albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
After investment approval has been attained, and the environmental impact favourably appraised, the proponent must submit a request for land allocation to the local Department of Natural Resources and Environment. A construction permit based on detailed design of the project is also required. Under the relevant Construction Law, construct permits are issued either by the Ministiy of Construction, the provincial Department of Construction, or the District-Level People's Committee, depending on the complexity of the project. After approval, the project proponent negotiates the compensation and resettlement plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, Chile has the largest improvement between 2000 and 2009 in reading (OECD, 2010a). Yet, Chilean students’ results in reading, mathematics and science were among the lowest in the OECD area (OECD, 2010a). Moreover, the impact of socio-economic background on learning outcomes is well above the OECD average, although this indicator has also improved significantly between 2000 and 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But was the lower P due to higher fertiliser prices, increased conservation tillage, lower planting of row crops, or farmers retiring? The standard one litre chemical bottle sent to a lab does not provide these answers: was the sample collected after a major rainfall, or after a four-week drought? The water quality will be substantially different in each case. Biological measurements, visual assessment protocols, and other methods can provide assurances that water quality has indeed improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It describes its strengths and weaknesses and focuses on the challenges that now face Israel. The chapter starts by acknowledging Israel’s world-class quality monitoring mechanism for community care which sets a blueprint for others to follow, but which has the potential for further development. It then highlights the need to strengthen co-ordination between community and hospital care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Instead, it is an inquiry into the extent to which the strategy played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions that UNDP made to gender equality and women’s empowerment during implementation of the Strategic Plan, 2008-2013. What is the value added by UNDP in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment results? How effective has UNDP been in building in-house gender equality capacity and accountability frameworks? To what extent is gender equality a priority in the culture and leadership of the organization? What are the key factors contributing to successful gender equality and women’s empowerment results?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The three indicators are 3G coverage (% of population), 500 MB monthly mobile Internet (% of GNI p.c.) For example, in Sudan, mobile Internet access is affordable at 1.3% of GNI, a reflection of the relatively high level of competition with three strong operators. However coverage and school enrolment are far less developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recent initiatives of the government to foster life-long learning and improve financial support for students from low-income families in tertiary education are welcome. There is scope to promote apprenticeships, for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools. This would help reduce skill mismatch.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A set of non-monetary valuation methods we mention in the table is called "study of human-landscape interaction" are various field studies and mapping of cultural significance. These methods include qualitative description (non-monetary valuation) of the degree and nature of interaction between humans and a certain landscape based on field studies of behaviour and mapping of the historical and cultural importance (using cultural expressions, i.e. texts and other representations). Other non-monetary methods we consider in the case studies in chapter 3 are based on current approaches in EIA, for example the "plus and minus method" used in Norway (see chapter 3.1 for details). Our main emphasis is, however, on the monetary valuation methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This new contract is applied only to new employment contracts, grandfathering existing rights. The temporary contracts will be transformed into open-ended ones by 2016, unless collective agreements set flexibility criteria for the use of temporary contracts. In this arrangement, unfairly dismissed workers will receive monetary compensation which is increasing with the tenure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public investment, which can be used as a proxy for infrastructure investment, in developed countries was at a historic low at 3.4 per cent of GDP in 2015, against 4.7 in 1980 and about 6 per cent in the 1960s. In emeiging economies, it fell from above 8 per cent of GDP in the early 1980s to 4.3 per cent in 2000, recovering to 5.7 per cent in 2008 and declining again thereafter (figure 4.10). The decline in public investment in developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s can be linked to adoption of fiscal adjustment policies in response to the debt crises and as part of structural adjustment programmes. The world as a whole is, therefore, underinvesting, and consequently creating a cumulative infrastructure gap, even though uncertainty remains as to its exact order of magnitude.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This does not preclude the implementation of targeting mechanisms to allow social protection to address the resource shortage and prioritize those in situations of greatest poverty and vulnerability. One of the biggest criticisms levelled at the concept of protection as a citizen guarantee is that it could jeopardize the fiscal ability to defray its cost. Each country must therefore define the quantity and quality of the social protection components that it considers important to guarantee, in keeping with its own financial capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many bonuses are paid to employees at the top of the income distribution for whom they make up a much larger fraction of total remuneration (23% of the top 1% earners’ incomes in finance and 17% in the rest of the economy). This finding is consistent with existing evidence (Bell and Van Reenen, 2014). As bonus payments represent variable pay, adjusting financial sector pay to account for employees’ risk aversion (i.e. the difference between their actual pay and the certainty equivalent) is relatively more significant than in other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper offers two possible readings of the Earth Charter that are informed by current scholarship in the field of environmental politics. The first reading finds much in the document to suggest congruence with emerging discourses of cosmopolitanism and global environmental citizenship. The second reading, a more sceptical one, identifies aspects of the Earth Charter that seem more resonant with depoliticizing United Nations‐style light green globalism than with an inclusive ethical vision of environmentalism. After setting out these two readings, I argue that, although potentially undermining of its endorsability, thinking critically about problematic aspects of the Earth Charter is an exercise that may point in the direction of a cosmopolitan environmentalism that is less banal and instrumental and more dialogically open, reflexive, and democratic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The current prices are too low to have any influence on investment decisions. The economic crisis, the changing economic structure and the development of renewable energy all contribute to this situation. Options are under discussion to increase carbon prices, such as setting aside emissions allowances and possibly modifying the 2020 emission target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They can be applied descriptively to identify lack of accessibility to essential services in certain areas (i.e. to take stock of accessibility gaps). They can also be used to assess how various policy or infrastructure alternatives might change accessibility levels across territories and for different users, demonstrating how given options would contribute to or undermine the attainment of wider sustainability goals. Additionally, accessibility indicators can be used in ex post analysis, comparing a previous situation to the current one after implementation of a specific action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It has been estimated that more than 50% of Iceland's vegetation cover has disappeared due to erosion since the settlement period. Systematic revegetation and land reclamation began more than century ago with the establishment ofthe Soil Conservation Service of Iceland. Over the last decades, there have been numerous reforestation projects. The area covered by forests in the target countries is also large, while in Iceland the area covered by forest is 0.5% of the land area. The respective share is more than 50% in Estonia and Latvia, about 35% in Lithuania, 30% in Poland and 16% in Ukraine (World Bank, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under the direction of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economy, the AIFA co-ordinates all activities related to pharmaceuticals and it operates autonomously and transparently. Pharmaceutical policies are set by the agency and are supposed to be applied uniformly across the country. Through negotiation with phannaceutical companies, it determines the price of medicines reimbursed by the NHS. The value and cost of medicine are also managed by the agency in order to ensure rapid access of innovative and efficient drugs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In recent years," it states," individual businesses have also found that improving their environmental performance can result in a reduction in operating costs." Action to reduce GHG emissions is taken in line with overall government policy, the most relevant policy for tourism being the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming (government of Japan, 1998). The contribution of the tourism sector to total national emissions is considered minor, but should not be underestimated due to its growth trends and the potential for reducing consumption through efficiency or technology supply conversion to renewable energy sources. Given the increasing risk of heat waves, energy demand and water consumption are expected to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment, Science Translational Medicine 309 (5742), 1844-1846 (15 September 2005), http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/309/ 5742/1844.full.pdf. Explaining Extreme Events of 2014 from a Climate Perspective, Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. Since the early 1990s, the climate contributions to this rise are approximately one-third attributable to ocean expansion due to warming, and two-thirds attributable to continental ice melt, shared almost equally between the polar ice caps of Greenland and the Antarctic on the one hand, and continental glaciers on the other. This date corresponds to the first satellite data obtained from the Topex satellites, which were subsequently replaced by Jason 1, 2 and 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The report suggests that blocks to rolling out quality commitments and achieving better integration included insufficient financial incentives to ensure that providers adhered fully to clinical guidelines, the lack of multi-disciplinary teams, a culture of treatment over prevention, and weak overall patient management in primary care. Current plans for health centres and hospital networks seek to create multi-disciplinary teams, to redefine the roles of family physicians vis-a-vis specialists and to improve training. There are also contracting mechanisms that may help to improve incentives and accountability for the provision of preventive services and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite children being identified at an early stage, there may often be long delays in treatment (Patana, 2014). Further complicating matters, schools and the Educational and Psychological Counselling Services (PPS) are not required to co-operate with centrally managed services taigeting students’ mental well-being, leading to a lack of collaboration within services managed at different levels of governance (OECD, 2013a). Schools have reported uncertainties regarding their roles in supporting the students with mental health concerns in the Flemish community. While the CLB centres in the Flemish community are designated to take a leading role in providing mental health support, these roles are not clearly defined in the French community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
IT is trite law that good reasons must be given to justify infringements of fundamental rights protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, as incorporated into domestic law by the Human Rights Act 1998. But what reasons can one count as good reasons? In  Re Brewster's Application  [2017] UKSC 8, [2017] 1 W.L.R. 519, the United Kingdom Supreme Court addressed the question of how much deference courts should afford to post hoc rationalisations of decisions challenged for non-compliance with the Convention. The answer given by Lord Kerr, with whom Lady Hale, Lord Wilson, Lord Reed and Lord Dyson agreed, is interesting in its own terms and may have implications outside the confines of the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This program leverages the comprehensive network of student support services already in place and will develop customised initiatives to further ensure that the MasterCard Foundation scholars are fully supported and given every opportunity to succeed in a welcoming environment. Scholars' home communities will also benefit because they will be selected in part based on their motivation to give back to Africa both while studying at McGill and at the completion of their degree. In addition, ineffective sexual and reproductive health education inhibits adolescents’ access to information and contributes to school dropouts, especially among girls who have reached puberty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Labour productivity has large regional variations. For example, between the northern wheat region where labour shortages are reported and the southern cotton region where harvesting is largely done by low-wage migrants from Uzbekistan. Yields per hectare do not show a clear pattern, potato and vegetable yields have improved substantially after declining in the 1990s, while grain and sugar beet yields are volatile (Figure 1.13). On an international scale, Kazakhstan’s yields of key crops are relatively low (Figure 1.14, panels A and B). The three northern oblasts (North Kazakhstan, Kostanay and Akmola) specialise in grain, producing much of the country’s farm output by value (Figure 1.16). The eastern oblasts (Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan and Almaty) produce most of the oilseeds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article explores the relationship between type of court system, parliamentary reform, and expanded female citizenship in four Arab states between 1990 and 2010. I argue that female citizens have acquired wider civil rights through parliament in relatively homogenous states with unitary court systems than in multireligious states with dual court systems. In Egypt and Morocco, unitary courts curbed clerical judicial authority over family law and weakened the resilience of conservative religious authorities. In these states, renewed pressures for reform after 1990 yielded strengthened female civil rights. In Syria and Lebanon, dual courts safeguard the judicial autonomy of clerics and enable them to resist pressures for family law reform more forcefully. In these states, little changed because the interests of political and religious authorities converge in ways that bolster group-based citizenship and constrain the civil rights of female citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is foreseen that 70% of the total mitigation efforts proposed in the INDC can be achieved in the forestry sector, with special focus on REDD+ activities (Government of Peru, 2015b). Although many of the identified mitigation measures in the sector are deemed cost effective over their lifetime, progress towards implementation, as well as mobilization of private sector/finance has been slow. The main barrier identified is related to higher upfront costs, as the main actors are small-hold farmers with limited access to financial services and limited investment capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Safeguards have gradually been introduced to ensure that projects are energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable. Requirements for obtaining a permit are differentiated according to operations’ size and environmental impacts. While those that pose higher environmental risks4 must obtain a permit from the APA or other competent authority, small and medium-sized installations are now required to submit a declaration to relevant national or regional authorities. Companies that have up to 15 employees and use a limited amount of thermal and electrical power are merely required to register with local authorities (Aicep, 2010).5 These changes were designed to make administrative requirements consistent with the risks of a particular regulated facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Also, over 100 cities engaged in the City Prosperity Initiative have monitored urban expansion and population growth using the same methodology applied for the global sample of cities. Taking advantage of international meetings, specialized trainings were rovided to the large public on the definition, concepts and methods to measure this indicator. Further capacity-building efforts targeting NSOs and local governments are planned for 2018-2019 to promote the monitoring and reporting of the indicator. These technologies, when combined with ground-truthing support the development and refinement of models which can be applied at local, national, regional and global scales to generate high accuracy data for monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Working during the weekends impacts on balancing work and family life. Nevertheless, some forms of working time arrangements can result from a personal choice and are not considered burdensome. Statistics on working time are needed to implement, monitor and evaluate policies and programmes dedicated to the balance of work and family life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also looks at changes in families’ income that are not explained by changes in family and work characteristics but may be due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the place of children in the income distribution. These latter changes may reflect the evolution of the institutional contexts where children live and grow up. In simple terms, the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in child poverty due to changes in the characteristics of child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and poverty rates. The decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers (they correspond to labour income in their vast majority, capital income being generally low for poor households), and for disposable income after social transfers. By comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers, one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Parents may drop their children off in an OSH facility before school starts and pick them up after 4 or 5 p.m. On average, children under 11 years enrolled in OSH care in Germany attend OSH care for five hours per day (ibid.). Combined with the usual school day, OSH care typically provides primary school children with more hours of education and care than in most all-day primary schools (ibid.). The preschool and primary school day usually starts at 8.30 a.m. and finishes at 4.30 p.m. except on Wednesdays, when it ends at midday. After school hours, children have access to OSH care services provided and run by municipalities and which vary widely as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reputation factors might also play a role. Managers may not be aware of new technologies or organisational innovations that could be useful to them, may not recognise the potential benefits of adopting them, or may lack the managerial or technological capabilities to implement them. Digitalisation is a source of scale economies and winner-take-all market structures which may challenge small companies’ market participation (Paunov and Guellec, 2017, OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most significantly, the 2011 Constitution guarantees equality between women and men, prohibits all forms of discrimination against women and requires the State to promote women's rights in their entirety. While these momentous changes have been welcome, considerable work remains to be done in aligning all domestic laws with international human rights treaties to which Morocco is a State party and ensuring that all groups of women benefit from the equal protection of the law (see story: Counting women in). Analysis of data across these 71 countries suggests that women's political agency, especially the influence of autonomous feminist movements, is an important catalyst for family law reform.17 In both authoritarian and democratic settings, women's rights advocates have seized political opportunities for equality-enhancing legal reforms by establishing alliances with other actors, including government officials, lawyers, politicians and development practitioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This book is the first comprehensive account of the International Labour Organization’s 100-year history. At its heart is the concept of global social policy, which encompasses not only social policy in its national and international dimensions, but also development policy, world trade, international migration and human rights.   Daniel Maul’s account focuses on the ILO’s roles as a key player in debates on poverty, social justice, wealth distribution and social mobility and as a global forum for addressing these issues. The study puts in perspective the manifold ways in which the ILO has helped structure these debates and has made – through its standard-setting, technical cooperation and myriad other activities – practical contributions to the world of work and to global social policy.  Co-published with De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Daniel Maul is Associate Professor of International and Transnational History of the 19th and 20th Century at the University of Oslo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such projects using environmental credit lines often provide technical assistance to the local financial institutions as well, with support of donors such as the EU and the Climate Investment Funds in the form of grants or concessional loans. Such support aims to strengthen the capacities and knowledge base of local institutions regarding technologies and financial instruments. For further details, see each country report and OECD (2016c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Center for International Forestry Research (also on behalf of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry), and John Parrotta, International Union of Forest Research Organizations, on the initiative by those bodies on science in the context of the post-2015 development agenda. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. We stress the vital role and significant contribution of all types of forests and of trees outside forests in achieving sustainable development, including economic development, social development and environmental protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)