albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Il est difficile d’evaluer l’evolution a long terme de l’emploi dans le secteur sachant que la definition de l’emploi a change, ce qui a considerablement augmente les chiffres depuis les annees 2000. En utilisant des series coherentes sur certaines periodes, on observe que les tendances des parts de l’agriculture et de l’emploi dans le PIB divergeaient dans les annees 90 alors qu’elles vont de pair depuis les annees 2000. En effet, d’importants ajustements de la main-d’ceuvre sont intervenus au cours de la periode postindependance quand la population s’est tout d’abord repliee vers les campagnes pour survivre, apres quoi la reprise economique a suscite un mouvement inverse des campagnes vers les villes. Cependant, l’agriculture continue d’etre le plus important secteur en terme d’emploi (26 % en 2011) et on observe un ecart considerable entre la productivity de la main-d’ceuvre de ce secteur et du reste de l’economie.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Policies towards industrial symbiosis (IS) can be an effective means to reduce waste and promote reuse among industries in Metro Cebu especially when applied to Economic Zones. Industrial symbiosis, a value chain approach for eco-innovation, helps create a cyclical manufacturing loop for industries in close geographical proximity to exchange by-products (Gibbs, 2008, Chertow and Park 2016). Industrial symbiosis deems the by-product/waste of one industry as resources/inputs for the other allowing for innovation, cost reductions, increased revenues and above all, additional economic prospects in an environmentally conscientious manner. Symbiotic networks can develop spontaneously or be planned. Kawerau, New Zealand is applying this concept to reduce its carbon footprint by closing the loop between its wood processing centres and its geothermal energy industries (Embracechange, 2014). Similarly, in Landskrona, Sweden, though an organic synergy existed among some operational industries, its full potential was realised in 2003 when the government assisted with an agreement to collaborate and catalyse IS development leading to the establishment of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme (Chertow and Park 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the other hand, leakages away from the farm level are typically lower, because farmers are less likely to rent land than in OECD countries and they tend to purchase fewer inputs. In general, the results show that non trade-distorting direct payments are the most efficient way of boosting incomes in the short-term, while public investments, which should also have broader long-term pay-offs, have short to medium term impacts that are pro-poor (Jonasson et al., On one side, there are fears that only larger commercial farmers may be in a position to benefit from improved export opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the regional level, the right to equality and non-discrimination is also guaranteed by, for example, the African Charter on Human and People's Rights (arts. This means that States must take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure that no family may be subject to discrimination on any ground. Any right, benefit, privilege or obligation to one ‘family’ (e.g., in social or welfare benefits, inheritance, social security and pensions) must be accorded to all of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The index was developed to make best possible use of information from surveys in the countries of the region, with a view to providing the region with an instrument to monitor public policies that is comparable between countries and can be applied to its entire population and used continually over the long term, as noted above. The rights-based approach describes the institutional means necessary for achieving well-being, while needs and capabilities —or functionings— are a way of describing and expressing the various constituent parts of well-being. The guaranteed exercise of rights enables people to satisfy their basic needs and function at a basic level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, reserve seats on local councils should have the same status as general seats, with clear mandates and roles gazetted for all decision-makers and with equal access to resources and funding. Financial resources - Many women are limited by financial resources, which further inhibit their effective participation in politics. A dedicated fund should be set aside through state or party mandates to support women's advocacy and political campaigns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many rivers are of high ecological sensitivity and of international importance for their conservation value. Perversely, population density is highest in these areas of lowest rainfall and so demand is greatest where resources are the scarcest. This has led to many rivers, particularly chalk (limestone baseflow-fed) streams of iconic environmental and fisheries value, being damaged or threatened by unsustainable abstraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During the 6th meeting of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics held at the Dead Sea in March 2012, the results of a global review of the gender statistics programmes in UN countries were presented. The global review was developed by the UN Statistics Division in consultation with the regional commissions, and finalised by a task team of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics. Results reveal that 68% of the 128 responding countries already have a gender statistics focal point in the national statistical office, 37% have a co-ordinating body for gender statistics at the national level. In addition, gender statistics are governed by statistics or gender-related laws, regulation or national action plans in an overwhelming majority of the countries (86%), but only 15% of those countries have specific legislation requiring the national statistical system to conduct specialised gender-based surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article presents a case study on the political thought and citizenship conceptions of children and adolescents. Considering children and adolescents as reflexive citizens and partners in community development processes, it is our purpose to understand the development of political thought, and particularly how children conceive the exercise of citizenship and participation. Participants were 97 children of a primary and middle secondary (basic) school, aged 5 to 14 years, organized into age groups of 12 children each. Focus group discussions were used as participatory research methodology which involves children as active collaborators, a method that appears to be a good alternative to the traditional individual interviews used in previous research. Results point to the existence of a developmental process of political thought that begins before the start of formal schooling, and a parallel evolution of the conception of social organization and the concepts of citizenship and participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many dwellings connect illegally to the grid, referred to as power theft, or connect informally through someone with a legal connection. The latter is not considered theft and is thus not illegal in many countries, because the electricity consumed is metered and billed through the legal connection. The concern with this approach, in addition to safety, is that the user with the informal connection may pay an excessive unregulated price for an unsatisfactory service and relies on the goodwill of the unregulated provider (Maurer and Nonay, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ground the selection of PPPs in value for money. This means carefully investigating which investment method is likely to yield the most value for money. It may mean developing a relative VfM test (public sector comparator) that measures the cost efficiency of using a PPP versus using traditional capital procurement. A public sector comparator compares the net present cost of bids for the PPP project against the most efficient form of delivery according to a traditionally procured public-sector reference project. The comparator takes into account both the risks that are transferable to a probable private party and those risks that will be retained by government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is in line with the previous conclusion that youth with limited or no work experience are usually not entitled to these benefits. Disability benefit receipt rates are much lower, averaging only around 2% of all youth in OECD countries. Exceptions are Norway (7% of all youth) and Finland and Ireland (5%). Social assistance, housing and family benefits play an important role for youth living in low-income households and those lacking work experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Small Business and Human Development, available online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/arabstates/jordan/Jordan_NHDR_2011 .pdf. Maastricht School of Management, Working Paper No. Available online at: http://www.g20.org/load/781680452. Unemployed persons cannot be attributed to particular sectors, therefore, unlike the labour force, the work force does not include any unemployed persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What is a federal court expected to do when asked to enforce a foreign arbitral award, what constraints do Conventions impose on its normal course of adjudication? This article examines this question from a narrow standpoint which has been troublesome to the Second Circuit, that is what remains of the inherent power of a common-law court to defer or dismiss litigation of a Convention case on the grounds that it constitutes an “inconvenient” forum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Territorial approaches place the functioning of institutions (formal and informal) at the core of development initiatives and require strong local participation and representation in the policy process. This calls for strong vertical and horizontal co-ordination in the formulation of local priorities. First, addressing FSN requires an approach that views the term comprehensively, taking into account the four dimensions of availability, access, utilisation and stability. Second, there is a need to integrate agendas for both competitiveness and social inclusion at the level of economic regions, to target these issues in the most inclusive and efficient w'ays possible. Third, these policies should be spatially integrated, allowing sub-national authorities to be pro-active in the design and delivery of development strategies, but in ways that do not ignore the importance of multi-level co-ordination and the regulatory role of central governments. One of the principal virtues of a territorial approach to development is that it can be applied to virtually every territory, regardless of initial conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For potential mini-grid operators, the prospect of future competition with on-grid electricity providers with different cost structures might be a significant deterrent to investments that entail substantial sunk costs. This highlights the importance of transparency and integrated planning of grid extension and mini-grid deployment, and of appropriate regulatory frameworks, so as to avoid discouraging private investors and ensure the viability of an incremental approach. While the experiences of China, India and Nepal suggest that this option is technically viable (Deshmukh et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Diabetes with complications causes heavier limitations and has a stronger effect on employment probability compared to diabetes without complications (Kraut et al., Diabetic people earn less than non-diabetics (Minor, 2013, Ng et al, 2001). Diabetes may affect the number of worked hours and the choice of full/part-time work (Pelkowski et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The relative wealth disparity metric is instead intended to shed light on the inequalities in the conditions facing the richest and poorest in urban and rural areas of the same country. In contrast, in rural areas the gap of approximately 41 percentage points for low-income countries only halves to approximately 22 percentage points for upper-middle income countries. However, it is also partly explained by the observed greater wealth of urban households. Among a separate sample of 88 countries, on average, 83 per cent of the richest quintile lives in urban areas, with just 17 per cent in rural areas (unweighted averages).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Individual research laboratories were selected in each country and a national project coordinator (NPC) was designated. Each NPC was responsible for managing the project within its group, interfacing with the local government and communicating with UNU. Rice was selected as the representative crop due to its widespread use as a staple diet in East Asia. Additionally, soil samples were also analyzed to establish a correlation between soil and rice contamination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
More needs also to be done to explore the impacts of environmental degradation on human health and the associated distributional and equity issues, and identifying suitable indicators. These indicators should be read in connection with information on air emissions in urban areas, on socio-demographic patterns and on emission and fuel standards. Exposure to ozone has increased in the EU-27 between 2000 and 2007 by 2.5 % per year on average, with considerable variation from one year to the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Three options can be envisaged. First, companies may purchase products from farms outside of the hotspot region, if those alternative regions do not face an equally high risk, second, they may possibly change their agriculture inputs (or ingredients), and third, they may undertake stewardship programmes with farmers to ensure that they respond to risks (change practices or technologies). The choice of responses among these three options depends on transaction costs, such as transport costs for outside of the region engagement, cost of alternative ingredients, or alternative practices (Annex 4.A1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Where large amounts of money are spent on payments that are, in principle, strongly decoupled, there may well be a significant impact on production and trade. However, this finding does not change the relativities across the policy alternatives. It was found that one dollar spent on payments based on historical entitlements raises farm household income about twice as much as one dollar transferred to agriculture through market price support (OECD, 2001 and 2003a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Food insecurity can also be an issue in households not poor according to a monetary standard. Malnutrition may not only be an issue in rural areas, but also affects households in urban areas. Food insecurity can have long-term effects especially on children. Chronically malnourished children lag behind in their physical development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The article links the literatures on citizenship studies and electronic democracy by analyzing the extent to which theories and practices of citizenship are being transformed in the age of the Internet. Distinguishing between the different citizenship traditions of liberal-individualism and civic-republicanism, we analyze the interplay between generic technological tools and the divergent historical legacies of citizenship in Turkey and Britain. Based on our analysis of governmental portals, main e-government applications, and censorship and surveillance practices, we argue that new information and communication technologies (ICTs) serve the states' interests by enabling increased surveillance capabilities, more efficient bureaucracy, better border controls and criminal investigations. In both countries, citizens benefit from electronic service-delivery applications primarily as consumers of public services, while their role as citizens are not particularly enhanced. Parallel to these convergence tendenci...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Costa Rica, policy instruments are often defined in detail in pieces of legislation or decrees that remain in force for a long time, rendering it difficult to adapt the prevailing institutional framework to policy changes or to the evolution of the drivers of innovation endogenous or exogenous to the STI system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Damage and losses caused by the 2010 flood amounted to around €44 million. The project-based ‘Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation for Montenegro - National Strategy and Action Plan” (TNA) gives an indication of costs for priority measures of adaptation for the sectors most relevant: health sector, €1.8 million, water sector, €4.3 million, agriculture sector, €2.1 million, coastal area, €1.9 million, and forestry sector, €1.4 million. First results show that climate change would bring mainly negative economic impacts for the near future up to 2030 and strongly negative impacts for the end of the century (2071-2100). Due to lack of data, results are of restricted informational value, as the authors emphasize themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall, the policy instrument mix in Mexico is largely dominated by the use of subsidy programmes, many of which also serve poverty alleviation goals. The mix tends to focus more heavily on conservation and sustainable use of forestry resources. Mexico has 174 federal protected areas covering, in all, 25.4 million ha, or 12.9% of the national territory, in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although compulsory education goes from age 6 to 16 on average across the OECD, the enrolment rate is high in a wider age range, and at least 90% of the population is enrolled for 14 years, from age 4 to age 17, on average. The age interval is generally shorter for OECD partner countries, and full enrolment (defined in this indicator as enrolment rates exceeding 90%) can be as long as three years, as in South Africa, or four years, as in Colombia. Enrolment at even earlier ages is relatively common in some countries, with Denmark, Iceland and Norway achieving full enrolment for 2-year-olds (see also Indicator B2). In other countries, full enrolment is achieved for children between age 5 and age 6, except in the Slovak Republic where full enrolment is achieved at age 7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The growth rate of the elderly dependency ratio has been the largest in rural regions when compared to other type of regions. However, this pattern varies across rural regions. The elderly dependency ratio ranges from 7 percentage points (Chungcheongnam-do) to 15 percentage points (Jeollanam-do). With 35%, Jeollanam-do had the highest elderly dependency ratio in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Using strong quasi-experimental controls, Reder (2014a) found that participation in such programs appears to lead to substantial gains in long-term earnings (and other outcome variables) of high school dropouts in the United States. The recent Canadian UPSKILL project, in a random control d ial, also found substantial impacts of basic skills instruction for incumbent hospitality industry workers on proficiency gains, increased skill use on the job, measures of job performance and employer profits (Gyarmati et al., Research on adult basic skills programs indicates that instruction has an immediate effect on levels of literacy practice (Purcell-Gates, Degener, Jacobson and Soler, 2000, Reder, 2009b). Both longitudinal (Reder, 2009b) and cross-sectional studies (Sheehan-Holt and Smith, 2000) have shown that program participation has positive short-term effects on levels of literacy practices but not on literacy proficiency levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article considers the approach of three distinct common law jurisdictions to the problems faced by courts when an individual's right to freedom of expression is invoked as a defence to a low-level public order offence. The contrasting approach of courts in England, Australia and the USA will be examined in order to ascertain whether there is a simple balancing act to be made on a case-by-case basis or whether an optimal model of public order legislation can be established to provide some certainty when rights to freedom of expression collide with the wider rights of the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Universal access has been virtually reached in lower secondary education. The proportion of adults who have attained at least upper secondary education grew from 41% for the generation aged 55-64 in 2015 to 80% for the generation aged 25-34 in the same year. However, in upper secondary education, improvements in completion and retention rates have not been sustained in the recent past and about 20% of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education. Rates of completion within the nominal time (4 years) only reached 59% in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This allowance is given to teachers in isolated, rural, culturally-diverse and disadvantaged schools (see Chapter 5). School leaders working in schools with a high concentration of vulnerable students also receive a higher compensation (see Chapter 4) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Private-subsidised schools can charge tuition fees to families through the shared funding system (see Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As adaptation to climate change is a relatively new challenge, Chile could benefit from OECD analysis and opportunities for exchange of experiences among countries on how best to incentivise cost-effective adaptation across a range of sectors. In absolute terms, however, Chile’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the past 15 years have grown rapidly (Figure 10.2), at one of the highest rates, along with those of China and India. The main drivers include an increase in automobile use and an increased reliance on coal in recent years, resulting from disruptions in imported gas supplies from Argentina.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In view of these changes, it is useful to investigate whether the division of the labour market into formal and informal sectors gives rise to distinctive motherhood penalties. This is done by examining formal- and informal-sector wages for mothers and non-mothers in Argentina between 1995 and 2003, a period that spans the main liberalization policies set in motion in the early 1990s (Pastor and Wise, 1999). Our hypothesis is that the answers to all the above questions are affirmative because of the ways in which segmented labour markets differentially protect mothers working in the formal and informal sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A two-part tariff was chosen, which includes a fixed charge and a volumetric charge that is the sum of an entitlement charge (on the water abstraction rights) and a usage charge (on water actually abstracted). Unregulated rivers and groundwater are still far from cost recovery levels, but the 2006 determination of bulk prices for 2006-10 increased fees paid by irrigators, while allowing them to move to a two-part tariff if they are willing to be metered. As a result of the full cost recovery policy, charges have risen by inflation plus 15% per annum between 2001 and 2005 for regulated rivers and inflation plus 20% for unregulated rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the United States, these activities make up just over half (51%) of activities in the economy, accounting for almost USD 2.7 trillion in wages, mainly in manufacturing, accommodation and food service, and retail trade. There is an explosion of new learning opportunities online for staff and youth to gain new skills or different skills and/or job opportunities - via online training, remote learning, Linkedln etc. There is evidence that jobs with greater digital skills tend to be better paid (EU report).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)