albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Kazakhstan could draw inspiration from the United Kingdom’s Capabilities Plan for the Civil Service, which mostly concerns how to train individuals and develop their competences (Civil Service, 2013). The Academy of Public Administration, which provides professional training for public employees from national and regional governments, has a critical role to play in training and could lead such a scheme, given its vast experience in training. If new legislation is passed, officials from the national government travel to the regions to explain the new legislation, and in some cases, organise practical workshops to train local public employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is limited evidence of positive incentives to encourage faculty members to engage in regional development and the integration of research, service and teaching. University affiliation can have advantages by extending programmes to a region while maintaining quality controls through the university’s faculty. But affiliation can also result in diminished responsiveness to regional needs, especially when university faculties, already facing several budget constraints, resist diverting resources from the main campus to branches. The CHE process for review and approval of new academic programmes applies primarily national criteria to: i) ensure compliance with national quality standards, ii) encourage colleges to develop distinctive academic programmes that will attract students nationwide, iii) develop nationally recognised centres of excellence (e.g. in educating students with special needs) and iv) avoid unnecessary programme duplication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An analysis of the social equality dimensions of health, for example, would help to focus efforts where they are needed (Austveg, 2011). A human rights focus to family planning requires costing of demand-side programming. Singh and Darroch (2012) recommend systematic data collection at the provider and facility level to include indicators such as the number and training of staff, the range of methods offered, the consistency with which a range of contraceptive commodities is supplied and the quality of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Country rankings will be presented for the fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband baskets, with the latter including both prepaid and postpaid packages and computer-based and handset-based plans. The analysis of fixed-broadband prices will include 2008-2017 price trends and a discussion on changes in broadband speeds (offered for minimum broadband plans) as well as developments in terms of the data volume included in broadband offers. From 2015, mobile-cellular prices have plateaued and the price of the ITU mobile-cellular basket (51 minutes and 100 SMS per month) has converged to PPP$ 20.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Green criminologists often deploy the notion of harm to capture patterns of environmental victimisation sitting outside the narrow and legalistic confines of environmental ‘crime’. In doing so, their analytical gaze is cast wide, resulting in a lack of focus on states and their specific obligations to protect citizens from such victimisation. The current article addresses this by using the dialectic conception of state crime to direct criminological attention towards these obligations. Using its constituent elements of human rights, deviance and legitimacy, the article examines the state duty to protect environmental human rights, the importance of involving opposition groups in research on deviant state activity, and the challenges faced by scholars attempting to evidence the illegitimacy of such practice. In doing so, literature from state crime and green criminological scholarship is synthesised, resulting in a concept of state environmental crime that is of utility to both fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, very few activities in the database have been tagged as climate relevant. This finance is mostly directed towards climate change, but also includes finance for other environmental issues (e.g. biodiversity, soil degradation). The methodology used to track climate finance provided for adaptation differs both from the OECD-DAC and MDB methodology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter therefore uses MDG data first to assess the extent of disparities. Then it makes comparisons between and within countries that can help reveal underlying causes of varying levels of attainment. The primary sources for the analysis of between-country disparities are the global MDG Database, supplemented with ADB’s key indicators and Asian Development Outlook, as well as the World Bank’s World Development Indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rising unemployment and inequalities called for a change in direction. From the mid-1960s, the government decided to complement the import-substitution policy with various reforms to promote Malaysian exports, at first of products of resource-based labour-intensive industries (rubber, tin, palm oil and timber). The firms located in these zones enjoyed various advantages, such as financial incentives for firms exporting a significant part of their production, as well as exemptions on import tariffs and social equity obligations associated with the application of the New Economic Policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It focuses on a broad range of items related to smart city planning and the optimisation of government services. It is centred on three key components: digital economy, digital government and digital society. The Smart Nation Initiative follows a multi-stakeholder approach and is highly inclusive, it aims at preparing Singaporean society for the digital era. For instance, it provides retraining schemes to the elderly, improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity and ensuring privacy of data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It can be expected that once increasing supply risks are appropriately communicated and major supply vulnerabilities are manifest, actors in importing countries will enact public and private measures to respond. An early attempt to use Stirling’s SWI to assess security of supply by an international organisation was made by the IEA in Towards a Sustainable Energy Future (IEA, 2001). The SWI remains a useful tool, but as has been pointed out above it must be complemented by qualitative information about different supply options. Well-diversified, liquid markets may provide a hedge against the exercise of market power. Competition authorities tend to focus on the related but opposite characterisation of markets: the extent of market concentration. The most common indicator used to measure market concentration is the HHI developed above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In university colleges teachers (lecturers) are required to enrol in a pedagogical course, which lakes four years to complete. Postsecondary VET teachers are required to hold a higher level qualification than the level at which they are teaching (i.e. those teaching at professional bachelor level need at least a master’s degree, those teaching in academy profession programmes need at least a professional bachelor). In addition, they are required to have relevant professional experience (the minimum length of work experience is not specified by law).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The primary motivation to enact national space legislation is to adhere to the international obligations that rest upon states, in particular the obligations under Articles VI, VII and VIII of the Outer Space Treaty and their elaboration in the Liability Convention and the Registration Convention. These articles stipulate that states bear international responsibility for the activities of private entities and should authorise and continuously supervise these activities, that states are internationally liable for the damage caused by space objects used by private entities and that states have jurisdiction and control over the space objects used by private entities and should register these objects. These direct obligations upon states with respect to space activities conducted by private entities provide a clear motivation to enact national space legislation. Through national space legislation, states can ensure that they adhere to their international obligations, secure their interests and limit the risks associated with space activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The act of internationalization of a city could itself spur new service activities as people bring in new ideas of how to remove bottlenecks or increase efficiency. An important spin-off benefit could include improved public support for provision of education and health services. While Kazakhstan, as is the case for other countries in the subregion, inherited high literacy rates and basic health services from the centrally planned economy, it has been a long and difficult task to maintain past achievements while creating education and health services better attuned to a modern market-based economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The recteur, who is the local representative of the Ministry of Education, holds the main responsibility for the processing the assessment. Despite this centralisation, the French system strongly relies on the principle of participation and thus teachers are involved in all processes (INCA France, 2008). Even though differences existed between the assessment procedures across the German Lander, the only tool for verification was the collection of some sample papers for central checking. By now, however, most Ldnder have introduced central examinations to some extent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the pilot projects encountered a number of difficulties including buyers unwilling to enter into complex agreements to pay for services, regulatory issues, complicated supply chains and poor communication. Ultimately, the potential buyers of services were unwilling to enter into long-term payment contracts with an uncertain return on investment. In parallel, SANBI embarked on a series of dialogues aimed at improving the communication of the essential PES messages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All others are classified as non-participants. Evidence from the Chilean pension system prior to the 2008 pension reform shows increased incentives for informal work and reduced pension contributions for future eligible beneficiaries (Valdes-Prieto, 2009). This effect was mainly driven by the design of Pension Asistencial (PASIS) and the minimum pension guarantee (MPG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As the Penang self-evaluation report notes higher education institutions in the region do not have courses that are especially designed to meet the needs of the Penang region or are “drawn upon based upon the specific characteristics of Penang.” ( There is no systematic regional strategy at the federal, supra-regional (Northern Corridor Economic Region) or state levels to engage higher education institution in addressing the region’s human resource challenges. The engagement of the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in the region is largely a consequence of being the largest institution in the region, not a result of deliberate strategy of the institution or region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter examines the normative and structural framework of the Charter, highlighting its unique strengths and weaknesses within the broader African human rights context. Like the Convention, the Charter is predicated on four cardinal principles which are meant to help with the interpretation of the Charter as a whole and thereby guide national programmes of implementation. The Convention and the Charter not only set out the rights of a child but also specify safeguards which state parties should provide for his or her welfare. It is shown that the Charter on the rights and welfare of the child is not just a list of rights, rather, it represents a different way of viewing children and the relations between children and the society.  Keywords:African Charter, African human rights, Children's Rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The IUDF is expected to contribute to strengthening rural-urban linkages, and promote urban resilience and urban safety. These goals inform the priority objectives of nice policy levers: i) integrated uiban planning and management, ii) integrated transport and mobility, iii) integrated sustainable human settlements, iv) integrated uiban infrastructure, v) efficient land governance and management, vi) inclusive economic development, vii) empowered active communities, viii) effective uiban governance, and ix) sustainable finances. The current urban legislative framework in Viet Nam, despite its considerable extent (e.g., laws, plans, strategies and programmes) (Table 2.2), has a very similar caveat as the current urban policy frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Projections indicate that the Caucasus and Central Asia, Northern Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Western Asia likely have met the target too. While Southern Asia has the highest underweight prevalence, with approximately one in three children still affected in 2015, the region has experienced the largest absolute decrease since 1990, a 22 percentage-point drop. In sub-Saharan Africa the underweight rate has fallen by only one third since 1990. However, due to the region's growing population, the number of underweight children has actually risen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Its membership reflects all the relevant actors in the education system: school inspectors, school organisers, researchers, teachers' unions and parents' representatives. The involvement of practitioners - teachers, other education staff and their unions - in producing, interpreting and translating research evidence into policy can give these practitioners a strong sense of ownership and strengthen their confidence in the reform process. Regular interactions help build trust and raise awareness of the concerns of others, creating a climate of compromise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Employers, both women and men, may discriminate in favour of men, who are seen as “unencumbered” by reproductive responsibilities, or use womens assumed status as secondary earners to justify paying them less. Discriminatory laws, policies and programmes can reproduce gender inequalities through assumptions about mens primary wage-earning roles and womens domestic roles which often bear no resemblance to reality. Agency” is concerned with the extent to which women and men are able to challenge the constraints in their lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, ICT enables farmers to enter new markets and gain access to digital services, such as credit or crop failure insurance, or to consult the latest weather report. All of this makes their agricultural activities both more productive, boosting marketing prospects for producers and traders, and more secure. Agricultural market information services can also be effective at the policy level, enabling the tracking of commodity prices and supplies, and ensuring greater transparency (GIZ, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The gender profile for deaths from diarrhoea due to poor water and sanitation is consistent across most regions: more males suffer and die from diarrhoea everywhere except South-East Asia, where the share of female deaths and illness is notable and produces a global tilt towards higher female deaths and DALYs overall (Table 2.2.1). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this is the main cause of around 28% of child deaths worldwide (WaterAid 2009a). Among children under five diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, responsible for 20% of total deaths in this age group (WHO 2015, Walker et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When the definition developed by Ravallion and Chen (2003) is used, then growth was pro-poor in all the periods that were studied as measured both by the poverty and the extreme poverty headcount indices. This result can be attributed to the economic stability seen during those years, the real increase in the minimum wage and the implementation of direct income transfer policies (Franga, 2010, Kakwani, Neri and Son, 2010). The results also indicate that these policies are more effective in reducing the extreme poverty headcount than the poverty headcount because, since the extreme poverty line is lower than the poverty line, it is more sensitive to policy measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
La reproduction sociale est integree a ce modele en considerant le travail comme un moyen de production produit. Ce sont principalement les femmes (mais aussi les hommes) qui executent ce processus de reproduction en effectuant des soins remuneres et non remuneres. Un objectif essentiel est de faire la difference entre les societes se soucient le plus de leurs citoyens et celles qui s’en soucient le moins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As noted in recent reviews (e.g. WTO, 2008, and OECD, 2012) there is no firm answer to this question. Some studies find that trade has not had an impact while others find that it has. Moreover, even if trade were to contribute, it is not clear whether and how this should be remedied since the trade-inequality link can reflect differences in productivities and preferences and thus, as argued recently by Mankiw (2013), can be seen as economically—and from certain viewpoints also socially—acceptable. This seems a particularly important gap to fill since understanding GVCs is central to analysing the causes and consequences of the global division of labour and therefore distribution of income (Brewer, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Based on 168 economies for which data on fixed-broadband prices in PPP$ were available for the years 2016 and 2017. Similarly, the plans selected in 2017 for Ireland, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States included unlimited domestic voice minutes and SMS. As a result, the cheapest option for the monthly consumption defined in the ITU mobile-cellular basket (51 minutes and 100 SMS) includes in several countries some extra data allowance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Teaching staff consists of Christian, Jewish and Muslim members. Study programmes integrate practice, education and theory. Tuition fees are high and students are charged USD 2 500. For 2010, the college budget is USD 1.8 million: 50% of the budget is covered by the board of trustees (mainly from the Illinois state and Austria), 25% tuition fees, the rest by the local Arab community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Trade policy management and trade-related education both increased by USD 165 million and USD 18 million respectively, though trade facilitation at USD 420 million saw a small decrease of 5.4% compared to its 2014 level. The latter rose from USD 27 billion in 2014 to USD 31.7 billion in 2015 a 17.3% increase. In volume terms the main increases were in mining up USD 1.4 billion and industry up USD 1.3 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More than a generation after the civil rights movement, racial inequality persists as a defining characteristic of United States social structure. Scholars from across the political spectrum have discussed and debated the causes of persistent racial inequality, offering various interpretations. Yet in the work of these otherwise different scholars, there is a consistent theme – the post civil rights era is an era of ‘formal legal equality’. Employing a method of structurally situated critical discourse analysis comparing Supreme Court race jurisprudence in the Post-Civil War and the post-Civil Rights Eras, this article interrogates this deployment of the concept of formal equality. The analysis reveals that in both eras the Supreme Court utilizes a discursive frame that asserts the position of formal legal equality, yet simultaneously employs narrative moves that ignore social structural mechanisms of racial inequality. The result is a legacy of legal framing that deploys an ‘epistemology of ignorance’ as...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Promotion is automatic within the same cycle of Primary Education but progression from one cycle to the next is contingent upon meeting the curricular aims for that particular cycle. A pupil may repeat a year, but only once in the primary level. Pupils who continue to the next cycle, but who are negatively assessed in one or more areas, must receive appropriate support to help them catch up. Likewise, special attention is paid to the early detection of learning difficulties and to the prevention of school failure at an early age. An official academic certificate is not awarded at the end of primary education, but it is awarded at the end of the basic education, which includes Primary and Lower Secondary Education. In Lower Secondary Education, assessment is continuous (i.e. integrated into the leaching and learning process) and separate for each subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By 2050, this share is expected to grow to about 33% (Passel, 201 l[8j). In 2009,17% of immigrant youth were white, non-Hispanic (the majority group in the overall population), 58% were of Hispanic origin and about 16% were Asian. Despite the apparent challenge of diversified classrooms, students in Canada have been excelling through their diversity, about 82% of first-generation immigrant students and 81% of native students attain baseline academic proficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Phuket, Thailand, tourists generate 2.2 kg of solid waste per person per day versus a Thailand average of 0.65 kg. ( Tourism is by nature seasonal and this has an impact both on the infrastructure as well as on local employment. Infrastructural investments for assets (e.g. roads or power generating capacity) which are used only for a limited period of the year can be very expensive and it puts a great socio-economic strain on the local community to be employed for only part of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Renewable energy sources represent a very small share of the metro region’s energy supply. In March 2010, 46% of the power supply sold within the ComEd service area was derived from nuclear power plants, 40% from coal-fired power plants, 10% from natural gas, and only small amounts of wind power (1%), biomass (1%), hydropower (1%), and assorted other sources (1%) (ComEd, 2010). However, wind power is a growing industry that is attracting headquarter functions to the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. Together with other Great Lakes states such as Michigan and Ohio, the Chicago-area 21-county region has one of the highest concentrations of wind energy component suppliers in the US. Thirteen wind industry corporations have set up their headquarters in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, including some of the major international firms involved in turbine manufacturing and renewable project developers, such as Goldwind, Acciona, Suzlon, Nordex or E.On. The Chicago-area 21-county region counts over 60 wind companies, which cover a large part of the supply chain, including turbine and tower makers, manufacturers of gears, couplings, bearings and fasteners, as well legal, financial and engineering consulting and diagnostic software designers (ELPC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As of 2004, parents can work without losing their entitlement to the parental allowance. However, doing so before the child is two years and attending a pre-school facility for more than 46 hours/month prevent parents from receiving the full amount. Combined with the lack of creches, most working mothers have to rely on family provided childcare. The favourable fiscal treatment of families with children implies that, when cash benefits are taken into account, the tax burden for the average one-earner married couple with two children becomes negative because cash benefits exceed the income tax and social security payments otherwise due.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)