albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They are sporadically involved through subscribers’ surveys undertaken by operators or are asked to report on their satisfaction/dissatisfaction over the quality of service on an ad hoc basis. Nevertheless, their use is not systematic, and their results are not publicly available. Overall, discussions on tariff setting, quality standards and performance monitoring remain the sole prerogative of central authorities and water companies, and do not involve civil society. Large scientific institutions have been reinventing themselves as NGOs and have become active in advocacy as they have prestige and scientific knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
China is becoming a leader in South-South cooperation with African countries, many of which are now benefiting from its research. The System for Agricultural Research and Innovation has contributed greatly to the nearly fourfold growth in agricultural efficiency per worker. The Brazil Agricultural Research Corporation, a state-owned enterprise, has been instrumental in increasing the land area used for cultivation. Similarly, many of Brazil's agricultural programmes were developed with sustainability in mind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It contributes to the research work of the OECD Centre on Green Finance and Investment. The authors would like to acknowledge review and comments received from the following OECD secretariat colleagues: Liwayway Adkins, Galina Alova, Wiebke Bartz, Emilio Chiofalo, Paul Horrocks, (Development Co-operation Directorate), Kate Eklin (Development Centre), Raphael Jachnik, Mariana Mirabile, Robert Youngman (Environment Directorate) and Giovanni Maria Semeraro (Education Directorate). In particular, it has benefited from insights gained from a collaborative workshop between DAC ENVIRONET and the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development Green Growth Working Group on “Development Co-operation and the Environment: Engaging the private sector for green growth and climate change” in March 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract   This paper explores a tension between environmental justice and green jobs. Photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing processes involve hazardous chemicals similar to those found in the electronics industry, where impacts such as groundwater contamination, worker exposures to chemicals, and other air and water emissions overlap with environmental inequality. In the US, cadmium-based thin-film PV was financed with support from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act producing new political ecological configurations of energy procurement and generation, linking Malaysian thin film PV fabs to public lands in the US desert southwest. By integrating traditions in global commodity chains, political ecology, and science and technology studies, this research shows how life cycle assessment was used to shape the debate about cadmium pollution from thin-film PV. As metrics have the power to obscure environmental injustice, the findings call for humility when interpreting life cycle assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such investments need to be accompanied by a wide range of institutional and capacity building activities to enhance long term planning and knowledge dissemination. Although a large number of support programmes have been active in Bangladesh, significant gaps and barriers to building long term urban resilience remain. These relate primarily to limited public resources and capacities as well as to limited capacities across all levels of society, in particular the urban poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the story of how gender equality became a nationwide priority and how quotas were progressively enforced belongs to a more complex framework. It tells how political parties played a primary role and Mexican women’s leadership and ability to build cross-party alliances functioned as a catalyst for change, sparking fruitful debate within and between parties, in the national legislature and public opinion. While women in the parties were the driving force - with some senior officials and powerful figures using their influence to muster support inside and outside the party - they could not have pushed quotas through without the support of their parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Beyond national jurisdiction, the deep seabed and its mineral resources are designated as the ‘common heritage of mankind’. Nevertheless, the governing legal framework does not only consist of international instruments, as domestic legislation issued by sponsoring States also plays a decisive role. The legitimacy of certain national provisions can be questioned though, taking into account the duty to carry out activities in the Area for the benefit of mankind as a whole. For instance, can a sponsoring state demand that the proposed mining activities are in the public interest of the State? Are they allowed to generate revenue by introducing a recovery fee or other taxes? Should developing States enjoy more leeway, given the particular consideration for their interests and needs in the Law of the Sea Convention? This article analyses to what extent creeping national interests in domestic legislation on deep sea mining are in accordance with international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The size of land to be allocated to families is up to 0.07 ha in Ulaanbaatar City, up to 0.35 ha in the cities of Darkhan and Erdenet, and up to 0.5 ha in aimag centres, soum centres and villages. For cities, villages and other settlements, the tax rate is within a range of 0.01 to 1 per cent of the land value, it can be up to 3 per cent if the land is in an SPA. The annual fee rates range from 44 tugriks (US$0.02) to 440 tugriks (US$0.18) per m2 (chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Different disorders show different degrees of recurrence or persistence. On the other hand, inpatient data show only part of the whole picture. Patients in inpatient psychiatric care are a selected group. Inpatient data from Switzerland show that clinicians tend to overestimate the chronicity of their patients’ illness because of a relatively small group of patients who are readmitted very often (Frick and Frick, 2010).10 Diagnosis was strongly related to the risk of rehospitalisation and the duration between two consecutive inpatient stays, with a higher rehospitalisation risk as well as a shorter time until readmission for schizophrenia and personality disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As such, it is important to facilitate co-ordination across agencies and harmonise regulatory measures and levels of enforcement. At interstate level, a single delegated agency could favour co-ordinate use of financial resources. They should quantify realistically the financial resources needed to take action, and list specific actions that can help drive behaviour change and foster water use efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is a need for solutions that would eliminate the risks associated with costly upfront capital investments and the lack of technical expertise in the maintenance of assets (Cullinen, 2015). In comparison to a traditional PPA, where the off-taker is a utility, under corporate PPAs, the power generated is purchased, directly from a renewable energy producer, by corporate actors such as mining companies. Under this model, the mine as a corporate customer strikes a PPA with an IPP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Students from higher SES report wanting to work as a professional more in all OECD countries than students from lower SES (Figure 3.5). Similarly, students from lower SES expect more to work as technicians and associated occupations in the majority of countries (Figure 3.6). Surely not all students could and should aspire to work as professionals, but this means that there is a lot of waste of opportunities and potential amongst individuals that could aspire to more for their future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The appropriate balance between the costs borne by individuals (in the form of tuition fees, but also living expenses and foregone earnings), by employers (by providing or funding workplace training) and those borne by the public budget implies difficult trade-offs (Figure 1.4). However, effective funding instruments exist that address objectives of efficiency and equity. However, it is the net impact of spending subsidies, taxes (or tax subsidies) and benefits that ultimately affects the expected private return on education and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Among low- and middle-income countries, there is evidence that populations experiencing rapid political and economic transition have particularly high burdens of disease and disability from mental health conditions. This paper undertakes a political economy analysis of mental health in Vietnam to enhance knowledge translation, notably how both explicit and tacit knowledge can be used to promote evidence-based policy making. It argues that Vietnam's experience illustrates the need to better understand, not only how transition transforms societies, but how it impacts on the mental health needs and care of populations. The political economy of transition in Vietnam has so far given highest priority to economic growth through integration with the world economy and public sector reform. There is a need to recognise that transition in Vietnam poses both a potential threat to the care of people with mental health needs, and an opportunity to develop mental health services appropriate to local contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Members of the inter-ministerial project team included: Jurgen Horschinegg, Andrea Schmolzer and Bernhard Chabera from die Ministry of Education and Women, Robert Jellasitz and Johannes Schweighofer from the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection, and Alexander Holbl from die Ministry of Science, Research and Economy. Their insights and discussions during die workshops have bodi driven the process and shaped this diagnostic report. We would also like to thank die many people who gave generously of their time to answer our many questions regarding Austria’s skills system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, USAID and UNFPA provide pills and injectables and GFATM condoms for social marketing efforts (UNFPA, 2007, 2007a). There are concerns that the purchase of Western-manufactured brands, such as those procured with KfW funding, is unsustainable because, as is shown in table 5, the gap in resources will increase once donors gradually phase out, and it is suggested that donor agencies rather procure cheaper reliable generic contraceptives (Hall and Chhuong, 2006:4, UNFPA, 2007). More sustainable strategies are also needed for Lao People's Democratic Republic and Timor-Leste, where contraceptive services are fully dependent on international aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Agricultural employment showed the sharpest deceleration of all, with absolute declines in the number of people employed in agriculture over the 1990s. In addition, the growing land alienation by the peasantry (as cultivation became less viable given the squeeze on the peasantry because of rising input costs and falling or stagnant crop prices) also had an impact, since peasants using family labour tend to use labour more intensively than farmers using hired labour. Further, several “economic reform” measures—such as trade liberalization, the reduction of credit allocation to the priority sector and the removal of various forms of support—worked against the interests of most small producers, who accounted not only for the most labour-intensive forms of urban production, but also for the dominant part of urban manufacturing employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. The United Nations 4. The International Bill of Human Rights 5. The United Nations - organizational structure 6. Regional protection of human rights 7. Europe 8. The Americas 9. Africa 10. Monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights 11. Substantive rights - general comments 12. Equality and non-discrimination 13. The right to life 14. Freedom from torture: cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment 15. The right to liberty of person 16. Equality before the law - the right to a fair trial 17. The right to self-determination 18. Freedom of expression 19. The right to work 20. The right to education and human rights education 21. Minority rights 22. Rights for specific categories of persons 23. Looking to the future
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Urbanization also requires a governance system that we hope and dream of as democratic, open, transparent and caring for the common interest, while respecting privacy. This is why urbanization is guided by policies and is governed by the principle of "the rule of law" being the most fundamental element of urbanization, as embraced in the New Urban Agenda. The achievement of a model of urbanization that induces prosperity and well-being demands a relative degree of participation and social consensus on the aim of enhancing the positive effects of urbanization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In China, input subsidies are direcdy linked to the land use itself. Abolishing these subsidies therefore leads to slightly reduced land use for agriculture. In India there is hardly any effect on agricultural land use despite the magnitude of its fertiliser support, as in India all agricultural land is in use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another is inherent in what the agreement does not say: what sorts of unilateral actions are Parties free to take, given the lack of specific direction the Agreement provides to the Parties in terms of achieving their NDCs? Both of these sets of implications are examined below. Such calculations are methodologically problematic, but it can be argued that, were all the Parties to fulfil their NDCs, that figure would significantly increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The women and the landless labourers seem to have more limited traditional knowledge of soil properties and management practices than farmers. Among farming households men possess deeper understanding and more knowledge of the soil properties than women. Of the men, the farmers who are forty years old and above have in-depth knowledge of soil properties and soil fertility management techniques. This is mainly due to the division of labour in which soil management is the sole activity and responsibility of men. Hence social norms define the experiences of individuals and groups, and develop a framework for interpreting experiences. With regard to age, the introduction of modern technologies, access to external inputs and government policies play an inevitable role in practising traditional knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Special schools are left with a student population with a higher level of special needs on average, which will increase expenditure per student. They will typically have to continue to cover the fixed costs of operating a school, but with fewer students. Figure 2.7 shows that the number of special schools has declined by 15% between 2010 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is because as part of the case-mix scheme, a conversion factor is applied to reflect hospital historical charge, an important number of acts and services are paid outside of the DPC and hospitals can further charge by a traditional fee-for-service scheme if the hospitalisation is prolonged beyond a specified period. Taken together, these arrangements might undermine hospital efforts to improve performance, and provide incentives to shift costs to services paid outside of the DPC component. Evidence demonstrates that outpatient expenditures increased by 4.1% between 2002 and 2003 in hospitals participating to the DPC payment scheme, and readmission rates have also increased from 4.7% to 9.7% between 2002 and 2004. These figures might reflect inappropriate incentives associated with the hospital payment structure. Although Japan compares well to other OECD countries in terms of the evenness of doctors’ geographical distribution, available evidence suggests persisting problems of workforce supply in hospitals. In 2010 for example, the MHLW estimated that 725 emergency care physicians were lacking across the health system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Firms that are either exporters or foreign owned are typically more frequent ICT users. Basic use of ICT is needed to support skills for internal management such as training, cost calculation, product design and enterprise administration. At this level, both computers and smartphones may serve as a basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since the mid-2000s Germany has also increased considerably investment in ECEC services, to the benefit of children and their parents (OECD, 2011). Nevertheless, capacity rather than affordability appears to be an issue. Out-of-pocket centre-based child care costs for German parents are similar to those for Danish and Sw'edish parents (Chapter 3), but - despite a marked increase in recent years - ECEC participation rates are still below' the OECD average (Figure 1.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Globally, gender norms and power differentials profoundly affect both girls' and boys' sexual attitudes, practices and health. One avenue for enabling young people to reflect on traditional gender arrangements that endanger their health—and to lay the groundwork for satisfying sexual lives—is sexuality and relationships education (SRE). Unfortunately, many SRE programmes address gender norms and critical thinking skills either superficially or not at all. Moreover, in some developing countries, SRE programmes do not reach the majority of girls aged 15–19, a high proportion of whom are simply not in school. This paper argues for grounding SRE within a social studies framework, emphasizing gender and social context. Such an approach can foster critical thinking skills, can provide a foundation for subsequent lessons on explicitly sexual topics, can illuminate the links between gender inequality and other social issues, can allow for a human‐rights emphasis that may prove politically less controversial than ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Owing to falling or insufficiently growing government revenues - in particular in a period of growing debt service - the level of social transfers and provision of public goods necessary to tackle growing inequality were inadequate. In addition to an increase in government revenues as a share of GDP, a reduction of the interest burden on the public debt since the late 1990s has also contributed to the enlargement of fiscal space in many countries. The lower interest burden was partly the result of lower international interest rates in countries that are primarily indebted to private creditors, and partly due to debt relief in countries primarily indebted to official creditors. Indeed, the unprecedented amount of official debt relief that has been granted to developing countries since the mid-1990s reduced the share of public finances that had to be allocated to debt repayment in a number of low- and middle-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Afghanistan, long-suffering men and women turn to opium in order to deal with the harsh post-conflict realities.39 Afghanistan provides the lion’s share of the world’s opium, and exports both the consumption of and trade in drugs to neighbouring countries in particular. The opium industry, for instance, engages women and men in Iran, Tajikistan and Pakistan who survive by trafficking drugs to Western countries. Traumatized by the war and post-war confusion, many civilians become addicted to drugs, leading to their further marginalization within society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, this form of CCS is relatively simple and low-cost, given that it involves a fairly pure stream of C02 that needs to be separated from the extracted natural gas during extraction and processing in any case, and storage is readily available close to the production sites in most cases. We thus additionally include all countries in the Middle East with significant oil- and gas-related vented C02 emissions,28 as well as China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Argentina. As reported, these amounted to only 7.0 MtC02 in 2013 (6.9 MtC02 when excluding Norway).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A culture of inclusion cannot be established unless everyone embraces it. However, there is no particular national policy towards a whole-school approach to diversity and inclusion or the celebration of cultural events. Only some projects have tried to promote a positive school climate throughout schools without being scaled up to all schools. The National Agency for Education could publish guidelines for schools on how to implement a whole school response to welcome and integrate immigrant and refugee students and how to develop an inclusive school climate and culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples of these committees in the MENA region come from Bahrain and Morocco at the ministerial level and from Morocco and Yemen at the level of a director. Regular measurement and reporting to parliament are among the top three most commonly used co-ordination mechanisms in OECD countries (86% of OECD countries report using measurement frameworks, and a good majority of countries also have regular reporting requirements to parliament). Yet the use in the MENA region is more rare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whatever is more strategic but also coherent in the long run. For example, a recent report from the Dutch Financial Relations Council (2016) notes that many tasks have been devolved to municipalities in the Netherlands while their fiscal framework has remained unchanged. Thus, there is an appetite to consider how this framework could potentially be better aligned with present needs. The potential of fiscal instruments to support spatial development objectives should be a part of this discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These need to be interpreted alongside data provided inTable 3 on adolescent occupations. Interviews with parents, primarily mothers and mother-figures, strongly suggest that drinking is understood to be detrimental to parenting but difficult, if not impossible, to relinquish owing to poor mental health and lack of other coping mechanisms. Many demonstrated distress and inner conflict when articulating their knowledge of the huge costs of their drinking habits to both the children's current well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Chapter 2 then focuses on the national urban policy frameworks supporting urban development at the local and regional levels. Chapter 3 focuses on Viet Nam’s endeavour to foster green growth in urban areas. Chapter 4 evaluates Viet Nam’s urban governance architecture and institutions. They are subdivided into district-level administrative units, and further into municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first method sees the advantage as a rent, which does not have to be paid. The second method, considers the advantage as a return on investment made in real-estate rather than investing in the financial market. The third method is based on personal estimates of the rent people would have to pay for their home. It may be necessary to approximate the market rent by an estimate which should cover items such as operating, maintenance and repair outlays, water charges, insurance service charges, taxes, depreciation and mortgage interest in addition to interest on owner’s investment in the dwelling and other elements of net return.” As such, imputed rent is a component of the unearned income of private households and is classified in the same category as income from interest, dividends, and letting or leasing property (United Nations, 1977).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)