albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In April 2010, the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court (SFC) controversially decided to uphold the country’s Amnesty Law, which currently prevents prosecutions for violations of human rights committed during the military dictatorship. However, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights immediately followed with an opposing view in the Araguaia case, by declaring that the Amnesty Law must lack effect under the American Convention. The Brazilian society now faces an unprecedented challenge: how can it expect that its domestic courts would implement such international obligations? Drawing upon the prospects that a renewed SFC may revisit the case in response to the mounting pressures of Araguaia, this article examines the complex legal issues that remain around the enforceability of international justice under Brazil’s constitutional framework. The analysis suggests that different judicial strategies could still be explored in order to shift the SFC’s stance towards a more consistent application of international human rights principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On another level, agency is dependent on factors such as the degree to which a partner respects the others bodily integrity or the degree to which there is freedom to express views about contraception. Within all these relationships, gender norms are key. They can build—or undermine—agency in all aspects of life, but especially in making sexual and reproductive health decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are significant variations regarding the proportion of private units between the counties. For instance, Stockholm, Halland and Vastmanland private units account for around half of all units, whereas in other county councils there are only a few. There are approximately 70 hospitals providing specialised care. In addition, seven regional (university) hospitals provide highly specialised care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over 30 per cent said they had committed the offence which brought them to prison in order to obtain money to support their need for drugs (1998).' Many of these women had tremendous concern over lost custody of one or more of their children and reported that contact with their children, regardless of their age, was essential to personal well-being. Existing research also indicates that women prisoners are more likely to be addicted to harder drugs than male prisoners. M. J. the Associated Press report, 7 September 2006. This practice violates international standards, including the Bangkok Rules.56 Moreover, shackling during labour may cause complications during delivery such as haemorrhage or decreased fetal heart rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Purpose – In Germany, scientific qualifications and an academic career in medical disciplines require mastering and balancing clinical, research and teaching activities. Systematic interdisciplinary human resource development is rare in German medical faculties. The purpose of this paper is to describe the MediMent programme, which is a model for systematic interdisciplinary support of early‐ and mid‐phase career development for medical academics. It comprises mentoring, training and networking modules tailored for pre‐ and post‐doctoral students at the Medical Faculty. It contributes to organisational development and reducing gender inequality by an affirmative action programme for women. The programme supports individual career‐building, teaches networking skills for an interdisciplinary workplace and assists in conflict resolution.Design/methodology/approach – Mentors and mentees provided feedback via standardised forms. Additional open‐ended questions were interpreted by content analysis. Statistics w...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Organic matter from wastewater discharges results in a transboundary impact. While the quality of groundwater had been reported as, in general, very good, and often used for water supply without or with very little treatment in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the occurrence of nitrogen, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens, industrial organics and hydrocarbons in the Gevgelija/Axios-Vardar (No. The salinization observed is of natural origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, Daze et al. ( Germany has for instance developed 102 indicators to monitor adaptation action and climate impacts, many of which are based on information that is similarly reported by all federal states. South Africa is following this path through a set of Desired Adaptation Outcomes, allowing information on progress towards each outcome to be gathered in different ways by various stakeholders (DEA, 2016). Currendy, adaptation policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation is only led at the sectoral level and is not aggregated nationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
International agencies and external support—regional and global—are important components of this greening programme. Covering the equivalent of 35 football grounds and generating 160 MW in phase 1, it works by concentrating heat from the sun using parabolic mirrors to generate heat in turbines, from which electricity can then be generated. In 2009 the country imported 97 per cent of its energy needs, at a cost to the state of Dh62 billion ($6.2 billion) a year. With rapid growth in energy demand, Morocco needed to take a decisive step in a new direction (Financial Times, 23 November 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, the Major Groups and other Stakeholders (MGOS)21 group seeks to represent all sectors of society in international environmental and developmental policy-making. It appears that MGOS do not have an established position within SAICM, the representation of stakeholders is sectoral and the involvement of all major groups is not automatic - for example, organizations focused on promoting the rights of women, children, and indigenous peoples do not routinely participate in SAICM meetings. In 2015, the ICCM4, in its Resolution i/IV (para 5), called for the deepening and broadening of UN system-wide engagement through the work of IOMC and EMG. Furthermore, the WHO has been working with the SAICM Secretariat to provide a service to facilitate access to the Trust Fund, to establish an informal network of health-sector focal points for sharing experience, and to collect and share information on the capacity-building needs of the health sector (WHO 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This Act is basically a modernisation of the Raw Fish Act from 1951. The Aquaculture Act has a strong environmental profile, while also promoting profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry'. Aquaculture activities are regulated by the Food Law. The Food Law’s purpose is to promote food safely, animal health and animal welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The United Kingdom has a long tradition of collecting and storing DNA data for criminal identification purposes. The development of the UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database has been accompanied by public controversies. Building on recent developments in Science and Technology Studies on public engagement, we elaborate on the concept of emergent and co-produced issue-publics. We explore which different types of issues affect and mobilize publics along the historical development of the National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database, and how publics take shape alongside the institutionalization of regulatory and governance solutions. We identify three related issue-publics: a 'biological citizen issue-public' concerned with human and civil rights regarding the collection of biological material, a 'watchdog issue-public' that emerges to identify the problems surrounding a lack of civic accountability, and a 'co-decision making issue-public', including the stakeholders who advise on decisions relating to the database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At a general level, uncertainties with all of these technologies arise with respect to the speed of technological development, the impact of advances in individual technologies, and - perhaps most importantly - the convergence of ICT, sensors, robotics, nano- and biotechnology. Advances in one technology may amplify developments and outcomes of other technologies, leading to disruptive changes. This is already becoming visible in green technologies, which typically operate at the intersection of these emerging technologies, in the creation of ‘'programmable matter”, and in advances in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This fact illustrates how deprivation is much higher in rural areas, as 55 per cent of children who are not poor but deprived live in rural areas. Using the section of the questionnaire dedicated to the subjective estimation of the living standard, we can estimate the proportion of children who live in a household whose head considers the household to be poor or very poor.8 About 20 per cent of children live in households that consider themselves poor or very poor: this number is consistently lower than the number of children who are poor and/or deprived. About 19 per cent of children are poor and deprived, but their household head does not consider the household to be poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
European constitutional thinking is still alive and is being shaped by the European Court of Justice into a value constitutionalism. Not only the Treaties, but also constitutional principles derived from EU law, are the common standard of review. Autonomy and constitutionality merge. In the light of this situation the Federal Constitutional Court’s PPSP-judgment with its insistence on limitations of competences and on democratic self-determination appears outdated. However, for the time being, Member States agreed to cooperate in a treaty based political union and do not have a consensus on a “good order” in organized Europe. The Court should abstain from the temptation to operate with values because presumably it would not be able to achieve the substantiation and the creation of a value hierarchy with the necessary acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter examines the most well-known ‘third wave’ feminist, Naomi Wolf. However, rather than focusing solely on her earlier blockbusters, The Beauty Myth and Fire with Fire, and their role in Wolf’s celebrification, Taylor also engages with Wolf’s most recent popular book, Vagina, to consider how her celebrity has transformed. Given that this book was widely criticized for its biological essentialism and new age rhetoric, Wolf turned to social media to effectively rewrite its reception, as well as to buttress her own contested celebrity. Through an examination of Wolf’s Twitter practice, Taylor illustrates how new media function as a key means through which contemporary blockbuster celebrity feminists can work to intervene in the public meanings of their own persona, work, and feminism—especially when their authority is being put under strain in other discursive spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus international organizations such as the IMF regard carbon pricing measures - either through taxes or trading systems designed to behave like taxes - as "potentially the most effective mitigation instruments" (Farid et al., A strategic approach can help to ensure that policymakers maximize the potential of the environmental taxes they introduce to meet the environmental, economic/fiscal or social policy priorities and objectives they have defined. This may include specific measures which are politically feasible and where windows of opportunity for reform exist, or a comprehensive process of environmental fiscal reform. Subsidy reform can free up substantial revenue to fund development objectives, including sustainable development goals. Careful planning of the process - including careful sequencing, accompanying social and economic policies, and measures to counteract price rises - and strategies to build support for reform at all levels of society are essential to prevent policy reversals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They directfy employ more than 2,000 people in the EU. The PVC material is strong, durable, lightweight and versatile, thus makes it a perfect material for many applications. More than 75% of the PVC is used in industrial applications and especially the building and construction sector where PVC products have long life span of 10-year and beyond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The increases ranged between 50 per cent and more than 200 per cent. In the transition economies, both total and current government expenditure as percentage of GDP rose by more than 2 percentage points or more between 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. By-contrast in West Asia, the share of such expenditure in GDP fell, though it remained higher than in Africa and other parts of Asia. The new approach aims at providing broad social protection against significant risks, improving access to social transfers for those in need, and greater provision of public services and goods with the same quality standards for all groups of society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Readily measurable proxies for poverty are then widely used for targeting in such an imperfect information environment. Efficiency considerations point to the need for using indicators that are not easily manipulated by actual or potential beneficiaries, although this is rarely very clear in practice. Criteria such as family size, age of children, work status, geographical location of residence, housing conditions or lifetime limits on program participation are often used for delimit population groups, result in a considerable segment of the poor population having little access to cash income. Moreover, the political economy response to targeting is also a concern, whereby finely-targeted programmes can undermine the political support for social policies (De Donder and Hindriks, 1998(42]), (Gelbach and Pritchett, 2001(43]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This indicates the need to mobilise resources in addition to the national environment budget in order to achieve the Targets. This will help to identify co-funding opportunities and to secure contributions to meeting the Aichi Targets from a wide range of sources across economies and societies. The report also specifically notes that enhancing synergies across the Biodiversity-related Conventions and other [MEAs] could increase the effectiveness of spending and lead to resource savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the two most mountainous countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, living in a high altitude area is also correlated with a significantly higher risk of poverty (World Bank 2009a, World Bank 2009b). Higher food prices may actually have benefited rural households that derive their income from agriculture, i.e. for those who are net producers of food. However, recent data on Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan show that between 2007 and 2009 poverty reduced to a lesser extent in rural areas compared to urban areas (Slay 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d'Economic, Vol. R.C. and G.H. Hanson (1999), “The Impact of Outsourcing and High Technology Capital on Wages: Estimates for the United States, 1979-1990”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. An empirical investigation”, /Z4 discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Education-related inequalities are marked in Switzerland in men, and in Slovenia in women. On the other hand, the indexes of inequalities in men in Korea (by education level) and Chile (by SES) are near zero, indicating that no inequality is detected. Positive indexes are found in SES-related inequalities in men in Czech Republic and education-related inequalities in women in Korea. This indicates a reverse socioeconomic gradient: people at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder are more likely to drink alcohol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If the woman converts to Islam, her non-Muslim husband is not allowed to continue living with her, unless he also converts to Islam. There is no mention of apostasy. Tunisia does not address this issue. However, the law states that “both future spouses cannot be in one of the impediment cases foreseen by the law”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
School principals must also have had training in administration, supervision, evaluation or vocational guidance. For the private-subsidised sector, the training and qualifications requirements are not specified further. In public schools, the recruitment and selection process is specified through the Teacher’s Statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But those that did make big improvements in HDI value typically increased their trade to output ratio or established a global network of trade links of substantial bilateral value. In a sample of 95 developing countries and transitional economies, the average increase in trade to output ratio of countries considered to be rapid improvers on the HDI between 1990 and 2012 was about 13 percentage points higher than that of more modest improvers. Table 3.2 reconfirms this for a selected group of high human development-achieving countries discussed in this chapter, which have vigorously tapped opportunities presented by globalization by expanding their share of exports in world markets between 1990 and 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the use of products and energy from sustainably managed forests to substitute for non-renewable materials and energy sources contributes to climate change mitigation. There is potential to further develop all these approaches, although, there are tradeoffs between these strategic objectives as well as with other forest management objectives. The benefits for biodiversity can already be seen in the recorded increase of the dead wood component in commercially managed semi-natural forests. In some ECE countries the international commitments on biodiversity, notably the Aichi biodiversity targets, are being implemented, although there is no authoritative progress report yet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It also requests Parties to conduct consultations through a joint body to develop cooperation regarding issues covered by the Convention. Only in the case of a failure to settle a difference or a dispute through a joint body, should other means of dispute settlement be applied. For example, the Russian Federation-Belarus Commission (under agreement 20 in table 1) has to “facilitate the settlement of disputed questions concerning the use and protection of transboundary waters”. The Russian Federation-Kazakhstan Commission (under agreement 2 in table 1) has a similar task. The Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation of 1992 (agreement 1 in table 1) entrusts the plenipotentiaries with addressing disputes concerning the interpretation and implementation of this Agreement. If the plenipotentiaries fail, the dispute should be settled by the competent authorities of the Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article presents a new development in European immigration policy. Focusing on France, Germany and the Netherlands, I describe a process of ‘culturalisation’ of admission and citizenship rules in Europe intended to reinforce liberal values and national identity. I then suggest a two‐stage set of immigration‐regulation principles: in the first stage, immigrants would have to accept some structural liberal‐democratic principles as a prerequisite for admission. While Europe has criteria for state admission, anchored by the Copenhagen Criteria, Europe has not yet formalised definite criteria for immigrants' admission. In the second stage, as part of the naturalisation process, immigrants would be expected to recognise and respect constitutional principles essential for obtaining citizenship of a specific state. I call this concept ‘National Constitutionalism’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This implies that achieving these aims of the global stocktake may require further information than that needed purely for ensuring national benefits from identifying and collating adaptation-related information. If this extra information needs to be reported by Parties, it could considerably increase the level of time and resources needed for adaptation reporting, which may not be consistent with the concept of avoiding additional burden for developing country Parties. Table 15 summarises those four aims of the global stocktake, the ease of achieving each aim, and identifies possible options to conduct the global stocktake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Simulations for a 2°C average temperature rise predict significant negative consequences for the distribution of dark coniferous forests. A particular impact may occur due to "multiple stresses", where changes in soil humidity, rainfall, temperature and pathogens all contribute to high levels of tree mortality. Adaptation measures will require an improved information system for forest management to support changes in species planted and management interventions to prevent fire and the spread of pests and disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It involves learning and various types of training, but also continuous efforts to develop institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems and the wider enabling environment. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the first part of the 20th century, the mere conversion of land to rain fed agriculture in southeast Australia and southwest United States led to significant increases in recharge and groundwater storage (Taylor et al., In central Spain, intensive groundwater pumping in the Upper Guadiana Basin has contributed to a net increase in water availability for consumptive use (Llamas and Garrido, 2007). Such a mechanism is bound to be found especially in areas with shallow unconfined aquifers with rapid recharge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These labelling requirements are applied to both consumer packs and bulk products for further processing. It results in additional administrative requirements, increased costs and reduced flexibility for bulk products that may ultimately be destined for a variety of uses (Bond et al, 2007). Another government regulation issued in 1999, requires labels and special logos to be on packaging of food containing transgenic ingredients but has not yet been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet despite this new awareness, the means to act are lacking. The competitive clusters could make a real contribution to promoting green training. The current system of urban planning in France, structured since the 2000 “Solidarity and Urban Renewal” (SRU) law in accordance with a three-tier system, seems to frustrate such a systemic approach. The green growth objective announced in the Grenelle context constitutes a real opportunity to restore to urban planning the soundness and relevance that it has largely lost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Economic and political developments in Greece have been at the forefront of the international mass media coverage of the European financial and economic crises. Contrary to fashionable interpretations of the malaise, our findings suggest that the main causes of the many “crises” hitting the country are social and political, rather than economic or financial. Employing the “institutional theory of generalized trust,” we examine the roots of the current crises in political corruption, confidence in institutions, and interpersonal trust. Data show that for more than a decade, Greece has consistently ranked last in Europe on almost all indicators for trust, confidence, and corruption. The analysis pinpoints civic pathogenies that require immediate action. We suggest a number of policy measures that provide a starting point for further developing more concrete public policy solutions on how citizens’ trust and Greek civil society can be strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)