albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While it gives a good overall sense of income distribution, it doesn’t show us how many people are lacking even basic resources. For that reason, inequality measures are usually supplemented with measurements of poverty. A pensioner living in a house valued at $500,000 might be considered wealthy, but if her pension brings in just $100 a week, most would consider her as having a low income. This is why it’s important to understand the difference between income and wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the school level, the analyses consider the relationship between the average socio-economic status of 15-year-old students in the school and the scores of the 15-year-olds attending that school. At the country level, the socio-economic status of students, both on average and its distribution within the country, can be related to average performance at the school-system level. These associations partly reflect the advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status confers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
All urban water users are metered and water prices are charged according to the volume consumed. Since the policy’s introduction, water prices have risen substantially, during the period 1993-2004, the real price of water (including environmental taxes) increased by 54% and prices are now among the highest in the OECD. The rise in prices has led to a substantial decrease in urban water demand from 155 to 125 litres per person per day, one of the lowest levels in the OECD. Since water pricing is purely volumetric, there are no social tariffs and the affordability of water services is ensured through separate social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Mobility Project (Initial Vocational Training) has elements that encourage projects to prepare beneficiaries to start their own business. In the past, however, SMEs have not been the direct recipients of much Leonardo da Vinci support. Transfer of Innovation projects granted in the 2007 selection round are aimed at enhancing the lifelong learning process in SMEs and in manufacturing sectors. They are addressed to highly qualified people on the labour market who need to improve their knowledge and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These networks tend to reduce some of the costs of migration (for example, costs faced upon arriving in a new country), thus making migration affordable to low-income people too. In addition, inequality may decline whenever a sizeable redistribution takes place among members of the villages from which migration originated. Returning migrants who acquired technical and entrepreneurial skills in advanced countries may also contribute to this growth acceleration (as observed for Turkey and Egypt by McCormick and Wahba, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, in the United States, the share of university graduates has been rising in manufacturing and the share of workers with at most high school attainment shrinking. This is largely a result of production in this sector shifting away from physical work in the production process, which is increasingly automated. Despite the shift in employment towards higher skilled workers, wages in the manufacturing sector have been declining relative to the economy-wide average since the early 1980s (Figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As OECD experience shows, strengthening the capacities of these institutions to monitor gender equality programmes and gender mainstreaming to enable effective results-based accountability and promote the development of gender-disaggregated data and the use of gender analysis is critical to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability over time. In addition, mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than do mandates originating from a governmental decree. Ensuring sufficient human and financial resources tends to be a challenge for most types of institutions, particularly those outside of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)1 region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEQ 2010-2015 served to advance cooperation towards energy security. The subregion has made good progress on several of its goals, six of the 16 planned interconnections under die ASEAN Power Grid and 12 bilateral gas pipeline interconnections have been commissioned. This work will continue under the APAEC 2016-2025 presented in October 2015, under the dieme of “Enhancing Energy Connectivity and Market Integration in ASEAN to Achieve Energy Security, Accessibility, Affordability and Sustainability for All”, diis plan provides enhanced goals and targets for the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is also vital to women's ability to shape their relationships, including with intimate partners, and to exercise voice and agency in their lives. Improvements in girls' education, declines in infant and child mortality and increased access to modern contraception have paved the way for sharp declines in fertility rates in most regions of the world. Further progress is dependent on greater access to rights-based reproductive healthcare services, which often go hand in hand with overall health systems strengthening (see Box 3.5). Policies to reduce deaths and suffering caused by unsafe abortion are also needed (see Story of Change, "Compassion was a key message").
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The origin of these programmes dates from the debt crisis of the 1980s. Since then they have become "one of the Latin American and Caribbean countries' habitual responses to high rates of unemployment and to the increase in informal activity and poverty caused by the region's low and volatile rates of economic growth" (ECLAC, 2006, p. 157). In the case of programmes designed specifically to mitigate the effects of disasters, public employment programmes provide work building community infrastructures aimed at mitigating disasters and strengthening resilience, in exchange for a wage that provides economic security whilst the work is being undertaken (Bene and others, 2014). In that connection, McCord (2012a) argues that public works are insufficient to generate incomes enabling families to make productive investments and improve their living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Half of these special initiatives are undertaken in close co-operation with the private sector. The section concludes with some lessons learned. The 2002-05 annual baseline average was just short of USD 500 million. In 2013, ITC disbursements reached their highest level, at USD 812.5 million, this was largely the result of two large telecommunication projects in Turkey and Romania, both financed by the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A number of inefficiencies have also arisen from this reform, however, in terms of the system’s financing and the distribution of its teachers. This understanding is supported by evidence that indicates that there is no more important empirical determinant of student outcomes than good teaching. The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The build-up of plastic debris in coastal zones is severe and different in character from open-sea plastic pollution, with different impacts on women's near-shore fishing than on open-ocean fishing by men. Loss of economic activities, damage to well-being, and mental health aspects of the impacts of degraded environments are all gender-differentiated and likely to be more intense for women in near-shore fisheries than for men in fisheries located offshore. However, virtually no research or data exist on such differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As the influence of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) is increasing in the world economy, the legal problems between the possessing States and recipient States become very important. The famous Santiago Principles are self-pledges of the governance and activities of SWFs by the possessing States and do not regulate the legal problems between the possessing States and the recipient States. This article considers the following relevant problems from the point of international law: (A) restrictions on foreign investment, (B) sovereign immunity, (C) taxation and (D) responsible investment. As to (A), although restrictions on foreign investment for national security reasons is generally permitted under international law, they should be guided by the principles of non-discrimination, transparency of policies and predictability of outcomes, proportionality of measures and accountability of implementing authorities. As to (B), when SWFs are involved in a civil action concerning holding shares in a company, they canno...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is supporting the U.S. Department of State in its public diplomacy demarches related to the Biological Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. The tenets of these major international instruments are implemented through a statutory, regulatory, and policy framework on biological risk management, an effective oversight of biodefense research and development programs, and international partnerships and collaborations toward countering biological threats, whether natural, accidental, or deliberate in nature. These activities illustrate the increasing importance of health to the U.S. national security and foreign policy. Raising the awareness of public health and science communities about the obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 is a critical element in their implementation and in preventing the misuse of scientific and technological advances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. It reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat and may not necessarily reflect the views of the individual IEA member countries. Its aim is to provide keys to successful rural electrification policies. Its ^a8e I conclusions and recommendations are based on an analysis of the rural electrification programmes of Brazil, China, India and South Africa. Many thanks also to Peter Taylor, Head of the Energy Technology Policy Division and Stefanie Held, Head of the Technology Network Unit, for their supervision. Frank Haugwitz (EU-China EEP), Emilio Lebre La Rovere (CGEE), Haibo Meng (IEEP), Kadri Nassiep (SANERI), Martin Obermaier (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), Marcelo Khaled Poppe (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), R.K. Sachdev, Daniel Werner (GTZ), the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy and the South African Department of Energy Electrification Chief Directorate for their contributions, comments and provision of country-specific data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Rather, macroeconomic adjustment has typically taken the form of “administrative measures”, such as moving to slow down an overheating economy through a squeeze on credit provision to regional and provincial governments and public and private corporations ensured through administrative fiat, rather than the use of traditional macroeconomic measures. But the Chinese governments continuing ability to quickly ensure macroeconomic correction when required is because that transition is still limited. But the financial system in China still remains heavily under the control of the state, despite recent liberalisation and the sale of some shares to foreign investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Significant regulatory issues, including questions of liability, such as insurance against damage, remain unresolved. As is the case with environmental ecosystems, there is no single definition for the term. The ecosystem described in this year's report is therefore the one most relevant for SMEs that trade or seek to trade. The business ecosystem for exporters is composed of a network of for-profit organizations - such as buyers, suppliers, distributors, financial actors and certifying bodies - and non-profit institutions - such as education providers, standard-setters and chambers of commerce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The idea that organisations should be held accountable for their economic, environmental and social impacts is often referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). Once companies recognise the need to embrace sustainable development, they need to leam how to achieve it. The development of sustainability indicators related to products/services and production processes is a good way for companies to incorporate the goal of sustainability into management decision making (Schwarz et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition, it is highly likely that such production, most of which was moved to emerging economies, is carried out with lower energy efficiency and higher emission intensities. Thus, the net result of the commendable United Kingdom climate policy was quite possibly an overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide—the opposite of the objective intended. This example highlights the importance of global coordination and the need for reality checks of measures from a systems and global perspective. One phenomenon to consider in this regard is the “rebound effect” (the Jevons paradox), that is, the increased energy use resulting from increased energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Strong emphasis is also put on the development of renewable energy sources with focus on biomass for electricity generation, wind energy and use of waste for fuel production. Hydropower, geothermal energy and solar energy options are also being investigated. The 2020 target is that renewables should deliver 23% of the primary energy supply. In addition, the construction of a 440 km long submarine power link to Sweden, with a capacity of 700 MW, will be completed in 2015, thus opening up a connection between the Baltic and Nordic power systems (Lithuanian Energy Ministry, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Five of these are offered at regional colleges under the Council for Higher Education: Ort Braude, Tel Hai, Sakhnin, Western Galilee and Sefad Colleges. Socio-economic gaps between the population groups and the disparities between the Galilee and the centre of Israel remain. Israel needs a continuous and concerted policy strategy”. Policy should ensure that educational infrastructure on offer to all Arab and Jewish children including issues such as class sizes, educational facilities at all levels, basic standards in English, mathematics and sciences is of a similar standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are also high mortality rates due to external causes of death (73 per 100 000 population, compared to an EU average of 46), including a high rate of road traffic deaths. Infant mortality, at 4.6 per 1000 live births in 2015, was among the highest rates in the EU, where the average is 3.6. Standardised mortality rates from lung, breast and colon cancer in Croatia are among the highest in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The science of global health diplomacy (GHD) consists of cross-disciplinary, multistakeholder credentials comprised of national security, public health, international affairs, management, law, economics and trade policy. GHD is well placed to bring about better and improved multilateral stakeholder leverage and outcomes in the prevention and control of cancer. It is important to create an evidence base that provides clear and specific guidance for health practitioners in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through involvement of all stakeholders. GHD can assist LMICs to negotiate across multilateral stakeholders to integrate prevention, treatment and palliative care of cancer into their commercial and trade policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Housing and urban policy is considered a priority within this reform agenda. The authorities seek to reduce the housing deficit that affects roughly 31% of Mexican households and to correct the inefficient development patterns of recent decades. This new approach to housing and urban policy differs from those of the recent past by shifting from quantitative objectives for housing to a more qualitative focus on housing and the urban environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter shows the evolution of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from its formation until today and focuses on their role in the 1994 genocide. The rebel group’s past has left marks, according to the author who argues that under the rhetoric and international praise, the RPF continues to violate human rights in Rwanda and interfere in the affairs of its neighbors. These actions are legitimized by conceptions of security and insecurity informed by Rwanda’s violent history. The RPF successfully transitioned from its status as a rebel group to that of a legitimate power holder, however, albeit it remains unaccountable and unchallenged domestically and internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In technical-professional programmes, the number of subject-teachers were 6 959 and 14 263 for the same year, in lower and upper secondary education respectively (reflecting growths of 60.5% and 89.3% since 2006) (see Table 5.A.1 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, organised in 2007 and which provides the most rigorous information about teachers, there were 36 851 staff involved in direct teaching in public schools maintained by ANEP (45.1% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education, 39.0% in general programmes of secondary education, and 18.0% on technical-professional programmes of secondary education) (see Table 5.A.2 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, the proportion of females in 2007 in public schools maintained by ANEP reached 93.2% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education, 73.5% in general programmes of secondary education and 56.8% in technical-professional programmes of secondary education (see Table 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Andrade and O.F.A. Bueno (2008), "Contribution of Education, Occupation and Cognitively Stimulating Activities to the Formation of Cognitive Reserve", Dementia and Neuropsychologia,Vo\. 2, No. Working Paper ROA-RM-2010/1, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA), Maastricht.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For PNG, even though there are no reported data on undernourishment, PNG’s historically very high levels of stunting and ongoing increasing trend (Figure 2.4) indicate that PNG is unlikely to meet Goal 2. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 26 indicators to monitor this goal, of which 13 were Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1). Kiribati recorded mixed results on MDG 5 but recorded a decline in traditional birth attendants by the end of 2015 (PIFS, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Increased competitiveness of countries in the region, including through the recent EU-Viet Nam free trade agreement and other such agreements, might also threaten Cambodia’s current competitive advantages in the garment industry. Cambodia has been able to exploit its competitiveness and expand market share in traditional export industries in the last decade, gaining market share from economies like China and Viet Nam. But the potential for these industries to continue to propel growth in the future is unclear, with growing competition from other low-cost producing economies such as Myanmar. Garment producers in Cambodia are mostly foreign-owned and generally engaged in low value added, labour-intensive cut-make-trim activities within the value chain, which are potentially more footloose and sensitive to cost pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is partly a result of international developments and harmonising anti-discrimination legislation, as well as an emphasis on intersectionality. Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, sexual orientation, age and functionality must also be combated. The laws in the Nordic countries have been amended, and new groups have been given protection against discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Five OECD countries (Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark and France) increased their number of graduates and students in this age cohort between 2008 and 2009. In 2006, 37% of Israeli 2-year-olds, 75% of the 3-year-olds, 86% of the 4-year-olds, and 95% of the 5-year-olds were enrolled in preschool programmes. The total number of pre-primary education enrolments stood at 400 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is considered in the next section. As discussed in TDR 2016, this implies the use of active industrial policies, mixing both general and selective measures, to support efforts to diversify and upgrade the economy. The Report acknowledged that this would require substantial state capacity, including the capacity to discipline recipients of support as well as to stimulate a learning economy at all levels. In both respects, it also argued that to get the most out of active policies, the developmental state should establish a meaningful dialogue with the business sector and other stakeholders but in doing so should also avoid capture of the policy and regulatory framework by specific interest groups. However, infrastructure programmes do require government to take more of a planning perspective than is the case with industrial policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The largest increases during 2009-2011 were in the Dominican Republic and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (rates of variation of 28% and 22%, respectively). Comparing the situation in 2003 with the one in 2011, figure 11.13 shows that in 17 countries out of 18, distrust of institutions decreased. The most significant drops were in Uruguay, Ecuador and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The countries where distrust declined the least were Brazil and Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This measure allows for adjusting tariffs for cost declines in renewable energy installations as the technologies mature. Notably, the unit costs of these technologies will decline as the cumulative capacity increases, owing to economies of scale and innovations. China and India have already experienced remarkable cost declines in recent years, and reached very competitive cost structures for solar power and onshore wind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore, the highest mentioned collection rates indicate that these countries probably collect all or most of the e-waste, and outperform other countries in the world where collection rates are much lower. This includes metal scrap traders, recyclers operating outside the producer compliance programs, refurbishers, and second-hand shops to register volumes. Here, the ProSUM project aims to prospect the amounts, concentrations, and presence of key components, materials, and vital elements to the electronics industry over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Since 1960, countries such as Afghanistan and India, which were characterised by lagre gender differences in life expectancy, have almost closed the gap. This can also be seen in the statistics for South and Southeast Asia, which move from a more than 1-year difference in life expectancy in favour of men in 1900 (28.92 compared to 27.66) to almost four years in favour of women in 2000 (65.3 compared to 69.3). It becomes immediately evident that the regions that have made the most progress in increasing both female and male life expectancy are the MENA, East Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. In East Asia and South and Southeast Asia, the progress in the life expectancy of women was more rapid than that of men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)