albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
All forms of work carried out in the home —chiefly by women— such as cooking, cleaning and caring for others are performed without pay and with no contract to govern aspects such as wages, responsibilities and the benefits derived from the work. Women's increasing incorporation into the labour force has not been offset by greater participation by men in household work. Thus, in Latin America the sexual division of labour has remained partial and uneven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See World Bank (2009). In 2008, Ukraine’s TPES/GDP (toe/000 2000 USD) ratio stood at 2.55, compared to the OECD average of 0.18, global average of 0.3 and the former Soviet Union region average of 1.59, IEA (2010a). According to the IEA data, in Poland industry and transport sectors accounted respectively for 26% and 23% of total final energy consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the student questionnaire, students answered questions on whether or not they have a home computer to use for schoolwork, educational software and a link to the Internet, how many computers they have at home, whether they programme computers, and how many hours, on average, they spend repeating and training on content from school lessons by working on a computer (e.g. learning vocabulary with training software). As part of the school questionnaire, principals provided information on the availability of computers at their schools and on whether they feel that a lack of computers hindered instruction in their school. A new question in PISA 2012 also asked school principals to report on the extent to which students are expected to access the Internet to perform school-related work. On average across OECD countries, only 4% of 15-year-old students lived in homes with no computer, and 43% of them lived in homes with three or more computers. There is no single authority representing both "IUrkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Budget allocations have facilitated the strengthening of forest-related institutions and governance. There are however further opportunities to enhance the regulatory and cultural services of forests and trees, especially in watershed protection and for tourism and recreation. Guatemalan landscapes have a very rich cultural, architectural and natural heritage, so there is potential to have integrated landscape approaches that combine human-made and natural environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to calculations by the Ministry of Health, patient co-payment levels (calculated for reimbursable drugs only) could be reduced from 32% at present to 18%, if patients were always dispensed the cheapest generic dmg. With the 2011 Act on reimbursement of drugs, pharmacists no longer have any financial incentives to dispense the more expensive drugs, as the mark-ups are equal within the same substance group. Figure 16 shows how heterogeneous the size of PHI markets is across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Meanwhile, Governments of countries in the subregion should continue to make progress in tackling corruption within the tax and customs administrations, strengthening the rule of law and the protection of migrant workers’ rights and ensuring fair business competition. One group consists of Pacific island developing economies and the other, the developed countries, Australia and New Zealand. All the Pacific island economies, except Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Tonga, improved their growth performance in 2011, averaging an economic growth rate of 7.9%, following the setback they had experienced during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008/09.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The transmission of ideas, information, and resources forms the core of many issues studied in political science, including collective action, cooperation, and development. While these processes imply dynamic connections among political actors, researchers often cannot observe such interdependence. One example is public policy diffusion, which has long been a focus of multiple subfields. In the American state politics context, diffusion is commonly conceptualized as a dyadic process whereby states adopt policies (in part) because other states have adopted them. This implies a policy diffusion network connecting the states. Using a dataset of 187 policies, we introduce and apply an algorithm that infers this network from persistent diffusion patterns. The results contribute to knowledge on state policy diffusion in several respects. Additionally, in introducing network inference to political science, we provide scholars across the discipline with a general framework for empirically recovering the latent and dynamic interdependence among political actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, findings from the economic evaluation of the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Initiative by Deloitte (which supported 134 projects from 1999 through to 2007-08) show that investments have also delivered net economic benefit to Victoria. There is, however, a continuous need to ensure that the considerable investments will bring returns on investment in terms of employment growth and new companies. Furthermore, there is a need to improve information on innovation performance within private sector to ensure that the innovation policy will be developed on robust evidence of the region’s needs. While there has been substantial investment in the research components and some areas of successful innovation within firms, there is limited integration between the system components and an absence of underlying culture of collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The “Ecotechnologies” Action Plan of January 2009 has both economic and environmental objectives, and is intended to encourage new activities and the use of green technologies in industry (Box 5.2). The government has adopted two sets of support measures (in December 2008 and March 2009) amounting to 3.4% of GDP. The special parliamentary committee on the economic and financial crisis has recommended that the government promote qualitative, balanced and sustainable growth based at once on economic progress and on respect for ecological constraints and social aspirations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Carbon trading can also be partly conducted by “offsetting-certificates”. Carbon offsets are realised by financing projects that drive emissions savings and compensate for emitted greenhouse gases (Gilbertson and Reyes, 2009). In relation to this, companies may also create new carbon credits by investing in climate-mitigating projects, such as renewable power plants or reforestation. Buyers and sellers can exchange certificates directly through organised exchanges or through intermediaries, e.g. over-the-counter (OTC) h ading or auctioning (EC, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It concludes that in 2005-14, annual expenditure requirements in developing countries amount to USD 72 billion, divided as follows: USD 18 billion to increase coverage and USD 54 billion to maintain and renew existing facilities for served populations. With the construction of wastewater management networks for an increasingly urbanised population, the cost of sewerage and wastewater treatment will also escalate (in a mature networked system, these costs normally exceeds that of water supply). It is therefore necessary to consider the full set of financial implications of extending first-time access, particularly to networked services. Non-uniform flat rates (in use in the United Kingdom and in the former Soviet Union) can be based on features which relate to water consumption (e.g. efficient appliances, water reuse).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They have a degree of political autonomy and are administered by elected representatives. The average population of each borough is around 21000, twice as high as in the previous division, which simplifies interactions with the municipal level and enables capacity building in each borough on matters relevant to road safety. While the whole city's transport and street network is planned and managed by the CML, the municipality has delegated maintenance responsibilities to the boroughs. For instance, formal agreements established by the CML with the boroughs of Arroios, Beato, Belem, Benfica and Misericordia has led to the upgrading of almost 150 pedestrian crossings. The CML provided funding, technical guidance and supervision, and the boroughs selected the target crossings, developed the designs and did all the construction, ensuring proper communication and consultation with local stakeholders along the way. At the same time, since 2014 the city has begun addressing its pressing ageing challenges in a comprehensive manner by deploying strategies in a variety of policy areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Country ownership is a principle of the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation building on the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action. While the past 15 years have tended to separate development finance to achieve the MDGs from climate finance to achieve the goals of the UNFCCC, Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement place climate action into the context of sustainable development. In addition, the emphasis in all the 2015 outcomes on country ownership provides an opportunity to increase coherence at national level, especially if partner countries are supported to strengthen human and institutional capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This report lays particular emphasis on the crucial importance of satellite observations, which are an indispensable means of understanding climate evolution thanks to the repetitiveness and homogeneity of their measurements. The aim of this ITU-R Resolution is to strengthen collaboration among ITU-R, ISO, IEC and other bodies as appropriate, with a view to cooperating in identifying and fostering implementation of all appropriate measures to reduce power consumption in radiocommunication devices and to utilize radiocommunications/ICTs in monitoring and mitigation of the effects of climate change, in order to contribute to a global reduction of energy consumption. Member States, Sector Members and Associates are invited to contribute actively to ITU-R's work in the field of radiocommunications and climate change, taking due account of relevant ITU initiatives, and to continue to support ITU-R's work in the field of remote sensing (active and passive) for monitoring of the environment. It is also currently in process of developing a Supplement to Recommendation ITU-T L.1500 (06/2014), Framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change, discussing climate change effects and possible impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The amount of hours lost due to extended maintenance is therefore between 60 and 120 hours, which represents a loss of 0.7-1.4% of the availability factor. Additional studies performed by EPRI and a Slovakian operator concluded that load cycling should have an impact on O&M, but no statistically significant effects were observed. The economic aspects of load following have received increased interest due to the extreme price volatility induced by variable renewables (including negative prices) in countries with large shares of renewables, such as Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The separation of students into different educational programmes occurs only after grade 9, when students can choose to continue to tenth grade in the same regular school, in a more academic school (e.g. lyceum, gymnasium) or a vocational school, and are therefore separated into different educational programmes. The review team visited schools where teachers and psychologists provide students with some individual attention in the form of remedial after-school classes at schools. Some students told the review team that when they had difficulty with any subject, their first strategy was to discuss the problem with their teacher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Israel transfers an annual 700-900 MCM of water to the Coastal Plain from the Jordan River Basin and the Western Aquifer Basin. Desalination in the Gaza Strip is currently still very limited but is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2011, the European Union announced its support for the construction of a short-term low-volume desalination plant to supply 75,000 people in the Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is thus a significant economic sector. Until the early 1990s most Polish wood production went to markets in Central and Eastern Europe, including the former USSR. This brought in foreign capital, notably from Germany (a major trading partner in the furniture industry), Sweden and France, and allowed modernisation of production systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the first case, you will have to repay the money lent, in the second situation, loved ones may participate in decision-making and receive a share of the profits but you will not have anything to pay back. Their goal is to help finance the long-term needs of a business creation, such as the initial investment, or the working capital requirement (WCR). Check with the national agency for business creation if necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some examples of these resources are: the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers, the Australian Professional Standard for Principals, the Accreditation of Initial Teacher Education Programs Australia: Standards and Procedures, Australian Teaching Practice and Development Framework, and the Australia Charter for the Professional Learning of Teachers and School Leaders (AITSL, 2016). In crafting these standards, the government should define what the objectives are for teachers at different points of their careers, how teachers can achieve these objectives and why they should do so. The standard provides an opportunity for teachers to progress, enrich, develop and enhance their practice, expertise, knowledge, skills and professional values. It aims to support teachers as they develop as reflective, accomplished and enquiring professionals who are able to engage with the complexities of teaching and learning, the changing contemporary world of their learners, and the world beyond the profession and its institutions, in order to enhance learning experiences for all learners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Plans to expand telehealth, however, need to be supported by the necessary infrastructure to facilitate this technology. Patient travel assistance schemes should be evaluated and refined to ensure national consistency around eligibility requirements and levels of reimbursement. As earlier highlighted, the differing criteria make patients eligible in some states but not others. An approach that better reflects the true costs of travel would make the scheme more equitable, and support patients to move more easily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Underlying emphasis will be on raising productivity, reducing production costs and expanding market outlets. From the supply side, it requires critical inputs that are affected by patterns of growth—water, soil, biodiversity, infrastructure—as well as by climatic effects. From the demand side, agriculture feeds not only into local and national economies but also into regional and global markets. Each of those markets (Chapter 6) has its own characteristics, high-income markets in advanced economies, in particular, require producers to meet sustainability criteria along green supply chains (Potts et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Variables for increases in labour intensity, wages and education gaps are also included, in line with other studies covered in the literature review. Given the endogeneity of the relationship between inequality and growth as outlined in the theoretical framework, these problems are corrected for by lagging the explanatory and dependent variables, as well as by using the differences between the values for previous periods in keeping with the generalized method of moments. It is therefore best to include variables that incorporate their previous values, especially in the cases of interest for this analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This fall is fully taken into account in the Income forecasts, but not at all in the HAI and EVI projections. A prolonged military conflict is likely to have adverrse effects on the three graduation criteria. As noted in chapter 1, the decisions of these States and organs concerning graduation do not follow mechanically from the statistical criteria, but rely also on other considerations. Such considerations are not taken into account in the projections used here, although some cases in which they are likely to modify a decision based purely on the statistical criteria (and hence the timing of graduation) are indicated in the notes to table 2.2. However, this is by no means always the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A system of payments (60 per cent to the canton and 40 per cent to FBiH) for conversion of forest lands into mining areas was introduced in FBiH, with a requirement to pay for cutting and also for afforestation, including 20 years of maintenance for afforested areas. Both entities apply 0.07 per cent forest tax (required by' forest law) on the profits of all legal entities operating in the country'. This money goes to the budget and is supposed to be used for forestry development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, many small towns, while classified as rural, display urban characteristics in terms of population density and service provision models. The speed with which many of these ‘rural towns’ are growing is unprecedented — for example, annual growth rates in excess of 5% are typical in urban agglomerations in Sub-Saharan Africa (UN-Habitat, 2005). The existence of different government structures (even in the same geographical region) adds to this complexity, such that caution is needed when making policy decisions based on national statistics. Within urban areas, the inter-urban differences in service levels are perhaps a better indicator of overall delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In recent years, rural to urban migration has been more prominent. In this context, latest estimates suggest that China's urbanisation rate will increase by nearly 1% per year during the next 15 to 20 years, which represents around 300 million people who will move from rural areas into cities (China Daily, 2009). Today, China's average population density is Page | 36 approximately 138 per km2 (Wikipedia, 2009b), but with extreme variations in rural population densities, ranging from less than one to more than 400 per km2. In stark contrast, the highest urban population density per km2 is 50 000 to 60 000 as in the case of central Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing (China Daily, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In furtherance to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 16, countries should ensure that their enforcement strategies include sustained support to the training of police, military, judicial, customs officers and civil society to ensure they have the knowledge, skills, technologies and techniques to conduct monitoring services and information analysis. This tool establishes a common space where experts from government, NGOs, academia and even industry could tap into near real-time mobile reporting. It offers a rich collection of geotagged data that has not historically been available to such agencies. Mapping this open-source data will allow for greater visibility of the wildlife trafficking trade by all concerned stakeholders, whether national and local governments of the countries impacted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These include water pricing based on ability to pay rather than marginal cost, financing mechanisms in which cross subsidies from hydropower charges finance irrigation development, pricing irrigation water below the marginal cost of supply, the potential for irrigators to renegotiate contracts after projects are built, and the incentive to overinvest in irrigation when irrigators believe they will secure a water right. Five factors were also identified that lead to a higher value of infrastructure maintenance. These include a lower price of water charged to irrigator, a lower real cost of repairing infrastructure, a greater water savings from infrastructure maintenance, higher crop yields produced by saved water, and a lower cost of capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The decrease was also much stronger than the one experienced on average in the OECD. Although starting from a higher level, the pro-cyclical cut in ALMP expenditure per unemployed was also higher than in Estonia and Latvia. Given the high volatility of Lithuania’s labour market, introducing some form of automatic link between ALMP budgets and labour market conditions, as in place in some OECD countries such as Australia, Denmark and Sweden, would help avoid reductions in spending per unemployed when unemployment surges and ALMP are most needed. In 2014, the ESF covered 47% of total ALMP expenditure, and 63% in 2015. This dependency on external funding limits the scale of ALMP and raises issues of continuity of the programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Why have some democracies made considerable progress in prosecuting dictatorship-era human rights violations or in publicly exposing the truth about repression while others still have amnesty laws that prevent, or at least hinder, even the judicial review of such abuses? This article compares Spain, Chile and Argentina to understand the impact of their contrasting histories of repression on how they have dealt with their violent pasts. I assess whether a greater degree of legal repression and direct judicial involvement in repression explains why there is more resistance to prosecuting those responsible for human rights violations, establishing truth commissions or annulling the political sentences of the past during democratization. Once democracy has been consolidated, different dynamics may emerge, but this history of judicial complicity has proved to be a key factor in understanding the continuous lack of judicial accountability in Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most social protection programmes in Ghana aspire to be universal in coverage, consistent with ensuring equal opportunities for all. For example, the capitation grant and free exercise books programmes aim to reach all children attending public schools, while exemptions under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) are supposed to cover all children under the age of 18, all older persons above 70, and all pregnant women irrespective of socio-economic status. Implementation often reflects this universalistic aspiration. In line with the government's characterization of the programme as a "national" programme intended to benefit public primary schools in "all 138 districts in Ghana" (Government of Ghana, 2006, p. ii), implementation of the programme started in late 2005 with 10 primary schools drawn from each of the 10 administrative regions (i.e. one school per region).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Green dotted lines = confidence interval 95%. Information is patchy on innovation spillovers or transfers between technologies, sectors, countries. The pace of depreciation of knowledge generated by innovation investments is also not clearly understood. A key lesson is that conclusions about the scale and even sometimes the direction of the economic impacts of policies that encourage the uptake of low-carbon technologies and practices differ considerably across different models, because of their diverse theoretical underpinnings, assumptions, and the corresponding modelling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)