albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, the stocktake will consider the overall effect of NDCs, yet information on the expected impact of NDCs on future levels of GHG emissions is unlikely to be reported or available for many NDCs. Further, a large number of INDCs have been expressed in non-GHG terms (e.g. goals for renewable energy, energy efficiency, forest cover, creation of institutions), and estimating the expected impact of such goals on future GHG emissions is often challenging. Reporting by individual Parties on support provided under the Paris Agreement is unlikely to provide such an overview, even with voluntary reporting by a larger number of Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Unlike in the other European Union Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, most government support in Moldova in the energy sector is the result of reduced taxes and tax exemptions. In 2015 only, mostly due to reduced taxation, the state budget failed to collect an estimated USD 48.2 mln, or 0.7% of GDP. In addition to tax exemptions and tax rate reductions, the Moldovan government supports consumers by making direct transfers to disadvantaged people and by keeping energy utility prices below cost-recovery levels. The government assumes the risk of covering losses of indebted energy companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All six SEE economies have legislation on soil, water, and biodiversity in relation to agriculture. However, there is substantial room for improvement, particularly in transposing the Nitrates Directive (1991/676/EC), and enforcing all of them. Albania and Kosovo have adopted land consolidation strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, the enhanced transparency framework will be facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive, respectful of national sovereignty, avoid undue burden for Parties, and both build on and enhance the transparency arrangements under the UNFCCC. Decision 1/CP.21 contains further guiding principles that are to be taken into account, such as the need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities, ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and quality of their current reporting, avoid duplication, and facilitate improved reporting and transparency over time. Section 3 highlights the main changes between the existing provisions and the enhanced transparency framework for mitigation and support proposed in the Paris Agreement, as well as lessons learned from existing experience under the UNFCCC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Access to land by large investors remains a long and unclear process. Investing companies can be granted only limited land rights and must receive a location licensing. The government has worked continuously on simplifying and speeding up business licensing and investment procedures, but investors are still required to obtain various sector-specific technical licenses from different government agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The number of intellectual property rights cases brought before Chinese courts tripled between 2009 and 2013. Subsequently, China’s Leading Group of Overall Reform has established specific courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou focusing on intellectual property. Transparency as well as the extent of judicial efficiency and independence will be important determinants in how effective these institutions are in protecting intellectual property rights and private returns to innovation. Strengthening patent rights and further rural financial development will be beneficial, but so will measures that encourage knowledge spillovers and reduce barriers to firm entry into rural sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Additionally, data on the forest cover seem to be overestimated, due to the fact that fruit tree plantations and areas covered by shrubs and bushes are also counted as "forests". Bodi publications provide very similar values (421,100 and 421,200 ha) for 2013. The state forest fund accounts for 1.8 million ha, including 0.4 million ha of forests and 1.4 million ha of non-forested areas, e.g. pastures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
During two annual National Immunization Days, normally held each January and February, approximately 170 million children under 5 are vaccinated by immunization teams going door-to-door to every house in the country. Pause for a second to examine those numbers. Then consider what characterizes the highest-risk areas for poliovirus transmission: high-density living, poor sanitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The following section is by no means exhaustive, but addresses some of the key challenges in the critical areas of sustainable livelihoods, consumption, production, market change and encouraging sustainable entrepreneurship. As such, livelihoods cut across issues of consumption and production, private goods and commons and different forms of capital. Education and innovation are necessary for developing an understanding - by individuals and communities - about assets available to them, familiarity with livelihood strategies, risks associated with each strategy and skills necessary for undertaking productive practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The fact that the International Criminal Court has not been granted universal jurisdiction exercisable proprio motu has often been criticized on the basis that it will leave some offences beyond its power to prosecute. This article investigates whether the drafters of the Rome Statute were necessarily wrong in deciding not to grant the court such jurisdiction. It concludes that to have given the Court universal jurisdiction would have been lawful under current international law, and would have provided a welcome reaffirmation of the concept. Still, the nature of the cooperation regime and of the Prosecutor's investigatory remit, would mean that such jurisdiction would be difficult, if not impossible, for the Court to use. As the Court has to operate in a world of sovereign States, not all of whom are sympathetic to it, the drafters' choice was a prudent one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this regard, it has emphasized the State obligations to prevent and respond to all instances of gender-based violence, including enforced disappearances, securing women's participation in truth-seeking processes, and protecting women's right to a remedy, among other requirements (A/HRC/WGEID/98/2). Ill, and A/HRC/1 7/23, chap. It is no coincidence that those most likely to be trafficked (irregular migrants, stateless persons, non-citizens and asylum seekers, members of minority groups) are especially susceptible to discrimination and intolerance, based on their gender, race, ethnicity, religion and other distinguishing factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The aim of the paper is to attempt to answer whether impartiality is the basis of global justice, and if so, what type of impartiality should be considered: closed impartiality (Rawls) or open impartiality (Sen). The problem is analysed by comparing the conception of impartiality put forward by Rawls (the ‘veil of ignorance’) with the conception approved by Sen (the impartial spectator), followed by pointing out the reasons (arguments) why Sen chooses to prefer open impartiality based on the model of impartial spectator rather than the impartiality stemming from the contractarian tradition. The analyses lead to the conclusion that both conceptions of impartiality are equally closed or no less open, and in Sen’s case the actual basis of global justice are the idea of human rights and the pluralist conception of personal identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Washington programme places higher priority on protecting natural areas than the Oregon programme and its governance is less centralised. Vancouver and Clark County have revised their comprehensive and implementing regulations to comply with the GMA. Both local programmes have been found to comply with the act. The act calls for periodic updates to local plans to ensure continued compliance as growth occurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Background paper prepared for World Economic and Social Survey 2011. The Resource Outlook to 2050: By How Much Do Land, Water and Crop Yields Need to Increase by 2050? Paper presented at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Meeting, June 24-26, 2009, Rome on “How to Feed the World in 2050.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The amendment entered into force on 1 April 2015. The Board continues to closely follow drug policy developments in the region, including the adoption of amendments to the legal frameworks regulating substances under international control in Costa Rica, Guatemala and Jamaica. A regional seminar on the role of research in the development of effective policy in the field of drug abuse prevention was held in Port of Spain from 29 to 31 October 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such complaints are stimulated by a system of financial compensation (e.g. in the form of a share of the fine imposed) to citizens who inform the authorities of illegal activities (chapter 1). In the case of a serious complaint, a working group is established with the participation of the police, the Ministry' of Environment and Tourism, other relevant ministries, local authorities and NGOs. The working group reviews whether the reported non-compliance is actually happening, w'ithin the deadline of 14 days established for complaints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As an organising principle within multi-level governance systems, subsidiarity stipulates that decisions should be taken at the lower of any two levels of politico-legal organisation, unless compelling reasons argue in favour of moving decision-making to the higher level. In the judicial field, the principle has found expression, procedurally, in the exhaustion of domestic remedies rule and, substantively, in the margin of appreciation and similar deference-granting doctrines. These judicial manifestations of the subsidiarity principle should particularly likely to appear in the context of courts exercising jurisdiction over individual human rights complaints. This article investigates the extent to which three sub-regional courts in Africa that shortly after their creation began to foray into the human rights domain – the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, the East African Court of Justice, and the Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community – have recognised subsidiarity as a guiding principl...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the total water demands by user, currently the major water consumer is the irrigation sector with 44 per cent, followed by nature with 31 per cent, then industry with 14 per cent, and drinking water supply by population and tourists with 11 per cent (Figure 7.1). Total annual water abstraction in the country has been decreasing in recent years, especially from surface water (Figure 7.2). It might be related to the breakdown in industry at the moment even if industry is still a big user of groundwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The European Union’s ITIs in the Czech Republic encourage integrated spatial planning across functional uiban areas. It is important that such investments be based on the good land-use practices that have been described in plans and strategies at the national, regional and local levels, such as developing brownfield sites in advance of greenfield ones, permitting developments only in areas where there is existing infrastructure to support them, and protecting agricultural lands, forested areas and watersheds. Through ITIs, municipalities are required to form collaborative bodies (municipal association agreements) in order to forward projects of metropolitan importance and to access investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The gap widens further for domestic workers, most of whom are women. In contrast to health-care affiliation, no significant progress has been made in pension scheme affiliation in the least secure employment categories. The highest levels of affiliation within this segment of the population were found in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This target is expected to be achieved through national policies and measures as well as through the purchase of carbon credits on the international market. The challenge will be to sustain the recent emission decrease once economic growth resumes, with a view to achieving Portugal’s targets to 2020. A government resolution, approved in late 2010, mandates the development of long-term, low-carbon national and sectoral roadmaps, and a national climate change plan to 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The article discusses the problems of the successes and the failures of Georgia's post-revolutionary economic development. Amongst the positive results, the significant increase of national budget revenues and the overcoming of the energy crises should be emphasized, both of which were achieved by the fight against domestic internal corruption. At the same time, mistakes in terms of both the building of a democratic state and economic policy were made. Making the judiciary an appendage to the General Prosecutor's Office and the executive branch, the government's control of the media and its defiance of property rights, including extra-judicial decisions to demolish privately owned residential houses, are among the most serious errors of Georgia's post-revolutionary development. Despite its anti-Russian rhetoric, the new government has openly welcomed Russian investments into Georgia's economy. After the Russian aggression and under the impact of the global financial crisis, Georgia finds itself in a more ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Transnational families are often face problematized, migrants have been accused of being irresponsible parents (Zentgraf and Chinchilla, 2012). The heaviest accusations are directed towards female migrants (Keough, 2006), for example, children left behind in Poland by their migrant mothers are designated as "euro-orphans" in the framework of moral disciplining of female migrants (Shinozaki, 2008). In Central Asia, there is no unanimous opinion on the effect that migration has on children left behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The analysis of social networks can contribute to the concrete implementation of these policies, by precisely identifying which actors are best able to disseminate new practices within their network. In commerce, women form a group whose social capital must be promoted. The example of the rice sector shows that women's education, work experience and income levels are significantly lower than men. The analysis also shows that the centrality of women within networks is lower than that of men regardless of the measure adopted, which is explained by their relegation to low-paying segments of the value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the security of a blockchain highly relies on a suitable technical set-up, especially with regard to the degree of distribution, the choice of the consensus protocol and the cryptographic tools used (Deloitte, 2017a, Berke, 2017). Firstly, the degree of distribution of network participants, or in other words, the concentration of mining resources in one economic or decision-making entity (e.g. company) can influence security. In theory, a company or state could own, operate or influence >51% of a given network’s nodes and dominate the proof-of-work consensus mechanism, thereby representing a security risk to the overall system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   This study assesses linkages between social media and governance dynamics in 49 African countries for the year 2012. The empirical evidence is based on ordinary least squares and quantile regressions. Ten bundled and unbundled governance dynamics are used, notably: (i) political governance (entailing “voice & accountability” and political stability/no violence), (ii) economic governance (involving regulation quality and government effectiveness), (iii) institutional governance (comprising the rule of law and corruption-control) and (iv) general governance (entailing political, economic and institutional governance). Social media is measured with Facebook penetration. The findings show that Facebook penetration is positively associated with governance dynamics and these positive nexuses differ in terms of significance and magnitude of significance throughout the conditional distribution of the governance dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the survey Encuesta de Caracterizacion Social y Economica (CASEN, 2013) provides useful information about living conditions and asks respondents about the last educational level attended by their parents. Father’s education can be used as a proxy of family background as it is highly correlated with income and other traits that influence offspring's careers. The wage premium is the boost in wages associated with having a father who attended college instead of just medium education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Amending Canada’s citizenship laws to provide for denaturalization of “traitors and terrorists”, as proposed by the current federal government, is an idea consumed with legal flaws. To comply with international law on the prohibition of citizenship deprivation that would result in statelessness, any such amendments would have to apply only to individuals with dual citizenship. However, targeting those individuals would be very hard to defend against equality-based challenges under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition, denaturalization of “traitors and terrorists” might well be perceived as a punitive measure, whose impact and stigma would call for constitutional procedural protections far stronger than those set out in the current Citizenship Act and the proposed revisions to it. Such denaturalization also seems unlikely to advance any clear Canadian national security interest, and would accomplish less than can be done through other laws, including the Criminal Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These outcome variables indicate how successful stockholding policies are at achieving their primary purposes (Table 4.1). In cases where buffer stock schemes only impose a floor price, the government intends to support producers by offering them a minimum price. The performance of these types of buffer stocks can be assessed by analysing farm incomes or producer prices. Buffer stocks with ceiling prices are designed to protect consumers from price hikes and their effectiveness can be evaluated by examining if consumer prices reached lower and more stable levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The taxation is currently based on 33% of the earnings before tax and then distributed on the different species with considerations for operational costs and value created on land. Hence, Iceland has also experienced the negative and positive effects of quota markets and the related public debates and controversies. Despite recent changes to the ITQ system through the introduction of the open-access coastal fishery scheme and the increased resource renttaxation, the Icelandic development also prove the long-term stability of market-based instruments and property rights in fisheries management. However, as indicated by the recently elected government, which has declared that it will increase the support for coastal fisheries and reassess the resource rent system, discussions are not over.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although some positive movement can be seen in the area of information and data collection and utilization (particularly on forests), overall information on biodiversity continues to be insufficient, odd, of poor quality, irregular and outdated. There is an obvious lack of centralization of all environmental data collection and storage in accessible form, including the biodiversity component of monitoring activities. Unfortunately, there are no positive signs of political will to put the results of these projects into practice. This also applies to activities relating to protection of endangered species based on comprehensive RDBs with clear legal status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, Uruguay needs to improve dissemination of information about activities at the school level, including information on school budgets. While dissemination of reports may be viewed as another burden in the reporting process, the education councils should consider using a single nationally-developed format to ensure that parents and voters know how schools operate in their community and how school resources are used. In particular, it would be important to publicly disclose the public resources each school receives alongside the uses of those resources and the educational outcomes at the school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ability (or inability) of these projects to continue functioning as planned irrespective of climate variability will affect whether they can meet their stated objectives. In particular, the “Global Investor Statement on Climate Change” (IIGCC, 2011) outlines the elements of “investinent-grade climate and energy policy” necessary to attract large-scale investment, focusing on the clean energy sector. The IIGCC has 285 signatories, who represent assets of more than USD 20 trillion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can also partly be explained by the difficulty of obtaining data necessary to estimate adjustment effects and by the complexities adjustment considerations introduce into standard trade models (Francois et al. In two recent overviews of trade adjustment in developing countries, a partial list of the range of areas affected by adjustment costs included, inter alia, the public sector (e.g. tax reform, revenue replacement, civil service retrenchment/retraining and increased expenditures), industry (e.g. reallocation of capital and investment, support against profit fluctuations), labour (e.g. unemployment insurance, retraining), and wider social costs (e.g. health, internal migration) (Francois et al. A similarly wide-ranging view is taken in Milner’s (2005) study on EPA adjustment costs for the Commonwealth Secretariat, which considers adjustment across several sectors/activities, including fiscal reform, trade facilitation, labour retraining and financial sector reform. This reinforces the idea of adjustment as a motivation for a given aid intervention, rather than a sector or activity unto itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These effects are also substantial in some of the OECD countries which record higher inequality levels on the basis of disposable household income only. More importantly, redistributive effects are stronger among specific population groups at higher risk of poverty. In a dynamic perspective, for instance public childcare provision has a potential for secondary redistributive effects as childcare allows both parents to work and hence helps increase family income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nonetheless, external support for Ethiopia has declined significantly over the last two decades as a proportion of revenues and GDP, the GoE should base future spending plans on continued reductions. However, the recommendations it generates are also relevant for development partners supporting the GoE, as well as for the broader social protection community. A number of the challenges that the GoE is confronting, such as how to scale up social protection amid declining donor support and how to deal with the long-term impact of climate change, have broad resonance in Africa and beyond. In every case, the outcomes showed it would be difficult to sustain these spending levels into the future. This reflects the dynamics of the underlying variables: social protection spending (including humanitarian relief) has grown much more strongly as a percentage of GDP than revenues and overall expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)