albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Contents: Introduction, Owen A. Hartley and Rachel E. Utley. Major Power Perspectives: US Peace operations: the transition continues, Edward M. Spiers Integration or retrenchment? Russian approaches to peacekeeping, Isabelle Facon Amritsar to Basra: the influence of counter-insurgency upon the British perspective of peacekeeping, Richard P. Cousens, OBE A means to wider ends? France, Germany and peacekeeping, Rachel E. Utley May you live in interesting times: China, Japan and peacekeeping, Gary D. Rawnsley. Peacekeeping In Practice: Peacekeeping in Africa, David J. Francis Peacekeeping in Asia: lessons learned from Afghanistan, Cambodia and Timor-Leste, Alpaslan A-zerdem Peacekeeping in the Middle East, Ali Ansari The media, conflict and peacekeeping, Philip M. Taylor Conclusion, Rachel E. Utley Appendix: peacekeeping in the UN Charter, Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often differences between women and men in their perceptions and attitudes, needs, vulnerabilities and use of resources are the prevalent entry point for addressing gender issues in regard to energy, as in other environmental policy areas (Clancy and Roehr 2003). Simply noting these differences without analyzing the underlying societal dynamics that give rise to them runs the risk of reproducing traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Access to sustainable energy can transform the lives of women and men by reducing time poverty (Blackden and Wodon 2006), by enabling them to pursue (and broaden their options for) economic or other activities, and by improving their quality of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The distinction between formal and informal enterprises is meaningful for policy design because the profiles, needs and growth potentials are different. Female owners in the informal sector of developing countries have much less education, start out of necessity, and often earn very little from their business. Programmes to ease registration can impact extensively on women, given that the burden of complying with government regulations weighs more heavily on the low-scale businesses where female owners are prevalent (Ellis et ah, 2007). The SIMPLES programme in Brazil introduced simplified regulations for micro and small firms with the objective of boosting registration rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average, the amount of the allowance was COP 22 940 per dependant per month (4% of minimum wage or USD 12.4). In order to finance new responsibilities added to the system without additional funds, the amount of the cash allowance has been falling in real terms (in some years even in nominal terms). The share of resources earmarked to the cash allowance fell from 55% in 1982 to 30% in 2014 (see Table 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, more attention should be paid to the introduction and use of modern irrigation techniques. A large proportion of the population on the Turkmen coast of the Caspian Sea lives in urbanized settlements and is employed in the oil and gas industry, while a small proportion is still occupied with fishery and agriculture. This includes 420 vertebrate species, including 48 species of fish, 29 reptiles and two amphibians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In deciding whether federal statutes reach outside the United States, the Supreme Court employs a presumption against extraterritoriality. Its jurisprudence construing the canon has been inconsistent, however, and lower courts have amplified the confusion. This article proposes that the Court look for guidance to the international law of legislative jurisdiction. A presumption against extrajurisdictional, rather than extraterritorial, application of federal statutes would be more predictable and would better comport with reasonable assumptions of congressional intent
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prior to the project start, there was a clear expectation that there would be a majority of male participants. This assumption was based on the observation that by the onset of the project in 2011/2012 there was a situation in which many unskilled men had to find new (types of) jobs due to the financial crisis. It has turned out in the process, however, that women's unemployment increased, which has led to a gradual increase in the number of women on the teams. This means that the initial expectation that most men would take up the offer has been replaced by an even gender distribution, so that according to self-assessments of the project there is a 50% distribution between the sexes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The circular economy requires going beyond the domain of traditional waste management into less well-developed terrain. With ambitious targets for the circular economy, the country faces new challenges in terms of developing new policies, encouraging new business models and finding new ways of working with businesses and society. It reviews trends in waste management and material consumption over the review period and assesses performance against the country’s objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A Law on Concessions was promulgated in 2007, but the implementing sub-decree was never approved and accompanying policy and institutional frameworks have not been sufficiently developed. The government has recently made high-level political commitments to adopt necessary reforms. A central PPP unit and risk management unit are to be integrated into the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and a viability gap fund is being considered to subsidise or guarantee investment projects to make them bankable for the private sector. Aspects of Cambodia’s infrastructure challenges are also covered in other chapters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In various emerging economies, food security is endorsed as a main objective of agricultural policies. This is particularly true as concerns rice markets and Asian countries. For instance, India, China and Indonesia have developed self-sufficiency policy objectives and some countries, including Indonesia, are expanding the scope of these objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this context, it is important to underline that traditional TVET systems have relied on various forms of coordination among peers in the private sector. This notion may not fit easily with business models that consider themselves ‘disruptive’ and a time where the peers of today are not those of tomorrow. Where customers are disappointed, sales are likely to go down, and where trust in certain products is lost, entire markets may disappear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, the movement of people to towns and cities leads to an increase in construction of new residential buildings and commercial and industrial facilities, which requires an increase in capacity of the water supply network and, therefore, reconstruction of water supply systems. In 2014, the amount of used water treated corresponded to water used by 1.7 million persons. However, this number is theoretical since industrial wastewater is also included, but not measured, as is also water coming from various sources due to the deteriorated state of network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, at high penetration levels of variable renewables, i.e. above 20% of annual generation, the increase of variability and uncertainty leads to new challenges. The four challenges are summarized in the following table. The system operator needs to have enough capacity available during the hours where electricity demand is the highest, plus a reserve margin to cope with contingencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This highlights the importance of informing households of the environmental implications of excessive and wasteful water consumption. In this case the environmental “norms” of the respondents are important explanations for the investment in water-saving equipment. Above all, what matters the most for investment is home ownership and water charging on a volumetric basis. Attention is also paid to the role of eco-labelling in this case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The heavy concentration of crime on a few areas, and the concentration on the chronically victimised within those areas, together illustrate the gross inequality of the risk of crime victimisation. This inequality also characterises other hazards of life. Criminology has too often reduced the problem of crime to the problem of the offender. Recognising crime hazard as an issue of distributive justice requires a different mind set. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 recognises the drivers of crime as lying outside criminal justice, but does not put in place a pan‐hazard analysis of the kind required, community safety being presented as a type of crime prevention. Movement towards pan‐hazard thinking may well be somewhat facilitated by the working‐through of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights, actions flowing from section 17 of the Crime and Disorder Act, and a reconsideration of how emergency services might work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They are characterized by a combination of practices and knowledge about the human body, and coexistence with other human beings, with nature and with spiritual beings. They involve all aspects of health promotion, prevention of illness and treatment and rehabilitation, but differ from most Western health systems in that they take an integral or holistic approach.8 Many indigenous families address illness with a variety of approaches and practices, using either traditional or Western medicine, or a combination of the two. If treatment administered in the home proves insufficient, the choice is made—often by a woman, who is the primary decision-maker in this arena—as to whether to send the sick person to a practitioner of traditional or of Western medicine. In the absence of state health systems that incorporate the philosophies and practices of both traditional and Western medicine, the choice becomes polarized between the two systems, often to the detriment of the sick person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This was confirmed in the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 and reaffirmed when the Lisbon Agenda was announced in 2000.3 For the EU, as well as for the OECD, social cohesion is something to strive towards, to be created via ‘modernised’ social policies, regional redistribution and new forms of governance involving both more active citizenship and mechanisms for identifying best practices. With the 2005 mid-term review and adjustment of the Lisbon Strategy the policy directions have been modified, but the overall goal remains. Social cohesion is a flagship concept which constantly reminds us of the need to be collectively attentive to, and aware of, any kind of discrimination, inequality, marginality or exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Arms control treaties are necessary to reduce the large stockpiles of the nuclear weapons that constitute one of the biggest dangers to the world. However, an impactful treaty hinges on effective inspection exercises to verify the participants' compliance to the treaty terms. Such procedures would require verification of the authenticity of a warhead undergoing dismantlement. Previously proposed solutions lacked the combination of isotopic sensitivity and information security. Here we present the experimental feasibility proof of a technique that uses neutron induced nuclear resonances and is sensitive to the combination of isotopics and geometry. The information is physically encrypted to prevent the leakage of sensitive information. Our approach can significantly increase the trustworthiness of future arms control treaties while expanding their scope to include the verified dismantlement of nuclear warheads themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The analysis uses published data and literature reviews on energy trade, including recent projections. It then analyses the structure and evolution of trade in primary energy commodities, cross-border electricity as well as climate-smart goods and technologies within and from the ESCAP subregions. The focus is on flows of oil, natural gas (through pipelines and LNG), coal, electricity, and climate-smart goods and technologies from, to and within the ESCAP region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The objective is to support an integrated and cross-disciplinaiy planning process, instead of a sector-specific one and to foster regional-local co-ordination on thematic topics. Evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Factors associated with this include: the initial “grandfathering” of fishing rights, which began in 1984 under the current quota system, how resource rents are distributed between industry and the general public (the actual owner of the resource), and the effects of quota consolidation on small communities. The tax is comprised of two parts, a fee and a resource-rent tax, and identifying an approach that ensures the resource rent tax fisheries pay reflects the real economic rents accrued by the industry is an ongoing current policy objective. Since 2015 the fishing fee has again been calculated and levied as a single fee. This form of support has gradually been reduced over time, falling to zero for the first time in 2015 when a special tax concession for fishermen ended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Fertiliser subsidies remain by far the most important programme through which the government provides budgetary support to agriculture. This subsidy is received indirectly by farmers as is channelled through fertiliser companies. These companies are responsible for lowering the price of their final product, which in turn benefits farmers (OECD, 2013b). To ensure the success of the programme, beneficiaries also receive technical guidance from a local agriculture extension officer. The giant is based on a proposal prepared by groups of farmers. The Indonesian government, through the Raskin Programme, buys a given percentage of the total output of rice produced by small-scale farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) bring various interests and perspectives stakeholders together in collaboration processes (Fyall, Garrod, and Wang, 2012). The specific roles of DMOs are coordination, leadership and the development of facilities and provision of services, and even to function as a link between the destinations and external organizations (such as government agencies, tour wholesalers and travel agents). In this sense, DMO sometimes takes on the role as a management organization, as much as a marketing organization. While some stakeholders (such as hotels and local or regional government agencies) are vital to the success of DMOs because of their financial and partnership resources, there is a multitude of other relevant stakeholders whose views must also be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Severance pay shall be paid to a worker based on the employee’s years of service with the employer at the rate of one month's salary for each full year of service. Some employers who tend to use short-term labour services are sensitive to this new regulation. As per the law, a period of service between six months and one year shall be counted as one year and the worker shall be paid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, social welfare programmes targeting the individuals and households most at risk during the economic downturn have been created or expanded. This usually goes hand in hand with weak public care policies and programmes that provide scanty coverage and are fragmented and underfunded. The right to provide and receive care still depends mainly on the time and effort that women in the household can devote to it, on intcrgeneralional solidarity within families, and on individual ability to pay for care services. It also limits women’s options for entering the labour market (see figure 20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The fact that revenues from water tariffs are not allocated straight to the IWA raises efficiency considerations as well as inadequacies in funding in many areas. Readjustment of intergovernmental responsibilities for strategic water financial planning is therefore a national goal for the coming few years. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff and time as well as obsolete infrastructure. This is an interesting result, since governments often tend to consider capacity issues in the water sector a major concern for developing countries rather than for developed ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Within this framework, Colombia prepared a detailed National Profile on Chemical Substances in 2012. It provided a good overview of the situation regarding the management of chemicals and facilitated the development of a National Action Plan for Chemicals Management with a timeline to 2020. A list of 140 chemicals for future priority action has also been established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
London’s low carbon workforce skills profile is characterised by high skills, with more than 1 in 2 employees having a degree or above. However, almost a third of all jobs are at Level 2 (basic high school diploma) or below suggesting that they are accessible to low skilled workers in the labour market. The sectors with the lowest skilled vacancies are recovery & recycling, waste management and building technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This introductory chapter outlines the recent evolution of audience research, focusing on the ways in which the field has addressed the theoretical, economic, cultural, and technological currents of the moment. I argue that audience studies has not only survived the backlash against its populist tendencies in the late eighties to mid-nineties, but it has also thrived and expanded to include a range of audiences, media genres, modes of audience engagement, and institutional and international sites of reception. This chapter explains the volume's contributions, its organizational structure, and the intellectual and empirical terrain of audience studies that the book's remaining chapters cover.      Keywords:    cultural studies,  methodology,  ethnography,  global audience,  reflexivity,  theory,  technology,  literacy,  cultural citizenship,  new media,  fieldwork,  pedagogy,  film,  news,  television,  books,  health communication,  activism,  multiculturalism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite the significant potential for flour milling, only 35-40% of available capacity is used. A recurring issue in post-independence Kazakhstan has been the degree of monopsony power exercised by the purchasers of agricultural products. At the same time, intermediaries often provide multiple functions, playing an important role in compensating for incomplete markets, e.g. for credit or for seeds, and other inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, these objectives apply to the amount collected, which came to only one-third of the amount put on the market. With 3.6 kg of WEEE collected per capita in 2008, Slovakia fell short the EU collection target of 4 kg.52 The European Commission has asked Slovakia to address shortcomings in its waste legislation regarding collection facilities for electronic waste and mobile phone circuit boards. There is no facility for recovery of mobile phone batteries in Slovakia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hungary’s Innovation Voucher programme, which helps SMEs engage in innovation with the help of research institutes, universities or independent experts, has also so far not met expectations. Only few firms engaged, and in a range of regions research institutions and universities did not have adequate capabilities to support them. Hungary’s Kiiit programme, which provided micro-loans to low-income groups (mainly from the Roma minority) to foster self-employment, also had a high rate of defaulted loans (around 54% on 31 October 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To strengthen assurance for quality of care ongoing focus should not only be on the numbers of professionals, but also on their professional profiles and the quality of their performance in practice. Various steps have been taken to strengthen the position of citizens/patients with focus on complaint handling. It would be advisable for Turkey to have more infonnation on performance of health-care services accessible in the public domain, and capturing the experiences of health-care users systematically could be more broadly embedded. Further work on specific registries can be anticipated. Optimising the use of administrative data is a priority, particular attention is needed to enhance data-sharing between the Ministry of Health and SSI. A coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators, addressing topics such as data-linkage, secondary use of data from Electronic Health Records and assurance of privacy and data security is advisable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poverty exists in many forms and arises in a broad range of circumstances. The causes may be man-made and systemic or they may be environmental, meaning people may live in poverty because they are not part of a system. In other words, poverty may be the result of effective as well as ineffective policy interventions. Policies tend to be effective where interdependent systems exist, it is possible to rationally coordinate and direct collective action in a certain direction, and people are sufficiently dependent upon the system to “feel the pinch”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Those who work long hours in paid employment sell their time to the market and, when there is a high price differential between their income and the price of care, they can opt to buy that care. Most middle- and low-income persons, especially women, must look after themselves and their family because the level of their wages, the amount of work that they sell to the market and other cultural components make it difficult for them to contemplate paying for care. In this context, it should be pointed out that the care market —even in most of the developed countries— is generally very precarious and highly stratified, both in terms of its potential coverage and in terms of quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the appropriate tools are in the process of development, territorial planning will remain on the front line of the policy agenda in coming years. Initiative 9 of the 2030 Water Agenda foresees co-ordination agreements between CONAGUA and CONAFOR for intensive reforestation programmes associated with soil conservation in priority catchment. The agenda also suggests the creation of a National Observatory of Territorial Development (Initiative 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)