albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These negotiations concern improving the transport and road network, action to prevent road harassments, the concentration of activities for electricity and water supply services, and improving, extending and managing physical transaction infrastructure (e.g., markets, warehouses and transport). By including opportunities for "regularisa-tion" in negotiations on a specific or sectoral service, rather than conditioning negotiations on administrative or fiscal regularisation, the framework for broad agreement about more effective economic performance will be developed in simple, successive stages. In this respect it might be worth considering the experience of other regions, keeping in mind that contexts can vary. The ideal would be for the two to co-exist constructively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In contrast, developing countries are affected by their limited capacity despite the overall importance of the fisheries as a source of food protein. Fisheries on the high seas and those for straddling stocks face unique challenges, as fish move across national boundaries. The following paragraphs identify the state of play at the national and international level, and in some cases illustrate how nations are seeking ways in which to deal with the four types of uncertainty identified earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Equally important, secure property rights are necessary for the financing of new and existing businesses, as property ownership provides a key source of collateral for securing bank loans. Many inconsistent laws about personal property rights were subsequently passed, giving rise to ambiguity and widespread conflict but resulting in limited private property ownership and weak protection of property rights. In principle, the state still retains the power, and reserves the right, to nationalise any property that has been privatised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, each additional customer in the area reduces the average cost for all involved since the cost for connecting the additional customer is small. The physical link through the grid not only links customers to a producer but also links all producers with one another. This is why in the electricity system changes in the level of production of one company immediately have impacts on the production and profitability of another company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, to the knowledge of the authors, there has not been a systematic attempt to quantify its economic impact and thus other effects will not be discussed further in this chapter. For example, additional investments in the transmission and distribution infrastructure, and thus higher transmission costs, may lead to a cheaper generation mix and lower balancing costs, thus reducing the two other cost components. Similarly, having a more flexible generation is generally more expensive, but allows for a reduction in balancing costs. The numerical capabilities of existing tools do not allow such comprehensive calculations and existing power system models can represent only some aspects of the whole system and are therefore able to capture only limited impact groups at once.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Monitoring continues to require adequate data on ozone-depleting substances, all of which can be derived from national production and international trade statistics. These are areas dedicated to safeguarding and maintaining biological diversity and natural resources, with their associated cultural value. From 1990 to 2012, protected terrestrial areas grew from 8.9 per cent to 14.6 per cent of the world’s land surface. Over the same period, marine protection has more than doubled in coastal waters up to 12 nautical miles, from 4.6 per cent to 9.7 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If a demand exists for unnecessarily resource intensive products, then one manufacturer or the other will meet the demand. Resource efficiency is thus inextricably linked to both consumption and production. Although the target has proved difficult to meet, automobile manufacturers have made great strides in facilitating compliance for example, by using recycled material, improving material identification, improving ease of dismantling, ease of re-use and ease of recycling. Environmentally harmful materials and ingredients in materials are being eliminated entirely or their usage minimised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The islands in the Aland archipelago are overgrown with vegetation and less people are at sea, except during the summer vacation. These conclude that grey seal and harbor seal are increasing in numbers, while ringed seal populations in the Gulf of Finland are decreasing and currently only represented by around 100 animals (HELCOM, 2017b). Assessments of ringed seal populations in the Bothnian Bay show a large increase, from estimates of 2000 seals in the mid 80s (Harkonen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Better scientific information will also strengthen the basis for assessing the economic value of ecosystem services. Information about the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services, nationally and globally, should be better researched and communicated so as to strengthen political and public support for biodiversity and development policies. The integration of biodiversity into the 2010-14 PND and the adoption of a National Policy for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in 2012 are important steps in establishing a more effective framework. The public budget for biodiversity has also been significantly increased in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Drawing on numerous biographical and critical sources, and paying particular attention to the sociohistorical context of sixteenth-century Europe, this chapter charts Peter Ramus’s rise in French academia. Ramus’s search for a natural method of rational inquiry posited his willingness to court controversy. The manner of Ramus’s inquiry evinced his reluctance to compromise. His master’s thesis of 1536, Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta sunt, commentitia sunt, announced that unwillingness. Ramus’s two publications from 1543, Dialecticae partitiones and Aristotelicae animadversiones, confirmed the contentiousness of that reluctance. Ramus’s initial target was the reformation of dialectic. He proceeded to reassess rhetoric. Ramus considered rhetoric intimate with, but separate and subservient to, dialectic. His radical humanism even alienated some humanists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Historically, Australia’s interests in the Middle East related primarily to its role in the Commonwealth imperial defence system which resulted in the deployment of Australian forces in the Middle East during both the First and Second World Wars. Similarly, the current involvement of Australian troops in Iraq and Afghanistan is driven by the country’s strategic alliance with the United States. However, Australia’s current involvement reflects a multifaceted relationship that spans economic, political and strategic spheres. Yet it is at the level of cultural and civilisational contacts that this relationship appears at its most vulnerable. This paper argues that a deeper understanding of this cultural dimension combined with a broader emphasis on good governance and human rights would be conducive to more robust ties in the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. This publication is printed on 100% recycled paper, using vegetable -based inks and other eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP's carbon footprint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Part of the challenge is one of definition. There needs to be some consensus regarding what are the key outcomes as Sydney shifts to a sustainable economy and what is to be measured. More focus needs to be given to defining criteria and to measuring the size, dimensions of greenness and the potential of the sustainable economy to grow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
South Asia is not only the second fastest growing region in the world, it is also one of the poorest, which puts energy at the very heart of the development process in the region. According to the United Nations (UN) World’s Economic and Social Situation and Prospects 2013, the region registered a growth rate of 8.3 per cent and 5.8 per cent in the years 2010 and 2011 respectively, with projections of 4.4 per cent in 2012. Despite this, significant progress remains to be made. With a population of over 1.6 billion, the region is home to half of the world’s poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Alcohol is one of the four lifestyle-related factors tackled by the 2010 Non-communicable Disease Strategy. Legislative measures to cut binge drinking through restrictions that reduce access to lower priced alcohol and its consumption in specified areas were introduced in 2011. More recently, the first national alcohol policy was issued for consultation in 2016. Malta was one of the first countries to introduce a smoking ban in 2004 and has continually updated regulations on tobacco advertising and promotion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract High economic growth rates, the revolution in telecommunications and the end of the Cold War have brought about rapid and profound changes to the domestic as well as regional environments of Northeast Asian governments. The maritime sphere, where increasingly militarized state boundaries delineate political authority and economic activities link increasingly interdependent communities therein, bears high significance for the study of regional cooperation. This paper looks at how the maritime sphere of Northeast Asia is represented in common political and academic discourses of international relations. It finds that maritime affairs are firmly cast in the language of national security, and that empirical evidence against perceived threats and related security imperatives is often neglected if not completely ignored. The paper argues that the maritime space, due to its special character, has become the stage on which the consequences of modernity appear particularly strong. The relentless quest to ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This text presents an analysis of secondary and professional school levels as public policy for the development of the citizen and the worker. The focus is on the proceedings of secondary and professional levels according to LDBEN 9394/96 and their relation to the exercise of human rights and citizenship. For this purpose, we start from an analysis of the social, political and economical context in order to conduct the study of the guiding regulations of secondary and professional teaching. We discuss the proposal that support secondary and professional teaching and highlight the goals of the training based on human rights and citizenship, but that in the current societal context can also lead to the strengthening of neoliberal ideals in meeting the interests of the productive system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also sets out the importance of defining different stages in the creation and implementation of a strategy for financial education in schools: create awareness of the need for financial education and secure the support of the educational system and of teachers in particular. Within each state and territory there are also three sectors of education: Government, Catholic, and the Independent school sector. In each jurisdiction schools systems and individual schools have to juggle and respond to local, state and national priorities. These priorities impact on jurisdictional curriculum frameworks and require states and territories to make difficult decisions on how these priorities will be addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This includes, for instance, introduction of improved woodstoves, development of managed woodlots and forests for fuelwood and other community needs, promotion of biogas, solar, wind and other renewable technologies, off-grid rural electrification based on renewable electricity, introduction of efficient technologies such as compact fluorescents, and development of low carbon Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in many sectors. Nonetheless, a number of general observations may have broad applicability. In the case of individuals, the difficult economic situation in many countries, limited access to information, limited access to resources, and low awareness of environmental issues related to the energy sector all serve to disempower and limit capacity - and the most vulnerable members of the community will typically be the most disempowered. In some countries with a strong tradition of participation and involvement, NGOs are key contributors to policy and program development in the country. In other countries the role of civil society organisations is severely constrained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A further 91 species have been registered at Javakheti lakes, many of them included on both the Georgian and IUCN Red Lists. The territory is a habitat for endangered species included on the Red List, among them Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Ciconia ciconia, Ciconia nigra, Anser erythropus, Tadoma ferriginea, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Oxyura leucocephala and Grus grus. Many of them are included in the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS - the Bonn Convention) and the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Scholars of democratization have recently renewed their efforts to examine the influence of the international context in processes of transitions, by bridging comparative politics and international relations. This article contributes to this growing literature through an analysis of Morocco's stalled democratization in the light of its external context. International factors have been introduced in analyses of democratization only very recently and they have a structural bias. The study offers an ‘agency’-based theoretical framework of understanding and uses concepts drawn from the realist theories of international relations. Two different dimensions along which countries should be analysed when examining their process of regime change are employed. The article then proceeds to examine the case of Morocco. It concludes that the international dimension crucially contributed to shape the development and the outcome of the Moroccan transition by modifying the incentive structures of the domestic actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include assumptions about population and GDP growth by country to the year 2100 (HASA/OECD, 2013). In this report, the Reference scenario uses the assumptions that follow “business-as-usual” economic and population trends based on the standardised scenario SSP2 (van Vuuren et al., In this Reference scenario, global population reaches just above 9 billion people by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such challenges add to their other problems associated with commodity dependence, as documented in UNCTAD and FAO (2017). As a result, for them, implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs will be even more challenging. Unequal exposure to risks and varying capabilities among the CDDCs is an important factor to bear in mind when reflecting on the discussions in this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Companies from Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia are looking into investment opportunities in this sector. It examines the land tenure system, the regime for FDI in agriculture and the investment incentives offered to agricultural investors. This gives the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) significant discretion on the selection of projects as no clear and transparent selection criteria have been established in the legislation to select specific projects, for instance based on the linkages they would create with local MSMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nowadays, ceramic kilns burn wood but also a lot of waste as fuel (e.g. treated wood, tyres and used oil collected by waste pickers from landfills and sold to potters), which causes a great deal of air pollution and contaminates the soil. The unbumed refuse is discharged into landfills or nature. The same situation occurs in bathhouses (of which there are approximately 5,000 across the country), which have ovens that use some waste as fuel. These studies show that most hazardous waste is stored in situ, at the production sites (235,561 tons in 2008 alone). The risk of pollution is highest at the storage sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Empowerment processes change existing power relations and are characterised by contestation and competition for influence and control over opportunities, resources and assets that have real and significant value to those involved. There is always the potential for conflict. Although there may be risks for donors, those most at risk will be the least powerful, the poor and marginalised people that donor interventions are seeking to benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Each Parly shall participate in a facilitativc. For example, the decision text explicitly requests the APA to draw on experiences from, and take into account, other on-going relevant processes under the Convention (paragraph 93). The transparency framework is to build on the current measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system, and will eventually supersede the MRV system established by COP 16 in Cancun and COP 17 in Durban (paragraph 99).10 A possible timeline for a smooth transition from the existing transparency system to the future transparency framework under the Paris Agreement is presented in Figure 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All levels of government could use the JICA-MCDCB roadmap and the present study as a basis to design projects collectively. It could be an opportunity to attract more easily official development finance at the local level but also to give the LGUs - and in particular the MCDA if created - a more important role in attracting international finance to realise urban green growth objectives. Such local mechanism has already been set up in several main cities in Viet Nam, with support of the French Development Agency (AFD). Such initiative could be supported by the national government, and in particular the Philippines Development Bank and the Land Bank of the Philippines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Low wholesale costs translate into low retail prices and the country has the lowest relative mobile Internet prices among the LDCs at less than one percent of GNI. Affordability is further enhanced through free Internet access at some 200 community centers spread across the country. All but two higher secondary schools have Internet access and gender parity has been eliminated with more females than males enrolled in secondary school154.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The type of collection system depends on the location and type of the settlement. The waste lorry passes once a day and rings a bell. Residents take out their waste and deposit it in the waste lorries. When this is not feasible for citizens, the alternative is to deposit the waste bag on the street, often by the trees or on the pavement. The situation with the number of containers has improved recently due to significant investments by municipal authorities - this is particularly true in Tbilisi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Institutional coordination is especially needed with respect to migrants, including greater vertical cooperation between central-level agencies and municipalities, as well as horizontal coordination at the municipal level to avoid overlap (OECD, 2017(25]). Sweden has all types of rural areas within its national territory: from those with proximity to functional urban areas, to remote rural areas. The southern part of the country is more densely populated than the north, while the north is characterised by different areas such as a sparsely populated interior with population concentrated in cities along the coast. In remote rural areas, there are places which have very concentrated populations in few centres (such as Norrbotten), and other where the population is more evenly distributed (such as Jamtland-Harjedalen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They also involve a potential risk of exacerbating existing economic, social and technological divides, as countries with strong existing capabilities harness new technologies for development, leaving others ever further behind. Applying technology to the challenges of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires building local capacities and developing policies and an enabling environment - as well as unprecedented resource mobilizatbn, partnerships and multilateral global collaboration - to (a) fund research and development (R&D) that is relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals, (b) build networks, (c) strengthen the global science-policy interface, (d) transfer technologies, and (e) support the development of capabilities in developing countries. Current national and international efforts are seriously inadequate for this task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While policy instruments need to be tailored to local conditions, calling for targeted action in specific sectors that can be particularly relevant in some cities, a number of overarching insights also merits consideration and will be briefly discussed below. Previous chapters have laid out innovative, internationally comparable data that help grasp how inclusively cities are growing. While the OECD is working on expanding such data, governments can also adapt them locally and develop their own indicators of well-being and progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are now stand-alone goals on inequalities, cities and human settlements, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption and production, and the protection of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This broad agenda reflects human rights principles and standards and recognizes the interlinkages between different areas of development and the importance of environmental and climate protection for poverty reduction and human well-being. Nevertheless, the agenda is fraught with tensions both between different goals and between its normative aspirations and the suggested means of implementation that largely rely on trade, private finance and public-private partnerships (chapter 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where possible incentives should not be punitive, and should avoid publicly singling out providers where possible. And all of these strategies require - and contribute to - building a safety culture and a spirit of collaboration. None of this is possible without leadership from policy makers, from clinicians and providers, from administrators. Of course patients must be invited to lead and be involved at all stages of the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
▪ Abstract This literature review asks three questions of the scholarship on the regulatory networks that have so transformed global governance. First, what are these networks good for? We summarize the state of the literature on regulatory races, the fit between networks and the process of globalization, and the crucial role of the revolution in communications in the development of networks, introducing the topics with a brief intellectual history of regulatory network analysis in international relations and international law scholarship. Second, we examine how we can make sure that regulatory networks are good by asking this question: How might necessary and appropriate accountability mechanisms for the networks be constructed? The answers to these questions are at the foundation of a global administrative law, which is itself the subject of a burgeoning scholarly literature. Our third question concerns the way regulatory networks fit into a world where traditional intergovernmental relations and formal...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)