albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Governing a sparsely settled colony 3700 miles away from Whitehall proved financially difficult for the Virginia Company. In 1624, after nearly twenty years of seeking commercial profit from the Virginia venture, the London Company was bankrupt. King James revoked the company’s charter and the province became a royal jurisdiction.1 Gradually, over several decades, the governor and legislature implemented statutes for the conduct of civil, ecclesiastical, and commercial affairs, Virginia slowly enjoyed greater stability and growth.2 But the real catalysts in the eventual prosperity of the province were the black slaves who began to arrive in 1619, and who could be exploited in the lucrative cultivation of tobacco.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Although the effects of immigration have been investigated in Thailand before, there is a need for more systematic empirical research into how immigrants contribute to the economy. Such research informs the debate on migration flows, which are increasing globally in particular outside the traditional high-income regions, while research also constitutes a basis to understand which policy responses should be instituted for the good of both immigrants and the destination countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this paper, concepts of contractualism, neo-contractualism, categorical imperative, veil of ignorance, human rights, citizenship, and substantive democracy are discussed to analyze the rationale that neo-contractualism theories offer to explain and legitimize the rule of law as a state capable of ensure fundamental human rights and guarantees to citizens. Once the concepts discussed have been applied, the adequacy and capacity of the Brazilian State, according to its form of state and its regime of government, is analyzed to guarantee the social welfare that is proposed in its Basic Charter, trying to evaluate the efficiency of representative and participatory democracy to direct legislative production, the formation of agendas and the management of public resources to meet the urgent and emerging needs of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, for interactivity, modem TV sets can be connected to a telecommunications network, normally an IP network, in addition to the broadcasting network. A typical application of this is the interactive broadcast-broadband (IBB) systems described in section 10.2.1. This is to some extent associated with the fact that many users wish to have an application where multiple different services, e.g. television broadcasting and multimedia applications, are provided. It maximizes the user experience by providing high quality, flexible, interactive and personalized services such as additional information about television programmes (for example, an EPG), or additional services for minorities and people with special needs, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These are associated with disciplines found in educational institutions, such as humanities, mathematics, history, law and science. These skills are generally obtained through the education system and are transferable across situations. These are specific skills needed in an occupation and may include both academic and vocational skills and knowledge of certain tools or processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Public concessional funds flowing from developed to developing countries to address climate change are estimated to be USD 9-12 billion per year in 2008.14 Of this, funding for adaptation is estimated to be only a small fraction, annual financial flows for adaptation are estimated to be on the order of USD 100 to USD 200 million per year (OECD, 201 la, Corfee-Morlot et al., Each Member Country had its own interpretation of this concept and would not likely agree on a common baseline against which to establish additionality. The DAC has an active role to play in helping to clarify key concepts and relevant terminology, to facilitate a dialogue on this issue." ( See for example Enting and Ilarmeling 2011 and further discussion in Section 3.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the creation of additional policy markers is not necessarily a sustainable solution since they create additional burden on reporting entities and enlarges the structure of the CRS, possibly resulting in lower coverage or quality of the data provided. In close discussion with the STI community, additional efforts should be placed on investigating alternative solutions, including enhancing the CRS sector code system or use machine learning or other statistical methods to find proxies for the resources targeting STI. Additional concessional resources should be used for “soft” ICT infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In a similar vein, BDS organisations emphasise the need to make better use of social media to promote and support BDS. Several recommended the development and use of tailored training plans to groups of women with specific training needs, modularised training so that it can be delivered to women entrepreneurs in shorter durations and at a lower cost, and integration of gender sensitivity into training materials. Apart from entrepreneurship training, BDS must focus on capacity building to improve women’s business management and know-how in mnning a business, developing their products and services, and integrating technology into their business operations (e.g. e-business).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, student engagement is a necessary, but not entirely sufficient, condition for positive student learning and development. Students who do not do well are more likely to skip classes or days of school, arrive late for school and do less homework than higher-performing students. For example, students who had skipped an entire school day at least once in the two weeks prior to the PISA test in 2012 were almost three times more likely to score at a low level in mathematics than students who did not skip school (more than twice as likely after accounting for students’ socioeconomic status, gender, immigrant background and attendance at pre-primary education).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this respect, a "special enabling dispensation" is considered for stand-alone systems of up to 1 MW which use locally available resources and are based on proven cost-effective technologies. Moreover, the projects should demonstrate that measures will be taken to minimise technical and commercial losses. These AMCs guarantee efficient after-sales support. They will be further detailed below. Either electricity is not billed for or when it is, it is not paid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This strategy entails integrating and incorporating gender equality efforts at the institutional leadership level so that gender equality is not a separate area of specialisation, but rather an area that permeates decision-making at all tiers of the institution. A shift in gender equality efforts in academia has occurred in the Nordic region, and as already mentioned, the focus has been redirected from viewing female researchers as the problem to examining the research system and the way research is structured. The objective of the current gender equality efforts in academia is primarily to change the structural conditions that create inequalities and to use instruments that integrate gender equality in order to achieve the institution's other objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This involves changes in content, approaches, structures and strategies, with a common vision which covers all children within an appropriate age range. Schools should accommodate all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other impairments. They should provide for disabled and gifted children, street and working children, children from remote or nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic or cultural minorities and children from other marginalised areas or groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With a few cows, a household could meet its own consumption needs and help relatives and friends. Sale of surplus milk and calves was a source of cash for other essential purchases. Cows also provided organic fertiliser and fuel. Indeed, with six or seven cows, a family had no need for coal through the harsh winters (van Engelen, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2009, the proportion of women with at least upper secondary education was considerably higher than among men in Brazil, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. These factors are interrelated, which often makes it difficult to distinguish causes and effects and/or provide immediate, targeted policy responses. The figure is 31% of total bilateral sector-allocable aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Active civil servants were not included in GERF and their expenses were directly financed from the state budget. In 1992, the government introduced the Green Card or Yesilkart, with the objective of providing health benefits to the poor and vulnerable who were incapable of paying for health services. Applications for the Green Card w'ere evaluated and authorised by provinces, who assessed eligibility based on income. Estimates of population coverage under the combination of these programmes ranged from 67% to 85% of the population, with the variation a result of many people being registered with more than one fund, many who were registered but not contributing, and uncertain estimates of numbers of dependents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The winning projects received funding and expert support. Not long after, buildings with extremely high energy and environmental performance started appearing across the region. Six Exemplary Buildings calls have resulted in more than 350 000 m2 of new passive buildings, and 621 000 m2 of newly constructed and renovated surfaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Declining quantities of ketamine seizures were reported in Indonesia (declining from 117 kg in 2010 to 4.7 kg in 2013) and Malaysia. The seizure of the plant-based psychoactive substances kratom and khat and the eradication of their cultivation continues to be reported. The largest total of kratom seizures in the region was reported by Thailand in 2014 (54 tons), up from 45.5 tons in 2013. Considerable seizures of kratom were also reported in Myanmar (219 kg in 2013). More than 6 tons of khat were seized in Hong Kong, China, in 2014. Almost 2 tons of khat leaves imported from Africa were found in the storage facilities of four logistics companies, destined for the United States, Canada and Taiwan Province of China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Investment in R&D has resulted in high growth in Brazilian scientific knowledge, particularly within tropical agriculture. Embrapa has provided comprehensive recommendations ranging from how to correct acid soils and low fertility, the development of varieties that are adapted to the low latitudes and higher temperatures of tropical environments, and to pest and disease control and production systems. Universities also produce high level research in areas complementing Embrapa’s activities, such as in nutrition, health and the environment. This mechanism facilitates participation in global or regional agricultural research networks. Embrapa is also actively collaborating on technology transfer and adaptive research with developing economies, with an emphasis on tropical areas in Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Girls in households that use solid fuels for cooking spend 18 hours a week on average gathering fuel, compared to 5 hours a week in households using clean fuels. Data on the type of device or technology used in the home for the purpose of cooking, heating and lighting is also needed. At present, most of the data collected through household surveys focus on identifying the primary type of fuel or technology used for cooking and disregard information in cases where various types of fuels might be used for different purposes within the household, such as heating and lighting. Expanding the detail of related information that is collected through surveys can provide more accurate estimates of the health and environmental impacts of this practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pratki (India), a cookstove manufacturer and retailer, partnered with SELCO (India) due in part to its existing supply chain in selling solar powered lights to rural populations. Nascent supply chains for energy access in such rural areas will often need subsidies to get started (GVEP, 2009). Such early-stage investments by philanthropic entities are welcome by the governments and enterprises involved in the daunting task of installing more effective heating technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The higher the value the more disparities between females and males (2010). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). The level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until the 18th century there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, PES staff seem to be reluctant, or unable, to sanction workers with long benefit entitlements at the time of mandatory retirement for failure to take up job opportunities. It may not be reasonable to expect them to do this when, as discussed below, benefit levels are high relative to re-employment wages. This applies to situations when the date of separation is predictable from the terms of a fixed-term contract or from the firm’s habitual mandatory retirement age. This plausibly contributed to the stabilisation of the LFS unemployment rate. In the future, other approaches that tackle repeat unemployment without lowering benefit coverage could be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sound waste management is absolutely essential. M. Wallet (20101, Conlifcl In Campania:' Addilbnal inlomalion Irom David Newman, Presidenl ol the Hall UNEP/OCHA (2011). Rapid disaster waste manapemenl assessment 26 Documenls'Gnana. The overall reductbn from the waste sector between 1990 and 2006 amounts to 56 mt C02 eq/a, or 24% of the total decrease in GHG emissions achieved in Germany over that period. This represents a reduction of around 5% of total GHG 1990 emissbns already achieved by 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Norway and Sweden were also among the nine countries that participated in TIMSS Advanced. The main reason for this change was for Nordic comparisons. Norwegian pupils start school the year they turn 6, while in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark most children start preschool class the year they turn 6 and then start school the year they turn 7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The low wheat consuming countries in the region seem to complement their diet by elevated consumption of other cereals, such as sorghum, maize and rice. In Sudan, for example, the per-capita consumption of sorghum is double that of wheat, with a contribution to the calorie and protein intake reaching 26 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. Similarly, the low consumption of wheat in Somalia is supplemented by consuming rice, maize and sorghum, where their collective contribution to the calorie and protein intake is 28 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
And the prevalence of deaths from external causes is higher among adolescents and youths than in other age groups (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008). Deaths from external causes (homicides, traffic accidents, suicides and other injuries) account for almost half of all deaths in the population aged 15 to 29, for the total population the figure is only 9.9% (see figure IV.4). Invertir en juventud en America Latina y el Caribe: un imperativo de derechos e inclusion, Santiago, 2012, on the basis of figures provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this sense, urban segregation is a key factor and a distinguishing mark of Latin America in relation to the issue of vulnerable youth and adolescents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For initiatives where web and literature searches yielded insufficient results, organizations and experts responsible for the initiative were asked for supplementary information. As mentioned in the introduction to this report, the focus is on developing country regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Throughout the report, three other regions, South Asia (SA), South East Asia (SEA) and Latin America (LA), are also analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Approximately half of the waste passes first through a drum to segregate the fine fractions and then is conveyed on two treadmills. This permits the waste pickers to collect recyclable waste (plastics, glass, metals). The waste contains no paper or carton, which has already been picked up before the waste is collected and sold to a wholesaler. Industry is increasingly interested in the possibility of co-incinerating its waste in cement plants. The combustion systems at many cement plants have been readapted to allow the coincineration of several types of waste. This involves mainly waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (600 tons in 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In equilibrium, the markets for hours of labour must clear in both sectors, giving rise to equilibrium wages for these sectors. However, while in the short run, the hours supplied may equal the hours demanded, this need not mean that, in the long mn, all those who are dedicated to the skilled or the unskilled sectors in terms of human capital are necessarily fully taken up by these sectors (i.e., there need not be full employment). However, a significant number of unskilled workers (equal to the distance between points L and N) are unemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the intelligence community, there is now a tendency to treat terrorism and other global threats as demanding active involvement of businesses and other social communities. Private companies are called upon to manage issues of national security, including terrorism, climate change, and organized crime. The overall political aim is to make ‘the entire society’1 resilient against natural disasters and human-made catastrophes. The US Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano (2011) put it this way:   [T]he homeland security enterprise extends far beyond DHS [Department of Homeland Security] and the federal government … it requires not just a ‘whole of government,’ but a ‘whole of nation’ approach. In some respects, local law enforcement, community groups, citizens, and the private sector play as much of a role in homeland security as the federal government. That is why I like to say that ‘homeland security starts with hometown security.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Real incomes subsequently grew strongly until 2000 but then fell back and stagnated over the period as a whole. Strikingly, income levels at the bottom of the distribution have developed even less favourably in EU countries with the 10* percentile points lower in the mid-2000s than they were at the beginning of available data series. Possible reasons include employment polarisation between ‘Work-rich” and “work-poor” households (e.g., Gregg et al., It is therefore interesting that market incomes at the 75lh and 90' percentiles have grown less strongly in the United States than in many EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Institutions are vital to the sustainability of social-ecological systems, balancing individual and group interests and coordinating responses to change. Ecological decline and social conflict in many places, however, indicate that our understanding and fostering of effective institutions for natural resource management is still lacking. We assess theoretical and methodological challenges facing positivist institutional analysis, focusing on natural resource governance according to Ostrom’s social-ecological systems (SES) framework. Rather than adding more variables, progress requires a clearer, more consistent approach to selecting, defining and measuring institutional elements, stronger links between theory and empirical research, a greater focus on mechanisms and causality, and the development and application of new methods, including quantitative approaches. Strengthening the connections between theory, models, and data suggests several promising avenues for advancing institutional analysis through the study of relationships between institutional structure, process, function, context, and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only vertical transfers are taken into account, i.e. transfers from higher to lower levels of government or vice versa. An exception is made for Germany and Switzerland, where horizontal equalisation systems are in place, which are therefore added. The tax side is captured by general government revenue from personal taxes in per cent of GDP, as well as by an index measuring the progressivity of household taxes, the Kakwani index. It is, for instance, possible that a share of regional transfers received by an SCG is passed on to individuals in the form of cash benefits. In this case, it would count towards both regional redistribution and individual redistribution, making the overall expenditure seem much larger when compared with other countries where the two transfer systems do not overlap. For this reason, a consolidation across systems was carried out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Box 5 highlights two examples—the Czech Republic and Sweden—of relatively recent efforts to alter the tax mix. The discussion is intended to illustrate real world limits to some types of reforms that would otherwise be advantageous to inclusive growth. Lessons learned from this joint review of cross-country empirical evidence and country experiences for each major tax category were summarised in the introduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
I. EDITORIAL 1. The Law's Problems with the Governance of the European Market II. EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2. Institutional Balance as a Guarantee for Democracy in EU Governance 3. Institutional Balance as Interest Representation. Some Reflections on Lenaerts and Verhoeven 4. Delegation is Dead - Long Live Delegation: Managing the Democratic Disconnect in the European Market Polity III. THE LAW OF EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE 5. European Harmonisation of Administrative Law and/or The Law of a Europeanised Administration 6. Misfits: EU Law and the Evolution of European Governance 7. Judges and EU Administrative Governance 8. The Socially Embedded Market Polity and Administrative Proceduralism 9. Administering Europe in an Age of Uncertainty: The Precautionary Principle in Community Law IV. GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY 10. Directly-Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional Ideal for Europe?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Replacement-level fertility—a total fertility rate of 2.1—refers to the average number of births by each woman during her reproductive years that will keep a population at a constant size. In Australia, for example, married women born between 1851 and 1856 had an average of eight births. Women born a decade later, between 1861 and 1866, had an average of four.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With a length of 855 km, the Odra is the sixth-largest tributary of the Baltic Sea. The average area size of the established groundwater bodies varies: in Poland it is approximately 1,793 km2, in the Czech Republic 812 km2, and in Germany around 413 km2. This variation is due to the aggregation procedure of the groundwater bodies. Transboundary groundwater bodies have not been determined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)