albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Precious metal extraction increased by a factor of 12.2 Aside from construction minerals and metals, growth in material extraction in OECD countries since 1980 has been modest, increasing by less than 1% annually and in some cases even decreasing (i.e. industrial minerals). Among OECD countries, the United States is the single largest extractor of material resources with 6.3 Gt extracted in 2010 - one third of all materials extracted in OECD countries. Australia, Canada, Mexico and Germany follow, each extracting between 1 and 1.8 Gt in 2010. The composition of material extraction and consumption are similar, with the exception that fossil energy carriers account for a slightly larger share of consumption than extraction in OECD countries, due to significant imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This essay reflects on the contribution made by  Timed Out: Art and the Transnational Caribbean  (2011) to alternative futures for the Caribbean-focused study of art and its histories. Wainwright emphasizes the need for better attention to the complex “geopolitics of time” that is central to the formation of Caribbean creative experience, and outlines the discursive field, the art market, and the policy and funding landscape through which Caribbean and diaspora artists move. In response to the discussion of  Timed Out , in this issue of  Small Axe , Wainwright explains the continuing need to explode the existing dominant art canons (while highlighting the problematic assimilation of counterdiscursive and plural positions) and proposes various pathways by which the Caribbean's role in changing powerful modes and priorities of art historical scholarship may be extended fruitfully to the wider humanities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Societal challenges require a combination of basic and applied research. To create synergies with international initiatives and the programmes of other national governments, provide incentives for Austrian actors to participate in international research activities. This includes well-endowed universities and research institutes, good working conditions and career perspectives for researchers and a w'orld-class research infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rapid urbanization processes, for example, lead to growing numbers of settlements in highly flood- and storm-exposed coastal zones and low-lying areas. A large number of these fast-growing settlements comprise precarious infrastructure and are often inhabited by people in vulnerable situations. The risks and social costs associated with environmental and climate change are very unevenly distributed and closely linked to structural inequalities which leave disadvantaged people and communities more exposed and vulnerable to climate impacts.1 Women and children are often disproportionately affected. Differences in disaster risk reduction capacities become evident when comparing the percentage distribution of weather-related loss events with the percentage distribution of their impacts. Asia, for example, experienced 30 percent of the events but suffered 69 percent of fatalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Labour productivity remains low, amounting to 23.3% of Malaysia’s and 37% of Thailand’s in 2010. Extension services face several challenges, including limited human resources, the dominance of a top-down approach, a lack of services tailored to different types of farms, a weak participation of the private sector, and poor monitoring system. Most agricultural research is carried out by state research agencies with limited funding and not able to meet the practical requirements of farmers and private enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Especially for low-income families, the costs of formal childcare may exceed earnings prospects for the second earner, in particular, if regularly provided formal childcare facilities are not available or do not cover the full day. More in-kind benefits would give a stronger focus on earlier years of the child’s development for which Austria spends a considerably lower share than other OECD countries (Figure 2.8). This lowers return on investment in human capital that is found to be highest for the earliest years (Heckman, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ghana implemented a decentralized development planning system in 1988. This has resulted in the proliferation of ‘independent’ and ‘autonomous’ local government areas. However, the practice of constantly creating new local government areas of jurisdiction has resulted in a fragmentation of large metropolitan areas. More importantly, while the existing Local Government Act calls for adjoining local government areas to work hand-in-hand, there is no enabling legislation to foster such cooperation among municipal and metropolitan authorities. Using the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) as a case study, this paper argues that the proliferation of autonomous local government areas within the context of urban sprawl and other challenges have inhibited metropolitan-wide development planning.   Keywords:  Decentralization, local government, urban growth, Accra
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The governing board (Mega Cebu Development Board, not to be confounded with MCDCB) will also be composed, among others, of the Mayors of the 13 LGUs of Metro Cebu and Directors of Region VII National Government Agencies in relevant sectors mentioned above (Republic of the Philippines, 2015). A similar approach was undertaken in British Columbia, where the legislation guiding the role and authority of regional districts around regional planning clearly speaks to a collaborative relationship, but authority over land use planning at the local level. The ‘soft’ relationship is both successful in terms of partnership and collaboration and shared vision, but challenged by an inability to require the vision to be implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most developing countries rely at least partly on international development finance to fund climate-resilience investments (Pervin et al., In Bangladesh, 23% of climate-relevant expenditure w'as financed by external grants or loans in 2010/11. The Adaptation Fund provides finance for the implementation of priority adaptation projects and funds, using resources from a levy on Clean Development Mechanism projects, supplemented with other funding sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are, however, a number of additional strategies that would strengthen the link between science and marine and coastal management. These could identify, review and synthesise all available scientific information relevant for a particular policy or management issue and effectively interact with decision-makers. There are successful cases in the WIO that will yield useful lessons such as the Rodrigues octopus fisheries project (Yvergniaux, undated) and the MASMA-funded project “Developing a model for strategic adaptive management of MPAs in the Western Indian Ocean” (O’Leary and Tuda 2015). Such efforts have aimed at improving their understanding of processes in, and the value of, coastal and marine environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2002, the Supreme Court established that drinking water services are not “products” that can be charged by the utilities, but “rights” against service provision by government institutions, and therefore utilities are not entitled to approve tariffs, only state congresses can. There is some flexibility, though, as the state of Jalisco reported that the capacity to set tariffs had been taken away from Congress and given to citizen boards. Overall, there is not a single model on how tariffs are set, but a heterogeneous situation across the territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The “team leadership'’ and the relationship between the school leader and teachers can therefore be seen both as a strength and challenge for the implementation of programmes such as AfL. When teachers agree on new initiatives, their teams and networks can be an efficient structure for implementation. If teachers resist the programme, the same spirit can be a major challenge for the school leader. One school leader explained how the local municipality level had cut back on central positions, and stakeholders with knowledge in the field had taken up new positions. There w'ere also reports of several job changes among central leaders during the implementation phase, which was not easy for the participants interviewed. One school leader reported that it was hard to know which person to call if problems occurred, and as a result, he felt that no one w'as available to help him.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By requiring evidence of a commitment to equality and diversity, competition for these funds is also intended to support more women taking science and engineering at degree level. While these new apprenticeships can be in any sector, a large share will be in STEM fields. A total of GBP 2.7 million was awarded to 66 universities and colleges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Beware though, as "quality" is a tricky concept: for it may be based on objective criteria, but may also be the result of prejudices that often underestimate the quality of new art forms and especially those that attract new generations. Thus we propose an open and fresh approach to arts appreciation. It means to understand the technique of a work of art, because we are talking about artistic disciplines, with specific techniques. A student should be able to distinguish a watercolor from an oil painting, a sonata from a bachata, a sonnet from a free rhyme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although conventional international law declares certain discrete acts associated with terrorism to constitute crimes of universal jurisdiction, international law - long stymied by the objection that "one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter" - has struggled with the task of defining terrorism itself. By defining terrorism and declaring it to be an international crime, Canada's anti-terrorism legislation authorizes domestic prosecution of terrorist activity regardless of where and when it occurs and regardless of the national identity of perpetrator or victim. As domestic legislatures and courts in Canada and elsewhere increasingly turn their attention to what constitutes terrorism, their iterative efforts may eventually assist in promoting sufficient consensus to warrant a more integrated international approach coupled with international enforcement mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For all other variables, only one lag is used as instrument, and the instrument matrix has been collapsed. The Hansen test of over-identifying restrictions does not suggest that any instruments might be invalid. The steady state of GDP is in turn a function of underlying determinants including human and physical capital and, in the current application, inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While OECD countries are making progress on “knowing” the risk, much more could be done to build on current efforts to “target” and to “manage” water risks. The majority of efforts to date in OECD countries have focussed on building the scientific evidence base and disseminating information. Given the significant investments being made to improve the scientific evidence base, there is an urgent need to ensure that this evidence is used to best effect and meets the needs of users making practical, on-site adaptation decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It should be noted that many of these programs support basic science that is not applied to a specific fisheries and that all project reports are available to the public. The entire S-K grants program is listed under “general services” because practically all of these grants are awarded to support basic scientific and management missions. Fisheries infrastructure, including the construction, maintenance and modernisation of fishing ports and landings facilities, is funded by many Federal and local agencies, such as the Army Corps of Engineers and various Port Authority and other local public works agencies. These transfers to fisheries infrastructure were not calculated and are therefore not included in this submission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One wants an institution in which the developing countries have more voice than say the World Bank, and one wants an institution that is less committed to the neoclassical model (in which there is no unemployment) and more committed to development. The GTF could also compensate developing countries in the case of other trade violations (including for already existing rights) where it is determined existing enforcement mechanisms are inadequate, e.g. because the implementation of such sanctions would impose significant costs on the developing country. The gains in ‘equity’ from such targeted taxation have to be balanced against the resulting distortions, which given the proposed rates are likely to be very small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
High youth and long-term unemployment call for specific actions to prevent lasting exclusion from the labour market and to facilitate reallocation of the workforce as the economy undergoes structural change. But increases in in-work poverty show that being employed does not necessarily guarantee a decent level of income. Sluggish economic growth and low productivity have pushed involuntary part-time employment up and real wages down, weighing particularly on the incomes of the least qualified segments of the workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Established in 2012, the Council comprises 32 public and private bodies and is the nerve centre of Turkey’s entrepreneurship ecosystem. A key output has been the 2015-18 entrepreneurship strategy that pays particular attention to entrepreneurial learning. Likewise, in Serbia a co-ordinating body oversees a new entrepreneurship and competitiveness strategy. This is linked to a wider education strategy that also addresses entrepreneurial learning. Albania and Kosovo need to establish better cross-stakeholder partnership working arrangements for entrepreneurial learning. Embedding entrepreneurship into national qualification frameworks will be important here (European Commission, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the moment, no national-level information on student learning outcomes which is comparable across schools and regions and over time is available but the MEYS is currently developing national standardised tests in grades 5 and 9 in Czech language, foreign language and mathematics to address this gap. In addition, there has been a growing interest in undertaking studies of the impact of policy initiatives and in preparing thematic reports which can inform policy development. These are promoted by the MEYS as well as agencies such as the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
En lugar de centrarse en una critica (por otro lado muy necesaria) de los mercados detrabajoyen los elevados costos humanos.socialesy financieros de la migracion, este estudio pretende dar voz a las subjetividades de las mujeres migrantes en Nepal, dado que, por el momento, este aspecto no ha recibido tanta atencion. El estudio pone de manifiesto las razones que tienen estas mujeres para emprender la migracion internacional y sus esfuerzos por adquirir capacidades que les permitan ganarse la vida en el contexto de la globalization. Sus experiencias revelan como se aprovecha la experiencia migratoria para (re) negociar el papel de estas mujeres en el seno de sus familias y comunidades, asi como para cuestionar el estigmay la mistificacion que todavia hoyacompahan a la migracion de las mujeres. In recent decades, with rising new demands for cheap labour worldwide, along with the continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and increased connectivity, increased male outmigration has brought transformation at many levels, including in gender power relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Smaller households are becoming the global norm. That figure masks differences between countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has 39 countries with a total fertility rate above 4, and among these, 10 countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, the Niger, Nigeria, Somalia and Uganda, have total fertility rates above 6.34 Nevertheless, fertility rates are declining in most of these countries, especially in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In spite of recent accelerated efforts, more needs to be done to harmonise the environmental regulatory framework with EU legislation. The environmental legal system lacks coherence. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has delivered judgements against Ireland for not transposing EU regulations into national law and for otherwise failing to meet EU requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As a result, “anchor” investment projects do not always result in economic diversification. Few monotowns attracted new' investment projects from SOEs, except in Stepnogorsk (where an SOE, the core manufacturing company, has been expanding production). As reported by BISAM Central Asia (2012), outsourcing to local monotown businesses is not always advantageous to core monotown companies, given their vertically integrated structure or the insufficient quality of local production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The central bank’s role in enabling long-term productive investment, coupled with targeting subsidized credit to strategic sectors, is credited with the rapid growth of manufacturing and overall economic growth in these economies. This occurred during a period of time in which central banks worked with governments to promote economic development. That is,fiscal and monetary policies were coordinated. In 2012, Argentina’s parliament approved a new charter for the central bank that allows it to provide funds for domestic banks and other institutions involved in long-term financing of productive investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The construction of electric vehicles charging infrastructure in Bulgaria is in its initial phase. Individual projects for building recharging stations are implemented mainly by private investors at the municipality level. The same commitment also arises from the Climate Change Mitigation Act. The Ministry of Environment and Water initiated a process towards developing a national adaptation strategy, which should comprise the period up to 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Bioresources are mostly located in rural and coastal areas (forests, fish, algae, farm by-products) but appear also as e.g. orga nic waste. Their productivity a nd accessibil -ity differ between localities, given variation in natural conditions and the management of ownership and use. However advanced are the technologies involved, the biological raw materials used stem from - and impact on - land, water and sea-based bioresources. Alternative and competing uses touch on human rights and common property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Promoting niche markets through denomination of origin, eco-labelling, fair trade, organic and slow food initiatives, geographic indication, globally important agricultural heritage systems, and one-village-one-product intiatives may be particularly useful. Therefore, PGRFA include both farmers'varieties/landraces and modern cultivars of staple crops as well as NUS.The development and implementation of policies are a key component in promoting NUS/FSF into agricultural production systems (FAO, 2015a). Following this, the Rome Declaration on Nutrition included the call to "Promote the diversification of crops including underutilized traditional crops, more production of fruits and vegetables, and appropriate production of animal-source products as needed, applying sustainable food production and natural resource management practices" (FAO, 2014a). These commitments have become even more compelling with the imperative of achieving the SDGs by 2030. In general, in developing countries, the attainment of this objective even for staple crops, and more so for NUS, remains a seemingly intractable problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The desire to continuously improve the quality of life is inherent - Abraham Maslow’s theory of need hierarchy holds even today. The challenge therefore, is how to decouple the needs and aspirations from the effects on the environment, as illustrated in Figure 2:2. Pressure to improve sustainable practices can lead to employment generation and stimulate innovation while simultaneously protecting existing sources of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Table C 1 shows the results of the OLS estimation obtained with the pooled cross-section data series for 29 OECD countries (with an average of 10 observations per country over the 25 years period). Demographic variables are included sequentially and the results from the different steps are reported in the different columns to best identify how the different explanatory factors are linked to each other. The proportion of jobless families and maternal the employment rates are two highly correlated variables, and for this reason they were introduced simultaneously in the model specifications (except in column 8 for a final robustness check).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to Ciett (2012), around 25% of temporary agency workers in Brazil are under the age of 25 - w'hich would be equivalent to around 1.5% of active youth.28 In other words: young people are more likely than prime age adults to be hired on temporary contracts. A final remark worth making is that, by international standards, Ciett estimates that the average length of agency work assignments in Brazil is short, with 40% of assignments lasting less than a month (compared with around 15% in Argentina and 22% in Peru). Source: Ciett (2012), “Agency w'ork penetration rate”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper analyzes the impact of corruption on bilateral trade flows, highlighting the dual role of corruption in terms of extortion and evasion. On one hand, corruption taxes trade, when corrupt customs officials in the importing country extort bribes from exporters (the extortion effect), on the other, if tariffs are high, corruption may be trade enhancing, when the corrupt officials allow exporters to evade tariff barriers (the evasion effect). The paper derives and estimates a corruption-augmented gravity model that shows that the effect of corruption on trade flows is ambiguous and is contingent on the level of tariffs. The predictions are borne out in the data: corruption taxes trade in the majority of cases, but in high tariff environments (covering 5-14% of the observations,) its marginal effect is trade-enhancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fifteen years after the Pinochet judgment this chapter will identify the key arguments in our original article and test that analysis against the present day State of international and domestic law, particularly within the context of the highly controversial relationship between immunities and human rights.  Additionally, this chapter will seek to further analyse the judgment against recent case law emanating from domestic courts, the European Court of Human Rights and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The analysis will also briefly consider the alternatives to the constant challenges to immunity from jurisdiction that have the potential further to undermine what is an important procedural safeguard in the conduct of international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the 1970s, notably in India, Oceania, the United States and Europe, women activists have constituted the primary driver of animal rights movements. Recent analyses conclude that women constitute 68-80% of participants in animal rights movements in the United States and the United Kingdom (Kruse etal. Public opinion surveys reinforce these findings (Box 2.1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)