albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are no river basin organisations formally established or functioning. Although responsibilities for water are distributed between various ministries, integrated water resource management is hampered by poor co-ordination between these institutions, and the fact that local authorities do not feel responsible for the protection of their local water bodies. Likewise, the National Environment Agency (NEA) has several units - the Hydrological Monitoring Department, the Water Quality Monitoring Department and the Geological Department, all performing WRM roles, but alongside other functions, hard to separate from WRM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These are supplemented by a dataset on various economic, demographic and meteorological variables that can explain the variation of air pollution. The results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that urban structure has significant effects on pollution concentration. In particular, they suggest that fragmented urban areas experience higher concentrations of NO2 and PMI0 and that densely populated urban areas suffer from higher SO2 concentration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Reducing energy consumption and eliminating energy waste are among the main goals of the EU. Its support for improving energy efficiency aims to prove decisive for competitiveness, security of supply and meeting the commitments on climate change made under the Kyoto Protocol. There is a significant potential for reducing consumption, especially in energy-intensive sectors such as buildings, manufacturing, energy conversion and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the T3 of the Technion has been both active and pro-active in commercialisation. It would benefit from strengthening and being organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it (see Box 3.5.). Through its website, the T3 invites industry inquiries for consulting. It also develops technology transfer strategies for faculty innovations with MBA students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
See Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, ibid. Yet the measures to implement these goals were not always articulated, many PRSPs assumed that aggregate national economic growth would lead to the achievement of the MDGs and did not give enough consideration to distributional challenges. Lastly, the goals were embraced in a selective manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Additional funding of €85 million was allocated to the Department of Children and Youth Affairs in 2016 for early years care and education, an increase of 30% on the 2015 allocation. However, in the Netherlands, almost all children from age 4 have a legal entitlement to free access to pre-primary education in school settings (age 4 corresponds to the first year of enrolment in these settings, children are enrolled in pre-school education in day care centres and playgroups at age 3). However, a distinction should be drawn between pre-primary and early childhood educational development (ISCED 01). A general pattern emerges when both programmes are compared, with the share of public spending tending to be smaller in early childhood educational development (ISCED 01) in 9 out of the 14 countries with available data for both categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The groups collectively practice pastoral-ism and hunting-gathering. The Maasai are the most populous, numbering about 450,000. The concept of indigenous peoples is not acknowledged in Tanzania, but the government "recognizes the vulnerability of some of the marginalized communities". This is because of poor infrastructure and also that the communities are sparse and migratory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
England’s experience in building and using such a system would be an informative model to study. A particular focus on the effectiveness of secondary prevention is needed, by comparing rates of avoidable hospitalisation and the quality of prescribing in primary care. Recommendations for health system performance strengthening in Latvia: Access, quality, efficiency, sustainability (cont.) In particular, consideration should be given to whether municipalities are the right level of government to hold accountability for hospital performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Djibouti Law of 27 December 2007. With the arrival of many citizens from African countries and from transit countries, Egypt is becoming a transit zone for women, or crossing South-East Asia, the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. What is more, since 2003 the Suez Canal has been considered a very important factor in the trafficking of human beings and of counterfeit goods. Amongst these missions, the committee must draw up plans for the implementation, supervised implementation and revision of legislation in order to prevent human trafficking, and also to draw up proposals or recommendations, and to publish a national directory including instructions and pertinent educational material, and the adoption of measures that aim to protect victims of human trafficking. The committee will also lead an awareness-raising campaign for the benefit of employers who bring in foreign workers, on issues relating to human trafficking, and will also examine reports of national and international organisations on the banning of human trafficking, and co-operate with all official and non-official programmes that provide social support for victims affected physically or psychologically or people affected by human trafficking crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are costly, complex, typically land intensive and for all of these reasons, involve risk. Given this, meaningful public engagement in decision making is an important part of the policy process. This entails raising public awareness of about the scope, cost, location and timeframes for a project early on in the process so as to gather information and opinions on various elements. At its most involved level, such engagement practices include citizens in some element of decision making. For example, including the opinions and ideas of citizens (or stakeholders) in a project can lead to more and better information with which to design or deliver a project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper suggests how violence prevention can be better informed by embracing an evolutionary approach to understanding and preventing violent crime. Here, ethical crime control through an evolutionary lens is considered and speculation is offered as to what an evolution-evidenced crime reduction programme might look like. The paper begins with an outline of the current landscape of crime prevention scholarship within criminology and presents some possible points of contact with actual or possible violence reduction practice, including child homicide and violence against women. The paper concludes with suggestions for an ethical research agenda for reducing violence, whereby it is hoped that an audience of open-minded criminologists and diverse students of evolution may lend a hand in increasing the sophistication of the criminological study of violence prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Support to fossil fuel production and use in OECD countries is estimated to have been about USD 45-75 billion a year in recent years, developing and emerging economies provided USD 409 billion in 2010 (IEA data). However, fossil fuel subsidy reforms should be implemented carefully while addressing potential negative impacts on households through appropriate measures. The cost of mitigation could be significantly reduced if R&D could come up with new breakthrough technologies. For example, emerging technologies -such as bioenergy from waste biomass and CCS - have the potential to absorb carbon from the atmosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In essence the goal is to address aspects of the digital divide by utilising wireless broadband technologies. The key to ensuring affordable services is in addressing costs at each stage of the wireless broadband end-to-end ecosystem1. Importantly depending on the fixed broadband services currently deployed in a market and able to be deployed, then the degree to which wireless broadband services complement rather than substitute for such fixed broadband services will vary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For children under 16, it is based on two household-level indicators: a computer and an internet connection (accessed by any means, including via a phone or a television). Availability of a TV in the household was considered as an alternative indicator, but was excluded because public information can be obtained via the internet. For 17-18-year-olds, whether they have a mobile phone is used as the third indicator of the information dimension because of the high prevalence of mobile phone use among young people in the EU.15 In a Special Eurobarometer survey on the perceptions of poverty and social exclusion carried out in 2007, young people aged 15-24 were the most likely of all cohorts to name having a mobile phone an absolute necessity (TNS Opinion & Social 2007). It comprises three indicators: overcrowding, water and sanitation, and multiple housing problems. All three are measured on the household level, so this dimension is constructed identically for all age groups. Overcrowding is measured using the Eurostat definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Compared with other instances of social costs, one may think of tobacco smoking or lead concentration in drinking water, this process has developed reasonably quickly. First, there is public awareness and opinion creation by means of public communication. These may be commercial means of communication, such as television or newspapers, but also non-commercial means of public awareness creation such as demonstrations, sit-ins, public speeches and the like. Again, information is the first step in internalising external costs. This way, the set of choices is transformed into new choices that integrate a higher share of public concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Institutions require performance management system for themselves and their personnel to evaluate, benchmark, develop, and determine training needs in compliance with performance criteria as productivity, efficiency, and thriftiness. Contemporary public management, i.e., 5018 Public Finance Management and Control Act, adopting good governance principles as transparency, responsibility, accountability, and fairness, also attaches great importance to performance management. However, there is no performance management system employed by Turkish public management system. Therefore, performance audit is not performed. To this end, it is foreseen that perceptions of personnel be measured and survey be applied to a provincial unit of a public organization. Findings reveal that performance management is not supported by high-level management and is not related to human resource practices such as career management, training and development, job valuation, and a management style in compliance with good governance which is not adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sectoral estimates rely on unweighted statistics (data are not adjusted for the representativeness of the respondent firm) and company data aggregated at the most detailed NACE Rev. 1 level enabled by national sampling designs and Eurostat’s data disclosure rules. Sectoral coverage varies across countries and tabulations may rely on a subset of countries and not be fully representative. Rankings rely on the same set of variables in CIS4 and CIS6 to ensure consistency and comparability over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some definition of technology is necessary- it should be 100% recyclable under readily available current technology. Cotton/polyester mixes, for example, can be more technically durable than pure cotton. This suggests that the 100% recyclable stamp would be more applicable to fast fashion and not recommended for textiles where lifetime is generally limited by technical strength rather than change in style or change in fit e.g. bed-linen. This would rule out linking to some of the information proposed in the provision - unless the regulation was to be changed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Spatial planning decisions also affect citizens’ quality of life directly, including ease of access to jobs, services and amenities. National and sub-national governments across the OECD are involved to varying degrees in policies pertaining to “place” (e.g. land-use policies and planning, property rights, land development and redevelopment, land registries, urban transport and environmental performance in urban areas). They have at their disposal a range of policy instruments (e.g. regulation, standard-setting, technical assistance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child has entered into force in April 2014. Petitions concerning violations of the rights of the child were hitherto justiciable before the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, both of which have produced useful jurisprudence. While these Committees will continue to have jurisdiction over such cases, it is to be expected that henceforth petitioners will turn to the Committee on the Rights of the Child as the most specialised body in the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has been achieved through liberal air transport policy as a catalyst for aviation growth coupled with extensive development of hotels, resorts, retail precincts and attractions driven by the Singapore Tourism Board (STB). The STB manages the Tourism Development Fund, a S$2 billion fund set up to support infrastructure development, capability development, anchoring iconic and major events and product development (Singapore Tourism Board, 2012). Taking advantage of global growth in cruise tourism, Singapore has completed an upgrade of its existing terminal facilities and the development of new facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is because electricity generation is likely to be affected by a decrease in precipitation, more inconsistent rainfalls and a decrease in spring run-off from glaciers and snow caused by climate change. About 10% of climate-related development finance was committed to agriculture, forestry and fishing, which is almost the same share as the global level. A range of actions in agriculture can contribute to poverty alleviation and low-carbon and climate-resilient development in the rural areas in some EECCA countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although formal remittance outflows from Russia to CIS countries contracted by 31 per cent in the first quarter of 2009, latest data indicate that remittance inflows to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in 2010 are almost back to 2008 levels (World Bank 2011). The idiosyncratic component19 of the shock is reflected in that not all families are affected equally. Some are better able to protect their living standard than others. In the event of a shock, households refer to various coping strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The relevant targets for the Commonwealth Pacific small states are Target 2.1 and 2.2, with respective Tier 1 indicators related to undernourishment and stunting. However, data for both these indicators were only available for Fiji, PNG and Vanuatu. Kiribati, Samoa and Solomon Islands had data on undernourishment but insufficient data on stunting. There were no reported data for Nauru, Tonga and Tuvalu. Although Fiji is expected to maintain a very low prevalence of undernourishment (Table 2.2) and low levels of stunting in 2050, the prevalence of stunting is on an increasing trend (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, as a result of 40% lower broadband penetration in the United Kingdom, Liebenau et al. ( This would imply that innovation effects increase with broadband penetration, a concept akin to "return to scale”. For example, the entertainment sector is an important component in the supply and demand for digital content. Our analysis of the 100 most popular Internet sites by country around the world indicates that in many emerging countries, locally developed sites represent only between 15 and 20.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Different income aggregates4 and population subgroups will be affected differently by different driving forces. It would therefore be difficult to develop one single empirical model to explain changes in final household income inequality drawn directly from macroeconomic variables. Instead, this study adopts a partial, step-wise approach that separately investigates the relevant pathways between the main driving factors and income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is not necessarily any clear reason for the number of years in each case.23 Lastly, other conditional transfer programmes have incorporated exit strategies of more complex design, combining temporal and other elements. In the case of Chile Solidario, the exit scheme provides for a gradual decrease in the amount of the cash transfers. In order to tackle the major challenge of encouraging productive and sustainable exits by beneficiaries from conditional transfer programmes, governments in the region could consider coordinating exit plans with training activities or labour-market integration or granting exemptions or benefits to small and medium-sized enterprises in order to increase employment opportunities to those exiting from the programmes (Ledn, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tertiary education is free for students and there is a generous student loan system for living expenses. Higher education lasts for around four years for a professional bachelor’s degree which prepares students for specific professions, such as nursing, social work or journalism. A longer cycle is provided in universities, which conduct research and offer research-based education. University graduation rates are higher in Denmark (50%) than the OECD average (40%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More generally, a few years ago France was lagging many European countries in the take-up of personal electronic health records and exchange of information between professionals (European Commission, 2013a), and its overall readiness to adopt e-technologies remains low (OECD, 2017a). A single phone number has been in place to co-ordinate out-of-hours services since 2015, but progress remains partial. Increased use of performance reporting would incentivise providers to concentrate on aspects of quality that give rise to genuine improvements in patient outcomes. The available administrative data could be better used for additional ex post medico-economic evaluations, notably by independent institutions and researchers, or to improve the detection of abuses and fraud.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most people (close to 80 percent) are still living in rural areas (World Bank, 2016). The FRA 2015 revealed a continuing trend in forest cover loss in the last two decades, particularly primary forest. During 2005-2010, Cambodia is reported to have had the highest rate of deforestation in the GMS. From 1990 to 2015, total forest area declined from 74.7 percent to 53.9 percent (12.94 million ha to 9.46 million ha), which represents approximately a 27 percent decline in overall forest cover.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The first country in the North to implement the landfill tax was Denmark in 1987. Landfill taxes are considered to have contributed significantly to reduce landfilling of all types of waste, even though they do not specifically target the organic fraction. The tax size in the Nordic countries varies from EUR 50/tin Sweden to EUR 70/tin Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Table 4.13 shows an overview of the distribution of funds by broader categories for the year 2012. In this year, a significant part of the fund went either to infrastructure projects or to other programmes granting access to the Internet. While the current focus on access and connecting individuals and businesses to the Internet is justified, as a next step, it would seem worthwhile to shift focus on developing IT services and applications as a promising sector for economic development, building on existing initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The field of transitional justice has traditionally focused on accountability for human rights violations amid regime change, often accompanied by democratisation, rebuilding states and revitalising national communities. But concepts drawn from transitional justice can also shed light on the dynamics of accountability within the ordinary course of political change in a stable and mature democracy. This article utilises transitional justice as a heuristic to frame the post-9/11 United States’ effort to confront torture and other grave human rights violations committed in the war on terrorism. The article concludes that not seeking accountability in the face of political opposition and resistance carries significant costs. Terrorism poses particular concerns for adherence to human rights, even in mature democracies, given the multiple pressures to sacrifice liberty for security. A state's failure to pursue accountability may mitigate political controversy and avoid straining the social fabric, particularly ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The situation is improving however, as average pollutant levels have decreased fairly steadily over the past decade (CMAP, 2010a). Suburbanisation continues to occur in the region: the Chicago Tri-State metro-region is among the top 20 OECD regions in terms of growth of the suburban belt relative to the urban core (Figure 1.14).15 The suburbanisation of housing has been met by the suburbanisation of employment: between 1960 and 1990, over 96% of new jobs in the region were created outside downtown (Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2007, CMAP, 2010a). Low levels of housing and employment densities in the suburbs have resulted in an auto-dependent built environment in which the provision of transit services is inefficient and cost-prohibitive. Chicago here refers to the Tri-State Chicago metro-region which corresponds to the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Source: OECD Metropolitan Regions Database and OECD Regional Database. Public transportation accounts for just 2.5% of daily commuting in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region (9% in the seven counties of the CMAP area) (CMAP, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Understanding wellbeing through subjective scales leads to underestimations of the significance of inequalities due to their simplistic nature. Here, Lee Knifton, Reader and Co-Director of the Centre for Health Policy at the University of Strathclyde, argues for a broader and more progressive notion of ‘collective wellbeing’ drawing upon learning from human rights, citizenship and capabilities approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the countries shown, the United States, Poland, the United Kingdom recorded the highest market-income Ginis in the mid-2000 (Gm). Market incomes in “working-age” households have become more unequally distributed everywhere and this trend was mostly stronger in the first half of the mid-80s to mid-2000s period. In addition, countries with data going back further, including the United Kingdom and United States, have seen significant increases in market-income Ginis before the mid-80s. Overall amounts of taxes paid and benefits received in the mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)