albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These schools are often run by non-profit organisations but nevertheless fall under State supervision and are under the immediate responsibility of local authorities. In addition, there are vocational schools under the authority of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor that teach “traditional” trades, such as vehicle maintenance and construction, for the equivalent of Grades 9 to 12. The sector is relatively small, with approximately 13 500 students (in around 70 institutions). This is equivalent to only 3% of the total number of Grade 9 to 12 students.9 However, military service is playing a role in developing vocational skills, as for many conscripts it includes learning general skills in engineering and trades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The New Zealand data covers only specialised meat and wool farms, thus the analysis for this country focuses on risks in livestock farming3. This differs from other countries where databases include mixed farms, and the risk assessment is mainly focussed on crop farming.4 The fact that data for New Zealand concerns only livestock farms somewhat limits the scope of the analysis. Thus, no attempt has been made to assess output risks, as was done for other countries, due to the difficulty of disentangling “normal” variations in the numbers of livestock sold that arise from stock cycles from any other output variations. The farm-level risk analysis for other countries also included stochastic simulations of risk management strategies, this is not done for New Zealand as the model used is not adapted for livestock farming simulations. These limits notwithstanding, the analysis of farm-level data provides interesting insights into farming risks in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The level of competition among offset suppliers will therefore differ across space. In some cases, the combined service areas of biobanks may not overlap at all, leading to the possibility of monopoly suppliers, in other areas, there may be no supply at all. However, after completing a thorough review of compensation projects, the National Research Council (2001) critiqued the principle of compensating the directly affected area as encouraging “reactive, piecemeal mitigation projects with high failure rates, and for inadequate consideration of the watershed context.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Each municipality must ensure that the development (expansion and densification) established by its PRC can be effectively supplied with the necessary public services (i.e. sanitation, transportation, energy infrastructure and other services). The plan is developed and approved by the Municipal Council (Consejo Municipal) after a process of public consultation with the community, including public hearings in those neighbourhoods that might be the most affected by the plan, and with the municipality’s Council of Civil Society Organisations (Consejo Comunal de Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil). After the local government approves the Plan, it must be approved by MINVU’s SEREMI in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Currently, spatial planning in France is increasingly integrated across thematic areas (e.g. ecosystem protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation, management of land uses) and comprehensive, in the sense that inter-municipal planning is encouraged. As far in the past as during the years of the French Revolution, a struggle took place between the Jacobins, who favoured strong central power as a way to pursue the goal of equality for all citizens, and the Girondins, who instead valued local independence. Debates in the Constituent Assembly at the time centred around whether national unity and equality before the law could be reconciled with local liberty (Schmidt, 2007: 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They are obliged to protect the stock, perform stocking programmes, and provide physical protection and control. Some monitoring of fishing activity is effected through the police. It primarily fulfills a policy, planning, regulatory, and monitoring role for PAs except in the case of strict natural reserves, where it is the designated responsible management authority, according to the Law on Nature Protection. Within the Ministry is the Administration of Environment and below that the Department of Nature with primary responsibility for biodiversity and protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant, with a power capacity of 900 MW, was originally established to provide back-up for the Ignalina nuclear power plant. In recent years, wind power capacity has been growing steadily and total capacity amounted to 509 MW by the end of 2016. In 2015, electricity prices were significantly higherinthe Baltic countries compared tothe Nordic countries: +20 EUR/MWh in Latvia and Lithuania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although several studies analyse child poverty dynamics in single countries (e.g. Ashworth et al. Yet a cross-national perspective provides reference points for national results. It also helps explore the effects of varied policy environments or, at the very least, formulate relevant questions about policy effects (see Valletta 2006). The study analyses the extent of mobility along deciles of the income distribution, investigates if income growth among children has been pro-poor and if income mobility may have offset income inequality among children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The International Health Regulations (ihr), of which the World Health Organization is custodian, govern how countries collectively promote global health security, including prevention, detection, and response to global health emergencies such as the ongoing covid-19 pandemic. Countries are permitted to exercise their sovereignty in taking additional health measures to respond to such emergencies if these measures adhere to Article 43 of this legally binding instrument. Overbroad measures taken during recent public health emergencies of international concern, however, reveal that the provision remains inadequately understood. A shared understanding of the measures legally permitted by Article 43 is a necessary step in ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, and fostering global solidarity and resilience in the face of future pandemics. In this consensus statement, public international law scholars specializing in global health consider the legal meaning of Article 43 using the interpretive framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If this figure were to be reproduced today, the compression would be even more significant in western Europe with only small changes in South-Eastern Europe and many of the TER countries. As expounded in D. Bokemann's and H. Kramar's study NO-E [12] for the Austrian Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan, this boosts productivity, strengthens competitiveness of local economy, enhances employment and increases social welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Racial inequalities are reflected also in health outcomes (lower life expectancy) and crime (victims of homicide) - Paixao et al. ( In this section, some measures of youth’s transition process from education into work are considered. It is found that Brazilian youth leave education much earlier than their counterparts in OECD countries, while the length of the transition from school to work is about average. The median age of leaving education - i.e. the age at which 50% of youth have left the education system -was 18 in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This includes cooling tanks for farms with small numbers of cows, improved milk collection and transportation in chilling tankers, and quality and safety controls. The latter requires the establishment of rules and protocols, training and laboratory equipment, and specialised training and assistance to farmers so that they can upgrade from local supply to cold chain supply. Payment for milk differentiated by quality would provide milk producers an incentive to improve hygiene and technology. The policy issue here is to encourage processors to establish farm-to-dairy cold supply channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All countries offer the possibility to ask for supplementary information. Notable improvements can be observed across areas such as the publication of user manuals, the provision of a dedicated page for professional users (e.g companies), and the publication in advance of trade-related regulations. There is significant variation across the sample as regards the existence of online means for providing feedback to Customs and of full-time hotlines for asking questions to Customs. The user-friendliness of Customs websites varies as much as in 2010, with a limited set of countries providing sufficient relevant information through the “search” function for selected keywords.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We explore relational patterns of expatriates’ social networks and their impact on expatriates’ change in cultural identity while working abroad. We go beyond mono-cultural assumptions and highlight the importance of examining cross-cultural relational dynamics on maintenance and change in expatriates’ cultural identity. We argue that strong ties in dense networks are most conducive to helping expatriates stay attached to a national culture. Cultural diversity in a social network provides the impetus for cultural identity change. Cross-cultural interconnectedness within an expatriate’s social network contributes to the development of multiculturalism in one’s cultural identity. We also discuss the effect of cultural identity change on expatriation and repatriation adjustment, and provide some practical implications for individuals as well as organizations. Overall, we offer a cross-cultural social network perspective in theorizing about the expatriation experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, it captures whether the global economic recession brought a trend reversal in the performance of child indicators with respect to the previous pattern in the countries under review. Then, country indices were averaged out by exposure group for each year.14 We have indexed the graphs to 2008 in order to focus on changes before and after the base year, so the figures show (relative/proportional) changes rather than levels. For negative indicators, such as child poverty, the higher the index, the worse the setback. In Annex 5 we report the trend lines disaggregated by 4 country group categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Supported by innovative and diverse technologies around renewables, decreased cost and decoupling energy-related carbon emissions is possible. Investing in clean energy solutions with off-grid and mini-grid supply lowers energy consumption, maintenance costs and risks of defect installations. Vehicles and public transportation are increasingly transferring to hybrid or electric, but school buses continue to predominantly use external combustion engines fuelled by diesel or gasoline. To ensure that children’s transportation to school uses clean energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, the programme design is based on the hukou system, so migrants living in cities and counted in the urban population but having a rural hukou are not covered by the programme. Therefore, as presented in Table 3.6, there is a discrepancy in poverty incidence between the hukou population base and the residence base. To look more closely at the impacts of labour market changes on inequality, inequality is decomposed based on a regression on per-capita income of urban households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The guidelines open with a statement of the Government’s commitment, “to ensuring children’s rights and providing a healthy environment for the mental growth of children in all educational institutions of the country. Any direct or indirect involvement with any offence defined [in the Guidelines] shall be considered to be a contravention of the Government Servants (Conduct) Rules,1979 and shall also be considered to be a punishable offence. Penal action may be taken against any such person on a complaint of misconduct under the Government Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1985.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of the benefits of skill recognition fall on employers collectively only (e.g. an economic sector), as a sector has an interest in having a pool of skilled and qualified workers and the risk of poaching associated w'ith more visible skills is less problematic for a sector than for an individual employer. They include both the relatively simple skills involved in physical tasks or digital services (data entry or administrative support) to higher level skills in activities such as programming or business consulting (OECD 2016b). In these contexts many of the “traditional” tools of training and skills recognition will not apply - there is no employer to reward a fast-learning employee with higher hourly wages or testify that the worker has acquired a specific set of skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, the estimated wage premia are likely to be higher than those that would have obtained with the full set of controls as additional job and individual characteristics tend to decrease the coefficient of interest in the regression equation. Educational attainment is correlated with unobserved intrinsic abilities that are also determinants of earnings, leading to biased wage premia estimates. The approach adopted here overlooks possible selection bias issues as only employed individuals are included in the sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whether force can be used to further humanitarian causes, is one of the "perennial" questions of international law. This paper addresses it in a succinct way. It proceeds from the basis of the UN Charter regime and questions whether contemporary international law (within or outside the Charter) has come to accommodate humanitarian concerns, or ought to do so. This question has prompted much debate, notably under the rubric of ‘humanitarian intervention’. The subsequent considerations reflect on these debates, but adopt a broader approach that includes other humanitarian uses of force – resort to military violence with a view to protecting human rights of others – as well, notably UN-mandated interventions, armed struggles against colonialism and military operations to rescue nationals from abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Public awareness, media focus and political attention are intense, but have failed thus far to translate into effective GHG emission reductions. The under-reported subset of full costs constituted by system costs are also bound to increase further. Yet outside the circle of electricity market experts, the issue is virtually unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Arrows for Change, vol. Revitalization of family planning in Indonesia. The "Flight from Marriage" in South-East and East Asia. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. The family planning program in peninsular Malaysia. In The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs, W. C. Robinson and J. A. Ross, eds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
New trade agreements or domestic trade reforms may impose various adjustment requirements, ranging from tackling export shortfalls to the development of capacity to implementnew trade rulesand measures. Ahead of the WTO's 6th Global Review of Aid for Trade in July 2017, Commonwealth members could consider working towards adopting a unified voice to enhance allocation, utilisation and governance of AfT resources. Not only was 2016 a record year for the lowest growth in world trade volumes but also it saw a steady increase in the stockpile of trade-restrictive measures implemented by G20 economies since the financial crisis. This is concerning given that past G20 protectionism dealt LDC exports a serious blow: trade distortions implemented between 2009 and 2013 led to US$264 billion in forgone LDC exports, equivalent to 31 per cent of their total exports during that period. They could collectively advocate for greater trade openness and tackling trade protectionism, which hinders the achievement of the SDGs.11 It may also be useful to track progress on the G20's Strategy for Global Trade Growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Demand for redistribution has increased in some of the same countries which have experienced growth in inequality. Figure 4.12 shows that in China and India the percentage of individuals who feel that there should be action to equalise incomes has increased since the early 1990s. The Russian Federation, a country which has undergone dramatic structural transformation in the last two decades, has seen inequality both rise and fall and a growing number of people feel that incomes should be made more equal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The shortage of land for settlement in urban areas exacerbates existing inequities between men and women, ethnic clashes and efforts by governments to have customary land titled and leased. There are also populations for whom complete resettlement in a new or foreign land is a reality due to rising sea levels. They carried with them a colonial legacy of deeply embedded social problems including high levels of inequality in incomes and of opportunity, including gender inequality, and high rates of unemployment and of rural and urban poverty (UNDP 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other authors suggest that subsidies can be justified because irrigation projects provide both public and private goods, or that higher water prices will reduce agricultural net revenues without motivating notable reductions in irrigation diversions. Those authors often cite the low elasticities of demand for irrigation water observed in many settings. When demand is price inelastic, quantity demanded declines by a smaller proportion than an increase in price, such that revenues collected from water users increase substantially, with little change in the volume of irrigation water used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The criminal justice systems in Latin America have experienced profound transformations since the 1980s. But what has been the impact of criminal justice reforms in terms of access to justice and human rights adjudication? Although there are studies looking into the advances and failures of judicial reforms in general, systematic empirical research that helps us assess how new institutions and legal rights are actually working to improve individual criminal accountability for human rights violations is still scarce. In this paper, through a mixed-method approach, I explore the impact of reforms on access to justice for victims of human rights violations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Apart from internal political conflicts, which are important factors that usually repel foreign investments, unemployment in LDCs is high and the prospect to invest in the agricultural sector is always an effective strategy for employment generation. Investing in the relatively water- and land-rich LDCs of the region is aligned with the notion of global and regional social responsibility, while at the same time serving both to enhance regional food security and strengthen solidarity among countries of the region. High discrepancies have been noted between national, regional and global data sources. While AOAD reports an increase of sixfold in wheat cultivated land and an increase of 24 per cent in productivity during the period 2011-2012 in Iraq, leading to an increase in production by 306,000 tons, FAO reports a decrease of around 16 per cent in wheat harvested land and nearly 15 per cent in overall production.75 Both sources claim that the data originate from official sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Traditionally, compared to expenditure decentralisation, this area has been relatively neglected by the researchers of the Russian fiscal system. They repeatedly stress the importance of the decomposition of revenue and expenditure decentralisation in Russian regions. They insist that the revenue measure is more accurate for evaluating the efforts of local taxpayers by themselves, which is not easily captured by expenditure measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But more investments in the agricultural sector may also take place, resulting in more efficient and more sustainable production and, consequently, in higher aggregate yields. Increased demand for ethanol and biodiesel may increase the demand and price for grains and oil seeds while also indirectly increasing the prices for other crops owing to increased competition for land. Larger but poorer populations will demand, in total, larger quantities of food and the composition of the food basket will be different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Common Objectives specify the knowledge and skills of students that teaching should lead to. However, while the Common Objectives provide descriptions of how objectives can be reached, and while schools have to include learning and achievements targets in their curricula, there is no tight curriculum at the national level. This is intended to help school principals, teachers, parents, students and school boards to better understand the objectives so they can be an active partner in the learning process, and to assist schools and teachers to move towards a more goal-oriented approach to teaching and learning (Houlberg et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are measures in place if the parties administering these projects do not strictly adhere to these conditions. Risk countermeasures are procedures such as the establishment of a “buffer management account” - a pool comprising 3 per cent of the removal volume of each project, which acts as a buffer system to cope with forest fires or other natural disasters. This formula, used by the J-VER system, is a method of calculating the increases in carbon capture for applicable projects based on fluctuations in annual total stored carbon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This holds for arrangements to protect industries and regulation of processes and products, as well as for arrangements regarding intellectual property in relation to environmental goods and services and technology development (see also Vos, this volume). As we saw, land policies and large-scale commercial land deals relate to climate change, internationally, new codes must be developed and applied (such as the 2009 Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa as endorsed by the African Union). Setting quantitative limits on emissions is a potentially effective way of keeping economic growth within safe environmental boundaries— more so than open ended and voluntary agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Asociacion Mexicana de Distribuidores de Automotores, Mexico, D.F., www .amda.mx/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=598:como-quedaron-las-tenencias-en-2015&catid=73&Itemid=485 (accessed 11 August 2015). Airport Group of Mexico City, w w w .acropuerto.gob.mx (accessed 25 June 2015). Actualization 2012: Sintesis ejecutiva”, Government of Mexico City, Mexico, D.F., available at: httpsVAvorkshopcdmx.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/8 -programa-de-ordenamiento zmvmpdf.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)