albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Defining the proper tariff level is of particular importance when the tariff risks distorting the optimal choice of technologies and fuels. This level is meant to reflect the socio-economic cost of investment and operation of the power system related to additional electricity consumption. The level acknowledges that new demand can impose costs for investing in and operating the electric transmission and distribution system. At the same time, the marginal cost of introducing new demand will be significantly lower than the average cost of capital and operation for the electric transmission and distribution system.4 A similar issue applies for transmission and distribution tariffs for natural gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Three specifications have been used to provide three estimates of the reduction in well-being associated with gender-based discriminatory social institutions (see Table 4 columns 7,8 and 9). In equation 4, oc2 can be interpreted as the marginal effect, which corresponds to the country’s average level of subjective well-being changes when the SIGI changes from 0 to 1, holding all other variables in the equation constant (i.e. partial derivative). Given our linear approach, the higher the SIGI, the higher the decline in absolute life satisfaction7, with the highest reduction found in the Middle East and North African, sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The words and actions of candidate, President-Elect, and now President Donald Trump indicate that this Administration will aggressively seek to use state power with little regard for the rule of law. A great deal has been written about the constitutional and administrative law regulating inter- and intra-branch separation of powers. However, there is no comprehensive legal and theoretical analysis of government lawyers as lawyers, subject to regulation by state rules of professional conduct and other positive legal standards. This Article engages with numerous contested issues in the law of lawyering to provide a constructive legal and ethical conception of government legal advisors. In practical terms, it may serve as a source of guidance for lawyers in the new administration, or as a roadmap for discipline by lawyer regulators. More theoretically, it defends a conception of the rule of law as a practice of reason-giving, not dependent upon legal objectivity or determinacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Twenty years ago, for example, such a list would not have included an Internet connection. Go back a litde further in time and ‘having at least one meal a day with meat, chicken or fish’ would not have been regarded as normal. In fact the longer the historical view the more obvious it becomes that poverty is an essentially relative concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Direct redistribution has also been occurring in all Nordic countries for many years locally and regionally as this study has documented, and it is currently a wide-spread activity in most countries. The main reason behind redistribution has been social security, where charity organisations have contributed to better life conditions for low-income people through serving of meals and delivering food bags. The new dimension of food redistribution in the last few years is that preventing food waste has been a positive side-effect for the society. It is not known to what extent the regions involved in the survey are representative for the situations in each of the Nordic countries. It can be expected to have a higher importance in larger cities and urban areas than in smaller cities and rural areas, but this need to be more deeply studied in a following-up study. Some results are available from the networks of food banks, as they have to register the amount of food being received from donators (FEBA 2014].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Data are presented for both “claimed priorities” (CP) (i.e. inventions for which protection is sought in at least two countries) and “singulars” (i.e. inventions protected only in one country). This distinction is useful because it indicates different market value of the inventions patented (see OECD, 2011). With respect to energy storage, there was significant “take-off” around 1990, with a six-fold increase in singulars since that point. Claimed priorities have tripled in the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The papers that cover the period between the 1970s and early 2000s generally find a statistically significant relationship, where a 1% increase in unemployment decreases total mortality by between 0.3 to 1.1%. However, more recent papers that use similar methodologies but cover more recent time periods, are generally concluding that the relationship between overall mortality and unemployment is statistically insignificant (Mclnerney and Mellor,2012, Stuckler et al., Based on 17 separate cohort studies (with data from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) the meta-analysis showed that those with high levels of self-reported job insecurity were 1.32 times more likely to have a CHD event than those who reported low job insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This includes the distribution of resources between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and local), across resource types (e.g. human resources, physical resources) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae and special targeted programmes). In addition, it also discusses the distribution of school facilities (e.g. organisation of the school network), the organisation of teacher resources (e.g. number of teachers, teacher preparation), the organisation of school leadership resources (e.g. number and profile of school leaders) and resources targeted at specific student groups (e.g. special needs, programmes for disadvantaged students). In 2011, Kazakhstan’s capital expenditure, which refers to the spending on assets that last longer than one year (e.g. construction, renovation or major repair of buildings and new or replacement equipment), represented 2.5% of its primary and 3.6% of its secondary education expenditure, compared to 7.7% and 7.1%, respectively, across OECD countries (see Figure 3.1) (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The national event, “A drop of water is a grain of gold”, is widely celebrated every year at the beginning of April. There is widespread public understanding that water should be managed economically in a sound way. It became clear during the past decade that there would be a water shortage if the volume of water in the Amu Darya River were to decrease owing to the traditional method of water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, beginning teachers should be given every opportunity to work in a stable and well-supported school environment, and the probation decision should be taken by a panel which is well trained and resourced for assessing new teachers. First, initial teacher education can be made more selective as no teacher shortage exists. Potentially useful initiatives include: providing more information and counselling to prospective student teachers so that better informed enrolment decisions are made, procedures that try to assess whether the individuals wanting to become teachers have the necessary motivation, skills, knowledge and personal qualities, incentive schemes to recruit candidates with high-level competencies, and flexible programme structures that provide students with school experience early in the course, and opportunities to move into other courses if their motivation towards teaching changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the medium term, technological changes play a more important role in explaining growth. In the long run, risk factors, such as obesity, and changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases also enter the picture (Thorpe et al., Factors influencing the future trajectory of health spending include demand-side factors, such as ageing and the health status of a population, income growth, and consumers' behaviour, supply-side drivers, such as technological progress and changes in treatment practices, productivity, and health prices2, and regulatory factors, such as institutional characteristics of health systems and their financing'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
By using complementary information across variables, a broader view on STI-related development finance can be presented. Figure 3.3 illustrates the three-tiered methodological approach used in this analysis. The activities identified through the sector codes also includes support for telecommunication and other ICT infrastructure developments in countries and regions as well as other initiatives to strengthen digital skills or bridging the digital divide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter reviews the fascinating history of legal efforts to increase economic and racial diversity in housing. One approach, exemplified by the New Jersey Supreme Court's landmark Mount Laurel decision, required municipalities to guarantee a certain number of affordable housing units through inclusionary zoning of residential developments. Another, exemplified by the endless Yonkers litigation, sought diversity as part of a civil rights remedy. A third is the Gautreaux litigation seeking to move public housing tenants to the suburbs. I use these and other policy disputes to examine the law's effectiveness in promoting diversity in an area dominated by powerful market pressures, a strong classicist ethos, and competing diversity claims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The report still indicates a certain thematic asymmetry in global NUPs. The most concerning aspect is the insufficient attention paid to matters of environmental sustainability and climate resilience. The growing recognition of the weight of urbanisation on environmental issues illustrated in the SDGs or the Paris Agreement, and the fact that extremely vulnerable regions such as the Arab States and Africa address it the least in their NUPs, calls for action to raise awareness, capacity and resources to integrate a concern for climate change and environmental issues much more strongly into NUPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Even though the total number of pupils enrolled is much higher than before, this still means that after seven years of schooling, almost half remain largely illiterate and unable to function better in society (Lugongo, 2010). Particularly unhelpful is the suffusion of policy with governance. For instance, in many agencies, good governance is tantamount to right development policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Germany underwent a sociolegal process from strict drug prohibition to a multi-focus approach: harsh repression of drug supply and specific treatment against consumption. Criminal law now opens pathways to four different manners of demand reduction by treatment: commitment to closed forensic hospitals, combination of probation or parole with a treatment order, treatment within penitentiaries and deferring indictment or punishment in favour of treatment. Although each of these modalities represents coerced treatment, the methods are diverse and can be of the drug-free or maintenance type as well as in- or out-patient treatment. Evidently there are conceptual and implementation problems to each of these strategies. But all in all they represent the insight that drug behaviour can only be changed by public health measures rather than by criminal law as such.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Returning foreign-bom students are foreign-bom students of one or more Swedish-bom parents. Among first-generation immigrant students, non-native speakers were 13 percentage points less likely to report a sense of belonging at school compared to native-speakers. By contrast, for second-generation immigrant students, returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage, there is no statistically significant difference in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These three world conferences witnessed extraordinary activism on the part of women from around the world and laid the groundwork for the world conferences in the 1990s to address women's rights, including the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 (see below). It sought to review the status of the human rights machinery in place at the time. Women's rights activists mobilized to ensure that women's human rights were fully on the agenda of the international community under the rallying cry "Women's Rights are Human Rights."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By the mid-1990s, it w'as investing more in education than any other country (relative to GDP). Important efforts w'ere made to increase the quality and supply of human capital and a number of reforms were introduced along with expanded public investment in education and R&D. Finland was thus able to upgrade its human capital by transforming its education system from less-than-average to one of the best international performers, becoming a modem publicly funded system with a high degree of equity, good quality and wide participation. Countercyclical policies compensated for the decline in business R&D expenditure during the crisis. Domestic investment in research and innovation started to expand rapidly in the second half of the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Increasingly, the provision of social assistance types of support is linked to certain conditions, as participation in health programmes or education (see Barrientos, 2013 for a full discussion). Social support can also be delivered through the tax system (for example, favourable tax treatment of families with children or contributions to private pension plans). In Asia, this manner of providing social support is most prevalent in higher income countries such as Japan and Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The main objective is for this to be replicated across the entire industrial sector. These kinds of projects are easily replicated in developing countries with similar industrial sectors. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: "By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By 2015, around one third of Chilean banks were actively involved in financing renewables, including solar PV, wind and small hydro power projects (OECD, 2016). The increasing engagement of the Chilean domestic financial market shows the important role that development co-operation can play in building domestic investor confidence in the Chilean renewable energy sector, and improving the industry’s access to finance (OECD Development Centre, 2018). In addition, a banking consortium, advised by Milbank, and including Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Credit Agricole and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, provided a 15-year loan and a letter of credit facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The “Pedagogical Approach Networks” are all able, therefore, to summarise a complex set of elements that together make up the overall approach. These diverse elements embrace pedagogy and include a philosophy of what is important to address in learning and how to rectify certain shortcomings apparent in much of the mainstream schooling on offer in their systems. That they are networks encourages this feature of coherence and an explicit approach, needing to develop a set of cornerstones that can be shared with others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An appropriate combination of external sources of finance (loans, grants) and donor co-ordination is a prerequisite for obtaining financing under FEMIP. The intent is to finance the preparation of at least eight projects in countries with limited project preparation capacities, such as Congo-Brazzaville, Burundi or Niger. They have been particularly useful in regions where they have been set up to accompany well-defined policies, such as in to support the upgrading of infrastructure in countries candidate for accession into the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which launched its Green Economy Initiative in 2008, a green economy is one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, it is low-carbon, resource-efficient and socially inclusive (UNEP, 2011). This general definition integrates economic, social and environmental concerns in ways akin to sustainable development. Yet in practice, as the World Survey shows, there are many versions of green economy thinking. It is argued that the emerging green technology economy will be worth $4.2 trillion annually by 2020.’3 Other strands emphasize market-based approaches to environmental protection through financial valuation of natural capital, payments for ecosystem services and schemes for trading carbon and biodiversity credits and offsets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender parity is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic opportunity for countries. Research using the SIGI 2014 results reveals that gender-based discrimination in social institutions is significant and represents a cost of USD 575 billion for the MENA region (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016). Addressing the obstacles to women’s and girls’ empowerment could benefit the economy as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Maximum allowance is limited to annual earnings up to EUR 36 400. Above EUR 36 400 maximum allowance reduces gradually to reach EUR 60 at annual earnings of EUR 60 000 and beyond. This part of special expenses relief will be abolished as of 1 January 2016. The lump sum of EUR 60 and costs related to contracts concluded before 2016 will be paid until 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This statement created an important foundation for embedding gender considerations in national laws, policies and services. Partner governments endorsed the gender mainstreaming strategy for policy design and public service delivery contained in the Platform for Action, which emphasises the responsibility of all government agencies in addressing issues of gender inequality. The gender mainstreaming approach responds to evidence that policies and programmes generally will have a different impact on women and men because men and women tend to have different responsibilities, needs and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The wood energy sector is largely informal and often insufficiently reflected in economic statistics. Strategies in Burkina Faso and the United Republic of Tanzania have supported fuelwood plantations and many countries have programmes for improved stoves, yet biomass is generally regarded as an affordable but unclean source of energy. Demand for fuelwood has also contributed to forest degradation. However, if well managed, woody biomass can be affordable, clean and renewable. Arkhangelsk (the Russian Federation) is increasing wood energy production both for local heating needs and for export (wood pellets), and lower-income countries have great potential to use the resource more efficiently as part of broader sustainable energy strategies. This is an important issue and a barrier to change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The ‘causal wars’ (Scriven 2008) are controversies currently plaguing a variety of fields of the applied social and life sciences including ageing studies, criminology, dentistry, development economics, education, medicine, psychology and social policy, among others. The main issue in these controversies is the role randomised controlled trials (RCTs) ought to play in the evaluation of treatment and policy options. Some, e.g., proponents of ‘evidence-based medicine’ argue that evidence from RCTs is the gold standard. Their opponents deny RCTs any special role in the evaluation of treatments. But whereas defenders of RCTs can be said to follow an epistemic paradigm (‘experimentalism’), their opponents make many detailed criticism, but have so far not developed a unified alternative. To present such an alternative is the aim of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 8.3 looks at monitoring the main actions taken for helping LDCs to face climate change. As these countries are less responsible for the phenomenon but suffer more as victims, we focus on the adaptation challenge underlined in the IPoA. We examine the international support to the adaptation policies, in particular through the LDC Fund, noticeably in the implementation of NAPAs of the LDCs. In the second part, we examine the extent to which resources and climate policies implemented since 2011 meet the guidelines of the IPoA and whether they are consistent with the assessment of vulnerability made in the previous section. However, this view generally does not rely on a quantitative evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The indicator of the risk of increasing aridity and desertification relies on the same distinction between the exposure to a shock and the size of the shock. The exposure can here be proxied by the actual share of dry land in the country (or the actual average level of rainfall in the country). The higher the share of dry land (or the lower the rainfall level), the higher is the risk of being affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Stock measures reflect the pool of human capital available in the economy at a specific point in time whereas flows reflect the contributions of incoming cohorts to the stock of human capital. A number of researchers have constructed international data sets that attempt to measure both stocks and flows of human capital across a large number of countries. Women are, however, overrepresented among university nonprofessionals and among those with some education beyond high school. Men, on the other hand, are overrepresented among high school graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since then, uptake has increased tenfold (Eydal and Gislason, 2014), although there have been recent falls: in 2013, 28.5% of fathers took their leave, lower than the 32.7% share in 2005 (NOSOSCO, 2015). And, while eligible fathers took an average of 101 days of leave in 2007, the number had fallen to 73 days by 2014 (Directorate of Labour, 2015). The decline is probably related to the reduction in benefit in recent years. In the wake of the economic crisis in 2007/08, Iceland lowered the ceiling on its eamings-related parental benefit - which nominally replaced 80% of earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The development of a National Action Plan on AMR was initiated by the Ministry of Health in 2016. Falling smoking prevalence and the introduction of local cardiac services from the mid-1990s explain part of the steady decline in heart disease. Yet Malta records relatively high levels of deaths within 30 days of admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, at 9.5 per 100 admissions among those aged 45 years and older, compared with 7.4 in the EU and 5.5 in Italy (2013) Similarly, higher-than-EU-average case-fatality rates were recorded for people hospitalised for stroke. Taken together, this may point to potentially systemic challenges in providing high quality treatment in the acute sector, although further investigation of the data is needed to better understand the causes for Malta’s lower performance on these indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)