albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTThis study focuses on two exceptional moments in the Egyptian–Israeli history of conflict: the visit of President Anwar Sadat to Jerusalem in November 1977 and the signing of the Israeli–Egyptian peace treaty in March 1979. Combining peace studies, cultural studies and discourse analysis, the article analyzes the response of Israeli most popular children's periodicals to these dramatic peace events in real time, during the months in which they occurred. The article's contribution to peace research lies in its ability to shed light on how intergenerational discourse conveyes peace legacy, a relatively neglected arena in peace research. In doing so, it likewise focuses on the discursive ‘failures’ embedded in the Israeli peace discourse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Until 2013 such consent was not required for areas of less than 0.5 ha. If the owner has been granted a cutting permit, exemption from payment of the fee applies in some cases (e.g. for safety reasons). The act also imposes a penalty for damaging trees through “inappropriate execution of maintenance procedures”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This act is responsible for identifying the rightful holder, mediating disputes and transferring land to the new owner. In 1994 the Restitution of Land Rights Act was created, which facilitates the acquisition of land in former white areas for black farmers. In 1997 the South African government created the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, which adapted and updated the Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act as to protect occupants from eviction and to regulate land rights as to ensure tenure security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A number of governments have taken further actions to fight obesity through health promotion efforts. Nationally co-ordinated programmes have been launched in countries such as the United States (Let’s Move), United Kingdom (Change4Life), Switzerland (Actionsante), and others (OECD, 2012). There is a trend in these programmes to include multi-stakeholder frameworks, involving business and civil society actors in the development of public health policies. These comprehensive programmes target obesity through an extensive variety of measures that include mass education campaigns as well as more targeted interventions aimed at high-risk individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal co-ordination (multi-level and integrated governance), long-term planning, and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance. Deviation of the main rivers that used to flow into the Lagoon between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries drastically changed the sediment budget of the Lagoon and ended the risk of it ever silting up altogether. The main human interventions over the past century have disturbed the preexisting situation of the Lagoon, which was closer to a stable (albeit dynamic) equilibrium between land and marine forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Section II reviews poverty in Asia Pacific LDCs in terms of both aggregate and disaggregate indicators. This covers subjacent, medial, and ultra poverty and the relationships between poverty and hunger. Section III utilizes some of the indicators established for identifying the poor, especially in terms of the characteristics of the poorest and the hungriest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While it is possible to calculate a single poverty figure using this approach (e.g. the proportion of people experiencing x number of deprivations), the method is mainly focused on the joint experience of deprivations. This series of studies applies the deprivation analysis to the data of low- and middle-income countries to measure deprivation in an internationally comparable manner. The methodology, which is also referred to as the Bristol approach, defines deprivations as denials of basic child needs and rights, using internationally accepted declarations and conventions to select relevant dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Is there a conflict between intergenerational justice and the current global system of intellectual property (IP) rights to the extent that it acts as a hindrance to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts? Addressing the potential for conflict between the intellectual property system and intergenerational justice depends on the role played by intellectual property in technology development and diffusion. It also depends on what role property rights have within a theory of intergenerational justice. We argue for a theory of intergenerational justice based on core human rights to life, subsistence and health and a notion of equality. A right to property (which includes intellectual property) is best seen as a vehicle for securing these core rights. We argue that both intergenerational and international justice are crucial in making more explicit the normative elements embedded in public policy-related arguments made in relation to intellectual property and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By comparison, the US dollar has generally strengthened against the currencies of its trading partners since April-May 2018, and this is mirrored by the trend of the DXY index in a tight-knit fashion.9 Notably, the Chinese currency’s NEER depreciation is shallower than its depreciation against the US dollar on a bilateral basis. These trends suggest that the exchange rate dynamics involving this currency pair are more about the strength of the US dollar than the weakness of the Chinese yuan thus far. Among the region’s currencies, the rupee, the rupiah and the Myanmar kyat weakened most against the US dollar last year, although they have been on an uptrend since November-December 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These are specialised in grain and oilseed production and characterised by more capital intensive techniques. The rationale for breaking up large farms with substantial machinery and other equipment was less obvious in these regions, and the existing managers were well placed to maintain operations. Large grain producers in these regions often have direct contracts with buyers overseas - either foreign traders or mills. Many large production units belong to so-called “agroholdings”, vertically integrated structures which incorporate farms, silos and processing plants and sometimes sea terminals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Bringing together contributions from an international group of social scientists, this collection examines diverse crises, both historical and contemporary, which implicate market forces, widening inequalities, social exclusion, forms of resistance, and ideological polarisation. The Commonalities of Global Crises offers carefully researched case studies which stretch across large geographical distances- from Egypt to the US and from northern, central, eastern and southern Europe to South America- and covers timely issues including human rights, slavery, care, migration, racism, and the far right. The volume demonstrates that such different settings and diverse concerns are characterized by a common tension in which the crises that unfold around pressures of widening marketization and commodification are met by the (re)building or re-assertion of various communities, and competing politics of solidarity and nostalgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although women generally have higher educational attainment, there is a large gender gap in earnings between male and female full-time workers with tertiary education. In the United States, among adults with tertiary education, women earn only 68% of what men earn. This gender gap of 32% is larger than for other OECD countries except for Brazil, Chile, Israel, Mexico and the Slovak Republic. The same gender gap (32%) is observed in the United States for 35-44 year-olds and 55-64 year-olds, signalling that the difference in earnings between men and women is not decreasing among the younger generation (Figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, due to limited revenue-raising capacity as well as fiscal sustainability issues, switching to a tax-funded universal health system would imply lower health benefits than those provided by current contributory programmes (Ribe et al, 2010), thus reducing the effective coverage of those currently covered by such programmes. The better-off segments of the population could resort to private insurance as a complement (top up). In addition, the higher the population coverage of existing social security programmes, the higher the resistance to this change is likely to be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All components of supply will have to expand, especially harvest residues, but the projections seem sustainable for all countries in Europe. Total wood supply would have to increase by nearly 50% in twenty years (assuming no significant increase in imports from other regions). It considers that the colossal forest potential of the country is essentially under-utilised. However, developing a culture of innovation is a complex challenge, going far beyond the boundaries of the forest sector. However the challenges described in the study are exceptionally complex and long term and will require a high level of sophisticated cross-sectoral policy making to find the necessary balanced and sustainable solutions. Net annual increment, carbon stock and net ecosystem production are all expected to increase, despite increased losses from fires, wind, pests and diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
1. Introduction: The Structures of the Criminal Law 2. The Standard of the Reasonable Person in the Criminal Law 3. Resultant Luck and Criminal Liability 4. Criminalizing SM: Disavowing the Erotic, Instantiating Violence 5. Constitutionalism and the Limits of the Criminal Law 6. International Crime: in Context and in Contrast 7. Legal Form and Moral Judgment: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide 8. Abnormal Law: Teratology as a Logic of Criminalization 9. Criminalization Tensions: Empirical Desert, Changing Norms, and Rape Reform 10. Preparation Offences, Security Interests, Political Freedom
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those that have introduced quotas have seen more immediate increases in the number of women on boards, while those that have taken a softer approach, using disclosure or targets, have seen a more gradual increase over time (Box 14.1). Most countries either require businesses to disclose the gender balance on their boards or, as part of their corporate governance codes, compel companies to comply or explain. Since 2011 companies listed on the FTSE 100 index of big firms have been encouraged to ensure that at least 25% of board members are women, with the voluntary challenge later widened to all firms listed on the larger FTSE 350 index, and increased with companies now asked to reach 33% female board members by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The collapse of many shark populations in the North Atlantic due to overfishing has led to increase in the number of some skates and rays, species that were typical prey of sharks such as the great white or the hammerhead, this has had significant consequences on fishing communities, as the increased number of skates and rays have affected commercial fisheries for bay scallops and other shellfish (Myers, 2007). At an international level, the World Bank/FAO Rent Drain study estimates that approximately USD 50 billion is lost annually in global resource rent from fisheries as a result of poor governance (World Bank/FAO, 2008). Of course, the figures should also be weighed against the costs of undertaking rebuilding programs and subsequent management of the stocks. Even if a stock is rebuilt, fishing may not yield the same level of pre-collapse revenues, as there may be a lag (especially for a smaller fishery) to re-establish itself and therefore regain access to markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article theoretically discusses the concept of social class to understand the construction of heteronormative femininity in studies on the social uses of telenovelas. Inspired by the work of Pierre Bordieu, Latin American cultural studies, and feminist theory, I argue for the centrality of the bodily hexis in conforming a classed femininity based on the incorporation of media capital by working-class women. The analysis reveals that the automatisms of schemes of classification are powerful mechanisms of reproduction of both gender and social injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the moment, female educational attainment clearly dominates male educational attainment in a majority of industrialized countries. This is true for several measures of attainment. Women are in a clear majority among secondary school graduates, among students enrolled in tertiary education, and among tertiary graduates. Furthermore, judging from recent trends, it seems likely that the gender gap in educational attainment will keep on widening in favor of women in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As outlined by ECLAC, the current development model has become unsustainable and progressive structural change is needed that would allow to transform a culture of privilege into a culture of equality, not just in terms of distribution and opportunities, but also from the point of view of rights, capacities and means (ECLAC, 2016e). In order to achieve this goal, the State must play a more active and decisive role in universalist policies. There is a crucial need for statistical instruments that can identify the critical areas for consideration in the implementation of transformative public policies and that can account for progress and setbacks in the implementation of policies based on empirical data, to help the region's States to play a central role in progressive structural change (Barcena, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All targets of the Waste Prevention and Management Programme are aligned to, and are consistent with, the national objectives for the National Development Plan and the National Environment and Resources Management Programme, and they are all derived from the Waste Law. Indicators included In the National Environment and Resources Management Programme were developed by SEMARNAT staff, together with Japanese international co-operation agency (JICA) experts, and were aimed at assessing the effects of implementation of the programme. Waste management targets are generally qualitative in nature, although quantitative targets exist in other environmental management areas such as energy and water policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This assistance is designed to help people cope with their trauma, provide strategies for protecting themselves and their families, and make the necessary plans to achieve safety and stability. The minister emphasised the need for collaboration and co-operation at the national, community and individual levels in order to reduce and abate GBV, calling for a holistic approach that went beyond the government to include churches, NGOs, trade unions, the healthcare sector and others. These include (but are not limited to): lack of special DVUs or mechanisms, inadequate psychological support services for abusers, lack of legal aid services and victim support programmes, insufficient shelter, psychological and legal counselling and education support services, lack of sufficient preparation by healthcare providers to collect and present medical/legal evidence, lack of sufficient co-ordination between the medical, law enforcement, social services and justice sectors, and prevalence of stigma, discrimination, victim blaming and gender inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
1. What is law? 2. Judicial precedent 3. Legislation 4. Statutory Interpretation 5. European Union law 6. Law reform 7. The civil justice system 8. Tribunals and Inquiries 9. Police powers 10. The criminal process and courts 11. Sentencing 12. The legal profession 13. The Judiciary 14. Lay magistrates 15. Juries 16. Legal services and funding
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Norway, the Ministry of Environment along with the largest private forest owners'association, identified forests eligible for conservation contracts. In addition, individual forest owners could propose their own land. The government negotiated to purchase eligible forests to establish forest reserves, banning all extractive uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although per capita emissions of S02 and NOx are lower, emissions relative to GDP, an indicator of environmental efficiency, are high compared with large and medium-sized OECD countries (Figure 2.1, Panel C). Pollution intensity refers to 2010 or most recent observation. Though the incidence of acid rain in China has declined somewhat in recent years, it remains a serious concern. In 2011 the government estimated that over 10% of China’s landmass was affected, including farmlands and densely populated areas along the Yangtze River and in the South-East (MEP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is of particular concern in private groundwater wells located in agricultural regions with overlying permeable soils. The US Environmental Protection Agency requires that public water systems not exceed a nitrate concentration of 10 mg/L, because nitrate above this level, causes infant methaemoglobinaemia. Transformation products and metabolites of man-made chemicals that are produced from biological, chemical and physical breakdown reactions. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Existing research demonstrates that child food insecurity is both consequential and common, but limitations in the range of countries, contexts, and time points for which data have been collected, and a lack consistency in what is being measured and how, has resulted in incomplete information for addressing child food insecurity, its causes and consequences. The effectiveness of a global monitoring system rests on two components: measurement of child food insecurity that reliably and accurately captures the phenomenon, and a vehicle for delivering that measurement to samples that support reliable and accurate inference to the populations of interest. In addition, the prevalence of food inadequacy is estimated indirectly, based on national food balance sheets reporting the quantities of food available in 113 countries [15]. These monitoring systems give a panoramic view on what is happening in a country, and they provide information about the adequacy of wages, existing resources, and benefits to meet food needs at household level, for the populations to which household samples are representative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If a broader definition at USD 2 at PPP/person/day is applied, the poverty rates are significantly higher, with declines from 85% in 1990 to 51% in 2009 (WB WDI, 2012). Thus, even if progress in poverty reduction has been significant, around half of the population remains vulnerable to falling into absolute poverty in case of natural disasters or a deterioration in economic conditions. The share fell for both urban and rural households, but remains much higher for rural households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Technical means of spreading alerts are available but have to be used in a more widespread manner. Short and frequent updates from warning authorities during emergencies are recommended. In 2007, in Aceh, Indonesia a local tsunami siren went off by mistake causing mass panic and injury as residents fled. Risk maps and contingency plans, for example, require continuous updating to match changes in population and land use patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Social protection and rural health infrastructure will be necessary to cope with the new demands of an ageing mral population. Meanwhile, mechanisation can help offset the lack of labour in rural areas in the future, while physical and human capital in ICT offers the opportunity of shifting to a knowledge-based economy that is less labour-intensive. Close to 70% of the population is rural, characterised by high poverty and limited access to soft and hard infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, Becker-Blease and Sohl (2007,isj) show that women seek angel financing at rates substantially lower than that of men, but have an equal probability of receiving investment conditional on searching for funding. Differences in aspirations may also play a role. Women are more likely to be associated with less capital-intensive businesses and less aggressive growth efforts (Kanze et al., Evidence from the United States seems to suggest that this cannot be the entire explanation. Indeed, the representation of women in MBA programmes as well as advanced science and engineering degrees has been substantially higher than their representation in the entrepreneurial sectors for the past two decades. Furthermore, the under-representation of women as venture-backed entrepreneurs is not met by a similar under-representation in other highly-compensated professional fields such as medicine or law, nor in jobs with similar human-capital profiles such as investment banking or consulting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Goal 17 and targets for each of the goals related to the means of implementation are excluded from the assessment as these depend on collective national, regional and international action. There are certainly drawbacks of using such a simplistic methodology but the intention is not to have an accurate point forecast into 2030 or 2050, which would be difficult in any case for even more complex modelling or forecasting techniques. This simple framework is intended to provide the general direction that the SDG indicators are trending to allow a broad assessment of whether the SDGs can be achieved. As development efforts take time to manifest in these type of indicators, the past performance of these countries on the MDGs will also help ground the assessment against the related SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Labour-market institutions and regulations need to address these issues. Institutions comprise laws, rules and established social and cultural practices that affect incentives and behaviour (Edquist, 1997),5 such as patent laws, cap-and-trade systems and regulations. As elsewhere in the G-NIS, there should be two-way relationships between these elements and the rest of the system. Domestic institutions and existing infrastructure set incentives and affect how the actors behave. Infrastructural or institutional rigidities that arise can hamper innovation. Such policies treat green economy activities as “infant industries”, requiring appropriate support, including regulatory requirements, government procurement, subsidies (preferably performance-related and time-bound), access to credit and, possibly, some level of trade protection, as discussed in chapter VI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some of these homeowners are still repaying a mortgage. For example, 17% of elderly Canadians reported that their households were making regular mortgage payments in 2010 (Uppal, 2010). In 2011, among the over-65s who owned their homes, 6.5% were still repaying a mortgage. In Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland, the percentage is at least 30%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The EIA reported that the area suffered from the long-term negative impact of oil-extracting and waste disposal activities, was extremely polluted and required urgent remediation. There are no historic records on pollution for this site, but the EIA report characterized the environmental status prior to rehabilitation works. Groundwater pollution was not identified, as there are no underground water strata. This special purpose company was set up by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)