albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, there are still major unresolved issues to do with legislative priorities at the global level, most importantly perhaps between the relative standing of MEAs and World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, were they to conflict. This issue was on the agenda of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which currently appears to be at an impasse. This makes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank the most influential. However, their policy interventions are not always perceived to be environmentally positive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this case, the reduction in severance pay is compensated by increased UBs which can be financed through general taxation or payroll taxes. The main benefit of UISAs is their potential to provide support to liquidity-constrained unemployed in their job search, while limiting moral-hazard effects associated with OECD-style systems of unemployment insurance. By allowing workers to run down their personal saving accounts during periods of unemployment, workers internalise the cost of unemployment benefits, thus strengthening the incentives of the employed to prevent job loss and those of the unemployed to return to work quickly (Orszag and Snower, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, the question arises as to reconsideration of the protection categories of forests and possible allocation of forests available for recreational purposes within protected forest zones. Currently, MoNP is responsible for forest monitoring. Taking into account the fact that the forest enterprises, subordinated during the period 1999-2009 to the JSC Gok Gushak, were self-financing, the available financial means allowed only for the protection of forests from forest fires and illegal logging. The current situation, with the forest enterprises included in the structure of the Department of Forestry, has not changed yet in terms of funding procedures, despite the fact that the new Forest Code creates room for State budgetary funding to be available for forest management. The forest inventory and planning materials provided in 1988-1989 are still being used for forest management purposes. Monitoring is done only on the territories of State reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The developments at international level in the debate on what intellectual property (IP) lawyers refer to as traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) have to be seen in the context of the decolonisation movements after the Second World War. Post-war developments saw the formation of the United Nations (UN) and the emphasis on human rights in the UN Charter. With this emphasis came development programmes for indigenous peoples and the recognition of indigenous rights in the ILO Convention No. 107 of the 1957 Concerning the Protection and Intergration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in the Independant Countries. The decolonisation movements also initiated or renewed a parallel debate about the repatriation of items of cultural heritage. There was a remarkable shift in this discussion from 'cultural heritage of mankind' to cultural particularism and an emphasis on 'cultural property' ....
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, there are very few specific or earmarked grants to the Folkeskole. Those that do exist concern relatively small amounts compared to the overall spending level in schools (for example for the competency development of teachers). The Folkeskole is almost exclusively financed by the unconditional block grant from the central government in addition to local taxes. Negotiations take place in the spring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Ministry of Social Security is responsible for social policy and oversees public institutions funding health care, sickness leave and long-term care. Since 2012, which saw a significant increase, per capita spending has consistently been the highest in the EU and was 82% higher than the EU average in 201S (see Figure 6). Financing of health care insurance is based on a system of shared charges with 40% of contributions paid by the state and the rest being shared between the insured population and employers. As nearly half of Luxembourg's workforce are cross-border employees, one third of those insured with the CNS actually live outside the country (Box 1, ADEM, 2017, IGSS, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2018 the Dutch parliament accepted new cybercrime legislation (the Cybercrime III Act) that creates several new online criminal offences and gives law enforcement agencies new investigative powers on the Internet. This article describes the background of Dutch cybercrime legislation and the contents of the Cybercrime III Act. The newly introduced cybercrimes are discussed as well as the new investigative competences. Particularly the legitimacy and the necessity of the investigative power of the police to hack computer systems of suspects may significantly interfere with the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At present the most heavily supported sector is renewable energy, but in future sectors such as automobile manufacturing are destined to be a target. Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted across some specified portion of the life-cycle of a good -typically from production to disposal, or from production to the point of final sale. The C02 equivalent emissions released over the product's life-cycle is often called the product carbon footprint (PCF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The paper explores and critiques the current consciousness in the EU legal academia and legal profession when thinking about rights and free movement and about the relationship between Eastern and Western Europe. It shows the foreclosure of the development concerns in the discourse of the European Court of Justice in the Laval judgment and argues that the current perception of the dichotomy between rights and free movement is inadequate in EU legal thinking and in legal discourse in general. It shows an important imbalance between the rhetoric of goods dumping and social dumping in EU legal discourse. Furthermore, I argue that the language of free movement sometimes actually helps the weak and therefore remain skeptical about the EU legal profession's optimism about the introduction of social rights in the EU Charter of Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are unique capacities required relating to environmental management and governance in the sector, and unique elements of the enabling environment. But the practical CDE tools that can help build capacity have relevance across sectors, and the energy sector in particular can be expected to benefit from the overarching CDE guidance currently under development. Most importantly, this includes increased focus on sustainable energy sources of relevance to the majority of the population, and increased focus on efficiency of energy use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Continued increases in productivity would more than offset further reductions in areas that would drop by about 13% during the decade. The domestic market is expected to continue to absorb only relatively small volumes of fresh fruit. Its output is largely absorbed by the domestic market. Among the major fruits produced are bananas, apples, grapes, melons and tropical fruits, particularly mango, avocado, pineapple and papaya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It built on the 2008 Farm Bill (Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008) that included AWEP, one of the first landscape and partnership programs involving water conservation. First, since federal funding comes through ongoing USDA programmes, the additional budget commitment is reduced. Second, that fact that the programme leverages non-federal conservation funds - partners are expected to cover at least half of total costs - was a major factor facilitating its approval. Third, the programme’s reliance on voluntary engagement with stakeholders at the regional level gave it broad political appeal, considering increasing concerns by agricultural producers about the consequences of regulatory actions and the emphasis on regional solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several municipalities described how they worked with school leaders in a collaborative manner to support their on-the-job training in areas such as budgeting, school improvement planning and the monitoring and evaluation of school improvement initiatives. Municipalities are increasingly using management by means of objectives for their school principals. Results contracts, school principal agreements and other forms of contracting serve as a means to define the objectives for the individual school (and school principal), typically for a one- or two-year period. Consequently, monitoring and performance systems are used to continuously assess if the school is performing according to the set objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The work of the Partnership is described at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/members.aspx. Indeed, these price reductions reflect the particular situation in several developing countries, in which fixed broadband used to be a premium service (with prices corresponding to more than 100 per cent of GNI p.c.) The effect of these new offers was to drive prices down drastically in the year in which they became available. The ECOSOC resolutions can be found at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WSIS-Resolutions.aspx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, nearly half of all recipients had spells of other types of income-support benefits during the 514 -year observation period (though this includes receipt of Newstart Allowance, Australia's unemployment benefit). Tseng & Wilkins (2003) show that up to one-third of the Australian working-age population touches on at least one of various income-support benefits in a given year, one-sixth of all recipients continuously receive support over the same 514 -year period. Tseng, Vu, & Wilkins (2008) find that ‘churning’ is a typical feature of income-support receipt with over half of all recipients leaving and re-entering benefits at least once over a five-year period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Crops vary in their tendency to outcross, and the ability of a crop to outcross depends on the presence of sexually compatible wild relatives or crops. If a resulting transgenic/wild hybrid had some competitive advantage over the wild population it could persist in the environment and potentially disrupt the ecosystem. Research is needed to improve the assessment of the environmental consequences of gene flow, particularly in the long run, and to understand better the gene flow between the major food crops and land races in centres of diversity (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Kyrgyzstan, 150,000 to 200,000 people have migrated to Bishkek from the provinces in the past five years. Osh, the country’s second largest city, has seen a similar influx, resulting in informal substandard housing on the outskirts. The housing units often lack basic necessities such as sanitation and running water (IFC 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the 2017 Global MPI tables, 984 subnational regions are reported. All low-income countries, 37 of the 39 Sub-Saharan African countries, 9 of the 10 East Asian countries, 14 of the 18 Latin American countries, and all South Asian countries covered can be disaggregated sub-nationally, for example. All national MPIs are disaggregated by relevant groups (geographic, rural-urban, indigenous ethnicity, etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over 2002-12, PM emissions from mobile sources declined by about 45%. Transport-related NOx emissions decreased by 13% thanks to better performance of the passenger car fleet (Figure 1.9), yet NOx emissions from heavy trucks increased by roughly 25% (MMA, 2014a). The law obliges the states to monitor air quality and produce annual air quality reports, but only 12 of the 27 states (including the Federal District) had some type of monitoring system installed by 2012, and few of them provide consistent, accessible data (IEMA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consequently, water would have to be discharged, undermining the economic feasibility of the HPPs, compromising private investment and posing financial risks to the Government. Given hydropower’s central role in the country’s development, streamlining exploitation and aligning with domestic needs and export capacity will help to maximize the value of the resource. More diverse supply of energy resources would reduce overall system risk by reducing exposure to individual technolog)' failure. Investing in coal-fired power plants could profoundly change the structure of the energy sector in Tajikistan. The addition of thermal resources would secure reliable winter power, help balance the variability of the existing hydropower system, and introduce possible system optimization between thermal and hydro services for further system stability and cost savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Heroes of the UAE campaign aims to raise awareness of the importance of rationing energy consumption to avoid shortages. It is a national press campaign jointly developed by the Emirates Wildlife Society in association with the Worldwide Fund for Nature (EWS-WWF) and the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, and endorsed by the Ministiy of Energy', the Ministiy of Environment and Water, MASDAR and the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority. Information was made available to everybody to leam more about the problem’s causes and also find out what they can do to help reduce energy consumption The principal features of the website include an animated sequence that explains the present situation in simple, graphic terms, along with a long list of energy saving tips, a calculator that enables households to establish exactly how and where they can make real savings on their consumption, and a unique pledge facility that enables households to positively state their intention to make a difference. The competition aimed to raise awareness among students of the urgent need to conserve energy' and water to mitigate the impact of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other important sources of information include Technical Needs Assessments (TNAs), National Communications and Biennial Update Reports. While the reference to other climate related planning processes implies an anchoring of the (l)NDC in the national policy context, the actual degree of alignment between different policies and strategies is difficult to assess. Roughly 40% of those countries mention sector-specific implementation costs or finance needs for one or more sector(s), but with few of them relating these needs to a set of defined actions. Also, only few countries refer to financial instruments, or to ambitions for the private sector to play a role in addressing the finance needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the one hand the stress on water can be decreased by less climate change and less use of water for energy. But on the other hand a decarbonisation with biofuel deployment mays create stress on land use and water requirements, displacing some of the water requirements from the energy to the agricultural sector. In many cases water use by industry is non-consumptive, although it can have consequences for water quality (pollution) and can constrain the availability for other users during droughts (Feeley et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study uses a Diagnostic Framework for Local Governance (Yilmaz et al 2008) to evaluate the current capacity for administrative decentralization at the county level in Liberia, as well as to identify political economy challenges and opportunities surrounding decentralization. Applying the Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) framework to our findings, we offer recommendations for moving decentralization reform forward. We find strong demand for administrative decentralization among local officials, and propose decentralization reform can be enhanced through incremental implementation that focuses on strengthening the existing structures and capacity of local administration, and through creation of stronger accountability and participatory mechanisms. The triangulated research design includes focus group and interview data in 8 Liberian counties, analyzed using NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software.    This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These initiatives were mostly implemented in the northern part of the country where areas suffer from water shortages (especially surface water, as groundwater is already overexploited) and provided enough experience to launch similar desalination plants in other cities, such as Arica, where the positive consequences in terms of water resource management and territorial planning lowered the pressure on groundwater as well as the contamination levels. This experimentation also illustrates the effectiveness of a combination of local government and private companies in financing this kind of initiative. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the wake of the designation of two new ‘marine protected areas’ adjacent to the coastal waters of the South Orkney Islands (British Antarctic Territory) and the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), this commentary considers some of the geographical, legal and political implications of these unilateral declarations – taking into account competing claims of jurisdiction by Mauritius and the Maldives, human rights claims of the Chagos islanders, strategic interests of the United States in the Indian Ocean, and shared legislative competences of the European Union in the field of marine fisheries. The two case studies also raise questions of global arms control, diplomatic efforts at ‘greening’ imperialism, and contemporary state practice with regard to the ‘sacred trust of civilisation’ for dependent territories, as spelled out in the United Nations Charter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD TSE, which is the sum of PSE, GSSE and transfers from taxpayers to consumers, drops by 17%, from USD 409 billion in the 2013 report to USD 342 billion in this report. Most changes occur in the US estimates, which are reduced by 91% for the GSSE and 48% for the TSE, while in other OECD countries, variations in estimates between the two reports range between -12% and +5% for the GSSE, and -5% to +6% for the TSE (Table 1.A2.2). The most frequent changes in GSSE are found in expenditure on agricultural knowledge transfer and reflect the fact that expenditure on agricultural education are now fully included in the measure of policy effort, while in the previous methodology, expenditure on students, which did not remain in the agri-food sector, was excluded. While a new expenditure item was added in the inspection and control category (for farm input), numbers change only marginally in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Official support to research activities has grown steadily during the past years from USD 5.5 billion in 2010 to USD 7.0 billion in 2016. While research spending is increasing, concessional finance used for ICTs and technology transfers has been static following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Support towards innovation increased sharply in 2016 because of additional funding to innovative projects across sectors by several DAC members, including Canada, EU institutions, Germany, Sweden and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public Administration and Law has been edited for use as a supplement for an undergraduate or MPA level course on administrative law. The selections, all from the pages of Public Administration Review, have been chosen to enlighten and enliven the contents of any standard administrative law textbook. Each of the book's main sections begins with introductory text and discussion questions by the volume editors, Julia Beckett and Heidi Koenig, followed by relevant readings from PAR. The book's contents follow the standard pattern established by the field's major textbooks to facilitate the instructor's ability to assign readings that illuminate lectures and text material. The book concludes with two invaluable resources - a bibliography of 65 years of PAR articles concerning public law, plus a bibliography of law-related articles appearing in other journals published by ASPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following the findings of this investigation, a Mental health care reform (Psykiatrireform) was carried out in 1995 in Sweden. Changes in legislation were accompanied by increased funding for the target group in both health and social care sectors (Tuori et al, 2007). The main objective of the reform was to enable long-term psychiatric patients to live outside psychiatric institutions and nursing homes and to integrate these patients into the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The included benefits cover three types of ecosystem services, Changes in flood protection (based on avoided property damages), changes of the biodiversity of the wetlands (based on contingent valuation) and the nutrient retention of the additional wetlands (based on replacement costs). The benefits from these changes of ecosystem services as a result of the program are then compared to the cost of both alternative programs. The comparison shows that the dike relocation program is economically advantageous to the polder program if one includes the two additional ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We reviewed evidence from more than 800 studies and reports on the burden and HIV implications of human rights violations against sex workers. Published research documents widespread abuses of human rights perpetrated by both state and non-state actors. Such violations directly and indirectly increase HIV susceptibility, and undermine effective HIV-prevention and intervention efforts. Violations include homicide, physical and sexual violence, from law enforcement, clients, and intimate partners, unlawful arrest and detention, discrimination in accessing health services, and forced HIV testing. Abuses occur across all policy regimes, although most profoundly where sex work is criminalised through punitive law. Protection of sex workers is essential to respect, protect, and meet their human rights, and to improve their health and wellbeing. Research findings affirm the value of rights-based HIV responses for sex workers, and underscore the obligation of states to uphold the rights of this marginalised population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Euro area is the simple average of those countries that belong to the euro area. The 1980-81 data points for Australia have been linearly extrapolated. The financial sector wage premium is the percentage by which the average hourly labour cost in finance exceeds the average hourly labour cost in other sectors, when differences across sectors are accounted for by three age brackets, gender and three education levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)