albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Kenya, CT-OVC transfers enhanced participation in non-farm enterprises by seven percentage points for female-headed households, while the effect was negative for male-headed households (Asfaw etal., However, Brazil's Bolsa Familia programme was only positively associated with entrepreneurial investments in urban areas, while no impact was observed in rural areas (Lichand, 2010). In Nicaragua, for example, participation in the (now discontinued) Red de Proteccion Social programme actually decreased involvement in informal enterprise (Maluccio, 2010), while there were no impacts of cash transfer programmes in Ghana and Lesotho (Handa etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increased safety will reduce injuries, deaths and economic losses from traffic accidents and increase usability of public means of transport by the most marginalized groups such as women, children, and persons with disabilities. It will also increase the safety of those working in the transport sector. Connecting marginalized communities such as the urban poor to efficient public transport will significantly increase their access to opportunities, and in turn enhance their connectivity with the rest of the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Basin efficiency in the base year (2005) is calculated as the ratio of the net irrigation water demand to the total irrigation water depletion estimated from records (Shiklomanov, 1999). The projection of irrigation water demand depends on the changes in irrigated area and cropping patterns, basin efficiency, and effective rainfall. Global climate change affects future irrigation water demand through changes in precipitation and temperature along w ith other meteorological variables that affect crop evapotranspiration. Irrigation demand in the FPU is calculated for a given cropping pattern after taking into account the basin efficiency of the irrigation system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Managing the vast territory covered by the SNUC requires numerous well-trained staff members. Government estimates suggest that operating federal and state protected areas needs at least 19 000 additional workers, three-quarters of them for field activities. Strict employment regulations for the public sector are an additional obstacle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One of the symptoms of globalization is an increased tension between friendship and enmity in international and transnational relationships. This dialectic is enacted through a democratic aesthetic of “telescopic mourning/warring.” US media representations of US–Japan relations from World War II through the funeral of Emperor Hirohito are examined to identify conventional persuasive devices for enacting telescopic mourning/warring and to consider the implications of this aesthetic for the production of a national imaginary. The essay concludes by arguing that a democratic aesthetic functions best as a rhetoric of ambivalence operating within the tension between “carnival” and “hegemony.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, projects applying for funding for biodiversity mainstreaming have to limit their activities to those that can be adequately captured within a traditional project design. A significant amount of time and effort is often taken in adapting biodiversity mainstreaming projects to correspond with these project design protocols. Developing a strong relationship with large funders, and maintaining a proven record of high quality delivery, can improve the options for flexibility in project design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Importantly, and as noted in Box 1, taxes other than income taxes (wealth, property and indirect taxes) are also not considered. Because the ranking of households differs between the baselines used for calculating redistributive effects of the different tax/benefit components, it is, however, not a formal decomposition approach (i.e., the redistributive effect of benefits, social contributions and taxes does not precisely sum up to the overall redistributive effect shown in Figure 7). For similar reasons, indicator levels are also not strictly comparable across the three categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The quality and efficiency problems of the education system seem to be widely recognised and the need for action, including measures for network rationalisation seem to be shared among stakeholders. A range of efficiency concerns arise from current arrangements for the governance of schooling. The administrative capacities of most self-governments (especially small municipalities) are relatively weak, many of them require active support from the relevant state institutions to take and implement decisions. Furthermore, while effective education provision can only be organised through inter-municipal co-operation which allows the sharing of resources (for example, teaching capacities, special education services or extracurricular facilities), incentives for inter-municipal co-operation are weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Critique is the exercise of judgment. Its roots lie in the Enlightenment's response to the printing revolution. The use of exotic ethnography to shock Westerners out of their complacency is well established. The 1980s saw a vigorous American school of cultural critics at home. They have European, feminist, and Marxist counterparts. Recent developments focus on globalization and cultural diversity. The world culture has become omnipresent and this has diluted anthropologists' attachment to their key concept. It would still pay anthropologists to revisit Rousseau and Kant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
National quality organizations can adopt international standards and recognize competent testing authorities outside of the country, while also participating in regional and international standard-setting bodies. Collaboration between the private sector and public authorities is not new in the setting of regulations and standards. It is a traditional element in designing smart regulations and standards - rules that protect and foster compatibility while allowing business processes to function smoothly. Such partnerships now also have to be created with the relevant private sector players in new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Yves Leterme, Deputy Secretary-General of OECD, and the Korean Maritime Institute (KM I) signed a statement of intent on co-operation on the ocean economy. It furthermore calls for co-operation between nations to halt illegal practices at sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As Norway stipulates, “the importance of non-formal and informal learning is recognized, and aims to be achieved through organizations and services complementing the formal system, awareness-raising is addressed in order to change behaviours [towards] sustainable development” (Norway, NIR). Slovenia reports that non-formal and informal ESD have been included in the National Master Plan for Adult Education 2013-2020 as a priority task, as one of 15 long-term goals and, on the implementation level, as one of the priority content areas of programming for adults (Slovenia, NIR). Armenia reports that the development of the National Strategy for ESD and Plan of Activities for 2016-2025 is in progress (Armenia, NIR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Until recently, however, the issue had received relatively little attention and few countries have developed systematic policies to address it. Another option is to provide migrant women with access to entrepreneurship. It is a particularly effective pathway into the labour market. It affords the opportunity of engaging in gainful activity that is more flexible and easier to combine with childcare and other commitments, and where cultural barriers are less of an obstacle than regular employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, even in a context of overall paucity of roads, efforts to increase connectivity through road infrastructure are likely to have the most impact when targeted to those regions w'here industrial activity' is more easily facilitated. The relationship between infrastructure and growth can therefore take the shape of an inverted “U” curve, where at initial stages, low or no infrastructure has no impact on growth, until after a threshold where additional infrastructure will contribute to sharp rises in maiginal growth, until economies reach a level of infrastructure provision that is almost complete. From that point on, additional infrastructure investments have once again low or no impact on economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Judicial intervention, depending on how progressive the judicial officer is, may have both positive and negative impact on the phenomenon of VAWG. Court records reveal the role played by legal processes in disrupting or reinforcing patterns of domestic violence.32 The role of the judiciary in CEFM cases is to adjudicate CEFM cases brought before the judicial officers under the relevant laws, to create a victim centred courtroom with sufficient safeguards and support for victims and witnesses in these cases, and to engage in efforts outside the courtroom aimed at changing mind-sets and influencing positive change. Each of these roles will ensue a further disposition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, 63% in finance and 67% in other sectors responded “No” to the question: “Do you feel that you need further training in order to cope well with your present duties?” The descriptive statistics for these two questions would suggest that financial sector workers are not more likely to be overskilled than others. One concern with these descriptive statistics is that they may be subject to reporting bias arising from, for instance, overconfidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mexico is the country with the highest percentage of 15-year-old participating students with a PISA index of economic, social and cultural status below -1.0, with 58.2%, followed by Turkey with 58.0% and then Chile with 37.2%. The socio-economic profile of the education system in Mexico for 2009 remained unchanged since 2000 (PISA 2009 Results Volume V, Table V.4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The best definition would be that endorsed by the large majority of the social and economic actors in Poland, a definition that reflects the Polish reality, that is realistic in the Polish context, and that belongs to Poland. There is therefore an urgent need for a Polish definition of the green economy, together with a set of objectives. These objectives should be realistic (attainable), measurable and in line with Poland's overall vision for the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Gains in per capita food availability are most pronounced in the Fast, Globally-Driven Growth scenario (the "Fast" scenario in short), combining strong income growth with significant progress in agricultural productivity and open markets. Both globally and in most regions, this scenario would continue the food availability trend of recent decades. In contrast, the Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth scenario (the "Individual" scenario in short) is based firmly on sovereignty and regionalism and would slow down progress substantially, as evident in much lower growth in per capita food availability both at the global and regional levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Less clear is their bet that incubators can gather viable entrepreneurs directly from the student community. Entrepreneurs are typically informed by their prior professional experience, effort at generating viable incubator participants would likely be better placed outside the student body. Though policymakers have identified industrial ‘clusters" in Queretaro and Morelos, as elsewhere in Mexico, the use of this term in this context does not necessitate a great degree of meaningful cohesion and collaboration among the firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Also, assessing the adequacy of adaptation conflates climate and non-climate factors (Helgeson and Ellis 2015). Further, it would suffer the same drawbacks related to support needs as outlined above. This goal is qualitative, and has three components: enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An implementing partner is an entity with which UNHCR enters into a subagreement to implement a project on a contractual basis for the benefit of persons of concern. An operational partner is an entity whose work is complementary to that of UNHCR and which may be assisting the same populations of concern or working towards the same goals, however, it does not receive funds from UNHCR for that purpose. An example of an operational partner is the World Food Programme, which distributes food to persons of concern in certain locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On a global scale, however, it simply adds to GHG emissions as methane is a much more potent GHG than CO2 (USEPA, 2017). Global food loss and waste generate annually 4.4 Gt equivalent of CO2, or about 8% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions4, making the contr ibution only slightly less than that of global road transportation (Sims et al., By comparison, data on food waste biorefining are difficult to find and are not yet robust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The need to mainstream biodiversity in all policy domains and economic sectors is explicitly recognised. The NBS also signals a clear shift from previous biodiversity policy, in that it aims at the conservation of ecosystems and the promotion of biosphere reserves and ecological corridors rather than focusing on single species. Targets will be developed in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this article the author claims that Waluchow’s “living tree constitutionalism” constitutes a “copernican revolution in our thinking”, because it provides not a mere common law theory of judicial review but a general theory of judicial review and of constitutional democracy. Although agrees that something like the common law methodology is at play here, disagrees on characterizing it as bottom-up. Accordingly, intends to praise the main aspiration of A Common Law Theory of Judicial Review. The Living Tree, i.e. to provide a better understanding of charters and judicial review in a constitutional democracy by “the living tree” metaphor, to appraise an unwarranted claim, i.e. to reduce it to the common law bottom-up methodology, and, to raise the alternative with a friendly amendment, i.e. to identify the community’s constitutional political morality via, a method that is both bottom-up and top-down, which is already explicit —or at least implicit— in his account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The delay in removing the MEP on basmati rice has seen Indian exporters lose market share to their Pakistani competitors who had their MEP removed in late 2008 and have benefited from a dramatic depreciation of the Pakistani currency vis-a-vis the Indian rupee (Slayton, 2009). India's share of world rice exports fell from 19% in 2007 (averaging 15% during 2004-06) to just 7% in 2009. However, during the rice price crisis in early 2008 China did not respond to the public and private appeals that it use its growing rice surpluses to partially fill the gap created by the exit of India and Vietnam from the market (Slayton, 2009). China delayed issuing export quotas and shipped out only 56 000 tonnes at the peak of the market during April-June 2008, down from 167 000 tonnes during the same period a year earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consequently, unemployment protection tools should be designed to fulfil the twin objectives of labour market institutions, namely to protect structurally weak players and help the labour market to function efficiently. An analysis of 150 countries shows that just 22 offered unemployment insurance or assistance in 1949, but in the next four decades the number rose gradually to 38, consisting mostly of the 20 countries that founded the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (United States Social Security Administration, 1999, cited in Vroman and Brusentsev, 2005). Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, the countries of the former Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union also implemented unemployment insurance or assistance systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To be effective, institutions should be able to incorporate information from different sources, evaluate the relative quality of that information, set goals that are based on evidence, and be adaptable when facts change. There is a difficult trade-off between strictly detailed procedures which are easy to communicate and control but introduce a lot of rigidities that may significantly increase costs (including long delays, interminable negotiations, repeated votes) and flexible rules that facilitate adaptation but could allow the decision process to become arbitrary. Public access to procedures, including for parties not directly involved, is one way to reduce the shaipness of this trade-off by making rigid systems run more smoothly and flexible ones less arbitrary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
First, such transactions tend to be focused on short-term gains rather than long-term productive investment. Second, speculative activity has harmful destabilizing effects on the real economy, contributing to volatility, financial crisis and, as a result, crises in the real economy in terms of lost output, unemployment, and economic insecurity that weighs most heavily on households with low incomes and few assets. Most rates are in the range of 0.1 per cent to 0.3 per cent but are as high as 0.6 per cent in Argentina (Burman etal. According to Rodrik (2006), the opportunity cost of those reserves is roughly i per cent of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
1. Introduction to the Special Issue on Administrative Culture in Developing and Transitional Countries 2. Understanding Administrative Culture: Some Theoretical and Methodological Remarks 3. The Role of Organizational Culture on Informal Conflict Management 4. Culture, Administration, and Reform in Africa 5. Bureaucratic Culture and the Social-Political Connection: The Bangladesh Example 6. The Dilemma for the New Administrative Culture in Mexican Public Administration: Esprit de Corps or Individualist Bureaucracy? 7. Performance Appraisal or Praising Performance? The Culture of Rhetoric in Performance Management in Ghana Civil Service 8. Administrative Culture in Bulgaria: Sources, Foundations, and Transitions 9. Implementation of Strategic Organizational Change: The Case of King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia 10. Public Sector Reforms in Fiji: Examining Policy Implementation Setting and Administrative Culture 11. Administrative Culture and Incidence of Corruption in Bangladesh: A Search for the Potential Linkage
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the last 25 years, approximately 122 species of vertebrates and four species of plants are expected to have lost more than 50 per cent of their population. There are about 32 endemic and approximately 110 subendemic plant species in the country. According to the project on invasive species in Albania, funded by the World Bank in 2007, they are mainly nematodes, molluscs, insects, decapods, fish and mammals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These policy measures are currently filed in the House of Representatives for the 17th Congress and are essential for biodiversity financing. The councils are the highest planning and policy-making body that serves as the counterpart of the NEDA board at the subnational level. They play a vital role in co-ordinating and setting direction of local initiatives that could accelerate socioeconomic development in the region. The amount is significant, and these agencies can also carry out activities that are beyond the mandate of DENR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As part of incubation, women entrepreneurs at HWBI, AFEM and JFBPW are provided with a work space, computer, internet access, etc. Nominal fees are charged to incubating enterprises for the use of incubator facilities, but this is not nearly sufficient to recoup the costs of delivering the incubation services. Consequently, raising funds is an ongoing challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The GES screened over 150 GHG abatement technologies against cost criteria and conditions in Ethiopia, coming up with an investment plan of over 60 initiatives that can be turned into bankable projects in order to attract international climate finance. The GES’s bold proposition is that, by 2030, there is potential for per-person GDP to increase by 475%, from USD 380 to more than USD 1,800 GDP per capita, while at the same time decreasing GHG emissions on a per capita basis from 1.81 to l.lt CC>2e - over a third. A more deliberate focus on social equity and poverty reduction considerations can maximise the ‘winners’ and minimise possible ‘losers’ from embarking on green growth pathways, as well as ensure the widest range of sectors and livelihoods are embraced and mobilised, in particular with respect to land access and changes in land user rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This Programme is ambitious and requires the development of thematic programmes and operational action plans at several administrative levels (national to local). Thus, its implementation is based on strong collaboration and coordination. It has a strong focus on improving water, sanitation and living conditions for all. It also focus on the consequences of climate change on water resources in order to ensure water availability and comfortable living conditions in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract Aim: Frail and vulnerable adults are divested of meaningful encounters when modernization and urbanization force them to embrace an unconventional residential care environment as a home. The aim of this article is to report on a study of SeSotho elders living in residential care to illustrate how more meaningful and culturally relevant experiences could be facilitated for them. Methods. A content analysis was done of the individual opinions of 15 collaborators as a secondary scrutiny of information obtained during a nominal group process. Major findings. Findings revealed that elders were prone to experience loneliness, helplessness, and boredom due to situations dominated by occupational injustice. Co-occupations, training of staff, and environmental adaptations that allow a sense of interdependence could contribute in facilitating occupational justice for elders from a traditional South African indigenous background living in residential care. Principal conclusion. Human dignity and respect are...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest policy, legislation and silviculture play important roles in the likelihood, extent and severity of forest fire (World Bank, 2014, Rosleshoz, 2014). A key output of the FLEGT Action Plan is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. As of May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia, this number was unchanged as of May 2015. Nine other countries are in negotiation with the EU on VPAs, and 11 countries have expressed interest (EU FLEGT Facility, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)