albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Through the SheTrades app, women entrepreneurs are able to share information about their companies, increase visibility, expand their networks, connect and do business internationally. Starting with e-commerce platforms that ensure safe transactions, all the way to ambitious projects to circumvent traditional payment systems, these new developments bring down the transaction costs of cross-border trade, which are much more important for MSMEs than for larger firms because of their small scale, even more so in developing countries where traditional banking and financial services are available to few. A survey by the United States International Trade Commission (USITC) finds that 32 per cent of US manufacturing MSMEs cite obtaining finance as a leading impediment to trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Evidence abounds that corruption is the bane of legislative-executive conflict, which in turn has had an adverse effect on good governance in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic (Momodu and Matudi 2013, Fatile and Adejuwon 2016). In the literature, researchers have considered the consistency and prevalence of corruption among parliamentarians as a major problem confronting Nigeria (Akomolede 2012, Oni 2013, Onuigbo 2015). However, most of the literature dwells essentially on the antics, methods of exhibiting corrupt practices among members of the parliament. This has created some limitations in addressing the implications of legislative-executive corruption on good governance. Nevertheless, few studies have pointed out the roles of the legislature and the executive in enhancing good governance (Fashagba 2012, Momodu 2012, Tom and Attai 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Downstream impacts resulting, for example, from landfill of food waste will also be reduced. Reducing the amount of avoidable food waste would be the most appropriate indication of successful waste prevention measures or programmes. Thus all food waste from retailers can be considered to be avoidable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Although time-use surveys are still not comparable owing to methodological differences, even the lowest percentage of time that women spend on unpaid work (14% in Brazil) is still higher than the highest percentage of time that men spend on this activity (12.6% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia). Women dedicate between one fifth and one third of their time each day or each week on unpaid domestic and care work, compared with about 10% for men. The data correspond to the national total except for Costa Rica (Greater Metropolitan Areal and Cuba (Old Havana).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Two natural monuments, Markovi Kuvi and Cave Slatinski Izvor, are on the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. Lake Prespa and Lake Dojran were designated Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites) in 1995 and 2007, respectively, while Lake Ohrid has been proposed as a Ramsar site. One requirement for accession of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the EU is the establishment of a network of Natura 2000 sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In several sub-Saharan African countries, girls of that age group are five times more likely to be infected than boys. By age 10 in Nepal, for example, many impoverished girls have been sold as slaves or as indentured servants through a process so normalized and formalized that it has its own name: kamalari (Plan International, 2010). The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its accompanying 17 Sustainable Development Goals provide an ambitious vision for global progress that does far more to position todays 10-year-old girls for a future course of health and happiness than any previous effort. It also contains specific targets to end child marriage and female genital mutilation, to ensure girls’ sexual and reproductive health and to achieve free, equitable and quality education. We have pledged to do this by 2030—when today’s 10-year-old girl will be 25.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This challenge has been recognised by MoES in its policy analysis and planning. School characteristics such as location and school size are taken into account for the calculation of the student basket, thus small schools in rural areas receive higher per pupil funding than their urban counterparts. However, socioeconomic disadvantage per se is not an element in the student basket methodology, and the OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania recommended assigning weights in the student basket methodology to socio-economically disadvantaged students (Shewbridge et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Attribution is defined as here as “the ascription of a causal link between observed (or expected to be observed) changes and a specific intervention” (OECD, 2002). The 13 action fields are: i) human health, ii) building sector, iii) water regime, water management, coastal and marine protection, iv) soil, v) biological diversity, vi) agriculture, vii) forestry and forest management, viii) fishery, ix) energy industry (conversion, transport and supply), x) financial services industry, xi) transport, transport infrastructure, xii) trade and industry, xii) tourism industry. The two cross-section fields are: xiv) spatial, regional and physical development planning, and xv) civil protection. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Mutual Accountability: Emerging Good Practice, available at: www.oecd.org/dac/effectiueness/ 49656340.pdf. National Adaptation Programmes of Action, available at: http://unfccc.int/adaptation/ ivorkstreams/national_adaptationjjrogrammes_of_action/items/7567.php.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The 25 countries with the highest forest cover have all included forest-related mitigation measures in their NAMAs and NDCs. Such measures include afforestation, reduced deforestation and degradation, enhancement of forest carbon stocks, forest conservation and agroforestry (especially where this can help reduce forest encroachment). In some parts of Asia, North America and Europe the forest area has increased since 1990, due to large-scale afforestation programmes and the natural reversion of low-productive agricultural land back to forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the one hand, they reduce nomadism to groups living in tents and uninvolved in agriculture, on the other hand, the statistical categories are too rigid and exclude seminomadism, the most common situation. How is an encampment to be differentiated from a hamlet, a neighbourhood, a village, or even a watering hole? Rigid categories overlook the in-between situations or shifting points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By contrast, a mix of low production complexity and high inequality is also a scenario of low learning, in which the balance between the importation of technology and endogenous efforts to adapt, fine-tune and innovate leans towards importation. First, the income distribution that emerges from the market is already affected by State intervention (or lack thereof): the setting of minimum wages, employer-worker bargaining, and the regulation of the degree of monopoly in the goods and services markets, among other factors, all have direct consequences on primary income inequality. In other words, the income distribution that results from production and the market is not inexorable but rather is determined by a social construct defined by the institutional and policy environment, together with labour productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This can only be achieved with leadership at all levels of the health system. Meanwhile the populations and individual patients these systems serve are becoming clinically more challenging. In previous centuries, the key challenges for health care were managing injury and combatting infectious diseases. As developing countries cross the epidemiological transition they now' face the same challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One explanation offered for this is that people at the bottom of the distribution scale did not benefit as much from growth as other sectors of the population over the decade (Morley, 2001, Szekely, 2001). Generally speaking, less unequal countries performed worse on average than more unequal ones over the decade, as described in Gasparini (2003). Inequality increased in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay, whose economies have lower levels of inequality, while countries where inequality fell were invariably those with high initial levels of inequality. This was compounded by the effects of structural reform (trade liberalization, financial reform, tax reform, privatizations and labour-market reforms). In the case of trade opening, the evidence suggests that this contributed to rising inequality (see the reviews in Taylor, 2005, and Goldberg and Ravnick, 2007), while for the other reforms analyses are less compelling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper appraises the evolution of International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline in Portugal before engaging in an examination of the present state of the field. It is concerned with historical issues, associated with the discipline's journey towards its standing as a social science in its own right in Portuguese intellectual life. It considers institutional developments including those recently generated by the implementation of the Bologna framework for IR courses taught at national academic institutions. The Appendix offers an introduction to Portuguese IR publications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More equitable within-household divisions of labour are generally observed in couples who are unmarried, dual-earners, well-educated, younger egalitarian in their attitudes, and childless. Households in post-communist countries also share housework more equally. Family policy can play an important role and Germany has already made substantial progress in supporting families ahead of and after the birth of a child (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Decision rules may combine current states and trends of indicators with seemingly ad hoc rules, such as not allowing changes in the TAC in consecutive years. Managers and stakeholders agree a priori about the indicator data, the decision rules, and the period over which the rule will be used. An operating model is typically used to generate ‘true’ ecosystem dynamics including the natural variations in the system (Figure 4.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Poverty is not solely a lack of income, but rather is characterized by a vicious cycle of powerlessness, stigmatization,discrimination, exclusion and material deprivation,which all mutually reinforce each other' (ibid, para. The vicious cycle means that ‘the greater the inequality, the less the participation, the less the participation, the greater the inequality’ (ibid, para. Lack of participation is both a cause and consequence of poverty. Poverty is itself a ground of discrimination, but people living in poverty often experience other forms of discrimination based on,for example, gender, disability, ethnicity, and so on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The individualism/expectations of mobility factor is associated with perceptions of distributive justice, and the sign of the regression coefficient is as expected. Hence, as a group meritocratic individualists are less likely to perceive income distribution as unfair. Nevertheless, this factor has little predictive capacity, given that it enters the stepwise regression only in the fifth stage, without increasing the variance explained by the model. A unique characteristic of stepwise regression models is that they are used to select predictors according to their partial correlations with the dependent variable, which eliminates the variance shared by the predictors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The PNPSB includes a minimum price policy for socio-biodiversity products. As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in sustainable use protected areas, some producers have requested protected area status, in particular that of extractive reserve, for the areas they live and work in. The SNUC was established by Law 9985/2000 and is regulated by Decree 4340/2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Numbers of patents are increasing but so far revenues remain at a low level with AUD 7 million income in 2007. It can be expected that much of this involves commercialisation outside of the state. Also PhD training could involve stronger links with key clusters and provide entrepreneurial skills. This is also an area where Victorian universities could have a strong impact on the SME sector through support for enterprise within the student/graduate community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The majority-government-owned companies Petrobras (oil) and Vale (mining) have sponsored several biodiversity conservation initiatives, including in protected areas. For instance, Petrobras supports the Tamar project for the conservation of marine turtles, many nesting in marine protected areas such as Fernando de Noronha National Park. Vale finances the management of more than 12 000 km2 of local protected areas in the Atlantic Forest, Amazon and Cerrado biomes (de Bulhoes Mossri, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, for developing country SMEs, the digital divide remains a challenge. Every interaction involves three types of exchange: information, goods or services, and some form of payment (monetary or non-monetary).6 There are four different drivers for their business models: customers, inventory, value and access. There are business customers, captured through business-to-business (B2B) transactions, and individual customers, captured through business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In a similar way, ICPR grants observer status to the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in accordance with decisions of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, as well as to the Mosel-Saar Commissions. Many of above mentioned commissions grant observer status to each other. However, in some cases, there is also no need for a formalized cooperation, since the same officials participate in activities of several joint bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter explores how the expanded refugee definition contained in the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees protects war refugees. It thus contributes to an existing body of scholarship, which borrows considerably from international humanitarian law (IHL) to attempt to interpret the Cartagena definition. Yet existing scholarship tends to study the expanded refugee definition as if it were the only legacy of the Cartagena Declaration. In fact, it should be acknowledged that the latter's contribution to refugee protection in Latin America includes formulating an entire regional framework for refugee protection and assistance that encompasses a strong focus on durable solutions, facilitating the institutionalisation of refugee protection in Latin America, and promoting cooperation among States, international organizations and the Inter-American Human Rights System. It also helped to promote the concept of protection and assistance to internally displaced persons.  Keywords: Cartagena Declaration, Inter-American Human Rights System, international humanitarian law (IHL), Latin America, refugee protection
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A sensitivity analysis on the impact of only fiscal variables is also employed. Other variables are tgs = taxes on goods and services as a percentage of revenue, cid = custom and other import duties as a percentage of tax revenues, tit = taxes on international trade as a percentage of revenue, and tip = taxes on incomes, profits and capital gains as a percentage of revenue, p. and a. are parameter estimates, and p and Cl are error terms. Other variables are from the World Development Indicators from the World Bank database, except those complemented by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) database on health-related variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This postponement of prenatal care is most likely due to the delay in the recognition of the pregnancy (Kost, Landry and Darroch, 1998a), thereby making women less emotionally and financially prepared for the demands of impending motherhood. Prenatal care is an important component of healthy pregnancy and childbirth as it ensures regular monitoring of the health of the pregnant woman and her baby as well as early detection and diagnosis of any pregnancy-related health problems. Since prenatal care is central to achieving Millennium Development Goal No. The study established that unintended pregnancy predisposes young women to abortion and delayed initiation of prenatal care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The loss of trade to a port will have secondary impacts -reducing income from port revenues, processing and re-export, transport, etc. ( For example, in the ODS and waste sectors, illegal trade reduces incentives for industry to introduce substitutes and replacement technologies, and it undermines the legitimate waste treatment, disposal and recycling industries (Chatham House and EIA, 2006, Czamomski et al., A recent report on the forest sector in Honduras found that the illegal felling of mahogany from within community forests was jeopardising their commercial viability. Some of the community co-operatives had also become involved in laundering the illegal timber, so undermining their credibility (Global Witness, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This influence is very large in South European countries and in Luxembourg (Causa and Johansson, 2010). More generally, the correlation between parents’ earnings and children’s earnings attributable to educational attainment is very high in Italy, the United States and the United Kingdom and quite low in Nordic countries (D’Addio, 2007). In Turkey, Chile and Estonia, by contrast, the skills of students are relatively homogenous. Skills inequalities can be decomposed into within-schools and between-schools differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On 23 September 2016, the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities found that the Australian government had breached its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The case against Australia was brought by Marlon Noble, an Aboriginal man with an intellectual disability who was charged with sexual assault but found unfit to stand trial under the Mentally Impaired Defendants Act 1996 (WA). He was imprisoned indefinitely in 2001 and has been held in civil detention in the community since 2012. This article analyses the current policy and legislative context in Western Australia on this issue and reflects on Australia’s previous responses to individual human rights complaints to UN Committees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour force participation is included as an additional measure in the composite index to capture the socio-economic dimension of women’s position. We believe labour force participation is an important aspect of gender equality, as it reflects what one can actually do with better education, etc. The example of the Middle East and North Africa is a case in point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From a long-term perspective, much of the increase in non-regular work was offset by a decline in the number of independent and family workers. The largest categories of non-regular workers are young people on temporary contracts, older persons who continue to work after formal retirement from their lifetime job, and married women working part-time. Less than half of non-regular jobs pay work-related health and social insurance contributions and about two-thirds make Employment Insurance (El) contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Human Security and Conflict in Northern Kenya A.Kumssa & J.Williams Research Methodology I.K. Mwangi & J.M.Njoka Local Communities, Social Systems, and Human Security P.O.Alila Human Security and Conflict Resolution: Idea and Action J.F.Jones Conflict Management Strategies in Northern Kenya I.K.Mwangi Politics and Ethnicity: The Search for a Solution J.M.Njoka Culture and Conflict in Northern Kenya E.Njeru Conflict in Northern Kenya from a Regional Perspective A.Kumssa Capacity Building and Livelihood Creation for Sustainable Development I.K.Mwangi A View from the Bridge J.Jones & J.Williams
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As such, efforts to improve information on financial flows for climate change generally take place within broader efforts to improve domestic budget and expenditure processes, and are connected to overarching development and other strategic priorities. A reporting framework under the UNFCCC that is disconnected from national efforts to improve this information for national purposes may be counterproductive. Once in place, international reporting of this information will need to account for the varying approaches to classifying climate-relevant activities that are used in different countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Using the two together can help planners see how individual water or energy management choices ripple through both water and energy systems and understand trade-offs that might not be apparent when looking at either system in isolation. Planners can then evaluate outcomes against their policy goals and priorities, for example, to supply enough water for all, or reduce GHG emissions. If one approach leads to unacceptable results, they can explore alternative policies and measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG. Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Over time, Nepal’s forestry administration began to grow, fostering a highly disciplined semi-military forest service with rigid hierarchical structures, centralised institutions, timber oriented and technically minded professionals.” To this day, curriculums in most of Nepal’s colleges teach a Dehradun-style curriculum, using books published by the newly named Forest Research Institute. In Chaubas for example, only four of the eight forest guard posts are filled. Less than a fifth of the 7,500 staff at the DoF are technicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
From Child Welfare to Child Wellbeing: An International Perspective on Knowledge in the Service of Making Policy”, Springer Publishing Company, New York, NY. New Inequalities: The Changing Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press. Demography, 45(1): 173-191, February.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The NFFO and SRO were funded by a Fossil Fuel Levy paid by suppliers of electricity from fossil fuels. Updated in 2006, the policies are supposed to reduce CO2 emissions by 15-18% below 1990 levels by 2010 and overall GHG emissions by 23-25%. It is a downstream tax on non-domestic energy use by industry and the public sector, designed to incentivise energy efficiency and emission reductions, with part of the revenue being used to reduce National Insurance contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also discusses the use of other staff to support student learning as well as the use of data, evaluation and assessment in schools to support improvements in student performance and attainment levels. It highlights the positive changes Denmark has implemented to strengthen initial teacher education and the availability of central funding for the competency development of in-service teachers. It identifies a desire for and instances of collaborative work at all levels of the system as well as a growing focus on pedagogy and goal-oriented teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)