albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Currently, a very welcome proposal is being discussed by the Legislative Assembly to make accreditation mandatory for all teaching programmes in private universities, as part of an effort to raise the quality of initial teacher preparation and bring courses into line with the requirements of a new school curriculum. Teacher assessments show that 40% of English teachers and 29% of Mathematics teachers do not master the content of the curriculum they are expected to teach. While national training courses have improved, teachers receive little regular support for and feedback on their teaching practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As previously noted, the consequences of infrastructure and urban planning decisions have implications that last for decades. National fiscal systems, lack of funding, and regulations can encourage further carbon-intensive development. Capacity-building is also often essential to support effective urban design and private-sector engagement (OECD, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
And from that extra income, CFUGs have built schools, laid roads and drawn electricity. More than a third of all CFUG expenses go to community development projects, and another third to forest development. But with the priority placed on protection, communities have not been able to capitalise on the growing potential of their maturing forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Collective bargaining mechanisms were first piloted in the mid-1990s and have been evolving ever since. The 2008 landmark Labour Contract Law sets out regulations governing collective contracts. At the same time, tripartite co-ordination bodies have been set up at provincial level (in 2002) as well as at city and prefecture levels. Union membership has also expanded, coinciding with an increasingly tight labour market. While it remained stable at about 100 million throughout the 1990s, union membership has more than doubled during the 2000s to reach 226 million - over a quarter of the labour force - in 2009 (Cai and Wang, 2011). A significant number of countries increased minimum wages in the years before the financial crisis of 2007-08 (ILO, 2009), while others made changes in response to the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Again, women have borne the heaviest brunt of these risks. The digital divide is a manifestation of deeply unequal societies and of policy failure. Globally, action on developing and effecting requisite policies to address the aforementioned challenges is stalling. If half of the world’s population has yet to gain access to what can be dubbed “enabling technologies”, as discussed above, how, then, will new technologies benefit them?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cost pressure can also affect the health technology industry, pushing innovation to favour new less-expensive therapies. Forecasts of health expenditure growth as a share of GDP range widely under different assumptions about how sensitive consumers may be to rising medical care prices. Nonetheless, forecasts from this model point to a slowdown in expenditure growth in the future. This model can be further extended to directly study the impact of health expenditure growth on economic growth (Borger et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
So says the preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—and never were those words more apt than in relation to the challenges we face today. We know that healthy and productive oceans are key to long-term sustainable development. We believe there is an urgent need to take action and tackle social, economic and environmental issues so that the oceans, the seas and their resources can support the livelihoods of coastal communities and continue to provide for future generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many of these programmes require school leaders to focus their schools on specific targets or problems and provide specific resources in return. Accounting for the correct use of these resources, however, means that the programmes carry a heavy administrative burden. Some witnesses have expressed to the Steering Croup their doubts about the usefulness of the courses, and described the courses in the Escalafdn and Carrera Magisterial as a way to get points but with little relevance to practice. In addition, most of the courses focus on teaching and pedagogy, until recently few have focused on school leadership and management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unlike what happened in the late 1990s, when Asian governments severely cut national budgets in reaction to regional financial turmoil, most governments made efforts to maintain or even increase their social spending in the wake of the global economic crisis.12 Measures involved, among others, the strengthening and scaling up of on-going programmes for poverty alleviation, in particular innovative programmes that had been launched recently, that proved successful and could be replicated rapidly and with minimum administrative costs. Both approaches, moreover, build on the common underlying notion that social insurance and social assistance are not just redistributive welfare measures but are integral to economic growth and social development. In other words, they are about investment as much as about consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is only a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between MCDCB and LGUs, but not regulatory relationship. Because LGUs cannot afford a planning department staffed by professional planners, and therefore cannot fulfil the obligations to complete a CLUP, the impact of the support of MCDCB to prepare CLUPs has been limited so far. Also, the MCDCB has undertaken a strong branding and outreach programme, with brochures, videos and other tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Section 2 presents the latest data on EPL in OECD and G20 countries and discusses cross-country differences. Section 4 examines existing procedures for dispute resolution and their likely impact on the cost and effectiveness of employment protection, even though these dimensions are not included in quantitative OECD indicators at the moment. The chapter concludes with some brief remarks about the need to accompany employment protection reform with adequate employment assistance to workers affected by the reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean: Annual Report 2012-A Look at Grants, Support and Burden for Women. Santiago, Chile: ECLAC. Accessed 14 September 2017, https://www.cepa!. The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs on the Time Allocation of Beneficiaries: The Case of’Oportunidades’ Program in Mexico."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 1.1 summarizes the income concepts used. In four countries, the net market income Gini is lower than the market income Gini, indicating a reduction in inequality produced by direct taxes and social security contributions (see table 1.2). In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, there is no redistributive impact from direct taxes, which are, in reality, almost non-existent. No data are available for Argentina on this effect. The Gini reduction produced by direct taxes and social security contributions is between 1 and 3.3 percentage points. In Mexico and Peru, indirect taxes have a small redistributive effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The most commonly used method in Viet Nam is the intrauterine device (IUD), which was being used by 39 and 38 per cent of currently married women in 1997 and 2002, respectively, followed by withdrawal (11.9 per cent in 1997 and 14 per cent in 2002). Despite the predominance of IUD as the leading method in Viet Nam, use of it has actually declined slightly (about one percentage point) during the period 1997-2002. Conversely, the use of contraceptive pills has increased slightly (from 4 to 6 percentage points) during the same period. Unlike other countries, it lias been found that the use of traditional methods and pills has increased in Viet Nam while female sterilization and condom use have decreased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This analysis showed that obesity prevention strategies produce two main effects: (a) they increase the number of person/years lived in good health (diseases are prevented or delayed), and, (b) they increase the number of person/years lived with chronic diseases (survival with disease is extended). However, the net effect of the prevention strategies examined in the working age population was an overall decrease in the number of years lived with chronic diseases, while an overall increase was observed only in the oldest age groups (80+). The monetary value of the potential production gains was generated by each prevention strategy, based on published estimates of the value of absenteeism and presenteeism (Goetzel et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The age structure of the population is gradually shifting towards older age groups. For the region as a whole, the changes since 1970, together with forecasts up to 2050, in the relative proportions of the three major age groups — children (0-14 years), working-ages (15-64 years), and older persons (65 years and older)4 — are shown in the figure below. See United Nations (2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No major reform of the public sector is expected before the resumption of a functioning government. As the number of public sector employment opportunities declines, the expectation is that workers will be absorbed by the private sector, which is unlikely unless it significantly expands. At the same time, public sector workers will need retraining to develop the skills required by private sector employers or to start their ow'n businesses. An educated and skilled labour force is critical for developing the private sector, entrepreneurship and SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This indicator relies on the question: “Could you tell me if you think you spend too much, too little or just about the right amount of time” in four areas: i) my paid work, ii) contact with family members, iii) other social contact, iv) own hobbies (see OECD, 2011b). Data are drawn from the Gallup World Poll and refer to the following question: “If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A basic feature of Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is strong fiscal discipline. The Maastricht Treaty sets tight public finance requirements for joining the euro area while the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) makes fiscal prudence a permanent feature within the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Various authorities may monitor externally the implementation of an EMP of an activity that was subject to detailed EIA. For example, the local government is responsible for checking the implementation of environmental protection measures during mineral exploration. In addition, the authority that originally carried out the general EIA may require that an independent review be commissioned at the expense of the project implementer to review the project’s performance in the implementation of the EMP, based on the findings of the external monitoring. More recently, offences include the failure of an official to exercise their powers in accordance with the legal provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Analytical capacities should be strengthened not only at the national level but also at the level of self-governing regions and larger cities responsible for larger local school systems. The development of the analytical and planning capacities of self-governing regions and larger cities could be supported by special development interventions either in the framework of EU-funded development programmes of the education sector or in the framework of the programmes targeted at supporting administrative and public management capacities. An interesting model is the Local Learning initiative in Germany (see Box 2.4). In general, capacity building should become a key policy instrument in a policy environment where, as in the Slovak Republic, the decisions of local players have an increasing impact on policy outcomes. This should reach not only self-governing regions and local municipalities but also institutional level "lay” actors, such as the members of schools boards. There are many policy goals that require the use of more sophisticated, often “soft” policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the growth effect predominated in practically all tf appreciable decline in poverty, the contribution of the distribution effect was over 25% in six others. In order to supplement the characterization of income poverty in Latin America, updated results are presented for some population groups that are relevant to the poverty analysis. Poverty rates among children under the age of 15 may be between 1.1 and 2.0 times higher than for the total population,4 with the most notable differences recorded in countries with lower poverty levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The findings emerging from this work also assess the various conditioning factors in price transmission, in particular the fact that non-tariff trade barriers, domestic policy and lack of domestic infrastructure can significantly obstruct the transmission of international price fluctuations. One often cited example is that of maize in Egypt, a country that underwent significant agricultural liberalisation measures in the late 1980s.15 There, the transmission of world to domestic prices went from being non-existent to near 100% in years following structural adjustment reforms (Baffes and Gardner). But such clear cut examples are the exception.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The 2004 Act Instituting an Assistance Programme for Protection of the Environment, Rational Use of Energy, and Production of Energy from Renewable Sources adapts the national business assistance system to the community framework. The 2005 Act on Public Access to Environmental Information guarantees the right of access to environmental information in the hands of the public authorities and governs the dissemination of such information. The Water Act of 2008 consolidates and updates legislation governing water management and transposes into domestic law the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Flood Risk Management Directive (2007/60/EC). It seeks in particular to restore waters to good condition by 2015 and to apply the cost recovery principle to services related to water use by 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These arrangements can provide a foundation for cooperation among the many institutions and National Focal Points (NFPs) that implement the Biodiversity-related Conventions. This section outlines some different ways that institutions - and in particular NFPs - can be organized for cooperative working, to reduce and avoid duplication of tasks and increase the effectiveness of implementation. Institutional arrangements and cooperation mechanisms are something of a cross-cutting theme for this sourcebook, and will also be mentioned in the following five thematic sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the Middle East and Africa, more than 70 per cent of respondents found that the lack of public procurement constituted a barrier - reflecting the role of Government as a potential creator of demand in these economies. This is another area in which collaboration with the private sector can help. As noted in chapter II, few countries compile official data on the size and composition of the software sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Housing rights are associated to peoples’ standard of living, and measure states’ social awareness. Therefore, the request for housing rights’ justiciability has long been claimed and is gradually gaining grounds at international tribunals. This paper takes issue of the generic relevance of housing to civil rights, and analyses the right to housing in conjunction with the right to a private life (protection of home) and the right to property. It argues that housing is a justiciable right, because it constitutes a positive obligation emanating from the right to property, and offers insights from international jurisprudence and UN documentation. It asserts that housing and property partly overlap. Finally, it probes into the current economic crisis and its impacts on the enjoyment of housing rights, and attempts to identify the flaws of national housing policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the absence of continuation with national funding, which very rarely occurs, this also tends to reduce appropriation of the projects by national officers who tend to see them as pilots unlikely to be pursued. Evaluations from the Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education about the involvement of employers in the provision of study programmes, including through student internships and company-based practices, also show' that appropriate forms of involvement remain to be found, that could better take into account mutual interest and availability for commitment. The tools put in place to assess the labour market situation of Lithuanian employees have started to provide information that could be used and widely diffused to provide evidence of VET benefits in terms of eamings and employment success to prospective students (OECD, 2017(47j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
But energy production and use also has significant environmental implications that must be managed if countries are to meet their long term sustainable development goals. The focus is on CDE in a developing country context. The paper argues that capacity development is not an end in itself, instead, defined environmental goals should be the basis for determining capacity requirements, which in turn should be the basis for defining capacity development priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In another paper these authors (Martinez and Albiac, 2006) find that water pricing, as advocated by the Water Framework Directive, is inefficient as a pollution abatement tool, and differentiating control measures by soil type enhances welfare, although welfare gains may be small. Yet, this does not imply that pollution control should be targeted with water pricing policies. Pollution control can be best performed within irrigation systems by providing precise water applications and monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Welfare provision therefore has a substantial influence on how market income is distributed in the first place. As the OECD notes, welfare states that maximise employment and earnings will have a more equal distribution of original income, and policies to encourage employment (particularly among high-risk groups, such as lone parents) may be more effective tools for poverty reduction than transfers. Public transfers may influence not only individuals’ employment and earnings decisions but also their choice of living arrangement. In particular, where the income of single parents is supported there may be a greater risk of individuals choosing these living arrangements and therefore being at greater risk of poverty. Sawhill (2006) has argued that there are growing behavioural differences between the well-off and the poor, in particular in relation to education, marriage and childbearing, and that policy should focus on behavioural change, in particular increasing the role of conditional cash transfers. However, most empirical studies on partnership decisions suggest that the tax and benefit system produces small behavioural effects (Adams and Brewer, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This estimate is based on two alternative experiments that show, respectively, that the impact of UI on unemployment duration is greater in liquidity-constrained than in unconstrained households and that SP also increases the duration of unemployment, despite not being conditional on being unemployed (Chetty, 2008). Similarly, Card et al. ( Moreover, an extension of the maximum duration of unemployment benefits from 20 to 30 weeks lowers the job-finding rate in the first 20 weeks of search by 5-9%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such locally elected bodies have been formed, but they have been kept non-functional as controversy has arisen over the Government’s decision to retain central control over local affairs by granting power to the members of the parliament to interfere in local level development activities, which the elected local leaders are not ready to accept. To empower the lawmakers to intervene in the functioning of the newly elected upazila parishads (councils), the parliament also recently passed the Upazila Parishad Act of 2009. Thus, visionary local leadership is still far from a reality in Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is also strong synergy between energy and ICT services (two GPTs), as mentioned above: electricity is required for the continued operation of the ICT industry and enables innovation therein. Energy also has an impact on the performance of two services sectors that are crucial for the long-term formation of an economy’s human capital: education and health, as shown in section C.4 below. This long-term trend can be observed from the energy intensity of the sector, which in developed countries is five times higher than in LDCs (figure 2.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Victoria in Australia has just conducted a trial with recidivist speeders that combined a course with installing a voluntary ISA system on the vehicle. Results will be available shortly. The review should focus upon legislation and penalties (fines, driver demerit schemes) relating to alcohol impaired driving, speed offending, failure to wear safety belts/utilise child restraints, commercial vehicle safety standards and permissible maximum driving hours. Walking is generally the most common mode of transport for the elderly and particularly for the very old although they tend to accumulate less mileage than other age groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A relatively early strand of action, urged to meet severe transboundary environmental threats, was premised on the need to maintain and promote ‘security’,1 denominated in a number of ways – as international peace and security, national security, human security, ecological security, and so on. Writers who argued that environmental devastation and competition over scarce resources are as significant a destabilizing influence in international relations as direct military threats supported this approach.2 To effectively promote environmental protection, it was argued, is to effectively enhance (or at least not undermine) security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Multilateral agencies’ contribution is split between grants and loans. Both concessional and non-concessional loans are mainly provided to the recipient government with the aim of strengthening higher education. Other type of finance besides grants and loans, e.g. equity, is scarce. Figure 4.5 shows total ODF towards science by development provider and type of finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
2013 was marked with several noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law, such as the continuation of the conflict in Syria and the incidents related to the use of chemical weapons in that conflict, several key decisions in international, hybrid and national courts related to the adjudication of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, the passage of an Arms Trade Treaty text, the 150th anniversary of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the release of the second part of the Turkel Commission Report. This chapter addresses a number of these issues among other events of note.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)