albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Interpreting human rights statutes through their objectives encourages their description as empowering instruments with their hortatory language emphasising the potential of each instrument to protect and promote rights. This article examines Victoria’s Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) and Charter of Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) through a different lens and argues that a focus on their limitations and derogations offers a better understanding of the nature and extent of the human rights protection that each purports to provide. These limitations are no mere peripheral encumbrances and help shape the rights protecting functions of each statute. This article adopts a social constructivist approach to explain how, as socially constructed instruments, the operation of the limitations reveals an ambivalent role for each statute. The design and functionality of each statute, with their self-limiting provisions, means that each acts to sustain as well as challenge the existing power relationships and social arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Again, the State has an immediate obligation to guarantee that the right to work will be enjoyed without discrimination, and to take deliberate, concrete, targeted steps towards the realization of the right to work and full employment. In particular, pregnancies should not constitute an obstacle to employment and should not constitute justification for loss of employment." Other notable conventions are the Equal Remuneration Convention No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Trends in the use of biomass, energy, construction and other minerals show that while the economies of other regions of the world are becoming less resource-intensive over time, the Asia-Pacific economy is requiring more resources to produce one dollar of GDP as the economy grows (see figure 1.25). One factor behind this is the still-significant unmet needs of developing countries in the region. However, a large part can be attributed to economic growth strategies employed by countries. Notably, the region as a whole in 2008 used almost twice the input of resources'6 to create one unit of GDP as the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Finding more efficient ways to do business and to derive value from fish resources is an on-going exercise. Sound internal feedback mechanisms and sharing of experiences and best practices between countries is a good way to find pathways to improvement. Developing countries in particular can benefit from international cooperation. Called the Government Financial Transfers (GFT) database, this information serves the core mission of the OECD to provide intemationally-comparable data to support evidence-based policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The 1923 deportation of two Irish republican envoys was a signal moment in the construction of Australian immigration policy, remembered more in legal than political history. The arrival of the Irish envoys, anti-treaty, anti-Free State and anti-British, provoked anxieties about imperial loyalty and domestic harmony. This article contextualises the role of the envoys as a performance of Irish republican politics in the dying stages of the Irish Civil War before analysing the responses to them by Australian governments determined to curb their activities. Immigration policy and administration were constructed in this episode as an element of national security, one that implied a consideration for relations between states of a changing empire as well as the need for domestic harmony within Australian borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This affects the forest products sector in two ways: 1) indirectly through increased demand for agricultural crops, which could increase land use change, and 2) directly by creating demand for second-generation liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, including woody crops and wood waste. The minimum GHG reduction increases to 50% by 2017 and to 60% for new installations from 2018. A European Commission review of progress towards the 10% target found that the projected share of renewable energy in the transport sector across the EU was 5.7% in 2014, with some EU countries making good progress and the EU dedicating 3% of total cropland to biofuel production. The review concluded that the target is challenging but feasible (European Commission, 2015c).The European Parliament voted on 28 April 2015 to approve the indirect land use change (ILUC) Directive, which imposes a cap of 7% on the contribution of biofuels produced from food crops and establishes an indicative target that at least 0.5% of transport is fuelled by second-generation biofuels (European Parliament, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Both trade promotion and investment promotion involve an advisory role in market intelligence, regulatory framework and advocacy, as well as proactive matchmaking and marketing, but with different goals. For example, IPAs provide intelligence analysis on their own country to foreign investors, while TPOs provide market intelligence on potential export markets to local companies. They use different techniques and target different units and individuals within such companies, since IPAs view them as potential investors while TPOs see them as potential purchasers of exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The overriding objective should be to reduce risk, stimulate deployment and bring down costs. Evidence suggests that a large proportion of breakthrough innovations tend to come from new firms that challenge existing business models. Many countries have opted to provide tax- and other financial incentives to directly lower capital costs of low-carbon investment options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Absent efficiency-cultivating judges, is selective litigation alone enough to drive the common law to efficiency? To address this question, the common law is viewed as an evolving network of precedents. Litigants nominate the most inefficient precedents for re-adjudication and judges modify these precedents haphazardly. I show that in equilibrium every precedent achieves and remains above (except when it is being relitigated) a threshold efficiency score. Above the threshold, any score is equally likely. Therefore, despite haphazard adjudication, selective litigation by itself is enough to drive the common law above a threshold efficiency level. However, haphazard adjudication fails to achieve perfect efficiency - the efficiency distribution above the threshold has nonzero width.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agricultural producers in ASEAN are expected to be able to rise to these challenges over the medium term, with regional production growth rates projected to exceed world averages for many products, including animal-derived products (OECD-FAO, 2015). This will also increase the importance of ASEAN for world supplies of agro-food commodities. Across individual countries, however, changes in the production of key commodities are more mixed. This will require a continuation of past trends in total factor productivity growth - trends underpinned by continued efforts at policy reform and additional investments by governments and producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTTransformations in strategies of governmentality have been implemented around the globe through behavioral interventions characterized as ‘nudges.’ This article will focus on the implementation of these practices within geopolitical areas referred to as ‘smart cities.’ Specifically, the article will examine the impacts of technological developments on neuroeconomics and behavioral economics as foundational contributions to smart city governance. Given the resonance between several areas of governmentality explored by Foucault in the 1970s, and by an increasing number of theorists of late, this article sets out a program of research and policy analysis organized by a political economy of communications framework. As such, smart city governance will be identified and assessed in terms of the processes of commodification, spatialization, and structuration. Important concerns emerging from our assessment of the nudge as a governmental policy tool are the implications that this and related approaches t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is endemic among the poor in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where many people live in insanitary conditions and do not get enough calories, protein and micronutrients in their diet. Almost 25 per cent of children under the age of five was stunted and 10 per cent was wasted in 2016. Many women in poor households bear the burden of retrieving water from distant sources and often have little option but to use polluted wastewater for domestic purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since low-skill offshoring is more prominent than high-skill offshoring, on aggregate, engaging in a wider backward participation is associated with lower wage inequality. When it is a low-skill (high-skill) task that is received, then the labour-augmenting productivity effect pushes the wages of low-skilled (high-skilled) workers up thereby reducing (increasing) wage inequality. However, in this instance it is the high-skill effect which dominates and therefore being the recipient of an offshored task tends to increase wage inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Enrolment in basic education has been close to universal for many years. In 2015, the net enrolment rate is 100% in primary education and 98.3% in lower secondary education (Statistics Lithuania, 2016). Grade repetition is comparatively low. According to PISA 2015 survey, only 2.5% of Lithuanian students report having repeated a grade as compared to the OECD average of 12%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in Nepal UNDP supported a cross-party women’s caucus that successfully built power and a common agenda around women’s rights in the Constituent Assembly from 2008 to 2013.118 However, its success was not long lasting, and the second Constituent Assembly, elected in 2013, abolished the caucus. In the eyes of the women involved in the caucus, this was because they had built up a solid power base, solidarity and a strong voice across party lines that threatened the leadership and status quo. Under the Soviet Union, women’s participation in labour markets and politics was equal to men’s participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is very little concrete empirical evidence of the effects of ICT on governance and how these effects should be evaluated. This paper is based on an e-governance outcome evaluation framework that draws on the existing literature on e-government, good governance and results-based management. Data was collected through surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and review of relevant documents. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that the integrated financial management system implementation had modest improvements on good governance, albeit very little effect on participation. The paper ends by giving some conclusions and recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, according to the results presented here, economic growth policies that promote both an increase in income and a reduction in inequality (for example, policies targeting the poorest segments of the Brazilian population, such as the Bolsa Familia programme) tend to reduce poverty more than economic growth policies whose sole aim is to raise mean income levels. Journal of Economic Growth, vol. Serie Ensaios Sobre Pobreza, No. Asian Development Review, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Soil erosion by water is moderate in the middle part of Mongolia, which is a vast area of grassland and major river basins. Soil erosion by water has increased in the northern parts of Mongolia, probably because of intensive rainfall and decreased vegetation cover. Land degradation refers to reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The long-term mean annual discharge of the river in Turkmenistan is 0.354 km3. Following a bilateral agreement, the river’s water resources ate equally shared between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. Of the total area of fertile land in the basin, only 25 per cent can be irrigated due to a lack of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines recent and significant developments about rights-based scrutiny and interpretation of legislation at the national level of government. The developments canvassed here cover parliamentary scrutiny of laws against international human rights standards, the High Court's first major consideration of a statutory human rights law, and the impact of legal globalisation upon norms of statutory interpretation. Each of these developments provides new opportunities for courts to explore how they and the other branches of government engage with foreign and international law ('global law') in law-making and statutory interpretation affecting human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In each participating country a minimum of around 4 500 to 5 000 students take part in the study. The number of participating countries has increased from 41 education systems in 1995 to over 60 in 2015. The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Strategy does not include actions to protect water sources from anthropogenic pollution, however. To achieve the goals set in the Protocol, the Republic of Moldova had to establish national and local targets and target dates until 2020, taking into account the entire water cycle. The targets and target dates were established in 2011 by the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Health, with the assistance of ECE and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Faithful implementation of policies and programmes in these areas outlined by the president will be crucial in addressing Tanzania’s poverty problem in the medium term. In the city of Dar-es-Salaam and other major cities, unemployment is higher than in the rural areas, basic infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, bus transit, etc.) Planned residential areas are rare, although land itself is in abundance. Intra-city transportation presents a serious challenge to commuters due to poor road networks and the absence of intra-city mass rail transport systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Donors currently allocate the majority of their aid to countries affected by civil war and political violence (OECD 2018). Scholarship on international aid has historically argued that donor aid allocation is motivated by exogenous strategic interests, not the endogenous needs of the recipient country (Alesina and Dollar 2000). Using an original survey-embedded experiment completed by over 1,130 aid experts, we find that donors do, in fact, respond to changing dynamics within the conflict-affected country, albeit in predictable ways. Donor aid modalities, like all organizational routines, provide them with limited allocation options, which they use to reward post-conflict governments for implementing peace agreements and help populations if violence returns (March 1999). These findings, which hold across aid donors and recipient countries, challenge core assumptions within the international aid and peacebuilding literatures, demonstrating the emergence of a previously unobserved set of rules that govern aid allocation to post-conflict countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By 2045, net-C02 emissions from land use are projected to become negative in OECD countries. Most emerging economies also show a decreasing trend in emissions from an expected slowing of deforestation. In the rest of the world (RoW), land-use emissions are projected to increase to 2050, driven by expanding agricultural areas, particularly in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The level of tertiary attainment in Poland is also high: about 75% of tertiary-educated adults have a master's or equivalent degree as their highest tertiary qualification, whereas the majority of tertiary-educated adults in OECD countries have only a bachelor's degree or equivalent. Following general OECD trends, labour-market opportunities increase with the level of tertiary attainment in Poland: about 93% of those with tertiary education at doctoral level are employed against 82% of those with a bachelor's degree. Only slightly more than half of the students undertake their studies full time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One of the most striking features of discussion concerning the legality of strikes against Syria is the mixture of semantics relating to intervention. Vocabularies relating to the use of force have generally been distinct from the realm of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law. The Syria debate folds criminal justifications into the rhetoric of intervention. Intervention is regarded as a means to achieves rationales and objectives of retribution. This essay examines arguments relating to (i) regime accountability under existing doctrines (R2P, 'humanitarian intervention,' 'protection of civilians,' (ii) the ‘punitive’ and deterrence-based justification of intervention, and (iii) the semantics of 'aggression.' It argues that use of force cannot and should not serve as a short-cut to international justice or as a means of punishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often ICT-related inventions in this group lie at the crossroad between several other technological fields and their potential applications also bridge different industrial domains (OECD, 2014a). The speed at which, in particular, malware has evolved over the last 10 to 15 years suggests not only that digital innovation comes with higher risks but also that malware has become highly innovative (see Box 2). Innovation in malware has forced the IT security industry and IT security experts to keep pace, thereby providing significant incentives for further digital innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article presents two arguments. The first relates to the relevance of citizen participation vis-a-vis the design and implementation of public policy. More specifically, the article empirically demonstrates how a model of community decentralisation can have a number of practical benefits for crisis-management policy. The second argument relates to a question that has come to characterise studies of citizen participation in public policy. Why is it that there is so much rhetoric in support of participation but so little action in terms of the day-to-day realities of policy implementation? We place this question in a crisis-management context so that we might ask: why is it that crisis-management systems built around the principles of community resilience continue to fail on these very grounds? We find our answer to this question in state-centric governance settings which devolve authority, but do not relinquish it.本文提出两个观点。第一个观点涉及公民参与对于公共政策设计和实施的意义。具体地说，本文用实证的方法说明社区分权模式如何对危机管理政策产生一系列实际效益。第二个观点涉及公民参与公共政...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The budget available to state and municipal protected areas was not studied. The MMA, for example, channelled 20% of its 2008 budget to SNUC, and the Brazilian Forest Service allocated 30% to the SNUC national forests. Resources from environmental compensation can be used for activities such as land tenure and demarcation, management plans, procurement of goods and services, technical studies and environmental education programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The large increase in maize imports in Vietnam can be attributed to demand from the expanding livestock sector. Maize imports into Russia and Indonesia fell. Higher prices led to production growth in both countries, and a search for cheaper, alternative sources of animal feed, such as meat and bone meal by Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. It must be acknowledged however, that there are limitations to the use of these surveys to analyse skills. The principal limitations are that such surveys collect only very aggregate data on skills and there may not be a direct linkage between the type of innovation activity and level of innovation expenditure undertaken by an industry on the one hand, and the employment of people and skills within the industry on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, the MENA region has seen the emergence of w'omen-focused incubators in recent years, but little is known about these incubators and how they can be expanded. The methodology of the survey is outlined in the Reader’s Guide of this book. This chapter provides a summarised analysis of the survey of BDS organisations in the MENA region carried out by the OECD in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines the continuities and discontinuities of imperial rule in Cyprus. It specifically investigates how the UK military base regime in the island has been negotiated in its local and regional contexts, including the recent accession of Cyprus into the European Union (EU) from whose territory the bases have been excluded. The study outlines the legal and political discourses and aesthetic practices surrounding the bases, and attempts to uncover their symbolic contradictions, paradoxes and implications. To this extent it underscores the tensions faced by competing discourses and practices of post-colonial emancipation, of peacekeeping and peacebuilding, as well as of regional integration and global governance. It also underlines the diffusion of colonial power that occurred after independence and the limits this has placed on both British and Cypriot claims to sovereignty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are multiple issues of social policy embedded in this discussion that contribute to the paucity of attention paid to these issues that we now address. These range from the most personal of issues (masturbation, reproductive rights, abortion) to issues that necessarily involve institutional policies that implicate others’ interests as well (impact of drugging side effects, sex education, right to sexual surrogacy services) to issues that implicate other areas of the law (torts and administrative law).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The same effects could be found due to educational investments. It is believed that improving education in poor areas will be helpful to increasing the beneficiaries’ long-run income. It questions the commonly-held notion that general inequality and the rural-urban income gap have been increasing over time. Taking note of the exclusion of long-term rural-to-urban migrants from official income statistics, the chapter tries to identify these omitted people in order to examine their income in comparison with both rural and urban household incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Educational or learning accounts can be a means to help achieve this objective (OECD, 2005), but tax incentives need to be designed in such a way that they do not disproportionally benefit higher-wage earners in high marginal tax rates. Globalisation and technological changes offer opportunities but also raise challenges that can be tackled with effective and well-targeted policies. Regulatory reforms can be designed in such a way that they make markets more efficient and encourage employment while reducing inequalities at the same time. Labour market and social policies also need to be adapted to changing household structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is similar to other countries. Data for lower secondary education is included in data for primary education. Pre-primary and primary education include reimbursements from local authorities for previous years. An alternative measure of the degree to which a country prioritises education is the share of GDP spent on education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)