albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, maximum wind speeds from tropical cyclones are likely to increase, though not in every watershed. All in all, the increase in exposure to these events will result in greater direct economic losses (IPCC, 2013). Extreme waves are becoming more common and will shape the design of maritime infrastructure works in the region, since failing to consider long-term change factors would reduce the viability of such works to about 60% of their current level by 2070. The impacts and adaptation processes will undoubtedly be of significant magnitude, and will increase over the course of the century across many areas of economic activity such as the agriculture sector, the water sector, land use changes, biodiversity, tourism, infrastructure and the health of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Average life expectancy at birth has increased by 6.4 years over the period 2000-2016 (63.2 years in 2000 and 69.6 years in 2016). Since 2000, the lowest life expectancy values are observed in Domod Aimag (58 years in 2000, 63.9 years in 2010 and 68.63 years in 2016) and Khuvsgul Aimag (59 years in 2000,63.6 years in 2010 and 66 years in 2016). In 2015, the major causes of death in under-5-year-olds were related to certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, and diseases of the respiratory system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such specifications almost certainly lead to underestimation of the welfare gains that would accrue from trade reform though. In particular, without dynamics the models will not generate a growth dividend from freeing up markets or from eventual productivity/efficiency gains from trade. That dividend could be very substantial (Winters, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 1990, the number of underweight children stood at 159 million. Disparities are particularly severe in Latin American countries such as Bolivia, Honduras and Peru, with the prevalence of stunting being nine times higher among children from poorer households compared to children from richer households. Differences across countries in stunting and malnutrition, however, are not necessarily correlated with each country’s income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a growing recognition of the dangers of electoral violence. Yet, the theoretical foundation for systematic research and for adequate policy is still underdeveloped. This article aims to develop the theoretical understandings of strategies to manage and prevent electoral violence. This is accomplished by integrating research conducted within the two academic discourses on democratization and conflict management and also by drawing on the experiences from the conflict-ridden province KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The five strategies identified are monitoring, mediation, legal measures, law enforcement and self-regulating practices. In the article, the functions and mechanisms of the strategies are discussed. In addition, we analyse the limitations and usefulness of each of the strategies in turn and also provide suggestions on how to improve electoral security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, KTH Chalmers Capital fund has established itself as a leading investor, and is one of the largest privately financed Swedish venture capital companies focusing on technology investments at an early phase. Exits include well-known companies such as Avinode, Vehco, Ambria Dermatology and ICU Intelligence. The close collaboration with Chalmersinvest, allowed CSE ventures to link with external private venture capital investors. In two major business reviews per year the venture projects are presented to potential investors. Over 35 companies have been founded through CSE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries have undergone the OECD review process in 2008-10. The reviews have been carried out by the OECD/IMHE in collaboration with international organisations and associations and other OECD programmes and directorates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Again, the three instruments reviewed in this chapter, represent a minimal share of the water bill covered by final users. Therefore, it is very unlikely that any revision of these instruments or the introduction of an abstraction charge will trigger severe affordability issues. Should affordability issues emerge from the monitoring system, mechanisms could be implemented, e.g. a social fund dedicated to helping the poor to pay their water bills. They are usually produced at national level, but also in some cases at regional levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Four of the most energy intensive industrial products (electric motors, circulator pumps, fans and water pumps) are regulated to minimize energy costs and environmental impacts over their respective life cycles and will lead to energy demand reductions across the EU of 195 TWh by 2020. The policy has been accompanied by significant technology development and has initiated EU and global standardization processes. Voluntary but not without obligations'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Alcohol consumption and smoking rates have not declined and are among the highest across the EU. Obesity rates, although still lower than in many other EU countries, are on the rise for both adults and adolescents. Encouragingly, smoking rates among adolescents declined in recent years and Austria is finally catching up with other EU countries in terms of policies for the protection of nonsmokers, for example by introducing a comprehensive smoking ban in restaurants and bars. National Action Plans on Nutrition and Physical Activity were put in place to counter the rise in obesity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This contribution to the  Common Knowledge  symposium “Peace by Other Means” argues that the drive for self-esteem, achieved by gaining honor or standing, has been a root cause of violent conflict and war throughout history and that peacemaking that does not take account of what the Greeks called  thumos  is bound to fail. Using an original data set of all wars since 1648 (the Peace of Westphalia) involving great or rising powers, the essay shows how wars associated with honor, standing, and revenge, all expressions of  thumos , far outnumber those caused by security or material concerns. At the same time, it is argued, diplomacy and the theory of international relations have turned increasingly toward belief that conflicts are resolved only by negotiation based on the rational consideration of material interests. The author concludes that conflict resolution needs to rethink its presumptions in comparison with those of Greco-Latin literature and philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These three countries accounted for more than 60% of the total greenfield FDI received in the region in the renewable energy sector. Brunei Darussalam and Singapore are two of the least attractive markets for the renewable energy sector (USD 409 million and USD 946 million, respectively). Other OECD members: Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Korea, TVrrkey and the United States. Other economies: Argentina, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, China, Russian Federation, and Saudi Arabia. It is, however, important to note that the United Kingdom represents by itself one third of the investments from European countries and more than 17% of India’s FDI in this sector. China and the United States, followed by Japan, Malaysia and the Republic of Korea, are the next main investors in the region, particularly in India, which welcomes more than half of their FDI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They are complemented by regulations on land use, the specification of which agricultural zones are suitable for given crops (and therefore more likely to receive official credit), as well as regulations on biofuel use and organic production. Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. These funds provide disadvantaged groups with access to agricultural land, financial resources, and the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake farming and other economic activities. Support is classified according to its tendency to distort production of trade, but it also gives an indication of how policies priorities vary across the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are many definitions of terrorism and numerous examples of the use of explosives and small arms, especially against civilians and with the objective of instilling fear. Although chemical and biological agents have only rarely been used by terrorists, there has recently been much concern about the threat of bioterrorism and the role of future health personnel in counteracting it. Rational setting of priorities requires the balance of risks against benefits in prevention and preparedness. Adverse effects of preparedness include inappropriate warnings, diversion of resources from other public health measures, both in the United States and overseas and constraints on civil rights. It is argued that the US should counteract the threat of bioterrorism by dealing with its root causes and by strengthening civil rights, international arms control and international law rather than by a self-defeating 'war on terrorism'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There has been some discussion about lowering the price for licences and simplifying the procedures for coking coal exploration activities. Due to the political sensitivities, gas tariffs for households have been kept low, corresponding in the first half of 2010 to 20-25% of the gas price as imported from Russia. District heating companies paid less than half of the import price but non-payments by these companies and by individual consumers have nevertheless been widespread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The plan has effectively brought the fight against deforestation into other sectoral agendas, thanks to high-profile co-ordination by the Executive Office of the Presidency (Casa Civil) and the assignment of implementation responsibilities to 13 ministries. Currently in its third phase, the PPCDAm is based on a coherent set of actions such as establishment of protected areas (Section 5), land tenure regularisation (including the Terra Legal programme), advanced monitoring systems, strict enforcement, and promotion of sustainable natural resource use. Complementary instruments such as embargos and credit restrictions for illegal deforesters have spurred enforcement effectiveness. It has greatly helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon (Figure 3), although other factors may have contributed, including declining prices of agricultural products and voluntary private sector engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Canada a one-third standard-deviation increase in trust in management did as much for happiness as an income increase of 31 percent. Job fit—having an opportunity at work to do what one does best—is also important for subjective well-being. For example, the International Trade Union Confederation and the International Domestic Workers Federation are working on uniting global workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, as benefit recipients have recent work experience, there may be little need for intensive counselling or active labour market programmes. The main role of the PES in this case may be to administer initial benefit eligibility and to act as a job broker by providing vacancy information. Available data for Brazil and Chile suggest that the number of job seekers who get a job through the PES is rather low. The ratio of the number of placements to the number of newly registered job seekers is about one in six, while the ratio of placements to the number of new job vacancies is about one half (Gonzalez, 2010, for Brazil, OECD, 2009, for Chile).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Viet Nam, those with disabilities are eligible to receive a monthly cash allowance. In Bangladesh, persons having severe or multiple disabilities are entitled to a means-tested allowance (equivalent to US$3). Under Armenia's State Law on Pensions, every citizen and resident in the country who has a disability is entitled to a lifelong disability pension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Concerning road transport, little investment in road infrastructure has been made in the last two decades. Heat waves would further damage the already poor quality asphalt pavement of national roads. Concerning rail transport infrastructure, heat waves could cause deformation of the already old railroad lines and accelerate the physical decline of infrastructure such as bridges. In terms of vehicles, the need for heat-resistant engines and air cooling will increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Despite the need for better skill levels among Group A, participation in education and training is relatively low (Figure 25). In Estonia, less than 1% of those aged 45-64 who are economically inactive for health reasons have taken part in education or training in the previous month. In part, this low rate may reflect the multiple employment barriers of this group, but the very low level in Estonia compared to better-performing countries is striking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter lays out the objectives, background and conceptual framing of the report. It first introduces the discursive and policy changes or innovations that characterize the contemporary "social turn", a shift in ideas and policies that has reasserted social dimensions in development agendas since the World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, but often failed to support more transformative social change that addresses root causes of poverty, inequality and unsustainable practices. Section 2 presents the conceptual framework used in the report and identifies types of innovations that are potential drivers of change processes, and potential pitfalls in these processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Why are most African countries poorly led? This article looks at the question from the perspective of political economy, considering leaders to be individuals who respond rationally to incentives created by their environment. Critical is the level of risk, which can encourage leaders to pursue short-term, economically destructive policies. Using a new database of national leadership transitions in Africa since 1960, the article demonstrates that the risks of office holding are very high in the region. It also finds that African countries where leaders face less risk tend to have more open economic regimes and to have lower levels of perceived political corruption, as predicted by political economy theory. Because it makes the political environment less perilous, democratization in the region holds out some hope for encouraging leaders to govern with an eye to longer-term results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Productive land, clean and abundant fresh water, healthy oceans and a stable climate are arguably the foundation of all the other socio-economic goals. The rationale is simple: we are not going to build a just and prosperous future for all of us, on a degraded planet with an impoverished nature. The most common threat to declining populations is loss and/or degradation of natural habitat, but unsustainable exploitation, invasive species and pollution are also major threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The third subcomponent is a system to support the development of common safety net mechanisms including payment systems, targeting, wage-rate setting and market price monitoring. This component is aligned with the second focus area of the NSPP, which focuses on promoting employment and improving livelihoods. The livelihood support component includes counselling and life-skills development, technical skills, entrepreneurship opportunities, and financial support and training. It also finances capacity development and programme management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article provides a critical analysis of the UK legislation on football banning orders. The historical development of this legislation is outlined and concerns are raised about its impact upon civil liberties and human rights, particularly with respect to Section 14B of the Football (Disorder) Act 2000. The article then outlines a body of research on crowd psychology, public order policing and football �disorder� that questions the determining role of the banning order in the reduction of English �hooliganism� at international football tournaments. With regard to tests of proportionality the article concludes by raising important questions about the efficacy and justifiability of football banning orders as a long-term strategy for the management of football �hooliganism�.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Limao and Venables (2001) emphasize that the quality of transport infrastructure significantly affects countries' ability to trade. They create an infrastructure quality index based on roads, railways and telephone lines coverage for 103 countries, and show that a country that ranks on the 75lh percentile of the index faced 12 per cent higher transport costs than the median country and 28 per cent lower trade. This is due to the increasing importance of global supply chains, just-in-time inventory management and lean retailing. For exporters sourcing intermediate inputs from varied sources, the disruption of one delivery can stymie an entire production process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
His analysis emphasises the volatility of these shares for individual countries from year to year rather than the trend over time. For NFIDCs, the situation is not as dramatic, with an average of food imports to total merchandise imports of about 12% and as much as 18% for some countries. Import expenditure can be financed by aid inflows and by borrowing, but in the longer run, a country will find it easier to rely on food imports if it can finance these imports from its own foreign earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The present paper proposes to interpret the differences in legal systems between common-law and civil-law nations as arising from the importance given to adjudication in comparison with statute laws. It focuses on the relative costs of legal change by adjudication (case law development) when compared with legislation (statutory law development). The main argument is that the public concern with equality is a major determinant of the relative cost of adjudication in a legal system. We develop a model of the legal process that illustrates Tocqueville's fundamental intuition with regard to the uniformity of legal rules, and as a consequences, the relative importance of adjudication and legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The sharp reduction in multidimensional poverty seen in the majority of the states during the period under study is nonetheless remarkable. Note: the numbers shown in brackets indicate the number of states exhibiting a given poverty rate. Note: the numbers shown in brackets indicate the number of states exhibiting a given poverty rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As collection of IPV measures in multi-topic surveys are likely to imply significant survey logistical costs, expanding the feasibility of experimental ‘light touch’ methods are likely to aid in understanding of dynamics in generalized programming (Peterman et al. We also found substantial evidence from related literature to support each step in the proposed causal chains, with the exception of increasing violence by exacerbating conflict over the consumption of temptation goods. According to our program theory, the economic security and emotional wellbeing pathway is the only one that exclusively reduces IPV, the other two may increase or decrease IPV, depending on whether additional cash aggravates or soothes relationship conflict and/or how men respond to women’s increased empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Adopting an eco-social lens in policy design and implementation can facilitate not only green but also fair approaches that will be required to achieve the SDGs. It would help minimize the risk of injustice associated with green economy policies, and redress the distributional impacts of environmental and climate change policies in favour of vulnerable groups. An eco-social policy mix brings together participatory governance and decision making, progressive social policies and environmental regulation with local initiatives and innovations to promote equitable and sustainable outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, the transfer stimulates local economies by fuelling an increase in consumption, provided there is an adequate supply of articles of basic necessity. Otherwise, they would generate general inflation in the zones affected by the disaster, owing to excess demand and a surplus volume of money in circulation. Secondly, cash transfers partially or wholly prevent families from pursuing recovery strategies that impair rights (such as putting children to work), or those with a negative effect on future economic security (for example, selling productive assets).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to the World Bank, 1 billion people in low income countries currently live more than 2 km from an all-weather road,205 away from markets and services. Low income countries tend to suffer from high mobility costs and low quality transport options and services, limiting the access of SMEs to ports and hubs. Figure 17 depicts the ranking of the surveyed countries, where large gaps remain between high and low income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is strong pressure to make better use of investments and more efficiently deliver services in rural areas. Integrated investments have the potential to reap the benefits of complementarities when they are adapted to the needs of different types of rural areas. Different sectoral policies should be co-ordinated and mutually reinforcing, and the mix between them should be rebalanced to meet differing local needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract This article provides a theoretically informed analysis to understand why and how security sector reform (SSR) norms have been integrated into the European Union (EU) security architecture. It investigates the role of epistemic communities in advancing the security-development/good governance agenda underpinning SSR and in fostering institutional learning. Shared knowledge and expertise have driven policy and institutional change, since they yielded a new policy consensus that transformed the EU's approach to security in the post-cold war international system. Empirical findings, based on content analysis and on 25+ semi-structured interviews, suggest that transnational expertise-based networks did play a leading role in shaping SSR conceptual development. However, they also show that cleavages between epistemic communities across the security/development dividing line are ultimately responsible for the EU's failure to achieve a coherent SSR policy implementation. Moreover, the article concludes ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)