albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To speak of human rights in the twenty-first century is to speak of proportionality. Proportionality has been received into the constitutional doctrine of courts in continental Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Israel, South Africa, and the United States, as well as the jurisprudence of treaty-based legal systems such as the European Convention on Human Rights. Proportionality provides a common analytical framework for resolving the great moral and political questions confronting political communities. But behind the singular appeal to proportionality lurks a range of different understandings. This volume brings together many of the world's leading constitutional theorists – proponents and critics of proportionality – to debate the merits of proportionality, the nature of rights, the practice of judicial review, and moral and legal reasoning. Their essays provide important new perspectives on this leading doctrine in human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women in particular tend to disagree that they have been the object of malicious rumours, deprived of information, managed aggressively, and above all, most of them claim that they have not been subject to sexual coercion by superordinates: only 3% of the female sample claimed that this was the case, and only 0.3% of the men (UT). Women quite strongly rejected the notion that they were being isolated from social activities. Let us now look at university practices. The German respondents agreed more strongly than the British that there are too few women at the top of the system (UK 34%: Germany 44%), females too agreed significantly more often than males with this statement together with the proposition that their universities were still “gendered organisations”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Growth is still thought to be the panacea for all the major economic ills of the modern world (Daly, 2005), despite the fact that recent research carried out in some countries finds no significant correlation between growth and human development (undp, 2011). The extent of the impact of these problems is influenced by factors such as gender and geographical region. At the same time, natural catastrophes, desertification and biodiversity losses are also wreaking havoc, particularly among vulnerable groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because many of the policy innovations presented in this section involve the use of economic instruments, the chapter begins with a brief review of some of the characteristics of water that limit the extent to which the resource can be managed as an economic good. Policy solutions with the potential to contribute to resource decoupling are described for the agricultural, industry, and municipal water supply sectors. In addition, systems-level policy approaches with the potential to encourage efficient use across sectors are also described. The section concludes with an examination of equity considerations that should be included in the design of policy measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The NBPE is being implemented in the four main crop growing regions of the country: Amhara, Oromiya, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP), and Tigray Regional States. In the Tigray region, for instance, the project covers many communities and includes women who are from the poorest segment of the community (Edwards et al., Results indicate that the use of bioslurry as organic fertilizer has indeed increased crop yields, outperforming chemical fertilizers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As for other catastrophic risks, insurers must charge a premium that may be several times higher than the annual expected losses in order to meet their solvency constraints. In addition, some of the potential losses are not insurable or difficult to be covered by insurance (to date). Insurers are reluctant in particular to provide coverage for loss of life or personal injury occurring between ten and thirty years after the nuclear accident occurred, while only some would refuse full coverage for costs of measures of reinstatement for impaired environment or for cost of preventive measures. Beyond a certain level, the state is the sole entity able to bear the accident risk, and socialisation of such residual risk is the most efficient economic solution. As seen in this chapter, any estimate of the expected frequency and costs from a severe nuclear accident is extremely challenging and highly controversial. The major difficulty would therefore be to provide a valid estimate of the risk from a nuclear accident and of the residual risk that is borne by the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thailand’s government expenditure on pre-primary education as a percentage of GDP has increased significantly in recent years, to reach 0.32% in 2012. Only New Zealand and Viet Nam spend considerably more on pre-primary education as a percentage of GDP (UNESCO, 2015). Data for Australia, Korea and Malaysia are from 2011. In 2012, Thailand’s funding per primary student was 29.4% of per capita GDP, compared to 15.4% in Malaysia (as of 2011) and 11.2% in Singapore (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the GHG intensity of current energy generation, improving energy efficiency (EE) is often the cheapest, fastest and most environmentally friendly way to meet energy needs and help address climate change. Most of these obstacles are well documented, which provides a good starting point to formulate policy responses to help unlock the large potential for EE gains. Alternatively, energy use becomes more efficient when more goods or services are produced with the same amount of energy inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, progress in approving accredited entities to the GCF is relatively slow (in May 2016 there were 33 accredited entities and the majority of these were international or regional institutions) and there are still many countries that need readiness support to assist them with this process (by May 2016 42 countries had received readiness support from the GCF) (GCF, 2016b). A recent analysis of the lessons learned from direct access to the Adaptation Fund and the GCF reveals that although the time to get accredited varies widely among the different countries (from 5 months for Uruguay to 30 months for Namibia and Kenya), however, countries report that the process was “beneficial in the long run” (Masullo et al, 2015). Development co-operation providers can continue to invest in readiness support for partner countries so that they can access climate finance at scale and use it to implement transformative actions to address climate change and achieve sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Municipalities in the State of Mexico provide services mostly themselves, with the Water Commission of the State of Mexico (CAEM) having responsibilities transferred by some smaller municipalities. The CAEM co-ordinates action between municipalities and the federal government to improve water management, water and sanitation services and it provides technical assistance and develops infrastructure. In practice, all bodies of water are administered centrally by CONAGUA, which provides major infrastructure and water-related permits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Namely, EVs are designed to sit parked (and therefore charge over long periods), rather than drive, for the great majority of their time, which makes them less suited for high utilisation. The available charging infrastructure, moreover, was not originally designed for shared use. Given their long charging times, their locations outside of city centres, inside garages and lacking access or amenities, it is clear that EV charging infrastructure was designed for customers and commuters rather than for shared use purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
School directors participate in the individual evaluation of teachers at schools as part of the programme of Carrera Magisterial. However, because those who participate in this process (as well as in the Escalafdn evaluation) belong to the union, the process is not necessarily very objective. The Schools of Quality Programme (Programa Escuelas de Calidad, PEC), introduced in 2001, is one of the initiatives that has most emphasised the development of school-centred leadership in Mexico (see Box 2.2 in Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Changing the area would require the model to be able to allocate water demand for irrigation according to different crops and actual locations, this facility is currently not available. Even if the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline projection were to consider a modest expansion of irrigation,1 the associated growth in irrigation water demands would not alter the total demands decisively. These are increasingly determined by much faster growing demands for domestic and industrial use and electricity production. Other projections of total water demands show a comparable picture (Shen, 2008). However, despite being equipped, the area is often not irrigated for various reasons such as lack of water, absence of farmers, land degradation, damage and organisational problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In essence, the system is evolving to be less hierarchal and more flexible in terms of the rules that are imposed, w hile at the same time reorienting the role of governments in spatial development towards the local level and placing a larger onus on private actors to take the lead in new developments. They further argue that the diminishing role of the national government in such areas as landscape quality de facto elevates the importance of EU environmental directives as a determinant of national spatial structure (Zonneveld and Evers, 2014: 69). Thus, there is much consternation surrounding present reforms which stem in large measure from changes both in terms of how' land use is governed and in the role and scope of governmental actors which have accelerated in the wake of the 2008 economic crisis (Heurkins and Hobema, 2014, Kickert, 2015, Waterhout, Othengrafen and Sykes, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The share of 15-29 year-olds not in education and not employed (11.5%) is below the OECD average (see Figure 4), but there is scope to increase the capacity and responsiveness of skills developed in vocational education and training. A challenge shared by countries at this level is to provide relevant education that will prepare young adults for work and, at the same time, provide capacity for further learning. In Australia, 84% of 25-34 year-olds attained upper secondary level education (above the OECD average of 82%, see Figure 2). In most cases, Australian general and vocational programmes are offered in upper secondary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In modern times frontier science has been able to avert dangers posed by extreme climatic events and new pests and diseases in ways that traditional knowledge alone could not have matched. The biological control of the cassava mealy bug in Africa by the use of a pathogen imported from South America is an excellent example of modern science contributing to the protection of a traditional farming system. Many authors have decried the loss of the vast range of landraces that were used by many traditional farmers as a protection measure against climate extremes and pest and disease threats. Much of the world’s rice now comes from a tiny number of improved cultivars, most of them highly dependent on fertilizers and pesticides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
First, candidates are screened based on their Matriculation Exam score, their secondary school record and out-of-school accomplishments. The introduction of additional requirements for entering the profession should go along with accompanying measures to raise the attractiveness of teaching, for example by improving compensation levels at the beginning of the career (see Chapter 5 for data on teacher remuneration). New teachers do not have a category immediately after graduation, although under certain conditions they can apply for 2nd category attestation after one year of teaching experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additionally, Austria is also among the countries with the highest number of arrivals per inhabitant from 2015 to 2017. About 800 000 of these applications were accepted. Germany spent around EUR 16 billion, or 0.5%of GDP, in 2015 on refugees compared to Austria which spent 0.37% of GDP (by 2017, it was increased to 0.75% of GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is nevertheless interesting to speculate what aggregate trends in these non-income related taxes imply for the relative tax burdens of different income groups. Perhaps contrary to common perception, indirect taxes, which consume a greater part of income for lower-income groups, have declined as a share of total tax revenues (from 34% in 1985 to 32% in 2005), despite a significant increase in revenues from value-added taxes (OECD, 2007c). Finally, and unlike contributions paid by employees, payroll taxes and social contributions paid by employers have tended to decline slightly between 1985 and 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This area is regulated within a set of environmental laws, which, together with the conservation of nature, regulate protection of the environment, air, water and waste management, and provide for establishment of a fund for environmental protection. State laws related specifically to the environment do not exist. Relevant laws for the area of biodiversity in the Federation also include the Law on National Park "Una" (OG FBiH, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The second source includes children whose households were erroneously identified as having no children in the relevant age category, which appears to be most likely to affect children under three with no older siblings in the household. Guio et al (2012, p.17) dropped children aged one or two erroneously labelled as 'non-applicable' from their calculations. It is crucial that in the next round of collection of child-specific indicators, the prevalence of either type of error is minimised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Elle montre que 26 pays de l’OCDE ont elabore ou sont en train d’elaborer des cadres strategiques nationaux pour l’adaptation, et que 17 d’entre eux ont egalement produit des plans d’adaptation nationaux detailles ou y travaillent. Les pays ont beaucoup investi pour constituer un socle de connaissances de plus en plus perfectionne, afin d’etayer leurs mesures d’adaptation et de renforcer leurs capacites en la matiere. Les gouvemements nationaux ont generalement adopte des mesures visant a assurer une prise en compte systematique de l’adaptation dans leurs activites et dans les dispositifs reglementaires, et mis en place des mecanismes de coordination pour que des dispositions soient prises dans l’ensemble de l’administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
▪ Abstract After describing many of the features that structure educational opportunity, and how race interacts with these structures, we briefly relate a set of important orienting perspectives on the law-race relation. We divide issues of education into three categories: (a) inherently racialized aspects of law and education, (b) aspects of education that intersect race and the law, and (c) emerging issues in race, education, and the law. Treating desegregation, affirmative action, special education, gifted and talented education, tracking, high-stakes accountability, school finance, bilingual education, and legacy admissions, we identify key cases and controversies while critically evaluating relevant social science research. We close with a discussion of the law-race relation as revealed through its operation in the field of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States also face distributional challenges across regions, particularly in rural or isolated areas. For example, across Canada, many of the 37 specialised cancer treatment centres provide chemotherapy via satellite clinics, but there is still geographic inequality in access. In the United States, national experts indicated that, even with specialists travelling to clinics, access in the west and mid-west regions is still challenging due to long distances and travel times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Chile also has high repetition rates in international comparison even if they have decreased in recent years. In addition, student achievement in international assessments, while at the top within Latin America, remains below the OECD average. However, trend analyses of PISA results have shown some statistical significant improvement in reading literacy while performance in mathematics and science has remained fairly stable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the importance of M&E, however, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), for example, has noted that though billions of dollars have been spent on biodiversity mainstreaming outcomes, there is very little robust, credible evidence on the efficacy of these actions (Huntley and Redford, 2014). Other challenges include ambiguous definitions,2 lack of monitoring methodologies and indicators, lack of baseline data, lack of capacity and technical expertise - especially at regional and local levels - a limited understanding between natural science and social science, and a lack of adequate reporting (OECD, 2015a, Davies et al., These are further compounded by an intrinsic mismatch between the short time frame of funding cycles and the longer time frame required for M&E of changes in outcomes. In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The OECD area unemployment rate reached a post-war high of 8.7% in March 2010 and is probably near its peak, but is projected to decline only slowly. Total labour market slack exceeds conventional unemployment and a broader measure encompassing inactive persons who wish to work and involuntary part-time workers is more than twice as large. The extent to which falling output translated into higher unemployment has differed dramatically across the OECD depending on whether employers emphasised labour shedding or work sharing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If these are used in production or purchasing, it provides valuable documentation that can be used to identify hazardous substances when the buildings are renovated or demolished. The identified hazardous substances can then be managed as hazardous waste while a large mass of waste can avoided becoming polluted with hazardous substances, and therefore prevent this mass of waste being categorised as hazardous waste. The guidelines contain procedural and contractual procedures governing the demolition of buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The high share of educated unemployed women also points to demand issues and lack of jobs for those who want to work—despite high growth over the past decade job creation in India has been low' overall and especially for women. Raising female participation in India requires policies that deal with supply constraints as summarised in Box 1. But it also requires creating more job opportunities for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Student benefits went even further with the preferential treatment of student work until October 2010, when Parliament adopted a new bill that abolishes student work and introduces mini jobs.17 Student work was an extremely flexible form of employment in terms of hiring and firing as opposed to regular employment, which is still heavily regulated in Slovenia. Employers also benefited from lower social contributions when they hired students, as students did not pay social security contributions (see Box 2 for more details). Student workers enjoyed major benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Award", Savewater website, www.savewater.com.au/news-media/?newsid=345, accessed 1 December 2011. Municipalities can tap into federal Clean Water Act funding, which is funnelled through the Illinois EPA in the form of revolving loan funds. Such user fees both provide new funding sources and incentivise developers to allow for on-site water containment or the downsizing of impermeable surfaces. Water system upgrades can result in opportunities for job creation in the construction trades, metre installation, the manufacture and sale of water efficient devices and appliances, and the development and installation of advanced water treatment technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The technique assumes in particular, that the conditional quantile of an individual remains the same when his/her characteristics change. Since this assumption may well not hold in practice, the results of conditional quantile regressions must be interpreted with caution (Koenker, 2005). Unconditional quantile regressions, by contrast, allow estimating the effect of a small change in workers’ characteristics on each quantile of the overall distribution. Since UQRs allow assessing the impact of a particular variable on overall earnings inequality, they are also more suitable than CQRs in the context of this article and are thus used as the baseline method.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
She would also like to thank the guest bloggers and other contributors to the SWAC @ Expo Milano website who engaged in discussions on the state and prospect of women's empowerment and gender equality in West Africa over several months, sharing their ideas and experiences and raising challenging questions. She has conducted research, co-ordinated policy analysis and published on gender, migration, conflict, peace and security, land reform and regional integration issues. She has also designed and co-ordinated the implementation of human resources and organisational development-related projects and processes in the areas of: job evaluation, organisational design, diversity and change management. Previous roles include: UNV Programme Officer at the UNDP Senegal Office, Policy Analyst at the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat of the OECD, and Human Resources Manager and OD Consultant at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These should be stated at an operational level, so as to be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (SMART), accompanying indicators should be identified that will enable the eventual assessment of whether the objectives are being met. While studies evaluating the costs and benefits of MPAs do exist, in general economic valuation is not yet widespread and is not being used to help inform the design and implementation of MPAs. Siting of MPAs needs to be undertaken in a more strategic manner, to enhance the environmental as well as cost effectiveness of MPAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The independent variables are sex, parental status (with a dependent child), the interaction between sex and parenthood, and relevant controls (age, education level and indigenous status). To evaluate the heterogeneous effects of being in a couple, the model is run three times on different sub-samples - for all men and women, for partnered men and women only, and for single men and women only. Mexican women are less likely to be employed than men, especially after becoming parents (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ensure cross-border trade regulations do not discriminate against women fish traders. Facilitate women’s work in cross-border trade by reducing the time and effort required in regulatory processes. Promote cooperative organizations of women to reduce the individual drudgery and difficulty of dealing with regulatory processes. Promote support networks between women across trading borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)