albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Groundwater has been discussed in the context of pricing and financing (OECD, 2009a and 2009b), energy (OECD, 2012b), risk management (OECD, 2013e), and broader perspectives covering climate change (OECD, 2013d and 2014a). Groundwater is also featured in the reviews of water reforms at the country level (e.g. Fuentes, 2011, OECD, 2013b). All these reports include sections, sub-sections, paragraphs, or illustrations that relate to groundwater, but they do not convey policy conclusions specifically geared towards the managers of specific types of groundwater, especially in the context of agriculture. First, a consistent observation is that groundwater is generally under-studied and there is a need for more in-depth assessment of groundwater stocks, use, and management practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They use different definitions, classifications and projections for decision-making, resulting in sometimes contradictory or incoherent requirements for land use (World Bank, 2011, and UN Habitat, 2014b). For instance, the land use plans of MONRE and construction plans of the MOC define urban land differently and have different classifications of land, relying on different criteria. The Land Law lists different land use purposes, classifying it between agricultural, non-agricultural and non-used land, while the Law on Urban Planning is concerned with “urban planning land” - it distinguishes civil, non-civil and other lands, with uses classified as residential, public, commercial, service and industrial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Hudson (2013) finds that on average almost all commitments tend to be met within two years, with the overwhelming majority met immediately. There are substantial differences among donors, however, and with respect to individual sectors. Some sectors, such as infrastructure, have very long lags. The remainder of this section provides an analysis of aid-for-trade commitments up to 2015, the latest year for which detailed information is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nearly four million m3 of timber are processed currently in the concern’s factories and mills, it is the largest single consumer of timber in the country. Despite the effort to outsource forest products and non-forest-products harvesting, only a limited share is undertaken by private companies (e.g. 13 per cent of forest products harvesting). It organizes SEE of forest management projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Lower grades (1 to 6) typically have fewer than 300 pupils and often operate separately from upper grades (7 to 9), although the unified peruskoulu is gradually closing the gap between these two. Compulsory education lasts until completion of nine years of basic school or until a young person turns 16, whichever comes first. Grade repetition is rare and over 99% of young Finns successfully complete nine years of basic school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They include the adequate availability of and access to safe, diverse, nutritious food, access to clean water, sanitation and health care, and appropriate child-feeding and adult dietary choices. The root causes of better nutrition outcomes are even more complex and encompass the broader economic, social, political, cultural and physical environment. Social assistance is an important instrument for improving nutrition outcomes among the poor but it cannot sustainably eliminate poverty and malnutrition by itself: additional, integrated action and complementary interventions are needed in agriculture and the food system in general, in public health and education. Small-scale home-gardening projects to boost household fruit and vegetable consumption represent one approach suitable for poor households that can accompany social assistance programmes. Home gardening is already widely practised, can be effective on a small scale and is feasible in most locations, although water and labour constraints may pose challenges and should be carefully considered in project design (FAO, 2013a). One home production intervention that was successfully scaled up is the Homestead Food Production project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the United States, for instance, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), which contains estimates of emissions of 187 hazardous air pollutants, with information collected from state and local agencies down to the facility level (see EPA website: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011inventory.html). The European Environment Agency (EEA) maintains the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), which collects emissions data for 91 pollutants and also down to the facility level (http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/home). Other countries have similar emissions inventories, though there exists at present no global inventory for local air pollutants (Amann et al., It determined that the aggregated damage costs from the main air pollutants NH3, NOx, PM10, S02 and VOCs for the period 2008-2012 amounted to between EUR 40 to EUR 115 billion, depending on methodological conventions for the value of a statistical life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overall support has fallen since 2014 but it is not possible to assess the long term trend as the database does not contain data for Germany prior to 2014 at present. New fishing vessels can still only be put into service if at the same time old vessels of at least the same tonnage (GT) and engine power (kW) are removed from the fleet. Modernisation measures for existing fishing vessels that lead to increased tonnage or engine power are also only authorised if corresponding old capacities are withdrawn. This ensures that the fishing capacity of the fleet does not grow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Guatemala, Nepal and the United Republic of Tanzania, their role in watershed protection would benefit from a stronger focus, contributing to SDGs 6, 9 and 13 (climate action) as well as SDG Target 1.5 which includes reducing vulnerability to climate-related disasters. In the United Republic of Tanzania, private forest enterprise plantations can work with smallholders to transfer knowledge, facilitate value addition and lower the costs of transport and marketing. In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), larger enterprises have transferred knowledge to smallholders and facilitated processing and marketing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper explores the contributions of sociology (and overlapping disciplines such as anthropology, social policy, and cultural studies) to happiness scholarship from the Enlightenment through to...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Selecting indicators inevitably involves a trade-off between breadth and identification (Cadot et al. First, and related to the issue of attribution, indicators are selected that relate only indirectly (or via a very complex results chain) to the actual project or programme. The EIF’s M&E framework (EIF 2011) includes some indicators that could plausibly be attributed to EIF projects (LDC members that have completed the WTO accession process, percentage share of non-oil trade from LDCs), but also some that are likely to be beyond this (poverty headcount, GDP growth, Gini coefficient).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As Rodrick (2008) argued for developing countries, episodes of undervaluation of local currency are strongly associated with higher economic growth of the country, and vice versa. Thus, enhanced remittance flows, whilst stimulating growth and domestic demand, could also contribute to reduced external competitiveness through appreciation of the local currency. Whilst brain drain remains a concern, particularly for African LDCs, because of underlying economic causes, migration from the LDCs is likely to be difficult to stop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, in both developed and developing economies: "Women have yet to attain equality with men on such measures as educational attainment, wages, political empowerment and economic participation.” ( Ernst & Young, 2009, p.6) Women also lag slightly behind men in health outcomes (World Economic Forum, 2015). Each year, the World Economic Forum (WEF) produces the Index, which measures the relative gap between men and women across four key areas or sub-indices— health, education, economy and politics—and tracks their progress over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper surveys recent contributions to the study of fiscal decentralization which adopt a political economy approach. It is argued that this approach can capture,  in a variety of formal models, the plausible and influential ideas (increasingly, supported by empirical evidence) that fiscal decentralization can lead to improved  preference-matching and accountability of government. In particular, recent work on centralized provision of public good provision via bargaining in a legislature shows how centralization reduces preference-matching, and recent work using "electoral agency" models formalizes the accountability argument. These models also provide insights into when decentralization may fail to deliver these benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These standards would need to align with the Good Teaching Framework. The ministry w'ill also have to define what is expected of teachers in their practice in the classroom and in the development of their professional know'ledge. The government needs to ensure that these programmes closely align and are consistent with the Good Teaching Framework and any national professional teaching standards. It also needs to ensure that these programmes deliver a high-quality and well-prepared teacher workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Everyone assumes that some responsible authority must be managing and coordinating information, but this may not be the case.49 Data sharing may also be hampered by policies for data privacy and data protection. Otherwise any sharing is likely to be ad hoc and sporadic based on personal relationships and informal networks.50 Many countries have addressed this delicate policy balance through ministerial or parliamentary directives that override existing policies during emergencies. Or they may allow for exceptions where, under certain conditions, one policy takes precedence over another. Such policies can be broad, at the national and regional levels, or they can be specific or bilateral, between agencies and line ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Additional resources for specific activities under the work-programme have been raised by the ISRBC Secretariat from the European Commission and the international donor community. In this regard, a set of activities for the rehabilitation of the Sava River waterway and the development of navigation, a priority issue, have been implemented, and relevant work is on-going. While navigation is important for the economic development in the basin, the interventions in the watercourse for rehabilitation of navigation and the construction of related hydro-engineering structures may become additional pressure factors. The Sava River Basin Analysis Report was developed as a first step towards this direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the gender gap is narrower for attempted suicide, as women tend to use less irreversible methods than men, and are thus more likely to survive (OECD, 2011a, OECD, 2012c). In Europe, a measure of Healthy Life Years (HLY) has been endorsed as an important indicator to monitor whether years of longer life are lived free of disability. Thus, while women live longer than men, a higher share of their lifespan is limited due to disease and injury (25% of years lived as opposed to 19% for men).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most regulating services give us indirect use values (see Box 1), like flood control and carbon sequestration, which are discussed for freshwater and peatland in TemaNord 2012:506 and TemaNord 2015:544, respectively. However, for peatlands the carbon sequestration effect was assessed in terms of tons of C02.The non-use values (see Box 1) are values people place on having ecosystems and ecosystem services present, even though they do not use them themselves. Important non-use values are the legacy of biodiversity and "knowing" that the seas, or rivers, wetlands and forest are preserved for the future. Such values can be estimated by using so-called stated preference valuation methods, like the Contingent Valuation method.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This coordination can be carried out in formal and informal capacities. Because risk within this perspective is understood as polycentric, no one risk takes priority over the others. The removal of a specific risk may not fundamentally alter the system, and the manifestation of one risk has the potential to trigger other risks within the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Agar and Sutinen (2004) considered the impacts of different rebuilding strategies in a multi-species fishery. More specifically, they considered alternative gear restrictions and non-selective technologies by changing the catchability of the over- and under-exploited species. These rebuilding strategies were then analyzed within the context of biological predator-prey interactions between the species and economic cost interdependencies in the fishing of the two species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Transport and storage projects attracted the majority of these funds (55%), followed by projects in energy generation and supply (41.6%). Information and telecommunication projects attracted relatively little concessional financing (3.4%). Asia was the main beneficiary, with USD 69.4 billion, followed by Africa (USD 55.4 billion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this perspective, destinations are defined as open and flexible systems, characterized by a high degree of interaction between its constituent elements, such as firms providing tourist services, residents of destinations, local authorities, and tourists. A destination can thus be conceptualized as a network comprised of a diversity of interconnected public and private stakeholders, including those who are not directly involved in managing visitation or hosting tourists (Baggio and Sainaghi, 2011). This inherently complex, inter-related nature of destinations implies that destinations should be understood as composite entities, as systems made up of various components that may work with and/or against one another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
From an environmental point of view, unsustainable land use is an important factor in land degradation, may pose a threat to ecosystems, and lead to natural habitat loss and landscape changes. Degraded land includes land affected by soil erosion, deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil and/or long-term loss of natural vegetation. In many developing countries it is a major cause of poverty and further environmental damage due to overuse of national resources. The indicator can also be seen as an overall measure of the reduction in quality of land resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fair and inclusive policies in early childhood education and care (ECEC) contribute to an equitable education system. Day care and pre-primary education are available, and more than half of all 4-year-olds attend. From 2001, pre-primary education was made available for 6-year-olds to prepare them for first grade of basic education, it is free and voluntary, and almost all 6-year-olds attend (98%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Global Corporate Social Responsibility schemes have assumed an authoritative role in today's diversifying global business and human rights governance regime, yet scholarship has paid scant attention to their democratic credentials. This article analyzes the democratic legitimacy of the UN “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework and the corresponding Guiding Principles, as developed by the former UN Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Professor Ruggie. Applying De Burca's democracy striving approach, the article provides insights into how the design and actual performance of the six year mandate of the Special Representative meet the democratic ideal of equality, participation and accountability. The findings hold that, to guarantee the continuant striving for the fullest and equal participation of all stakeholders, further steps are warranted to ensure that individuals from the Global South can equally and meaningfully partake in the implementation process of the Guiding Principles and c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The act on some forms of support for innovation activity was modified as of 1 January 2006 to enable all enterprises to deduct from their tax base no more than 50% of their expenditures for the purchase of new technologies (including patents and intangible assets). In 2009 the government introduced a deduction from the tax base for development costs in the month during which the expenditure was made. In 2010 the government is working on R&D tax credits for entrepreneurs granted the status of R&D centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Then came a golden opportunity that provided me with a springboard to join politics: that was in 1998/99, when the parliament of Tanzania passed a law that required 30 per cent women's participation in legislatures. It is on record that before I joined parliament, I was the founder the Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA), and was a key player in fighting for women’s rights in Uganda. We as parliamentarians have also benefited immensely from the partnership and training from CSOs in areas of gender-responsive budgeting and human rights, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study has been a pilot study aiming at developing methodologies for studying food redistribution and conducting pilot studies to test the methodologies and get some preliminary results. The study has documented a need to go deeper into the issue in a following-up study and to get a more comprehensive and complete picture of the activities going on in each country. The organisations foresee an increased demand for free meals served and food bags given to low-income clients in the future, and this is likely to further increase the need for food donations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Much depends on the higher education policy and regional strategy to mobilise higher education institutions and stakeholders. At the same time the capacity of the local economy needs to be improved so that it can absorb tertiary education graduates and new innovations. For this to happen, supportive policy instruments and incentives need to be put in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such tools can help to set common standards and make accessibility considerations a central criterion for decisions by multiple stakeholders. Deficits in the quality of access to opportunities that different groups experience should also be identified. This requires developing methodologies for collecting qualitative information regarding satisfaction with available services, for instance, based on surveys. Such studies should aim to identify where different groups of citizens (e.g. of a certain age, occupation or gender) lack appropriate access through available transport modes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Poor Britain, London: Allen and Unwin. Policy implications of multidimensional poverty measurement in Morocco', in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds.), Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU and Social Inclusion: Facing the Challenges, The Policy Press, Bristol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Vocational rehabilitation has traditionally been a pragmatic system in nature, not based on a scientifically sound theoretical background. In most countries a decade ago, such confidence was unheard of, due to a widespread pessimism about the achievable employment goals of individuals with severe mental disorders. Such a positive attitude is crucial in view of the often enduring and disabling courses of severe mental illness leading to hopelessness in patients as well as among professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Market functioning has improved in several respects. Studies have shown that mobile phone coverage has led to falling price dispersion across markets (Aker etal, 2010, Aker 2010). Price transmissions are broader and faster, nationally and across borders. These impacts reduce speculation and arbitration possibilities (Araujo etal., How does information influence producers' production decisions and risks? The impact of missing information is naturally hard to quantify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
After May 2017, rural properties not included in the CAR will not have access to agricultural credit. However, farmers may commit to complying with environmental requirements according to the relative Environmental Compliance Plan (PRA), including forest restoration, soil conservation and the above-mentioned maintenance of a share of the property under natural cover. In addition to having 20 years to comply with the PRA, they will receive financial support (particularly small farmers) to assist rehabilitation. Implementing this Plan, which aims to better regulate land use, preserving river bank areas, reducing deforestation in the Amazon and strengthening reforestation efforts, is a major challenge for the government and the sector. The Brazilian government has provided strong support for biofuel via measures, which include: lending to construct ethanol plants and storages, tax incentives on flex-fuel cars which can run on any combination of ethanol and gasoline, and mandatory blending ratios for both gasoline and diesel. The mandatory blending of ethanol with gasoline in fuel mixtures continues to take place, as well as the mandatory blending of biodiesel with fossil diesel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter explores the global connections to theorising gender. The chapter argues that the global north clearly maintains hegemony in the production of gender and feminist theory in the world. The theories produced in the global south are generally oriented to theories and methods developed in the global north. There is a rich but unacknowledged archive of accounts and analyses of gender from around the global south. A survey of gender scholarship in the global south shows important foundation for decolonial thinking about gender theory. We contend that gender needs to be understood in a historical context of the majority world including colonization, colonial violence, role of the postcolonial state, land acquisition, global hunger and post-independence globalization. Feminism in the north as well feminism around the global south stands to gain from the vision of a wider world. Gender scholarship, therefore, needs to move to a world-centered, solidarity-based approach to knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although multiparty elections are not explicitly required by international human rights instruments or the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), certain human rights provisions have been interpreted as leading to such a requirement. While a democratic interpretation of human rights law has been settled in the ECHR framework, it remains disputable at the universal level. Despite numerous references to democracy in the documents adopted in the UN framework in the post-Cold War era, this article argues that an explicit link between international human rights law and multiparty elections has yet to be established. On the other hand, such a link has been developed by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Multiparty elections are considered to be part of the European public order. Moreover, the ECtHR has shown that it understands democracy beyond the existence of electoral procedures. But the role and understanding of democracy within the ECHR cannot be universalized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)