albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We propose a dynamic model of precedent in a judicial hierarchy which incorporates a “bottom-up” informational component. When a high court establishes precedents it has uncertainty regarding how these precedents will play out when applied to future legal disputes. Lower court implementation of these precedents can inform the high court about the contemporary policy implications of the precedent. If lower court usage of a precedent is informative, the high court will consider the revealed location of the precedent when contemplating reducing the precedent’s authority and applicability to future cases. Using data on U.S. Supreme Court precedents and U.S. Courts of Appeals citations to these precedents, we estimate a model of the Court’s negative treatment of precedent. We find that lower court usage of precedent can provide new, useful information on the policy content of a precedent, helping the Court in shape law in a way consistent with its preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agriculture and mining registered higher production, employment and export growth than knowledge-intensive sectors over the 2000s (IPEA, 2012). While the trade volume almost quadrupled over the past decade, exports and imports together amount to only about 25% of GDP, significantly lower than in similar sized countries. Brazil is also less integrated into international value chains and has high tariff protection levels (WTO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, in general, inthe 20th century, access to the marine resources in Nordic countries has been based on principles of equal and free access for all coastal dwellers. In addition, and also based on an economic motivation, the time limit on quota shares were lifted to increase the stability and base for investment. The inclusion of vessels under 10 GT meant that more than a further 700 vessels now entered the ITQ system, which was now mainstreamed across species and sub-sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The indicators define quantitative or qualitative information needed to show progress achieving a criterion (REDD+ SES, 2012). The standards at principle and criteria levels are to be applied across all countries while indicators are to be tailored for country and/or local-specific circumstances. The REDD+ SES has also prepared a generic “framework for indicators” to guide the development of country-specific indicators. See Annex C for a summary of REDD+ SES and SEPC of the UN REDD Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Energy-intensive firms can receive up to an 80% discount if they join a Climate Change Agreement (CCA), which requires meeting energy efficiency or carbon-saving targets. Renewable electricity suppliers are exempt from the CCL. Receipts from the CCL amounted to £0.7 billion in 2009. The RO requires electricity end-suppliers to purchase a certain fraction of their annual electricity supply from producers using specific renewable technologies, and they receive tradable Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) for doing so. The supplier can also ‘buy out’ the obligation by paying a set price per MWh. The buy-out revenue is recycled to participating suppliers in proportion to their ROCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, there are reasons to question whether all businesses in the profit sector with more than 100 kg per week actually took part in the system and to what degree sorting was achieved. Each serving was assumed to generate in average 125 g of food waste.33 On annual basis this equals 22,800 tons of food waste. It is assumed in the report that the same number of meals are served in the profit sector. This gives a total amount of approx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Vouchers for career guidance services must be purchased online, and 93% of costs are subsidised. Individuals can benefit from a personal meeting with a counsellor which consists first of an assessment during which the individual completes exercises and tasks w ith the counsellor to discover his strengths, job values, and career goals. Concepts and Transformation, Vol. A cross-country analysis of teacher pay and pupil performance”, Econ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Alors qu'il est clair que les femmes aident de maniere significative a l'elimination de la faim et de la malnutrition, il est egalement evident qu'elles doivent etre mieux representees politiquement et participer davantage au dialogue sur les politiques. The focus on women informed broader discussions on what is influencing West Africa's development and food security prospects, and what innovative policies and approaches can strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable populations in the region. It also led to the adoption of the Milan Declaration by the members of the Global Alliance for Resilience (AGIR) - Sahel and West Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While prudent management of petroleum profits has led to the accumulation of about 200% of mainland GDP in the Government Pension Fund Global, Norway cannot afford to be complacent in preparing for the future. The widespread use of part-time work arrangements and the relatively low number of hours in the full-time working week reflect a widespread belief in maintaining a healthy work-life balance and may contribute to Norwegians’ high rate of life satisfaction. However, sustaining such a lifestyle requires an efficient and skilled labour force, and a skills system that activates and utilises all available skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, respondents' previous experiences of the outcomes and benefits of restoration measures may explain their high willingness-to-pay in specific watersheds. The report "Ecosystems in forests - how to assess and value them" gives an overview of relevant ecosystem services in forests, providing us with timber, mushrooms, berries and wild meat, regulating services like carbon storage and sequestration, and recreation and aesthetic services (TemaNord 2014:534). These six kinds of areas can be retrieved on the map on the left with their specific number. This is an elegant way to illustrate how ecosystem services are distributed in the landscape, by this kind of management which gives a very heterogeneous exploitation. However, this report suggests that biodiversity as well as carbon uptake may be optimal in old forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, child marriage violates the right of girls to express their views regarding decisions that will shape the entire course of their lives. Many of these studies address the problem of child marriage in an international human rights framework, highlighting the grave economic, health, social, and psychological consequences that result when girls are forced to marry too young. The majority of this literature, however, is based on country-level research, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where rates of child marriage are the highest. Syria: A Regional Crisis.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter attempts to conduct a thorough critique of the December 1982 United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or LOS Convention) from article 1 to article 320 (http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm, accessed on August 31, 2013) plus the following, to wit, Preamble and a historical perspective, by applying my one-dot theory, to see whether the U-shaped line in the South China Sea (SCS), which can be dialectically and collectively described as (extended) internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and other sea areas under the Chinese jurisdiction is, indeed, infamous. As a reminder, the original boundary marker of the U-shaped line is the same as the ones on land in the Republic of China (ROC) before October 1949: -(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·)-(·).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women's rights advocates have actively participated in this process, placing care squarely onto the government agenda (see Box 3.12). The ensuing National Care System is explicitly framed around gender equality and the human rights of caregivers, both paid and unpaid, as well as care receivers, including children, older people and people with disabilities. Together, they forged a common understanding of care from the point of view of gender equality and human rights, collected data, analysed existing policy frameworks and identified coverage gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The property sector is another area of interest for financial investors. For example, during the first month following the announcement of QE3, house prices in Hong Kong, China rose by 3%, while in the Republic of Korea and Singapore, they gained 1.195% and 1.125%, respectively. Governments have responded with a host of cooling measures in the property sectors. For example, in October 2012 and January 2013, the Monetary Authority of Singapore introduced a number of measures to contain a risk of property price bubbles. In October 2012, the government of Hong Kong, China raised the stamp duty on house purchases to stave off speculative investment flowing into the property markets. Fluctuations in equities in developing Asian economies since QE3, MSCI Asia excl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The World Bank itself began providing more support for the social sectors—health and education—but pushed for a greater role for the private sector in the provision of services. Representative ofthe institutional politics ofthe time, the UNCTC, which had managed to survive and continue to play a key role in forcing transparency on TNCs during the 1980s, was dismantled ini992 and folded into the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It began seeing its importance superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which came into existence in 1995 following the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations (1986-1994) culminating in the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994.The WTO replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), became the principal multilateral site for trade regulation among participating countries and the negotiation of trade agreements and instituted an enforceable dispute resolution process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to accumulation of problems in the past, current activities are focused on the most severe and visible cases and the results are positive. Currently, all waste streams and waste accumulated in the past have a well-defined owner. This has positively influenced the situation with regard to old accumulated waste, as well as waste currently generated by old technologies, and will continue to do so in the future. The industrial area of Baku is being replaced by residential buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What are the effects of subsidizing the insurance premium? These questions are analyzed in the risk environment of the representative farmer in the model. Figure 2.1 plots the relationship between the insurance price and the share of land insured in Australia and UK, representing the demand curve for crop yield insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This initial endowment was to be spent on capital equipment only (hardware, software, and furniture), and for a single class (room) of sixth grade (the first year of lower secondary school). Only equipment mentioned in the class project was eligible for funding, indirect costs (such as those for teacher training, non-teaching personnel) and consumables were not eligible for this funding and had to be covered by ordinary funds administered by the school. In the Lazio region (the region including Rome), a 5-member jury was set up to select classes: four members were internal to the administration, and one scientific expert from the “National Research Council” (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) completed the panel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Spain saw a slight increase, from 36% women in parliament in 2004 to 36.3% in 2008, a year after the introduction, in the General Election Regime Law, of compulsory requirement of balanced presence of women and men (minimum 40 per cent of each sex) in candidate lists. Gender equality mechanisms within election management bodies Electoral management bodies (EMBs) can play an instrumental role in promoting women’s political participation as they oversee and organise the electoral process, which includes candidate registration and voter outreach and education, among others. In fact, none of the respondents indicated that their election bodies had appointed gender advisors or focal points, included gender considerations in EMB operational procedures or policies, or emphasised gender balance in the composition of EMBs, including among commissioners and/or polling station officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A public awareness campaign provided information on the risks of living in areas deemed dangerous, and a scheme was put in place for those willing to relocate. In addition, women in the community received training, involving the participation of local institutions including the municipal government, academic institutions, technical specialists and nongovernmental organizations, on how to stabilize slopes in their respective locations. Further, a local committee representing all actors was called upon to review the new plans for urban relocation (Arup, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although South Africa is classified as semi-arid, there is considerable variation in climate as well as topography. The climatic zones vary, from the extreme desert in the farthest north-west to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the Mozambique border and the Indian Ocean. The terrain consists of a vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plains. South Africa has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Doctors can understand the health status of patients better, which enables them to provide consultations based on more accurate information. The application of telemedicine can save on the construction costs of new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas, which can help to reduce the national medical expenses. The environments in which telemedicine can be particularly effective are rural areas lacking medical resources and nursing homes, where older persons with mobility problems are found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the model ECIRS payments are then triggered and the representative mixed crop and livestock farm receives the equivalent to the average receipt of ECIRS in 2007-08 (AUD 37 000)l0. On the other hand, the model assumes that ECRP also triggered under the same circumstance, but it is paid to the farmer only if the realized income is below the level set by income test criteria (AUD 62 per fortnight). The level of the ECRP is chosen at the average receipt of ECRP per recipient in 2007-08 (AUD 13 045).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Degradation is accompanied by depletion of aquatic resources based on human exploitation. Relevant statistics about marine and coastal water quality and pollutant concentrations may include, but are not limited to, nutrients and chlorophyll, organic matter, pathogens, metals, organic contaminants, physical and chemical characteristics, and coral bleaching. The most commonly monitored marine pollutants and associated phenomena, such as eutrophication and red tide, can be analysed as relevant in local, national or supranational terms, based on the type of pollution and effect. Data sources for marine water quality statistics are typically either national or international monitoring stations, associated with scientific research or compliance with policy objectives and targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The concluding section sketches a staged approach which can guide a review of the financial dimension of ongoing water management practices. It can inform a policy dialogue on financing water resources management, the ultimate way to manage reform in this area. But, in the second half of the century, the impacts of climate change are likely to compound water-related challenges. For instance, in the case of agriculture, the anticipated increased incidence and severity of flooding could mobilise sediment loads and associated contaminants and exacerbate impacts on water systems, while more severe droughts may reduce pollutant dilution, thereby increasing toxicity problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter also summarises the intended nationally determined contributions that the EECCA countries submitted in time for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Finally, this chapter outlines a set of recommendations for policy development that the EECCA countries and their development co-operation partners could pursue to scale-up finance for climate finance in the region, based on the results of the analysis detailed in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. At the same time, vulnerable populations are already experiencing the impacts of a changing climate. Thus, actions that strengthen adaptation to such adverse effects of climate change are also needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Much of the modem experience of development has shown that, save in a pure Malthusian situation which may sometimes occur but which is generally rare, poverty is closely related to income inequality, and both are closely connected with growth. In attempts to find effective ways to combat poverty, attention must therefore be cast widely enough to examine the effect of income inequality and growth on poverty. In turn, reduction and eradication of poverty can have an important impact on growth and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From the information available, it seems likely that Sweden will need more GPs if primary care is to take responsibility for an increasing share of care provision and coordination. A nursing shortage is also forecast, because of drop-out and retirement effects. They undergo a medical training period of five years, followed by a 21-month training period in general medical care, and another five years of study if they decide to specialise. ( The terms “general practitioner”, “family physician” and “district physician” vary locally, but all refer to specialists in general medicine within primary care.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For Israel, changes are given only between 1997-99 and 2011-13. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The OECD total does not include the non-OECD EU member states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The number of graduates nearly quadrupled, with the strongest increases occurring in the 2000s. General crop and livestock production disciplines concentrated the largest proportion of courses and students, followed by veterinary. The forest engineering and fishing disciplines are gaining in importance. For example, the State of Sao Paulo hosts four prominent universities in Agricultural Sciences: Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) and Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the last decade, regulatory activity has accelerated for hazardous waste management, which had been less developed than municipal waste management. Most aspects of waste management are now regulated. However, there is no overarching legal framework for waste management to provide comprehensiveness and consistency among the numerous legal instruments adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article examines how the regulatory character of market institutions shapes government responses to labour shortages, with particular reference to immigration policy. The period between the late 1990s and the late 2000s saw many advanced economies relax entry controls on select categories of foreign workers. This trend was most pronounced among states with liberal market institutions. The underlying reasons for these trends are analysed through an examination of the motivations for reform in Australia and the UK, two states that oversaw significant liberalisations of their labour immigration policies. It argues that the liberal character of key market institutions encouraged firms in these states to look to external rather than internal solutions for meeting their labour requirements. These findings suggest that perspectives from the comparative political economy scholarship, most notably the varieties of capitalism literature, may provide insights into the way that different modes of market regulation shape immigration policy preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The targets range from indicative targets of increasing the large-scale hydropower capacity, in the case of Myanmar and Lao PDR, to targets specifically aimed at boosting technologies that are only commercially viable with additional support. While Cambodia has no specific renewable energy target, the country aims to supply 2 241 MW of hydropower by 2020 under the Power Development Plan (ASEAN Centre for Energy, 2016). In 2010, the Malaysian Cabinet approved the target of increasing the installed capacity of biogas, biomass, small-scale hydropower and solar PV to 4 000 MW in total by 2030. While the 2011 Renewable Energy Act established that this target were to be achieved through the feed-in tariff system, Malaysia also expects the installed capacity of large-scale hydropower to increase further, which is not reflected in Figure 3.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most analysts determine the values of these parameters on the basis of time series analysis of historical performance data, consistent with the dictum that “history is a good predictor of the future”. We note that Markowitz himself and associates do not exclude the setting of different values if analysts have good reasons to deviate from historical values (Fabozzi, et al., They published the results in an article published in the Journal of Finance, the most prestigious periodical of finance theory (Bar-Lev and Katz, 1976). Bar-Lev and Katz defined the reciprocal of average fuel cost per unit of energy input per annum as return indicator and the standard deviation of a 17-years period time series for this indicator as risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Reducing the number of animals required to produce a fixed level of output can yield significant efficiency gains. For example, a 28 percent overall reduction in annual methane emissions in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 1999 can be attributed largely to reductions in cattle numbers and the increased productivity of dairy cows (DEFRA, 2001). Strong disparities in resource-use efficiency and GHG emission intensity still exist between animal farming systems and across regions (Herrero et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The historical link between anticolonialism and human rights has recently become a subject of wide-ranging scholarly debates. A growing number of human rights scholars argue that anticolonialism was not a human rights movement because it was concerned with popular liberation rather than curtailing state power over the individual. This article interrogates these and similar arguments by exploring how anticolonial activists in Africa invoked the Atlantic Charter in struggles for self-determination and deployed an emergent human rights lexicon to strengthen longstanding demands for independence. It queries the logic and historicity of delinking the discourse of self-determination within anticolonialism from the discourse of human rights in post-World War II internationalism. It argues that constructing anticolonialism and human rights as intersecting social and intellectual movements allows for a more nuanced and holistic history of human rights in the twentieth century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)