albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These capacity building trainings and workshops are often aimed at faculty, students, and other researchers and public servants in developing countries. For the puipose of this analysis, it is assumed that these trainings contribute towards enhancing countries’ STI capacity. However, it is likely that the inclusion of all development finance channelled through universities over-estimates the amount of development finance supporting STI. Providers are required to include text descriptions of the activities when reporting to the CRS, however, in practice this information has been difficult to use for analytical purposes because of the differences in quality of the descriptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 71(1), 1-34. Reducing Technical and Non-Technical Losses in the Power Sector Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Economic Forum White Paper Digital Transformation of Industries: In collaboration with Accenture. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proportion of informal employees who contribute is much lower, however. Employees in informal employment would have to contribute under the self-employed regime, effectively subsidising their employers’ social security contributions. Although they are not poor, many workers in the “middle sectors” are vulnerable and can slip into poverty in times of crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards include requirements about involving consumers in the governance process. These apply across Australia, including in health services in rural and remote areas. Western Australia, for example, has established District Health Advisory Councils to give country residents a voice in how their local health services are managed. Victoria’s boards of management in rural public hospitals enhance consumer participation, as they lead the service’s strategic planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the Annual Health report 2012 indicates that since 1990, suicides have decreased in every age group except among 15-24 year-olds, where it has become somewhat more common, reflecting the overall trend of increasing mental ill health amongst youth in Sweden. On the other hand, suicide rates have declined the most among senior citizens, especially among men, and differences between the age groups have decreased. Differences between levels of education are more significant among men: the number of men holding a lower secondary level degree is twice as high as those with a post-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, it is not clear how effectively they are implemented. Similarly, the environmental licensing law has provisions that can require projects to include environmental measures, but it is not clear how well they are enforced. A recent positive development was the preparation of a manual on biodiversity offsets by the Nature Conservancy and MADS. The manual is being used to establish offsets in terrestrial ecosystems and is being updated to cover freshwater and coastal and marine environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The SDG 5 is a stand-alone goal to achieve gender equality and empower all women. The other 14 goals (e.g. on health, well-being, education, clean water, industry and infrastructure) aim to integrate gender-sensitive indicators in their implementation and monitoring. Kazakhstan can strongly benefit from raising the awareness of its senior managers, as well as all public servants on these levels of gender equality policy to generate understanding and buy-in of all ministries in embedding gender-sensitive indicators in their field of activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As part of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) and following a small trial and series of cohort studies that assessed the programme efficacy, a computer-based CBT programme, “Beating the Blues” has been progressively rolled-out across primary care practices in the United Kingdom. Prescribed by a GP, the patient then completes eight weeks of Beating the Blues sessions at home, while the GP who enrolled the patient receives progress updates and risk alerts. The programme has been found to bring reliable and clinically significant treatment effects when used in routine care, and benefits are similar to the routine delivery of face-to-face CBT care, and was recommended by NICE (Cavanagh, 2006, NICE, 2008) as a useful low-intensity tool as part of a stepped-care framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Comprises all pharmaceuticals, including branded and generic pharmaceutical products, which are provided in response to a prescription issued by a licensed medical practitioner or pharmacist. Comprises all pharmaceuticals, including branded and generic pharmaceutical products which may or may not be available without prescription but have been purchased independently. Includes adhesive and non-adhesive bandages, hypodermic syringes, first-aid kits, hot-water bottles and ice bags, medical hosiery items such as elastic stockings and knee supports, condoms and other mechanical contraceptive devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Security threats to relief workers increase the challenges. Affected people in insecure places of refuge remain vulnerable to new outbreaks of violence and displacement, and each round makes them less resilient (IDMC, 2018). Since 2008, new weather-related displacements worldwide have averaged around 25 million per year, typhoons and hurricanes are a leading cause (Figure 6.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 1992 two school choice reforms were implemented, allowing the opening of private independent schools and also giving pupils the right to choose between private and public schools. Rules for teacher qualification assessments were abolished in 1993, and a new curriculum and a new grading system were implemented in 1994. It was thought that if decisions were taken locally, schools would more easily adapt to the individual needs of pupils. Furthermore it was envisaged that schools would be better adapted to their local context when school staff were given increased discretion and that communication and influence of parents and other local stakeholders would improve when decisions were taken locally. The cost per pupil dropped as a consequence of a higher number of pupils per teacher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, in the mitigation context, an ex-ante assessment of cost-effectiveness - typically summarised by marginal abatement cost, or costs per tonne of carbon abated metrics - may allow a fund manager to allocate scarce resources efficiently according to a least-cost abatement strategy. However, cost-effectiveness metrics might not be equally well suited for other types of interventions, such as a financial interventions intended to improve the risk-return profile to attract private finance by taking a first-loss position in an investment fund. These types of activities may prove to be cost-effective in the long-run, but would not perform well in ex-ante evaluations where their benefits are not well captured by models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nonetheless, because the poverty risk for women who divorce is high, rising divorce rates have contributed to increased poverty and inequality. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (2009) reports significant income gains for men following divorce although this is, to some extent, offset when wider measures of deprivation are included (for example access to other resources such as durable goods, Aassve et al., There is also evidence that divorce laws matter and that when divorce is easier women may insure against future income losses by working more. Stevenson (2008), for example, finds a link between the move to unilateral (rather than consent) divorce law and increased labour force participation of married women. Higher employment among women and more generous welfare benefits, to some extent, protect women and children from the negative economic consequences of divorce and separation. Analysis of the different impacts of divorce on women’s economic well-being across countries finds that divorce leads to the biggest income declines in Italy and the smallest in Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Labour market structures and a culture of long paid hours combine with the unequal distribution of unpaid hours to reinforce gendered outcomes in the labour market and at home. Fathers - who are more likely to spend long hours in paid work - lose out on time with their family, while mothers - who more commonly care for children - are more likely to drop out of the workforce. Time poverty is taking its toll, and addressing these challenges will require a multifaceted approach involving the government, employers, and families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In that context, input-indicators are less suited: how far a child lives from school may be used as a proxy for access to education, however, it says nothing about whether the child is attending school and learning effectively, even children living far from school may be attending and learning depending on the conditions of (public) transport and the quality of the school. It is equally not trivial because the choice of the deprivation indicators determines what types of analyses on determinants of deprivation are possible in the later stages of the research. Some indicators may be binary variables (e.g., at school or not), so the distinction between the deprived and the non-deprived is obvious, other variables, however, are continuous, cardinal or ordinal: in these cases a decision on a cut-off point between those deprived and those non-deprived is needed. There is an ongoing debate on how to aggregate the various components of deprivation into an overall deprivation measure that identifies the (multiply) deprived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Average energy-intensity improvements of around 2.4% a year to 2040 are required as part of a portfolio of measures to green the energy sector, consistent with a 2°C target. Such improvements would result in a 15% reduction in global energy demand by 2040 (IEA, 2014a). Halving global primary energy demand over 2010-35 would boost global GDP by an estimated 1.1% in 2035. This effort would require an additional USD 11.8 trillion investment in more efficient end-use technology, but would save more than USD 17.5 trillion in fuel expenditure and USD 5.9 trillion in supply-side investment (Chateau, Magne and Cozzi, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nevertheless, this is lower than the OECD average of 1.67 and w'ell below the population replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. Stagnating fertility rates are a particularly important issue for Germany: aside from the personal satisfaction derived from raising children, fewer babies means fewer workers in the future, with pernicious consequences for the economy. German w'omen with higher educational attainment are less likely to have children, as are women engaged in paid work and (especially) women engaged in full-time paid work. Women w ith higher earnings are also much less likely to have a child than women with low'er earnings, as lower-income women often live with a male breadwinner. Differences in gender roles are less dramatic in France, where the likelihood of giving birth actually increases with a woman's earnings (Chapter 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The largest demand for imports is generated in Asia, which is expected to exhibit a trade deficit in 2023 for all commodities, except rice, vegetable oils and fish. This development is greatly influenced by China, which will import large quantities of most commodities. India will remain one of the leading exporters of cereals and rice and is also projected to become a major exporter of meat and cotton keeping it in an overall trade surplus situation for agricultural products. Agricultural trade will be affected by government policies, including those pertaining to public stockholding, an issue that forms part of the post-Bali WTO agenda (Box 1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further, many countries have continued to decrease or restructure their support programmes in line with the commitments made under previous WTO agreements. Underlying the increase in producer support is often a policy objective of increasing production to promote food security and to achieve self-sufficiency targets. However, the instruments at play are very similar to those used in the past by OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Italy, financial resources were devoted to boost innovation in radiotherapy, especially in the southern regions in 2007, but the inequality in availability of medical technologies has not been fully resolved. The density is above-average for both diagnostic and treatment devices in the United States and Switzerland and below-average for all medical devices in Estonia, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea have high densities of diagnostic equipment but below-average densities for radiotherapy equipment, and the Czech Republic, France and the Slovak Republic, with below-average densities of diagnostic equipment, have high densities of therapeutic equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter discusses the traditional ethical and legal positions on the issue of assassination, yet it will for reasons of space not address the use of assassination by the State against non-State-related actors, such as for example, the targeted killing practice of Israel vis-a-vis Palestinian resistance group leaders, recently and succinctly circumscribed and analysed by the Supreme Court of Israel, sitting as the High Court of Justice, in the case of  The Public Committee against Torture in Israel and others v. The Government of Israel and others , decided on 11 December 2005. It also discusses the assassination of foreign Heads of State by the forces of another State. The chapter sets out the results of a pilot study for a questionnaire that was done with the support of some of the Durham students in the international criminal law course.  Keywords: assassination, international criminal law, Israel, questionnaire
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Department of Environmental Affairs, www.environment.gov.za/aboutus/department, accessed 2 February 2015. Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Mineral Resources, Chamber of Mines, South African Mining and Biodiversity Forum, and South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Prepared for the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning by CNdV Africa, Cape Town. Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Cape Town. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria. Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The proposed set of indicators does not intend to be exhaustive nor complete or applicable to all circumstances. The purpose of this framework is to propose a first step in creating a list of indicators at the individual country level to monitor and evaluate adaptation actions in agriculture. To reduce risks associated with climate change and maintain profitability, farmers will need to adapt to changing socio-economic and climatic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In most economies in the region, this growth has been driven primarily by factor accumulation, that is, by increases in the size of the labour force and by increases in the capital stock through investment, including from abroad. At the same time, significant increases in productivity, particularly in labour productivity, have also taken place throughout the region. However, the slowdown in economic growth that has been observed since 2010 has increased the difficulties faced by Asia-Pacific economies in terms of dealing with their numerous development challenges. However, economic growth has slowed considerably in recent years, reaching only 4.6% in 2015 in the developing economies in the region, less than half of the rate of 9.4% that had been the average in the pre-crisis period of 2005-2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The MPGs for the enhanced transparency framework for action and support are negotiated under the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). Interlinkages relevant to reporting of mitigation and finance are discussed in more detail in the specific sections that follow (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). Reporting of information is also linked with two other Agreement provisions, namely the review of reported information, and the provision of support to enable and facilitate reporting by developing countries (see also (Dagnet et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The model has received considerable international attention over the past decades, delivering good labour market outcomes in tenns of both dynamism and inclusiveness. The 2007 financial crisis is seen for many experts as a stress test for the flexicurity model. In particular, some disadvantaged older workers are at risk of a chaotic transition from work to retirement when they lose their job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article assesses the situation of environmental rights in China in terms of political interactions and their implications for Chinese politics. Environmental justice is primarily conceived as equity in access to environmental goods and fairness in social processes dealing with market or government failures to provide environmental security. The argument is that environmental deterioration has a significant influence on the pattern of inequalities in the PRC, occasionally creating situations of extreme injustice. The developments involving legislation, collective action, public participation and litigation over the last decade have served as converging factors to allow for some significant improvements in environmental policymaking procedures. Although these developments have remained far from reversing the general state of the environment in China, they have introduced significant changes in the patterns of interaction among policy stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of course, subjective risk perception may not correspond to actual risk. For instance, a devastating, highly evocative singularity like an earthquake and a more diffuse and constantly present phenomenon such as air pollution, may have the same mortality rates, but people would not necessarily accept the same marginal increase in income for the mortality risk in being exposed to each. Cameron (2010) thus rightly remarks: “‘The VSL’ is not some true-but-unknown fundamental constant of nature that we merely need to measure more accurately. Instead, ‘the VSL’ is the result of attempts to find a convenient one-size-fits-all measure of demand for risk reductions - a number that may or may not be appropriate across all different types of risks or all different affected populations."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are means of rapidly increasing vocational skills to meet specific shortages using short-term programmes of two to four years in length. But it takes many years to strengthen institutional capacity with a cadre of experienced and effective professionals and technicians that can plan and enable progress towards SDG 6. The answer lies in long-term commitment and support for knowledge and capacity development. They enable progress to be monitored and service providers, governments and development partners to be held accountable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Firstly, the compensations are financed from district budgets, which receive a block grant from the Ministry of Finance. However, the block grant also includes benefits for Afghan War veterans and a special fund for one-time compensations for poor households. At the central level, no separate budget exists for the cash compensation for children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract Pacific Island tax havens have apparently collected $153,450,000 from (mostly ethnic Chinese) purchasers of passports. This paper considers the evolution of passport sales in Tonga, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Vanuatu and Nauru and internal and international opposition to them. Tension exists between different conceptions of citizenship within the world–system. Sales reflect classical liberal, individualistic, free market conceptions of citizenship. Opponents invoke both conservative and democratic conceptions of citizenship. This paper favours democratic solutions to many problems sales create. Sales schemes involve secrecy and corruption which attenuates following exposure by media, opposition politicians, watchdogs and crusaders against international terrorism. Pacific Island havens currently have no legal, official passport sales schemes, but this paper demonstrates that sales probably continue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The quality of the data from the next reporting round could be improved if the need to specify this information is made clearer in the reporting form: a) the area of forest and other wooded land covered by the estimate, b) the definition of visits that was used, and c) the primary data sources. Assuming countries provide this information, when this indicator is written up in SOEF 2015, it would also be worth highlighting which estimates for “intensity of use" referred to subsets of total forest cover, and quoting this area in the text Otherwise, the variations in intensity of use between countries are likely to be misinterpreted. For this reason, it would be worth examining the primary sources. This would also allow existing figures to be checked, and some of the assumptions to be clarified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The installation of community care services in many countries has led to a differentiated set of mental health services and various stepped rehabilitative services, which should meet the different degrees and kinds of patients’ needs in the areas of housing, activities and social relationships. It is generally agreed that mental health reforms have produced better outcomes in countries where the reduction of inpatient capacities has been compensated by a substantial building up of specialised outpatient and rehabilitative services. This holds also true for the United States (Glied and Frank, 2009). However, the reforms have not yet reduced the institutionalisation of people with mental disorders. Although institutions per se are not ineffective, community-based care has obviously not led to the desired degree of social inclusion, independent living, or to paid employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2006, the Washington Group on Disability Statistics approved a “short set” of six disability questions for use in population censuses, covering the domains of seeing, hearing, walking, cognition, self-care and communication. The Group is currently pursuing the field-testing of an “enlarged set” of questions for use in household surveys, covering the 10 domains of vision, hearing, upper body, learning, cognition, affect, pain, fatigue and communication (United Nations, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With rising urban emissions, the population around the world will be more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Cities themselves will be especially prone to rising sea levels, increasing migration, and water and food stress. Without investment in urban resilience, the effects of climate change will push more urban households into poverty.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)