albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These may be especially useful in cases where local knowledge is less important than technical or industrial expertise. The new marketing campaign, implemented prior to the start of new calls for proposals, identifies the institutions where potential candidates reside and tries to attract them with a communication mix consisting of direct communication (including via social media) with carefully targeted potential applicants, and face-to-face communication. Assistance during the application process is also offered to further promote participation, including support in research proposal writing, budget elaboration and research project management (NRF, 2014). • An efficient communication mix was used in the framework of the project to promote improved political and citizen participation of excluded indigenous people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The pro-rich character of growth in Viet Nam was not detected during the period 2008-12. Income growth was highest for the middle-income deciles and lowest at both the bottom and top of the income ladder. A new sample frame was introduced in the VHLSS from 2010, based on the 2009 census. Employment intensity of growth, or elasticity of employment with respect to output, is a useful indicator of inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In contrast, the share of renewables as a fraction of TPES remained at 3 per cent in high income countries and 46-45 per cent in low income economies. Renewable energy sources now account for the majority of TPES in Nepal (84 per cent), Myanmar (75 per cent), Cambodia (72 per cent),Tajikistan (64 per cent) and Sri Lanka (53 percent). However, there is no uniform definition of renewable energy (Box 1), and large hydropower plants can have undesirable environmental and social impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The main reason for the consideration of adaptation in global welfare-maximizing IAMs is to assess the sensitivity of mitigation targets to different assumptions about the magnitude and effectiveness of adaptation. Because IAMs have generally been designed to be applied in one of these decision-analytical frameworks, it is common to speak of policy optimization models, policy evaluation models and policy guidance models, respectively. There is, however, some overlap between these categories, as witnessed by the application of some policy evaluation models (e.g. PAGE) and policy guidance models (e.g. ICLIPS) in policy optimization mode.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Competency designation is important for any discipline to define individual performance expectations. Although public health (PH) agencies have always responded to emergencies, individual expectations have not been specified. The authors identified individual competencies necessary for organizations to meet performance standards. In the first stage, a Delphi survey served to identify competencies needed by staff to respond to any emergency, including bio-terrorism, yielding competency sets for four levels of workers. In the second stage, focus groups were used to assess the competencies with public health agencies. This feedback validated the Delphi-identified competencies as accurate and necessary for emergency response. The authors demonstrate the feasibility of using these methods to arrive at statements of value to PH practice at a reasonable investment of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, public cash transfers shown here may not fully account for those programmes and services provided, or co-financed, by local governments. Measurement gaps may be high, notably in federal countries such as Canada. Incapacity-related spending covers expenditure on disability pensions and sick leave schemes (occupational injury and other sickness daily allowances).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Disparity in access to and quality of education is a fundamental challenge, particularly in secondary education. Labour markets have performed well, however unemployment remains a problem among youth. Wage differentials by educational attainment have tumbled, due to a re-composition of household incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The skills are not only important to working in a job, but at the same time determine how easy or difficult it is to find another job, for example, in case of dismissal or problems at the workplace. For this reason, a further indicator measures employability, in other words, the self-perceived usefulness of the worker's skills and experiences for finding another job. Finally, a further indicator regards skills match, in other words, whether employed persons can actually use their skills in their current job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It has focused its efforts on the effective implementation of the EITI, but also works on legislative processes around the natural resources framework and with communities at the subnational level. The coalition has led campaigns to ensure transparency at all stages of mining production and increase public engagement and debate on natural resources issues. The coalition's membership includes 29 organizations. The Movement is engaged in, inter alia, demanding the Government cancel licences enabling mineral exploration alongside the Tuul River, as the river has reportedly been severely affected due to explorations that are not in line with the 2009 Law on Prohibition of Mineral Exploration and Exploitation in Run-off Source Areas, Protection Zones of Water Bodies and Forested Areas. One example is the arrest in 2013 and subsequent terrorism sentence for an environmental activist who campaigned to protect water sources from mining pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where that is the case, they can derive an extra benefit over and above the cost reduction resulting from the other factors. Where appropriate and reliable data are available, the cost reductions resulting from given forms of government support to the “export measures with equivalent effect” can be estimated in a reasonably straightforward manner. They can be expressed as a total sum or per unit of the product concerned, dividing the total by the quantity of either the targeted exports or of all exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In most countries governments are significant energy users, and government operations present significant opportunities for efficiency improvements. By procuring energy efficiency services from the private sector, governments can help build capacity and critical mass within this important service sector. This is a win-win option, since energy use is major public sector expense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most of them are primarily financed by student fees. Students are attracted to these institutions since they offer courses which are of immediate relevance to the job market. In this sense, private higher education institutions respond more easily than their public counterparts to the demands emerging from local business and the industrial community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It should also be noted that urban areas are constantly evolving as a result of people’s mobility, natural population growth, socioeconomic development, environmental changes, and local and national policies. Challenges to the institutional capacities for improving access to sound infrastructure, decent employment, and reducing vulnerability to pollution, natural disasters and other risks, loom large. Large and wealthier cities, in particular, may have well-managed resource systems but they also have larger ecological footprints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Why do people call for states’ rights and the devolution of national authority? Are they driven by partisan motives, where they like devolution the most when the President is of the opposing party? Or are calls to shift the balance of federal power rooted in sincere support for decentralized political authority? Using survey data from 1987 to 2012, I explore how support for devolution varies across time and individuals. I find that people are not strictly partisan in how they think about devolution. While people are more likely to favor decentralization when the President is of the opposing party, they are no more likely to want devolution when their own party controls state government. Substantive considerations are also important, where those who support limited government increasingly favor the devolution of central authority as the size of the national government increases relative to the size of state and local government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In societies that began with high inequality, elites can establish a legal framework that locks in their influence, which in turn enables them to maintain high inequality to their benefit. Take, for example, the Americas, where three distinct types of colonies took shape in the 1700s, depending on the initial conditions of soil, climate and native inhabitancy. The distribution of wealth and human capital was extremely unequal, advantaging the elite who could assemble large companies of slaves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this case, the Seoul metropolitan government also collaborated with private partners under a public-private partnership structure to provide public transport (Pucher et al., Revenue is deposited in a trust fund, which in turn proceeds payment for the agents on a weekly basis. This revenue and other charges pursuant to the concession contract contribute to 4% of the system’s budget. The city-owned company that oversees the project, TransMilenio S.A., functioned thanks to city subsidies until 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Since the Human Rights Act 1998, scholars and courts have dedicated considerable attention to the presumption of innocence. A major strand of the ensuing debate has focused on the scope of this safeguard. Many academics have argued in favour of according to the presumption a substantive- as opposed to a procedural-role. In otherwords, these scholars maintain that the presumption set in art. 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) should have some influence on the definition of criminality. Courts seemsympathetic to this approach, albeit not following it to the full extent. The article, instead, defends a procedural understanding of the presumption of innocence, on the basis of interpretive arguments concerning art. 6(2) ECHR. Besides, it shows that adopting this conception does not entail lowering the protection of the individual before the substantive criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractIllicit drug use and homelessness among street-involved young people remain community and public health concerns, in part because of their association with ‘public disorder’, as well as increased encounters between youth, police, the criminal justice system, and the associated health-related harms. In the public imagination, illicit drug use, homelessness, and police encounters (including incarceration) are often understood as problems rooted in individual biographies. In general, there has been a lack of attention to the larger historical, institutional, and social-spatial contexts that converge across time, to increase young people’s risk of coming into contact with police and the criminal justice system. Drawing from a longitudinal ethnography with street-involved young people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada, we highlight two qualitative case studies that illustrate some of the ‘pathways’ to criminalization among this population. Specifically, these case studies reflect the complex l...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Group education included exercises that encouraged boys to express their feelings, especially about what it means to be a young man. Maybe I would not be in this situation." It has also been effective in helping students complete their secondary education and even advance to university. Moreover, the young moms will have the choice to attend a new school or to return to the one they left.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Enterprises, including municipal utilities, provided a large share of the financing. Poland’s environmental funds and EU financial support also played important roles. This level of funding, however, was not sufficient to achieve national and EU targets. While there was a significant expansion of biological and mechanical treatment and composting, more than half of MSW is still landfilled. Further investment is needed to meet the 2020 targets, notably for the recycling and composting of MSW. Current plans also call for high levels of investment to build MSW incinerators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is recommended that an organic process be adopted, whereby the decision on the management of sanitation services rests w'ith the LSGBs whereas the central government would provide support to LSGBs so that they can make the best decision possible. These options were discussed and have been accepted by stakeholders as being the main options offered to LSGBs for reforms. This is due to the fact that WSCs are already managing substantial portions of the country: whether or not they want to deliver new services should be left to their own strategies rather than mandated from the top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nuclear power also has negligible greenhouse gas emissions. These targets both decrease dependence on fossil-fuel energy resources, and deliver energy with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008). The main opportunities to mitigate climate change in the energy sector are de-carbonisation of the power sector and end-use energy-efficiency investments. For developing countries these options should also lead to enhanced energy security, reduced dependence on foreign imports of fossil fuels, and creation of local economic activity through renewable power investments in micro-grid systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This began with the Compact project Transition to High Value Agriculture which will last until 2015 (chapter 10). The Agency “Apele Moldovei” is responsible for management of this programme. It aims to catalyze investment in agricultural performance by establishing a sustainable model of irrigation and water management as well as an institutional and policy environment favourable to irrigated agriculture. A pilot project of rehabilitation of 11 irrigation networks (see above) has already started. The reform transfers the responsibility for management of irrigation networks from the government to 11 associations of irrigation water users, which were created with the assistance of the programme. Permitting and compliance reviews are conducted by the SEI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Details on the dataset are provided in the Annex. However, such cross-country time-series regressions are typically less robust to variations in, for example, samples, econometric methods or the set of variables included in the regression than analysis based on micro data. In order to deal with the model uncertainty problem, the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) technique proposed by Sala-i-Martin etal. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Institutional barriers to trade are regionally based on intersectoral concerns due to certain actors opposing trades. Environmental barriers may be set up by agencies in charge of ecosystems and water quality (Garrido et al., In the context of groundwater-fed irrigation, the intensive margin decision refers to the per-area irrigation intensity chosen during the irrigation season.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Joint collaboration on exchange of knowledge on methodologies, status for monitoring and assessment strategies as well as available data in the Nordic countries is a necessary element in this process. Monitoring studies of marine litter and the beach surveys demonstrate that it comprises of various constituents such as plastics, metals, glass, ceramics, rubber, processed wood, clothing, paper etc. ( The review of literature and studies on marine litter, also called marine debris, demonstrates that plastic debris comprise most of the marine litter worldwide (Aniansson etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An overview of the ecological status of the Nordic region is given in Table 4. In the table, color indicates the biodiversity status of each region, but note that the numbers in the table are derived from different assessment systems and thus cannot be compared between countries. While ecological status of the coastal ecosystems in the Baltic region is assessed using the WFD biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macrophytes and benthic invertebrates) and HELCOM biodiversity protocols (including pelagic invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds and key habitats), Norwegian waters are assessed using the Nature Index for Norway (Nl), which includes trophic groups such as plants, fungi, algae, invertebrates, amphibians, birds, fish and mammals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Avaza national tourist zone is one example of promising, ongoing economic projects. In Avaza, the new water treatment facility with a capacity of 11.9 million m3 per year has been put into operation to offer uninterrupted clean drinking water to citizens and guests of the town. The water supply system has also been rehabilitated in Turkmenbashy, where several new pumping stations, drinking water reservoirs and thousand of metres of new pipelines were installed. It is an important tool for ensuring uniformity and standardization of environmental standards with regard to economic activities in the Caspian Sea area. Issues such as emergency response management, protection of nature reserves and biological diversity are addressed through the Tehran Convention, and are essential considerations for oil and gas companies operating in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, expanding demand for oil etc., Advancing development in these countries in a sustainable way is a shared international goal with benefits for developing countries themselves and for OECD countries alike. The multiple benefits outlined above lead to welfare gains, but sometimes at the expense of energy consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The EU-SILC dataset has been constructed with the aim of collecting timely and comparable cross-sectional and longitudinal multidimensional micro data on income poverty and social exclusion (European Commission, 2009a). It was launched in 2004 and contains cross-sectional as well as panel data, the 2007 wave covers data from 24 EU Member States, plus Norway and Iceland. All current households and their members residing in the territories are part of the reference population. Those individuals living in collective households and institutions as well as small parts of national territories are not included (European Commission, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Capital intensive investment projects and businesses identified by the MECF as potentially harmful should present an ESIA, with the Department of Environmental Conservation being part of the proposal assessment team. The investor is not allowed to carry out business causing environmental pollution, including water or air pollution, on the land he is entitled to lease or use - a provision also mentioned in Notification 39/2011. Deforestation rates varied over time between 2% in 1975-89, 7% in 1989-98 and 3.2% in 1998-2006. Fire wood production, illegal logging and agricultural land expansion constitute the main sources of deforestation. The permanent forest estate consists of reserved forests, protected public forests and protected forests (Table 9.10). The first two categories are established for both conservation and production purposes and can be categorised as community forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The river flows from Lake lijiirvi (Finland) to Norwegian territory, and discharges into the Barents Sea. On Finnish territory, it flows about 40 km through wilderness, there arc many rapids in the river, GcaSgcsuolojavri is a transboundary lake in the basin. During spring flooding the river recharges the adjacent aquifers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, a flock of studies (Zhang etal., This should have translated in turn into higher inequality. In this regard, part of the increased inequality is understandable, and policies to contain inequality should be oriented to provide more equal opportunities in human capital accumulation. Section 3.5 of this chapter discusses this issue further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Developing countries argue that developed countries have fallen short of their promises on providing climate finance and want assurances of predicable financial flows from developed countries (ENB 2018). Thus the Paris Agreement has not overcome the general lack of trust between developed and developing countries that has marked the climate negotiations since the start. It is perhaps here that the US decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement has its biggest effects, since the dwindling climate finance contributions of the US will be difficult to compensate for by other countries. In Katowice, countries such as Germany and Norway announced increases in climate finance, and it was decided that discussions on a long-term finance goal would be discussed at the climate change conference in 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Importantly, biofuel mandates and, to a lesser extent, budgetary support benefits not just farmers in the countries providing the support, but also farmers in other countries, even if much less significantly so. Higher prices are transmitted to these other countries and result in increased revenues and incomes of their farms. A removal of the biofuel support therefore has a negative effect on farm incomes around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Growth incidence curves depict changes in total adult-equivalent disposable income for two sub-periods: 2002-08 and 2008-12 (Figure 1.2). Trends show general and continuous improvement in total disposable income of households in Viet Nam from 2002 to 2012, explaining the enormous reduction in prevalence of absolute poverty. For the period 2002-08, however, final distribution of gains favoured less those households in the bottom 20% of income distribution, while the richest individuals and those between the 4th and 8th deciles benefited the most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A major weakness of early road safety policies in high-income countries in the 1950s and 1960s was the assumption that the primary goal was to correct human errors in road crashes rather than an acknowledgment that the causes of crashes are related to the inherent risks of using road infrastructure. These early road safety efforts often relied excessively on driver education measures. The pioneering injury-prevention matrix developed by Haddon in 1970 encouraged evaluation of all the factors that contribute to road injury and provided a methodology to assess the effectiveness of a full range of potential counter measures. He elaborated a ten-point strategy to reduce the harmful interactions of this energy transfer which has played a major role in road safety policy making ever since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The major share of the EEZ is fairly evenly distributed between non-Commonwealth countries and dependent territories. The ocean and coastal seas have long been integral to the Pacific way of life and world view. Commercial fishing access fees contribute up to 60 per cent of national revenue for some Pacific island nations and tourism may be the largest contributor to formal employment (Bell et al. This chapter sets out to briefly review the state and importance of its contributions to Pacific island countries, outline its governance and management arrangements, and after identifying some key issues and promising responses, suggest some ways forward to achieve a sustainable future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)