albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The research and the experience of Nordic policy makers demonstrate that although it is vital to provide sustainable goods and encourage consumers to choose them, it is over-optimistic to assume that this is the key path to sustainable consumption patterns. The myth propagates the idea that producing and selling green (eco-, organic, fair trade, etc.] On the other hand, the significant reductions in emission levels and improvements in resource efficiency are outstripped by increasing levels of consumption on individual, national and international levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2016, enrolment rates among 15-16 year-olds (i.e. those typically in upper secondary programmes) reached at least 95% on average across the OECD. At age 17, 92% of individuals are enrolled in education on average across the OECD, reaching 99% or more in Ireland, and Sweden, but also in partner countries Lithuania and Saudi Arabia. By contrast, fewer than 80% of 17-year-olds are enrolled in education in Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey, with the lowest rate in Colombia (52%). Declines in enrolment for this age group coincide with the end of upper secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most have been adopted or revised within the last ten years, in the context of harmonisation with the EU regulatory framework. Since then, it has made substantial progress in creating a multi-tier system of environmental permitting. Pursuant to the EPA, the 2004 decree on Categories of Industrial Activities and Installations Able to Cause Large-scale Pollution specified the administrative procedures and conditions for granting environmental permits. These permits are issued by the ARSO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This data shortage makes it difficult to identify the gaps in detail and thus to plan and target provision. This very good practice was characterised by highly qualified, knowledgeable and committed professional staff, clear curriculum guidelines and quality learning through play. In one childcare centre the impact of the local community alongside commitment at district level was very positive and care, education, health and social work staff were making a real difference to the lives of some very vulnerable children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Good governance, the rule of law and systems of accountability are essential elements in guaranteeing that resources are equitably shared. These resources are to be used efficiently, effectively and economically. Prior 1994, quality service was only reserved for whites. Given this legacy, the transformation of the South African Government had to be initiated. The endeavours by the African National Congress (ANC) to deal with the ills of the past gave birth to the White Paper on the Transformation of Public Service Delivery (1997). This initiative is underpinned by these principles: consultation, service standards, access, courtesy, information, openness and transparency, redress and value for money. This paper seeks to investigate the importance of good governance. The paper adopted an interpretive qualitative, quantitative methodology. The data suggests that while initiatives are in place to ensure good governance, challenges still exist. Recommendations focus on enhanced procedures relating to Batho Pele to improve good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also uses the term “recipient” for the country, programme or activity the funds are being channelled to. Such terms may be less relevant for developing countries that provide support, given the different nature, modalities and responsibilities applicable to South-South co-operation. Countries are not viewed as donors and recipients, but providers and partners.22 Not all countries agree with the “boundaries” of ODA and OOF as defined by the OECD or view them as applicable (OECD, 2015b, Walz and Ramachandran, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
AbstractThe European Union (EU) has been actively involved in peacebuilding in Kosovo since 1999. This article examines the EU’s post-conflict reconstruction activities in Kosovo in the aftermath of Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence, with particular emphasis on the track record of the EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) and its involvement in Security Sector Reform. The article focuses on the nexus between the implementation of the local ownership principle and the local perceptions and legitimacy of EULEX. It offers an analysis of the obstacles and challenges faced by the mission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper deals with the way in which European modernity, and the West more generally, are reflected upon in the field of post- and decolonial theories, which generally question those representations of the European/Western tradition of thought and politics that only focus on their positive aspects, but differ greatly with regard to the way in which they frame and formulate their critique of this tradition. I discuss three major positions in this field. They are characterized by the rejection of Western modernity (Walter Mignolo), by a deconstruction of core text and principles of the European Enlightenment (Gayatri Spivak), and by attempts at a renewal and hence a radicalization of some of its core normative claims, particularly humanism (Achille Mbembe).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As we would expect, these proportions increase with age such that between half and three quarters of older adolescents are working, or seeking work. However, adolescents frequently combine school and work. Research in South Africa and Zimbabwe on distribution shows that most working adolescents live in very poor households in rural areas and are engaged in subsistence agriculture, many combining this with domestic work (including care) and commercial agriculture (Robson, 2004, Bray, 2012, Dawes et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The level of charges is designed to fund the water resource management activities in that region, and so are a proxy for water scarcity (less water implies more work to manage it) (see Chapter 3). Pollution charges are set nationally for England, and for an individual permit holder they reflect the conditions in the permit which are tailored to Environmental Quality' Standards in each river basin. Discharge charges cover the costs of regulation, modelling and compliance monitoring. It has only done this once in the past 30 years, when it reported that the EA provided a ‘professional and well-managed service’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The guide gives information on existing external finance options available to entrepreneurs, especially from banks. It also gives examples of practices in the MENA region, along with helpful tips for women entrepreneurs. In addition, banks’ current private non-credit services such as business coaching and financial planning advice could be adapted to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several developing countries have iterated their concern regarding availability of climate finance to achieve the more ambitious goal. This presents a significant challenges for both domestic as well as international investments and finance. One approach to ensuring that investments are compatible with the goal of well below 20 C is to develop and apply criteria for individual projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If performed, the assessment includes large amounts in in-kind contributions. The suggested Nordic hubs, supporting authors, could apply for funds for subparts of the assessment. There is usually a certain level of in-kind contributions in an assessment budget, however, a certain balance is needed to be able to secure the necessary regional and disciplinary balance. If the Nordic governments would like to have full involvement and time investment from the scientific community and other knowledge holders, substantial contributions to the budget are necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
India is currently the second top rice exporting country and will stay a major rice exporter, even if its world share is expected to decrease by 2024 (OECD-FAO, 2015). In the recent past, the volume and composition variations in India’s rice stocks had enough significance to affect commodity' prices at a global scale, as during the 2008 global food crisis (Mohanti, 2016, Childs and Kiawu, 2009). In addition to California’s leading role in agriculture productivity and consumption, agriculture exports from the state have exceeded USD 18 billion annually since 2012 (CDFA, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Transdermal patches are used for chronic pain, whereas transmucosal dosage is used for breakthrough cancer pain. Based on the study findings, eight strategies were found to have a high impact on preventing the diversion of prescription opioids in opioid dependence treatment programmes. Those measures included: (a) supervising consumption among those patients most likely to misuse or divert, while providing extended take-home medications only for patients when their dosage and social situation are stable and who accept abuse deterrent formulations, and (b) restricting take-home formulations that could put children at risk through unintentional exposure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Around 85% of them are below 2 hectares and almost 95% are below 5 hectares. But these small and medium-sized farms only account for a small share of the world’s land. The reasons include an absence of information at all for a number of countries, a current farm count based on old census in low- and middle-income likely to have seen an increase in farm population. This pattern is largely due to the dominance of larger farms in high-income countries and upper middle-income countries, in particular in Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Each district is led by a forest district manager, who has autonomy in managing forests according to the forest management plan and who is responsible for their condition. There are 430 forest districts, with average area of 17 500 ha. This means timber sales must finance the “basic forest management tasks” (e.g. silviculture, forest protection) that the LP carries out. When the Forest Act was passed in 1991, it included no taxation of timber sales income, the aim being to facilitate the LP’s transition to a market economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Standalone direct public investments may also be made to supplement suboptimal private investments on both the demand and supply sides. To ensure that such investments do not crowd out private investments, public investments may be used to target areas of education where private investment is particularly lacking, or those that need specific promotion for reasons of externality and, indeed, equity. One such case is universalizing basic education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Public Service broadcasters face stiff competition as a result of an increase in the number of broadcasters in the digital era. Further falls in their advertising revenue are the likely result. This will make it harder for them to finance their Public Service obligations. The EC concerned at the impact of US imports has promulgated the Television Without Frontiers Directive. This requires member states to impose cultural diversity obligations on broadcasters with their jurisdiction. The legality of these measures has been questioned by the US. Their effectiveness is thrown into doubt by the convergence phenomenon. The article examines these challenges. It also looks at the programming requirements imposed on public service broadcasters by the Communications Act 2003. |em|At a broadcaster level, the authors argue, the Directive provides a further illustration of the difficulty of achieving a workable balance between free trade and other social policy goals (such as cultural diversity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Law defines hunting resources and areas as well as the manner in which they can be used, the responsibilities of the various State institutions in relation to hunting management (e.g. opening of seasons. Government control, monitoring) and the use of hunted products (e.g. mechanisms for setting fees). It prescribes the use of sustainable hunting techniques, and defines various types of poaching and corresponding liabilities and penalties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, they have no significant impact on male migration, suggesting that male and female incentives to migrate differ. Migration towards countries having low levels of discrimination promotes gender equality in social institutions in the origin country, while migration towards countries having high levels of discrimination has the reverse effect, whatever the gender of the migrant. These results are robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneity and simultaneity bias.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While it is rational that countries focus on the development of intra-national systems first (national or port single windows), these systems - including related laws and regulations - should be designed with cross-border exchange of electronic data and documents in mind. In fact, as the cost of developing a cross-border enabled system is not expected to be significantly higher than that of a paperless trade system designed for intra-national exchange of data and documents, less developed countries with no legacy systems may take the opportunity to leapfrog from manual systems to world-leading paperless systems. Innovations such as blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT),' as well as progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (Al), and the development of the internet of things (loT) have enormous potential in making international supply chains more transparent and efficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A few PES schemes have been implemented (e.g. in Rupa Lake) for compensation upstream. Additional sources of sustainable income are being assessed, from protected areas and promoting the culture of corporate environmental responsibility. Ecotourism, PES and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) are listed as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP, in addition to donor support and funds allocated from government. In response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation, the mainstreaming of biodiversity into national economic development plans (Box 23, pg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These could be further developed, especially to consider the socioeconomic links of chemicals and waste issues, and possibly integrated with SAICM or operated in liaison with it. It collects scientific knowledge about issues of chemical pollution and provides summaries and interpretations of the available knowledge for decision-makers and the public.49 The organization of the IPCP consists of a general assembly that convenes annually and a board that is responsible for the general direction of the work of the panel and for approving results from the research conducted under the panel. Research reports are prepared by different working groups. The IPCP has clearly been modelled after the IPCC, and the main function of both bodies is to develop expert knowledge, based on the latest science, for use by policy-makers in their relevant fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For the multiple deprivation analysis, the numerator is the cumulative number of deprivations among children deprived in the selected number of dimensions (out of a total of five dimensions). Although a good indication of deprivation incidence, the headcount ratio (H) is not sensitive to the breadth of multidimensional poverty, as it remains unchanged regardless of whether children who are identified as multidimensionally poor suffer from two to three or four to five deprivations simultaneously. For this reason, two additional ratios are used in the analysis, applying the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology. The average deprivation intensity among the deprived (A) measures the breadth of multidimensional deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The results are more robust plans and decisions that allow for adaptation to changing circumstances. Furthermore, scrutinizing the underlying assumptions of current decisions and management practices enables policy-makers to test ideas, make mistakes, and learn from them without risking real-life management failures or collapsing resources. Using a diametric scenario framework (considering opposite extremes), the chapter explores the emerging and future relationships between the opportunities, successes and challenges in the management of coastal resources in line with the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impact and Response (DPSIR) Framework (UNEP 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gupta and Kawadia, 2003) Estimated water runoff during planning of the reservoir w'as 3 454-3 947 m3, while the actual runoff has been 3 207 m3. This runoff is not sufficient to meet the 7 746 m3 capacity of the reservoir. This is far different from initial predictions of 3.6308 ha-m/100 km2/year (Jain, Aganval and Singh, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The overall evaluation and assessment framework appears fragmented with individual components which developed independently of each other over time. Particularly positive characteristics of the framework include the existence of common references at the national level, good conditions for adapting learning to local needs, a good articulation of responsibilities, a range of initiatives to strengthen evaluation and assessment, the “open door” climate among teachers, and the growing understanding of the need to support policy work with specific expertise. However, considerable challenges exist in building an effective evaluation and assessment framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet, people can live long lives without being healthy. Thus, an important task in the case of Iceland, and as well in the other Nordic countries, is to add life to years rather than years to life. To take an example, in the period 2010-2050 the increase in life-expectancy for a 65 year old Swede is estimated to be 2.6 years (Regeringskansliet 2010). The challenge for the government is thus to compress morbidity in this final stage of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To ensure that this proposal has maximum impact, the Smart Finance for Smart Buildings Initiative will contribute to mobilise and unlock private investments in a larger scale. It includes a list of some new product groups, and sets minimum energy efficiency requirements for air heating and cooling products and standardisation requests in support of ecodesign measures for solid fuel boilers and local space heaters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The impact on people and ecosystems will depend on how the world adapts to those changes. Adaptation policies will need to be implemented to safeguard the well-being of current and future generations worldwide. The management of climate change risks is closely intertwined with economic development - impacts will be felt more by the poorest and most vulnerable populations. National governments and donor agencies have a key role to play and integrating climate change adaptation strategies into all development planning is now critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, increasing environmental concern on the role of the small pelagic species in the marine ecosystems and resources for seabirds has led to restrictions on the fishery. The move away from well-known and safe ingredients to new ones has many challenges (Figure 4). Partial replacement offish meal and fish oil with vegetable ingredients has been continuous and rather successful in the farming of salmonids. We want to address focus to three of these sources, (1) Aquatic sources, (2) Agriculture sources and (3) Biotechnological sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Women politicians more often bring attention to such issues as gender-based violence, family-friendly policies and responsiveness to citizen needs. A judiciary that is representative of a country’s population and its different perspectives is found to evoke greater societal trust, add to the credibility of the judicial system and bring new' insights to different challenges. Finally, a diverse public sector at all levels helps to achieve fairness and improves the quality of service delivery through a better understanding of the citizenry. These range from uneven access to decision-making posts across the public sector to the persistent pay gap and women’s concentration in lower-paid occupational groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 8 shows the intensity and development speed in ICT-related technologies. The size of the bubble indicates the “burst” intensity, and different shades indicate the different technologies that burst. The X axis indicates the year in which the technology bursts and the Y axis indicates the number of years during which patents field are accelerating before levelling off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article addresses the significant consequences of democratic changes in Korea, not only for the way the country is governed, but also the way in which its people lead their lives. Institutionally, the first decade of democratization fully transformed a military dictatorship into a functioning representative democracy. Procedurally, it redirected the goal of policymaking toward the promotion of economic justice, social welfare, and quality of life. Substantively, democratic reforms expanded political freedom and reinvigorated civil society. As in the authoritarian past, however, the country still suffers from the imbalance of power between the president and the National Assembly. There are also serious deficiencies in the rule of law, and a need for a proper restraint on executive power. As a result, the Korean people, as a whole, remain more dissatisfied than satisfied with the way the current system of democratic governance performs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its primary aim is to consolidate individual farmers to protect their rights and interests, promote programmes for the development, and to support entrepreneurship in agriculture. The Union has more than 6 000 members from all regions of Kazakhstan. It is well organised, with funding from members and their insurance company. It co-ordinates the activities of enterprises engaged in the meat business, and presents and protects their common interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Ministry is also responsible for providing guidance to the cantonal forestry directorates and forest management enterprises. The Inspectorate is working with the World Bank to establish a unified electronic database and system for all forestry control operations in FBiH, including data from cantons. The control system is based on acting regulations, such as the Law on Inspections, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law, which determine formats for inspections, checklists, the rights of inspectors and inspection procedures. A public company Directorate has been established for carrying out day-to-day and expert activities in the public company, whereas forestry management task units and area management have been set up within individual forest estates to achieve better efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)