face the death penalty.66 Even in countries where lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people are not considered criminals, their prospects for human development are limited by discrimination in social and economic life. Unlike other minorities the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex community is often hidden. Sexual minorities may not disclose their identity for fear of legal punishment, social abuse, hostility and discrimination by society or by close friends and family members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper is based on field research in the northern Benin, West Africa. The research aimed to investigate how interpersonal and intra-organisational conflicts disrupted cotton production and froze collective action. Cotton has proven to be the lifeline for farmer organisations, and has driven collective action in rural areas. The struggle to control these organisations and their economic and social benefits created mismanagement and free-riding reactions. The greed for resources, in the end, led to hatred, disruption of ties, and conflicts within and between farmer organisations, which resulted in the decline of cotton production and the freeze of collective action. Results from case studies show that social relations based on kinship and friendship deteriorate when financial stakes are high, and that cooperation within large groups requires legal sanctions to be sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of soil nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa and the use of chemical fertilizer and improved seeds is limited. More than 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest or semi-forest coffee. The three main regions from which Ethiopian coffee beans originate are Harrar, Ghimbi and Sidamo (which produces Yirgacheffe coffee).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has been found that DNA is not fragmented to any great extent in raw plant material and silage, but remains partially or fully intact. This means that, if GM crops are fed to animals, animals would be likely to be eating modified DNA. It describes the recommended approach for making a safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plants where a conventional counterpart exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Latin America specifically, few countries have protection mechanisms, and coverage rates are low, which reflects the extent of informal employment. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva, 2010 [online] http://www.ilo. Org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/ wcms_146566.pdf. That combination offers new possibilities to afford income security to unemployed and underemployed workers in countries where levels of informality are high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The committee added that “Without status as nationals or citizens, women are deprived of the right to vote or to stand for public office, and may be denied access to public benefits and a choice of residence. An adult woman should be capable of requesting to change her nationality, her nationality should not be arbitrarily removed because of marriage or dissolution of marriage or because her husband or father changes his nationality”. Nationality is governed by the law of blood or by birth and by priority to the father over the mother. Some w'omen lose their nationality when marrying foreigners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measuring performance provides a variety of benefits: establishing accountability with the public, enabling management and performance improvements, increasing transparency, and building public trust. The most recent transportation authorization bill, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century, includes a heavy focus on performance measurement. Despite such strong reasons, measuring the performance of public engagement in transportation planning has proved difficult for a variety of issues, including unclear goals, limited funding, and the situational nature of engagement activities. To address some of these issues, the literature of best practices for public engagement in transportation planning is analyzed, and three principles that encapsulate the contained concepts are derived. The three principles include accessible events, engaging interactions, and an outcome-oriented process. The author developed a performance scorecard rubric to operationalize the three principles. The scorecard provides an in...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Atlas ol Health and Climate. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Press. Bouma, S. Hajol, E. Worrall and A. Haines. El Nino ond the shifting geography of cholera in Africa. Proceedings ol the National Academy ol Sciences ol the United Stales ol America. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(9), B. Shikur, W. Deresso ond B. lindljarn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper examines the attitudes of 207 junior high/middle school and high school principals in Texas regarding: (1) the severity of four school problems (school loyalty, drugs, student-student problems and serious problems), and (2) the possibility of five criminology and criminal justice concepts (type of crime, justice system, juvenile justice, deviance and crime prevention) that are considered important and helpful for junior high/middle school and high school students to learn in order to help deter and prevent school crime. Although school problems were generally found to be relatively minor at both school levels, drug problems in high schools were rated most serious. School principals considered a crime prevention concept (which included information about crime deterrence, crime prevention, social control and conflict resolution) as the most important and helpful topic to learn. The study concluded that schools should make crime prevention information more available to students in addition to othe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article sets out an account of the historical development and the contemporary elaboration of sociological approaches to constitutional law. It argues that recent years have seen a broad sociological turn in constitutional theory, such that sociological constitutionalism now forms a distinct field of legal research. This is due to the general increase in the importance of constitutionalism in different national societies across the globe. This is also due to the emergence of new patterns of constitutional formation, both within and beyond national societies, resulting from the interaction between national and domestic constitutional law. The article separates different constitutional-sociological approaches into two categories: those with a primarily national, and those with a primarily transnational focus. Overall, however, it claims that sociological constitutionalism is driven primarily by engagement with transnational law, and the main insights in this field relate, in different ways, to global p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cool water restrictions and flooding risks may currently hardly limit this value, but climate change might present a somewhat greater challenge on longer time scales in these respects. For a given source different supply options (for gas for instance inland production, import through pipelines or LNG regasification terminals, storage facilities) need to be summed up and related to energy demand (ECOFYS, et al., As opposed to the (de-rated) generation capacity margin, the indicator accounts primarily for extreme and/or weather-related events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Nepal, the situation is reversed where coverage is strong but affordability remains a challenge. Rwanda fares well in both overage and affordability but its secondary school enrolment is low. Bhutan is performing well in all areas and with just slight improvements in coverage and school enrollment its performance would rise to high levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It explores how industrial diversification affects areas of trade. This leads to issues such as employment generation, environmental aspects of industrialisation and the question of constraints and opportunities for developing countries. The third section focuses on the window of opportunities that the changing nature of industrialisation and the new emerging technological paradigm, like automation, offer. The growth of manufacturing value added has been identified as a major source of poverty reduction in many developing and emerging industrial economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They include peace and political stability, sound macroeconomic management, strong institutions, well defined property rights and good governance. The food and agriculture sector has a key role to play in reducing global poverty. More than half of the world’s poor depends, either directly or indirectly, on agriculture for their livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It includes financial facilitation and infrastructure investment for the wider adoption of ICTs by households and businesses, support for the development of indigenous technological and content solutions, support for sector-specific research and innovation and international co-operation. Within the Vive Digital plan, MinTIC co-ordinates and supports the implementation of Government online (Gobierno en Lined), the programme that introduces ICT solutions to support administrative simplification (OECD, 2013b). The fund depends on MinTIC but has a separate legal status (Article 35 of the 2009 ICT law).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Foldscope was designed as a platform technology: it aims to bring science to the masses and is adapted to different local contexts and uses. To this end, it is resilient and portable and does not require any power source. To achieve the Foldscope’s objectives, the creators are giving away 10 000 microscopes to researchers and citizens around the world to test on potential applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, about 125,190 ha, or 10 per cent of all categories of forests and forestlands, are known or presumed to have been mined. The Forestry Development Strategy of Republika Srpska also indicates that 10 per cent of total forest area is affected by mined areas. The actual mined areas are probably slightly lower as much wider areas are demarcated as under mining for security reasons. These areas create safety and environmental problems and economic loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, domestic reforms supported by aid for trade can enable producers and exporters to use natural resource endowments more efficiently, productively and in a sustainable manner. A decrease of 10% in the tariff trade restrictiveness would lead, on average, to a 3.7% increase in agricultural exports. This is in line with the findings of other studies that consider overall trade (Hoekman and Nicita, 2011, Hallaert et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, even when infrastructure has been included in national plans, there does not appear to be any clear framework for moving from ambition to implementation. This disconnect is in part the result of a singular ideological drive to limit the infrastructure challenge to a matter of project bankability, leaving it solely in the hands of finance ministries. But it also reflects a reluctance on the part of governments in developing countries to think about the challenge in a more comprehensive and integrated manner and to invest in the techniques, skills and institutional capacities required to ensure that infrastructure will not just build bridges but ensure those bridges deliver on the ambitions of the 2030 Agenda. In that respect, the chapter has suggested that the old debate between balanced and unbalanced growth provides a rich discussion for thinking about those techniques, skills and institutional requirements. The bottom line when it comes to infrastructure spending is that it is too important a development matter to be left to the sole responsibility of finance ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This was essential in slowing the advance of deforestation for land speculation purposes, which often occurs along new road as a consequence of easier access to the forest (CEPAL et al., Between 2008 and 2012, nearly 95% of the deforestation in the region occurred outside protected areas. Deforestation is over four times less likely to occur in protected areas than outside these areas (TCU, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Gender-responsive oversight can ensure inclusive, needs-based security policies, strengthen the operational effectiveness of security system institutions through monitoring and evaluation, and enforce equitable budgeting. This can include providing training on gender and security issues to parliamentarians and their staff, especially those on defence and security committees, supporting gender impact assessments of proposed and existing security legislation and policies, and supporting mechanisms for public debate and consultation, such as a national consultation on security that includes urban and rural women's and human rights organisations. Supporting electoral and party reform can ensure greater participation of women and other under-represented groups in the political process. Constitutional, electoral and/or party quotas can help to achieve this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fiscal transfers are relatively low compared to the support provided through maintaining market prices above world levels, which are ultimately paid for by consumers. But some emerging economies are making increasing use of fiscal support measures. In South Africa support to land reforms, especially to new settlements and smallholders, is an important part of the policy package.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The article analyzes the "logic of scale" in affirmative action law from Regents of California v. Bakke (1978) through the 2003 University of Michigan cases. The arc of cases shows how the legal system has used institutional and geographic hierarchies to evaluate the constitutionality of affirmative action programs. During this period, the Supreme Court recognized both diversity rationales and remedial justifications for racially conscious policies. The Court began with a contentious, qualified endorsement of diversity justifications, then shifted its attention to remedial justifications during the 1980s and 1990s before returning to diversity issues in the Michigan cases. Under remedial theories, courts have used a logic of scale to separate cause, effect and remedy. The separation by scale restricted affirmative action policies to institutions and jurisdictions seen to be directly responsible for discrimination without regard to the scale of discrimination's effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Creating the incentives needed to expand access to credit and insurance markets is an example of government activity that would contribute to reducing the structural inequalities constraining the capacity of people to diversify their livelihoods and adapt to climate change. Climate change resilience will demand that social, economic and ecological systems become capable of reorganizing so as to maintain their essential functions, identity and structure, while also maintaining their capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.19 This will pave the way towards sustainable development—as long as the structural inequalities that drive poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability are addressed. At the same time, it identifies concrete areas where national efforts will need to be supplemented through enhanced international cooperation. The chapter builds upon the idea that climate hazards and inequalities are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby those hazards affect people experiencing socioeconomic vulnerability disproportionately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Adopted children (without any genetic links with their adoptive parents) have shown that non-genetic parents’ SES factors can impact the cognitive development of a child. The IQ of these children was measured before adoption, and all children, whether adopted by low- or high-SES families, had higher IQ’s after adoption. But children adopted by higher-SES families had significantly larger gains in IQ than children adopted in lower-SES families because they were raised in richer, more stimulating environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Any costs for policy capacity-building in benchmarking and developing indicators to measure the effects of energy-efficiency policies, such as industrial plant energy auditing and monitoring, reporting, verification and evaluation, also need to be factored in. The UNIDO (2011) industrial energy-efficiency policy database developed for this report documents 21 industrial energy-efficiency policy mechanisms in 37 developing economies (see Annex 14). The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy-efficiency Database details some 170 policies and measures introduced locally, regionally and nationally in 32 countries and the European Union (IEA 2008c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article explores the relationship between the concept of ‘security’ and intellectual property. Security today encompasses traditional state-centric, military concerns (such as prevention of external aggression) to ‘human security’ concerns, which places individuals rather than states as the main objects in need of security. The intellectual property system, consisting of copyright and related rights and industrial property, seeks to encourage creativity and inventiveness, which are necessary components of the economic, cultural and technological well-being of countries. This preliminary examination reveals that national security concerns and questions of ‘ordre public’ have permeated international intellectual property treaties since the late nineteenth century. In today's context of international struggle against wanton terrorism (and possibly nuclear terrorism), of geo-economic competition among countries and of the struggle to become free from the shackles of poverty, intellectual property has eme...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unless there are effective market dominance controls, prices will tend to be higherthan they should be. Examples of ex-ante regulation in this area include open and cost-based access to key facilities such as submarine cable landing stations, national fiber optic backbones and towers. Another regulatory tool that has helped reduce costs in LDCs and facilitated a more equitable playing field include a requirement for infrastructure sharing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Source: UN (2015), UN Comtrade Database. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth averaged 7.4% in the 1990s and 6.8% in the 2000s, contributing to a three-fold real increase in GDP per capita over these two decades. Growth has slowed to 5.7% in 2010-14, but still compares favourably with most emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But research evidence clearly points to the importance of ensuring professional learning opportunities are sustainable (Darling-Hammond et al., This is endorsed in the professional lear ning community and other related literature (Rosenholtz, 1989, Louis, Kruse et al, 1995, Stoll et al, 2006). Strong performing education systems like those of Singapore and Japan have institutionalised this good practice and have put the majority of professional development resources as close as possible to the point of use. In Singapore, for example, teachers are entitled to 100 hours of professional development each year. The majority of professional development is provided on site in the schools where teachers work, and is directed at the specific goals and problems teachers and school leaders are addressing in those schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The law highlights the need for all aspects of such internal evaluation systems to be transparent. Overall, there is little documentation about the teacher evaluation processes designed and implemented at the school level. The draft law was submitted to Parliament in March 2012 and is currently undergoing discussions. As the teacher advances in the career structure, he or she has access to positions with greater responsibilities within schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Douglas A. Hicks & Thad Williamson Introduction * Gillian Brock Global Justice and Leadership Challenges: How Do We Overcome the Difficulties Involved in Realizing or Advancing Global Justice? * Mathias Risse Justice, Accountability, and the WTO * David A. Crocker Democratic Leadership, Citizenship, and Social Justice * Daniel K. Finn Power, Leadership, and the Struggle Against Government Corruption * Steve Vanderheiden Leadership, Moral Authority, and Global Climate Change * Simon Caney Global Justice, Climate Change, and Human Rights * Jennifer Prah Ruger Global Health Justice * Andrea Sangiovanni Justice and the Free Movement of Persons: Educational Mobility in the European Union and the United States*Waheed Hussain Filling the Gap: Political Consumerism in a World of Weak States * Rebecca Todd Peters Examining the Value of Solidarity as a Moral Foundation for Poverty Alleviation * Thad Williamson and Douglas Hicks Concluding Essay
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The approach used in this paper to assess official development finance towards innovation generally excludes capacity-building exercises. The DAC High Level Meeting in 2017 recognised the need for the DAC to step up its focus on innovation for development: “Innovation is an essential enabler for both improved development co-operation practices and quick and effective responses to development co-operation challenges. We intend to gather evidence, facilitate and encourage the sharing of good practices and experiences, foster platforms on innovative policies, tools and practices so that DAC members can increase their knowledge and implement innovative programming that delivers humanitarian and development impact in ways that are better than existing approaches. ”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)