albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
All families with per capita incomes of BRL 70 per person are now receiving the amount of transfers necessary to lift their incomes to this level. This implies that, according to the BRL 70-definition, extreme poverty is almost eradicated by now, with the exception of a few households that are not covered by Bolsa Familia, e.g. perhaps because they have not yet been discovered by the Single Registry’s active search policy. By addressing specific bottlenecks of individual families, these programmes are meant to make the escape from poverty more sustainable and enable families to move away from dependence on transfer incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the intervening years, first with a serious economic contraction in the 1990s and then with lack of investment funds, these countries have not invested very much in building new capacity. As a result their power plant is both old and obsolete technologically. By contrast, China has been building new capacity rapaciously in the past 20 years and even accelerated its capacity building -using very high technologies—in the 2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
That both Illegitimate and Legitimate policy changes are high on the risk agenda of investors and suggests that they will more likely get involved in climate change financing if governments and regulators create a regime beyond the normal reach of political interference. This reflects that other basic and pressing needs may detract from climate change finance flows in periods of low or negative economic growth. Investors in climate change financing are also concerned that a lack of a well-trained workforce to implement projects (that is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Whereas direct budget transfers are commonly understood as subsidies in every country, induced transfers that result from regulated prices are not legally defined as government support. What do EaP countries include in the national definition of subsidies? Each approach has strengths and limitations, and the two approaches can complement each other. This complementarity is especially useful if access to data and subsidy reporting are restricted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Strengthening the management of diversity. Efforts need to be directed both at building short-term teaching capacity across the country to accommodate new arrivals and at building medium and long-term capacity to ensure immigrants reach their full potential and become active participants in the economic and social life of their local community. In the short term, a key focus should be on training and re-training as many teachers as possible on how to support children with minimal language skills, poorly educated parents, and who arrive in Sweden after the age of 12 with little prior learning (due to the poor quality of the education they received in their home country or the lack of opportunities over a long period experienced during the migration process). A key challenge is to provide adequate language support to youth who arrive in Sweden beyond the age of 12, with little prior literacy skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some countries also report more specific objectives for some parts of the housing sector. Objectives for the social rental sector, for example, include reducing its construction and running costs (Denmark), improving its regulation (the Czech Republic), or enabling a more diverse range of providers (New Zealand). The phenomenon is significant in other OECD and key partner countries as well: around 30% of the urban population lives in slums in in India and Brazil, 23% in Indonesia and South Africa and 19% in Mexico (see UN Millennium Development Goals Database, 2014). Due to rapid urbanization in developing countries, the number of slum dwellers is projected to grow in the coming years (UN-Habitat, 2014) and eradication of urban slums by 2020 has been included by the United Nations among the targets of the UN Millennium Development Goals (Target 11 of Goal 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indicators included in this chapter attempt to capture the extent to which economic growth is becoming greener, that is, low-carbon and resource-efficient. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Tracking trends in the decoupling of inputs to production from economic growth is thus an important focus for monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Child marriage derails a girl’s future and means she has no control over her fertility, thus making the demographic dividend a more distant possibility. Keeping girls in school and supporting them in making healthy decisions about their own lives have been found to be the most important determinants of age at marriage. For example, in India, which has criminalized child marriage, only 11 people were actually convicted of perpetuating child marriage in 2010 (UNFPA, 2013, UNICEF, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Who is to blame for the tragedy of the Amur Evenks? In ANSIPRA's bulletin (indigenous peoples of Russia), vol.15. Analiz smertnosti detsk-ogo naseleniya Chukotki v aspekte sotsialnyx i ekologicheskikh faktorov riska. ( Analysis of child mortality in Chukotka and the social and ecological risk factors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper focuses on how domestic legal systems influence states’ choices of peaceful dispute resolution methods. In order to increase familiarity with rules of peaceful resolution of disputes, states use their domestic legal systems to provide them with clues about the most trustworthy ways to settle disputes. States tend to choose methods of dispute resolution that are similar to those embedded in their domestic legal systems. Empirical analyses support the conjecture of a linkage between domestic law and interstate conflict management methods, showing that civil law dyads prefer more legalized dispute resolution methods compared to common law dyads. Islamic law dyads are most likely to use nonbinding third party methods, while common law dyads tend to resolve their territorial disputes through bilateral negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This can help local authorities develop strategies for the ageing challenges specific to their community, in alignment with national development objectives. This will help attract national investment and create shared values among citizens, generating public support for the implementation of policies and raising a city’s profile. Calgary and Helsinki, for example, have set out long-term strategies with the overarching goal of a sustainable community that embraces citizens of all generations. In Calgary, imagineCALGARY is a 100-year vision and long-range urban sustainability plan that outlines Calgary’s goals and sets specific intermediate steps for becoming a sustainable community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Decrease in snow cover progressing from south to north. In the North, an increase of snow in the near-term due to increased snowfall. Changes in rain conditions will affect the quality of water and increase the pressures on water systems (e.g. nutrient and organic loads) and may deteriorate groundwater quality. It is likely that additional capacity will be built alongside existing hydropower plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This note examines the UK Supreme Court's judgment in the Brexit case, Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. The case upheld the decision of the High Court, which rejected the claim that the foreign affairs prerogative provided a legal basis for giving notice to EU institutions of the UK's intention to withdraw from the EU. But the Supreme Court's preferred basis for dismissing that claim rested on the more general proposition that significant constitutional change can only be effected by statute. This position offers the germs of a jurisprudence of constitutional change and was substantiated by means of an analysis of Parliament's dual capacity as legislator and constituent agent. Miller also includes important and potentially innovative dicta on the relationship between international and domestic sources of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Occasionally, such a scheme is complemented by another scheme, usually non-contributory, to cover unemployed persons who do not qualify for or are no longer entitled to unemployment benefits from the contributory scheme. Data from national household surveys (Labour Force Surveys in particular and Household Budget Surveys) can be used provided that employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme can be identified and that the number of persons concerned is sufficient to provide representative results (based on a sample survey). Establishment surveys can possibly be an alternative source, for example data from an employee benefits survey, ensuring an adequate coverage of employees in the survey. The source for the denominator will preferably be census data or Labour Force Survey data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Consent for this purpose must be consent given voluntarily, as a result of the victim's free will, assessed in the context of the surrounding circumstances. The mens rea is the intention to effect this sexual penetration, and the knowledge that it occurs without the consent of the victim" (para. See Viseur Sellers, "The prosecution of sexual violence in conflict", for further analysis. The resolution recognizes the devastating impact of conflict on women and girls, and reaffirms the need to implement fully existing international humanitarian and human rights law obligations protecting the rights of women and girls during conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Serious organised crime groups may enjoy virtual impunity through the corruption and coercion of parties involved in the criminal justice process. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, this is most evident in the intimidation of witnesses and jurors, leading to difficulties in successful prosecution of organised criminality. One notable response to this phenomenon is to hold juryless trials for serious indictable offences, mirroring a similar approach in counter-terrorism legislation arising from the political violence in Northern Ireland. Despite common rationales, such trials have been operationalised differently in these neighbouring jurisdictions: in England, Wales and Northern Ireland ‘ordinary’ legislation was introduced, whereas in Ireland juryless trials are permitted under existing counter-terrorism laws. This article reviews the problematic dimensions of both legislative schemes, and considers their application by the courts since enactment. After outlining viable alternatives, it concludes that ju...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The percentage of the population that has access to electricity ranges from 18 per cent in PNG to 100 per cent in Samoa (Figure 9.4). A larger proportion of hydro power, for example in Fiji, is likely to reduce the electricity tariff, whereas a country that relies mostly on fossil fuels, such as Kiribati or Tuvalu, is more vulnerable to increasing oil prices. Another factor affecting the residential electricity tariff is whether it is subsidised through the Government budget, for example in Fiji, or using a cross subsidy from larger users of electricity, for example in Vanuatu. Each power utility in each country determines its tariffs differently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A larger toolbox of STI policy instruments and the involvement of new actors in innovation policy design and delivery are complicating the policy landscape. This raises the issues of optimising the policy mix and multi-level governance. The “silo” approach caused by thematic and vertical segmentation, which has underpinned STI policy developments, is being questioned. Significant efforts are made to integrate STI policies at different levels (regional, national, supra-national) and in different fields (research, industrial innovation, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, some 33 countries currently are experimenting with innovative pilot initiatives, 22 of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, while developing country farmers may have greater difficulty managing price risk than their counterparts in developed countries, new approaches to risk management are offering alternatives to trade protection. Tools to enable developing country governments and farmers to better manage agricultural risks are also being developed, including through the Platform on Agricultural Risk Management (PARM). A country’s ability to move towards more effective long-term policies could also be compromised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These induced effects are also significant. First, input-output tables represent static models reflecting the interrelationship between economic sectors at a certain point in time. Since those interactions may change, the matrices may lead us to overestimate or underestimate the impact of network construction. For example, if the electronic equipment industry is outsourcing jobs overseas at a fast pace, the employment impact of broadband deployment will diminish over time and part of the potentially counter-cyclical investment will “leak” overseas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition, discounts are given to families and children while senior citizens, persons with a disability and children under six travel for free. Therefore, subsidies need to be designed in such a way that they are also affordable for public budgets while providing sufficient resources for long-term development of the public transport operator. Support for the informal transport sector requires only minor investments to improve aspects such as safety, accountability, driver conditions, and integration with the formal sector. The cycle rickshaw is a low cost and environmentally sustainable mode of transport for short trips. Able to integrate easily into other transport systems, the rickshaw can provide point-to-point service at a price within reach of low income earners. This recognition highlights and reiterates the view that road safety in many countries of the region is an important development issue, considering its magnitude and the gravity of the negative impacts of road accidents on the economy, public health and general welfare of the people, particularly the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The result is that people with lower levels of education are in growing danger of seeing their jobs replaced by technology. On the other hand, people with high-level skills are well positioned to put new technologies to good use and are enjoying increasing returns to their education. In practice, it’s not clear that this has actually happened, if it has, the impact looks to have been, at most, extremely modest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Notable exceptions are the seminal paper by Lazear (1990), as well as Scarpetta (1996), Elmeskov et al. ( More recently, some studies have exploited the fact that certain EPL reforms were targeted on specific groups of workers or firms or were undertaken at different times in different states or regions, thereby generating quasi-natural experiments. For example, there is a growing literature looking at the labour market effects of increasingly frequent exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine in the United States, which were adopted in different years by courts of different states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most recently, MoEFWA has drafted several pieces of legislation related to forestry, e.g. the draft Law on the Identification of the Criteria and Procedures for the Creation of Strategic Wood Material in Stands and the Treatment of Virgin Forests. This merger would also result in the reduction of forestry staff by some 38 per cent. The Strategy sets out a long-term national strategy for forest and pasture management, including erosion control, community management, reforestation, biodiversity conservation and protected area management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It aims to enhance public-private co-operation to better co-ordinate rice policy and to report on export prices and volumes. At township and village tract level,4 the SACs operate through contract farming arrangements by distributing inputs and providing credit to rice growers while buying their harvest. Gold Delta was the last of the 58 MRSCs that was lending to farmers and had to stop lending as it was not profitable. Maize harvested area has almost tripled and its production increased seven fold (CSO, 2012). Green gram, black gram and pigeon pea are the most important crops in this group. Following liberalisation in 1988, the sown area of pulses substantially increased from 0.73 million ha in 1988 to 4.5 million ha in 2010-11, with an average yield of 1.28 MT per ha due to the adoption of improved varieties (MOAI, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hence, the availability of indicators and indices on a global scale is overwhelming and the diversity in their structure and applicability is enormous. Environmental and ecological impacts may cause instant effects on the biodiversity or measurable effects may be delayed, showing up in an indirect manner or even appearing at a physical distance from the place of direct impact. Indicators that are suitable for monitoring policies typically track a single area or parameter and can often - though not always - be simple in their presentation though not in their interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper analyses the failure of social policy implementation for rural coastal communities. We focus on the comparison of two social policies for fishermen communities. This research was carried out in rural coastal areas in Natuna and Bintan, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia. We used a qualitative approach to explore both the content and the context of the policies. A series of participants were approached through an in-depth interview. This study shows that the stressing on the policy content has ignored the policy context, causing policy failure. Theoretically, this research adds to the body of literature on policy implementation by offering a comparative case study. In the process of implementing public policy, we practically suggest to the government to provide special attention to the context of where the policy is implemented to minimize the policy failure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even though there were a substantial number of international articles and books on assessment, and they had attended the DET programme, they were not able to access this international literature on their own. There was little work in the Higher Education sector in Norway in this area, and so very few Norwegian research articles had been published. Teachers believed the situation had much improved at the time when AfL was initiated, with more support available from Norwegian research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While a number of scholars argue that classical realism is conspicuously similar to critical international relations, this article takes an issue with such an interpretation. It does not challenge the observation that both approaches are comparable when it comes to ethical concerns and a related critique of modernity, but it puts forth an argument that they differ fundamentally when it comes to their basic intellectual motivation and purpose. This also makes classical realism more ready to formulate normative judgment. To articulate what provides for the ethical impetus in classical realism, the study turns to the work of Stephen Turner and his collaborators who illuminate Weberian sources of classical realist social science. Adopting the category of analyticism from Patrick Jackson, it further puts forth that normative judgment is linked to classical realism’s inherent ontological doubt, a feature it compensates for by focusing on epistemology necessitating constant engagement with empirical reality as a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The values of the environmental and societal (jobs) benefits by adopting an IMTA design were larger than the gains in farm profitability. It is, however, important to note that these analyses were based solely on the commercial values from the sale of biomass - being of fish, shellfish or seaweeds -and using conservative price estimates for the co-cultivated organisms based on known applications. Through IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products considered “lost” from the fed component are recaptured and converted into harvestable and healthy seafood of commercial value, while biomitigation takes place (partial removal of nutrients and C02, and supplying of oxygen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many of WBC’s observations and methods can be tailored and applied to different national contexts. For example, facilitating discussions among business leaders and governments, sharing best practice, monitoring implementation and gender diversity are all activities that can be utilised across many different regions and countries in the Commonwealth. In its ‘One Year On’ report, WBC identified several of these challenges. For example, 74 per cent of women believe that sexism is present in the workplace (WBC 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We demonstrate how an evolutionary agent-based model can be used to evaluate climate policies that take the heterogeneity of strategies of individual agents into account. An essential feature of the model is that the fitness of an economic strategy is determined by the relative welfare of the associated agent as compared to its immediate neighbors in a social network. This enables the study of policies that affect relative positions of individuals. We formulate two innovative climate policies, namely a prize, altering directly relative welfare, and advertisement, which influences the social network of interactions. The policies are illustrated using a simple model of global warming where a resource with a negative environmental impact—fossil energy—can be replaced by an environmentally neutral yet less cost-effective alternative, namely renewable energy. It is shown that the general approach enlarges the scope of economic policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data over the last 30 years suggests that, had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels, global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in 2010. Countries need to make a SWAP. Nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in Sweden, electric cars as in Norway and wind power in Denmark.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This was particularly true for the turnpikes, canals and railways that accompanied Britain’s rise as a global economic superpow er. National initiatives only emeiged later to better coordinate existing projects in line with the demands of a more sophisticated and integrated national economy. Conceived in 1830, Chevalier’s impressive plan7 was for a grand European transport system to connect the entire continent with rails, roads and shipping routes, whereby railway lines spanning over 60,000 km would traverse from the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (through northbound lines), linking them to eastbound destinations of Flanders at the North Sea via Warsaw, Vilnius, Riga and St Petersbuig to the Russian Pacific (Hogselius et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ideal indicators would also inform on the linkages between the various health components and how, for instance, physical and psychological aspects of health are related, as functioning across multiple domains is a critical aspect of health. In practice the picture of health status provided by existing indicators is incomplete (Table 5.1). However, they refer only to the length of people’s lives, rather than to the health conditions of the living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)