albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Different cathode and anode materials can be used for these cells which allows for designing a wide range of differently behaving cells. There are high energy density types, e.g. LiCo02, as well as high power density types, e.g. Li-titanate, available. Electric vehicles possess batteries and can deliver services by delivering power back to the grid, the process known as vehicle to grid (V2G).This bidirectional energy flow can be used for peak-shaving, frequency control, emergency back-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By 2009, the average had come down to USD 10.88, and 12 countries were offering the basket of services for less than USD 5. Guinea and Madagascar had joined Bangladesh in the lowest-cost group from among the 49 LDCs. Sudan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, and Senegal were among those that showed satisfactory performance, with prices below the average for the 77 countries (Chart 3.2). Special edition 99, p.12. Expanding Horizons, 2/2009, p.ll.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Substantial progress was made over the decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for heart attack through improvements in treatments and care processes (Figure 9). Data from the CONCORD programme show that the five-year net survival rate for cervical cancer in Polish women was 55% over 2010-14, one of the lowest among the EU countries. This is in spite of comparatively high cervical cancer screening rates in women aged 20-69 (OECD/EU, 20161 The five-year suivival rate for men and women diagnosed with colorectal cancer is also among the lowest in the EU, as is Poland’s colorectal cancer screening rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Multilateral interventions for regime change are not new, but their mutation has been congruent with an aggressive attempt to introduce liberal values into peacekeeping and related operations discernible from the 1990s. While recognizing non-coercive, needs-based elements of interventions for peace, this article contends that regime change wars have harmonized with the UN's facilitation of aggressive peace missions and coercive peacebuilding. In the 1990s the perceived failures of, and demands on, the UN, led to a general policy of permissiveness for Western states to pursue regime change, accompanied by reconstruction and development opportunities to promote neoliberal ideas of political economy in war-torn societies. This article focuses on two aspects of international operations fostered through or by the UN: the militarization of peace missions and peacebuilding through neoliberal political economy. It commends further research into the networks of power and resistance that have populated aggressive p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Migration for education, work or familial duties means that parental reach and influence is likely to be more limited in both real and symbolic terms from mid adolescence. However we know little about who provides the kinds of nurture, guidance, recognition and connections that mobile young people seek, and value, as they enter more adult roles. Yet, as Ward and colleagues (forthcoming) note, there is much we need to learn about programme transfer and local adaptation in low- and middle-income country settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The high quantities of protein - up to half of their weight - make algae one of the most interesting emerging food sources. Algae are simple, single-cell organisms that can grow very rapidly at sea, in polluted water and in places that would normally not generate food crops, ranging from giant seaweeds and kelps to microscopic slimes. Algae would be a cost-effective, land-and climate-neutral alternative to meat proteins while at the same time fixing large amounts of C02 from the atmosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. It was reviewed internally by Stephen Perkins, Dimitrios Papaioannou and Nicolas Wagner at the ITF. External comments were received from Lewis Dijkstra of the European Commission and Iven Stead, Department for Transport (DfT), UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In these countries, abolishing the biofuel mandates causes the sharpest decline of agricultural production (Figure 10). Overall, the impact of biofuel policies on prices for agricultural primary products remains below 1%, however. Generally, the price increasing effect of removing the large fertiliser support exceeds the decreasing impacts from a removal of biofuel support. While this is most visible in China, Indonesia and notably India, it also holds for most other countries due to the higher import demand from those three.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Before the training, initial assessment data showed that up to 30 per cent of pharmacy staff were providing emergency contraceptive pills correcdy, after the training, diat figure rose to about 80 per cent (Parker, 2005). Sexual coercion is more broadly the act of forcing or attempting to force another individual through violence, threats, verbal insistence, deception, cultural expectations or economic circumstance to engage in sexual behaviour against his or her will (Baumgartner et al., Definitions that aggregate all forms of sexual coercion and sexual violence make it difficult to establish a relationship between adolescent pregnancy and sexual violence, such as rape, or sexual coercion which adolescents may or may not identify as violence. However, much like laws prohibiting child marriage, their efficacy resides in enforcement and the publics support for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several States that make part of The European Union, each one with its internal juridical law whose Constitutions guarantee their basic rights internally, require from the judge a constitutional understanding of rights even internally. The juridical production depends on constitutional levels and techniques, also gathering the judge and a legislator on a previous view and configuration of basic rights. It can also be pointed out that those different tecniques of juridical production by internal constitutional courts is a source of basic rights on European Union. Nevertheless, the internal production of basic rights, which are under the responsability of the Supreme Court of European communities and European Court of Human Rights, are limited by ensured rights at European Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper presents the case of a role-play simulation that recreates a recent negotiation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Using a blended learning approach, our simulated negotiation integrates three educational delivery methods—preparatory learning, face-to-face learning, and online collaborative learning—to recreate the complexity of negotiating global environmental issues. Qualitative student feedback is used to analyze the benefits and challenges of this approach. Our results suggest that blending learning methods within a role-play simulation is an effective strategy to help students appreciate the challenge of achieving consensus among competing interests, understand the pervasive power dynamics that shape political outcomes within the realm of global environmental governance, and hone skills relevant to policy analysis, negotiation, and consensus building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
International relations literature is well developed on the effects of United Nations intervention on the duration of crises. The global human rights community has on a case-by-case basis addressed some of the unintended effects of UN intervention, namely, substantial increases in the human sex trafficking trade into crisis areas. We bridge these two literatures and evaluate the effects of UN involvement in Kosovo, Haiti and Sierra Leone. We look beyond the intended effects of UN intervention and consider the unintended effects in a systematic and generalizable way. We argue that UN involvement has the unfortunate and unintended effect of increasing the rates of human trafficking in these crisis areas. Our work concludes that the UN should proceed with caution into crisis areas and have plans in place to avoid the potentially devastating externalities of otherwise well-intentioned efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Professor Ryuichi Ida’s contributions in the study of international law have been guided by his underlying conviction that law, or more precisely, law-makers, will be catching up to a social change. For Professor Ida, the identity of "law" is the "substantive binding force". The substantive bindingness is sustained by social practice, deliberation, and understanding that a specific norm ought to be followed. In order not to lose its own identity, law cannot be distanced too much from social transitions. This chapter attempts to situate Professor Ida’s observations in the specific context of the UN Security Council’s targeted sanctions. This chapter analyses the following three inter-related questions: what transitions have international law and law-makers encountered in the context of the UN’s targeted sanctions, how international law has caught up with social transitions, and why it has done so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For manufacturing companies to understand the market opportunities and the needs of the wind industry, the states of Michigan or Ohio provide technical assistance to companies to retool their operations to become wind energy suppliers. For example, The Ohio Energy Office is financing a collaborative project, led by the Great Lakes Wind Network (GLWN) and Ohio’s Edison Technology Center, to identify suitable companies for retrofitting of their facilities to produce wind energy components (AWEA, 2010). Strengthening the regional wind energy supply chain in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region may require both informing firms about this new business opportunity and connecting these firms with those managing the supply chain. One study has identified particularly strong opportunities for local gear and drive train manufacturers to penetrate the wind turbine component parts market (CMC/JARC, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Green growth aims to steer economic growth in a different direction, addressing externalities and other factors poorly served by current measures of economic activity. It also recognises that environmental policies that do not support economic growth and wealth creation are not sustainable in the long term. The definition for green growth in cities differs in that it explicitly takes into account negative environmental externalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In case the salaiy paid to the worker is higher than the contribution base used to pay the insurance, the insurance company refunds the amount equivalent to the contribution base and the difference is assumed by the employer. Like maternity leave, the pay must be the same as the last salary received before the leave. The payment is directly done by the employer who can ask for a reimbursement from the health insurance company (EPS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Astana’s Master Plan Until 2030 is composed of different sections: housing, transport, utilities and health care, but there is no cross-cutting analysis of the main urban priorities of the city and how each sector is going to help achieve them. The city akimats do not have the authority, resources and expertise for long-term strategic urban transport planning. Their role is limited to identifying the main routes for public transport, construction of additional highways, and minor adaptations of the existing public transport network to accommodate emerging popular passenger routes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article examines the effect that shielding elected representatives from criminal law might have in those countries that are undergoing democratization. Parliamentary immunity helps to compensate for any shortfall in the human rights enjoyed by ordinary citizens and provides elected representatives with the protection necessary to rectify that shortfall. However, the immunity may also protect subversive advocacy, rights violations and political corruption. Turkey provides an illuminating case study of those challenges to parliamentary immunity. Drawing on the Turkish experience, it is argued that methods other than exposing parliamentarians to criminal prosecution should be used to counter those problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Owners have to seek approval from the administration for all the work they do in their forests. One of the most dominant issues facing private forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina is fragmentation. Private forest owners cannot attract investment to the forests due their size and fragmentation. This situation results in abandonment of forests by their owners, w'hich leads to further devastation and degradation of private forests. The forestry' administration system is reportedly well functioning (comprising forest law', action plans, annual planning, management and a monitoring system). Forest and forestland areas are divided into forest management areas, w'hich are controlled and exploited by the Public Enterprise "Sume RS".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Information provided by the government of Bahrain. The Millennium Development Goals and the post-2015 policy agenda for international development represent an opportunity for increasing the focus on national-level implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, and - through the specific targets and indicators established - for measuring progress and outcomes. While almost all MENA countries have ratified the CEDAW convention, review of their national legislation, however, shows that despite a number of steps taken to promote gender equality and address gender discrimination in law, most MENA countries do not fully comply with their international commitments. The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was ratified in 1989 and the CEDAW in 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is important that trade initiatives relating to fish and fish products aim to support the implementation of this legal and policy framework, and maintain consistency with the rights and obligations of States established therein. While fish consumption impacts food security and nutrition, trade in fish and fish products contributes to local, regional and global economies. Fish continues to be one of the most traded commodities in the world, as well as a source of direct employment for tens of millions of people worldwide. In 2011, almost 30 per cent of the world’s fish stocks were fished at biologically unsustainable levels (FAO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Therefore, we adopt multiple successive time-slot bonding method to the sub-A switching network, and set the time-slot length to 10 ps, which equals to 2Tg. However, the proposed network requires new features for the assignment algorithm, time-slot allocation considering multi-time-slot bonding and link propagation delay. Here we propose a “ global time-based scheduling algorithm ” in Section 4.1 to satisfy those requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Eliminating relative poverty is not possible because by definition relative poverty persists even in very high income societies. In this way, programmes that target relative poverty are closely associated with the long-term goal of building a sustainable social safety net and providing adequate risk management instruments to reduce vulnerability and exclusion. Kharas (2010) estimates that the size of the “global middle class” will increase from 1.8 billion people in 2009 to 3.2 billion by 2020 and 4.9 billion by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics, and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality. This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although OECD countries have made considerable progress in addressing many environmental challenges and improving resource productivity, these gains have been outpaced by the pressures of population and economic growth. Climate change, biodiversity loss, the unsustainable management of water resources and the health impacts of pollution and hazardous chemicals remain pressing issues. Among the key issues relating to the use of non-renewable resources is whether the rate of discoveiy of new resources will continue to match the rate of use these resources and to what extent innovation will help developing alternative substitute materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
But, if the policy question to be addressed is a longer-term strategic issue, where there is a strong need to understand interactions among individuals, to assess dynamic risks, or to evaluate the epidemiological transition of a population, in this case, microsimulation may be a preferred method (Anderson et al. Finally, if the policy question refers to the impact of health expenditure in a very short run (e.g. up to two years), then macro-level models would probably be the first choice. The remainder of this section presents the main features of each class of health forecasting models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the formula already includes a weighting for teacher qualifications, on the grounds that schools with higher qualified teachers should not be penalised for having higher per teacher costs, so the same argument applies to higher per teacher costs due to experience, unless the data on years of teacher experience are difficult to collect. A further consideration that would militate against this proposal is if the Ministry of Education wishes to give schools a financial incentive to employ younger teachers, especially given the provision that retired teachers can continue in post without foregoing any pension. This would be contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. An example of such a grant is the United Kingdom’s Education Maintenance Allowance (replaced, in England, in 2011 by a 16-19 bursary scheme) (see NIDirect, 2014), which evaluation studies showed to be effective (Middleton et.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In its absence an enabling environment for pro-poor growth is unlikely. Political empowerment is a complex process that takes place in the ever-shifting and blurred boundaries of state-society relations. To make this happen, subordinated groups need to be brought into formal political processes both through representative institutions as well as through participatory governance and deliberative democracy when citizens address public problems by reasoning together about how best to solve them. Political parties have a central role in aggregating interests, negotiating compromises and balancing state power (Moore, 2001, Houtzager and Moore, 2003, Mosse, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Australia has input controls (limited entry, and compliance requirements). The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. For example, Northern Prawn Fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Law enforcement agencies that store a large amount of information that could be useful in this or that sphere are no exceptions. The main purpose of the system is to provide law enforcement and special authorities of Kazakhstan with access to information systems of State bodies, which allows for receiving information necessary for criminal, administrative and civil records management, and other functional duties. The system ensures the reliability and completeness of the primary information, allowing time saving for their processing and analysis, thereby contributing to increasing the detection of offenses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Strategies include building national and regional institutional capacity, cost sharing across borders, governance and regulations, enhancing access to modern energy, developing low-carbon and renewable domestic resources, improving regional energy cooperation and energy security, and promoting private sector participation in energy development. One key focus area is the development of hydropower potential, especially in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Other activities pertaining to the energy sector include issues related to development of new and renewable sources (including small hydro), addressing the food-energy nexus, standardization and testing. These are captured in the BIMSTEC Memorandum of Understanding on Grid Interconnection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Research on norms in International Relations (IR) includes various concepts related to how norms influence actions. These approaches focus on the decision-making process, and largely neglect the operationalization of norms. This omission leads to an analytical gap: a lack of attention to how the substance of abstract norms is transformed and constructed in the operationalization process. This article draws on the Foucauldian theme of governmentality to introduce a novel perspective on operationalizing norms. It focuses in particular on the role of techniques as  understudied parts inherent to the reflexive processes of operationalization and meaning production. The article thereby contests the prevalence of fundamental norms in conventional IR theory. It demonstrates, instead, that global governance techniques do not simply translate rationalities into practice, but construct their very own normativities. These theoretical reflections are illustrated by analysing the operationalization of norms through indicators in the case of the European Union’s human rights policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most countries in the region (except for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR and Myanmar) have national air quality standards covering at least some of the main outdoor air pollutants. The level of these standards varies across countries in the region, which have very different average levels of exposure to air pollutants. Separate local pollution standards may also be set for particular cities or regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By 2030-2035, according to projections, only 14 countries will have total fertility of four or more children per woman. On the opposite end, the number of countries with total fertility below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, increased from 55 countries in 1990-1995 to 86 countries in 2010-2015, and is expected to rise to 119 countries by 2030-2035. The lowest fertility rates among major geographic areas are in Europe, where the total fertility rate was 1.6 children per woman 2010-2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)