albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The role of a firearm examiner is wide ranging, involving tasks that require scientific understanding in aspects of chemistry, physics and biology. This article aims to provide a critical review of the key scientific principles and practices specifically involved with forensic firearm identification and to discuss how misidentifications have resulted in cases of injustice. Implementation of quality assured examination practice, demonstration of individual examiner competence and more objective methods of reporting are being adopted by firearm examiners and laboratories to address some of the criticisms relating to subjectivity and standardisation inherent within the discipline. The impact of these changes is outlined and further recommendations are made for both examiners and legal professionals to minimise the potential for future injustices involving firearms evidence. Latest research in the field is cited, continuing to support the theory and use of firearm identification as admissible evidence in court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As evidence, computer users witnessed an average income increase of US$ 38.36, which equates to a total 8.00% increase, or 3.92% per year. Finally, the largest impact occurred among the Internet users, who benefited from increased speed and, in the case of those users who previously used dial-up Internet, elimination of the incremental cost of usage. Users who could access the service directly in their homes as a result of network deployment also benefited. For this group, the increase in the income level was substantially greater than in the previous cases: Their income increased by US$ 51.86, a 10.27% rise relative to their initial income, or a 5.01% increase per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If the subsidies are given to the farmers it can be expected that the prices received by the fertiliser industry will drop after the subsidy is abolished, following the decline in fertiliser demand. Figure 7 shows the price effects of the different policies. When the subsidies on fertilisers are abolished, the cost of fertiliser to the agricultural sector increases, thus reducing farmers’ demand for fertilisers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, observed differences partly reflect the social and economic challenges associated with single parenthood, and not only gender differences as such (UNCTAD, 2014, UNECE and World Bank Institute, 2010). Equally, differences between male- and female-headed households represent only one aspect of gender in rural communities: The position of female members within households (regardless of headship) raises significantly different issues, and affects much more of the female population. However, it is important to emphasize that gender roles in agriculture (and gender norms more broadly) are highly context-specific. The scope for generalization or wider extrapolation of patterns from a small number of countries is therefore limited, especially among a group of countries as geographically, economically and culturally diverse as LDCs: The country examples provided highlight the diversity of national experiences as much as their commonalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The emphasis is mainly on soil water nutrient levels, acidification, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and leaching of nutrients from the site. Nevertheless, some studies have addressed these issues in different Nordic countries. For example, the effect of final felling of forest stands on runoff water chemistry and discharge has been widely studied, as has the effect of wooded strips along streams (buffer zones) on runoff water chemistry and aquatic organisms in northern Sweden. In Finland the role of forest land in artificial recharge of high quality groundwater resources to compensate for water extraction has also been studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It would be timely for governments to review the existing institutional structures in place and what they are intended to achieve, and consider updating these to reflect evolving policy needs and priorities. Moreover, once challenges or issues arise, these need to be addressed. It is also important to note, however, that these inter-ministerial committees do not need to be biodiversity-specific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Strengthening public primary and community care would also result in fewer self-referrals to hospital emergency departments for minor ailments and conditions where treatment costs are much higher. Finally, managing chronic conditions better within primary care settings would contribute towards preventing deterioration and the need for hospital care. For example, GPs and private family doctors linked in to the myHealth system are now able to make referrals for services that could previously only be requested by hospital specialists. Additionally, the range of services provided in primary care has been expanded to include, for example, chronic disease management clinics and healthy lifestyle clinics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Constantly prodded by federal authorities and an increasingly demanding public, the states progressively agreed and implemented such standards. Second, along with the standards, the states developed a range of resources to implement them in classrooms, including guidelines for instructional design, lesson plans and pedagogy. Capacity to implement the standards was developed at all levels of the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, there is higher yield variability in Australia than in the UK, which creates more incentives to insure yield risk. Second, yield risk in Australia is rather systemic as reflected by the higher correlations between yields of different crops and of different farmers. This may be due to the importance of droughts in yield risk in Australia. More systemic yield risk reduces the scope for crop diversification as a risk management strategy and creates more incentives to use the crop insurance strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The findings of this year’s World Drug Report make clear that the international community needs to step up its responses to cope with these challenges. The opioid crisis in North America is rightly getting attention, and the international community has taken action. In March 2018, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs scheduled six analogues of fentanyl, including carfentanil, which are contributing to the deadly toll. This builds on the decision by the Commission at its sixtieth session, in 2017, to place two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of fentanyl and an analogue under international control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most refugees live in individual accommodation in urban areas (UNHCR, 2018c) where they seek security, anonymity, job opportunities and better access to services. Around 500,000 Syrians who were never registered by UNHCR are excluded from the new residency policy in March 2017 that waived residency fees for refugees registered by UNHCR (Janmyr, 2018). In 2015, Tunisia officially hosted fewer than 1,000 refugees (UNHCR, 2016a), even though some 1 million Libyans had fled there from the civil war (Karasapan, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Standards were also improved or clarified to address comprehensive water-quality protections, the conservation of biological diversity, indigenous peoples' rights, and forest tree biotechnology. The forest area certified to the SFI Forest Management Standard now exceeds 250 million acres (100 million hectares) (SFI, 2015b). The process to develop a standard in Cameroon has progressed to the public consultation phase, one of the final steps before a standard is submitted for PEFC endorsement (PEFC, 2015b). The PEFC continues to work to expand forest certification opportunities in South America, including by convening a PEFC regional conferenceand workshop in Uruguay in April 2015 to bring together South American PEFC members, national system experts and stakeholders with other countries in the region who are interested in developing their own certification systems (PEFC, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since the transformation of public companies the effectiveness of service has improved and waste collection has started to expand to rural areas. For example, A.S.A. EKO d.o.o. Porr Umwelttechnik GmbH’s Serbian subsidiary PWW is currently the largest private waste management provider in Serbia and collects the MSW of around 600,000 residents at present. It started its activities in Serbia in 2007 and is serving Leskovac and Jagodina.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
‘Learnings regarding the role of “place” in conflict and the communication of conflict’ draws together overarching themes, learnings and implications from the experiences relayed by the authors in the preceding chapters. These chapters demonstrate that place constitutes a central nexus with conflict and its associated communication. Creating a more harmonious world requires attention to place. The learnings provide understanding that the processes of conflict management and resolution can benefit by consideration of the nexus among place, conflict and communication. Often ignored as a ‘silent’ participant, place plays a central role in conflict and the communication of conflict. A multidisciplinary approach, drawing on scholarship from diverse areas, provides fresh insights. Collins concludes that this is an area ripe for further exploration and research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the present case, LCOE were calculated including a carbon price of USD 30 per tonne of CO2. The advantage of nuclear energy in this context is that its average cost remains very stable in the light of changes in the fuel or in the carbon price. In particular, it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation. Overnight costs include construction and contingency costs but exclude IDC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The terms of exchange would be determined through negotiations, but would lie somewhere between the opportunity costs in the two countries. Two of the four cases involve exchanges of rainfed and irrigated output, while two cases involve an exchange of either rainfed or irrigated crops. There is not a unique or standard type of trade that will maximize net welfare. As in any trading opportunity, optimal strategies pertaining to rainfed and irrigated production can be determined only by considering comparative advantages, which are determined by evaluating empirical values of the pertinent opportunity costs. Some authors will expand the scope of their analysis to include additional countries and regions, while others will improve the accuracy of their measurements by collecting more detailed information regarding water use and production methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The arrows show the movement for each country between 1961 and 2005. For nearly all developing countries, the arrow points to the north-west, indicating an increasing rate of protection as labour leaves the sector, whereas the pattern for high income OECD countries is mixed.14 The arrows are also much longer for developing countries, as more dramatic structural changes have taken place, and the associated change in protection has been larger. In few cases, however, have policy makers openly acknowledged that long-term competitiveness is not a realistic goal for the majority of smallholders and decided to focus their programmes on potentially viable operations. At the same time, there is no documented case of a smallholder programme in which the majority of farmers enrolling have succeeded in progressing through the programme to successfully join the ranks of efficient commercial producers. In other words, no programme has reversed the structural tendency for smallholders to leave the sector. This suggests that these policies constitute social policies at least as much as developmental ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this light, the scientific bodies under the Convention could focus also on the city scale and assess the contribution of long range transport to air pollution in cities. The scientific community can generate knowledge and methodologies to be used by local authorities, but also regional and national authorities to support their cities. Linkages between both scales should be considered in the tools developed and promoted by the scientific community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Against a backdrop of social issues, natural resource limits and waste problems, the question of how people live and consume - the lifestyles they pursue - becomes central to sustainability. The continuing increase in population in Asia, Africa and Latin America needs to sustain itself, in a fast growing economic environment, the level of material consumption per person also increases. For example, according to the African development Bank (AtDB 2011), there was a growth rate of 3.1% in the middle-class (defined as those consuming between 2-20 USD per day) in Africa, rising from 126 million people (27%) in 1980 to 350 million (34%) in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, half of lifetime mental health problems (excluding dementia) begin to emerge by age 14 and three-quarters by the mid-20s, making this a crucial age group for the early identification of problems and swift and effective intervention. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men. The most recent National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (July 2014) shows that the long-term downward trend in patient suicides continues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, the assessment includes developments in non-formal learning (Indicator 1.4), as well as good practice sharing (Indicators 1.5, 1.16). The change to the 2016 assessment on women’s entrepreneurship is a pilot initiative. The planning and design assessment looked at the existence of policy partnerships, policy frameworks, institutional support and the extent to which women entrepreneurs are given strategic importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
High mesophile grass species, such as Arunda donax, Imperata cylindrical and Erianthus ravennae, comprise complexes with hygrophilous biocoenosis. The overall area occupied by juniper is 66,200 ha, including 400 ha of young growths, 6,900 ha of middle-aged stands, 15,100 ha of maturing forests and 43,800 ha of mature and over-mature stands. The overall area with pistachio trees exceeds 100,000 ha, 36,400 ha of which are forest stands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice and the US Supreme Court on the fundamental rights of commercial companies. The rights considered include property, the privilege against self-incrimination, freedom of speech, double jeopardy, the right to make political donations, and the freedom of religion. The article highlights the dangers of taking the fundamental rights of companies too far, as has recently occurred in the US, and it advocates a cautious and coordinated approach to this delicate issue, which has become increasingly important on both sides of the Atlantic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Learning is social and collaboration must be in place to develop all the skills students need for the 21st century. In Lumiar pedagogy, the voice of the student is essential for designing the learning path. At the deepest levels of learning, students seek out and form partnerships towards the direct development of ideas or solution of problems, take ownership of their learning both inside and outside classroom walls and directly contribute to the learning of others, partner in the design, implementation and measurement of their own and others’ learning, and leverage and create powerful digital technologies that directly deepen every' aspect of the teaching and learning process. Learners have some say over the nature of their final product, if not the method by w'hich they develop these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper examines the difference between administrative law measures in counter-terrorism (deportations, house demolitions and administrative detentions) and the criminal law in developing a counter-terrorism strategy. Furthermore, the article analyzes a number of critical issues related to counter-terrorism including indefinite detention, judicial review, self-defense, torture and the status of terrorists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many countries also develop overarching plans with a five year interval. It is of key importance to integrate SCP into such strategic economic planning, not only in chapters dealing with environmental protection as such but also in chapters related to major economic development. This involves therefore a very complex agenda of reorienting economic systems, consumer preferences and producer behaviours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter delves on the etymological roots and meaning of the term “extradition” and identifies the general principles related to the principle of extradition which have developed over centuries. Unlike state only oriented system, international organizations have remodelled certain aspects of extradition to fulfil the institutional goals, like the European system. The laws on extradition have been looked through the lense of terrorism. Countries have met the challenges posed by terrorism by entering into multilateral and regional treaties as well. It is through these efforts nations have reshaped the laws on extradition to primarily counter-terrorist activities. States have international legal obligations under bilateral treaties, multilateral treaties, and customary international law as well. However often these obligations compete with established principles in the branch of international human rights law, international criminal law, state immunity laws, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Water scarcity has become an economic and social constraint in the more populated and economically developed areas in the South-east region due to climatic factors and inefficient water use (ANA, 2013). Obsolete and undersized infrastructure is a major cause of high losses in water distribution (Section 3). Water quality is low in many densely populated urban areas, a fact that is often related to insufficient infrastructure for sewage collection and treatment (Figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Universities in collaboration with regional stakeholders should rediscover and develop regional assets and use project approach and potential of flagship events to mobilise sustainable regional collaboration. Finally, the existing good practices in school/college collaboration, rural development, recognition of prior learning and industry engagement should be scaled up into a system within and between institutions. Despite progress made, the human capital capacity remains low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Innovative solutions in providing trade credit are therefore essential for MSMEs to participate in international trade and underpin MSMEs' ability to benefit from all the opportunities discussed previously in this chapter. These include internet-enabled services such as web-search or communication services, digital intermediation services such as distributional services, travel services or P2P transactions. Measures that hinder cross-border data flows may therefore hinder the expansion of digital trade. These include, for instance, local data and server requirements, restrictions on payment methods, or requirements to give access to commercial source code or encryption keys as a prerequisite to enter a market (Ciuriak and Ptashkina, 2018a, European Parliament, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Industrial inclusiveness policies are implemented to address the problem of a dual economy (i.e. one divided into highly innovative/productive sectors and traditional/low productivity sectors) by improving the competitiveness of less innovative firms and foster the emergence of new activities by increasing the enteipreneurship of underrepresented groups. These new activities may address previously underserved needs. Territorial inclusiveness policies foster the development of more productive and innovative activities in lagging regions, offering better opportunities for people in those areas. They also increase the chances of other initiatives (e.g. investment in R&D and transport infrastructure) to have their intended effects on innovation performance and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In a fully packed courtroom in The Hague District Court, on 15 December 2017, the International Crimes Chamber convicted Eshetu Alemu for war crimes committed between 1978 and 1981 in Ethiopia. Absent at the judgment hearing, Alemu was sentenced to life imprisonment for these historical injustices. Five of his torture survivors received damages. During the short yet intense trial, Alemu testified at large, while victims came to the Netherlands to recount their ordeals. In many ways, it was a remarkable and unique case of universal jurisdiction, historical complementarity and transitional justice. In fact, the 10-day trial was one of the most intense, unique and historical trials I had attended in the past 15 years. In this Note from the Field, I discuss the forgotten episode of transitional justice in Ethiopia, outline the modern Dutch system of post-atrocity crime justice, unravel the substance of the case and feature the trial proceedings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The trickle-down paradigm which prevailed in the 1980s was seriously challenged when new research and country experiences demonstrated that economic growth did not necessarily translate into human development. This understanding led to a major revision of development policies aimed at improving the consistency between economic growth and human development objectives. Developing countries made major efforts to increase investments in education, health, water and sanitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This section succinctly reviews two increasingly observed pathways from agriculture water risks to broader international consequences. First, long-term water risks threatening local food security is manifested by foreign land purchases by relatively poorly water endowed but well capital endowed countries. Second, countries with a large agriculturally dependent population can be subject to social unrest and important migratory movements of population with regional, continental or global implications. These effects do not concern all three hotspot regions, but they apply to multiple other agricultural regions that are increasingly subject to water risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Better coordinate supporting policies, such as those related to human resource development, infrastructure and land. Since 2013, Cambodia has been rolling out Phase III of the Rectangular Strategy, which sets out the government's development policy agenda for 2013-18. A new Rectangular Strategy is expected to be announced soon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The world-wide cross-cultural tests performed in this paper support the hypothesis that monopolization of politically important information is inversely related with female status. Monopolization of politically important information displays a significant negative correlation with such important characteristics of female status as female leadership posts in kinship or extended family units, female ownership or control of dwellings, high value of female life, absence of a double standard in regard to extramarital sex, absence of physical punishment of wives, and absence of belief that women are generally inferior to men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)