albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Without a birth certificate, a child in conflict with the law may also be treated and punished as an adult by the judicial system.1 Even those who avoid these perils may be unable to access vital services and opportunities - including education. But the obligations set out by the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be easily disregarded when whole settlements can be deemed non-existent and people can, in effect, be stripped of their citizenship for want of documentation. The lack of decent and secure housing and such infrastructure as water and sanitation systems makes it so much more difficult for children to survive and thrive. Yet, the attention devoted to improving living conditions has not matched the scope and severity of the problem. There is no effective right to play without a safe place to play, no enjoyment of health within a contaminated environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has also developed a multi-dimensional quality framework, “Good Care”, to monitor health care performance. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centeredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. The framework utilised more than 30 process and outcome indicators to compare quality of psychiatric care across regions or patient groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The future challenge for the NHS is to be able to maintain the motivation of its workforce, and to contain and reverse the drain of professionals. The low number of nurses, however, is not likely to grow in the near future: while the number of medical graduates has increased consistently over time, the number of nurse graduates has been decreasing since 2009. In particular, health gains and increased activity in the NHS were obtained without extra resources, indicating both an improvement in value for money as well as the existence of large inefficiencies in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This final chapter addresses two major challenges to the perspective of Hobbesian internationalism developed in this book: globalisation and the resurgence of private authority. Processes of globalisation, global governance, and Foucauldian governmentality have been associated with the spread of agencies—networks, private security companies, and other subnational and supranational actors—that operate across state borders. These processes presuppose values other than freedom such as economic efficiency, speed, even posthumanism, their agencies are not always clearly identifiable, and their authority remains private. The chapter shows that enthusiasm about such global trends may be premature. In the concluding section, the Lockean model of private authority is compared with the Hobbesian/Kantian model of public authority. On this basis, a global public realm committed to freedom is defended against the alternative of a private public realm predicated on efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Largely due to deforestation, total agricultural land increased by 61% in 1990-2012. Most of this expansion took place in the 1990s, with the arable land area remaining relatively stable since then. This might indicate that almost all accessible arable land is currently in cultivation and further production growth will need to be achieved through higher yields, which are already high compared to Viet Nam’s Asian peers. There are continued pressures to convert agricultural land into higher-value non-farm uses (both urban and industrial).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This can be generally described as a pattern of growth in which resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for generations to come. Therefore when examining the benefits of energy efficiency, it is not enough to solely look to the energy savings achieved but rather at the outcomes in terms of economic, social and environmental development. Although there appears to be clear evidence of multiple benefits resulting in welfare gains from energy efficiency improvements, they are difficult to quantify in many cases. A scan of the multiple benefits identified in this report would indicate that, aside from energy savings, the benefits associated with energy security, improved health, energy affordability, economic growth, and job creation are all outcomes that are also current priorities for governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This provision has been severely criticised by social housing advocates for allowing well-off areas to escape their obligations, and many prosperous municipalities (such as Neuilly-sur-Seine) have taken advantage of it so far to resist the government’s efforts to make them increase their stock of social housing (Scanlon and Whitehead, 2011). In practice, social rental housing often concentrates low-income households in deprived urban neighbourhoods that offer low-quality public services and little access to job opportunities, which exacerbates urban social exclusion. In Chile, for example, areas identified for social housing construction were not always equipped with proper urban infrastructure, facilities or services and connectivity between social housing and job centres is often deficient (OECD, 2013e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Providing a real-time collection of participator}- information related to illicit trade can engage a broader base of contributors. National policy could also benefit from the dynamic views that allow for a “story-telling” approach to presentations. This simple means of relaying the information could reinforce commitment to the prevention of cross-border illegal activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Seven sites, or 807 MW of capacity, will allow electricity storage to help stabilise the electricity system (pumped storage). Public tenders to allocate the privately funded construction and operation of the ten selected hydroelectric sites were launched. As of the end of 2009, eight sites were attributed, one had already passed the environmental impact assessment stage, and the others were awaiting environmental assessment results (IEA, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The looming demographic challenge demands additional policy actions, such as expanding processing activities and agro-industrial conglomerates in rural areas. Natural resource rents could fund improvements to basic service provision in rural areas, such as electricity, piped water, and sanitation facilities. Estimates suggest that recently discovered gas reserves could generate an annual government revenue of USD 2 billion, which is equivalent to two-thirds of the official development assistance (ODA) received in 2010 (Bukurura and Mmari, 2014). Natural resources could also provide non-farm employment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, three of these new proposed institutions include knowledge-sharing components. The importance of knowledge-sharing to address information gaps is widely acknowledged, including in the UNFCCC context (UNFCCC, 2014c). By highlighting potential climate impacts on individuals and communities, increased information awareness can be an important driver for change (e.g. USAID, 2014, CIF, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, greater diversity in the mix of wind, solar and ocean-tide energy reduces innovation rates in storage and grid management. In addition, greater trade will have the same effect. Interestingly, when disaggregated one can see that this is only true of storage (Model 5) and not grid management (Model 6). This is likely because many aspects of grid management are complementary with improved capacity to exploit trade in electricity services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In other OECD countries which have a social assistance benefit as well as wage-related unemployment insurance, social assistance caseloads range from about 1% to 7% of the working-age population, with a median of about 3%. Thus, the caseload is several times below the average for other OECD countries, even though most of them also provide more coverage of the unemployed and other working-age target groups by social insurance benefits. Some accounts suggest that implementation of this requirement was vigorous in the 1990s but has been relaxed since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Nonetheless, this chapter’s analysis offers new insights into how to provide adequate income support to unemployed persons without hindering their quick reintegration into employment. This was true during the Great Recession despite the considerable responsiveness of first-tier unemployment benefit programmes to rising unemployment and the many crisis-related measures that OECD countries took to reinforce these programmes. This suggests that it would be timely to consider whether asset tests or other eligibility rules for these programmes are too strict for them to function effectively as a backstop to first-tier unemployment benefit programmes during an economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper focuses on the role of discourse as a means of conferring identity and reducing task-related anxiety. Seeing discourse in this essentially defensive light leads to a new perspective on resistance to organizational change, portraying it as a threat to the defense structure of established discourses. To illustrate, the nascent discourse of electronic government will be examined. Although a potent new discourse, e-government clashes strongly with the discursively embedded social defense systems of local government. A case study is reported in a UK local authority. Drawing on actor network theory, it is shown how the hegemonic influence of the social defenses translated the radical rhetoric of e-government into an operational discourse that was bland and unthreatening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the 29 cities included in the Observatory. Vasconcellos and Mendonga (2016) note that 49% of the spaces assigned to collective transport are used by buses, 7.5% by meters and 4.6% by urban trains. Thus, with 12.1 % of the space, clean transport (metro and train) carries 16% of the public system's passengers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Generally, quotas for women require that women constitute a certain number or percentage of a body, such as a candidate list or a parliamentary assembly. At present, at least 90 countries apply an electoral gender quota of some kind for the lower or single chamber of their national parliaments. Of these countries, 16 have reserved seats for women in the lower or single chamber of parliament, 33 have legislated candidate quotas and 54 have voluntary political party quotas (table 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The annual increase in forest area was highest for Viet Nam among the GMS countries. Primary forest hasvirtually disappeared in Viet Nam except in protected areas or well-conserved forests while in Cambodia it is extremely low and in Lao PDR it is rapidly decreasing. While FRA data suggest that the primary forest area is constant in Myanmar and Thailand, it is important to note that Thailand assumes that all forests inside national parks are primary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hence, dropping out of school early restricts choices in the labour market, while the requirements for most jobs limit the possibilities for attending an educational establishment on a regular basis. And taking on domestic responsibilities at an early age is usually incompatible with staying in school. Some examples are direct subsidies for attending educational institutions, flexible work hours for young people, day care centres, expanded school schedules, creation of opportunities for training outside the formal educational system and, indirectly, conditional cash transfers. It is harder to act on other factors with a major impact on school desertion, such as signals from the market concerning the value that society attaches to educational attainments and the inertia of traditional symbolic representations that define a place in society for women from lower socio-economic strata by assigning them roles as housekeepers and mothers. Add to this the negative impact of this mix of precariousness and responsibility and one of the results is the low level of life satisfaction among the 15-to-29-year-olds in Latin America who have children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
State government and municipalities also provide financial support for irrigation (see Figure 3.11). As discussed earlier, agricultural water users are exempted from paying water abstraction charges and even the “penalty” rate paid for above-quota abstractions is significantly lower that the general rate. This means that agricultural water users do not have a direct incentive to reduce water abstraction and that irrigation districts do not have an incentive to control water demand by individual farmers. Retail irrigation charges, although theoretically based on the volume of water used, are normally calculated per hectare because of the lack of water measuring devices (World Bank, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research station monitors the quantity and quality of water along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. The Nature and Parks Authority (NPA) monitors water quality in rivers on behalf of the MoEP. Mekorot and local authorities monitor drinking water quality under the supervision of the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health monitors effluent quality prior to its use in the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Students follow a general curriculum during their first two years of secondary education (grades 9-10), and then get sorted during the last two years of secondary education (grades 11-12) into a general track (Humanistic-Scientific Mid-level Education, EMHC), or a vocational track (Technical-Professional Mid-level Education, EMTP~). In practice, however, tracking happens from grade 8, when students enrol in secondary school. Students that are tracked in 8th grade are more likely to remain in this track during all secondary education. The upper secondary VET curriculum consists of 12 hours of general education per week, compared to 27 hours in the general track. The upper secondary VET curriculum also includes 26 hours of vocational education (MINEDUC, 2016). Students obtain the secondary school-leaving certificate (licencia de ensehanza media) after completing the four grades of upper secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As noted earlier, the Greek Ministry has only recently begun developing an effective information-management system. A reliable database and an effective information-management system are excellent tools to increase efficiency and transparency. The challenge is to ensure that the measures of system performance are broad enough to capture the whole range of student learning objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This may be the result of different risk-preferences (Croson and Gneezy, 2009) or lower expectations of success. Evidence from the United States shows that fear of rejection is more likely to discourage women than men from applying for a loan, even though women are no more likely to be rejected when they do apply (Cole and Mehran, 2009). Despite the lack of direct evidence, it is reasonable to expect that similar mechanisms might be at play in emerging economies and they may be exacerbated by stronger anti-egalitarian social norms (Box 4.1) and by the lack of effective social safety nets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The armed conflict and refugee crisis situations have given rise to increased demands for emergency supplies, including internationally controlled substances for medical purposes. However, as supply is wholly dependent on emergency aid, delivery in certain areas has been inadequate or severely limited. In that context, INCB wishes to draw attention to the special topic published in its annual report for 2014 on availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in emergency situations39 and remind all States that, under international humanitarian law, parties to armed conflicts have an obligation not to impede the provision of medical care to civilian populations located in territories under their effective control. This includes access to necessary narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We have chosen to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to debt, leading to a transdisciplinary analysis of sovereign debt. Disciplinary fields as varied as logic, accounting, finance, psychology, geopolitics, economics, statistics, ethics, rhetoric and political discourse analysis are mobilised in order to reveal the prejudicial nature of an over-rigid compartmentalisation of knowledge in particular that which is centred on economics alone. This approach comes in sharp contrast to mainstream economic theory, which has often refused any constructive dialogue with other disciplines. We do not praise interdisciplinarity as an end in itself. Our aim is to underline the merits of a plural scientific approach which finds its justification in times of crisis in the very nature of the problems under scrutiny whose complexity and multidimensional character require an in-depth review of the underlying research frameworks. Finally, a textual analysis of four documents will complete and justify our argumentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The company is working to improve its energy efficiency and keeping an eye on technical development in order to identify new potential improvement areas. The development of environmentally sustainable practices is management driven, who feel it is their moral responsibility to take action on climate change. Keeping the winters snowy and cool as well as preserving the surrounding nature is essential for the company's future business success. The area development plan of the ski resort has been prepared with the sustainability requirements in mind, for example noting the ecological carrying capacity and transportation needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the analysis attempts to control for unobserved individual characteristics that may be correlated with working in the formal sector. There are many studies on the effects of unemployment compensation for the re-employment outcomes of job losers in developed countries, but also there the evidence is rather mixed. While previously informal workers have a much higher chance of returning to informal work, whether in the form of salaried work or self-employment, consistent with findings reported in Margolis (2008), this difference is only slightly larger for long-tenure workers than for short-tenure workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The advent of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has made it into the so-called constitution.1 For many this is the center piece, indeed the only justification to call this treaty a constitution. It is appropriate that fundamental rights (German preference) or human rights (French preference) should be at the center of such constitutional discussion. But it is also appropriate that one does not allow the normative complexity of the trinity of human rights, constitutionalism, and integration to be obscured by our enthusiasms for all three. This chapter is meant, thus, to highlight some of the darker aspects of the ongoing debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Without climate change mitigation, those numbers would grow to 321 million in the 2050s and 391 million in the 2080s. Among the developing regions, Southern Asia and Africa would be the most exposed to an increased risk of hunger as a result of climate change. The impact of climate change on total production will be relatively small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Estimates of ecological footprints generally account for waste assimilation requirements and are expressed as a measure of land area. Water footprints also account for water used to assimilate pollution, by considering the volume of dilution water required to maintain water quality standards (Hoekstra, 2008, in press). Ecological footprints describe the implications of regional or national consumption activities on natural resources and the environment by expressing those impacts in terms of the land area required to support the target population (Wackemagel and Rees, 1996, Wackemagel, et al., Thus ecological footprints enable one to compare the ecosystem implications of consumption activities across regions and countries, and to assess whether a region or country is consuming resources in a sustainable or unsustainable fashion, from a global perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The substantial flow of remittances, albeit directed to households, backs this up. For over a century, Italy has constructed a vision of an ‘international’ nation consisting of a transnational network of loyalty, support and shared culture. Most initiatives, such as enabling dual citizenship or stimulating remittance flows and appropriate return migration, must come from source countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To make children "ready, the approach often taken involves exposing children who are still in ECEC to the culture of primary school. Known as "schoolification”, this can drive ECEC settings to adopt practices that are usually more related to primary school, such as higher staff-pupil ratios, longer hours away from home, more teacher-directed pedagogies, greater attention to academic content and less playtime. However, research is increasingly highlighting that the more age- and child-appropriate the pedagogical practices, the greater the benefits for children’s social and cognitive development. This is why some countries - especially the Nordic countries -take a child-centred perspective, adapting the cultures of both ECEC and school to the needs of the child. This implies that it is not just the responsibility of ECEC to prepare children for school, schools also need to be ready for children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A Norwegian study has shown that female researchers participate less than their male counterparts in international research cooperation.42 The link between international researcher networks and career development is interesting in a gender equality perspective and should be studied more closely. A key objective in this context should be to facilitate the recruitment of outstanding female researchers from abroad. Those responsible for recruitment should be encouraged to actively seek out women across national borders in subject areas where the Nordic countries have few women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Total income is greater than r (<1) times the current income even if the area allocation is changed. However, it was not possible to attain an ideal outcome in which all the self-sufficiency rates are equal to or exceed 100 per cent (r = 1) at the same time. Under the condition 0 < r < 0.9, the result is shown in Figure 4.2.2. Recently, willow has received a lot of attention as an energy source, and it may be planted in the field as an agricultural crop (Eriksson, 2008, Heller et al., The lower panel shows the optimal allocation areas and the number of cows when r is changed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite the increasing role of aquaculture in total fish supply, the capture sector is expected to remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security. This deceleration is due to higher costs, combined with competition for land, water and labour from alternative production systems. Much of the increase is expected in freshwater species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)