albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture ('OPCAT') is a unique, action‑based treaty which is designed to protect people everywhere who have been deprived of their liberty. Detention puts individuals in a very vulnerable position, as they are at the mercy of the State and rely on the authorities for even their most basic needs. This raises a very real risk of human rights abuses - a risk which can only be mitigated by strong oversight mechanisms. The OPCAT provides a framework for such mechanisms, and is currently being considered for ratification by Australia. This article sets out some of the issues associated with ratification, including the potential costs, the places of detention it is likely to cover and which bodies are likely to be involved in implementation. It also explains that the OPCAT is highly relevant to Australia because it is about much more than just torture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This approach allows policy makers to understand more concretely the broader development impacts of an intervention. Nevertheless, there are a number of key issues and challenges to consider when evaluating these results and tracking effectiveness. This section also explores a number of definitional and methodological challenges that hamper the ability to track results over the spatial scales and time horizons often desired.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the short run, it is reasonable to foresee new high-speed lines in Russian Federation and Turkey and increased speeds in the eastern and south-eastern parts of Europe. A special situation may emerge in the context with new cargo flows along UNECE's EATL project or the "One Belt — One Road" initiative. Capacity needs from freight may induce the construction of new railway links, which could be designed for high-speed passenger services. Although this spatial effect is not very well known, it is very often the background for political decisions on transport infrastructure, including high-speed lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the decision to end tax relief on protective forests sends the wrong signal on nature protection in forests.34 Fairness of forestry tax revenue distribution among municipalities should instead be addressed via a broader income equalisation policy. Proceeds of the forestry tax represent a very small share (0.3% in 2012) of total municipal income.35 Moreover, due to tax exemptions and the varying age of forests, the tax proceeds vary significantly among forest districts and thus among municipalities. As a voluntary, flexible, incentive-based and site-specific instrument, PES can provide potentially large gains in cost-effectiveness compared to indirect payments or other regulatory approaches used to meet policy (e.g. forest biodiversity) objectives (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In particular, if there are factors affecting selection into different curricula that we cannot control for with the data at hand, our estimates may still be affected by selection bias, which could amplify the estimate gap in labour market outcomes associated to alternative curricula. Overall, at the ISCED 3 and 4 level, we find that VET performs about as well as academic education as far as earnings are concerned and a bit better in terms of employment outcomes. Finally, our findings support the view that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It requires reforms in a range of policy areas, from education, training and employment to taxation, economic development and innovation. This work, which engaged a wide range of stakeholders from the public, private and nonprofit sector, concluded in 2015. It identified 12 skills challenges in four areas: developing, activating and using skills, and strengthening the skills system (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This relationship is also known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (see Grossman and Krueger, 1991, Shafik and Bandyopadhyay, 1992). The History and Future of Workplace Automation, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29/3, pp. Productivity Growth, Employment, and the Labor Share, NBER Working Paper No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Global B2C e-commerce accounted for an estimated $1.2 trillion in 2013 (ibid.). Given this rapid expansion, it will not take long before this form of trading dominates global transactions. E-commerce presents much development potential, especially in mitigating some of the disadvantages arising out of smallness and remoteness, but numerous policy implications and challenges need to be thoroughly analysed to ensure this form of trading does not go unregulated and out of control. Impacts with regard to traditional ways of conducting business, revenue, origin of products and services, employment and intellectual property rights are among the areas that will require attention. Given the lack of a uniform and universally accepted approach, it is difficult to precisely ascertain the amount of trade being conducted through e-commerce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All Annex II Parties are also members of the OECD DAC, as are four further Annex I Parties, and as such use Rio markers to “tag” the amount of bilateral ODA used for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and report this information under the CRS. All EU member countries (many of whom are non-Annex II) are beginning to report information on climate finance under EU monitoring regulations (as outlined above), as well as to the OECD DAC. The transparency framework set out in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement also provides for voluntary reporting of information on the provision of support by “other Parties”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Private VHI has been growing over the years, but still only accounts for 5% of health financing, converging with the EU average. The total number of inpatient hospital beds has declined (2006-16), partly due to an increase in day surgery and the bolstering of the long-term care network. There has also been a decrease in the number of psychiatric beds by promoting mental health patients' integration into their communities. Secondary and tertiary care is mainly provided in hospitals, although some primary care centres employ specialists who provide specialist ambulatory (or outpatient) services. Dental consultations, diagnostic services, renal dialysis and rehabilitation are most commonly provided in the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
That is, the probability of transition into standard work and transition into non-employment is estimated by two separate probit models. The estimations presented in Figure 4.11 capture the marginal effects of the labour market and job status in the previous year on the probability of having a standard job. The reference group is that of the unemployed, i.e. the numbers for standard work, temporary, part-time, self-employed and inactive should be interpreted as how much more or less likely such individuals are to move to a standard job in the next year compared with unemployed people with similar characteristics. In Belgium, for instance, the likelihood of having a standard job in the current period for men is 32 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many development providers are exploring new ways of how to better integrate ICTs in the planning and implementation of development activities. However, more consolidated efforts through the DAC and other forums can improve knowledge sharing and set new standard and requirements across the development planning and implementation cycle. With greater access to the Internet through 3G and LTE mobile networks in developing countries, tailored ICT tools have the potential to improve measuring results and strengthen monitoring and evaluation of development projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, Winter Fuel Payments, a tax free payment to help older people keep warm during winter, should be means-tested. The best way to alleviate energy poverty is through energy efficiency improvements, which should be encouraged (Box 1.2). However, international studies suggest that increasing marginal tax rates on high incomes tends to lower taxable incomes significantly, as work effort decreases and tax avoidance and evasion increase (OECD, 2011c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Japan’s response to the economic crisis and new growth strategy have taken up this challenge by identifying the environment, and in particular innovation aimed at addressing environmental concerns, as a source of economic recovery and long-term growth. This is in line with the w'ork underway in the OECD to develop a Green Growth Strategy. The Japanese experience can represent a contribution to the ongoing debate on how to put in practice the “green growth” concept, the instruments that could be used, and the obstacles that are likely to emerge. First, it summarises Japan's achievements and challenges in decoupling environmental pressures from economic performance. Section 2 discusses the environmental dimension of Japan’s response to the economic crisis, also in comparison w'ith the policy reaction to the economic recession in the early 2000s. Section 3 gives an overview of Japan’s New Growth Strategy, with a focus on its environmental pillar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article engages with a discourse emerging from international political theory, international law and political science on awarding privileges to democracies in crucial issues of global governance. Proposals that a ‘Concert of Democracies’ should be legally entitled to take decisions in case the United Nations Security Council is unable or unwilling to act are amongst the most prominent expression of this vision of the stratification of the international society into first-class and second-class regimes. The article reconstructs central tenets of this discourse on the inclusion and exclusion of regime types and shows that this kind of differentiation of states has been very much inspired by readings and appropriations of ‘democratic peace’ scholarship in International Relations. The article critiques the underlying problematic theoretical assumptions and the practical implications of democratic peace theory and policy proposals inferred from it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For this they will need economic resources, decent employment and access to social services, including health and education. And over their lifetime they need economic security. Most of this they should be able to provide themselves directly, but they should also be able to take advantage of more formal systems of social protection. This can take the form of old age and disability pensions, unemployment pay, maternity and child benefits, and universal access to essential health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association (ETNO). Priority activities of the Division include promoting cybersecurity, .^strategies, ICT applications, Internet and IP.netwprks.deyelppment, multilingualjzatip.n, and community telecentres. This Resolution instructs ITU-D to undertake studies on ICT applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Among the most vulnerable will be those who depend on agriculture for their livelihood and income, particularly smallholder producers in developing countries. In the absence of climate change, and with continuing economic progress, most regions are projected to see a decline in the number of people at risk of hunger by 2050. The increase in the number of poor would be biggest in sub-Saharan Africa, partly because its population is more reliant on agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of approximately 25-30. One of the central tasks of OROK is the preparation of the Austrian Spatial Development Concept (OREK, Osterreichisches Raurnentwicklungskonzept), which covers a planning period of approximately ten years and provides a vision and guidelines for spatial development that is shared by all levels of government. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Lisbon Treaty and the Charter of Fundamental Rights acknowledge the right to “good administration” as a fundamental right of EU citizens. This has led to the reinterpretation of the mandate of the European Ombudsman, as it has actively sought to extend its competencies to promote good governance, instead of solely investigating possible acts of illegality. This proactive work has also involved own-initiative inquiries and strategic initiatives that have particularly targeted transparency of EU governance and conflicts of interest. This had led to institutional tensions and the politicization of the Ombudsman’s work and mandate through high-profile cases. As a supranational institution of accountability, the European Ombudsman is a unique interpretation of a global institutional model, showing both its potential and limitations. This is now reflected in the institutional debates about the mandate of the European Ombudsman.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lowest income quartile is equal to 1 if the individual’s income falls in the bottom 25% of the national income distribution, it is equal to 0 if the individual’s income is higher than the lowest quartile. Age dummies are equal to 1 if the individual’s age falls in the age range of each dummy (0/1 variable). The age category 15 to 24 is the reference group with respect to which the results for the other age categories should be interpreted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The SAS cuniculum is also not designed for newly arrived students who begin to learn the Swedish language. This could help decrease the negative perceptions of the subject. Raising the status and standards of SAS and target more newly arrived students is important and would entail limited financial implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first pathway, operates primarily through household-level mechanisms, evolving from a pure ‘income effect’ of cash into the household (regardless of who is the primary recipient), which reduces poverty-related stress and improves emotional wellbeing. Alternatively, if CT funds are used for expenditures not intended to benefit all household members, for example to purchase alcohol or tobacco, cash could create new sources of marital conflict. Finally, cash or complementary interventions could, if appropriately targeted, increase woman’s bargaining power, strengthening her self-worth, and potentially increasing her perceived value to the household. Similar to the conflict pathway, this pathway may have mixed effects depending on how men respond to potential shifts in resources or power dynamics. On the one hand, some men may feel threatened in situations where their wives are empowered, which can lead to backlash and increased IPV as men attempt to reassert control and their identity as the household provider or dominant decision maker.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Housing and information seem to present the steeper curves. Additionally, for older children the divide between rural and urban seems considerably less, except for utilities. However, the curves for both rural and urban seem slightly flatter, especially at a lower level of consumption. This highlights the fact that for adolescents, in particular, an increase in consumption power is not likely to reduce deprivation in a substantial way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
General improvements in water and sanitation governance and management can make major contributions, but applying an “equitable access lens” is also needed in order to speed up progress. This does not necessarily require setting up new legal and institutional mechanisms and processes, since many existing mechanisms can be used to promote equitable access. It does, however, require a results-oriented action plan building on country-situation analysis and context-specific equity indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Are the Nordic states exceptional performers on eradicating torture? Nordic states are reputed ‘norm entrepreneurs’ for the international law ban against torture, but they also engage in domestic practices that put dents in any claims to superiority in fighting torture.In this paper, we challenge contrasting images of Nordic commitment to international human rights norms by examining the periodic review process under the Convention against Torture. Specifically, we ask: Do Concluding Observations issued by the Committee against Torture suggest evidence of Nordic exceptionalism in terms of human rights engagement? The paper analyses COs on four Nordic and four comparator states over two decades, looking specifically at two issues: the definition of torture in law and detention conditions. Our findings suggest that the Committee increasingly subjects Nordic states to scrutiny, revealing differences between these states, particular causes for concern and, sometimes, frustration at refusal to heed recurring calls for reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a mistake to believe that imposing barriers on inputs into value chains, for example by restricting the export of raw materials, will help spur competitive value-adding within the domestic economy, thereby allowing producers to “capture” the value created in upstream processing. Such policies only increase the final price paid by consumers, with little influence on producer returns and domestic food security. This helps place downward pressure on world prices, which is particularly important for accessibility when demand is rising, w'hen a country’s domestic production is becoming more variable, and when climate change may lead to permanent (and unknown) shifts in comparative advantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With the law on grassroots democracy in 2002, the CNDP became an independent administrative authority. The law entrusts the Commission with the mission to ensure the participation of the public in the development of major projects of national interest that have strong socio-economic impacts and/or significant impact on the environment or land. Dining this time 16 public meetings were held with 7 420 participants, 405 contributions to the discussion were made by e-mail and, 1 860 written interventions were made (questions, comments, positions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a response against the terrorist attacks in Paris in January 2015, people adapted ‘Je suis Charlie’ as a slogan to show their solidarity with the victims. In this article, while condemning the killings, I would like to examine the situation from the perspective of public theology: 1) the nature of laicite and the tension between the freedom of expression and respect for faith, 2) the problem of the marginalisation of minority religious groups in a secular public sphere, 3) the impact of the public demonstration and the creation of a platform for secular and sacred interactions. I shall incooperate in my presentation media reports, articles and interviews on the topic and also some of the scholarly discussions on laicite, on ‘interactive pluralism’ by Rowan Williams, and on the public engagement of religious communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also features individual accountability, which means that team success depends on individual learning, not group products. Curriculum has to be thought of as both catering to significant individual differences and being able to stretch each learner to just beyond his or her self-defined capacity (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010). However, given the cross-country variation in who has responsibility for curricula, it is difficult to provide clear policy direction on curricula at the school level. Co-operative learning methods, which involve the teacher placing students within the same class in small, temporary groups with mixed abilities focusing on tasks that require them to rely on each other's skills, tend to work equally well for all types of students (Slavin, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The study was endorsed for publication by the OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Committee (NDC). Philippe Lebreton (France) provided significant input to Chapter 2 “The Effects of Nuclear Power at the Level of the Electricity System”. The section on the load following capabilities of nuclear plants “The Flexibility Potential of Nuclear Power Plants in the Short Run” is based on earlier work by Dr. Alexey Lokhov (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division). For Chapter 5 on “Regulatory Frameworks for the Internalisation of System Effects and the Adequate Remuneration of Flexibility Services” a first draft was prepared by Eduard Blanquet i Arago (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Increasing mutual accountability this way could help to make progress towards reaching a political consensus on developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion commitment. In these countries, the Ministry of Finance tracks climate related expenditures across the budget, and occasionally through dedicated climate funds (e.g. Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience [PPCR]). The country is working on enhancing its monitoring system in order to include information from the recipient institutions, and on climate finance flows other than those reported as ODA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This process of opening up and internationalising is still ongoing as - after markets for goods and services, company ow nership and location - science and business R&D have also become increasingly globalised. The government responded by increasing public investment in education, research and innovation to compensate for reduced business R&D expenditure. In the second half of the 1990s, public and private investment in R&D increased at a fast pace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In West Germany, paid parental leave was not limited exclusively to the child’s first three years. The result was low female labour force participation. In the GDR, by contrast, women enjoyed an income-replacement parental leave benefit for one year, while nurseries were expanded and child care infrastructure improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The municipalities' responsibilities are outlined in the Social Services Act since 1982, and the Disability Act since 1994. In the former, the obligation of housing support applies both to the general population as well as to specific groups (including those suffering from mental problems). The latter piece of legislation outlines municipal obligation vis-a-vis defined disability groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on recent fiscal data, the need for, and urgency of, short-term consolidation is greatest in the United States as well as in Southern and English-speaking EU countries. Importantly, however, the greater part of recent deficits is believed to be “structural” rather than “cyclical”. Countries will therefore still be spending more than they receive in revenues when the recovery is well entrenched.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The waste of 13 communes is collected and transferred to three transfer centres before being transported to and stored at Oum Azza. About 1,400 tons of waste, 80 per cent of it organic material, arrives each day. The leachate is collected and treaded (by sedimentation, oxygenation and reverse osmosis).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Generally, in the past decade (2000-2010) there has been an overall rise in service employment, with major increases occurring in Korea (15.2% between 2000-2010), Malaysia (10.0% from 2000-2009) and Hong Kong, China (8.0%, 2000-2009). The share of employment in services grew significantly in China, Mongolia, Thailand and Viet Nam over the last decade. Data for Singapore from 2001. Data for Viet Nam from 2006, Cambodia, China and Pakistan for 2008, Australia, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)