albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A region reporting a higher rate will not earn points for this indicator. This means for example that activities that were carried out in 2012 are rewarded financially through the P4P scheme in 2014. The level of payment in the P4P scheme is set deliberately low at the start of the programme to avoid gaming and crowding out intrinsic motivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2017 exercise examines action to address physical connectivity constraints and reduce trade costs, in particular through national and regional actions to implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. It also extends consideration of trade costs into the area of digital connectivity, network infrastructure and service markets. A picture of concerted action-by governments, development partners and the private sector- to promote trade, inclusiveness and connectivity for sustainable development emerges from this analysis. A key message that emerged from the 2015 edition of the Aid-for-Tradeata Glance publication (OECD-WTO, 2015) was that high trade costs inhibit numerous developing countries from fully exploiting the market access opportunities created by the multilateral trading system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The table below illustrates how different established pedagogies tend to lead to different kinds of learning experiences. Combining pedagogies which share common practices can help reduce the trade-offs of using too many pedagogies. For example, in a school where students are practiced in inquiry-based learning, teachers might feel more confident in combining his approach with challenges or complex projects, knowing that students are competent at managing their own learning. Studying common combinations of pedagogies can help to identity those practices which are common to several pedagogies, such as presentations of learning, or student self-assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Life's Lessons (L Anderson) From Tanglin to Baghdad (A Chua) Earthquake, SARS, Tsunami and Cyclone: Lessons from Crisis Management (R Chua) Of BMWs, Guerrillas and the Highway of Death: Snippets of a Diplomat's Life (S T De Cruz) Learning with Master Chefs: Cooking a Treaty (B Gafoor) September 11: Ground Zero in Washington DC (S Loh) Intellectual Property and Public Health: Negotiating at the World Trade Organization (V G Menon) Singapore's Diplomatic Assets (A Selverajah) Lessons from Multilateral Diplomacy (Y W Tan) Would I Choose MFA Again? (K P Wong) and other essays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The unit of observation is the proportion of each category of land use changed to another land use over a given period. Land use defined in this way establishes a link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. A given land use may take place on one, or more than one, piece of land and several land uses may occur on the same piece of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The details on how to enhance ambition of NDCs and review commitments is however subject to continued political contestation. In other words, after more than 20 years of contentious international negotiations on climate change, the Paris Agreement is not the final destination, but merely the start of a long process for the world to address climate change. Pertinent questions are: Why has international cooperation to address climate change been so difficult?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article identifies an emerging faultline in critical geography and political ecology scholarship by reviewing recent debates on three neoliberal environmental governance initiatives: Payments ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
France leads with 79.50 million arrivals and within the continent, Spain, Italy and Turkey follow. The USA hosts 62.30 million arrivals and is the world’s second most popular destination, with China, at 57.60 million arrivals in 2011, coming in third. No destination in Africa or South America features in the top 20 at all. Nevertheless, a report issued in 2008 jointly by the UNWTO and UNEP in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organisation places domestic tourists in 2005 as being over 5 times the number of international tourists, but this varies from country to country. The category of 'Visiting friends and relatives' (VFR) accounts for a large percentage of domestic tourism and thus Asian countries, often having larger and more cohesive family structures, have a significantly higher ratio of domestic to international tourists. In China (2005) the ratio of international to domestic tourists was 1:26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Its mission is to create the conditions for successful partnership between government and the private sector, and develop and consolidate their capacity to implement PPP projects and increasing private investment in the national economy. It supports PPP projects by developing documentation (the concession proposal, tender documentation, the draft concession agreement), negotiating with potential investors and concessionaries. These recommendations are based on the experience of the oblast and city of Pavlodar, but they may be equally valuable for other cities, as they present similar problems in the public utilities sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Accounting for such system costs can make significant differences to the social and private investor costs of different power generation technologies. In particular, the integration of variable renewables is a complex issue that profoundly affects the structure, financing and operational mode of electricity systems in general and nuclear in particular. The present study, overseen by the Working Party on Nuclear Energy Economics (WPNE) of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), presents an overview of the most important system effects, proposes methodologies to assess them and provides systematic empirical cost estimates. The deployment of electricity from variable renewables is also significantly affecting the economics of dispatchable power generation technologies, in particular those of nuclear power, both in the short and the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is followed by agriculture where declines in yield are projected for moderate to high levels of climate change (Table 1). It has more than 1200 certified microfmance institutions with over 13 million clients, of which 80% are below the poverty line (CDF, 2002). The high population density and relative ethnic, social and cultural homogeneity in Bangladesh have made it possible to design appropriate programs for most of the populations, meeting the needs of the rural poor and driving down the costs of service delivery (Hulme, 2006, Zaman, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the reduction of greenhouse gas em ission volumes. Legislative hearing on H.R. 3280, Lacey Act Clarifying Amendments Act, and H.R. 3324, Lacey Act Paperwork Reduction Act. House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommiteee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs. Available at: http://totalspectrumsaa.com/press/erik-autor-testifies-on-l3cev-act-fehruarv-2014 IINAS, EFI and JR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Security sector reform (SSR) has been described as a linch-pin of the liberal state-building and peace-building processes in Afghanistan. The process was originally framed in accordance with the core liberal principles of the SSR model, prioritizing good governance, respect for human rights, sustainability, and democratic civilian control. However, as time passed and security and political conditions began to deteriorate on the ground, the process would gradually revert to a more conventional train-and-equip form, with its core liberal principles stripped away. The slide toward expediency experienced by the SSR process in Afghanistan demonstrates the deeply flawed manner in which the liberal peace project was advanced in Afghanistan. SSR donors became increasingly ambivalent about the human-security objectives of SSR, which were superseded by exigencies of the counterinsurgency, regional security, and domestic pressure for withdrawal. The Afghan experience has raised further doubt about the viability of t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using an approach similar to that of the European Commission21, the Dutch model analyses policy interventions by comparing their impact against a “no intervention” scenario. A “no intervention” scenario depicts how health expenditures will affect public finances if left on current trajectories. Historical data are used to estimates parameters of interest (back-casting) which are then used to project health expenditures. The population is divided into 20 age groups (each comprising 5 years). Each age group is associated with levels of per capita expenditure for six major spending sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The information generated will also provide a report card that can help track the environmental performance of Canadian agriculture over time and assess the degree to which the sector is managing its resource use. These Reports are tabled annually in Parliament in the fall by the President of the Treasury Board on behalf of Ministers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Both of these figures suggest a more intensive use of hospital resources in Latvia compared to the OECD average. The number of inpatient procedures, however, is generally lower than the OECD average. For example, there were 106 hip replacement surgeries and 46 knee replacement surgeries per 100 000 population in Latvia, compared with the OECD average of 161 and 121 respectively in 2013. This may signal a lack of access due to actual services (as opposed to the hospital infrastructure) because of the annual quota system discussed earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It indicates the degree of income inequality that would prevail if wage dispersion was the same in finance and the rest of the economy. The results can be interpreted as measuring the raw contribution of financial sector employment to labour income inequality. A second approach adjusts earnings of each financial sector employee to the level explained by observable characteristics. Hence, it wipes out financial sector wage premia (using the decile-by-country estimates from the previous subsection).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, cities can target their policies in a way that national or regional schemes may not be able to, leading to less costly policy action. A case in point is flood mitigation activities, which are generally interdependent or generate risk externalities, for instance, channelling rivers upstream can increase flood risk downstream, and hydraulic infrastructures and land-cover composition can also affect flood risk in urban areas. Cities and their surroundings also share significant uncertainties associated with managing water resources, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It does not capture malnutrition due to low intake of micronutrients, such as minerals and vitamins. The largest percentage increases were in the middle-income countries where the value of agricultural production more than doubled for both lower middle-income countries, from $227.2 billion to $485.9 billion, and upper middle-income countries, from $293.3 billion to $722.7 billion. However, this decline has been reversed since 2000, and the value reached $91.4 billion in 2013. For the Central Asian area, excluding the Russian Federation, agricultural production grew at an annual rate of 3.9 per cent during 2000-2013, which was faster than the regional average of 3.1 per cent and the fastest in the region as a whole. For example, the average cereal yield in the world was 1,421 kg per hectare in 1961 and reached 3,861 kg in 2013, which was 2.7 times greater than previously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter deals with the assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters, as well as selected Ramsar Sites and other wetlands of transboundary importance, which are located in the basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. In the Russian part of the Amur Basin, lakes and reservoirs make up some 0.6% of the area. For most of its length it forms the border between China and the Russian Federation. Mongolia’s share of the basin is comparatively small. The Sungari/ Songhua River, which flows entirely on China's territory, is the biggest tributary of the Amur. River bank protections are being built on the Amur in 2011 in the town Blagoveshchensk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Health and public assistance programmes are also extended to the municipalities and locations with the highest incidence of extreme poverty. Achieving the goal of overcoming extreme poverty makes it necessary to break with many other paradigms. For example, poor - and extremely poor - micro-entrepreneurs have no knowledge of financial services, nor do they feel comfortable in a banking environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While in OECD countries households pay on average 40% of the cost of pharmaceuticals out of pocket, in Kazakhstan, the figure is 84% (OECD, 2018). Medicines prescribed in primary care are generally paid for by the patient, and only provided free of charge for patients with a listed “socially significant disease”. It is not known, however, the extent to which hospital drug coverage (in terms of quantities) is available for any given condition. To alleviate the cost burden of medicines for patients, the government has been gradually expanding the outpatient medicine benefit package since its introduction in 2005, but high OOP costs persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Public administration scholars often associate increased public participation in policy implementation with the advancement of democratic values. Likewise, scholars engaged in the various forms of action research (AR) promote their efforts as a means to democratizing the research process or contributing to improved social outcomes. Despite these common interests in participation and democracy, there have been few attempts to apply AR methods to policy implementation problems. Drawing on Matland’s conflict-ambiguity matrix, we develop a framework for matching particular AR methods to specific policy implementation contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, higher interest rates dampen aggregate demand and thus employment. Second, the policy interest rate tails to address the underlying causes of inflationary pressures in many countries. Those pressures are often best dealt with through targeted fiscal policies in education,health care.and investment in strategic sectors, such as agriculture and infrastructure. The lens for identifying appropriate public investment projects and credit targets needs to be gendered and ethnically representative, underscoring the important role of affirmative action in private and public decision-making bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2008 rice trade crisis has in fact accelerated pre-existing dynamics, particularly the transition from a smallholder sector to an industrial or semiindustrial sector that is more integrated and capable of competing with imported rice in terms of quality (OECD/SWAC, 2011). The sector should ideally be structured around high capacity rice mills, which have signed contracts with producers, provide seed and inputs to rice farmers, who in turn sell their production to the contracting rice mill. This would ensure a regular supply to the mill of a uniform, high quality raw material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, the relationship between the SIGI and physical capital is mixed: while naive regression with capital stock as the dependant variable yields a negative and statistically significant association, the association vanishes when including additional controls. They are available upon request. In this section, the 2SLS coefficients of the previous growth equation (equation 6) are used first to quantify the economic cost of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and second to estimate the economic gains associated with greater gender parity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There will be flexibility in the scope, frequency, and level of detail of reporting and the scope of review that takes into account the widely varying capacities of different Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of this exercise is to facilitate a shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions agreed at COP 21, and analyse the extent to which the information requested will be sufficient to meet the stated purposes of the enhanced transparency framework. Developed country Parties shall report information on support provided and climate finance mobilised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, management of the marine EEZ is fraught with difficulties that are hampering its effective implementation. The chapter suggests three pathways to the urgent improvements required: better integration of economic analysis and economic tools, innovation in governance structures and processes, and greater use of science and technology, in particular in gathering better data. These include a plethora of different agencies looking after different activities, gaps in the governance framework, weak compliance and enforcement, new and emerging uses, and lack of an equity framework for exploitation of genetic resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The very high consumption norm can possibly be explained by the high technical distribution losses in the water system. The establishment of the Water Supply Regional Development Agency and the joining of the local water authorities to the two big companies have been very good first steps towards the improvement of the water supply and sanitation situation of the country. However, critical challenges remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The global effort to establish an effective system of international justice is at an important phase in its history. After close to 50 years of relative stagnation following the Nuremberg trials at the end of World War II, the field of international criminal law has been revitalised. The establishment of the International Criminal Court, the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, “hybrid” or “internationalised” processes such as the Special Court in Sierra Leone, and national criminal justice systems exercising universal jurisdiction, have all lent substance and credibility to the assertion that the most grievous human rights crimes are subject to international scrutiny and legal action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The low-carbon transition will require mobilising of all sources of public and private sector investment and finance, including institutional investors. Governments need to use their scarce resources to trigger large-scale private sector investment in activities otherwise unlikely to attract sufficient private funding. However, some financial systems regulations hinder the allocation of longterm finance to low-carbon infrastructure investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
After all, more than 50 per cent of new businesses in the United States fail in the first four years of their existence (Shane, 2008). Successful venture capitalists are right only part of the time,14 while the gains of the winners compensate for the failures of the losers. However, particular investment failures do not mean that the strategy itself is a failure. It is important to change perceptions of the meaning of government failure. A country fund structure, as discussed above, could be helpful in doing so, since it incorporates individual decisions into a larger framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In state-level cabinets, women held an average of only 16.8% of seats in 2015, ranging from allmale cabinets in Sonora and Yucatan to 55% representation of women in Morelos. The gender gap in the judiciary is akin to that of the political executive. Women occupy only 21% of offices in first instance courts, 19% in appeal courts and 18% of judgeships in supreme courts in Mexico. However, there is a wide gender gap in top managerial positions in central government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Politicians function in shorter time spans: ministers come and go and are often judged on policies implemented by those before them. It is reasonable for a minister or politician to want results in their political lifetime. It is equally reasonable for practitioners to need more than 16 months to implement new teaching practices and establish new teacher and student roles as a result of the AfL programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
National GHG emission reduction objectives can powerfully complement carbon trading mechanisms, as the trading cap can be embedded in the national objectives, thus helping to enhance the credibility of the system (though it is the cap of the emissions trading system itself that drives the price of the carbon allowances: the more stringent the cap, the higher the price of carbon and therefore the stronger the incentive to invest in clean energy infrastructure). Long-term emission reduction objectives can take different forms, such as reduction of GHG emissions with respect to a given historical emissions level (e.g. the EU and other developed countries), reduction of emissions intensity (e.g. carbon dioxide -CO2 - emissions per unit of GDP) or limiting emissions relative to “business-as-usual” projections. Care should be taken when defining the appropriate benchmark for emission reduction objectives, as their respective outcomes in terms of GHG emissions and carbon price vary substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Subsequently a Danish Agribusiness Fund (DAF) was launched in 2016 and an SGD fund will be launched in 2017 (covering also water and sanitation related investments, in addition to climate and energy). The option of advancing on joint Nordic level (possibly making use of existing Nordic finance institution and through enhanced collaboration between Nordic DFIs) with similar initiatives (such as a Nordic Climate Investment Fund or Nordic SDG Fund) has been raised by several Nordic stakeholders. The consultations with Nordic stakeholders conducted during this study indicate an overall readiness for joint project pipeline development and de-risking initiatives.63 This raises the question of potentially more formal Nordic collaboration e.g. through the establishment of a Nordic Green Investment Bank (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)