albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since the late 1970s, what we today label ‘globalisation’ has altered many aspects of international law, not least international human rights law. This has been reflected inter alia in increased calls for universal respect for human rights beyond a state’s territorial border. The challenges to territoriality in this regard does not only relate to the actions of states abroad, but also with respect to their regulation of the conduct of business enterprises over which they exert significant influence. The chapter analyses the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence and practice of the UN human rights bodies, and argues that extraterritorial human rights obligations have become an integral part of international human rights law. It is held that what has been seen as ‘exceptional’ now represent ‘common practice’. This conclusion is then applied to the discussion of the new treaty on human rights as currently being drafted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The expectations of cash transfer programmes promoting investment in productive activities (in terms of transfer levels and time available, especially for women with additional care work responsibilities) need to be realistic, and the timing of the transfer (e.g. one-off "lumpy" payments or regular transfers, as well as seasonal considerations) appropriate. Expectations concerning the impact on productivity should be adapted to the target group of the cash transfer. Credibility (ie that people believe that payments will come and be on time) is essential and programmes of longer duration are necessary for systemic impacts on productivity. A recent evaluation of the PSNP in Ethiopia found that for households that had participated for only one year and received much lower levels of transfers, the PSNP improved food security by 1.05 months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Those responsible for specific social or demographic categories (e.g. UNICEF) start with supporting specific beneficiary groups as their primary aim, rather than food security as a leading objective. That is certainly not to say that food security is ignored by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), rather that food security is generally seen as a means to an end (improving the well-being of specific vulnerable groups), rather than as an end in itself. Similarly, the mandate of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on social protection is aligned with ILO’s Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. Bilateral agencies simultaneously addressed a broader range of objectives, and often have a multiplicity of different approaches, programmes and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the 1960s, both countries had similar income levels and similar rates of growth. South Korea’s larger middle class enabled it to shift away from export-driven growth towards domestic consumption, a transition that did not occur in Brazil. They do not constitute a developmental “middle class” and their employment, education and consumption behaviours do not coincide with perceptions of a middle class that drives domestic consumption and growth.8 In Latin America, for example, the middle sectors are still economically vulnerable: average schooling is only 8.3 years and few of its members have university degrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There have been increased employment opportunities for women in non-traditional agriculture such as cut flowers, in clothing and textile industries, and also in electronics-oriented Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and services sectors. Much of this increase is concentrated in export-oriented industries where electronic components are assembled, textiles processed, and garments and shoes produced. ( Sexton, Nair and Kirbat, 2004) Paid employment can improve women’s autonomy as well as their economic and social status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Then it recovered slowly and reached 3,200 in 2008 and about 8,000 in 2010. However, in late 2016, the livestock-transmitted contagious Peste des Petits Ruminants virus seriously affected the saiga population, causing near-catastrophic herd depletion by over 50 per cent, to some 4,500-5,000 head, which could now justify assigning the species CR status on a regional scale also. However, accurate data on the size of the saiga antelope population in 2017 is not yet available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper explores the ways in which globalization, as a dominant influence on political economy, makes its presence felt on legal education and research. In particular, it questions whether law schools have maintained agency in the choice to embrace globalization in their curricula, scholarship and general orientation or whether law schools have been forced to bend to the realities of the global economy. While neo-liberal “globalization of the mind” has shifted assumptions about the project of law and entrenched a “new normal” in legal education and scholarship, the McGill curriculum – based on so-called transsystemic legal education – offers the promise of professional and intellectual formation based on law’s radical indeterminacy in an era of globalization, neo-liberalism and law without the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, many countries have found opportunities to infuse sustainability-related content and relevant pedagogical approaches into their systems during ongoing processes of educational reform and modernisation. In 2008, the country undertook a curriculum review, resulting in a national curriculum statement which calls for an outcomes-based approach to curriculum development across the system, while also highlighting the importance of values and attitudes that will be useful in later life. The statement identifies environmental and health education as guiding principles and highlights ethics and citizenship as key learning outcomes for the development of curriculum at all levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) framework launched in 2015 creates opportunities for advancing energy efficiency, deploying renewable and alternative energy, and ensuring individual and regional energy security. Both resources must be developed aggressively to enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of energy use in the region. Energy efficiency and conservation is viewed as one of the most effective ways to meet the growing demand in terms of energy supply security and to reduce the environmental impacts of development. Energy efficiency and conservation can contribute to economic savings, energy security and climate change mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Development that benefits all, enabling everyone to enjoy their rights, including reproductive rights, can help individuals, institutions and communities withstand crisis. Ishwori was referred to the nearby Trishuli Hospital, which continued providing services despite damage to the facility. Ten weeks after losing her first child in the earthquake, Ishwori gave birth via Caesarean section to a healthy baby boy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The FASRB integrated all aspects of water resources management, and became the framework of cooperation among the Parties to the agreement. The four Parties to the FASRB financially support, on an equal basis, the operation and the work under the ISRBC and its Secretariat. Costs of activities that fall under the interest of a certain country(ies) may be financed by them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, preferences for redistribution also change over time, and may react to increases or changes in inequality more than to high levels of inequality. How do changes in perceptions of inequality affect the political economy of redistribution and alter the way in which policies rise to the distributional challenges of social cohesion? Attitudes towards redistribution are difficult to measure directly, but subjective, attitudinal surveys can capture respondents’ stated preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sector-oriented practitioners have little connection with each other, resulting in fragmentation, competition for policy space and slow progress of care agendas. Making care a cross-sectoral policy dimension has allowed the emergence of coordination mechanisms that avoid some of these drawbacks. The impacts of care policies go beyond the well-being of care receivers and care providers to have macroeconomic consequences. Care policies can generate employment and impact long-term growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, estimates suggest that the wider economic impact of SSF may be as much as 2.6 times the reported landing value (Dyck and Sumaila, 2010). In particular, in the Black Sea, SSF account for almost half of all revenue, whereas in the subregions that border the southern Mediterranean coast, namely the western, central and eastern Mediterranean, SSF contribute 25, 29 and 23 percent of revenue, respectively. Considering this, and also considering the challenges in defining SSF (Box 9), the WGSSF advised that an improved characterization of SSF was needed for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
All states and territories have recently introduced reforms to increase the number of students who participate in VET. Students may demonstrate some of the required competencies through prior work experience or education in a process called “recognition of prior learning (RPL)”. Some students leave school at this point may opt to take up an apprenticeship, or train directly through an RTO. They can choose to pursue a VET qualification through an Australian School-based Apprenticeship (ASbA) but this requires an employment relationship as well as an RTO (see “Apprenticeships” section). Vocational learning is becoming aware of the world of work and includes career education. It is an important precursor to VET, and helps secondary students identify career options and equips them to make effective decisions about subject choice, post-school education and training and career pathways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Water resources are very limited owing to the country's geographical conditions and climate. The climate of Turkmenistan is continental and extremely dry. This is due to the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation, the intracontinental location of the country, the nature of the underlying surface, and the presence of mountain ranges in the south-east and south.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Typically, teacher assessment is presented in the literature as having higher validity than external assessment. Test items and grading standards may vary widely between teachers and schools, so that the results of internal assessments will lack external confidence and cannot be compared across schools. There might also be a high risk of bias, i.e. the assessment is unfair to particular groups of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the current spawning stock biomass of southern bluefin tuna is only 4.6% of the unfished level. Single species management only focuses on sustainability, ignoring habitat quality, biodiversity and socio-economic factors. Ecosystem-based fisheries management has been a common theme in fishery policy and management discussions worldwide (NMFS, 1999, FAO, 2003, Garcia et al., The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) has addressed this issue and established a working group in 2005 that focuses on ecosystem-based management science and its application in North Pacific countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers, adjusted for differences in household size, 2009 for Japan. Carlos Farinha Rodrigues is Professor of Economics at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon. This paper was originally published as part of the 2014 Economic Survey of Portugal under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several EMBs always (Portugal, Spain) or occasionally (Greece, Switzerland) included gender considerations in election-related legislation, regulations and/or codes of conduct, in Switzerland, a guide has been published for individuals wishing to launch their candidatures. This difficulty has been systematically reported by female members of parliament from a range of countries (OECD, 2014(34]). Although societal understandings of familial gender roles are evolving, women remain the primary caregivers in many cases. Low work-life balance may discourage women from high-ranking leadership positions in politics, limiting the candidacy pool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policy recommendations to improve health outcomes and system (cont.) This indicator summarises the number of years expected to be lived in “full health” and is produced by the World Health Organization. Potential years of life lost is a measure of premature mortality, calculated as the number of years lost before the age of 70. The indicator is also adjusted by excluding death that can be attributed to “external causes”, such as land transport accidents, accidental falls, assaults and suicides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Every transition process has its own specifics. Montenegro is no different. It started like in case of other Eastern European countries in late 80ies and early 90ies. But it soon floundered due to the wars in the region and international sanctions. The transformation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into the state union of Serbian and Montenegro gave a boost to economic reforms in particular. Restored independence in 2006 sped the process of the European integration which has led into the rounds of political reforms. Challenges remain ahead as there is more to do in the fields of rule of law, economic governance and public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project recognized the need to implement public education and outreach activities to boost civil society participation, and local communities and local NGOs were involved through a small grants programme. The country is crossed by bird populations that mainly migrate through the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin - from Greece through the Bosphorus and on to the Nile Valley. The country’s main migratory flyway is located in the east, between the Carpathian Mountains and the Black Sea. This zone is used by the red-breasted goose, swans, black stork, great white and Dalmatian pelicans, and the glossy ibis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some of the important reasons for lack of co-operative governance at different administrative levels are the lack of a comprehensive policy and legislative agenda (new initiatives are taken independently by different stakeholders), overlaps and contradictions among the mandates of different government departments and among the national, provincial and municipal levels of government, lack of capacity within many government authorities to implement the legislation and government policies (Du Plessis, 2008, cited in OECD, 2013c), and lack of sufficient financial resources. Australia is an example where the regional authorities have the primary mandate for biodiversity management. Regional government are responsible for creating natural resource management plans based on national frameworks. At the national level, the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC)25 prepared the NBSAP as well as the National Framework for Natural Resource Management Standards and Targets (NRMMC, 2002) to encourage integrated management of land, water and biodiversity on a landscape scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women are less likely than men to form families with a less educated spouse (Therbom, 2004(8]) and poorly educated men are more likely than any other group to remain single (De Hauw, Grow' and Van Bavel, 2017(9|). This could be due to gender imbalances in access to education in the past, but may also reflect broader differences in spousal preferences. There is also some evidence that unions characterised by a more educated female spouse tend to be at a higher risk of dissolution. While it remains unknown how changes in broad patterns of relative educational opportunities may shape relationships, the brief evidence presented suggest that there may be important risks associated with males' disadvantage in educational attainment just as there were disadvantages associated with females’ lower participation in the past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, for Hirschman growth was always, everywhere and necessarily, an intrinsically uncertain and uneven process -marked by rapid advances in some sectors followed by catching up in others. This made the principal challenge for policymakers the search for complementarities across industries rather than scale economies. The role of the state planner is to assess w hether productive private investment or infrastructure investment will induce the most progress in other industries, through creating excess capacity or shortages. Hirschman introduced the concept of (backward and forward) linkages as the mechanism for simultaneous and progressive expansion in both domestic demand and supply and to better identify the sectors to focus on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are supporting capacities in the technical, managerial and administrative fields required to make CRGE implementable. And they are providing incremental capital to put in place climate-resilient low carbon infrastructure, boost agricultural productivity and deploy policy incentives and mechanisms. However, donors’ convening power could be further employed in bringing on board multiple stakeholders, in particular civil society groups, into the green growth debate - in this way opening up more ambitious opportunities in governance and mobilising the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Gender equality also depends on how markets and formal/informal institutions have evolved, how growth has played out, and how all these factors have interacted with household decisions (World Bank, 2012). Interestingly, Rees and Riezman (2012) wonder whether globalisation may influence gender equality. Following this intuition and the migration literature on "transfers of norms", the paper assumes that beyond the movement of people, migration involves norm exchanges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Development will thus be funnelled to areas covered by the existing transport infrastructure or where public transport infrastructure is planned under the mobility master plan. The cost to the city of making land available for public infrastructure, such as roads, public transport, parks and facilities for energy, water, wastewater and solid waste treatment, w'ould be prohibitive as urbanisation advances. One option would be to create a supplementary plan under the current city master plan that identifies the land necessary for public services and could specify measures explaining how to acquire this land or make it available on a timeline. The city could also require private developers to provide land for public services or pay fees at the time of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Part of this analysis could include estimating the associated tax expenditure -that is, the amount of tax revenue forgone due to a special exemption which the government w ould have otherwise collected. It therefore plays a large role in determining the location of and types of economic activities that can develop, including in rural areas. Irrigation in particular can be important in increasing agricultural productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although ‘Law in Context’ is a well-known motto for law-and-society scholarship, the idea could benefit from closer examination. This paper introduces a principle of `fidelity to context' and suggests that contexts may be transcended by invoking general purposes and principles. These issues have special relevance for contextual analysis of free speech, academic freedom, and other rights and responsibilities. I also consider the relevance of legal pluralism, and the contextual analysis of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Viet Nam diversified its economy away from agriculture towards services and industries. Steady rates of economic growth were associated with an increase in wage-employment and a decline in self-employment, however self-employment remains the dominant form of employment across all groups. Increase in wage-employment was especially pronounced among young people, rural residents and households located below the median income. Contrary to traditional development models, rapid economic growth in Viet Nam has not diminished informal employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If the industrial zone is within the city, DOC and PPC are involved as well. The overlapping of mandates, coupled with the lack of co-ordination has crippled effective implementation. The Decision has assigned each ministry to be responsible for the air quality resulting from the economic activities that they manage, and all ministries to be equally responsible for the implementation of this decision. However, no co-ordination mechanism across ministries such as an appointed focal point has been proposed, which tends to make the implementation more difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A relatively high share of dairy farms (46%) also have off-farm activity. Obtaining off-farm work is more problematic for sheep and beef farmers, given the greater distance to urban centres and the very slow internet speeds in rural areas which inhibit working from home. Many farming wives have higher education and often find professional work in urban centres, e.g. teaching or nursing, whereas male farmers who work off-farm often do so in farm-related occupations, e.g. hay-making or shearing. The data on off-farm income available from the farm budgets show that off-farm income is small compared to cash receipts from farming, the exception is kiwifruit farms, where such income rises to 13% of the aggregate of on- and off-farm receipts (Figure 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In New Zealand, gender impact statements are also required in papers to its Cabinet Social Policy Committee. Greece’s National Programme for Gender Equality also calls for systematic gender impact assessments of new bills. It applies gender analysis to public spending in order to ascertain how budgets may have a differential impact on women and men. The Council of Europe defines GRB as “an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. It means a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process, and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality.” It deals with financial aggregates: expenditures and revenues, the surplus or deficit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Crooks (1988) reviewed over two hundred studies of the impact of classroom evaluation practices on students and concluded that the power of assessments to guide learning was not being realised because the summative function of assessment - providing grades and other measures of how much had been learned - is dominant. The results of many studies are given in terms of a “standardised effect size” [“effect size” for short: this following Cohen (1988) is the difference in performance between two groups (e.g. those given and those not given feedback) divided by a measure of the spread of scores in the population (the standard deviation)]. While the standardised effect size has undoubted advantages over reporting the level of statistical significance attained in experimental comparisons (Harlow, Mulaik and Steiger, 1997), it nevertheless suffers from limitations as a metric with which to compare findings from different experimental studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)