albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Data for exporter’s production and importer’s consumption of agricultural products are from the FAO ResourceSTAT. We select Gross Production Value (in current million USD) as a measure of production. Value of gross production has been compiled by multiplying gross production in physical terms by output prices at farm gate. Thus, value of production measures production in monetary terms at the farm gate level. Since intermediate uses within the agricultural sector (seed and feed) have not been subtracted from production data, this value of production aggregate refers to the notion of "gross production". Consumption for each importer countries is computed by summing production and total import and subtracting total exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This largely preventable, but life-shattering medical condition affecting primarily the poorest and most marginalized women and girls has rightly been described as “a stark reflection of inequality at its worst".161 Its persistence in many developing countries reflects chronic health inequities and health-care system constraints, coupled with broader human rights violations facing women and girls, such as poverty, socioeconomic and gender inequalities, early marriage, early childbearing, and lack of schooling. Millions of women and girls need fistula treatment, but the lack of availability or access to services by skilled obstetric fistula surgeons prevents them from receiving it. In a bid to galvanize momentum to eliminate this medical injury, in October 2014, the report of the Secretary-General, supporting efforts to end obstetric fistula, was released with recommendations that could be implemented, primarily at the national level, to intensify these efforts, within a human rights-based approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The OECD average indudes 30 OECD countries excluding Australia, Iceland, New Zealand and Norway. Trust in institutions such as the government, the court system and the media is essential for social stability, efficiency of policy implementation, public sector performance, private sector development and maintenance of democracy. The level of trust in the government affects people's willingness to partake in co-operative actions, pay taxes or accept policy reforms (Braithwaite and Levi, 1998, Easterly, Ritzen and Woolcock, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This suggests that an increase in social spending within a given country reduces relative child poverty, ceteris paribus, and the estimated effect is large: according to the estimate reported in Table 2, a 1% increase in social expenditure per capita is associated with roughly a 1% reduction in the relative child poverty rate, all other things being equal. There is also a negative association between the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households and the child poverty rate, implying this reduction is greater when a larger share of expenditure is directed towards the poorest. This result finds some support in the existing literature despite some mixed results (Box 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Enrolment in general upper-secondary education has fallen from 62 411 in 1999/2000 to 40 085 in 2013/14, or nearly 36% (Figure 1.29 in Chapter 1). A drop of this scale has major implications for future skills shortages in the labour market and makes minimising school dropouts and raising enrolment in VET and higher education an urgent priority. It also highlights the importance of maximising the labour market relevance of curricula. Ensuring that all young people obtain upper-secondary education is, therefore, crucial to address their labour market difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, the number of hospital admissions is high, and the duration of stays remains relatively long (Figure 16). Adjustments for care quality have been piloted and scaled up, though their amount remains below 0.5% of the participating hospitals’ medical spending. In 2017 grants for acute-care equipment increased to better take into account fixed maintenance costs. In addition, the authorities plan to develop bundled payments for acute care and rehabilitative services to improve pathways for patients with chronic illnesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures. Equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender-specific violence, such as sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography and sexual demand, whether by words or actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Resources are still limited in this sector. Private for-profit and community services (faith-based and secular) are the main direct providers of playgroups and kindergartens. Despite significant growth in this sector there are still a number of challenges to the provision of a more universal and consistent service for pre-school children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The smallest sex difference in smoking rates in the region was recorded in Lebanon in 2004, where both men and women smoke are relatively high rates (33 per cent for men and 19 per cent for women). The largest sex difference in smoking rates was recorded in Egypt, where 44 per cent of men but only 1 per cent of women smoke, according to 2008 data. The highest drop in percentage of smoking men was recorded in Egypt (from 56 to 44), and the lowest drop for women in Yemen (from 10 to 6). Palestine reported an increase of 1 per cent in smoking among men (from 41 to 42) (see annexed table).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some attributed the women’s behaviour to their nurturing nature. Although rare before the war in Cambodia, women-headed households constituted between 25 and 30 per cent of all families in the late 1990s. In the Ixcan region of Guatemala, women-headed households were not uncommon before the conflict, but their proportion increased during the war and later constituted an estimated 30-50 per cent of all households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is why the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to eradicate extremes of both poverty and hunger. The World Bank (2004) emphasises that poverty is a root cause of hunger. These three factors are interlinked in such a way that each contributes to the presence and permanence of the others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Ministry of Economy, through COMPITE, provides training in topics such as: Reengineering and process optimization workshops, ISO 900, Quality Training for the optimum performance of the company's human resources. For tourism, companies are promoted and supported through an agreement between the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Economy through the Modernization Programme (Programa Modemizci). The Ministry of Tourism has policy responsibilities regarding SME firms in the tourism sector, and the instruments of these policies are operated through Programa de Apoyo a la Competitividad de la Micro, Pequena y Mediana Empresa Turistica (Competitiveness Support Program for Touristic SMEs) (OECD, 2011). This programme provides funding for training, certification, and product/project development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Clearly though, while mitigation may benefit these women as individuals, it does not reduce depletion at the household level. Replenishment could occur through state, community and/or private contributions to sustain social reproduction. The Australian Government’s provision of housing, electricity, water, health, education and other basic welfare services to resettled refugees is an important replenishment of their capacities for social reproduction. The UNHCR’s support of refugees awaiting resettlement is also a (limited) replenishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There has been a growing recognition of the importance of women’s participation in politics. The United Arab Emirates’ Parliament became in 2015 the first Arab country to appoint a woman as speaker of Parliament, and women have obtained positions in the top ranks of political parties in Algeria and Palestine.66 Women’s dynamic participation in the protests that swept through the region beginning in late 2010 has also been widely noted as a testimony of women's willingness to join in civic and political engagements.67 This activism may be a precursor to more women assuming political roles in the Arab region in the future. Most recently, women have been allowed to stand for municipal elections in Oman since 2011 (Royal Decree No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Disadvantaged people who are bearing the brunt of these changes should be properly supported. Why development will not stop migration”, Development and Change, vol. Maximizing and sharing the benefits of international migration requires proper regulation and policies to prevent and address the problems of informality of labour markets, upholding labour standards, avoiding the strain of social services and addressing concerns about national security. With appropriate measures in place, however, safe, orderly and regular migration can indeed support global prosperity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drawing on institutional theory, we examine the impact of corporate governance (CG) on corruption. The interaction effects of national culture and CG on corruption are also examined. By employing a dataset of 149 countries, our baseline findings indicate that the quality of CG practices reduces the level of corruption. Findings also show that three cultural dimensions, namely, power distance, individualism and indulgence moderate the CG‐corruption nexus. Our findings indicate that CG and national culture explain the level of corruption among societies, with national culture appearing to matter more than the quality of CG. Our findings remain unchanged after controlling for endogeneities, country‐level factors, CG and corruption proxies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
About three quarters of women workers with graduate and above qualifications are in regular wage employment. Better education is thus a crucial factor for getting regular jobs. In 2011-2012, about two thirds of male SC workers were wage workers and among them about three quarters were casual workers (Table 7-5). Even among women workers, the largest percentage of wage workers was among SCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) system has collected sensor data and images throughout the trial period and accoiding to the vessel electronic-logbooks the vessels were at sea for approximately 80 000 hours, carried out approximately 1114 fishing trips and conducted approximately 9 800 fishing operations during the project period. Small reductions in revs resulted in substantial reductions in fuel usage. This infoimation proved very useful in setting the optimum revs of the engine whilst the vessel was steaming to the fishing grounds with a minimal loss to vessel speed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The overhang of coal production capacity against the declining demand for a range of environmental reasons keeps the price low. The shift to a service orientation leads to better use of capital stock through wider deployment of cold and thermal storage and smart demand management. The focus on climate change leads to unprecedented technological cooperation at international levels with very rapid innovation and cost-reduction of localised energy-supply enabling facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The poor track record of women entrepreneurs has been attributed to multiple factors such as lack of credit or savings, lower education levels, inability to access training opportunities, gender bias and lack of social capital. The new Kenya Constitution, which grants women equal rights before and after marriage, was promulgated on 27 August 2010. It also grants equality of inheritance rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For Chinese experts, these developments mark the beginning of “a golden age of wind power development" in the country. Until recently, China relied largely on foreign companies to supply much of the equipment for its rapidly growing number of wind farms. Although there were several domestic companies manufacturing turbines, their output lagged significantly behind their main foreign competitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Extraction involves methods such as underground or surface mining. Extraction of mineral resources reflects the quantity ofthe resource physically removed from the deposit during a period of time (usually one year). The difference between the opening and closing stocks of mineral resources for a particular year result largely from extraction. However, new discoveries, reappraisals and reclassifications of stocks, as well as catastrophic losses, can also influence the difference between opening and closing stocks. Main sources of statistics about stocks of mineral resources are geological surveys and inventories, as well as economic statistics on mining and quarrying.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These circumstances have arisen despite a generally positive consumer attitude to seafood. The Australian Government remains committed to the development of a national system of MPAs and to achieving a substantial part of that network by 2012. More than 10% of Australia’s marine jurisdiction is already within MPAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The availability and quality of transport, condition of public spaces, and safety while moving around and accessing urban services and the workplace or school are crucial factors in the lives of women and therefore affect their chances of increasing their autonomy comprehensively (Segovia, 2016). There are also studies on gender inequality in access to transport (United Nations, 2005). Hence, there is a dynamic approach to time use linked to the spatial dimension, to the degree that it takes into account the schedules and time necessary to carry out certain activities or access and effectively use public services, spaces for recreation and participation, educational institutions and places where paid work is carried out. This is reinforced when, as policies are being designed, attention is paid to inequalities in access and effective use that affect households and persons (particularly poor women) whose social and geographical positions seriously compromise their ability to manage time as an asset to take full advantage of opportunities and resources and to achieve autonomy and well-being (Rossel and Hernandez, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both events helped to raise the visibility of assessment results within the energy sector. The nexus perspective is finding its way into these events in more explicit detail through discussions on renewable energy investment. Recommendations made during the talks in Azerbaijan refer to taking a nexus approach on issues related to energy efficiency and environmental protection. Forthcoming State-level"HardTalks"in three Drina River Basin countries will be devoted in part to the nexus theme, and the exchange of experience and cross-border coordination will be promoted through a three-country follow-up workshop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policies adopted across OECD countries to steer education systems. They comprise governance and funding policies and approaches that ensure effective and efficient delivery of education systems. Reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific and regional challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The gross theoretical hydropower potential is estimated at 850 MW, of which 520 MW are technically available and 250 MW economically viable. The rivers in the northern and central parts of the country are most suitable for small low-head hydropower installations. Water used in 2014 for these purposes, an amount of 473 million m3, accounted for 32.78 per cent of the total water use in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Biodiversity conservation status varies widely across regions and states, being generally poorer in the South and South-east regions and along the coast, where most of the population lives. In 2014, after peaking in the mid-2000s, the annual deforestation rate in the area known as Amazonia Legal2 was 75% below the average for the previous 10 years (Figure 3). Brazil is, therefore, likely to overshoot its target of reducing deforestation in the region by 80% by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Output volume of the food processing industry fell in every year from 1990 until 1999, except 1997. From 2000 to 2008, the annual average growth in processing of food products, including beverages and tobacco products, was 9.5%, and the value of production in 2008 was KZT 734 billion (USD 6 billion). The share of food processing, including beverages and tobacco products, in industrial output in 2008 was 7.2%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Health costs, of which at least a portion is easily measurable through medical bills, would be another. Strictly speaking, these damages do not constitute a public goods problem, but concern gaps in the liability system of the existing legal framework or arise from a failure to detect relevant causal relationships or to identify those responsible for the causes. With increased information and tighter legal regulations, these externalities would not need to exist. At the same time, these externalities are the most easily quantified and are often those which are used to most effect in public discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Uzbekistan, researchers noted restrictions - even for local travel - on younger women (Romanova and others, 2017, p. 22-23). In the south of Kyrgyzstan, two neighbouring villages may differ in their perceptions of female migration and consequently in the ratio of female migration depending on whether the village is populated mostly with ethnic Kyrgyz or Uzbeks (Atam and Gopel, 2014, see also Reeves, 2013, p. 319). Overall, there seems to be a more favourable perception of female migration and more broadly fewer restrictions on women among Kyrgyz populations, rather than Tajiks and Uzbeks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overall, connecting people and devices through ICT technologies can have widespread benefits throughout society and on the economy. The future possibilities of IoT and Al bring yet another dimension to how the use of ICTs can contribute to lowering transaction costs, improving system efficiency and transform production and delivery chains. However, while developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog the digital development by directly deploying more advanced technologies, the digital transformation of society requires investments across many sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Italy has launched in 2000 the National Programme on Continuing Education in Medicine (NPCEM), which requires health care professionals to obtain 50 CME credits per year. The system is not link to re-certification. The safety of pharmaceuticals is further ensured through a postmarketing surveillance system which monitors safety information and adverse reaction for all authorised drugs through the National Network of Pharmacovigilance (Refe Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Main Economic Indicators (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cbcc2905-en. This is much higher than both Russia (86%) and EU countries, where owner-occupied housing accounted for 71% of the housing stock (Amann, 2013). This suggests Kazakhstan’s rental market is underdeveloped, and that much renting is informal and undocumented, with no rental contracts and often no registration (propiska) of tenants. Among Kazakhstan’s large cities (i.e. core cities of the 26 FUAs), only Astana seems to have a significant rental market (26%) (Figure 1.21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Arab League, a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia, works with regional organizations that facilitate the elaboration of strategies according to needs of each region and ministries (Case study 63, pg. When preparing requests to GEF, the needs of other Biodiversity-related Conventions are therefore considered. One of the results of the cooperation was obtaining funds for wetlands, trade in marine species such as sharks, and also medicinal plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The higher trade volumes resulting from the framework agreements will generate greater domestic economic activity in meeting the developmental objectives of the countries of Central Asia and South Asia. In addition, given the fact that tariff concessions are offered on numerous items, the Central Asian and South Asian countries could diversify their export commodities to Participating States of APTA to include miscellaneous other products (non-energy related) and services. The Energy Efficiency Factor is derived by subtracting final energy intensity from 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, despite significant progress in reducing agricultural use of potable water (by more than 50% within a decade), consumption of potable water will increasingly exceed renewable resources (Figure 4.2). The main government response has been to reduce demand by promoting drip irrigation and the reuse of treated domestic wastewater (effluent) in agriculture, and to increase potable water supply for the urban sector mainly through the construction of large-scale desalination facilities (Box 4.1). Efforts are also being made to foster the role of economic instruments: significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors. Agricultural water quotas have been made more stringent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
International organizations often lack operational capacity, but may command significant normative power over States. By contrast, States have organs with significant operational capacity. Adoption of sanctions by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter would remain a dead letter without enlisting the capacity of States to implement these measures on the ground. The UN and its member States may thus both contribute to a single harmful outcome when sanctions are wrongful. International responsibility for this is shared in practice, as demonstrated by recent developments in domestic and regional international courts: States are held responsible by domestic or regional international courts, and are forced to disobey the Security Council in order to comply with their human rights obligations. In turn, the States put pressure on the Security Council to reform the offending regime, forcing the UN to comply with its own international obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The policy applies to a wide range of rice categories (rough, brown, fragrant, PB, and whole), with the exception of paddy for sowing (HS. In practice, the regime effectively became a permanent ban. Even BULOG and its agents were only occasionally issued with special import permits. For example, MoT issued import permits to BULOG in November 2005 for only 70 000 tonnes of rice and a further 210 000 tonnes in December 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)