albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Around EUR 40 million of the EFF provision were used for fleet restructuring. See also above, Fleet decommissioning plans. The General Directorate for Food (DGAL) within the MAAF remains the administration in charge of these public policies. A survey by Kantar Worldpanel indicated that, despite an increase in prices (+3%), the downward trend in spending remained unchanged (-0.2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Over the long run, deep policy reforms and technological innovations can lead to improvements in both adequacy and sustainability by shifting the frontier outward. This will move them closer to the frontier (point C in Figure 1). The funding sources of health care systems are: general taxation, social insurance contributions, private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They equip workers with the knowledge, skills and qualifications needed in a changing work environment, tackle skills shortages and mismatches, and foster lifelong learning. They also help employers raise the level of workforce skills according to company needs, provide young people with the right qualifications - facilitating their access to labour markets and increasing labour market mobility - and support economic growth, competitiveness and productivity. These link the classroom and workplace, and tap the knowledge of employers and workers on the kind of training needed and ways to deliver it. Quality apprenticeships develop skills, innovation and entrepreneurship, and enable employers to train workers along enterprise requirements. This helps to meet SME needs and address structural problems of low productivity and lack of productive diversification. Who shares the financial burden, and how can a fair distribution of costs among the relevant stakeholders be determined?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If education w'ere all about imparting content knowledge, developing and evaluating pedagogy would be all about establishing the best methods to promote memorisation and understanding of knowledge and concepts. But discipline-centric pedagogies cover only part of what a teacher, school or system might want to develop in students and there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which develop higher-level personal and social competences, driven by at least four factors. Second, societies and industries founded on digital technologies require people to manage and use a more complex array of information and increase the value of social skills. Third, societal changes have increased the complexity of choices and tasks young people face as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. Finally, in some quarters there has been a pushback against the intensified focus on standardised assessments of cognitive skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Food is an attractive communication tool, which can draw public attention to various social issues. In our project we try to explore such an issue over taste interactions and empathy inscribed in food. We have designed 'StreetSauce', an interactive service with edible interface that conveys public engagement in the problem of female homelessness. Within this paper, we present preliminary results of our research related to the StreetSauce project. The data sampled so far come from interviews, participant observation at design probes, and online questionnaire. We aim to examine the applicability of food and human-computer interaction (HCI) convergence for the support of social engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even more concerning, levels of socio-economic inequity have not changed since 2006 in the majority of countries. Figure 3 shows that in a few countries, such as Australia, Finland and Korea, the discrepancy between students in the top and bottom quartiles of PISA’s socio-economic ESCS index grew even larger between 2006 and 2015. However, PISA results show that inequality of opportunity is not set in stone, and that selected school systems succeeded in becoming more equitable over a relatively short period (OECD, 2017(8]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although students of Raymond Aron’s Peace and War might rightly bemoan the fact that this book has had relatively little impact on Anglo-American scholarship, the question arises as to whether Aron has anything significant to teach us today. After all, Aron is often seen first and foremost as a Cold War theoretician: is he the best person to turn to in order to make sense of events like Islamic fundamentalism, global terrorism, and the apparent importance of transnational organizations and treaties, to name just a few pertinent issues? This article hopes to demonstrate that Aron’s theoretical framework serves as a very useful starting point in conceptualizing international politics—including current politics—in a most comprehensive fashion. The article sketches Aron’s distinctive moral contributions to international relations theory and suggests that his conceptual framework can help us to understand, both theoretically and practically, the threat posed by Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scope of such an organisation is defined by the areas of specialisation of the local HEIs that provide the resources and the local industrial structure. Although their focus is mainly on the respective territories where they are located, in particular for the background work mentioned above, they should be networked to multiply the opportunities of matching supply and competence needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The country’s real gross domestic product (GDP) has increased about sixteen-fold since 1970, while its share of urban population doubled in the period, from 40.7% in 1970 to 81.9% in 2009 (OECD, 2012e). Moreover, as most of Korea’s large metropolitan areas have developed in a piecemeal way in this brief period, the best use of limited land resources has become a major concern of urban policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Private law does not operate in isolation. Throughout history, private lawyers have been aware of the limits of their field. In property law, this traditionally means referring to public law – especially public law limitations to property rights. The juxtaposition so created is that private law stands for freedom and autonomy and it is public law, in the form of constitutional law or administrative law, that forms most restrictions. With the exception of the doctrine of abuse of rights, for example, the ideas surrounding the right of ownership are virtually limitless. The owner is the person that can dispose over his property in the most absolute manner. In this contribution, I will first explore the theoretical foundations of property law and their importance (section 2). I will then turn to property and human flourishing (section 3), obligations in property law (section 4) and deal with the Dutch qualitative obligation (section 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper, based on an overarching project, focuses on the role of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) (also known as the Luxembourg Court) in shaping legal integration in Europe. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the new legally binding nature of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the future EU's accession to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) bring significant changes to the fundamental rights discourse within the European Union. These developments allow the enhancement of human rights protection within the EU. Based on empirical data collected through interviews with the Court of Justice's judges and Advocates General and recent case‐law, the paper offers original insights into the post‐Lisbon era of regional integration and reflects on the impact of the Charter on the CJEU jurisprudence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsistence data may have to be developed through surveys, although the SLiCA survey does provide some data on indigenous households for the regions of Canada, Chukotka, Alaska, and Greenland. These data are available for the survey year only. Across the Arctic nations, the North is primarily a sending region, that is, more people leave northern regions than move there. Migration affects the number of people living in a region. It also influences the demographic structure of a place, since the propensity to migrate differs across demographic groups (Hamilton and Seyfrit, 1994). Sometimes a move is for a short period of time to secure training or education, this human capital investment allows the migrant to return home to improved job prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, some rural areas are becoming less busy and less disturbed and some small-scale natural habitats are beginning to emerge where gardening and farming usually took place. In all, urbanization may also result in slightly improved open landscape biodiversity although it may be measured only in the longer term and not on a fine geographical scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The highest rates recorded were in South Africa where 25 per cent of participants reported witnessing their mothers being abused by their respective partners (ibid.). National surveys of violence against children conducted in Kenya,Tanzania, Swaziland and Zimbabwe indicate an association between exposure to sexual violence in childhood and adolescent participation in HIV risk behaviours (Richter et al., However, with the exception of South Africa's Birth to Twenty study, there are no longitudinal studies able to shed clear insights on processes involving parents and adolescents. Forty per cent of this study's sample had direct or vicarious experience of community or family violence, most of whom did not show signs of high-risk behaviour in early adolescence (Richter, 2006).Those who did, showed advanced pubertal development for their age and lived in environments where they were exposed to older adolescents, without monitoring and supervision by caring adults (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policy makers need to address a range of government and market failures, as well as other investment barriers, which collectively favour investing in fossil fuel-intensive activities over investing in clean infrastructure. In addition to core green growth policy settings (e.g. pricing mechanisms, regulation), this means examining existing rules, regulations and policies that may restrict green infrastructure investment, creating investment vehicles that generate the risk-return ratios required by investors (OECD, 2015c), promoting collaborative dialogue among investors and across different levels of government, and compiling and sharing the data needed for investors to evaluate the risks and performance of green infrastructure investments (Kaminker et al., Governments also need to pay attention to barriers to international investment (e.g. local content requirements) that may hinder green infrastructure investment (Bahar, Egeland and Steenblik, 2013, OECD, forthcoming a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group produces twice as high a probability of poverty. The high impact of indigenous identity on likelihood of poverty warrants particular attention, because it is indicative of exclusion based on a group identity, regardless of these groups’ more limited access to education or to basic sendees. As well, the higher the level of schooling attained, the greater the additional impact in terms of reducing poverty probability. This suggests that the impact of a change in an explanatory' variable on the probability' of being poor depends on the initial value of that probability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The report is based on the latest available data. It highlights both gains and challenges as the international community moves towards full realization of the ambitions and principles espoused in the 2030 Agenda. Time is therefore of the essence. Moreover, as the following pages show, progress has not always been equitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the next year, agricultural crops production as well as lifestock should be added. On the marine side, fisheries and aquaculture can be included. As regards regulating services, it is foreseen that flood mitigation and pollution regulation (relating to water) will be integrated into the tool and recreation and tourism for cultural services (in the marine environment, aesthetic quality will be factored in too).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores a controversial claim by the Commonwealth  Attorney-General that counter-terrorism legislation is justified by reference to  the obligations of governments to ensure their citizens' human security, which,  in tum, is suggested to flow from article 3 of the Universal Declaration of  Human Rights (UDHR).I As the title suggests, the article focuses upon and  analyses the views of the Attorney-General (the one Australian) and two  Canadians influential in the field of human security, as the Attorney-General's  particular assertions regarding human security and human rights have been  articulated and advanced by citing the writings of these two Canadians,  Irwin Cotler and Louise Arbour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In agriculture, technologies that enhance the labour productivity of rural women (such as better farm tools, water provision, modern energy services and household food preparation) can free their time for other activities. For example, a study from India demonstrated that women who used a groundnut decorticator were able to process around 14 times more groundnuts and used significantly less physical effort than those doing so by hand. Similarly, a new hand tool designed for making ridges for vegetable crops allowed women to double the number of rows finished in one hour (Singh, Puna Ji Gite and Agarwal, 2006). Such innovations in technology may open up opportunities for women to earn higher incomes or to use their time (and increased income) for added attention to the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This commentary discusses the historical development, organization and activities of the Ethiopian Public Health Association (EPHA), a professional civil society organization that operates on the principles of protection of public interest and professional standards in health in areas of health development in Ethiopia. The important roles played by the EPHA in health training, research and policy advocacy have been highlighted. Some of the important health system interventions that have been effected in the country through the influence and active participation of the Association have also been pointed out. As an active member of the Executive Board of the World Federation of Public Health Associations, EPHA serves as a role model for public health professional associations in the African Region with regard to increasing their influence in health policy and interventions within their respective countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We focus on emerging economies because most of the new EE investments required will be in China, India, and other emerging G20 countries. However, the investment barriers analysed and the policies recommended apply to both the developed and the developing world. Figure 1 graphically summarises our view of risk perception as the principal barrier to private EE investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It becomes increasingly necessary, moreover, as crises originating in the financial world spread to the real world and affect people’s lives and livelihoods through a variety of transmission channels. As such, policy responses to a crisis in the LDCs need to address not only the economic impact but also social dimensions, such as poverty and employment. It may also be prudent for the LDCs to consider the idea of creating a “basic social floor” for the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There has been overfishing for more than ten years and current management measures appear to be insufficient to end overfishing in the short term. Recommendations are to reduce fishing by 36 per cent compared to 2008-2011 levels. Largely targets skipjack and to a lesser extent yellowfin but may catch multiple species. Larger vessels usually have their own freezing equipment and are based outside the Pacific and smaller vessels, which use ice, are based in Pacific ports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, it is not uncommon to find powerful scientific elites dominating national STI agendas, particularly in countries with a less mature innovation system. This can become a serious obstacle to developing policies that could set the innovation system on a more dynamic path. The greater involvement of business actors and organised interests in public policy formulation and implementation has to some extent resulted in blurring of the public-private distinction. Finally, some STI policy arenas see a greater role for direct citizen participation in agenda setting, although this remains relatively rare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Where this is done, the gap between a youth sub-minimum for youth and for the adults one should be large enough to make youth significantly less costly. A sub-minimum wage for youth may generalise the incidence of low-pay jobs among youth in segmented labour markets where youth find it difficult to move to better-paid jobs. On balance, a sub-minimum wage for youth younger than 18 may ease access to the labour market and reduce the likelihood of unemployment and NEET status for this age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These uses should however be taken into account in water resource management (e.g. through environmental flow and quality requirements for environmental purposes). In the case of agriculture, water consumption occurs through evapotranspiration and harvesting of crops. In the case of hydropower, water consumption includes the additional evaporation that results from the increased surface of the water body impounded by the dam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Increasing the demand for agricultural products through increased tourism may thus provide many additional income opportunities for poorer people, especially in rural areas. This is particularly likely among international tourists, while domestic and continental African tourists may be more interested in opportunities such as shopping tourism, international tourists more often travel to Africa for holiday purposes and so are likely more interested in experiencing new cultures, activities and environments (see chapter 4). As tourism brings its market directly into rural areas and communities, it offers opportunities to communities that are traditionally disconnected from the economic opportunities that cities create.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These income-contingent financing instruments have theoretically distinctive features to reach different social and economic outcomes, but only ICLs with risk sharing have been implemented in practice. Most notable examples that have successfully implemented ICLs are Australia, which instituted the world’s first broadly based income-contingent charging system for higher education in 1989, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.* While the Australian and UK systems cover only tuition fees, the New Zealand system is designed to cover both tuition fees and living expenses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While residential developments along establish roads ways are to be encouraged since they take advantage of existing infrastructure, they are problematic when the costs of servicing these areas are bom by the municipality and the externalities associated with such a location are not reflected in the costs paid by home owners. This is to be expected to some degree as lower interest rates increase an individual’s ability to purchase a property. Supply constraints also increase demand—for instance, high demand to live in a particular area because of its amenities or cultural heritage. In comparison to other departements in the region, these are low figures, Puy-de-Dome had the lowest percentage change in terms of housing prices over the period and the second lowest in terms of household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An analysis from British cohort studies (Bynner and Parsons, 2006) found that once people were aware of weaknesses in their basic skills, they tended to be interested in improving these. This is in line w ith an earlier study of Further Education (FE) students (Basic Skills Agency, 1997), which found that a major barrier to taking up basic skills support was that many people did not know that basic skills were essential to the successful completion of their course. Conversely some of those who know they have literacy and numeracy problems are reluctant to admit it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The essential strength of a well-diversified system is that in the face of uncertainty or even ignorance about future outcomes, it provides resilience. One of the first scientific disciplines where this concept was studied was ecology. Darwin thus already demonstrated that diversification of a species within an ecosystem was a “spontaneous” survival strategy in the face of changing biotope conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This introduction outlines the importance that Hans-Georg Backhaus’s transcript of Adorno’s 1962 seminar on ‘Marx and the Basic Concepts of Sociological Theory’ has for shedding light on the relationship between Adorno’s critical theory and the critique of political economy. Part  I  signals the importance of the seminar by assaying the Anglophone scholarship on Adorno. Part  II  contextualises the seminar in the development of his thought. Parts  III  and  IV  focus on what the transcript tells us about Adorno’s interpretation of Marx and the importance this interpretation held for Adorno’s critical social theory. Part  V  points to the influence this interpretation of the critique of political economy had on the formation of the New German Reading of Marx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If the lower level does not comply, it can be forced through directives ordering it to do so. Furthermore, national and provincial governments can directly impose land-use plans on municipalities. Horizontal co-ordination at all three levels of government occurs through the legal requirement to co-ordinate spatially relevant decisions between the responsible public authorities at the respective level of government. There is also inherent flexibility in how the plans are elaborated by each level of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In three OECD countries - Australia, Denmark and Estonia - they were less than 75% of the national average equivalent household disposable income. Figure 2.4 shows that during retirement they rely heavily on public pensions in the form of earnings-related or resource-tested benefits which account for an average of nearly 59% of their incomes in the 34 OECD countries. At the top end of the scale are Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, and Luxembourg where public pensions make up 80% or more of elderly people’s retirement income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given that socio-economic conditions and policy frameworks can vary significantly across jurisdictions, it would be important to understand how the companies operating internationally respond to these varying circumstances. We hope that this analysis will generate opportunities for peer learning between countries, as well as for knowledge sharing among mining companies. Country profile: Chile”, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, http://global-climatescope. Org/en/countrv/chile/#/enabling-framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)