albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It is important to follow and adapt the work with the Nordic Assessment to advancements under the task force. It is important to give ILK representatives opportunities to reflect and comment upon other sections of the assessment, in the same way that researchers and governmental officials should be involved in the process. The role of ILK in the Nordic Assessment needs to be clearly stated, as well as the expected outcome of the participatory processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
That role goes far beyond administration, school leaders shape the culture of their schools and have the power to continuously improve teaching and learning. They are also responsible for reaching out to stakeholders and odier schools to build support for education in their local communities. The national curriculum first implemented in 2001 and revised in 2008 changed expectations of teachers from top-down lecturers in a culture of rote learning to facilitators who are mindful of each student’s unique aptitudes and abilities. As with their counterparts worldwide, Thai teachers are expected to teach 21st century skills, such as analytical thinking, creativity, problem solving and teamwork, and encourage learning outside of the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Conduct monitoring and evaluation of laws and policies relating to child marriage, including prosecutions where the law is violated, prosecution of offenders, implementation of judicial decisions, and remedies received by women and girls harmed by child marriage to ensure that the legal rights of women and girls are duly protected. Adequate training to be given to judicial officers to enhance capacity to ably adjudicate CEFM cases. Ensure compliance with the laws on CEFM through the establishment of enforcement and monitoring mechanisms which will report to a Central Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, most preferably set up at the relevant Ministry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As mentioned above, it is the major source of finance used in the construction phase of RE investment projects. Figure 10 provides an overview of the amount of investment financed via asset finance which went to the different renewable energy sources in the period 2004-2009. Because of the financial crisis, global asset financing in 2009 fell by 6 % from 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Individuals are considered as fuel poor if they have required fuel costs that are above the median level and would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line if they were to spend that amount. The number of households in fuel poverty is of the same order of magnitude under the current official measure, where fuel poverty is defined by required fuel costs exceeding 10% of income. More than 7 million individuals in nearly 3 million households are affected in 2009 and the fuel poverty gap is £1.1 billion, defined as the amounts by which the assessed energy needs of fuel poor households exceed the threshold for reasonable costs (Hills, 2012). Current policies are estimated to reduce the fuel poverty gap by only 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The two main tools are the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system and the Electronic Single Window (ESW). The EDI allows trade-related documents to be transferred electronically, while the ESW is more extensive and allows trade stakeholders to submit documentation and other information through a single point of entry to complete customs procedures. Figure C.4 depicts the variation in regional adoption of EDI and ESW systems. While many countries now use EDI systems, the use of single windows lags far behind across regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The incompleteness of registration of compulsory admissions and the legal status of referrals are two particular concerns, especially given that available data suggests that there are significant regional differences in both. The marked increase in reporting of waiting times data is encouraging, and similar improvements for other indicators are most desirous. For example, measurement of restraint (physical and chemical) -potentially a key measure for quality for mental health care - is included in a paper protocol, must be reported to a supervisory board on a monthly basis, and should be reported nationally. At present this national data collection is not operational, and only an estimated 25% of all reports of measures of restraint are collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Results summarised in the table suggest that the extension of paid leave entitlements -irrespective of payment rates - has had rather a negative effect - if any - on the employment rate of women aged from 25 to 54 years, as well as on the female-to-male employment ratio.9 The results offer no support for earlier findings that suggested a positive effect of birth leave durations on female employment rates. The increase in female labour force participation since the 1960s (Chapter 1) went hand-in-hand with the development of work/family life balance policies of which access to affordable childcare of good quality11 is an important element. Countries differ in the emphasis they put on underlying objectives on gender equity, having children (Chapter 3) and promoting child well-being and child development (Chapter 5). But concerns on labour supply often play an important role when policy measures are taken, as for example, recently in Mexico (Box 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But it is also recognized that the costs and benefits of a sustainable system must also be reflected in decisions made by consumers and producers, as well as policy-makers (FAO, 2012b). Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable, nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy, while optimizing natural and human resources" (Burlingame and Dernini, 2012, p. 7). They also mean a reduction of losses and waste throughout the food system. Such profound changes are likely to require significant changes in the food systems themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The number of lessons taught per week must always be between 27 and 35 in each grade. The school principal determines optional subjects and decides on how the time (lessons) available are used. Similarly, the Framework Education Programmes for Technical and Vocational Education include general as well as technical/vocational educational areas, cross-curricular subjects and key professional competencies for each school year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While this focus has, no doubt, helped to raise awareness of the infrastructure challenge, it misses or, worse, sidelines, some key questions from a developing-country perspective beginning with how infrastructure can actually become a real force for structural transformation, raising productivity across sectors and activities, and creating a more virtuous development circle. It draws, in part, on the framework provided by Hirschman to make planning and programming activities more effective, in the face of the uncertainties, constraints and tensions inherent in the development process. Recognizing that development planning is a “risky business”, Hirschman stressed the importance of sequencing and experimentation to establish the right balance between what was then commonly called “social overhead capital” (public infrastructure) and directly productive activities (private investment) (Hirschman, 1958: 83). It seeks to show how public infrastructure investments can help to break the “interlocking vicious circles” (Hirschman, 1958: 5) that impede development and to help generate the kind of linkages that are key to structural transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Firstly, as was noted in Chapter 3, this is because the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population is higher than that of the native-born (60.8% versus 36.0% in 2011). Secondly, the share of the population that is of working-age is also higher for immigrants than for the native-born (91.7% versus 69.5% in 2011). Furthermore, as demonstrated in Chapter 4, immigration does not seem to reduce employment of native-born workers (at the national level).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The decline of traditional utilities based on dispatchable generation assets can thus degrade the security of electricity supply. Of course, countervailing measures such as capacity mechanisms or long-term support for dispatchable assets, in particular if they are low-carbon such as hydro or nuclear, can internalise any newly arising external effects. This holds, in particular, for baseload producers such as nuclear which rely on high load factors and predictable prices in order to recoup their high fixed costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This article examines the ways in which family planning program personnel in Nigeria appropriate population program resources and models of social change to suit local priorities. The family planning project discussed here was manipulated by local officials as an instrument of patronage in a manner that exemplified the benefits of having strong and reliable kinship networks. The article explains the “corruption” that characterizes donor-funded projects by situating the actions of project personnel in the context of local political economy and culture. The phenomenon of training workshops is examined to show how these workshops satisfy simultaneously the competing priorities of donors and local participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such an increase would exceed the current market price of aluminium, potentially placing European aluminium producers at a competitive disadvantage. We assume an electricity intensity of 15 MWh pertonne of aluminium, source CEPS (2013), and a marginal C02 content in electricity of 700 g/kWh. The market deficit (consumption minus production) in Europe is currently almost 3 million tonnes, meaning that consumption exceeds production by 3 million tonnes (see Figure 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If the cost per unit of landed fish goes up as the stock is depleted, this provides some protection against a serious stock depletion resulting from a breakdown of sharing agreements. And the sharing agreements themselves could be resilient against variations in fish migrations. Oceanographic conditions vary a great deal from year to year, due to factors that are unlikely to be related to global warming, and so do fish migrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gender Evaluation Methodology for Internet and ICTs. Giving everyone a voice and a say in the formulation, implementation and evaluation is the first step towards an inclusive development initiative. It is important to plan activities taking into account the daily timetables of both men and women, and not to overburden them with extra activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This momentum will need to be reinforced not just by the UNFCCC, but also by other governance arrangements as explained in the next section. In this regard, the UNFCCC is one of many building blocks of a climate regime that consists of a range of international institutions and processes whose mandate affects climate action. While the UNFCCC has a central role in the climate regime, it interacts with many other intergovernmental and public-private institutions (Hjerpe and Nasiritousi 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Austria's Styria state, children above age 15 not deemed ready for secondary school are not entitled to attend and, after assessment, are transferred to special courses. Some countries separate students with lower academic ability, often those with immigrant backgrounds, into less demanding tracks, which compromises subsequent opportunities. Moroccan and Turkish second-generation immigrant students in Amsterdam were five time as likely as natives to enter lower secondary vocational tracks at age 12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the implementation of enquiry-based science teaching is fraught with challenges. For instance, minimally guided discovery', project-based learning, and enquiry learning are sometimes lumped under the same heading even though the level of teacher involvement might differ from one practice to another. This results in the application of blanket criticism of strategies that, in practice, are very different from one another (Hmelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Obtaining reliable gender statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life requires a strategy of gender mainstreaming in all stages of data production. This means that gender is brought into the “mainstream” of all statistical activities, rather than dealt with as an “add-on” (United Nations, 2002). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996, United Nations-, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the late 1990s it has become increasingly clear that the Commonwealth Constitution is the dominant influence upon judicial review of administrative action in Australia. The Constitution provides for a minimum entrenched provision of judicial review by recognising and protecting the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court. This protection comes at a price because the separation of powers doctrine and the division and allocation of functions it fosters impose many limits upon the reach and content of judicial review of administrative action. This protective and restrictive effect of the separation of powers upon judicial review of administrative action arguably reflects a wider tension in the separation of powers, in which the powers and limits of each arm of government are balanced in a wider sense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the debate over whether to criminalize anti-cartel enforcement is still building around the world, there is a strong case in its favor. We use the term “cartel” to refer to the particular types of horizontal collusion that would be subjected to criminal sanctions in criminal-law jurisdictions, namely the most unambiguous (“naked”) and socially harmful (“hard-core”) forms of price /xing, bid-rigging, and market allocation.1 In our view, criminalization is a policy that re0ects pragmatic governmental intervention in economic systems characterized by heavy reliance on free markets.2 1is policy is based on experience and reason and is supported by moral considerations. We explain general harms of cartels, summarize the empirical evidence to date on the frequency and seriousness of the cartel problem, discuss the extent to which criminalization draws on universal moral concerns, and discuss pragmatic considerations of criminalization’s e2ectiveness in deterring cartels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Improved security should be incorporated in the framework, and, as applicable, into every goal, while the necessary measures are taken to minimize the occurrence and impact of adverse risks for human security. Accordingly, policies towards and monitoring of each goal should not only assess absolute achievements but also track fluctuations caused by insecurity. The selection of indicators should address poverty, exclusion and inequality in the developed world as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Killing: Unlawfully Shot, Trapped or Glued, http://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/ attachments/01 -28_low.pdf Boyer-Rechlin, B. (2010). Women in forestry: A study of Kenya's Green Belt Movement and Nepal's Community Forestry Program, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25 (sup 9), 69-72. Gender, Climate Change and REDD+ in the Congo Basin Forests of Central Africa, International Forestry Review, 13(2), 163-176. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
AbstractThis article examines women’s lived experiences as new activists in social movements. Taiwanese women – many of them housewives – joined the Sunflower Movement, a large-scale protest against a trade pact with China, and a related anti-nuclear movement in 2014. This study demonstrates how new women activists’ everyday political practices mutually construct the public and private spheres in the Taiwanese context. By ‘making private public’, these new activists use discourses of citizenship and maternalism to connect politics to social issues and daily life. Public participation makes these women feel empowered, and their daily actions transform politics from a set of formal, institutionalized practices to a practical fact of everyday life. This research also challenges the reproduction of a rigid private/public division in previous feminist scholarship that regards family and childcare as a separate realm that hinders women’s public participation. In a marked break from past accounts, these women do...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interviewed women explain that the gender division of labour shifted, since they now have to take over several male-specific activities. Moreover, wives in migrant families state to have higher decision-making power, with the decision of how much money to invest and what crops to grow lying in their hands. Similarly, evidence from Nicaragua shows that fathers assume new gender roles when their spouses migrate, taking charge of the housework and children (Avellan, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Averaged across 22 participating countries, 12% are overskilled in finance versus 9% in other sectors applying this measure to literacy, and 11 % versus 9% for numeracy. Of 19 sectors in total, the proportion of overskilled is the highest in finance for literacy and the fourth highest for numeracy. The overall evidence would thus tentatively indicate comparatively high overskilling in finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this way, we can advance the science of teaching. For all puiposes beyond clarity in research and evaluation, however, it may be best to steer clear of dichotomising labels. In actual teaching, teachers find they need to bring these different pedagogies back together to meet the multiple dimensions of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Public forms of sexual violence are more likely in conflict, while sexual abuse and violence in more closed institutions.4 As with sexual violence against women and girls as well as against those of non-binary gender identities, sexual violence against men is about gendered and patriarchal power and domination. One of the main reasons why SGBV against men and boys is so effective in undermining survivors’ selves is that it strikes at multiple levels what it means to ‘be a man’ in many societies. This includes: to be able to protect oneself, the family, and the community, to be a breadwinner - as this might become impossible because of the injuries incurred, especially where manual labour is the main opportunity available, to partake in the leadership of the family and community, and to not seek outside help or support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If too much water is stored behind the reservoir, sections of the river downstream from the reservoir can dry out if an insufficient amount of water is released at certain times of the year. This can lead to detrimental effects on animal and plant life downstream from the facility. Because of this, the channel may show signs of degradation (loss of sediments) or aggradation (accumulation of sediments), depending on whether floods can move the remaining incoming sediments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Emissions abatement falls first on those polluters that handle it in the most cost-efficient manner, which provides incentives to reduce pollution and emissions and to invest in environmentally friendly technologies. Market instruments are less information-intense in that they require only regulators to set the price (in the case of a tax) or the quantity (in the case of an ETS) of the relevant instrument, but this also gives them less control over the actual environmental outcome. Energy subsidies - especially on petroleum products and electricity - are prevalent in Asia, which accounted for about one third of global energy subsidies in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the 2000s in Malawi, the responsibility for social protection moved between a non-line ministry and a line ministry in an attempt to find an appropriate home for social protection. In Ethiopia, the PSNP is located in the Ministry of Agriculture (under the Food Security Directorate), but with links to other parts of the Ministry of Agriculture and other ministries and departments. In Bangladesh, recent recognition that there are a number of programmes run by government departments, NGOs and donors has led to the establishment of a new cross-sectoral working group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although age is a factor in the type of deprivation being experienced, the differences are not very large for people experiencing non-monetary deprivation. When deprivation as measured by at least two indicators was analysed, on the other hand, the values were higher for older cohorts, which suggests that multidimensional deprivation is more common among older adults, and the differences increased over the period under study. The construction of this index, which was inspired by the methodology developed by Alkire and Santos (2010), was based on four dimensions (living conditions, health, level of education and participation in the labour market) and 13 indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further, quantity-based interventions are typically easier to administer than more complex price-based incentives, making them particularly useful tools for countries with weak administrative capacity. Many of these instruments are already utilized by developing countries. Green investment tax credits are used in 18 developing countries, public investment is used in 17, while feed-in tariffs, which guarantee prices to clean energy producers above the existing market price, are used in 17, including Algeria, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Uganda (REN21, 2010). Many of these mechanisms have been criticized for locking in subsidies that then become politically difficult to remove, although putting time limits on them can help reduce this risk somewhat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Estevez-Abe (2008) states that “all other small welfare states simply require that individual applicants to public assistance fall under a certain income threshold”, but this is not entirely true. “ However, recent changes include] instructing welfare workers to avoid rejecting the demands of applicants without a concrete examination of their efforts towards seeking employment. Kakita states that “it is illegal under the current Public Assistance Law to refuse public assistance just because applicants have no stable address”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is also limited transparency in the consultation process and on whether/how the input of stakeholders is adequately taken into account, it is not always clear when the input of stakeholders is required. In addition, administrative barriers, such as a requirement to have a national identity card, limit individuals living in precarious and/or rural regions that have less access to national administration. Not all of the key steps and procedures involved in the policy making process are sufficiently transparent, nor do they allow opportunities for input from relevant stakeholders at critical points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)