albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It aims to improve the responses that people in mental health crisis situations receive from services, and in particular, to keep people in mental distress, who have committed no crime, out of police cells. The amount of activity from local leads on mental health and policing is unprecedented, and people are set on finding local solutions and agreements through joint action planning. There were 7,881 cases in 2012/13, down to 6,028 cases in 2013/14) The Department is working closely with the Police to monitor further progress this year. Previously, some Trusts did not treat these cases as emergencies, now all have signed up to provide initial clinical assessments within 30 minutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A new means-tested child benefit was introduced, replacing the family benefits which were abolished at end-2012 (Koutsogeorgopoulou et al., Moreover, as noted earlier, plans were announced for a broader-based, means-tested housing assistance. In addition, EUR 20 million were set aside for a minimum income scheme experiment, to take place in 2014 in two geographical areas with different socio-economic profiles (Law 4093/2012). The scheme will be targeted to the population in extreme poverty, providing income assistance in combination with other initiatives to combat social exclusion (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Honesty and trust are often seen as among the most basic values and the building blocks of Finnish society (Lewis, 2005). Social cohesion and trust are difficult factors to isolate and quantify, but they clearly are part of the explanation for why teaching has become such an attractive profession for talented young people in Finland. Changes in Finnish education after 1990 have been more about ideas and innovation than about new institutional structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The costs associated with the continued loss of biodiversity are likely to be very significant, but their impacts (in terms of lost welfare) are not reflected in market prices. Note that the number of people lacking access to safe water is higher than the number lacking access to basic water supply. Other, more episodic, pollution cases involve aluminium (causing neurodegenerative diseases) and lead (endemic diseases of the nervous system).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, investing in infant nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life can prevent malnutrition among older children (Scaling Up Nutrition 2016). Social cash transfers have been proved to reduce school dropout rates, child labour, adolescent stress and risky behaviours such as substance abuse, transactional sex and teenage pregnancy (Davis et al. Most often, social assistance programmes are designed with rural poverty and vulnerabilities in mind. What do urban contexts imply for the design (adaptation or extension) of social assistance programmes, especially for urban children?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It represents a halt of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation including on peatland, and universal 'wide-scale' forest restoration on available and suitable areas. This represents an upper technical maximum and is estimated to be around 9 GtCOj in 2030 (range: 6.7-11.9) (Table 6.1). Factors that can place increased demands on forest land include limited capacity to increase production in agriculture, national objectives for food self-sufficiency, infrastructure development, and wood product requirements. Demands can be reduced by factors such as restoring degraded lands to agricultural production, changing dietary preferences or reducing waste. The range reflects uncertainty in data sources, use of different methodologies to estimate emissions, and differences in the land use change processes included, the range of emission sources included and the land-cover definitions adopted (Houghton et al., For example, the forest definitions used in international analyses are frequently based on those used by FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment (forest area >0.5 ha, tree height >5 m and canopy cover >10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ, not predominantly under agricultural or urban use) (IPCC, 2006, FAO, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They can also enhance data production and collection, as well as promote technical capacity development. In line with the OECD Principles on Water Governance, the ultimate goal of the OECD water governance indicators is not just to measure water governance dimensions, but also to collectively identify what works, what does not, and what can be improved. The indicators can inform policy makers and help set policy priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Carbon Disclosure Project is concerned with improving environmental risk-management, and specifically for carbon, water, and forests. It does so by having companies fill in questionnaires about the governance, strategic directions, management and performance on their carbon, water, and forests. For methodology it refers to existing frameworks, like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. With a specific focus on investors, the Climate Change Reporting Framework aims to ‘elicit information of value to investors in gauging how the climate change affects the strategy, performance and prospects of organizations’ (Climate Change Reporting Framework, p.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The same situation exists for the Emerald Network: the Emerald project was completed in 2006 and identified a list of relevant species (covered by res. However, as the plan includes many small natural monuments, great progress could be made with adequate political will and resources in terms of finances and human capacity. Adjustments to the list of proposed protected areas and revision of the categories are thus required, with appropriate amendments to the Spatial Plan. The RS Institute for Protection of Cultural, Historical and Nature Heritage did a great deal of work to provide 16 comprehensive feasibility studies for specific areas to be designated as protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Face-to-face purchases are replaced with a click of a keyboard button, and money transfer operators are now a user-interface on a mobile phone. Digital platforms are also increasingly extending their reach, expanding the services they provide. Apple now provides mobile payments through Apple Pay, Alibaba offers logistical services, Facebook has an online marketplace, and Amazon is offering cloud computing services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Section 1.2 of this introductory chapter discusses what patient safety and patient harm mean when applied to primary and ambulatory care. This reflection is necessary because safety and harm are traditionally approached in the context of acute care. Owing to the fundamental differences between acute services and primary/ambulatory care, the definitions and concepts need to be refined for the purpose here. Chapter 2 examines the occurrence, frequency and severity of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care. It explores different avenues for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care settings, shedding light on shortcomings of methodologies, knowledge gaps and the main causes of harm. At the margin, the cost of preventing every last case of harm would approach, and eventually exceed, the costs of failure, principally because - in a system with finite resources - beneficial activity would need to be diverted, or stopped altogether, in order to remove all risk (see section 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Six stakeholder forums were held in several key cities in which participants were asked to give their views on four suggested reform options. In the end, none of the options was preferred to the status quo. The discussion did however help reveal the range of opinions, dilemmas and tensions that exist among the stakeholders (Romero-Wirth and Kelly, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The modern human rights movement is at a critical juncture in its history. It has been nearly seventy years since the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and some of the oldest and most active human rights organizations have been operating around the world for about forty years. More than twenty years have passed since the end of the cold war, and the time when people spoke in triumphal terms of the global success of Western values is now a fading memory. International human rights are ensconced as firmly as ever in international law and institutions, but what about the future of the “human rights movement”?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trade liberalisation (the removal of barriers to cross-border trade) has historically been negotiated at the World Trade Organization (WTO), trade agreements negotiated there translate into impacts within countries and therefore have significant implications for household wellbeing and gender equality1. There is now considerable empirical evidence that international trade agreements have a differential impact on women and men at household, firm and national levels (Randriamaro, 2006, Carr and Williams, 2010, World Bank, 2012, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2012), creating disparities in how the opportunities and challenges of globalisation are experienced. Yet, there have been only limited attempts over the decades during which global trade negotiations have been taking place to mainstream2, or integrate, gender concerns into trade policy and negotiations. Our research confirms that the first hurdle, that of holding the position of ambassador or head of mission (HoM)3, shapes progression on to the decision-making and accountable committees and councils of the WTO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main reason for part-time working partnered mothers in Germany to not work full-time is housework and care responsibilities at home. By contrast, the majority of partnered mothers work between 35 and 39 hours in Denmark, Finland, France and Norway. In Iceland and Sweden as well as in the United States, most partnered mothers work between 40 and 44 hours per week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are good security and political economy reasons for furthering integration towards a world political community (WPC), possibly assuming the form of a world state. However, would these reasons provide a legitimate and sustainable basis for the WPC? It is argued in this article that, while the standard security-military and functionalist political economy arguments for world unification may work to a certain point, they are insufficient and may become counterproductive. Especially if perceived in terms of rationally calculative orientation of action, they are not enough and may even work against the WPC. There must also be a belief in normative legitimacy, which may be anchored in universal principles such as popular democracy and human rights. In this light, theories of civilizing process and stages of ethico-political learning are explored. Collective human learning not only explains the quest for democratization but also points towards cosmopolitan ethico-political sentiments. However, there is an ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, when Brazil in 2010 audited the government’s response to adaptation, auditors faced serious data constraints, in part due to limited access to meteorological data, data not being available in a digital format, and due to the absence of a centralised system to co-ordinate and store the data (see Box 3.7). Further, the information used to monitor and evaluate adaptation often comes from line ministries that in turn may rely on agencies and local governments to collect the information. Capacity and time constraints at the different levels can all affect the quality of the data. An approach sometimes used in the context of poverty reduction strategies is to perform a diagnosis of monitoring mechanisms already in place to get an overview of existing data availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It produced 95 million tonnes of rice this year, after setting aside 89 million tonnes for its own population, it has 6 million tonnes surplus for the world market. The four-year ban on rice exports was lifted in September 2011. Wheat export too is free of export controls. Ports, rail transport, roads, and handling documentation and facilitation must improve if supplies to the poor are to be made at the lowest transaction cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The project provides technical skills that are in demand, such as plumbing and fabric painting. The training also includes life skills courses, which raise awareness of personal and community issues. Most of the training takes place in classrooms with the aid of ICTs, such as laptops and tablets. About 60% of programme graduates report increased earnings and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Conditional cash transfer programmes, which make income support dependent on school attendance, have proved to be especially effective in a number of countries. Gender segregation by field of study and the resulting knowledge gaps in scientific subjects should be addressed by removing gender bias in curricula, raising awareness on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study and by facilitating women’s access to STEM-related jobs through apprenticeships and counselling. Introducing policies to facilitate the establishment of credit records would help relax credit-constraints on women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Instead, it had to use high cost of satellite connectivity. This changed in 2013 when the country connected to the ACE submarine cable. The connection was enabled through a public private partnership between the government and operators to manage the cable connection based on the principles of cost-based open access. This was complemented by the introduction of competition in 2015. These changes translated into dramatically lower Internet prices. High population density over its two relatively small islands simplified the spread of mobile broadband coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Modern service activities such as financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities and health and social work also have more informal workers among men than women. Public administration and defence is primarily in the government sector and as such has the lowest percentage of informal workers. However, about one quarter of the women workers even in this sector are informal. The lowest percentage of informal workers is among those with graduate and above levels of education, although it has been increasing over the years among both women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This implies analysing enforcement, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms in place in the water sector and their effectiveness (accountability gap). Hence, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all response and assessment across Brazilian states. Taking a problemshed approach in practice requires, on the contrary, place-based responses to territorial challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the projected population growth, emissions on a per capita basis would decrease from 1.8 to 1.1 tC02e, i.e. by 35% -even though GDP per capita would rise considerably from USD 380 to more than USD 1,800. However, this is accompanied by major assumptions about willingness and ability to make big changes within the seven main sectors - and is reliant on securing the finance. It will be tough to attract the investment. Much investment will be required in green infrastructure (10% growth rates will require 14% annual additions in hydroelectric power), but infrastructure tends to have high up-front costs and long pay-back periods and delays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Bothnian Bay, eutrophication levels and phytoplankton productivity are lower than in the Baltic Sea in general. These bird populations have severely decreased in the Baltic during the last 20 years. Reasons for this include protection schemes, declined concentrations of hazardous substances in prey and sea water, along with improved prey abundance due to over-fishing of large predatory fish(Herrmann et al., As a consequence, an increase in hypoxia-tolerant species has been observed, most notably a dramatic increase in the abundance of the invasive species Marenzelleria spp. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On January 25, 1971, a group of soldiers, led by the Army Commander, Major General Amin, toppled the Obote regime. Thereafter, it presented 18 reasons to justify the coup. These included the need to protect and enhance human rights, restore democratic rule and accountability, eradicate nepotism and corruption, address the severe economic underdevelopment, bring about national unity and restore political stability. The coup was, therefore, presented as a genuine attempt by the soldiers to address the severe crisis of legitimacy of the state and the legitimation deficit that resulted from actions and policies of the Obote regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The difficulty of obtaining health care pushes elder nomads to move into villages. The reforms of the 1990s led to massive abandonment of reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and other traditional activities. Few communities worldwide experienced such a rapid shift from stability to a complete economic breakdown. To this day unemployment rates are high among indigenous northerners, particularly men, and official numbers are likely conservative, as data reflect only the number of people who voluntarily register as unemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2012 SIGI comprises 14 unique variables, grouped into five sub-indices: Discriminatory Family Code, Restricted Physical Integrity, Son Bias, Restricted Resources and Entitlements, and Restricted Civil Liberties. While women and men appear to have the same rights to vote and stand for election in Viet Nam, female representation at national and local levels of government is much lower than male. A number of NGOs also work in the area of women's rights, but tend to operate under considerable restrictions, which limit their capacity to influence public policy and speak out against rights abuses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. This indicator is also included in the Millennium Development Goal monitoring framework. The trend in fish production from aquaculture compared to the production of capture fisheries informs about shifts from using wild resources to more industrialised fish production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They assume a positive correlation between redistribution and growth. According to them, the pivotal voter (i.e. a voter who can change his choices in successive elections and, acting in a group, can play a decisive role) is often richer than the median voter, and therefore w'ould not benefit from redistributive policies. Thus, in less equal societies, characterized by low participation of the poor in elections, and/or by a disproportionately greater influence of the more wealthy in elections, there is an insufficient level of growth-enhancing redistributive policies. Models that emphasize the interactions between income inequality, imperfect capital markets and investment decisions suggest that risk-aversion and moral hazard are sources of capital market imperfection. They find that inequality reduces growth because it prevents some agents from investing in physical and/or human capital (Baneijee and Newman, 1991). Galor and Zeira (1993) postulate that access to education is costly, and even the poor need to pay a minimum fixed cost for it (possibly the opportunity cost of not having their children work).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the countries analysed, a strong negative correlation exists between the share of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the statements in Figure 4.5 and female employment rates. Moreover, investigating how social norms evolve over people’s lifetime reveals that anti-egalitarian views consolidate at a young age and only change marginally later on, lending support to policy interventions that focus on youth. Social norms are hard to change (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Teachers' work with student assessment has contributed to their gaining a stronger understanding of the new subject curricula. However, large variations between schools remain during the implementation, and while all schools are undergoing change, the pace is often very different. Researchers pointed out that there is no coherent strategic plan for implementation of the reform, and stakeholders signaled the need for more support and guidance during the implementation period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, in the course of the energy sector reform which began in 1998, some electricity facilities of the rural grids have been corroded, damaged, or generally could not meet the demand, and thus needed either replacement or modification, again incurring large expenses. The improvement of living standards and the economic development of rural areas, a consequence of electrification, stimulate electricity demand, and put power supply companies under permanent financial strain. Rural grids need constant renovation and maintenance. A survey conducted by the Institute of Electrical Engineering (JKD) in Inner Mongolia in late 2003 (Chinese Academy of Science, 2003) revealed that out of 5 240 PV/wind/battery hybrid systems for which statistics were available, a total of 2 119 systems (40.4%) were malfunctioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, the poverty rate - commonly used in the EU - represents 'the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfers) below the poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers' (Eurostat Glossary). This indicator measures low income relative to other households in a country and not poverty perse, it is rather a measure of people/children who are at risk of being poor (Atkinson et al., As described in Report Card 11 (UNICEF, 2013:8), the relative child poverty rate "shows the proportion of children who are to some significant extent excluded from the advantages and opportunities which most children in that particular society would consider normal". The poverty rate is therefore a relative measure, relative to both place and time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the use of community level paralegals, legal empowerment programmes and the provision of free legal aid has had a positive impact on access to justice for women, especially in rural areas and for women of limited means. In Morocco, social assistance is provided regarding family matters, under the supervision of a comittee w ithin the Ministry of Justice, w'ith the introduction of a mediation system for families. In Lebanon, women can w'ork in a legal profession and are on equal footing with men: they have full legal capacity to testify and to work in the judiciary, Supreme Court and military courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The cluster is a platform that brings together representatives of various sectors (government, research and academia, NGOs, private sector, service providers, donors, etc.) At present, only the United Arab Emirates has pursued clean technology at a significant scale, through projects such as Masdar City, so Jordan would join a sparse field were it to develop this niche sector aggressively. The study estimates that such investment could result in a minimum of 50 000 jobs and over JD 1.3 billion in revenues over 10 years (UNEP, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)