albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Gender@Work framework (developed by an international collaborative that helps organizations to build cultures of equality and justice) looks at change in terms of consciousness and awareness, access to resources and opportunities, formal policies, laws and institutional arrangements, and informal cultural change and deep structure. Qualitative thematic coding techniques were applied to categorize these gender results (see Chapter 5 for details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policy makers continue to deploy targeted approaches such as subsidies and favourable tax treatments of specific technologies. Existing technology will progress, albeit at a slower rate, as the most cost-effective applications, with a reduced vision of large-scale deployment of variable renewables and supporting technologies. Progress on electric vehicle development as well as storage technology development and supporting business models is also slow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Niger, evidence from the social cash transfer programme demonstrates that the greater privacy and control of mobile transfers compared to manual cash transfers shifts intra-household decision-making in favour of women (Aker et al., Technology-enabled crowdfunding platforms allow women to access trade finance. In China, the top funded industry sectors through peer-to-peer (P2P) consumer lending are in the retail and wholesale trade sectors, and 35 per cent of the fundraisers on the P2P consumer lending platforms are female (Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance and The Australian Centre for Financial Studies, 2017). For example, through a project financed by the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF), improvements in pest management in Uganda's flower sectors helped to raise the livelihood of the majority of women workers dependent on flower exports. The ITC also launched the "SheTrades" initiative, which seeks to connect one million women entrepreneurs to markets by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In all those countries (except Indonesia), women's labour market participation is about 50 percentage points below that of men. The gap remained low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation. While highly-educated women have, on average, 16.5 percentage points lower participation rates than men, the gap is 41 points among less-educated men and women. Indeed, high levels of education translated into narrow gaps in labour participation even in countries where overall female participation is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, they may feel intimidated by ride services that combine technological elements that they may poorly master and the need to provide banking details in advance. In cities where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, this would mean ensuring that ride services licensed by public authorities provide services as accessible as those they complement or replace and that drivers are sufficiently trained. This may mean a substantial number of vehicles deployed would meet international accessibility standards. On-going monitoring of these outcomes is necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The figures presented here include part-time, part-year employment. Male earnings inequality rose by 17%, on average, compared to 9% for females, or by 5 Gini points for men and 3 points for women. In some countries, such as Australia and Norway, earnings inequality declined for women while it increased for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Des estimations qui tiennent compte de Fheterogeneite entre les travailleurs montrent que cet avantage de salaire du secteur financier est, en haut de la distribution, deux fois plus eleve qu’en bas. Le marche du travail dans la finance revele d'autres signes d’imperfection, notamment le fait que les travailleurs masculins y beneficient d’un avantage de salaire consequent par rapport a leurs homologues femmes, la encore tout particulierement en haut de la distribution. Union europeenne, remunerations, prime, inegalite hommes-femmes, surqualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Female youth unemployment is a critical issue in Algeria: 37.4% of women, compared to 18.6% of men aged 16-24, were unemployed in 2010. Unemployment is particularly widespread among female university graduates: 33.6% of women holding a university degree were unemployed in 2010 compared to 11.1% of men. Data shows that the unemployment rate of female graduates is significantly higher, independently of their chosen field of study, which may be ascribed to a supposed “gender-biased” choice. No major gender differences exist with respect to the length of unemployment: in 2011, 74.8% of unemployed men and 71.3% of unemployed women were facing long-term unemployment, defined as unemployment for 12 or more months (Office national des statistiques, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Increasingly, vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two students at universities of applied sciences, are now vocational college graduates. However, since the Austrian vocational college programmes combine elements of upper secondary and post-secondary education, they have few international parallels. The new regulations permit those with an advanced vocational qualification general access to academic higher education and holders of other vocational qualifications a subject-specific access to higher education. To support those pursuing this pathway a range of measures have been piloted or rolled out nationally and initiated locally such as advancement scholarships or bilateral credit transfer systems between individual vocational colleges and universities of applied science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Norwegian coast guard makes nearly 2 000 at-sea inspections every year, compared with the Norwegian fishing fleet of over 6 000 vessels, not to mention foreign vessels fishing in Norwegian waters. As is the case for most countries, Norwegian law allows Norwegian vessels to fish only in areas which are subject to some national regulation or to a regional management scheme in which Norway participates. The success of all these efforts at conservation depends strongly on enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Unequal access to educational services, large gaps in the quality of education between private and public schools, or persistent financial access constraints perpetuate income inequality. Experience in OECD countries suggests that education is also a key driver of social mobility (OECD, 2010). In Colombia however, the link may be weaker (Angulo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increased copper emissions are associated with growth in road transport, while those of selenium and zinc are related to glass production. Estimated emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (mainly due to incineration of industrial waste) increased, as did emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from combustion in manufacturing industry, representing more than 50% of total estimated emissions. There was also a slight decrease in the number of stations with exceedance of the N02 annual mean limit value: four stations in 2007 (two in Lisbon, one in Porto and one in Funchal) and three stations in 2008 (one in Lisbon, one in Porto and one in Braga).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Box 5.1 uses the experience of the United Kingdom in greenhouse gas mitigation policy to illustrate the kinds of institutional reform that may be required in order to facilitate widespread change in relation to a complex and pervasive environmental problem. For example, a strong preference for personal mobility has led some industrial societies to construct good roads, but poor public transport networks. This reinforces dependence on private motor cars, which will in turn make policies intended to reduce that dependence costly or unpopular. Such policy is likely to require the provision of alternative infrastructure to facilitate a mode switch.2 Simply maintaining infrastructure is expensive, drastically changing it can be much more so. It is therefore helpful when policy reform is aligned with cycles of infrastructure renewal, so that the new infrastructure appropriate to the reform can replace the old at the end of its life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The application of this principle has proven to be the single most divisive political issue between Parties over the life of the Convention. Unlike the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol contained quantifiable binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries in Annex I.70 This represented the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities at that time. The Protocol finally entered into force on 16 February 2005. In spite of its entry into force, however, several major emitters remained outside mandatory emissions regime, either because they were non-Annex 1 countries, such as China and India, or because they were unwilling to sign on to the Protocol, such as the United States of America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The camps have minimal access to basic infrastructure and services, and are prone to natural hazards, especially cyclones, floods and landslides. Setting up the camps has led to rapid deforestation, further increasing the vulnerability of the displaced Rohingya to the effects of monsoon rains. These investments address health, education and emergency response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In seeking to make the connection between ethical perspectives and poverty reduction we ignored the political dimensions of justification, the arena in which ethics exercise practical influence. It was well beyond the scope of the paper to tackle this. We hope our paper stimulates further research on these research gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The final outcome will thus depend on a kind of race between VRE deployment and efforts to render the system more flexible. Again, as long as VREs are financed out of the market, the establishment of a normative reference framework that would allow distinguishing between welfarerelevant technical externalities and acceptable pecuniary externalities is impossible. While some inefficiencies, e.g. the insulation of VREs from the market prices that they themselves influence heavily, can be clearly indicated, others are more difficult to assess.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Deterrence, civil defense, collective defense, and arms control were key national security doctrines in the 20th century, and they are being reevaluated now for application to cyberspace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A range of private services are available to fee-paying patients or patients with private medical insurance. Coordination between GPs and Community Care Teams, for example, is actively encouraged, and when this coordination is working as designed this approach can be highly effective. The integration of “social” care services, for example supported housing or employment services, with “medical” mental health services, is one of the priorities, and one of the particular strengths, of the strategy set out in No Health Without Mental Health, Closing the Gap and Achieving Better Access to Mental Health Services by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The relationship between these two variables indicates that around 17% of the cross-country variation in cerebrovascular mortality can be explained by smoking prevalence. Higher smoking rates are also associated with increased CVD mortality, although this relationship is not quite as strong as with cerebrovascular disease. The decision to pursue such behaviours is determined by a complex set of factors, including the perceived costs and benefits, prices, income and information (Lundberg and Shapira, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Promotion of seafood products in domestic and export markets is largely the responsibility of seafood producers. Currently, most commercial fisheries in New Zealand are represented by a CSO. Improved engagement of CSOs has allowed for greater integration of stakeholder views in the management of New Zealand’s fisheries resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This means that they may not always be able to adduce patterns at regional or global levels where, for example, multinational companies are playing a negative role in relation to acquisition of land, harm to the environment or poor employment practices that have particularly harsh impacts on women in the affected countries. The general recommendations/comments are one way in which the committees can addressthis gap and there have been some important statements on States’ international obligations of cooperation and assistance, although these are not specifically ‘gendered’ (for example, CESCR 2007, paras. The special mandate holders tend to be better placed to analyse the systemic impact of macroeconomic policy. As mentioned, the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt has made a number of important statements linking gender inequality to debt and policy conditionality as well as austerity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All Finnish children start their formal schooling in August of the year they turn seven. Normally, primary school lasts six years followed by a three-year lower secondary school, although the new law allows some variation. Today it is widely recognised that the six-year primary school provides a solid basis for high educational performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Governments also have a role to play with regard to the provision of adequate levels of transport, distribution and conversion capacity. Partly, such capacity can be provided by markets themselves, but in other cases it requires regulation and supervision. First and foremost, such regulation must provide sufficiently attractive financial conditions for investment in transport and conversion infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Inversely, where the solid line is outside the OECD average, the variable is above the OECD average (the cash transfer/GDP ratio in Germany is higher than the OECD average, tor example). The indicators are presented in units ot standard deviation. Less income inequality and more growth - Are they compatible?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Additionally, inequality impact assessments for interventions in the health sector need to be introduced. This would draw attention to the inequality implications of proposed actions by local authorities and through international cooperation, including those of GHPs. Access, particularly under the Paragraph 6 System, should be further reviewed and amended so that the current patent and property rights regime is truly “development friendly” and, more importantly, improves access to essential medicines for the poor. Since agreement on and implementation of reforms is likely to be protracted, in the meantime, the provision of technical assistance to improve countries’ capacities to comply with the provisions of the TRIPS amendment is recommended. Making health systems more equitable" Lancet, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among pedestrians, elderly fatalities are overrepresented and Korea has the highest elderly fatality rate among OECD countries. However, Korea records one of the highest total fatality rates when the elderly are excluded, which indicates that elderly fatalities are not the only safety concern. This data allows an analysis of country level determinants of traffic fatalities. Multivariate regression analysis shows that the per capita number of vehicles active on a country’s roads significantly increases per capita traffic fatalities, whereas the percentage of drivers and passengers wearing seatbelts significantly reduces this figure.14 The protection afforded to passengers by seatbelts is widely recognized and most countries have law's that make it mandatory to wear a seatbelt. Such a modal shift requires the creation of compact mixed-use communities that offer alternatives to car use, such as w'alking, cycling and high quality public transport. “ People first” shifts the focus from the pre-2000s transport policy aimed at traffic efficiency towards comfortable and convenient (public) transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As part of the strategy, all MEA NFPs are involved in meetings on financial resources, at which their needs are identified and then addressed in subsequent workshops. Since 2013, one of the two sets of meetings and workshops has focused on GEF funding and proposals. The Ministry of Environment has advised that once a funding request touches on the mandate of another department, the concerned departments should work together to send a joint request.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Medicare Local served some very remote communities in Western Australia. More than 50 health professionals from surrounding areas attended, and enjoyed the opportunity to meet each other - sometimes for the first time - having only ever talked to their colleagues on the phone (Kimberley-Pilbara Medicare Local, 2013a). More sessions like these - bringing CPD into remote areas - should be considered to help doctors feel more supported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These countries include Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Thailand.418 The Government of Thailand has moved with particular zeal in this direction by issuing a government use compulsory license on a remedy for heart disease in addition to HIV/AIDS drugs (see box 5). See A. Ahuja (Associated Press), “Thai Health Groups Urge Abbott Boycott”, IP health newsletter of 21 March 2007. For a critical assessment of such actions from a competition law standpoint, see S. Flynn, “Considering Competition Complaints Against Abbott in Thailand - A Brief Explanation of Potential Legal Arguments”, 23 March 2007 (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/), and “Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing and Abbott’s Anticompetitive Response”, 26 April 2007 [hereinafter Flynn, Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing] (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, they should not be viewed as a panacea for reducing youth unemployment. Apprenticeships can contribute to reducing potential skills shortages, when designed in partnership with employers and when delivered within a quality framework. Both youth and employers can benefit from quality apprenticeship programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In order for ESD-related interventions to gain real traction, a concerted sector-wide effort is needed. It is not enough to adjust policy, or include reference to sustainability in curricula if, for example, examination systems remain grounded in content knowledge, or adequate teacher professional development is not provided to facilitate the shift. The Tongan example has good potential from the perspective of system-wide ESD integration because of the relative coherence of a number of its policy initiatives around themes of culture and sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Lost productivity in the United States as a result of labour non-participation is significant: $120 billion (or 0.9 per cent of GDP) in 2011, amounting to 62 per cent of all drug-related costs. Similar studies in Australia and Canada identified losses of 0.3 per cent of GDP and 0.4 per cent of GDP, respectively. In those two countries, the cost of lost productivity was estimated to be 8 and 3 times higher, respectively, than health-related costs due to morbidity, ambulatory care, physician visits and other related consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Improving sanitation services: recommended activities. The plant would be built in Myasnikyan community, at the end of the operating collector adjacent to the irrigation canal. The emergency segments of the collector from Baghramyan to Myasnikyan (about 1 km in length), as well as the emergency segments of the collector passing through the area of Myasnikyan village (about 600 meters), should be restored. The renovation and expansion of the internal sewerage network is not planned at this stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Measures in the health sector included a reduction in health workers' salaries, cuts to public pharmaceutical expenditure and a price review of private providers. Medical practices were also targeted with the introduction of clinical guidelines. Recent efforts have targeted changes to provider payment mechanisms, the development of Health Technology Assessment and defining a national list of pharmaceutical products and prescription guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, OECD modelling of the potential impacts of a major flood in Paris found that 30% to 55% of the direct flood damages would be suffered by the infrastructure sector, while 35% to 85% of business losses were caused by disruption to the transportation and electricity supply and not by the flood itself. Ensuring that infrastructure is climate resilient will help to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disruption. Existing infrastructure may need to be retrofitted, or managed differently, given climate change. Lastly, additional infrastructure, such as sea walls, will need to be constructed to address the physical impacts of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Together, the partnering authorities managed a USD 3.5 million US Department of Housing and Urban Development Sustainable Development regional planning grant towards planning initiatives building inclusive economic opportunities, using the regional public transport network, as well as supporting affordable housing development in the region. Projects submitted by the consortium include the development of Metro North commuter rail in the Bronx Corridor in New York City to encourage investments in lower income communities along the rail lines, and in the Nassau Hub Transit Area along the Long Island Rail Road System. In Stamford, Connecticut, the consortium contemplated the construction of a new commuter rail station.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mongolia has already set a national target under SDG Target 15.3, measured by Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area. The country aims to restore not less than 70 per cent of degraded land and decrease the area of desertified land to 60 per cent of total territory by 2030. The 2012 Law on Soil Protection and Desertification Prevention provides guidance to prevent soil damage and soil fertility decline from desertification, and mechanisms to prevent soil erosion. The 2010 National Action Programme to Combat Desertification 2010-2020 outlines the priorities and associated measures for combating desertification. Mongolia has a network for monitoring land degradation and desertification under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Getting a taste of rural medicine early may create a desire to stay in these places upon graduation. The University of Sydney says approximately 20% of graduates from its rural programme take up rural postgraduate training positions, where they are available (Mason, 2013). The rise of specialists, particularly in surgery, has contributed to workforce problems in rural Australia. A rural generalist programme began a few years ago in Queensland enabling GPs to be upskilled so they may perform some specialist roles including anaesthetics and obstetrics. The programme has since been expanded to other states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)