albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Research from Germany shows that the suspension of formal training for apprentice supervisors seems to have had a negative impact - higher drop-out rates and more complaints from companies about the performance of their apprentices (BIBB, 2008). In Flanders a study of internships (Ruelens etal., It would be therefore important to ensure that in-company supervisors are adequately prepared - the stronger the workplace training element in a programme, the more it is necessary to give targeted training to in-company supervisors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It may be caused by natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the composition of the atmosphere and climate variability attributable to natural causes. For more details, see the glossary of terms in IPCC (2014b, annex II).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finance and insurance also experienced solid growth. Some jobs have been rationalised, particularly in banks, but new specialised financial services grew, at least up until the onset of the Global Financial Crisis. Employment growth is dominated by employment concentrations in hospitals, as well as large numbers of people employed in nursing homes, GP medical services, childcare and non-residential care. Education is also showing solid growth, driven by increasing population, demand for learning and increasingly, education exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Canada, the Federal Employment Insurance Programme provides 35 weeks of paid parental leave, while unpaid leave periods can be longer. For example, the province of Quebec provides up to 52 weeks of unpaid leave, during which period eligible clients can claim benefits under the Quebec Parental Insurance Plan. In the Czech Republic, parental benefit can be received until a child is 48 months old, while the job-protected period of leave stops at month 36. In Germany, there is a family leave entitlement of up to three years, but the paid-leave period is limited - an income-related parental allowance (“Eltemgeld") is paid for a period of 12 months, plus a two-month bonus if the father takes at least two months leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These boundaries are often contested, not least because they are more attractive to those on the favoured side of the boundary than to those left out in the cold. Post-secondary vocational education and training, uncomfortably straddling these contested boundaries, inevitably finds it hard to define its own territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ewen Speed and Russell Mannion correctly identify several contours of the challenges for health policy in what it is useful to think of as a post-democratic era. I argue that the problem for public health is not populism per se, but rather the distinctive populism of the right coupled with the failure of the left to develop compelling counternarratives. Further, defences of 'science' must be tempered by recognition of the unavoidably political dimensions of the (mis)use of scientific findings in public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They found that radiative forcing from increased albedo approximately balanced the effect of released CO2 for about the first 30 years, i.e., the time assumed for logged areas to reach an albedo equivalent to forests. The model of Bright et al. ( They have also ignored the feedback from increased global temperatures on the length of the snow season, leading to considerable uncertainty about the actual climate effects of changes in albedo versus carbon stocks under increased forest harvesting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The fact that public policies have an undeniable role in this process of change has at least three consequences. Within the family, it establishes the need for co-responsibility between men and women. Secondly, it highlights the need to adopt comprehensive and integrated measures on behalf of those who require care and those who provide it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The social value and time burden of women's unpaid work is essentially ignored, and there is no real commitment to promoting gender equality in the distribution of that work (Daly 2011). However, the result for growth ultimately depends on the gender distribution of social reproduction. If a state is successful in using social and labour market policies to push an economy into (or maintain, in the case of changing structures of production) a wage-led regime, growth may still be elusive if the provision of care is constrained by the time squeeze associated with a more traditional gender division of labour. Maintaining such a division between women and men, with the consequence that women's labour market attachment is more limited, may help protect the production of human capacities, but at the cost of constraining women’s contributions to market production and lower overall economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, Korea had a limited number of cancer centres in the early 2000s but built a National Cancer Center, nine designated regional cancer centres (designated hospitals for cancer care established in province levels) and 23 private cancer hospitals in recent years to overcome limited capacity and also to reduce regional disparities in delivering high-quality cancer care. In Canada, in the early 2000s most provinces had one cancer centre, but now all provinces have at least one centre. Furthermore, in Hungary, the number of cancer care institutions, including private hospitals, has been increasing throughout the 2000s, and in Chile the number of public cancer care centres increased from 19 in 2002 to 21 in 2010, at the same time as they were equipped to provide care for patients with different types of cancer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Clearly, there is lot of ground to be covered. Most workplace initiatives provide childcare for higher-level workers in large firms and in financial or business services. However, there is an unmef demand for childcare by low-wage workers (Hein and Cassirer, ILO, 2010b). The authors report that Chile, Kenya and Thailand provide examples of childcare provision for rural agricultural workers in a gender equitable manner through public-private partnerships and employer tax incentives (ILO, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lower wage single parents with two children also face a negative tax burden for similar reasons (OECD, 2013c). This results in a high implicit tax on returning to work, due to the income tax and social contributions that would have to be paid, the elimination of the parental allowance and other income related benefits such as the housing allowance for low-wage earners, and the childcare fees that would have to be paid in the unlikely event that a place in a creche is available (Figure 2.13). The 2012 update is currently under-way but the changes in benefits and taxation in the Czech Republic are expected to leave implicit taxes on returning to work broadly unchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regional innovation strategies need to reveal the reasons why the neighbouring area is a good partner for collaboration in this field, whether due to complementarities in areas of specialisation, cost differentials in labour or land markets, common interests in branding, etc. However, if there are few opportunities for firms to collaborate with other firms, universities or technology transfer offices on the other side of the border, then forcing collaboration will only waste resources. In the North of England, within-country cross-regional efforts sought to build greater critical mass and political power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When the government does intervene in the agricultural sector, care should be taken to ensure that policy support is designed in a way that it can be removed in the future without causing significant disruption. Policies that encourage the modernisation of agricultural production at the same time as supporting rural incomes include the machinery-purchase subsidy and the improved seed variety subsidy. Focusing on the first of these, purchasers receive a 30% discount on a list of approved equipment, with the purchase price of a single item not allowed to exceed 50 000 RMB (Ni, 2013). The list is updated every three years and has 185 eligible equipment types.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One policy used to address the issue is increasing the de minimis value, which is the value under which shipments qualify for duty-free treatment and simplified customs clearance. While the reduction of the workload for governments is the main argument for increasing de minimis levels, there are challenges that this solution brings such as the increased need to manage illegal traffic. Information-sharing between customs authorities and e-commerce firms for better risk assessment is crucial to reduce the risk that harmful or counterfeit products slip by under a higher de minimis threshold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These schools are often managed by non-profit organisations but are under the supervision and responsibility of local authorities. In addition, there are vocational schools under the authority of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour that teach “traditional” trades, such as vehicle maintenance and construction for the equivalent of Grades 9 to 12. The sector is relatively small, with about 13 500 students in around 70 institutions, equivalent to only 3% of the total number of Grade 9 to 12 students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Depending especially on the catchment characteristics and intensity of rainfall, relatively stable flow or short-duration flooding may result in rain-fed rivers. The beds of rivers flowing into desert sinks may be dry for a significant part of the year. The seasonal water availability situation is further influenced by climate variability and change. Consequently, the water management challenges vary in time and space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The poverty line is defined as 60% of median disposable income in each year, adjusted for household size. Of those aged 17 and under, almost a third was below the 60% of median income poverty line in 2012. By contrast, poverty increased only marginally among the elderly. This marks the continuation of a trend that can be observed since 2004, whereby falling poverty rates of the elderly were the main driver behind the mild downward trend in overall poverty rates. Not surprisingly, this trend has not been affected by the crisis, as the elderly were not affected by deteriorating labour market conditions and pensions, the main income source for this income group, were not reduced for those at the bottom of the income distribution. Since 2009, the unemployment rate has risen from 9.5% to 13.9% in the second quarter of 2014, with an intermediate peak of almost 17.5% (Figure 2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The contrast between such a transport facility and a cattle dealer picking up animals in a private car is stark. Large investments are foreseen in large-scale modern cattle breeding units, improvements of breeding stock, and increasing the provision of feedstuffs, including through better pasturelands. This programme largely focuses on the development of a large-scale commercial production. Its cost, however, should be compared to that of other policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since the mid-1990s, as growing numbers of Governments have expressed concern about adolescent fertility, the number of Governments with policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility has also risen in both more and less developed regions, as well as across major world regions, with the exception of Northern America where both Canada and the United States of America have had such policies and programmes since 1996. These developments have occurred in an environment of rapid technological innovation and societal change in which increasing availability of and access to a range of effective contraceptive methods have been critical in reducing fertility and improving reproductive and child health. Moreover, having information and access to safe and effective methods of family planning is part of reproductive rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Are judgments written by professional judges more likely to elicit compliance? I exploit exogenous variation in the composition of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) chambers to evaluate this question. I find that judgments written by panels with a relatively high proportion of career judges are more likely to be implemented quickly than are judgments that come from panels with high proportions of former academics, legal diplomats, politicians, or private practitioners. This suggests that the performance of international courts could be improved by changing their professional composition. Theoretically, it implies that compliance is not merely a function of political incentives but also of the characteristics of those who interpret international law. Professional judges are both important compliance constituencies and consumers of legal reasoning. I build on sociological theories of the legal profession to explain why professional judges may be more amenable to judgments written by other professional judges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Simultaneously, the agricultural sector also experiences an increase in productivity (Lewis, 1954). The advantages can be realised through physical capital accumulation and by exploiting economies-of-scale effects. Moreover, technological change through innovations and human capital accumulation through industrialisation act as key drivers for overall economic growth. Finally, as the income of economies increases, the share of income spent on agricultural goods tends to decrease, which shifts aggregate expenditures more on manufactured goods. This opens an opportunity for participation in world markets as demand for manufactured goods diversifies, leading to the need for higher production capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACT Since intellectual property rights (IPRs) and services were introduced to the international trade regime, state regulation on development sensitive issues such as access to education and medicines is directly affected by multilateral and bilateral trade agreements. By adopting a global governance analytical approach to trade politics and a comparative research strategy, the article shows, on the one hand, how national positions on trade in education and IPR have been defined, coordinated and contested in developing contexts and, on the other, the implications of these trade policies on a range of scales. Case studies in Argentina, Peru, Chile and Ecuador will enable us to discuss, on the grounds of extensive primary empirical data, how the apparent conflict between development and liberalization principles is being managed in free trade agreements in Southern countries, and with what outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At sea, most oil is used by the fishing fleet, while on land oil is used to produce electricity and heat, and for transport. According to the National Statistical Authority of the Faroe Islands the major part of the oil is related to fisheries as the fishing fleet consumes 44.4% of the oil while other vessels consume another 3.5% while 10.6% is related to other types of transport. Households, public institutions, retail and service businesses and industry together consume 28.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the time required to complete an interview is an important factor to consider for the success of the survey, since respondents will be less likely to complete interviews that are lengthy or complex. Attention to the length of individual questions is also important, especially when a survey is conducted over the telephone. Data requirements will therefore need to be balanced with the need to minimize respondent burden and to reduce drop-off rates and item non-response. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This relates to the implementation of 30 June 2015 amendment to the School Act that stipulates that only students with an identified disability should attend a special school or a special class in a mainstream school (see Chapter 2). Also, one way to remove the financial incentive for SEN categorisation is to make the funding for SEN dependent on factors outside the school’s control (such as social deprivation indicators for the local community) and also to provide a fixed percentage of funding for all basic schools to spend on those students it considers require additional support (as suggested above). The Ministry of Education should consider removing at least part of such additional funding for gifted students and instead focus on ensuring an appropriate and differentiated curriculum for able and talented students within the regular classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While upper-middle income countries are rapidly increasing research spending, driven largely by the increase efforts by the People’s Republic of China, R&D as a share of GDP is static in low- and lower middle-income countries. The absence of STI strategies and policies hinders many countries from taking advantage of the possibilities of STI for development. Elaborating policies that create a friendly business climate and which incentivises research and development can bring additional investments for economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although the estimates presented in the report were only indicative, the figures still demonstrated the magnitude of the benefits provided by ecosystems and, in this case, the network of protected areas or Natura 2000. Among the prioritized actions is the effort to establish a coherent system for mapping and analyzing of the status and trend of biodiversity, including ecological, social and economic aspects. The development of such an integrated system takes place within the framework of MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services) an initiative by the European Commission to support the Member States in the efforts to map and analyze their biodiversity and ecosystems, and to integrate the results into national policies and decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Importantly, policies on regulation and competition need to stimulate integrated care, which requires clarity for all stakeholders about how the rules around competition and integration will be interpreted in practice. The evolution of such models does not need to be standardised, and can be tailored to the specific health needs of local communities. A review of six initiatives1 considered successful in increasing integration found that, although they spanned five countries and differed in their design and payment systems, a common denominator was the high degree of bundling in their payment systems, with a single budget used to pay for multiple components of a person’s health and social care (Hagbjer, 2012). Several initiatives also integrated the delivery of health and social care in one organisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This collaboration started years before Chile became a member of the OECD in 2010. As a part of this work, in 2004, the OECD performed a review of national policies for education and an analysis of the Chilean education system. The reviews deliver policy recommendations, which can be complemented with OECD advice on implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article explores theoretical and historical problems associated with representations of gender and race in the Third World. Using a feminist cultural studies approach, the author examines representations associated with the concept of African tradition that have shaped colonial and post-colonial education policy for girls in Tanzania. Archival materials from missionary, colonial, and African sources reveal the multiple and often conflicting views of tradition conveyed through programmes intended to increase African girls' participation in school. The uses of tradition in colonial policy making are compared with its meanings in contemporary educational programmes for girls in an attempt to further feminist scholarship and action around the issue of girls' education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See PUEC-UNAM (2013). This means that, on average, residents in this neighbourhood have transport expenses of MXN 1 500 per month, which represents 80% of the average monthly payments for houses acquired in the neighbourhood. Based on various sources (inhabitants, commercial agents, transport service providers and field visits), it is estimated that 30-40% of houses in Paseos de San Juan are vacant (Negrete, and Paquette Vassalli, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, recent evidence, in particular from Germany, suggests that this is increasingly the case. The present analysis is based on daily market data from EEX, the largest European electricity exchange operator. The available data cover the period between first January 2005 and the end of July 2010. An initial simplified case evaluates the potential benefits of load following of an ideal electricity generator that has no technical or economical constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Analysis of wildlife seizures and data collected on spatial and temporal trafficking trends can help to inform the design of more effective conservation regimes, including how to improve the allocation of available resources more efficiently and shape law enforcement actions more effectively. Consistently high economic growth in these countries has fuelled consumers to seek the same status goods that only elites could afford previously, such as works of art from ivory and the use of rhino horn in traditional medicine (TRAFFIC, 2013).2 Wildlife trafficking is now the fifth most lucrative criminal activity, after the global trade in narcotics, arms, counterfeits and humans, and has more than doubled since 2007. The cost of ivory depends on the form in which it is sold, though prices as high as USD 2 100 per kilogramme have been reported (Vigne & Martin 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The main reason for this is that there is less transportation in the Nordic scenario, and the final fate of the textiles after reuse (incineration/landfill) also plays a role. It is noted here that the documentation for the recycling process is of poor quality, and the results shall therefore primarily be used as an indication of which types of environmental impacts are affected by the process - and how. The poor data quality in this scenario primarily concerns the input of energy in relation to the output of recovered chemicals (DMT and EG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the gap between women and men in economic participation and political empowerment remains wide: only 60% of the economic outcomes gap1 and only 21% of the political outcomes gap have been closed (World Economic Forum, 2013). Disparities remain in access to education, employment and entrepreneurship, as well as access to social and political opportunities. This gap is also present in the public sector. Women are still underrepresented among public sector decision-makers in the legislature, the political executive, the courts and senior levels of administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A territorial approach can thus be a helpful entry' point from which to explore the complexity of economic and social diversity in a country and to formulate FSN strategies able to respond to diverse needs. These policies, reflecting the heterogeneity of metropolitan, rural adjacent and rural remote societies, aim to reduce risks, increase rural households’ resilience to shocks, promote development and boost livelihoods. Addressing rural poverty and inequalities requires a holistic approach acknowledging the diversity of regional spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)