albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This series of activities - short term employment, training, and successful exit strategies leading to more permanent employment - is designed to achieve the alleviation of poverty. In June 2008, Cabinet gave approval for proceeding with the development of a second phase of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which began in early 2009. Extension of the programme aims to increase the number of full-year equivalent job opportunities to over 400 000 over the next five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This study aims to investigate how national education councils are organized in  Turkey, shed light on their voting procedures, and examine their perceived chal-  lenges, based on data from eight participants of the 18th National Education Council.  A qualitative research design was adopted and data were collected through semi-  structured interviews. By scrutinizing a particular decision-making convention in a  centralized system, the study offers significant evidence on education decision-mak-  ing and contributes to the existing body of literature on education decision-making  in accordance with governance principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The lack of comprehensive accreditation programmes for primary' care is a major weakness in the Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway and Sweden. Norway, for example, only carries out planned, risk-based audits in primary care. By contrast, Australia, England and Portugal pursue another path by extending accreditation to the primary and community care sector. In particular, England’s approach to health service accreditation is at the forefront of OECD efforts, and is a model for other health care systems to emulate (see Case Study 11). It is unusually comprehensive as it accredits all providers of primary and social care (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, most of the donors are yet to reach the target. However, the unilateral tariff cuts by both developed and some developing countries since the adoption of the BPoA have provided the LDCs with only limited benefits. In particular, subsidies and nontariff measures for agriculture in developed countries continue to act as a disincentive to agricultural production and exports, especially in the Asia Pacific LDCs. In addition, many LDCs lack the capacity to utilize trade concessions already available due to infrastructure and other capacity constraints to raise and diversify export related production. In this respect, two areas are important for poverty and hunger reduction in the Asia Pacific LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Another study complements this approach by investigating and surveying the nature of illegal trade in waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) in the European context (Huisman et al., The study estimates that among the 9.45 million tons of e-waste generated in Europe in 2012, only 35% of them were collected and recycled in official systems while the remaining 65% were either exported (16%), recycled under non-compliant conditions in Europe (33%), processed by the informal sector (8%), or simply discarded in waste bins (8%). It also estimates that 1.3 million tons (14%) of e-waste departed the EU in undocumented exports that w'ould likely be classified as illegal waste trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Sugar production is promoted by government support schemes such as the US sugar programme and, through the increased interest in sugar-based ethanol, is also affected by biofuel policies. The future of biofuel production and the associated feedstock is hence greatly determined by how the main producers of biofuels will design their policies. The uncertainty that currently surrounds these policies, especially in the European Union and United States (see also Biofuel Chapter), implies that policy changes could completely change the production outlook for these commodities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Viet Nam’s PSEs: What and how? ( A fixed price of USD 17 per tonne was used for coffee. It incorporates transfers to provincial governments for agricultural programmes and where possible local government expenditure. However, the value of local government expenditure is underrepresented in the budgetary data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Of all children who are poor and deprived at the same time, 31% are in Sikasso, 19% in Segou, 18% in Koulikoro, and 16% in Mopti. Even though Bamako has a population share of 15%, its proportion of poor and deprived is only 1%. For instance, early marriage, early pregnancy and female genital mutilation are relevant to the well-being of the girl child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   To date, various participation models have been proposed to assist those who want to involve young people in program design, delivery and evaluation. These models tend to classify participatory practices, and often use hierarchical structures which do not account well for the socio-cultural contexts in which participation takes place. In this paper, we draw upon scholarship in the fields of feminist, post-structural and critical theory, as well as youth studies, and citizenship research to propose a new framework for conceptualising and planning for youth participation in programs. The framework directs attention towards the seven inter-connected domains of purpose, positioning, perspective, power relations, protection, place and process. To illustrate the framework, we draw on our experience of two youth projects which address HIV prevention in countries within the Asia-Pacific region. We demonstrate how using the framework helped to strengthen the vision, quality and impact of the programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract The Concept of “Administrative Dependence” of Environmental Criminal Law – Foundations and Transformations German environmental law is primarily a matter of administrative regulation. However, there is also a supplementary role for criminal sanctions. The key strategy of the German federal legislature to coordinate these two dimensions of environmental law is the concept of “administrative dependence” of environmental criminal law. Thus, criminal sanctions are attached to environmental pollution under violation of environmental regulations or without a governmental permission. In 1980, the concept of “administrative dependence” informed the codification of environmental criminal law as part of the Federal Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, §§ 324–330d). The article explores the development of German environmental criminal law under the concept of “administrative dependence” over the course of almost four decades from 1980 to the present. Key findings include a sharp rise in the numbers of relevant c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a perception that timber harvesting (sanitation cutting) allowed within national parks is in conflict with the main purpose of these Protected Areas, but the logging practices are designed to be low-impact and low-intensity. Alternative financing options for the national parks and other Protected Areas have been studied and should be pursued. The Department of Nature Protection only performs inspections on implementation of the provisions of the management plan and implementation of overall protection. According to the Law on Nature Protection, local municipal governments have almost no competencies concerning administration of Category I and II Protected Areas (Article 135).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Ermisch and Francesconi (2000) find that less than one-fifth of cohabitations survive more than five years. Cohabitation before marriage has also been argued to raise the risk of divorce, although the increased risk is small compared to other factors such as age at first marriage (Berrington and Diamond, 2000. There is also some evidence that there is negative selection in having a child outside of marriage (Ermisch, 2005). However, Goodman and Greaves (2010) find that while children in the United Kingdom do better on average at ages three and five if born to married parents, when controls for differences in other observed characteristics are conducted, these differences disappear. This, they suggest, implies that those children whose parents married in response to financial incentives saw no gain in educational outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The most recent studies, such those conducted in England and Scotland (Bajekal et al., To a great extent, both the English and Scottish studies show that better treatments and improvements in risk factors are equally distributed among various socio-economic groups. However, the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity, particularly in lower socio-economic areas, has partly negated the improvements in mortality increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This type of static analysis does not take into account behavioural (for example, in the labour supply or in taxpayers’ evasion or avoidance strategies) or life-cycle or general equilibrium effects. Therefore, it does not consider the reaction functions of economic agents with regard to the introduction or modification of taxes and transfers. However, it is well known that income data from household surveys are often underestimated owing to various factors, including the failure to capture the incomes of top earners, item or unit non-response and underreporting of income (particularly at the top end of the income distribution scale).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These can be linked during this stage and CITES objectives and indicators can be mainstreamed into the priorities and targets set by the country. Annex V on assessing policy options may provide useful guidance in this step. The CITES Management Authority could implement the activity stream related to CITES (noting that this activity stream could also be an existing CITES action plan that is already being implemented) within the framework of a wider and more mainstreamed biodiversity action plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A report on energy efficiency courses suggests that there is a wide range of courses nationally relating specifically to energy efficiency and others that include some components of energy efficiency35. The report estimated there are 22 national training package qualifications, which included some components of energy efficiency, as well as 30 state accredited VET courses and 62 courses run by industries. In NSW, more than 7% of all students enrolled in TAFE NSW were participating in green skills training, well above the 5% target for 201336. The system needs to be flexible to respond to the rapidly changing regulatory and market environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Almaty accounts for the lion’s share of R&D expenditures and personnel in the country and a large share of its SMEs.62 This is important because of the need to rebalance business innovation from SOEs to private businesses: Almaty City appears best positioned for this, thanks to its sheer size and unique concentration of privately owned financial institutions and firms. Moreover, the broadband penetration rate (a crucial enabler of research activities) in Almaty City is by far the highest in Kazakhstan. To encourage productive competition between Astana and Almaty City in scientific and technological innovation, excessive concentration of public support on Astana’s cluster should be avoided in future. However, the Regional Development Programme until 2020 emphasises the role of Shymkent and Aktobe as “first-level cities” and “national level economic growth centres”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on a review of investment cases from around the world, this chapter identifies best-practice investment strategies and variations from different regions and service markets. It also identifies key lessons for governments, regulators and investors to stimulate investment in broadband networks. Unfamiliar investment cases have been selected deliberately to provide a fresh perspective, and familiar examples that have already been researched extensively have not been used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Political corruption in the land sector is pervasive, but difficult to document and effectively prosecute. This article provides new evidence on political land corruption in Malta, the European Union’s smallest member state and one of the world’s most densely populated countries. It shows how the country’s highly restrictive zoning laws, along with a de jure independent regulator, have created opportunities for extensive and endemic corruption in the granting of land development permits in zones that are outside development. It provides an example of governments creating institutions as rent-collection instruments – not to correct market failures, but to create opportunities for corruption. The unique underlying data set was collected through an automated web-scraping program as the regulator first turned down then ignored freedom of information requests for the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the system should link customary and statutory mechanisms while also connecting local to national procedures. The mediation system must be carefully integrated to avoid conflicting judgments, "forum shopping", and fragmentation of claims. Strategic design can ensure that different levels of the system work in a complementary manner, and that appeal procedures are available for appropriate cases. Capacity-building will be required for many people working in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The estimated benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) from ISA-UK is 7.4 for a scenario in which the authorities actively promote ISA deployment through regulation (Lai et al., Cars with intervening ISA score more highly than cars with an advisory ISA. Extra points are also given for vehicles that combine map-based ISA with a camera-based sign recognition system. The conclusion was: “The most effective driver support system is ISA” (page 50).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this case, the gender institution’s leadership, along with a sector-specific approach to gender mainstreaming, improved its capacity to influence inter-sectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination, including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees (OECD, 2014). The Beijing Platform of Action of 1995 indicates that responsibility for the advancement of women should be vested in the highest possible level of government, if possible at the level of a Cabinet minister, so as to ensure sufficient authority to advance a government-wide approach to gender equality. If gender considerations are not integrated into the activities of all gender institutions, gender equality efforts risk being marginalised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nuclear power plants sited in the vicinity of a large source of water, either a sea, lake or river, are generally cooled by running a large amount of water into the condenser and discharging it back to the original source a few degrees warmer, with little or no evaporation. This is known as once-through cooling. The water withdrawal requirements for a nuclear power plant of 1 GW employing this cooling method are about 50 m3/s, which corresponds to 1.3 billion tonnes of water per year. If the water availability is limited, heat removal is generally accomplished via evaporation in cooling towers with a re-circulating system: water passes through the condenser, is pumped to the top of the tower and is sprayed downwards to a collection basin, while being cooled by an up-drought of air. In a wet recirculating system, about 4-5% of the water evaporates and must be replaced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data for water quality statistics are produced primarily by monitoring stations. Monitoring programmes are usually developed when a policy or quality norm is set up for specific locations that show the most problematic signs of pollution. Most monitoring stations and regular monitoring programmes are aimed at measuring specific pollutants. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Examples abound in the agriculture and energy sectors: typically farmers in several OECD and non member countries do not pay the full price of electricity used to pump groundwater. Reforming those harmful subsidies should also be part of the water financing agenda: for instance, it could free public financial resources (which could then be used for water policies), generate more revenues to invest in water-related services and infrastructures, make water pollution more costly and create markets for water-efficient technologies and practices. A set of principles can usefully guide policy decisions. For example, the Polluter Pays principle (PPP) is a basic element of all European environmental policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mongolian forests harbour 140 species of trees and shrubs, the main forest-forming species are larch (Larix sibirica) - the dominant tree species in Mongolia , pine (Pinus silvestris), cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, poplar, elm and willow. Mongolian fauna consists of 138 mammal species, 75 fish species, 21 reptile species, 6 amphibian species, over 500 bird species, over 13,000 insect species and about 30 species of molluscs. As for Mongolian fauna, as many as 41 animal species (11 mammal, 25 bird, 2 fish and 3 invertebrate) are considered globally threatened: 4 species are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 12 species as Endangered (EN) and 25 species as Vulnerable (VU). A further 28 fauna species are categorized as NT, 8 as DD and 509 as LC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the context of the global financial crisis, this upgrading needs also to consider the potential to shift business models in a more sustainable direction in economic, social and ecological terms. First, the understanding of innovation needs to be broadened especially given the context of the stage of evolution of Mexico’s economy. In one sense, this means an acceptance that some activities may be carving out specialisms in inter-mediate or even relatively low-tech market niches, for example IT companies providing software solutions and contact centre functions. While such activities may not be considered to be at the very top end of high-tech, cutting edge and new technology development, they may still be worthy of support in the context of learning by doing and potential upgrading of their sophistication and value adding over time. Another area where local upgrading might focus is upon support for services for industry - for example in IT services, maintenance and distribution - that complements and builds upon the typical current focus upon direct materials. Larger firms typically outsource such services to large providers which can shut out local service firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To amplify this message of solidarity and strength, Hollywood stars with many millions of social media followers around the world are partnering in their #TimesUp movement with women and girls from rural areas, students, civil society activists and others whose voices have been long ignored. In Africa, activists and survivors are speaking out against female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage. They are led by such women as Jaha Dukureh, the UN-Women Regional Goodwill Ambassador for Africa on FGM and Ending Child Marriage. In Latin America, women have taken to the streets to protest the murder of human rights activist Marielle Franco and to stand up against femicide through the “Ni una menos”, “not one less”, campaign. In Sweden, an open letter from hundreds of actors sharing their testimonies and demanding zero tolerance of harassment led to thousands of women across all industries' echoing those appeals. First and foremost, it has shown the strength of solidarity and sisterhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the low-ambition scenario there would be a high risk of foiling to achieve 10 of the 17 SDGs. Looking only at the best understood pathways by which climate change impacts poverty targets— agricultural productivity, climate extremes, and corollary childhood malnutrition and developmental stunting— Granoff et al. ( Half of humanity lives less than 60 kilometres (km) from the coast, and three-quarters of all large cities are located in coastal areas (UNEP, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The need for modernisation of university organisation and governance w ould be an example of such a failure. Rather, a key role for state policy making is bottleneck analysis to identify and rectify structural imperfections (Arnold et al., The balance among different system components needs to be appropriate and the policies need to be mutually consistent. For example, there must be some consistency between the thematic focus of innovation/industry policy and at least part of the national research effort. This is why coordination is an important aspect of innovation system governance. At best, it can be co-ordinated to some degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, remittances enable women to rent more land (Shahriari and others, 2009) and thus become wealthier. This is even more important as women in Tajikistan rarely own land, when they do own land, their land plots are smaller than those of men (Khitarishvili, 2016, p. 13). There are contradictory findings on die influence of male migration on die gender gap in labour force participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policymakers may assume that adolescents ages 10 to 14 are under the protection of a parent or guardian and thus devise programmes that depend on parents’ engagement. But for some young adolescents, parents may not be present in their lives. Men’s and boys’ relationships with women and girls can support or hamper these objectives (UNFPA, 2013b). Integrated programmes, especially ones that combine community outreach, mobilization and mass media campaigns with group education, are the most effective at changing behaviour (UNFPA, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Private foundations’ contributions towards STI, mainly targeted towards research in the health sector, represents a growing share of total development finance to STI. The philanthropy data for 2016 only include Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Dutch Postcode Lottery and MetLife Foundation. Concessional finance is mainly used to support research and innovation, including also the implementation of development activities with a specific innovative approach. Financing support to NGOs, universities and other entities conducting research or supporting STI development are also concessional in nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It was conducted to help Nokia find out more about consumers' attitudes and behaviors towards recycling, and inform the company's take-back programs and efforts to increase recycling rates of unused mobile devices. Available at www,tpxicsj|n_k.prg/art-yiew.php?id=134 (Accessed on July 29, 2011). Article titled 'Digital Dump'dated July 25,2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Gross and Net Indicators in the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press. The Distribution of Wealth”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. When Life Expectancy Matters”, Revue d’economie politique, Vol. Mapping Inequality Across the OECD”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)