albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The end of the Cold War witnessed the growth and spread of legally established private military contractors (PMCs) playing largely undefined roles in wars, international security and post-conflict reconstruction. The operations of PMCs in Iraq and Afghanistan in the 21 st  century have been marked by gross human rights abuses and poor treatment and torture of prisoners of war (POWs). Indeed, PMCs are likely to step outside their contractual obligations and commit criminal acts. This article adds to the literature on the subject by arguing that the elusiveness of PMCs’ individual or corporate responsibility for war crimes presents one of the greatest challenges for international humanitarian law (IHL). This presents a dilemma for IHL, which seeks to address individual offences. The situation becomes even more complicated when  non-governmental organisations  (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) are involved in the use of PMCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study reviews the extent to which the design and implementation of these policies take into account the contemporary interpretation of rights related to the family included in human rights treaties and the commitment to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls as required by the 2030 Agenda. The recognition of the family as the foundation of society requiring protection and assistance is also included in regional human rights instruments such as the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador, e.g., art. If families human rights treaties." The African Charter differs from other human rights instruments because it not only enshrines the duty of States to protect and assist the family (art.18) but also includes several 'duties'for individuals, such as the duty towards his/her family (art. This section is based on Sepulveda 2003, Chapter III.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Demands from these uses would put at risk the supply of water to agriculture and ecosystems. Groundwater depletion could become the biggest threat to agriculture and urban water supplies in several regions. As a result, more than 40% of the global population - 2.3 billion more people than today - would be living in river basins under severe water stress. Water stress would be most severe in northern and southern Africa, and central and south Asia (Figure 2.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Grain producers applying reduced-tillage are eligible for increased rates of per hectare subsidies. Similarly, producers of sugar beet and vegetables and melons with drip irrigation benefit from considerably higher per hectare payments compared to those who do not use drip irrigation. Apart from its effects on crop productivity, drip irrigation has beneficial environmental outcomes, such as water saving and prevention of soils salinisation, swamp formation and erosion of the irrigated lands (Box 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Sectors such as textiles and paper, on the other hand, are ranked low based on robot and digital-intensity data. Deardorff (2017) shows that the concept of comparative advantage remains relevant in explaining trade in the digital age. Goldfarb and Trefler (2018a) point out that digital technologies like Al have special characteristics that make an assessment of trade patterns in the digital age complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
1. Looking for the Space between Law and Ecology, Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos 2. Towards a Critical Environmental Law, Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos 3. Foucauldian Inspired Discourse Analysis: A Contribution to Critical Environmental Law Scholarship?, Bettina Lange 4. The Ecological Narrative of Risk and the Emergence of Toxic Tort Litigation, Jo Goodie 5. The Precautionary Principle: Practical Reason, Regulatory Decision-Making and Judicial Review in the context of Functional Differentiation, John Paterson 6. Biotechnology as Environmental Regulation, Alain Pottage 7. Perspectives on Environmental Law and the Law Relating to Sustainability: A Continuing Role for Ecofeminism?, Karen Morrow 8. Animals and the Future Salvation of the World, Piyel Haldar 9. Seeking Spacial and Environmental Justice for People and Places Within the EU, Antonia Layard and Jane Holder 10. Heterotopias of the Environment: Law's Forgotten Spaces, Andreas Kotsakis 11. Deleuze and the Defence of Nature, Mark Halsey
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While it is not feasible to strive for global standardisation of legal environments across all jurisdictions, policy makers should work on taking initial steps to clarify regulatory treatment for blockchain adoption. In this regard, adjacent standards might need to be adapted, especially in the realms of consumer protection and banking. The OECD has also recently launched the Sustainable Infrastructure Policy Initiative in order to pilot the development of tools, standards, and research, along with the promotion of data to inform decisionmaking in infrastructure investment and policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
E.93.1.8 and corrigenda, vol. I), Report of the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993 (A/ CONF. See also Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. A progressive interpretation of gender was agreed in 1999: see United Nations, 1999 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, p. ix.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. Within the three main sectors, further industry sub-sectors can be identified. This sectoral breakdown helps to identify specific risks faced by different sectors and industries - the sector businesses operate in and the types of goods and/or services that they provide can directly affect their exposure to climate change risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Neoliberalism was paramount in the transition to the present phase of modernity. But since the 1990s a sort of social liberalism has been also crucial to the organization of current forms of global domination, including the forms of governmentality that shape contemporary subjectivities. This article investigates the closed forms of seriality as well as sectoralized and target policies that underlie social liberalism. It is counter-posed to them, though not in an absolute manner, a perspective of open serialities and universalist social policies, towards a complex solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 7 presents the current and expected evolution of the environmental goods and services sector in Japan, in terms of both market size and employment. Finally, a concluding section ties the findings together. However, it has lost relative ground in the last two decades, and Japan’s GDP per capita was slightly below the OECD average in 2009.2 Most of the last decade w'as characterised by sluggish economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Whether they manage to find those skills will depend on the capacity of training and education institutions to adjust. Whether they receive adequate guidance, will largely depend on the ability of countries’ quality infrastructure to react to technological change. Standard-setters and regulators may play a special role in this area. The rapid growth in amounts of data has led to the perception that everybody has, or will soon have, unlimited access to many types of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Below 65%, the ramping rate is approximately 2.5% per minute, using control rod adjustment (GE, 2006). In the last decades, however, considerable progress has been made in these areas, with the progressive automatisation of regulation and control operations and significant improvements in data acquisition and processing techniques. This has significantly increased the performance of nuclear power plants during load cycling, and has also had a beneficial effect on overall plant availability. The timely flow of reliable in-core measurements, together with an automatic and efficient operational control system, allows for a quicker detection of deviations and for the prompt restoration of normal values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Central African Republic, D.R. Congo and South Sudan suffer from unstable governance and rank 3rd, 7th and 1st in the world in their fragility.22 However, a lack of competition and fragility is not necessarily a guarantee of the worst performance. Somalia is ranked 2nd for fragility and Ethiopia has no competition but they both have mobile subscriptions penetration of over 50. In these cases, other factors have helped to offset the liabilities. Somalia has a vibrant and competitive mobile sector and in Ethiopia, the government has invested a notable amount of resources into telecommunications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It reduces the poverty rate by approximately one-quarter in Thailand and Viet Nam, for example. The unweighted average poverty headcount reduction for the three regions shown in annex table 6 are remarkably similar to the population-weighted averages from the Linkage model reported in annex table 5 with a similar tax-replacement assumption: the latter’s 17 per cent for Asia excluding China and India and 6.4 per cent for Latin America are just slightly above the GTAP model’s 14 per cent and 5.7 per cent, respectively. Like the global models, the case studies focused on price-distorting policies as of 2004, even though the database for their CGE models and their household survey data typically date back a little earlier in the decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is the written statement I submitted in conjunction with my testimony before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights & Civil Liberties concerning potential amendments to the Voting Rights Act. The statement begins by discussing the Supreme Court's evolving understanding of the scope of Congress' power to protect constitutional rights, including the right to vote, under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Reviewing the numerous important federal laws the Court has struck down as exceeding Congress' Section 5 power, my testimony then distills the general principles underlying the Court's holdings. Finally, it reviews H.R. 4, the Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2019 in light of these principles, identifying provisions that are at the greatest risk of being struck down by the Court, as well as others that could be amended to more effectively and efficiently protect voting rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Public spaces are broadly associated with benefits such as enhanced safety and social cohesion, higher equality and improved health and well-being. They increase property values, retail activity multiplication, city attractiveness, and contribute to more effective and efficient transport and mobility. A prosperous city is an inclusive one that provides spaces for social engagement, recreation, social and economic development of vulnerable groups, and fosters social cohesion through the provision of adequate and well-designed public spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Establishing a platform for sharing green technologies has been endorsed at the 7th BRICS summit in the Russian city of Ufa in 2015. Moreover, all countries are vulnerable to climate change. As a country rich in biodiversity and vast tropical forests, Brazil is vulnerable to climate change due to its fragile, biologically diverse ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This also applies at the farm level, where a farmer has to consider the management of the whole farm operation and not just those elements of the business important to water quality. Illustrative is the importance of stormwater management in helping to minimise nutrient and sediment loads from agriculture (Randhir and Tsvetkova, 2009). A further example is the reuse of irrigation water further down stream in a water catchment and the recycling of urban/industrial wastewater in agriculture, which raises both human health and environmental concerns, as recently illustrated by the growing use of recycled effluent water in Israeli agriculture (Box 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Businesses introduce standards in value chains to protect their brand name, and governments adopt regulations to protect consumer safety. Implementing internationally accepted standards has become vital to gaining access to foreign markets, particularly for developing-country firms (see case study on Indonesia and Kenya in this chapter).153 This holds true for traditional goods and services but also for goods and services developed around industry 4.0. Are the customer comments on hospitality webpages authentic, or manipulated?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The service sector, however, is highly uneven. Higher value-added services (e.g., information and communications technology) tend to generate very little employment relative to their added value in emerging economies (UNCTAD, 2010). The programme is also a major employer of women in a country where employment opportunities for women are rather limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Formal trading of water rights beyond the users sharing one concession was allowed in 1999 but remains rare. For example, in the Segura Basin formal water trading between 2001 and 2005 amounted to less than 1% of total water consumption (Garrido and Calatrava, 2010). Some RBAs have also have set up water banks to encourage the trading of seasonal water rights during drought periods with some success, helping to avoid water rationing in such periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In extreme cases, such as in parts of the Middle East, desalination and reuse of wastewater can be used, which in general has a high energy intensity compared with “conventional water” (Ghaffour et al., Firstly, a large part comes from individual pumping in agriculture which is not well monitored. Secondly, the energy consumption of water supply largely depends not only on the volume of water consumption, in particular in the agricultural sector, but also on the availability of the water resources in the regions considered, and the distance from the place of consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These short and mid-term policy fixes are identified here. In addition to what is listed here, longer term macroeconomic harmonization, rural development and pro-poor policies, policies for education and human resource development, as well as commodity development and enterprise policies will play a role in creating a proper enabling environment. This includes the distribution and marketing infrastructure that links farmers to markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The resource constraints and other political barriers are the reasons for this delay. Therefore, the proposed energy efficiency laws and by-laws are fully in accordance with the EU requirements, due to the fact that development of the energy efficiency sector is mainly driven by fulfilment of the obligation that Bosnia and Herzegovina undertakes by ratification and signing of various international treaties such as Energy Community Treaty and Energy Charter Treaty. Both on the state and entity levels a lot of activities were done in order to develop energy efficiency framework that will promote EE, raise awareness in this area and attract foreign and domestic investors to invest in EE projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, the Hasbani sub-basin is threatened by several types of pollution, including domestic wastewater and olive oil production residues."' In addition to an increase in salinity due to high evaporation rates,'* higher salinity values are mainly a result of the presence of chloride-rich saline springs close to the lake shore and on the lake floor, which discharge an estimated 40 MCM/yr into the lake. However, the construction of the Salinity Diversion Channel (SDC) in 1967 as part of Israels National Water Carrier project allowed for the diversion of saline water from springs on the western and north-western side of the lake"’ to the Lower Jordan River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such social costs have two characteristics, which seem distinct but are indeed the two sides of the same coin, once looked at from a structural or methodological point of view and once looked at from a policy-making perspective. Social costs arise where issues are too complex, too new or too indefinite in nature in order to be given a monetary value that would allow for market transactions. Economics has coined the notion of “transaction costs”, which include the costs of generating, codifying and transmitting information, as a catch-all term for all the factors that are preventing decision making on the optimal level of a good, say the level of security of supply, by way of the price mechanism determined by the forces of supply and demand. In other words, without alternative forms of intervention, e.g. political decisions or the legal system, such external impacts will not be taken into account by producers and consumers with the result that positive externalities will be undersupplied and negative externalities oversupplied (see Section 1.3 for more details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Pedersen sees a number of European, Canadian and Australian pension funds active in the same space with good opportunities for cooperation. The fund is also working with EKF, Denmark’s export credit agency to provide long-term financing of export credits to allow foreign enterprises to obtain loans to place renewable energy orders with Danish companies. In 2009 PGGM committed capital to the BNP Paribas Clean Energy Fund on behalf of its clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTThe contacted disciplines of Border Studies, Rhetoric and Composition/Writing Studies, and Critical Discourse Analysis are each interested in how borders function and are constructed. However, since each discipline approaches the topic from individualized situations, the scholarship remains under-synthesized. As a result, few usable methodologies and theories for working across contexts, both in terms of physical space and disciplinary place, have been developed. By working within the contact zone of these disciplines, we aim to build a theoretical framework for analyzing the construction of borders through the ways local stakeholders compose and interpret discourses. With this approach, we find that the ways these stakeholders rhetorically construct their own border regions can align with scholarly representations, but at the same time, these constructions often contradict the prominent depictions encountered through popular culture, news media, and public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The grants were given by RGB and One UN under a joint programme on Strengthening CSOs for Responsive and Accountable Governance in Rwanda (International Centre for Not-For-Profit Law 2017). The EU also works closely with Rwandan civil society on issues such as democracy and governance, gender, electoral processes and the promotion of human rights (EU, no date). Similarly, CSOs have played an active role in peace-building, including quelling post-election violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, as no information is available that would allow a subdivision of the area into Forest and OWL, all of this area was classified as Forest. As mentioned earlier, FAO reported that forests of Turkmenistan are in “public ownership”. According to these, the total area of land actually covered with forests is 4,126,800 ha or 41 per cent of the lands administered by the forestry authorities, which constitutes 8.8 per cent of the total area of the country. Turkmenistan’s forests and OWL perform mainly protective functions, which is why they have been categorized as belonging to Category I under the new Forest Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Professional knowledge in the Australian graduate standards and core pedagogical areas. Policy initiatives involved improving initial teacher education and professional development, developing teaching standards or competence framework and linking them to teacher appraisal, introducing career stages for teachers and so on (OECD, 2015[ij, 2013(2])- Increasingly more research studies look at the quality features of teacher education in high-performing systems (Darling-Hammond, Wei and Andree, 2010p), Hammerness and Klette, 2015[4j, Darling-Hammond, 2006[5|, Darling-Hammond etal., Teaching standards have also been examined and compared (Toledo, Revai and Guerriero, 2017(9), Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007(|0]), and the evidence on their impact on teacher education extends to a growing number of localised contexts (Chung and Kim, 2010(H), Tummons, 2014(i2), Page, 2015[i3j, Kriewaldt, 2012[i4], Ceulemans, Simons and Struyf, 2012[i5j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The framework evaluates local health authorities across 30 indicators in the domains of access, continuity, effectiveness, efficiency, patient satisfaction and organisational competence. Many indicators reflect processes (such as coverage of vaccination or cancer screening), but each of the five effectiveness indicators reflect outcomes, such as adequate control of lipids and blood pressure in people with diabetes (see Annex C for full list of indicators). For each indicator, a national target is set.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity' measures in Scotland, Paper presented at the Agricultural Economics Society 88th Annual Conference, 10-11 April 2014. A quasi-experimental evaluation of mangroves in Indonesia. Ecological Economics 119,127-135. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 28 (1): 69-92. D. M. (1994), The Marginal Cost of Species Preservation: The Northern Spotted Owl. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26, 111-128.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2013, over one sixth of the country’s grassland was unavailable for utilisation. With increasing consumer demand for livestock products, pressures on grassland may be further exacerbated in the coming years by a rise in China’s livestock production (OECD-FAO, 2014). For example, Henan province has begun to encourage the establishment of livestock parks that comply with a list of standards regarding environmental management and animal health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Men are most often the main earner and women the main carer. However, opinions towards working mothers have become more positive-particularly in countries where the government has increased support for parents seeking to combine work and family commitments. Men, especially the highly-educated, are increasingly involved in parenting. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article presents the XXI’s constitutionalism as the doctrine of the constitutional law hich supposes to be a theoretical framework able to assure the interpretation of the political and social processes from which political constitutions emerge. Thus, the 88’s Brazilian Constitution proceeded to the recognition of the fundamental rights and norms regarding theprotection of minority rights. The purpose of this work is to investigate if this supposed innovative characteristic of the 88’s Brazilian Constitution is able or not to set historicalconstitutionalism as the continuity or maintenance of the conservative processes of the politicaland social status quo in the country. This article intends to discuss the nature of constitutional changes and the impacts of these changes on the development of constitutionalism in Brazil by analyzing the extent to which political, social, and cultural latin-american processes influenced changes in Brazilian constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)