albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This means that 2.1 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation since 1990, and the proportion of people practising open defecation globally has fallen almost by half, from 24 per cent to 13 per cent. Southern Asia had the lowest baseline coverage in 1990, at 22 per cent, and recorded the largest increase in the proportion using improved sanitation, reaching 47 per cent in 2015. Currently, 96 per cent of urban populations use improved drinking water sources, compared with 84 per cent of rural populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Urban development and management are no exception, and the need for well-integrated approaches to managing urbanism has become ever more apparent. Chile’s practices in this area have been governed by a series of discrete instruments and mechanisms that, while appropriate when they were first introduced, may be ill-adapted today to meet the demands of the country’s dynamic urban reality. Greater flexibility and a unified approach to urban issues could help improve urban outcomes for residents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Public engagement in policy making is on mechanism used in an effort to improve the legitimacy of policy decisions surrounding ethically contentious health policy or medical technologies. Citizens’ trust in the process and in the medical, science and democratic institutions surrounding the policy is vital to the success of efforts to engage publics in deliberative processes. This paper explores the nature and role of trust in deliberative democracy, as well as effects of misplaced and abused trust on the legitimacy of specific policies and the overall project of inclusive participation of citizens in public policy deliberation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It identified 26 FUAs, accounting for 55% of the overall population. This is close to the median population share of FUAs in OECD countries (56%). The FUA analysis thus suggests that the country’s urbanisation level is not as low as indicated by the comparison of national urbanisation rates, and that Kazakhstan is not “under-urbanised” compared to OECD economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although PNG generally records strong economic growth, led by the extractive industry, population growth rates outweigh the increase in economic activity. There were no reported data available for Nauru to make an assessment. Based on trends, Fiji is expected to record an increase in economic productivity, albeit at a slower rate than the prevailing level (mixed outcome), while PNG and Solomon Islands are expected to record a higher annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person (target met).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the past, India was also an important exporter of cotton textiles, but is less now because of the rise of other exporters, especially China. The adoption of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genetically modified cotton, along with high yielding hybrids and increased irrigation, has underpinned further development of India’s cotton sector. Cotton production increased rapidly from 2.3 Mt in 2000 to 6.3 Mt in 2013. With area projected to increase 4.2% p.a. India’s cotton yield in 2011-13 averaged 0.5 t/ha, compared to the global average of 0.8 t/ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper reviews the literature on the role and status of forced migrant teachers in education in emergencies, exploring some of the issues facing these teachers and the impact of them on educational service provision in emergency contexts. This is placed within the context of the institutional framework affecting migrant teachers. This is followed by a case study of Southern Sudanese refugees in Uganda. An analysis of the possible application of the principles of the CTRP in education in emergencies is then presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Table 2.7 provides an overview of recent trends in R&D tax credits. Eligibility for the scheme has been expanded in line with OECD non-discrimination articles to include all Australian resident companies and foreign companies, subject to certain requirements. The new R&D tax incentive redirects assistance to activities most likely to generate spillovers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development (ACORD) has been implementing an Integrated Drought Risk Reduction project in Borena. This brings together water development, rangeland improvement, animal health services, and community capacity enhancements to strengthen the coping mechanisms of four peasant associations (PAs): Megado, Did Jarsa, Hodod Semero and Mana Soda (ACORD Borena Dire Office, 2011). Already, 14,300 people are direct beneficiaries of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such surpluses could then be used to increase demand for rural-non-farm goods and services. Increases in farm-based income are closely linked with increases in non-farm income, such as from vending, petty trading and transport services. Non-farm income is especially pronounced in broad-based smallholder-led agricultural growth, because as local labour is hired, income is typically spent locally (Deichmann et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The determinants of female labour force participation (cont.) Accordingly, the expanded provision of child care services for the under 3s was found to have a weaker effect on female employment rates in Continental and Southern European countries, where it may have merely converted the informal into formal child care (Akunduz and Plantenga, 2015). By contrast, there was no effect among poorly educated women. Thevenon (2013, 2015) estimates that higher tax rates for second earners deter woman from working, although that effect is tempered in an institutional environment which is friendly to a work-life balance. The effect of financial incentives is greatest in English-speaking countries, where female employment rates appear to be reduced by increases in the duration of paid leave and/or the relative tax rates affecting second earners in couple families. This finding makes sense in countries where labour markets are flexible enough to allow workers to move in and out of the labour force, and where working hours can be adjusted to family needs and constraints like high child care costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In both dense and low-dense urban settings, there is a growing lack of the human scale of the neighbourhood. Walkability in cities has decreased enormously due to car-oriented transportation policies and street design. The following highlight what urban planning sh in the first place (step 1). In such a scenario, large, private economic sectors - an exclusive partner privileged to create and implement policies - tend to influence urban planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Despite recent criticism of agency theory to inform corporate governance research, the author of this article remains wholly unconvinced and argues that the theory has much to offer to help scholars understand organizational complexities. In response to Michael Lubatkin’s critique of agency theory, he highlights shared interests between the scholarship of organizational behaviorists and microeconomists and contends that both discipline areas can do more than merely coexist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 1990, the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) issued a Resolution E/1990/68 on equality in political participation and decision making. The resolution recommended increasing the proportion of women in positions of leadership by setting incremental targets: 30% by 1995 and 50% by 2000. The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, reported little progress in achieving the ECOSOC target of 30% of women in decision making positions. Accordingly, the Beijing Platform for Action called on governments (as part of strategic objective Gl) to “commit themselves to establishing the goal of gender balance in governmental bodies and committees, as w'ell as in public administrative entities, and in the judiciary, including, inter alia, setting specific targets and implementing measures to substantially increase the number of women with a view to achieving equal representation of women and men, if necessaiy through positive action, in all governmental and public administration positions”. Where does the 30% “critical mass” for women’s political representation come from?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The levels of inequality in some emerging-economy countries of the region are also approaching that of Latin American countries. However, a transition towards more proactive fiscal policies to adjust income distribution and an enhanced role of progressive direct taxes in particular, as observed in Latin America, has yet to happen. For the more advanced developing countries of the region, the progress achieved in Latin American countries since the 2000s is not beyond reach. In 2015 total tax revenue averaged 16.4 per cent of GDP in the region, compared to developing country average of 20.2 per cent and developed country average of 25.1 per cent.110 This regional average conceals the vast differences between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
East Asia has exhibited the most dramatic reduction, slashing its USD 1.25 a day poverty rate from 77% of its population in 1981 to 14% in 2008. In South Asia, the proportion of the population living in extreme poverty is now the lowest it has been since 1981, falling from 61 to 36% between 1981 and 2008. Strong economic performance of countries such as China and India has also resulted in more poor people living in middie-income countries than in low-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Patent buyouts, prizes, and proportional prizes may be other means of doing so (Bhagwati, 2005, Elliot, 2010). Use of more traditional subsidies, co-financing arrangements, and joint ventures should also be explored, within a framework of appropriate protocols for maintaining the public-good nature of research products (Pardey and Beintema, 2001). In the current context, a larger number of actors (civil society organizations, the private sector, farmers, and multilateral organizations) contribute toward this end. Although the number appears large, the general perception is that it is inadequate, especially when measured against the needs of small-scale farm holders who, for the most part, have been deprived of the services of such workers (Lele et al. Agricultural extension workers, free from any particular interest in promoting the use of commercial products, are still an important vehicle for the transmission of knowledge, information, and training for small farm holders, provided that they have adequate training themselves, a clear mandate, and appropriate incentives to perform their job. It is therefore vital that governments continue to provide quality rural extension services at a large scale to address the specific needs of famers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hence, to support current and future efforts, a strengthened collaboration and technology framework will be essential. The subsequent chapter presents the key requirements to support action aimed at tackling the challenges stated above. Based on these technical requirements, blockchain technology’s key value-add is outlined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a historically disadvantaged group in New Zealand (Marie, Fergusson and Boden, 2008,177]), these special guidelines help new teachers in supporting Maori students. Importantly, the programme is built into the schedule of all new teachers. The teams offer support to teachers and administration who work with migrant children. In addition, there is often a psychologist qualified to help children who have experienced trauma or difficulty in their lives (Scholten et al., This support varies and can include advice for teachers, individual case work with immigrant students, and workshops to improve class climate. Importantly, the MITs interact with parents of immigrant students to integrate them into the school community (Felder-Puig, Maier and Teutsch, 2016,183,) and often serve as a language bridge between students, parents, and the school (teachers, administrators, etc.) (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of nakamals form a tribe and within each nakamal a social safety net system exists (Prasad and Kausimae, 2009). With regard to social protection, Ni-Vanuatu relies mostly on families and kinship networks, on access to traditional family land holdings for subsistence farming, and on a broad array of community-based organizations (churches) and NGOs (WB, 2006c: 5). There is, however, little or no government funding provided to NGOs or agencies dealing with social problems (ILO, 2006e). There have been considerable successes in the integration of traditional values such as collective participation, sharing of resources and social integration. Wantok, in Melanesian Pidgin, is made up of two words, “wan” meaning “one” and “tok” meaning “talk” (Jak, 2010: 1). The wantok refers to one’s kin or those closely linked together, either socially or biologically, and it literally means “same language” (ILO, 2006d: 86).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Secondly, the way that the information was generated did not fully involve and capacitate the target audience in the ministries, which consequently are not well positioned to use the results regularly in their decision-making. Thirdly, there are weaknesses in the CRGE’s lack of inclusion of different social and economic groups, both in engaging them in the formulation of CRGE, but also in recognising the implications (benefits and costs) of CRGE implementation on these different groups. In this sense, it was thought that a ‘spirit of inclusion’ was broadly inherited by the CRGE. On the other hand, the CRGE methodology did little to look at the specific poverty and inequality issues connected to natural assets and environmental hazards, or at the opportunities available for specific environmentally-dependent poor groups - and little to identify the distributional implications of its recommendations. Hence there are not yet clear answers to the question: ‘who will be the winners and losers from the CRGE’s approach to green growth?’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the financial element involved in forcing a daughter to marry young may loom even larger for parents who are poor. Poor young people have less exposure to technology through which they could get critical information. Extreme poverty can also drive young girls into sex work (UNAIDS, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is also a 1997 regulation on the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. The Law defines the general functions of PAs, as well as the related responsibilities and jurisdictions of State institutions. It states that PAs can have international, national or local importance, and provides more detail on the status and regime of PA categories (State reserve, historical/memorial park, sanctuary, natural monument, botanical/zoological garden, arboretum, natural spa), as well as rules and responsibilities for zoning, management and monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, in a poor country such as India, a large fraction of what is thrown away is recycled (Sterner & Coria, 2012). In the case of economies with rising incomes, it is almost inevitably that the production of waste will increase over time. Bartone (1990) referred to these type of economies (specifically to the case of Japan's accelerated economic growth in the postwar period), and pointed out that commitment to recycling is driven by the need to conserve resources and reduce imports of raw materials, save landfill space and reduce pollution from landfills, and make incinerators less costly and minimize their pollution. In such cases, a government may have to not only promote recycling but also establish and maintain a market for recycled goods (Sterner & Coria, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The employment, skills and training strategies developed by the European Union and the G20/ILO provide the framework for this analysis. The chapter applies the five critical elements of the G20 Training Strategy to the case of green structural change and outlines five key policy actions. Environmental awareness and management responsibility are required of eveiy individual consumer, worker and entrepreneur (EU Skills Panorama, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Industrial and economic espionage are underestimated criminal offences. Although the phenomena are diffuse and ambiguous, they can result in enormous material and immaterial damage. Referring to results from the German research project WISKOS, the phenomenon of obtaining trade secrets (including the offenders, modi operandi, affected trade secrets, outflow of trade secrets and detection abilities) are described, as too are possible countermeasures and associated law enforcement difficulties. Considering the phenomenological results, potential preventive measures based on the situational crime prevention and deterrence strategies are listed. Legal regulations and sanctions in Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are compared. Lastly, based on the outcomes of criminal proceedings, it is discussed whether the existing criminal law is an appropriate measure to deter potential offenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Initiatives to establish such forums need to be supported by national and international actors (Chapter 5). Particularly state actors must be convinced of the need to value, not sabotage and repress, women’s organizations’ intentions to participate in public debates on politically sensitive yet existential issues (Chapter 11). Such women-only spaces are important ways to build bridges between women from different identity groups, collect information about the types and effectiveness of current programmes and set priorities and strategies for addressing violence against, and the political marginalization of, women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But in spite such low energy intensity for India, the data on electricity consumption per capita show just how far India has to go to raise its peoples’ standards of living. These data also show that Kazakhstan, alone of our group of countries, is near the European level of electricity consumption, but nevertheless has a very elevated level of energy intensity and so perhaps it does not need much new capacity to be built in the coming decade. It does indirectly indicate the likely rate of power demand growth that is likely to occur in the near term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To minimize opposition when the EPT was first implemented, the gasoline surcharge regulation was abolished at the same time. This prevented an overall increase in transport fuel prices and protected vulnerable households (and businesses) from the impact of energy price increases. However, while such measures facilitated the initial implementation of EPT, trade-offs are certainly evident between environmental effectiveness and revenue-raising potential on the one hand and political feasibility on the other. Further increases in the tax rate will be necessary to ensure that EPT is environmentally effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the United States a recent crisis in Flint, the fourth-largest city in the state of Michigan, revealed the dimensions of this problem. Flint is an industrial city with an official poverty rate of over 40%, a majority African-American population and a femaleheaded household rate of almost 30% (US Census 2015, State of Michigan 2015). Residents (especially mothers) complained about poor water quality almost immediately following the switchover, but the authorities repeatedly dismissed their concerns and issued strong denials that there was a problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, both India and China adjusted customs duty requirements to protect the development of domestic solar and wind industries (Lema and Lema, 2010). China also imposed investment requirements on FDI, including local content, joint venture, local hiring and mandatory seminar requirements, with the goal of encouraging technology transfer from foreign to domestic companies (Lewis, 2007a, 2007b). In fact, according to Gallagher and Shafaeddin (2010, p. 37): “OECD governments have begun to dub China’s policies as ‘forced transfers’ and have undertaken investigations and task forces in order to eliminate or reduce them”. Further, international intellectual property rights can limit technology transfer and the ability to engage in domestic innovation, although the extent will depend on the economic sectors involved, the economic activities and the level of development, as discussed in chapter VI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ces dernieres annees, le gouvernement a affecte des fonds importants a des projets d’investissement concernant le stockage, le commerce de gros, la transformation, et les grandes unites de production de lait et de viande. Les credits d’equipement etant fournis a un cout beaucoup plus reduit, ces investissements risquent d’etre determines par l’offre et de donner lieu a un endettement excessif du secteur agroalimentaire. Ce risque est renforce compte tenu de l’endettement actuel du secteur agricole. Une strategie plus vaste visant a developper les biens prives tels que la production, la transformation, le stockage et les activites de gros necessiterait de mettre en place des conditions-cadres favorables aux investissements prives dans ces secteurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A more reasonable indicator of this commitment would be the proportion of public spending or public revenues that is allocated to social protection since this would (to an extent) neutralise the fact that public revenues as a proportion of GDP differ widely even among countries at the same income level. Looking at spending in absolute terms also demonstrates that per capita spending can increase substantially in a fast-growing economy even when expenditure is declining relative to GDP or public expenditure. However, this is not an ideal basis for long-term projections, especially in a context where the future plans of development partners are not clear and expenditure by new programmes, such as CBHI, is difficult to predict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A draft for a Presidential Decree on PES regulation covering watershed, eco-tourism and REDD has been prepared. The Government has shown its commitment to PES with announcing Guiding opinions on the pilot works of ecological compensation in 2007 and is working on many pilot PES projects. Apart from providing eco services like clean water, reduced soil erosion and biodiversity conservation, such projects have shown tremendous social and economic benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To the lack of knowledge and capability, and hence very limited absorption capacity, should be added the presumption that none is needed (Arnold and Thuriaux, 1997). One step higher in Arnold and Thuriaux’s taxonomy of SMEs, firms have minimum technological capability. The gap with academia is such for these SMEs that no interaction is possible. Without specific hands-on support based on proximity' and mid- to long-term commitment, these companies are bound to reproduce the same activity, which puts them in danger of a change of context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Whether or not greater dependence on food imports implies a greater risk of food insecurity depends on whether the change reflects a shift of resources from food production into more remunerative activities (and the fact that the opportunity cost of importing food is lower than the opportunity cost of producing it domestically) or is a result of fundamental development failure. Which is the case should be reflected in income levels and the availability of foreign exchange. The highest proportion of net food importers are found in the low-income and high-income groups, respectively. For all countries that depend on food imports, the reliability of the world market as a source of supplies is essential for food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)