albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the public sector accounting structure pieces accountability of public officials, placing accounting public on the condition of social control tool, however, the problem is in making meaningful and accessible to citizen understanding of financial information, thus, the goal is to verify whether the accountability performed by public accounting information is perceived by the average citizen as monitoring the performance of the public official. The methodology adopted is as to the purposes and means of descriptive research were bibliographic, documentary and field research. As a result it appears that most respondents can perceive the usefulness of accounting information as well, has interest in the content that can be extracted from public financial statements, however, it is inferred that information when placed in a context, in a less technical language, allows an increased level of understanding of the public financial reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
She was studying the experiences of women who form small minorities in the corporate sector. Kanter estimated that, when the proportion of minority members reached about 30%, they were able to influence decision making autonomously as a group. In the 1980s, her findings were picked up on by the Danish political scientist Drude Dahlerup (Dahlerup, 1988), w ho argued that the critical mass phenomenon could also apply to women who constituted a minority' group in politics. As for the outcomes that critical mass could produce, Kanter and Dahlerup referred mainly to the possibility’ that increased numbers would enable women to form supportive coalitions and promote women-relevant policy change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the last decade, many of the peace processes on the African Continent between 1991 and 2012 had no women as lead mediators. Maximizing the benefits of women's engagement in conflict prevention and peacebuilding calls for moving from inclusion to partnership for social change. Women’s absence from peace processes cannot be explained by their alleged lack of experience in conflict resolution or negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These results are generally consistent with the findings for other countries reported in OECD, 2010a. Farms are visibly differentiated by the behaviour of individual unit margins even where they face relatively similar market conditions. The data suggest that unit margins across farms often move in different directions, with the result that the variations in the aggregate-level margins are reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A number of atypical contracts exist in OECD countries (such as casual, on-call and project-work contracts, see e.g. Venn, 2009). In addition, changing labour markets and the need to increase adaptation and flexibility have led to a blurring of the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. Many countries have seen a rising share of independent contractors who depend on a single employer for their income but are legally self-employed and their relationship with their employer is regulated by commercial law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These worthwhile efforts have notably included information on medical practitioners by speciality. In Finland, for example, health workforce planning is part of an economy-wide workforce planning exercise, rather than occupation-specific. The main objective of overall workforce planning is to provide advice on tertiary education student intake, to achieve a better balance between future workforce supply and demand. Meanwhile, Japan has conducted an analysis of physicians, nurses, long-term care workers, pharmacists and other health workers (Ono et al., These efforts should be continued, and broadened to take in other parts of the workforce, such as allied health professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All necessary functions around patient safety, such as development, standard setting, monitoring and control and support for safety improvements in practice, are in place in Denmark. Formally however, all Israeli hospitals are expected to collect information on infections, and report this to the Ministry of Health. The Ministiy is responsible for analysing data to then develop prevention or improvement plans. This information is provided to the public in yearly summaty reports without disclosing hospital identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Before 1980, Chiles health system was publicly financed through social security and public funds. After health reform in 1981, however, risk insurance was introduced, and market mechanisms began to regulate levels of protection. By 2006, a dual system of coverage was in place. The National Health Care Fund, funded by federal government tax revenues and by premiums from beneficiaries, covered 69% of the population, but its resource constraints have prevented it from ensuring timely and quality services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Women’s participation in labour markets can occur at the expense of their unpaid care and domestic work, which can lower the production of human capabilities that ultimately impact growth—an effect that is frequently overlooked when women’s employment rises. They point, in particular, to the need for a sustainable and caring economy, where care is recognized and valued, and the burden is redistributed equally." This is essential, in particular for women In the global South who spend vast amounts of their time fetching firewood, fuel and water, and carry out other activities related to unpaid care and domestic work and smallholder farming (figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As cities have adapted to accommodate greater car use, however, walking has been marginalised as a convenient and enjoyable mode of transportation, exposing pedestrians to environmental risks in the form of accidents and poor air quality. A high level of walkability is defined as involving good public transit connectivity, high residential density, and the presence of many local destinations within walking distance. A critical factor for maintaining walkability in larger cities is accessibility to public transit for longer journeys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ISMs matter. They reflect underlying philosophical points of departure and are rooted in specific explicit assumptions about how the world works. The very different expectations and conclusions of diverse theories often stem from the fact that those theories were derived from distinct and contrasting paradigmatic roots. To be aware of those foundations is to understand the likely strengths, weaknesses, limitations, controversies, and specific attributes of the various theories. In contemporary international relations (IR) scholarship there is a common claim that we are past paradigms, and many younger scholars are expected to recite this mantra. But making such a claim is a political act, not an intellectual one. It reflects the hegemony of one particular paradigmatic perspective�one with specific analytical building blocks of individualism, materialism, and hyperrationalism�an approach that is a paradigm and one so powerful that it has been described as an �intellectual monoculture.�
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A sharp fall in TPES and TFC in 2006 was also linked to decreased use of energy products as feedstock, especially in the petrochemical industry. In 2007, Portugal consumed 0.17 toe per USD 1 000 of GDP (2005 prices), against an OECD Europe average of 0.12 toe. The difference is less when GDP is corrected for purchasing power parities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Acknowledgements Introduction: Sovereignty, Development and Civil War - Aparna Sundar and Nandini Sundar Contextualizing Civil Wars in South Asia - Nandini Sundar Sri Lanka: Military Fiscalism and the Politics of Market Reform at a Time of Civil War - Rajesh Venugopal The Transnational Political Economy of Civil War in Afghanistan - Alessandro Monsutti Aid and Violence: Development, Insurgency and and Social Transformation in Nepal - Antonio Donini and Jeevan Raj Sharma Civil War or Genocide? Britain and the Secession of East Pakistan in1971 - A Dirk Moses The Rise of Jihadi Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Areas - Haris Gazdar, Yasser Kureshi and Asad Sayeed Routine Emergencies: India's Armed Forces Special Powers Act - Sanjib Baruah Local Agitations in a Globalized Context: A Case Study of Shopian and Bomai - Gowhar Fazili Articulating Grievance in Southeast Myanmar - Stephen Campbell Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Climate change was well suited to this paradigm and emerged from it as a key priority, as advances towards global public goods, such as global health, poverty eradication and alleviation of humanitarian crises, are impossible without ambitious action to combat climate change and build climate-resilient societies. The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol was to begin in 2008 and extend until 2012. While negotiations had been launched under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) aiming to negotiate a second commitment period under the Protocol, the broader question remained: how to address climate change at a global scale post-2012?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The article presents a critical view on the notion of governance, mainly in the environmental field, with respect to the empirical models represented by the council of environmental policies and the process of environmental licensing. Environmental governance is inscribed in the ecological modernization paradigm, or adequacy paradigm, centered in the technical, market oriented and consensus building strategies as solutions for the so-called "environmental problems". Through the analysis of the structural and practical problems of the licensing process, the paper highlights the limits of this notion of governance that imposes itself upon territories and peoples. At the end, it is stressed the call for principles related to environmental justice, cultural diversity and accountability as crucial for the constructing of a sustainable society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, the studies represented seven countries, including two assessing Oportunidades/Progresa in Mexico, one each from Ecuador and Nicaragua, three from SSA (Somalia, Uganda, and Lesotho) and one from Turkey (column 2). Four of the qualitative studies were NGO-led programs, of which two were external evaluations of the same CT implemented by Action Against Hunger in northern Uganda in 2012 and 2014, three were government-run programs (two UCTs and one CCT) and two were run by international organizations (column 3). From the total, four interventions were UCTs, one provided cash, food or voucher conditional on attending nutrition training and four were CCTs (column 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter assesses ICT infrastructure and related issues such as competition, public private partnerships and regulatory environments in LDCs. The first mile refers to international connectivity. The middle mile refers to national backbones and the associated elements such as data centers and Internet exchanges (discussed in Chapter 3). The last mile refers to local access networks that reach the end user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The highest risk ratings for in situ and development risks (respectively) are used to produce initial ratings. The setting of water security targets can be guided by several economic characteristics (in part, following OECD, 2008). However, achieving the targets can also entail significant economic costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This plays a crucial role in setting students’ expectations and their ambition to achieve academic goals (Anderson and Huesmann, 2003, Huesmann, 1998, Eccles, Vida and Barber, 2004, Frome and Eccles, 1998). Various studies also find that parental expectations increase as socio-economic status rises (Ang and Huan, 2006, Xiao, 2013). The latest PISA 2015 results also confirm this equation, since socio-economic status is found to be related to students’ ambition (OECD, 2017). On average across OECD countries, disadvantaged students were 11 percentage points less likely than advantaged students to report that they want to be among the best students in the class, and 13 percentage points less likely to see themselves as an ambitious person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A more in depth analysis of volume activity suggests that health spending differentials between Italy and other European countries arise from differences in the delivery of non-acute health services (Sassi, 2013). While differences in the volume of hospital services appeared limited between countries, the analy sis strongly points to the fact that community, long term care and preventive services are underdeveloped in Italy compared to other European countries. As demonstrated by Figure 1.5, Italy had one of the lowest number of healthy life years at age 65 in 2011, with nearly seven years free of disability for women and about eight for men (compared to 9.5 years for women and men on average across OECD countries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is so although by 2030 there are expected to be nearly five million sales per year in other BRICS countries and about 2.5 million in the rest of the world. After 2030, sales in other BRICS countries are projected to take off, and by 2050 there should be 30 million sales per year, with 24 million more in China. Together the five BRICS countries are expected to account for over half of the world's EV/PHEV vehicle sales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This suggests that the management practices applied are inconsistent with the purposes for which the community concessions were created. This firm was created in 2003, as a joint venture by several RBM community concessions, with the strategic aim of consolidation through their collaboration (see table VII.10). The fact that it also markets the timber produced by the communities has enabled it to identify new markets, establish connections between communities and buyers, and strengthen those that already existed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Control over valuations by the state introduces both a potential bottleneck and a level of intervention in the operation of the market which many countries (and lenders) would consider undesirable, also, imposing a requirement for all valuations to be “bespoke” exercises conducted by multinational accounting firms introduces a high level of cost into the system and makes smaller financing deals uneconomic to transact, placing them beyond the reach of SMEs. This effect is of particular concern in constructing an approach that meets policy objectives, can collect a large quantity of comparable data, and avoids concentrating risk in a small number of large deals (which the market might be willing to finance in any event, thus undermining additionality). In many respects, the behaviour of intangible assets is not very different from that typically associated with tangible assets, but because some of the major causes for changes in value are different, the points of parity may be less obvious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Governments investing in marine biotechnology have recognised the potential for marine biotechnology to help sustain the ecosystem services the ocean provides to the planet. This chapter discusses the potential socioeconomic contribution of marine biotechnology and the importance of marine biotechnology to environmental sustainability. Those identified in the marine environment have tended to come from organisms living in environmental extremes and have a wide range of applications in industrial and agricultural processing. These amphiphilic compounds display a range of surface activities that allow for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Japan, and to a lesser extent Australia, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, combine above-average performance with a high level of equity. France, Germany, Poland and the United States all show both below-average performance and large social disparities. In Korea and the United States, for example, the relationship between socio-economic background and skills proficiency is much weaker among younger adults than among older adults. In Australia and the Slovak Republic, Ihe reverse is true.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Third, given this public resource constraint, private capital, which is typically invested in short-term financial assets, should be unlocked for infrastructure projects. Fourth, for this to occur, a pipeline of “bankable” projects needs to be developed. The standard diagnosis is that projects that fit that profile are currently scarce and the risk-adjusted returns of existing projects are too low to attract private investors. Numerous factors are pinpointed as restricting the delivery of “bankable” projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless investments in improvements in energy efficiency will need to increase by a factor of 3 to 6 in order to achieve the 2030 target. The UNECE region uses 39% of global TPES. North America has the main share (18% globally), followed by the 33 countries of Western and Central Europe with 12%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
New information is being collected with the view of improving this allocation in the next monitoring cycle. The change of the classification of measures within the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) has no significant implications for the total GSSE or the Total Support Estimate (TSE). Canada reviewed around 5 000 individual programmes under the current GSSE. The revisions were implemented for the whole period since 1986 and the programmes are aggregated by the level of new GSSE categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Service providers are likely to still Page | 32 require subsidies even after LpT reaches its universalisation target. This is because costs for operation and management, capital and replacement have to be incorporated into the calculations by the service providers (Instituto Acende Brasil, 2007a). Where low consumption levels remain, concessionaires are expected to face serious problems, especially if they are already in financial difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The split across sectors is presented in Table 7. Estimating the economic impact of the broadband stimulus plan. Columbia Institute for Tele-Information Working Paper presented at a conference on "Spending the Broadband Stimulus: Maximizing the benefits and monitoring performance" held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on February 19,2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Amenable mortality - i.e. those deaths that could be avoided by timely and effective medical care - provides a better measure of the impact of health care on the population’s health status than life expectancy, even though it is affected by the prevalence of diseases as well as medical achievements (Gay et al., Finland’s amenable mortality rate for men is higher than in any other Nordic country, but for females it is the second lowest after Iceland. The results also vary widely across diseases. Diseases of the circulatory system and cancers, together, account for more than 80% of amenable mortality in Finland and the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over time, personalized technology will supersede one-size-fits-all models of education. A number of mathematics applications for smartphones and basic mobiles show learners how to solve questions step-by-step. For example, mobile apps now make it easy for teachers to administer short quizzes to test understanding instantaneously or synched with books - no paper, red pens or data entry are necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The aim of this essay is to identify a legal basis for accountability obligations of international organizations (IOs) toward individuals affected by their policies. More specifically, I ask why should, for example, the European Union or the World Trade Organization be accountable to individuals who are not citizens of states parties to those organizations, but nevertheless may be affected by their policies. I explore three traditional foundations for accountability obligations under domestic law as potential grounds for such accountability obligation: the rule of law, human rights, and trusteeship. After rejecting the first two candidates, the essay offers the trusteeship concept as one that can and should serve as the normative bedrock for the emergence of administrative law at the global level. I also argue that this concept is already ingrained in the law that is incumbent upon IOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The detailed accounting provided by TUS allows for comprehensive coverage of all activities and enables the documentation of tasks of short duration. Dong and An (2014) examine the gender patterns of time allocation over three activities: paid work, unpaid work and non-work activity (personal care and leisure) and estimates the value of unpaid work. In another study, Qi and Dong (2013) show that working women in China not only spend longer hours on housework than working men, but they are also more likely to have frequent interruptions in their market work, often to perform housework activities, which adversely affect their earnings. It draws from the growing literature on household decisionmaking in developing countries, which recognizes the importance of bargaining in the intra-household allocation of resources, including time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Strategic planting of these species and facilitation of their distribution is therefore an inexpensive way to restore woodlands in the area. We suggest that this should be combatted with extensive, relatively low budget measures based on strategic planting and direct seeding of native birch and willows to facilitate natural colonization and eventually widespread woodland restoration. This could serve as a model for similar projects in the vicinity of other major volcanos in Iceland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This limits their time availability for income-generating and productive activities. In many rural communities in LDCs, most domestic-related travel (e.g. for water collection) is undertaken by women (ECREEE and NREL, 2015), and the availability of transport using modern fuels can also provide substantial time savings. However, women in LDCs, especially in rural areas, face multiple constraints on accessing land, credit, agricultural inputs, extension services, labour markets and education, and these constraints limit their ability to engage productively in both farm and non-farm activities (UNCTAD, 2015a) and to access the means to upgrade their productivity and diversify their range of economic activities. To the extent that limited productive activity by women reflects differences between men and women in economic opportunities, and hence in the opportunity cost of time, the translation of time savings into productive activities is likely to be limited as well. This makes gender differences in the economic opportunities created by improvements in energy access, supply and reliability at least as important as the gender distribution of time savings that such improvements allow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This essay reviews Dennis Baker's Not Quite Supreme: The Courts and Coordinate Constitutional Interpretation (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010). Baker's book should surprise those legal scholars too keen to dismiss coordinate constitutionalism as irrelevant or misdirected. While Baker’s ultimate claim may fall short, his book offers an intriguing account of Canada’s constitutional separation of powers and hints at the productive possibilities of coordinate interpretation. Baker’s Not Quite Supreme may not quite convince but it nonetheless contributes important ideas to the ongoing debate among disciplines about democracy, judicial review, and the Charter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)