albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies, facilitating international trade and enabling the efficient use of resources. However, the world still has a long way to go to fully tap this potential. Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $59 billion in 2017, an increase of 32.5 per cent in real terms since 2010. Further, impressive gains have been made in mobile connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These one-off injections of resources, while welcome, can create capacity and build some aspects of infrastructure but they are not reliable over the longer term. Give increasing priority to early childhood education. The increased expenditure should include provision for growth in recurrent costs as well as for capital works.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such models can help to direct efforts to where they may be the most effective. Emerging onto the scene are approaches that enable detailed “what if” questions about the introduction of polices related to prevention, treatment, organisation and financing of care, technological innovation and health-sector productivity. Further, there are new' approaches that enable health expenditures to be situated in a broader context: they can take account of factors such as the health, longevity, and productivity of the population, and investment, consumption and economic growth which can help policy makers evaluate “value for money”. In the system, a forecast from one model can provide a needed input parameter for another model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Viet Nam’s Ministry of Planning and Investment compiles such data. The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs is responsible for this strategy to develop Vietnamese human resources through the vocational school development project by 2020 (Decision #630 of 2012) and supports these institutions. These initiatives could be strengthened by including jobs and skills related to environmental activities, such as consulting for clean equipment production, environmental impact assessment and research and development focused on technology to improve the port’s environmental performance (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
That notwithstanding, the country also plans to strongly pursue a renewable energy drive which in 2015 accounted for 25% of gross power generation. In terms of percentage of renewable energy as percentage share of total primary energy supply, the Philippines has the highest rate (38%) compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia (3%), Thailand (20%), Viet Nam (31%) and even the OECD average of (10%) (Figure 2.4). The law envisages reductions in GHG emission while promoting economic growth, protecting health and safeguarding the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Neither one is easy to answer. Through her presentation JBJ drew attention to the fact that taxonomy for nature resources is urgently needed in order to prevent misuse or unfortunate use of nature resources. Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important as it is providing a greater and greater share of total fish production and is expected to be vital for future food security. Since 2000 aquaculture production globally has increased by 6.9% but when looking at the European Union aquaculture production has in the same period only grown by 0.5%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In this regard, many initiatives have been started to assist those countries in tackling e-waste, develop ad hoc legislation, and raise awareness. In countries such Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Bulgaria, collection and recycling are mainly led by the private sector. In the recent years, the collection rate in those countries has risen to approximately 46% of the estimated e-waste generated in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It promotes downshifting exoticism or agricultural experiences using the “learning by doing” method. Finland and Sweden are members of ECEAT and have national websites which present resorts available. It promotes local travel experiences by creating innovative packages customized to the needs of the customer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper revisits the 1928 Pact of Paris (also known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact) with special consideration for German and Austrian scholarship during the interwar period and embed it in its historical context, from the establishment of the League of Nations to the Nuremberg Tribunals all the way to the United Nations Charter. Given that the 2016 election of Donald Trump as US president and the parallel rise of China prompts us to contemplate whether we might be witnessing the return of a quasi-Cold War or Great Power-politics, a few concluding thoughts on the waning ‘liberal world order’ and the comeback of (neo-)realist thinking are also warranted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A recent nationwide survey of physicians conducted in the United States showed that almost half of them receive requests from patients for an unnecessary test or procedure at least once a w'eek. Three in ten said this happens at least several times a week {Choosing Wisely®, 2014). Patients might need tools that help them better understand evidence-based recommendations and that support them in demanding high-quality and good-value care. Yet presently too few' decision aids are available for patients. The campaign was launched in the United States, but has since expanded to more than ten countries. It is hoped to be effective by educating both patients and their doctors, and by facilitating a discussion between them that assists in decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Currently 35% of the unemployed have been unemployed for more than a year, 10 percentage points more than the pre-crisis level, inducing subsequent losses in well-being. Finally, rises in the unemployment rate do also affect the employed, primarily because of the increasing risk of becoming themselves unemployed (Clark, 2003). Well-being deteriorates when the number of hours worked is below the level wished for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main reason for carrot side flow is quality issues, such as faults in appearance and spoilage. Weather conditions and diseases in particular have a major impact on the quality of carrots. Similarto carrot side flows, onion side flows are especially due to weather conditions and diseases that have a major impact on the quality of onions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For 2015, both Nova Scotia and Yukon were also able to provide data on enrolment numbers for Indigenous students. New Brunswick does record the numbers of Indigenous students enrolled in its schools, but only for those students who live on a reserve. Enrolment rates are needed to monitor progress in ensuring that all children are accessing the education they are entitled to.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To support this ambition, Norway recently launched a national non-communicable diseases strategy. There, the Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare (QICH) programme covers six areas of primary care activity (as shown in Figure 3.8) and reports performance at individual provider-level, after adjustment for health need and sociodemographic factors. Of note, QICH is neither mandated nor reliant on financial incentives, instead, its success is thought to be due to its robust scientific basis, consensual development of the indicator set involving GP and health insurance companies early on, clear patient-oriented objectives and, crucially, systematic and continuous feed-back of comparative data to both professionals and the public. These include management of chronic diseases such as depression, COPD, diabetes or heart failure, routine care such as childhood vaccination and provision of contraception and aspects of effective practice administration. As well as being able to identify individual patients that are sub-optimally treated, the system allows them to benchmark their practice against other practices at municipal, regional, and national levels (see Figure 3.9 for an example relating to diabetes management). Patients can also monitor their own clinical data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Mensalao trial was Brazil’s most important political corruption trial ever and an emblematic ex post accountability success. More than 28 individuals were convicted in relation to a legislative vote-buying scheme, many by the very officials they helped appoint. We relay the trajectory of the scandal cum trial, explain its successful prosecution, and assess its implications. The paper argues that the Mensalao has proved pivotal for Brazil’s institutional and legal advances and asks – more than a quarter of a century after a new constitution – whether the country is entering into a stronger, more enduring relationship with the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   Freedom of expression has long been one of Israel's most basic tenets. Since the beginning of the “Al Aksa Intifada” in October 2000, many bodies in Israel have attempted to limit this freedom when expressed by Israeli Arab Palestinians on the grounds that such expression is harmful to the public and forms an incitement for terror. The Israeli Supreme Court, despite heavy opposition by the public, was nevertheless able in most instances to uphold and protect this liberty. Despite public outcry, the Court performed a delicate balancing act, balancing Israel's need to protect itself from its enemies against the basic freedom of expression to which all of its citizens are entitled. The mechanics of this judicial balancing act by a country that is no stranger to war and terrorism can serve as a useful guide for other countries struggling to deal with similar assaults to their democratic way of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 2.3 reports the share of non-widowed lone parents in receipt of child maintenance. Rates of collection vary enormously, from a low of 22% of lone parents in receipt of child support in the United Kingdom to a high of 95% in Sweden. Broadly speaking, Nordic countries appear to have higher rates of child support payments while collection in Anglo-Saxon countries is relatively poor with a minority of single parents in receipt of support (and Continental Europe lying somewhere between the two). Child maintenance averages between 10 and 13% of national average earnings in most countries, although in Sweden and the Netherlands this proportion is lower (at 8%) while Austria and France collect a higher proportion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to recipients, a ministerial level decree can legally enforce the implementation of these roles, while a national council on climate change can foster co-operation and monitor progress for accountability among the responsible ministries and institutions. The importance of high-level leadership and engagement is a common lesson learned. In many recipient countries at present, roles for overseeing climate change action and climate finance are not clearly assigned".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Data from the China Association of Women Entrepreneurs show that women entrepreneurs account for around 25% of all entrepreneurs, are more educated than men, optimistic about their future, and increasingly likely to seek business information from the internet and reach international markets. A particular focus has been put on programmes to improve the financial inclusion of women entrepreneurs. They include preferential interest rates and credit guarantee schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average, the social tariff is some 25 per cent below the wholesale price (table 4.2). But the “social tariff’ is not targeted at the low-income households, rather, it benefits all private households as well as the public administration. The large majority of poor households, moreover, have a monthly water consumption that is higher than the maximum allowed in the first consumption block. V/client_Lydec_ma/site.fr/tranches-de-facturation_et-tarifs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Examines the theoretical influence of Peter Drucker’s writings on the discipline of public administration. A quasi‐empirical study using content analysis illustrates the frequency with which Drucker is cited as a source in those public administration texts and journals found in Books in Print and the Social Sciences Citation Index. Overall, citations number relatively few when measured against leading scholars in the field. Specific conceptual patterns emerge among the ideas credited to Drucker: leadership and motivation, organizing, and social ecology. Public administration scholars may de‐emphasize Drucker’s contributions, based on his criticism of government action, over‐simplification of obstacles to effective public management, and the interdisciplinary scope of his subject‐matter. However, Drucker’s contributions to the discipline through such innovative concepts as management‐by‐objectives and privatization cannot be overlooked, nor can public administrators afford to summarily dismiss Drucker’s judgements of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
True to the principles of substantive equality, she emphasizes that efforts to achieve goals on the provision of water and sanitation must target the most disadvantaged rather than focus on aggregate outcomes. Moreover, 'while universality is about ensuring access for all, equality is about "levelling up" or working towards improving thequality and levels of service of groups that lag behind' {ibid., A rights-sensitive analysis identifies patterns of inequality in service provision (ibid.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 1997, the JFBPW incubator projects have graduated 85 enterprises. This throughput takes into consideration the fact that women are allowed to stay in the incubators for from 12 to 18 months in Egypt and Morocco (and a bit longer if the enterprise is still not ready to launch into its own space) and up to 24 months in Jordan. They have both established external evaluation committees to screen the project applications and determine the proposals that have the highest potential for success in terms of feasibility, viability, sustainability and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rural areas continued to suffer demographic, economic and social decline. This marked the turn to an active policy to promote agricultural growth. Incentives were provided through a substantial expansion of preferential credit, machinery leasing, fertiliser and fuel subsidies, and considerable tax concessions. Rural development and social issues have become more prominent on the policy agenda. In the late 2000s, instability of global economy increased government’s concerns about the resilience of the agro-food sector and the ability of private business to respond to the stated agricultural development goals. State-supported large-scale investment projects were initiated and support was re-focussed from the crop to the livestock sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Kosovo, rates were EUR 0.061 per kWh (USD 0.068 per kWh), in Serbia EUR 0.065 per kWh (USD 0.072 per kWh), in Albania EUR 0.082 per kWh (USD 0.091 per kWh) and in Macedonia EUR 0.084 per kWh (USD 0.093 per kWh). In 2015, gasoline, diesel and LPG average prices were USD 0.918, 0.810 and 0.507 per litre, respectively (ANRE, 2015). The new regulation prohibits commercialisation of petroleum products at a price that exceeds the price ceiling set and published by ANRE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The module starts by examining the conceptual framework of culture, cultural diversity and threats to cultural diversity in the form of culture-based prejudicing ideologies and development. To prevent the threats to cultural diversity, the module facilitates awareness development on promoting child’s cultural rights and responsibilities for protection of cultural pluralism, intercultural harmony, multiculturalism, interculturality and intercultural inclusion. The Indian Constitution provides rights and safeguards to preserve religious and linguistic diversity. The module develops awareness of religious diversity and causes of religious communalism. It then facilitates learning of the skills for protecting child’s religious rights and promoting inter-religious inclusion. Finally, it develops awareness of linguistic diversity and learning of the skills for protecting child’s linguistic rights and promoting interlinguistic inclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most secondary' students receive only 4 hours of instruction a day, while the average in OECD countries is 7 hours (World Bank, 2012). In addition, teachers in Brazil spend less time on actual teaching and learning activities than in other countries (OECD, 2013d, p. 33). International evidence suggests that increasing instruction time has a positive performance effect, provided that the curriculum remains focused on core subjects (Glewwe et al., Additional investment in appropriate education infrastructure, including class rooms, libraries, science labs and computer facilities should therefore be undertaken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The rationale and purpose of the transition activities should be explicitly explained to children and parents before, during and after the transition. Parents should be aware that starting school is one of the most exciting, but also one of the most challenging, experiences for young children. They should be aware that while preparing for the start of school, children may experience stress and present some behavioural changes and difficulties - being prepared for these will help enormously. These include regular discussions with parents and children to familiarise them with the process, activities, new learning environment, and staff of primary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper’s starting point is the United Nations Human Rights Council working group’s revised draft of a Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights Law, the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises of July 2019. The paper examines the draft treaty’s potential to activate and operationalize public law, private law, and criminal law for enforcing human rights. It conceptualizes a complementary approach of these three branches of law in which private and criminal legal enforcement mechanisms stand in the foreground. It argues for linking civil (tort) and criminal liability for harm caused by hands-off corporate policies, complemented by the obligation to interpret managerial duties in conformity with the human rights standards of public international law. The combination of public, private, and criminal law allows effective enforcement of human rights vis-a-vis global corporations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This innovative book presents a transatlantic comparison of governance and Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) policy, performance and management. By examining both analytical and empirical differences and similarities between the European Union and the United States, this comprehensive book provides a better understanding of (inter) governmental systems, settings and actors operating in the post New Public Management Era. The expert contributors consider processes of policy formulation and implementation from an intergovernmental point of view, examine issues of performance and accountability that rise in IGR settings and zoom in on the importance and implications of IGR for welfare. Taken together, these insights provide an important next step into the world of transatlantic research and comparison. This timely book will appeal to academics and researchers involved in IGR and Multi-Level Governance from the US and Europe as well as post-graduate students in public administration and public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To Share or Not to Share: That is the Question." Volume 2: Gender, Politics, and Financial Stability. R. Holzmann, E. Palmer and D. Robalino (Eds.).Washington, DC: World Bank. The Political Economy of Pension Reform in Europe." In Handbook of Ageing and the Social Sciences. R. Binstock and L. George (Eds.).San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Grants are up to 85% of the approved budgets. There are 24 Technological Incubators in Israel, 15 of them in peripheral areas, with approximately 200 R&D projects being carried out at any given moment. The R&D grant provides 85% of the approved R&D expenditures, with the remainder to be invested by the incubator itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The figure is somewhat lower in developed countries but is highly significant in the developing world. For countries such as South Africa, India and Brazil, public procurement constitutes 35%, 43% and 47% of GDP respectively while for high-income countries, the figure is 13% -17% (Perera 2010). In contrast with private sector procurement, public procurement is more easily regulated by government, for the private sector, compliance with sustainability norms is usually voluntarily and linked to a company’s policy on Corporate Social (and Environmental) Responsibility. It is unrealistic to expect an individual consumer set aside price considerations in favour of “loftier” principles of social justice and environmental protection when he or she may be struggling to meet basic survival needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This calls for action to facilitate time management, strategies for reconciling paid and unpaid woik, and time policies that are not limited to maternity and paternity leave but also include child-rearing breaks and work schedules and modalities that allow for workers’ family responsibilities. This requires expanding the social infrastructure (drinking water, sanitation, electricity and public transport) to lighten the burden of unpaid domestic and care work in households. Mechanisms for accrediting and certifying competencies should be pul in place to protect the rights of the providers and subjects of care. Occupational segregation by sex is the most obvious sign of inequality and undervaluation of caregiving as paid w ork.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This framework would promote stronger linkages between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by a) linking sectorial policies, b) connecting national, regional and local governments and policies, c) strengthening urban, periurban, and rural links through integrated territorial development, and d) increasing subnational governments' resources in order to achieve a full access of basic services at the local level. This is also fundamental to the attainment of many other SDG targets (see figure 27). One example of a NUP and how it involves partners - from civil society, local, and international - is below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the pace of decline has fallen behind that of post-neonatal mortality. As a result, the proportion of deaths occurring in the first 28 days of life has increased, from 37 per cent in 1990 to 44 per cent in 2012. The best possible way of reducing neonatal mortality is through greater investment in maternal care during the first 24 hours after birth, particularly in labour and delivery care and other high-impact interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This approach examines the contribution of adaptation initiatives in keeping development on track (Brooks et al., In doing so, it uses bottom-up county-level indicators to assess the level of integration and capacity of climate risk management processes. At the same time, resilience outcomes and development performance are assessed using top-down national level indicators (see Chapter 4). Instead, developed countries commonly outline how the broader objective of reduced climate vulnerability and enhanced resilience may be achieved (Casado-Asensio and Steurer, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)