albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The initiative seeks to ensure medical coverage for complications before, during or after childbirth. This policy came linked with implementation of the Equal Start in Life Action Plan (APV), aimed at unifying, organizing and coordinating actions across highly decentralized health services to ensure the right of all mothers to be healthy during pregnancy and childbirth, and the right of children to be healthy at birth. The action plan lays out a set of strategic guidelines for improving care during childbirth, as well as a set of tools for improving services through staff training, replacement and replenishment of appropriate equipment and improving critical case transport services (Secretariat of Health of Mexico, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This in turn seems to have contributed to greater overall support for nuclear power generation. Figure 4.13 illustrates the shares of positive and negative responses to the proposition “the use of nuclear energy enables European countries to diversify their energy sources” (on the vertical axis), and the share of support for nuclear energy (on the horizontal axis), the correlation is examined for nuclear and non-nuclear countries. The correlation coefficients are 0.87 for 2005 and of 0.78 for 2008. Relatively high correlation coefficients suggest that the role of nuclear power in the diversification of energy sources is one of the key drivers behind increasing public support for nuclear generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both conditions matter for current health status and, even more, as predictors of medical conditions in the future. Overweight and obesity were not retained as primary indicators since they refer to health outcomes that are not necessarily severe, but since they are known to be important risk factors for serious illnesses, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems (asthma), musculoskeletal diseases (arthritis) and many others, they were retained as secondary indicators. A caveat on the use of indicators of overweight and obesity is that the associations between these indicators, the percentages of body fat and health risks may differ for some ethnic groups and populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The tool is intended to assist governments and decision makers in deciding on the most appropriate road safety policies and measures to achieve tangible results. The model is based on historical road safety data and relations between several road safety parameters, and provides information on different road safety scenarios. The tool's output is a spider diagram that summarizes a city's overall state of urban transport and performance against each indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As mental illnesses are often a major cause and/or a factor of youth vulnerability, mental health support is becoming an increasingly important part of youth activation strategies. This section provides a review of integration strategies targeting vulnerable youth, and discusses integrated services effects’ on youth activation and mental well-being. Levels of integration vary, but the most intensively integrated systems offer multi-service agencies in a single location. These agencies offer assessments, planning (such as individual action plans), referrals, and associated social services (Taylor, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overuse and misallocation of water resources due to incomplete or over-allocated water rights, under-pricing of water and deficiencies in long-term resource planning contribute to this imbalance, which in turn mechanically translates into higher water shortage risks. In water basins where there is structural water stress, water shortages are more likely to arise from even mild precipitation deficit. In short, water stress generates water shortage risks, and thus vulnerability to droughts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, in the 1960s Europe moved towards the development of social indicators to complement income measures (Atkinson et alv 2002). Key innovations included the 1968 Swedish Level of Living Study (Johansson, 1973, Allardt and Uusitalo, 1972), Jacques Delors' 1971 "Les indicateurs sociaux", and Peter Christian Ludz's "Materialien zum Bericht zur Lage der Nation" (1971). The above mentioned multidimensional concept of "social exclusion" (Lenoir, 1974) also motivated the development of social indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It reduces exposure to those kinds of risks. Moreover, corporate governance should protect not only the stakeholders explicitly involved in the conduct of business, but also those vulnerable communities and environments tangentially related. In this sense, the purpose of corporate governance is to mainstream the regulations, rules and policies that increase transparent relationships between firms and their stakeholders. To this end, Governments have also sought to protect their country's economy, society and business community through enforcing the rules and regulations on corporate governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Introduction: Social Technology in Criminology: The Relationship Between Criminology and Social Policy Print Culture and the Creation of Public Knowledge About Crime in 18th-Century London, Robert Shoemaker Crime Prevention and the Understanding of Repeat Victimization: A Longitudinal Study, Anthony E. Bottoms and Andrew Costello In the Frame: 20th-Century Discourses About Representations of Crime in Fictional Media, Chas Critcher Fingerprint and Photograph: Surveillance Technologies in the Manufacture of Suspect Social Identities, Paul Knepper and Clive Norris Electronically Monitoring Offenders and Penal Innovation in a Telematic Society, Mike Nellis Key Elements of Restorative Justice Alongside Adult Criminal Justice, Joanna Shapland State, Community, and Transition: Restorative Youth Conferencing in Northern Ireland, Jonathan Doak and David O'Mahony Restorative Justice and Antisocial Behavior Interventions as Contractual Governance: Constructing the Citizen Consumer, Adam Crawford Restorative Justice: Five Dangers Ahead, Nils Christie
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article reports evidence of new monetary channels for social inclusion involving basic income policies and the Caixa Economica Federal, a Brazilian government savings bank. Since the Plano Real (Brazilian currency) and the liberalization of banking in the 1990s, the realization of competitive advantages by the Caixa as social policy agent and the importance of citizenship cards differ from existing theories of bank change, financial inclusion and monetary policy. Multi-method research reveals the importance of 1) political theories of basic income, 2) conceptions of citizenship and social justice, and 3) a back to the future modernization of government banking. This provides alternatives to contemporary market-based banking theory, neo-liberal policies, private and non-governmental microfinance strategies, and theories in political economy about fiscal constraints to social policies. New monetary channels of change also suggest that zero sum theories about politics, monetary authority and social inclusion are amiss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In developing countries the quality of life of their citizens is far from democratic principles. Many are found in public spaces that not support the existence of accessible services for persons with disabilities. Among many exclusion issues, this essay wants to focus on disability, which is related to the low attention of the government to people with disabilities’ accessibility and representation. Social exclusion especially to people with disabilities strongly related to the concept of power relation. This implies that the social transformation (democratisation) will occur when the political system guarantees the power and power relations to be recognised by each individual in the society. Using “power relation” concept in Foucauldian perspective in analyzing social policy of four South East Asian governments, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Philippine, this shows that there is a need for a review of the democratization process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All in all, compared to her equivalent a century earlier, the average woman in the 2000s could expect to live nearly twice as long, marry almost six years later and be literate, thanks to 6.4 years of education attainment. His level of education more than doubled from 3.64 years in the 1950s (just shy of functional literacy) to 7.64 years in the 2000s. These measures give an idea of how the institutional/legislative environment is biased against women and thus of women’s legal standing historically. The three panels presented in Figure 12.2 show gendered inheritance practices for immovables in 1920 (from the Murdock data), 1980 and 2000 (from the World Bank). Inheritance systems where daughters receive equal shares can be observed in some European countries, Brazil (likely because of the tradition of female inheritance in Portugal) and in a handful of countries in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia.15 By the 1980s substantial changes have taken place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It contributes to the Multilateral Carbon Credit Fund of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EUR 10 million), to the Carbon Fund for Europe sponsored by the World Bank and the European Investment Bank (EUR 10 million), to the Asia Pacific Carbon Fund of the Asian Development Bank (USD 15 million), to the Community Development Carbon Fund (USD 10 million) and to the BioCarbon Fund (USD 5 million) of the World Bank (Table 7.2). Source: Draft 2010 budget. It calls for Luxembourg to: improve energy efficiency by 9% between 2001-05 and 2016,8 reduce GHG emissions by 20% below their 2005 levels, achieve an 11 % share of renewable energy in total energy consumption by 2020, and achieve a 10% share of biofuels in total transport by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The sources are: OECD, 2017a, Bhattachaiya et al., As a proportion of global GDP, these figures are in the range 4.8 per cent to 8.3 per cent, assuming global GDP grows in real terms over the years 2016-2023 according to projected rates of IMF WEO Database April 2018 and then at 3 per cent over 2024-2030. These proportions might be compared against investment estimates presented by Woetzel et al. ( Second, that it is economically sustainable, whereby it creates jobs and boosts growth but does not create unsustainable debt burdens for the government or high costs for users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recent Ebola crisis in West Africa only underlines the imperative to collectively address the problems not only of access but also of innovation (see box 1). Indeed, for such reasons, Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 8 included a focus on improving access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries. The World Bank, for example, estimated a loss of about 12 per cent of gross domestic product for these three worst-affected countries in 2015.bThe Ebola crisis has thus underlined the urgent need for intensified international and national action to improve access to health care and medicines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Out of 45 countries assessed, only 12 achieved parity in secondary education, most notably in North Africa (World Bank 2014a). As of 2013, an average of 22 per cent of females and 32 per cent of males aged 25 and older have at least some secondary level of education. ( Figure 3.9 illustrates secondary education gender gaps by sub-region.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The deterioration of the underlying fiscal balance since 2007 was partly due to an increase in public investment to support demand through the crisis and recovery. As the economy recovered, the high investment level has not been reversed as had been planned, but the overall fiscal stance has tightened somewhat since 2010. Looking ahead, it would be prudent to let fiscal policy lean against the wind in the already capacity constrained economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The following selection of topics, although far from being exhaustive, is meant to combine the main statistical areas where a gender perspective could be particularly relevant in light of the increasing resource pressures that many official statistical agencies are facing. Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence”, BMC Public Health, Vol. Evidence and Policy Implications”, Policy Research Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of this 80%, or 0.32, is in Country A’s zone, and Country A catches 0.16 if it leaves behind 0.16. If we check the maximum condition for Country B, we find that 0.2 x 0.5/V 0.16 = 0.25 instead of 1, which means that Country B would want to leave a negative amount of fish behind (-0.15), which is not possible. The agreement between the United States and Canada had sought an acceptable interference by Americans with the runs to the Fraser River and by Canadians with runs to Washington and Oregon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The 985 universities have been given ample funding to build new research centres, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad. The 985 group now counts 39 members including the best-known universities such as Peking, Tsinghua, Renmin, Fudan and Beijing Normal. Most are located in Beijing, some in other large cities and provincial capitals, but not all provinces host one. Some other ministries also have universities but the majority are governed at the province level. Vocational colleges” are tertiary vocational institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Brazil is no exception, and the process of reforming water institutions cannot be isolated from the broader institutional change that the country has gone through over the last three decades, especially in terms of the new relationship between civil society and public authorities following the country’s return to democracy. This discredit triggered calls from citizens for more direct participation, which has influenced public policies since then. At the time, greater emphasis on bottom-up approaches and citizens’ engagement contrasted with the more important role of representative democracy as well as higher trust in public authorities that prevailed in more stabilised democracies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The proportions receiving psychotherapy were only half of this, 23% and 9%, respectively (Figure 3.9). The “Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners trough the Medicare Benefits Schedule” initiative, the “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative as well as other programmes like online supports (the mental health online portal and virtual clinic) are targeted on improved treatment and management of mental illness in the community, to a closer collaboration between GPs and mental health specialists, and to increased referrals from GP professionals providing psychological treatment. It may also to some extent reflect the relative costs of the two approaches, with medication generally being cheaper than (sustained) professional therapy visits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Female economic activities were critically examined and new light was shed on existing conceptions of traditional housework. Oxford University Press, 2007). An edited version of Ihe chapter is available al www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cwgl/globalcenler/charlotte/UN-Handbook.pdf. Targets were also set for the improvement of women's access to economic, social and cultural rights, including improvements in health, reproductive services and sanitation. The women in development approach is embodied in article 14 of the Convention, which focuses on rural women and calls on States to ensure that women "participate in and benefit from rural development" and also that they "participate in the elaboration and implementation of development planning at all levels".15 Participation is an important component of the right to development, as discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of these policies establish blending targets of renewable fuels in total transport fuels and changes in these target levels will impact the use of biofuels in the next decade. Global meat consumption is projected to increase by 1.6% p.a. In Canada for example, per capita meat consumption will stagnate through the next decade. Growth in global meat consumption will be led by poultry, which remains the cheapest and most accessible source of meat for lower income consumers, while its low share of saturated fats results in it being viewed as the healthiest meat choice. In addition, poultry faces few cultural barriers related to its consumption, resulting in robust consumption growth across geographical areas. This combination of factors results in poultry accounting for half of the additional meat consumed by 2023.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In an innovative programme targeting the needs of inner-city youth in Jamaica, the Jamaica Environmental Trust (JET) has worked with youth and community organisations to arrange trips to nearby natural areas where the youth could gain first-hand experiences with the country’s rich flora and fauna. For many of the youth, having never been outside of urban environments, the experiences provided them with strong and lasting impressions. While these experiences may be frightening to some, for others they provided an entry point to environmental learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example through the adoption of the ACT model for outreach and outpatient care, and through assisted living facilities. Furthermore, Norway has establishment some “user controlled” inpatient beds, whereby the user can informally admit themselves for a period in a time of crisis until they become stabilised, a move that is seen as a significant step towards user empowerment and reduction in unnecessary inpatient stays. However, more children and young people were receiving care in 2008 than in 1998, with a 4.8% increase in children and young people receiving care, which can be very positively set against the 2% to 5% expected by the Escalation Plan (Pedersen, 2009). Although in recent years Norway has seen an increase in alcohol consumption (OECD, 2013b), Norwegian alcohol consumption remains low compared to most other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, the report “Estimating the Constraints to Trade of Developing Countries” sought to identify the most important supply-side constraints to trade expansion and estimate their relative severity for trade and economic growth. The report uses the term “supply-side” constraints by contrast to “market access” constraints and applies it to the categories of economic infrastructure and building productive capacity used in the OECD Creditor Reporting System (Figure 1). The recent food crisis has elicited increased interest. The policy challenge confronting policymakers is to find an effective mix of policies that: (1) promote food production, in particular through productivity growth, (2) foster trade and the proper functioning of markets, and (3) address the wider development dimensions of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, the major groups considered that recommendations on forests should be legally binding, that major groups should be part of the governing structure of the new body on forests, and that the new United Nations forest body should serve as the coordinating body of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests. Peter deMarsh, of the farmers and small forest landowners major group, then made a presentation about a possible global financial mechanism for forests. He explained that existing funds are not designed to meet the specific needs of sustainable forest management. He proposed a fund that would have a catalytic and strategic role in order to fill gaps, complement other funds, leverage funds from other sources and facilitate access to the “big funds”, with a particular emphasis on developing capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Countries are grouped into one of five groups: 1) data not reported/not categorised, 2) up to two public places completely smoke-free, 3) 3-5 public places completely smoke-free, 4) 6-7 public places completely smoke-free, and 5) all public places completely smoke-free. Countries were categorised into one of five groups: The groupings for this indicator are: 1) data not reported, 2) none, 3) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and/ or some cessation services (but neither cost-covered), 4) NRT and/or some cessation services (at least one of which is cost-covered), and 5) national quit line, and both NRT and some cessation services are cost-covered. Countries were classified into five groups: 1) data not reported, 2) warnings cover < 30% of pack surface, 3) warnings cover > 30% but no pictures or pictograms, 4) warnings cover 31%-49% including pictures or pictograms, and 5) warnings cover = > 50% including pictures or pictograms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These signs are topped with a distinctive yellow beacon cap and walking person icon. These features makes the signs easy to spot within the urban environment and when viewed from a distance. Each monolith has two maps, a finder map which displays a 5-minute walking circle, and a planner map which displays a 15-minute walking circle. The maps illustrate significant landmarks in 3D, helping users identify the urban environment and also serving as 'mental navigational tools’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in action that is potentially counterproductive. The prospects of success are greater when the timeframe for one policy aligns with activities in another policy. In theory, time scales are relatively easy to co-ordinate. For instance, regulatory and budget cycles can be synchronised over time (e.g. multi-annual budgeting) so that decisions that require coherence can be taken independently of political calendars and agendas, which vary from one ministry to another. In addition, strategic planning is more difficult to design if policies, legislation and institutions on the water environment are questioned from one government to another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Following the 1994 genocide, several justice initiatives were implemented in Rwanda, including a tribunal established by the United Nations, Rwanda's national court system and Gacaca, a ‘traditional’ community-run conflict resolution mechanism adapted to prosecute genocide perpetrators. Since their inception in 2001, the Gacaca courts have been praised for their efficiency and for widening participation, but criticised for lack of due process, trained personnel and attention to atrocities committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). To evaluate these criticisms, we present preliminary findings from a survey of 227 Rwandans and analyse their attitudes towards Gacaca in relation to demographic characteristics such as education, residence and loss of relatives during the genocide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract: This reply, written for a symposium in (2020) 10 Jurisprudence on Legislated Rights: Securing Human Rights Through Legislation (Cambridge University Press 2018, pb 2019), engages with the careful, constructive, and critical challenges of Timothy Endicott, Dimitris Tsarapatsanis, and Lael Weis. Organised around the theme of the relevance of Legislated Rights for modern constitutional government, the reply explores four themes: (1) institutional analysis and the nature of rights, (2) the role of the executive in the legislature and beyond it, (3) the relationship between legislation, adjudication, and interpretation, and (4) the continuing relevance of Dworkin’s policy/principle dual-forum thesis, including among several proponents of weak-form, dialogic, or Commonwealth conceptions of judicial review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)