albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While senior managers lead many gender units, some are not allocated large enough budgets to operate to plan. Nor do government departments assign them the same mandates, authority or functions. Mexico is, however, stepping up efforts to establish a unified approach to defining the functions of gender units as advisory units that help FPA departments incorporate the gender perspective into their activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Carbon capture and storage (CCS), on which the future of the coal industry will depend, is currently still a highly uncertain option that has yet to be deployed on an industrial scale. Overall, 61% of respondents believe that their country is entirely or very much dependent on energy coming from abroad. However, the level of awareness is not consistently high. For example, for Ireland, the energy dependency rate is approximately 90%, but only 64% of its citizens are aware of that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first is simply to fit separate DREP models to each of several different sub-samples, where the sub-sample membership is defined by observable characteristics. ( This procedure allows all model parameters to differ between groups, not only A..) Examples of this strategy were discussed in Section 4.2. This is done by Andren and Andren (2013), and most systematically by Cappellari and Jenkins (2014) who interact every element of Z„_i with lagged SA receipt on the grounds that this allows each characteristic to have a different impact on rates of entry into and exit out of SA receipt.45 The same procedure is also commonly used to examine whether state dependence varies with calendar time (see e.g. Bhuller and Konigs (2011), Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a), and Konigs (2013a)). A third approach is to allow for unobserved heterogeneity in the state dependence parameter. For example, Stewart’s (2007) study of unemployment persistence considers the case in which dependence is normally distributed with a mean and variance estimated from the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, the legal obligation to give each pupil the necessary help to obtain passing grades is in many municipalities seen as an aspirational level (SNAE, 2009, Schools Inspectorate, 2014). Ambitions need to be raised and responsibilities need to be clearly allocated across the educational system, in particular within municipal administrations (OECD, 2015). Decentralisation coincided with the introduction of a new curriculum which was much less concrete than the old one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lack of clear legislative frameworks can act as one of the major impediments to effective design and implementation of these policies, standing in the way of “positive urbanization.” Cities can adopt essential elements of laws that are grounded in sustainable processes and systems, and move on to more elaborated arrangements and legal instruments as management and governance institutions mature. They must be adapted to any country's and city’s specific needs, resources and capacities and be enacted according to specific circumstances. Since the 1990s, extensive research in many countries on urban regulations such as building codes, zoning, environmental rules, and others suggests that many urban regulations are out of date. Some reflected colonial heritage, others were biased in favour of middle- and upper-income groups, while others still generated perverse economic incentives for private (as opposed to public) investment in housing and other services.26 This goes to show that reform of urban regulations is an important lever for change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Fires have also become more frequent and often result in irreversible damage to ecosystems, particularly forests. Other threats to species include habitat change, pollution, direct competition with livestock, and the spread of invasive species and diseases. Many of the remaining populations of species listed in the 2007 national Red Book are at the critical lower limit of viability, from w'hich the populations may not be able to recover. The tiger population became extinct at the turn of the twentieth century, and now the otter faces a similar fate. Even species thought of as common, such as pheasants and wild boar, were completely exterminated in many regions, but have since been reintroduced in some areas. Marmots have declined significantly over w'ide areas as a result of overhunting and eradication campaigns, and have completely disappeared from some areas of their range.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are also small enterprises that specialize in the processing of high-value timbers that are very scarce in the natural forests, such as rosewood (rosul), which is highly valued on the international market. In the south of the country, the industry is based on the processing of whitewood (polo bianco). Qt/Portal/Home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article contrasts the lawmaking process in the Eritrean transitional legal framework with experience in South Africa, which offers insightful lessons for future improvement in Eritrea. Indeed, the Eritrean lawmaking process retains many imperfections in terms of the design of the interim constitution and ensuing practice. On paper, the competence of the executive and the legislature is not clearly demarcated.  Rather, it is nebulously shared between both branches, resulting inevitably in competing interests. The lawmaking process lacks democratic characteristics and defies the requirements of accountability and good governance. The practice that has followed is worse. In a country with a protracted history of executive dominance, the lawmaking competence conferred upon the executive has inexorably  contributed to entrenched dictatorship. The article offers suggestions for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The experience of dairy farms in Eastern European provides examples of vertical integration to overcome market failures, e.g. dairies organising cold chains to individual farms. Public investment in the cold chain is not necessary, but private sector providers must have incentives to invest, access to capital, and trust in contract enforcement. Creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Their situation is made worse by loss of land which they depend on for medicines. Women are also at high risk of getting HIV because of interaction with neighbouring communities, at risk of rape and having to exchange sex for necessities. Access to testing and care and treatment is a challenge, as they have to pay for services, and health workers do not treat them well.25 Coordinated action is needed by all sectors to improve the health of the Batwa peoples. The cost of accessing medical and health facilities in Kenya is also costly and often beyond the reach of many indigenous communities, who may not have the means to travel long distances to purchase certain prescribed drugs that are unavailable in public health facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodological demonstration of how written and visual language in narrative and small stories about older workers might be read in multiple ways as supporting and/or constraining recent policy reform.Design/methodology/approach – Critical theory and critical discourse analysis, supported by narrative analysis and visual analysis, offer a robust methodology to problematize the manner in which textually mediated discourses impact social policy reform for recruiting, retraining and retaining older workers.Findings – The results show that still in such an “age positive” social policy environment, negative stereotypes about older workers persist, threatening to constrain social change.Research limitations/implications – An exemplary analysis of two texts, representative of those related to Australian government initiatives to reform access to work for older citizens, provides an accessible means of (re)evaluating if and how such policies are more inclusive o...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The European sovereign-debt crisis began in Greece when the government announced in December, 2009, that its debt reached 121% of GDP (or 300 billion euros) and its 2009 budget deficit was 12.7% of GDP, four times the level allowed by the Maastricht Treaty. The Greek crisis soon spread to other Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries, notably Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. Using quarterly data for the  2000–2011 period, we implement a panel-vector autoregressive (PVAR) model for  11 EMU countries to examine the extent to which a rise in a country’s bond-yield spread or debt-to-GDP ratio affects another EMU countries’ fiscal and macroeconomic outcomes. To distinguish between interdependence and contagion among EMU countries, we compare results obtained for the pre-crisis period (2000–2007) with the crisis period (2008–2011) and control for global risk aversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other, major public investments are moving forward: the financing of the Nador West Med port has been completed, a call for tenders for the Kenitra Atlantique port was issued in January 2016, and work on the TGV high-speed rail line has continued. These initiatives are bearing fruit, with the automobile sector becoming the country’s chief exporter in 2015. The developments are occurring in parallel with a search for new partners, with Morocco continuing to position itself as a platform for access to African markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The region’s outlying suburbs are underserved by its radial transit system. This is one reason why the number of cost-burdened households in the region (renters who spend more than 50% of household income on housing and transport) is predicted to increase significantly over the next 20 years (Metro, 2010a). Oregon initiated a dramatic shift in its growth management policy in 1969, before the challenges described above were appreciated. Oregon policy makers were responding instead to the spread of exurban development and the consequent loss of agricultural and forest land. The governor at the time, Tom McCall, worried that Oregon would become the centre of a megalopolis ranging from Seattle to San Francisco, “committing some of the richest farmland in America to supermarkets and suburbs”. However, no state agency was charged with managing the programme, there was no significant source of funding to assist cities and counties with the development of comprehensive plans, and the enforcement mechanism- assumption of planning by the state if a local government refused to comply - was politically unpalatable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Therefore, some comparisons should be made with caution. This is the case even in countries that have largely decentralised the responsibilities for water resource management and service delivery (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico). Joint role” refers to a situation where roles and responsibilities regarding water policy are evenly distributed across central and sub-national governments. Dominant role” refers to a situation where the central government retains the majority of roles and responsibilities related to water policy Source: Based on results from OECD (2011), “OECD Survey on Water Governance 2010-2011”, OECD, Paris, survey conducted in 2011, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/39/44689618.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While women are on average having fewer children than they were in the 1960s, our numbers continue to rise. Globally, people are younger—and older— than ever before. While labour shortages threaten to stymie the economies of some industrialized countries, unemployed would-be migrants in developing countries are finding more and more national borders closed to them and the expertise they may have to offer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Conversely, an inability to achieve a w'hole-of-government approach was cited among the top barriers to achieving gender equality by about one-quarter of respondents to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Gender Public Policies and Leadership. The absence of a co-ordinated approach in dealing with gender equality issues is often one of the major obstacles to the development and implementation of gender policies. In the case of Spain, for example, the gender institution’s co-ordination function involves 20 distinct institutional components (Johan, 2010). Overall, at the horizontal level, in OECD countries, the most prevalent co-ordination mechanisms include establishing co-ordination units at the centre of government (82%), developing whole-of-government frameworks for gender equality (68%) and inter-ministerial groups convened by the central gender institution (68%) (see Figure 4.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels have been the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom and others, 2009). In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 6 per cent, hydroelectricity for 3 per cent and biomass for 4 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using RUA as a starting point, establishing a PRTR in line with good international practice and with public access to the information collected should be a medium-term priority for Colombia. Policies and best practices of OECD countries could support these efforts (OECD, 1996a, 1996b,). Colombia could benefit from a wealth of information on country data and experiences and OECD-wide agreed release estimation techniques provided by the OECD website.4 This information could assist greatly in launching a PRTR in Colombia. To date, however it has a limited focus, dealing only with chemicals covered by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Colombia should strengthen its policies concerning public availability of safety data on chemicals. To this end, practices followed by OECD countries and reflected in two OECD Council Acts (OECD, 1983b, 1983c) could be of benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income. The allowance received by families living in this situation appeals to reduce the exposure of children living in these families to poverty. Finally, spending per person receiving pension benefits shares a strong and negative association with within-country changes in the relatively child poverty rates. Table D 2 reports the results of the estimation obtained with data on social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. It allows Annex I Parties to invest in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to sustainable development in non-Annex I countries. The Fourth National Report indicates that 232 of the 248 strategic targets in the First Action Plan were implemented in the period 2004-2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The project involved the creation of a 1,250km fibre optic backbone connecting all 17 provinces and access to the landing points of international submarine cables in Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. The World Bank provided the government with a grant to help finance the project. Its current members include Natel, Africell, Econet-Leo, Cbinet, Spidernet and Martha Hotel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this chapter, an attempt is made to assess the compatibility of the current sanctions regime with the ‘rule of law’. Using Tom Bingham’s eight ‘rule of law’ principles as a template, the number of counts on which the current sanctions regime in the UK appears not to satisfy these principles indicates that there are serious questions about its conformity with the rule of law, in addition to the serious questions about its effectiveness, humanity and injustice. Another characterisation of the rule of law would, no doubt, produce different conclusions but, on the evidence presented in this chapter, it is clear that there is something very wrong with the current sanctions regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, Rwanda has communicated a range of adaptation actions to be fully or partially achieved by 2050 based on the Rwanda’s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy that was put in place in 2011. For instance, Guinea-Bissau’s INDC adopts both short-term targets and medium- to long-term targets (i.e. 2025-2030), and each of the timescales has specific adaptation actions associated with it. Other countries use different timescales to communicate different financial needs (e.g. the INDC of Lao People’s Republic whereby, for instance, the estimated cost of adaptation until 2030 is indicated for the agriculture sector, and the costs of adaptation for transport and public health are estimated for the period until 2020). It will be important for countries to recognise what actions will need to be evaluated in the long run, and what will need more frequent monitoring and evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There has been an impressive rise in multi-stakeholder initiatives to address social and environmental crises in which firms and other stakeholders promote ethical governance through standards. Habermasian deliberative democracy that provides a normative model for ethical governance, emphasizing dialogue and impartiality, has been particularly influential in developing social standards. However, feminist scholars take issue with some of its philosophical assumptions, and question its suitability particularly in contexts characterized by extreme inequalities. We use the feminist critique to understand some of the challenges involved in developing social standards based on deliberative democracy. Through an organizational ethnography of Fairtrade International, we examine multi-stakeholder processes in the development of a standardized “fair” minimum price for Rooibos farmers in post-apartheid South Africa. While fair trading was previously based on direct negotiations, the introduction of a standardized “f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators, which may relate positively to spillovers in terms of social cohesion and regional development. From available evidence, educational requirements (as well as salaries) appear to be higher in the NPP construction and operating sectors (although not as high as in the decommissioning and waste management sectors) than in onshore wind, and in both PV and concentrated solar power (CSP). Trends in R&D funding have changed remarkably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In all, 1 819 sites were registered, of these, 880 were potential contaminated sites, and remedial measures have been taken on 685 sites. Half the contaminated sites posing high or significant risk to human health and the environment were landfills, but most polluted sites relate to the chemical industry. Remediation costs were estimated at EUR 1.2 billion, or 1.8% of GDP.53 Carrying out site inventory before privatisation would have helped spur remediation by eliminating investor uncertainty (Bluffstone, 2007). However, while privatisation was progressing, Slovakia missed the opportunity to set a legal framework defining responsibilities for environmental remediation associated with the previous operation of state enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It requires an ability to forecast many ecological and social unknowns which at present is only emerging. However, the precautionary component tends to ensure that management decisions are hedged in ways that reduce the cost of a false prediction. It requires a fishery management system that is sufficiently capable and responsive to address short and long term changes in a comprehensive manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many said that it would be important for the ministerial declaration to send a clear message about the global significance of forests to the third International Conference on Financing for Development, to be held in July 2015, the United Nations summit to adopt the post-2015 development agenda in September 2015, and the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, to be held later in 2015. Round table 1 was co-chaired by the Minister for Forests, Environment and Protection of Natural Resources of Gabon and Chair of the Forum at its eleventh session, Noel Nelson Messone, and the Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture of Germany, Christian Schmidt. Summing up the interactive discussion, the Co-Chair (Mr. Schmidt) said that it had been extremely useful in highlighting the importance of integrating forests in the post-2015 development agenda, as well as recognizing their multifunctional role in the climate change agenda. During the discussion, participants stressed the need to strengthen the Forum and align it with the post-2015 development agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By comparison, in most Nordic countries fathers have relatively short weekly w'orking hours. In these countries many mothers appear to reduce working hours once the household can afford it. Compared to w'omen elsewhere in the OECD, German women have made considerable progress in entering the labour market over the past decade and Germany now has the highest female employment rate in the OECD after the Nordics and Switzerland (Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Depending on the quantity of dangerous substances stored at the installation site, the operators must provide the competent authorities (Minister of the Environment and Minister of Labour and Employment) with a notification and a statement of their major accidents prevention policy (for lower-tier installations), or a notification, a safety report, and an internal emergency plan (for upper-tier installations). This internal plan will be used as the basis for the authorities to draw up an external emergency plan. This failure leaves local residents unprotected and deprives them of the necessary information on safety measures to be taken in case of a major accident.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, further cuts of some 25% are required over and above current plans by 2030, with further radical cuts to come thereafter. This is lower than the current pledge assessment for 2020. That is why 'climate compatible development’ is a powerful concept, linking action on climate change to the wider post-2015 sustainable development framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The plans have to specify the information to be provided to the public in the case of an accident. Some cities, such as Barranquilla and Cartagena, have successfully implemented the UNEP-APELL (Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level) programme led by the business sector. However, it is not clear if the CARs are sufficiently equipped to provide adequate oversight of industry’s efforts to prevent and respond to chemical accidents. The existing arrangements, and associated resource requirements, should be reviewed and strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)