albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
What are the causes of state-initiated human rights violations? Are intra-national factors alone causally responsible for the emergence of human rights crises in the developing world? This article critically examines contemporary social science literature on the causes of human rights compliance and violations, particularly in the fields of international relations and comparative politics. It underscores the finding that the current research agenda on human rights has yet to fully recognise the causal and constitutive links between transnational and domestic factors in generating variations in states’ level of compliance. The main goal of the paper is to analytically explore the possibilities of generating social scientific research that recognises the interactive causal dynamics among extra-national and domestic variables as they jointly produce cross-national variations in the quality of a state’s compliance with human rights norms. Based on a critical analysis of the current scholarship in human rights...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The large uncertainty on recharge prevents any meaningful groundwater management response (Crosbie et al., Aquifer storage and recovery in particular requires an advanced knowledge of the hydrogeology to avoid costly mistakes (e.g. see for instance Blood and Splagat, 2013). Ignoring existing connections with surface water in management can be very costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In inner cities, there are limits to the improvements that can be made in the context of streets that are frequently narrow, and the constrained efforts to do so often involve expropriations, evictions, and demolitions that are socially and financially costly. Moreover, even insofar as the goal of allowing more cars in parts of a city is realised through these efforts, the problems of congestion may only be shifted to other parts of the city rather than being resolved in any viable sense. Finally, reliance on the expansion of the road network also raises concerns regarding the ability of the Government of Viet Nam to provide necessary road maintenance in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The native birch woodlands of the Faroe Islands and Iceland, respectively, have been almost or totally removed (Eggertsson etal. In Sweden, almost no pristine forests are left and major parts, especially in southern Sweden, have been transformed into agricultural land. In addition, large areas have been subject to urbanisation or building of various infrastructures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article argues that in creating the public safety exception to the Miranda requirements, the Supreme Court implicitly analogized to the criminal law doctrines of self-defense and defense of others. Thus, examining the justifications of self-defense and defense of others can be useful in determining the contours of the public safety exception and the related "rescue doctrine" exception. In particular, the battered woman syndrome -- which is recognized in a majority of the states and has been successfully invoked by defendants in some self-defense cases -- could provide a conceptual analogue for arguments about whether law enforcement officers were faced with an "immediate necessity" to obtain information that was needed to protect the public safety. Such an analysis could be especially relevant to the debate about withholding Miranda warnings during initial questioning of terrorism suspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The English-language scholarship generally describes Japan as a centralized developmental state. However, while “developmentalism” does describe Japan's strategic economic approach, “centralized” no longer accurately depicts its spatial development process. This article argues that local autonomy is not equivalent in Japan, but rather, varies based upon a jurisdiction's population size and economic base. Large cities, important employment centers, and heavily populated prefectures have greater authority and influence than do smaller, less affluent communities. This article also asserts that the role prefectures play in the development planning process has been greatly undervalued. It then concludes that this combination of factors suggests that today's Japanese State is something more complex than the term “centralized” connotes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, producers of export-competing commodities such as natural rubber, coffee, cashew nuts and tea are implicitly taxed in that are paid prices for their outputs that are lower than international prices. Rice has moved from being a commodity with little support, to being highly taxed, to receiving support, to seeing this fall back to a low level again. This reflects the challenge of trying to support producers while protecting consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2016, the first Advisory Board for Development of Quality Indicators report was published and established a system of publically monitoring quality indicators. Since 2002, five clinical audits have been carried out in collaboration with experts each year by EHIF. Examples from 2013 suggest that 67.5% of specialist visits for hypertension and 20% of specialist visits for diabetes could be deemed 'avoidable' and managed more appropriately in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, international trade in goods and services has been more volatile than world output in recent decades and, consequently, could be an important channel through which the crisis is spread to developing economies (Griffith-Jones and Ocampo 2009, World Bank 2008). The IMF (2009c) forecasts a 15.0 per cent decline in export volumes for the advanced economies in 2009, with a corresponding figure of 6.5 per cent in emerging and developing economies. Imported volumes are also forecasted to decline by 13.6 and 9.6 per cent, respectively, in emerging and developing economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some progress can be noted, but much more needs to be done to achieve the 2 °C goal. The transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development path requires financing, innovation and strategies that also address potential negative competitiveness and employment impacts. Such a path can also create new opportunities as part of a green growth strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They describe the current situation, and indicate what the situation in 2030/50 might be, what physical and biological impacts may emerge and how these changes might affect the economic potential of ocean-based activities. It is important to note the interconnections between the drivers and changes addressed in each subsection. By way of illustration, rising C02 emissions contribute to rising ocean acidification, which in turn affects certain marine creatures and, further compounded by e.g. ocean warming, pollution and ultimately the ocean’s biomass. The strongest warming trends have been found at high latitudes (Rhein et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The establishment of a consultative group between the main NGOs and the MoE could help rebuild relations and lead to more constructive dialogue and co-operation. However, even successful judicial review has not always led to implementation of decisions. The case of the Pezinok landfill is a case in point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Private sector companies and entrepreneurs are a major source of innovation to help achieve growth without further damage to the environment. Private businesses are also an important channel and target of implementation for development projects and activities, where their business networks and links provide unique avenues of influence and embed established understanding of local needs, capabilities and requirements. In addition, businesses are drivers of negative and positive environmental change in developing countries. As a result, efforts to address environmental concerns can be more effective if done by engaging businesses and private companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A light-rail transit system and policies for relocating housing to the urban core have created policy synergies that increase the use of public transport through a compact urban form. Toyama’s comprehensive approach was successful in improving mobility and increasing the flow of people to the urban core (Toyama City, 2014). The principles set out in the recommendation are grouped in three thematic areas (Box 3.4). Using the implementation toolkit of the OECD provides practical solutions for cities to improve their investment strategies in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, a stand-out conclusion from the work of climate modellers is that keeping temperature rise within 2°C will mean reducing C02 emissions by 2065 from the current level of about 54 Gt a year to zero. The world is currently far off track in meeting this goal in a cost-effective manner. Last year’s Emissions Gap Report (UNEP, 2014) showed that emissions needed to fall to 42 Gt by 2030, and that current pledges, not all of which are being met, amount to about 57 Gt in that year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, such networks partly overlap with each other and do not always lead to concrete results. Even though the consensus-oriented Nordic (and particularly Swedish) political culture generally minimises disruptive disagreements, the oversupply of co-ordination channels may generate inertia and inaction in Western Scandinavia. If Western Scandinavia wants to effect real change, it needs to define clear policy objectives for co-operation (Box 2.15). Structuring objectives into a hierarchy of higher and lower level objectives is a good way to prioritise them and illustrate how they affect each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first programme, launched on 18 November 2012, was "The Venture Tool Box," a foundation exercise/course for business owners and managers who want to gain further understanding of some of the fundamental principles associated with owning and operating a start-up or established business. However, such a perspective risks discounting the “gendered interpretation and implementation of gender-neutral economic laws” (Chamlou, 2008) and policies. Banks also appear to demonstrate little awareness of “culturally driven constraints faced by women entrepreneurs, such as their mobility and higher demands on their time, [which] may further limit their ability to access finance” (IFC, 2011). Instead, some of the banks questioned the need to develop specific financial products targeting women entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Taken together, the reports identify links between education and all the SDGs, with the notable exception of SDG 14 on oceans. For most of the SDGs, causal links are identified in both directions, from education to other goal areas and vice-versa. The most emphasized connections are those between education and growth (SDG8) and gender (SDG5). By contrast, links with energy (SDG7), water (SDG 6), cities (SDG 11), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) and climate change (SDG 13) receive much less attention in the sum of UN flagship publications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tackling supply deficits within individual catchments will be a high cost approach, increasing the requirement for new infrastructure, and requiring more constraint on water use. However, water is heavy and pumping - and carbon - costs are high, so large scale, long distance transfers are expensive, relative to the water’s value. But there is scope for greater interconnection within and between water companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Coastal bays and lagoons, in particular the largest, near Velipoja in Albania, arc crucial as spawning and nursery areas for a number of commercially-important fish species. Nowadays, the expansion of tourism areas and related infrastructure, combined with significantly increasing disturbance from visitors, and boat and car traffic (including off-road), represent a threat, especially for attractive, and at the same time sensitive, coastal habitats. The development of urban settlements, roads, agriculture, tourism, and industry in the catchment basin, with the associated increased abstraction of water, provides additional pressures on the downstream wetland ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Over the last couple of years, fishers have also made important efforts in order to increase selectivity and reduce energy consumption. However, employment in capture fisheries decreased by 12.5 % between 2014 and 2015 to 499 persons. Sole and plaice are the two most important species, both in terms of value and volume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In an era of rapid technological change, are qualitative researchers taking advantage of new and innovative ways to gather, analyse and share community narratives?    Sharing Qualitative Research presents innovative methods for harnessing creative storytelling methodologies and technologies that help to inspire and transform readers and future research. In exploring a range of collaborative and original social research approaches to addressing social problems, this text grapples with the difficulties of working with communities. It also offers strategies for working ethically with narratives, while also challenging traditional, narrower definitions of what constitutes communities.    The book is unique in its cross-disciplinary spectrum, community narratives focus and showcase of arts-based and emerging digital technologies for working with communities. A timely collection, it will be of interest to interdisciplinary researchers, undergraduate and postgraduate students and practitioners in fields including anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, community arts, literary studies, social work, health and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The relatively weak productivity growth in much of the developing world outside of Asia is one key factor explaining the persistence of working poverty.” Agriculture is still a significant part of the economy but services dominate greatly over industry, which is the least intense sector. Five of the countries have large agriculture sectors, accounting for over 50% of employment: Cambodia (72.2% in 2008), India (51.1% in 2010), Myanmar (62.7% in 1998), Nepal (76.1% in 2001) and Viet Nam (51.7% in 2006). Large declines in agricultural employment were experienced in Viet Nam (-13.6% from 2000-2006), China (-10.4% from 2000-2008) and Mongolia (-8.6% from 2000-2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Positioning and functioning of organisations such as HAS (Haute Autorite de Sante) in France and NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) in the United Kingdom could provide inspiration. The reconsideration of HTA is especially relevant in relation to the functioning of SSI and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Institute of Turkey when it comes to decisions on quality and safety of products and services related to access to the Turkish market and reimbursement via the health insurance funds. For more than 20 years specific health-care services, often from private providers have been seeking ISO certification or accreditation by foreign accreditors in the health-care field such as the Joint Commission International, the international branch of the US Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health-care services. The Baskent University Network is an example of a private entity that has been successful in the application of both ISO standards and JCI accreditation over a period of 20 years in what is now a network of 12 hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The litmus test for Arab and western democratizers of the Arab world is whether they respect two components of a de-ideologized concept of democracy: the ‘freedom from’ tyranny, guaranteed by liberal constitutionalism, and the ‘freedom to’ choose policy contents autonomously. To bring about security, domestic democratization must be linked to a set of international conditions, in particular respect for international law, conflict resolution, sound economic liberalization and strong international organizations. Western democracies' promotion policies should seek support among the new Arab elites through a more transparent articulation of their interests and a consistent ‘no double standards’ approach. This essay addresses two main issues: (a) the status of the debate on Arab democracy and its weak dynamics, and (b) the role of the West in fostering or promoting democracy in the Arab world. It concludes by providing some recommendations about the appropriate framework in which a credible and more effective ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A process of modelling the expected results of the government’s road safety programme needs to be undertaken on a routine basis by one of the road safety agencies. Where projected results fall short of targets the programme should be revised and reinforced. Resourcing and coordination would be improved by re-establishment of a unit reporting to the highest levels of government responsible for the delivery of government road safety targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Between 1998 and 2007, decisions in lower secondary education became more decentralised or remained highly decentralised towards the school or local level in 19 out of 24 countries, including Norway, in the following areas: organisation of instruction, personnel management, planning and structures and use of resources. Some countries with highly centralised decision making in 1998, such as Korea, Italy and Portugal, where less than 36% of decisions were taken by the school and local levels, managed remarkable decentralisation processes and now have about 50% of decision making in the school and local levels in these areas. Conversely, decision making did not change or become further centralised in Greece, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico and Spain (Figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This would allow' all sectors to benefit from improved water management and facilitate joint management of water resources, in particular during times of scarcity. Partial coverage limits the potential benefits of SWM as a tool to mitigate flood and drought risks, therefore, it would be interesting to liaise with MAFRA and KRC during the development stage to explore opportunities for collaboration. What are the potential gains for the farming community?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
From an analysis of a set of comparable schools, it appears that at the end of the intervention, sexually active young participants were more likely to use some form of contraception than sexually active nonparticipants of the same age. Rodrfgues-Planas (2010b) suggest that for some participants, this component might have increased the risk of substance abuse. For instance Behncke (2009) finds that giving words of encouragement, that boost self-efficacy or self-esteem in the short-term, just before a math test was associated with 2.5% higher scores among all students and 8% higher scores among those with self-reported difficulties in math. The result suggests that non-cognitive skills can be shaped, even in the very short-term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, the expansion of protected areas has not been followed by a commensurate increase in resources. A 2012 survey among managers of protected areas revealed that 60% did not have sufficient resources to carry out their activities (Semeia, 2013). The MMA (2009) calculated that maintaining federal protected areas in “satisfactory operational conditions” would require a budget increase of BRL 540 million, at the state level, the financial gap was BRL 360 million. In addition, an estimated BRL 610 million in investment would be needed to adequately consolidate federal protected areas (e.g. to put in place the necessary infrastructure), along with some BRL 1.2 billion for state protected areas (Funbio, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite benefiting from past investments that have given it the second-longest commuter rail system in the US, investment has not kept up with the region’s needs. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region's competitiveness is being undermined in part by the growing inadequacy of its transportation infrastructure, which is typified by high rates of road congestion. Over 80% of the 4 009 stream miles assessed in Illinois are considered sufficiently polluted to prohibit primary human contact (e.g. swimming) (IEPA, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policy makers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public. That also implies assessing institutional obstacles and opportunities by identifying areas of institutional overlap and synergies in water data collection, mobilising local stakeholders when designing water information systems, fostering co-ordination between data producers and users, and encouraging multi-disciplinary approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While the amount of this contribution varies, the discrepancies can be related to different datasets as well as model specifications. Secondly, broadband has been found to have an impact on the productivity at the firm level. Evidence generated both at the micro-economic and macro-economic level appears to confirm this effect. In addition, research has been successful in identifying the existence of a critical mass, indicating the existence of increasing economic returns of broadband penetration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Self-reported level of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), the two facets of social dominance orientation (SDO-Dominance and SDO-Egalitarianism) and pro-torture attitudes were measured both in the immediate aftermath (terror salience, N = 152) of the terror attacks in Paris and Brussels and when terrorism was not salient (non-salience, N = 140). Results showed that RWA and pro-torture attitudes, but not SDO-Dominance and SDO-Egalitarianism, were significantly higher immediately after. Furthermore, RWA and SDO both predicted pro-torture attitudes more strongly under terror salience. We argue that the reason why RWA is higher under terror salience is a response to external threat, and that SDO-Dominance may be more clearly related to acceptance of torture and other human-rights violations, across context. Future research on the effects of terror-related events on sociopolitical and pro-torture attitudes should focus on person-situation interactions and also attempt to discriminate between trait and state aspects of authoritarianism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the personnel of a given protected area focus not only on issues related to that area, but also assume thematic responsibilities across the entire mosaic. The mosaic structure helps address environmental and socio-economic challenges, many of which are common to all protected areas, and facilitates the resolution of conflicts arising in border areas. Such conflicts are often linked to the monitoring and control of natural resource use. While these are mostly carried out for community consumption as traditional activities, product sales to commercial companies are increasing, turtle trafficking, for example, has become a major challenge in the region. Enforcement of park regulations has caused many families to move to the neighbouring extractive reserve, where natural resource use is permitted. This plan probably has too many potentially conflicting objectives and has not been fully implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)