albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For international lawyers, the Vienna Convention rules of treaty interpretation are ‘the only game in town’, they have had the whip-hand for several decades now. Yet is this belief in the power(s) of the Vienna rules justified? Behind the claim that they are the law lies a theoretically much more interesting, yet fundamentally unsustainable second argument. It is that rules of interpretation are somehow independent of – and replace – the legal epistemic process, the ascertainment of the law’s meaning-content. These rules are seen as serving a different function, i.e. to regulate the process of the applicative construction of meaning by the organs of international law. They are doctrine’s attempt to control how treaties are construed by tribunals. However, as a matter of legal theory there are severe limits to what such rules can do. Given these limits, we will reconstruct the possible meanings and uses of the Vienna Convention rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, limited autonomy disempowers school and local actors and makes it more difficult to hold local players accountable, in particular school leaders, as they do not have the responsibility to take most of the decisions. Besides, as local actors (namely school principals) have limited leeway on the operation of schools, they have few opportunities to build their capacity to guide and lead school development. In such a context, the few initiatives such as the Regional Campuses for technical-professional education providing some leeway at the local level merit support. Indeed, teachers elect representatives to CODICEN and to each individual education council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Compliance, assurance and enforcement of water and environmental legislation are conducted by the State Environmental Inspectorate of the Ministry of Nature Protection through its 11 local inspectorates. Its core tasks include preparation and implementation of water legislation, development of a National Water Management Plan following the provisions of the EU WFD, assessment and management of flood risks, provision of appropriate budgets and financial incentives, collection and assessment of water data, and representing Austria’s water interests in all international fora. The Ministry is supported by the Federal Environmental Agency and the Federal Agency for Water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The dependent variable, Poll, denotes the level of pollution concentration (see Section 3 for details), Fragments is the variable of interest. Sources is a vector of variables controlling for the sources of the pollutant, it may comprise variables relative to: population, transportation, manufacturing and agriculture (cf. Moreover, model (1) includes land cover controls (LandCover) which are of interest to test and geo-meteorological variables (GeoMeteo) which may impact the level concentration (Elminir, 2005, Kerrie et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Biotechnology in Viet Nam fcont.) As part of the process MARD has established a Feed and Food Safety Committee, consisting of 11 experts and scientists representing different Ministries including MONRE, MARD, MOH, MOIT, the Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, VASS, and Ho Chi Minh City’s Biotechnology Centre, to review and evaluate applications. On 11 August 2014 the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development signed the first four Certificates for Food and Feed Safety for four genetically modified maize traits, one of which is glyphosate tolerant and the remaining three are insect resistant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The prevalence of smoking is more than twice as high among those with the lowest level of education. More dramatically, the level of obesity among the population with the lowest level of education is nearly three times higher than those with the highest level of education. On top of this, CNS is also responsible for the financing of long-term care insurance. The Ministry of Social Security and the Ministry of Health are jointly responsible for health system governance. The Ministry of Health develops health policy and legislation, organises the delivery of care, authorises large hospital investments and directly cofinances public health programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These investments are generally for the purpose of improving the quantity, quality, timing, or reliability of water itself at the place where the farmer needs it. In much the same way as a reduced cost of maintaining infrastructure improves farm income, greater amounts of water saved from that investment that is made available for irrigation use on the farm have a similar economic effect.13 However, depending on the price of water charged to irrigators, additional water saved may or may not end up getting used. There is only additional farm income resulting from saved water if water demand exceeds supply at the going price charged to farmers. If there is an excess supply at the going price, the additional water will not be used for irrigation and there is no farm income gained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Locally trained people are best positioned to understand local cultural dynamics and produce solutions tailored to local needs and capabilities. There is a particular need for user interfaces and back-end mobile and web development skills. In 2011, such conferences brought together some 800 professional developers, computer science students and small software start-ups, all with a focus on the role of breakthrough technologies in alleviating the problems facing their communities. The conferences featured workshops, training, hack-athons, demonstrations and discussions on a vision for a pan-African community of software developers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Now they are assigned to the Public Enterprise "Sume RS" and the Ministry. There are also changes regarding NWFPs, fees for the use of state forests and fees for multiple-benefit forest functions. Beside the laws, the legal framework of forestry consists of many documents, including 32 implementing regulations relating to timber sales and technical norms of forest management and around 38 rulebooks (as of 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Currently, the Illinois Energy Conservation Code incorporates the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, which is considered the current global building code standard. Local governments around the state may adopt more-stringent energy codes for commercial buildings, but not residential buildings. The City of Chicago was granted an exception, thus the City of Chicago Energy Conservation Code of 2008 requires residential buildings applying for construction permits to exceed the standards called for by the Illinois Building Energy Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In most counties it is found that some forests are used up to about a thousand times more intensively than others. In Koch (1980) detailed descriptions of the different methodological aspects are presented as well as the results. Due to this, the Outdoor Life '95-'98 project was initiated and a new data collection on a local basis was accomplished in 1996/97 (Jensen 2003). The geographical variation in use intensity as described for the 1976/77 survey was more or less retained. The practical work of inspection and collecting the data is carried out in cooperation with the Danish Road Directorate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, a representative of the state where the RBO is located, as well as representatives of the municipalities within the boundaries of the RBO, can participate with voice and vote. A representative from users can also participate, but without the right to vote, or representatives of the river basin councils (RBCs) can take part on the consultative council. According to the 2004 National Water Law (Article 13 BIS), the RBCs are composed of a mix of representatives, from the federal, state and municipal government, as well as users and civil organisations. Conflictos y Riesgos para el Diseno de las Politicos Publicas, Senado de La Republica, Mexico D.F., Mexico. La Expericncia de los COTAS”, based on a presentation during the CIESAS-IRD workshop ‘Transiciones en materia de tenencia de la tierra y cambio social”, 9-11 March 1999, Mexico City.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Inspired by the liberation psychologist Martin-Baro who provocatively defined personality as that of which individuals can be robbed in conditions of social injustice and research psychologists in training whose appreciation of the possibilities of personality psychology has been limited by the dominance of trait approaches, this paper claims that we need and can practice a critical personality psychology. Conceptual and methodological tools for such an enterprise are identified in two arenas of current research: the study of narratives and new forms of history in personality psychology. Within critical personality psychology, personality is understood to be an expression of (i) a multifaceted organization that includes individual, interpersonal, social, cultural, and political contexts, (ii) individual and social change, and (iii) the moral dimensions of human psychology. Notes on future directions draw on areas of inquiry within and outside personality psychology to insure a place under the critical psychology umbrella.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Birth registration is becoming an important arena of political mobilisation for human rights. Discourses about civil registration advanced in the civil society and academic circles tend to frame birth registration in citizenship terms, arguing that (a)Â a birth certificate is indispensable in realising the childâ€™s right to a name, nationality and citizenship, and (b)Â both the delay in registering and failure to register a childâ€™s birth compound the social exclusion of that child. However, narratives that connect birth registration and social exclusion in a causal relationship are seldom premised on empirical evidence. Drawing on qualitative key informant interviews, this article examines how non-birth registration relates to social exclusion of children. Participantsâ€™ narratives generated in Zimbabweâ€™s Bindura District revealed that non-birth registration is entangled with multiple dimensions of social exclusion, potentially giving rise to marginalisation of children in various spheres of society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores the tension between social control and democratic participation in the first American peace education curriculum, A Course in Citizenship (1914). Previously, this Course has been read as a case study of progressive era peace education, during which the call to teach democratically increased in volume. Building on this critical history, the Course can also offer historical perspective on the high value of discipline and obedience to law inscribed in some teachers’ views of citizenship education. Read alongside archival transcripts from the American peace movement before World War I, the warrants for predicting future peace in the Course in Citizenship suggest that peace education requires innovative methods of constituting classroom authority on the basis of representation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New national performance measurements are being implemented to increase accountability and improve quality of care. Life expectancy at birth increased by 2.8 years between 2000 and 2015. As in other EU countries, a substantial gender gap remains, with life expectancy for women about five years higher than for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These perspectives represent the areas/ideas where the PABAN working group recommends focusing when establishing policys and measures. The perspectives are discussed in a thirty year time span, sometimes pointing even further into the future. The perspectives were named during the second workshop, exept perspective 7 which was applied after comments from the reference group. Titles are presented below in Table 6, and dicussed in the following chapters. In the long term the success of the aquaculture industry highly depends on steady availability of sustainably produced feed ingredients. This is outstandingly true with the Nordic aquaculture which now and in the foreseeable future is strongly based on salmonids, cool water predators with high dietary requirements, and particularly a need for high quality marine oils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
International law has enjoyed a recent renaissance as an important subfield of study within international relations. Two trends are evident in the recent literature. First, the obsession with theoretical labels is on the decline. Second, empirical, especially quantitative, work is burgeoning. This article reviews the literature in four issues areas—security, war, and peace, international trade, protection of the environment, and human rights—and concludes we have a much stronger basis for assessing claims about compliance and violation now than was the case only a few years ago. Still, the literature suffers from a few weaknesses, including problems of selection and endogeneity of treaties themselves and an enduring state-centric focus, despite the fact that researchers recognize that nonstate and substate actors influence treaty behavior. Nonetheless, the quality and quantity of new work demonstrates that international law has regained an important place in the study of international politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are three main routes by which the wood and forestiy sectors can contribute: i) biomass eneigy, ii) green infrastructure and building - these two being related to forest products, and the role of forest resources as carbon sinks, which is related to resources. Thanks to the implementation of policies aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy, especially when fossil fuel prices are high, wood energy is seen as a growing opportunity for wood utilization. This was primarily bioenergy based on its ability' to guarantee woody biomass supply due to its dominant position in terms of land ownership, but included small hydro power plants and wind paries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Being in the lowest wealth quintile or having no education is nevertheless a better predictor of one’s own poor health than parental poor health, but parental health matters more than family circumstances (being divorced or widowed). When accounting for individual heterogeneity, parental poor health becomes less important to explain own poor health than changes in marital status such as getting divorced or getting older. The impact of parental smoking is higher than that of several socio-demographic variables such as being in the lowest quintile of wealth or having low education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While in Cambodia and Thailand the epidemic is slowing down, this is not yet the case with Indonesia and Viet Nam. More and more, however, new cases of infections are women who have acquired HIV from unsafe sex with their stable partners. In Thailand, this group accounted for more than 4 in 10 (or 43 per cent) of new infections in 2005 (UNAIDS and WHO, 2008, p. 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Each of these instruments has particular strengths and weaknesses that make them appropriate with respect to certain policies and products, but may reduce their applicability elsewhere. This section proposes an approach to identify instruments which are appropriate for the particular environmental problem under consideration. Product-related instruments are those which regulate the sale and use of products, rather than those directed at environmental aspects of the production process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Law (2016) indicates that today many funders now request or encourage rigorous conservation evaluation as a condition of funding, and conceptual and technical how-to literature is increasingly available (Ferraro 2012, World Bank Group 2013, Fisher et al. There is also an expanding drive and capacity to collate the required data (Ferraro and Pressey 2015, Bare et al. The lack of studies using rigorous impact evaluation methodologies may be partly explained by the fact that their use was not planned for in the design of the policy, meaning there is no counterfactual to measure against. From Development Cooperation to National Policies, German Institute for Development Evaluation (DEval), Bonn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Certainly, over the past two to three millennia, wherever humankind has altered landscapes, chiefly for agriculture, degradation of the natural capital base has ensued and invariably led to a loss in the productive capacity of the land, often leading to desertification and abandonment (Montgomery, 2007). Parallels can be drawn to today. A growing body of evidence (as discussed in the Prologue) suggests that, as humankind began to chart its course through the Anthropocene, fundamental shifts in the state and functioning of the Earth systems started to exceed the range of variability experienced in the Holocene (Steffen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These include a real estate cadastre of State-owned lands and a comprehensive forest inventory and monitoring programme. It should further include an inventory of non-wood forest products, especially those which may be vulnerable to overuse, collection or exploitation. This inventory should be continuous and accompanied by the introduction of an ongoing integrated monitoring program to track conditions of forest resources, including forest health, timber volume, wildlife habitat, non-wood forest products, and other key resources. That information would be valuable for identifying and assessing whether the current network of Protected Areas fully represents and protects the territory’s habitats and biological diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a follow-up action to the 2009 High Level Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen, the government has given a commitment to reducing GHG emissions from peat, energy, waste, forestry, industry and agriculture by 26% in 2020. As a step to achieve this, MoA has been entrusted with the task of reducing GHG emissions by 29.3 million tonnes of CO2 from agriculture and 55.6 million tonnes of CO2 from peat during 2010-14 (MoA, 2010). The potential impacts of climate change on agriculture are a major concern to the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the heart of statebuilding is some form of ongoing agreement between elite groups about the underlying “rules of the game”. These may be embodied in one-off formal peace agreements or constitutions but will also be reflected in less formal and continually contested arrangements that govern access to political power, economic resources, jobs and status. Statebuilding is thus a largely endogenous and highly political process. It will play out differently in different contexts but some concept of sequencing is helpful: in a post-conflict environment the priority is likely to be re-establishment of territorial control and political order based on institutions that command a degree of legitimacy and consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a 2003 V survey, women were 14 percentage points more likely than men to support strict laws for treatment of farm W animals, 19 points more likely to support banning product testing on laboratory animals, 14 points more likely f to support banning medical research on laboratory animals, and 10 points more likely to support banning all types of hunting (Gallup 2003). Relatively more female researchers were employed in Southern Africa than in other sub-regions. These disruptions cause potential long-term damage to the health and well-being of the poor, especially women and children (IFPRI 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Like decisions about time, these financial decisions are the result of intrahousehold bargaining,though they also reflect social bargaining over the size and structure of the social welfare system. Therefore, the impact of income on human capacities depends not only on how much is earned and spent but also on what is purchased and whether these commodities provide good substitutes or complements for unpaid care time. Think of professionalized and well-paid versus informal and underpaid care sector workers, purchasing a refrigerator versus a television set, or devoting publicfunds to the provision of childcare services versus expanding national defence. All of these arguably contribute to social reproduction, just to varying degrees and in ways that reflect gender. Whether goods and services are provided through primarily public or private channels, by government, community or for-profit institutions relates to both their quality and price as well as affecting the gender division of reproductive labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   Geography causes African countries to experience a ‘proximity gap’. To overcome this gap requires regional cooperation in four main areas: transport infrastructure, trade facilitation, decentralization and local economic development, and migration – each with implications for transport. Because incentives for regional cooperation in these aspects may not be symmetrical, commitments made may not be credible. Therefore, transport infrastructure at least should be bound in World Trade Organisation rules on trade facilitation to provide third party enforcement. Incentives for cooperation could also be improved with transport corridor design and collective peer pressure by landlocked countries. Regional cooperation could be supported by the international community with aid, the assurance of full implementation and adherence to international law on the rights of landlocked countries to transport to the sea, the extension of appropriate trade preferences to African regions and ensuring consistency of international agreements and trade preferences with current regional integration initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The review of the evidence covers different types of hazards in different geographical areas, although it pays particular attention to the experiences associated with Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America, flooding in Bangladesh, and severe water loss and desertification in the Sahel region of Africa. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of addressing the root causes of inequalities for adaptation and building resilience to climate hazards. Relatively less attention was paid to the implications of that physical impact for the lives, livelihoods of the people who are most vulnerable and most affected. To quote Skoufias, ed. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The graphs also demonstrate a certain degree of “substitution” whereby some standard workers performing low-skilled tasks were replaced by workers with the same skill but on non-standard contracts (e.g. Austria, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Slovenia). In a few countries like Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland, even growth in high-skilled occupations (abstract jobs) was entirely driven by non-standard employment. Since nearly all job losses, regardless of the type of task, were associated with regular work, while growth in employment took place mainly in the form of non-standard employment, technological advancement alone cannot be the only explanation for job polarisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Canada, for instance, just 9% of students in rural schools have an immigrant background, compared to about 45% of students in city schools. Rural-urban differences of at least 20 percentage points are observed also in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. How well do rural students do? In Bulgaria, Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (People’s Republic of China) [hereafter “B-S-J-G (China)”], Hungary, Portugal, the Slovak Republic and Turkey, the rural gap is of at least 80 score points before accounting for socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)