albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Women in Business: Policies to Support Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (OECD, 2012b) highlights existing efforts by governments and other stakeholders to improve support for women entrepreneurs and identifies avenues for future action to accelerate the development of women’s entrepreneurship. Better quality data - about informal enterprises too - would support the development of more effective policies for promoting entrepreneurship in the MENA region. And better entrepreneurship policies would have long-term positive effects on employment opportunities for the entire population, so helping to offer a response to citizens’ calls for greater prosperity which have been at the core of the recent political and social movements taking place across the MENA region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although market instruments exist to deal with some of these risks (e.g. interest rate hedging), they are more often dealt with by individual farm strategies, e.g. arrangements with banks, family budget management, business consulting, outsourcing financial management to specialised companies, etc. Between 2004 and 2009, outstanding debt in agriculture more than doubled in value terms, driven by the expansion of existing farms and the entry of new operators, particularly in dairy farming. In the recent crisis period, as commodity and land prices fell, farms continued to draw heavily on bank credit to meet their working capital needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Increasingly visitors are looking for experience-based, instead of destination-based, tourism. However, in Indonesia, the tourism-related creative economy mainly exists in the more service-based Javanese and Balinese economies, as they have access to a more highly educated workforce (Fahmi, Koster and van Dijk, 2016). Other places can leverage the diversity of their cultures and use a more traditional approach to attract visitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On the other hand, this approach cannot reflect local conditions and leaves communities in different locations to face a range of challenges (such as limits of water availability, difficulties accessing the resource, level of equipment or infrastructure, level of economic development, etc.). To be effective, water charges need to be responsive to these differences. Subnational authorities are best placed to understand local needs and to engage relevant interlocutors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Unlike payments of non-categorical SA, dedicated HB programmes are typically not accompanied by work-related requirements or other activation-type interventions that seek to re-establish self-sufficiency. Most countries provide special benefits for lone parents either in the form of additions to regular family or childcare benefits or as separate programmes. Where benefits for children or lone parents are means-tested, they can resemble SA benefits in all but name.6 One difference concerns, again, work-related activity requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They also look favourably upon disruptors such as motorbike delivery and crowd logistics, and many report planning to invest in collaborative logistics such as crowd sourcing. Recognizing these trends, Rwanda is not only encouraging innovation in logistics services, but is also becoming one of the first countries to regulate these new technologies. Last mile logistics is essential for Rwanda, a landlocked country that relies primarily on roads for transporting goods and services within and across its borders. Two-thirds of responding firms found local transport infrastructure to be good or excellent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Those constraints set a limit on fuel enrichment, average and maximal burn-up, power peaking factor and boron concentration during operation. Safety concerns require negative fuel and coolant coefficients and a minimal anti-reactivity margin throughout reactor operation. For example, in a 3-batch strategy only 1/3 of the assemblies are replaced at each refuelling, thus each fuel assembly stays in the core for 3 cycles. On the other hand, a higher enrichment results in a burden on the fuel fabrication plant, higher fabrication cost and additional technical-economic constraints for fuel transport and storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this framework, marginal utilisation costs are, by construction, higher than average utilisation costs. Higher drops are featured for solar PV, for which the value factor decreases more dramatically, reaching about 60% of baseload costs at a penetration level of 15% (Hirth, 2015b). Recent quantitative analysis at the NEA also confirms such trends (NEA, forthcoming): in a highly flexible system, the value factor for wind onshore reaches about 80% and 70% of baseload at 30% and 40% penetration level. Solar PV reaches 60% of baseload price at 12.5% penetration and the value sharply drops at only 30% when a 20% penetration level is reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some opportunities exist to increase water abstraction charges, which do not cover abstraction costs and are currently regulated by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries (MoE, 2010c). The challenge will be to prioritise and phase investments over time to focus on areas with the best cost-benefit ratio and the highest positive impact on water resources. The classification of the whole of Slovakia as a “sensitive” area under the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive should be reconsidered, with a view to prioritising the most sensitive areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among the biggest obstacles to progress is that, to date, no practicable method exists for assigning the emissions from a transnational voyage to an individual country. Bunker oil is considered a particularly toxic fuel.) January 2016 was the date set for implementation of “tier III” NOx standards in existing emission control areas (ECAs), and as of 2020 the global sulphur cap will be reduced further to 5 000 ppm (Marpol Convention, Annex VI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
By contrast, the share of working-age households with a working man remained relatively stable (at 76%) over time in most countries (Panel A). Germany, nevertheless, witnessed a significant decline (by about 15 percentage points) in men’s employment participation among households during this period. A. Households with a male worker Panel. In Spain, for instance, in 1995 only 22% (25%) of households had a woman working full-time (full-year), compared to 42% (52%) in the year prior to the crisis. Dutch women are now working more weeks per year, though not more hours per week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article aims to reflect on health policies for indigenous people with disabilities in Brazil, featured by the lack of access to information and essential health care services. In particular, when we approach indigenous children with disabilities, new intersectionalities are added, which have been guided in Brazil by a hegemonic and strongly mediatic discourse of discrimination and criminalization of indigenous peoples. We also address the issue of congenital disability among indigenous peoples as correlated with iniquities and violations of territorial,social and human rights - and which has been potentiated by the rise in chronic diseases, characteristic of non-indigenous peoples. Methodologically, we conducted a theoretical andethnographic review, together with an analysis of the information available in the public health system, paving the way for other strategies for human rights struggles for free territory, autonomy,social participation, dignity and well living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The global coronavirus pandemic has reified divisions, inequity, and injustices rooted in systems of domination like racism, sexism, neoliberal capitalism, ableism, and more. Feminist scholars have theorized these interlocking systems of domination as 'the continuum of violence.' Building on this scholarship, we conceptualize the US response to and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic as reflective of the continuum of violence. We argue that crises like pandemics expose the anti-democratic and exclusionary practices inherent to this continuum, which is especially racialized and gendered. To support our argument, we provide empirical evidence of the continuum of violence in relation to COVID-19 vis-A-vis the interrelated issues of militarization and what feminists call "everyday security," such as public health and gender-based violence. The continuum of violence contributes theoretically and practically to our understanding of how violence that the pandemic illuminates is embedded in broader systems of domination and exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Continuity of the drinking water supply is an issue: the country average for water continuity is about 12 hours. Currently, only two of the water utilities in Albania (Kor$e and Librazhd) can provide a 24-hour water supply service across their entire systems throughout the year. The high compliance rate refers to big water supply systems, whereas the small water supply systems and those in rural areas are not subject to monitoring and control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This book has offered unique insight into specific textual approaches and modes of sharing used by marginalised (and in some cases stigmatised) people. I have highlighted the labour involved in negotiating and managing privacy and publicness across networked online and face-to-face environments. While Intimate Citizenship 3.0 is fraught with risk, the rewards include greater cultural and civic engagement and erosive social change. These new understandings can be usefully mapped onto other contexts in which digital tools and platforms are being used to facilitate engagement and empowerment, for example among young people who strive to overcome bullying, or older people who seek a way out of social isolation. In the following I present four summative points as they emerge during my representative chapters on voice, identity and networked publics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The institutional coverage of the figures for that country corresponds to the budgetary central government. Since it is a federal country, the published figures may have underestimated total social spending to a greater extent than in other countries reporting that coverage. The same is true of Mexico: the available information on the highly-decentralized execution of its spending show that the figures should be studied more carefully than in other cases because the underestimation of social spending levels may be quite considerable. The indicators shown are for overall public social spending and spending by function or sector—education, health, social security and welfare, and housing, sanitation and other functions not included in the previous categories— as percentages of GDP, in dollars per capita and as percentages of total public spending. These proportions are then applied to the GDP series in dollars at 2000 prices so that per capita social spending, expressed in dollars, can be derived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By mid-2010, L&T/MHI had secured contracts totalling 6.5 GW of capacity. Ultra-supercritical coal technology is under development. In September 2010, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) announced the development of an advanced ultra-supercritical boiler with steam capacity of 350 bar and 700°C for an 800 MW coal power plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The contract also establishes the degree to which the PPP facility is separated from existing networks, often politically controversial in urban areas, and the level of charges that can be levied are also a politically sensitive issue. In Tokyo and other large Japanese cities, private metro and suburban rail operators carry a larger share of passengers than government financed metros or the suburban lines of the regional railways, and they return consistent profits. These networks were developed in a set of unique post-war conditions characterised by cheap land prices (allowing the operators to buy entire corridors and surrounding properties) and low labour costs coupled with directive land-use planning. Today, most of their revenue comes from non-transport operations linked to their real-estate holdings and in-station shops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The indicator also illustrates the effectiveness of local, national, regional and global measures to protect endangered species. The indicator can be applied to individual species groups (e.g. birds, butterflies), or can be aggregated to incorporate a number of taxa (e.g. in a fashion similar to the Living Planet Index), according to data availability and indicator applicability. The indicator illustrates the effectiveness of national measures designed to limit the loss in biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But this food, along with food purchased locally or internationally, can also be distributed to those in need. In some cases, this food may be given unconditionally, as has happened in cases of Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. For these programmes, one of the most important considerations is targeting, since distributing food to large numbers of people can be prohibitively expensive. This is commonly done through food-for-work programmes, such as building roads, on the assumption that only the poorest would be prepared to do this work for the type of food on offer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some countries and groups will be negatively affected by reduced demand for their products and resources. On the other hand, countries that keep up with research and development efforts and manage to generate new linkages with the rest of their economies will be better able to keep in step with the emerging technological trends and experience gains in wealth and welfare. The capacity of an economy to generate new dynamic activities is key to sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It should be noted that Figure 7-10 only indicates the deprivation incidence of girls with a given characteristic, it does not identify the causes of the actual deprivations as the underlying cause might not be included in the figure. Identification ofthe multidimensionally deprived uses thresholds specific to the age group, namely being deprived if having at least four out of seven possible dimensions (K=4) for children in the first and second age group, and having at least three out of six deprivations (K=3) for children in the third and fourth age group. The multidimensional deprivation rate for all children up to 17 years consists of the average rate of the four age groups weighted by the respective child population shares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It was developed in early 2013 in response to data indicating that only 3% of the standard guaranteed start-up loans were allocated for women’s enterprises. The first two years of the pilot project (2013-15) will support women entrepreneurs in helping them access non-financial business development services (following the EBRD Business Advisory Services [BAS] model5) in order to improve their performance. The targeted beneficiaries are women entrepreneurs who already have an established business that has been in operation for at least two years, have a discernible competitive advantage and credible track record over recent years, are financially and commercially viable and have the management and financial resources to follow through on any business advice and take effective action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are at least three dimensions to rights. We may have and lack freedom to 1) be, 2) do, and 3) have. These dimensions reformulate Locke’s categories, and are further complicated by placing them within the context of domains such as natural or civil rights. Here the question of the origins of rights is not addressed, but issues concerning how we may contextualize them are discussed. Within the framework developed, this paper makes use of Actor-Network Theory and Enlightenment values to examine the multidimensionality and appropriateness of animal rights and human rights for posthumans.  The core position here is that rights may be universal and constant, but they can only be accessed within a matrix of relative cultural dimensions.  This will be true for posthumans, and their rights will be relative to human rights and dependent on human and posthuman responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Gendering of consumer products is used to increase demand. Notions of masculinity and femininity shape consumption and production decisions, from cars to cosmetics to recreational goods. The health effects of such exposures are markedly gender-differentiated. Many developing countries rely on economic growth strategies based on export-oriented industrial production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These options offer readily usable starting points. The main challenges to jump-starting the shift to a green economy lie in how to further improve these techniques, adapt them to specific local and sectoral needs, scale up the applications so as to bring down significantly their costs, and provide incentives and mechanisms that will facilitate their diffusion and knowledge-sharing. Meeting these challenges successfully is easier said than done.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public employment service office networks and staffing, selected OECD countries, selected years (cont.) Staff data previously published in Duell et al. ( In 2006, the Arbeitsgemeinschaften SGBII had 51 000 staff (including both PES and municipal staff). Includes the administration of Ul benefit payments but not contribution collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Table 5.1 summarizes results of the expert evaluation of the indicators regarding the vulnerability of the economics sector in Bulgaria to climate change. The estimated vulnerability index (Y) shows that the sectors with relatively low resistance to climate change are the water sector (0.41), followed by agriculture (0.42) and tourism (0.44). If the value 1 denotes the sector most resistant to impact, expert assessment for all sectors is that adaptation capacity is 3 ("insufficient"). Vulnerability to changes in rainfall is highest in the sectors of tourism (0.39), agriculture (0.42) and aquaculture (0.44).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This was slightly higher than the OECD average of 1600 hours for primary and 1618 hours for lower secondary education. Net teaching time amounted to 662 hours per school year, which was less than in many other OECD countries (OECD average: 772 hours for primary and 694 hours for lower secondary education) (see Figure 4.1, OECD, 2015a).1 With the implementation of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, it is expected that teachers on average teach 80 hours more during a school year. A school year is usually 40 weeks in Denmark. Countries are ranked in descending order of the number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education. Lower secondary teachers reported to spend on average 18.9 hours per week teaching, around the TALIS average of 19.3 hours, and 7.9 hours on individual planning or preparation (either at school or out of school), slightly more than the TALIS average of 7.1 hours (see Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Farmer skills are also important to adapt production as consumer demand patterns shift away from traditional grains with rising household incomes. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) defines food security as the ideal in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The task may be particularly challenging in China: it has around 20% of the global population with just 10% of the world's agricultural land and below average water resources per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The diversity of rural areas was acknowledged and strived to foster urban-rural linkages. Such a spatial planning approach requires a macro regional strategy that recognises the importance of a polycentric urban network to the development of areas linked to these metropoles, including small and medium-sized towns located nearby (European Network). This is driven by an understanding that urban-rural interactions should address not just proximity issues (e.g. commuting patterns), but also consider reciprocal exchanges in order to build meaningful partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It took a century to boost their thermal efficiency to around 20 percent in a successive stream of innovations. It took another century again to reach the current steam turbine efficiency of 40 percent. The initial costs of steam engines in the mid-eighteenth century amounted to a phenomenal US$ 12,000 per kW (in 2003$) (Crafts, 2004) in an economy a factor of 130 smaller than today with per capita incomes around US$1,500 (in 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Railroad deregulation increased cost savings from the cap-and-trade scheme by enabling Mid-Western electric utilities to reduce their S02 emissions by increasing their use of low-sulphur coal from Wyoming. Most legislative proposals to price GHG emissions, both in the United States and in other countries, have opted for cap-and-trade schemes over a tax. A major reason for this preference is that cap-and-trade facilitates building political support through grandfathering (i.e., giving permits to exiting emitters for free), which may be less transparent than recycling the revenues from a tax and more politically sustainable (subsidies have to be renewed regularly).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to 2013 data, less than a third of poor Nigerian children between 15 and 17 years of age had entered primary school at the correct time, though nearly all of the children from richer households had (see Figure 2.5). The gap continues to widen at the start of each level of education, as greater proportions of poor children drop out. By the start of upper secondary education, only 7 per cent of poor children enter school, compared to 80 per cent of wealthier children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Around PHP 0.9 billion were spent in capital investment in Metro Cebu, which accounts for 9.8% of total revenues in the metropolitan area. On average, capital investment account for 13.2% of local governments’ expenditures in OECD countries (OECD, 2016b). In 2013, total tax revenues only represented 16.2% of the Philippines’s GDP, while this share is around 34% on average in OECD countries (OECD, 2015c). The inability of LGUs to collect taxes efficiently, in particular, has been pointed out by the LGU Tax Watch, an initiative of the Department of Finance and the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After they have been lost, primary forests cannot be recovered except through major efforts to reintroduce native species followed by long-term protection of the candidate terrestrial landscapes. In the extreme case, Viet Nam lost more than 50 per cent of its primary forest area compared with the forest cover that had existed in that country in 2000. In terms of proportions of primary forest to total forest area, shares of primary forest in Asia and the Pacific are well below the global average. Developed countries tend to have smaller shares of primary forests compared with the developing and low income economies in the region. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)