albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are now 16 RSTs that operate across the country. Trustees receive a per hour pay during and after the adverse event for carrying out their functions. According to MAF, and the farmers interviewed by OECD, RSTs have proved to be valuable in coping with recent adverse events. However, much depends on the commitment and availability of appropriate people and some Trusts work much better than others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Exchange rate: OECD (2015a), "PPPs and exchange rates”, OECD National Accounts Statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00004-en (accessed 30 June 2015), Minimum wage: CONASAMI (2015), “Tabla de salarios minimos generales y profesionales por areas geograficas”, Comision Nacional de los Salarios Minimos, www.conasami.gob.nix/t sal mini prof.html (accessed 7 April 2015). This represents a high cost to public health, and has a negative effect on the productivity, competitiveness and attractiveness of the metropolitan zone. The OECD’s work on cities and climate change has observed that if their current pollution trends continue, even cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Osaka, Paris, Seoul and Tokyo are at risk of losing economic attractiveness (OECD, 2010). In the international scene, Mexico is committed to reducing 30% carbon emissions by 2020 and by 40% by 2030 (a combined effect of reducing CO2 emissions by 70% and greenhouse gas emissions by 36%) compared to the emission level in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Country invariance of compensating differentials as a share of income is also supported by research showing that elasticities are relatively similar across countries with a similar level of economic development (Helliwell et al., A fixed-effects framework also reduces the risk of biased estimates dueunobserved heterogeneity (i.e. omitted time-invariant effects that are correlated to the regressors). Introducing fixed-effects is indeed equivalent to regressing the change in life satisfaction on the change in explanatory variables. In the sample of countries under study, there appears to be very low correlation (i.e. below 0.25) between changes in log income, longevity and unemployment, and hence no risk of encountering multicollinearity problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As a result, analyses based on household panels model receipt sequences where receipt is measured at the time of interview.52 This is the procedure followed by Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a) for Britain, and Kdnigs (2013a) for Germany. By construction, the rate of benefit receipt obtained from using the ‘SA year’ approach is larger than the comparable rate calculated at any single point in time. The difference of the two gives an idea of the turnover in benefit receipt as discussed in Section 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Had one been pressed, in the mid-1980s, to characterize Latin American approaches to constitutional law and international law, the terms "sleepy" and "sovereigntist" might have come to mind: "sleepy" because judicial review was rare, and "sovereigntist" because ever since declaring independence in a world of colonial powers, Latin American states had asserted a robust version of sovereignty (enshrined, for example, in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States of 1933) and, accordingly, a dualist relation between domestic and international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The former looks at gender gaps in wages and labour force participation, and the latter at changes in the dispersion of eamings among male and female workers separately. The second pathway, which describes the impact on the distribution of household eamings, examines the correlation of eamings between husbands and wives as well as how this has developed over time (Section 5.4). Women are still less likely to being in paid work, to progress in their career and are more likely to earn less in their job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of importance and closely connected to the environmental pressure from the economy is also the energy system infrastructure, i.e. how electricity and heat are generated, and the use of fossil fuels. The analytical starting point is the national accounts - where we find the basis for calculating the macroeconomic indicator, GDP. The description of the economy needs to be "opened up" so that the structure of production and consumption can be seen, since the environmental pressure is very different depending on the type of economic activity analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Indeed, the earlier Figures 11 and 12 showed marked differences in the relative priority given to health by provincial governments. The relevant province is indicated in parentheses: EC = Eastern Cape, FS = Free State, GP = Gauteng, KZN = KwaZulu-Natal, LP = Limpopo, MP = Mpumalanga, NC = Northern Cape, NW = North West, WC = Western Cape. Despite these health spending disparities, the distribution of public sector resources has become much more equitable since the end of apartheid (see McIntyre, 2012 for a historical analysis).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper will attempt to situate the current discourse on 'crack pregnancies' within the context of a broader regulatory discourse.' It will argue that defining and locating state intervention solely within the confines of formal legal discourse not only privileges the criminal law, but (1) occludes recognition of the ways in which regulation and control are effected by administrative law and welfare policy and (2) fails to specify the role of the welfare state in the construction and reproduction of dominant cultural norms of womanhood and mothering. The paper draws on feminist literature and fieldwork-in-progress to suggest that many of these women are already subject to substantial mechanisms of social control and cultural reproduction. In concluding, it is suggested that the construction of this debate to date has served to deflect attention away from the fissures of gender, race and class that render these women's lives as publicly problematic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores coalition dynamics in the negotiations leading up to the international Anti-personnel Landmines Convention and the Rome Treaty for an International Criminal Court. It discusses how "core" coalitions in the two cases formed and how these coalitions acquired international support and legitimacy. It suggests that multilateral negotiation processes on human security issues reflect a new kind of dynamics in multilateral negotiation processes where successful international coalitions draw strength and legitimacy through numbers and the mobilization of "boundary role" players in civil society and non-governmental organizations. The article also suggests that didactic leadership has a critical role to play in assembling these coalitions and generating the requisite levels of international attention and support to carry human security initiatives forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, several member states have had to pay significant fines for violation of compliance with different provisions of the ND. The jurisprudence helped explain the requirements of the ND, thereby extending common rules. Furthermore, these legal actions and other implementation initiatives by national Courts of Auditors have triggered policy responses, encouraging stricter enforcement of Nitrate Action Plans, but they did not result in an effective incentive for farmers to change practices. This led to the adoption of a series of Action Plans that focused on non-point pollution, mainly from nitrogen and phosphorus applied in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, in the case of MAGNET, academy partners are granted 66%, 80% or 90% according to the chosen route (there are four routes: Consortium, Association, MAGNETON, NOFAR) with the balance born by industrial companies. Nonetheless, the Technion, the Proteomics centre, the Israeli Institute for R&D in food technology and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute have received substantial support from MOITAL. The Ministry of Science and Technology has also initiated the establishment of new knowledge centres, some of in the Galilee for example the MIGAL Galilee Technology Centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In four judgements of 13 January 2011 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg returned to the issues raised in its earlier jurisprudence regarding preventive detention (“Sicherungsverwahrung”) under German criminal law. In its decision of 17 December 2009, M. v. Germany, the Court had held that the German Criminal Law's retroactive extension of confinement in preventive detention failed to meet the requirement of lawful detention “after conviction” under Art. 5 § 1 (a) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter “the Convention”), and violates the prohibition of retroactivity (Art. 7 § 1 of the Convention). The articles read as follows:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Certains de ces organismes sont autorises a effectuer des operations commerciales et, comme elles beneficient de financements publics, elles detiennent un pouvoir de marche considerable. Veiller a dissocier clairement les activites de la Centrale d’achats alimentaires (FCC) en tant qu’agent gerant les ressources cerealieres de l’Etat et ses activites en tant que negociant de cereales. En particulier, etudier la conformite des operations commerciales de la FCC avec les principes de la concurrence loyale concernant l’acces des cerealiers aux capacites de stockage, de transport et aux installations portuaires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Entire institutions have been designing PBL curricula, and new PBL programmes and courses have been adopted and further developed by institutions and educators around the world - shifting the curriculum from a faculty-centred approach to a more student-centred, interdisciplinary process (Barrett and Moore, 2011, Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). In the United States, Stanford University is involved with PBL in several departments in varying degrees. For example, at the PBL Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, multidisciplinary, geographically distributed teams each project team member has a unique area of expertise. Stanford University has also launched a specific, non-degree teaching centre, the d.school, to unblock students’ imagination, creativity and innovation (Box 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Currently, over 4 000 enterprises around the world are using these guidelines. These guidelines can be separated into three major parts: i) guiding principles for defining report content, divided into content, boundary and quality principles, ii) the guidelines on actual report content, divided into strategic, governance, managerial and operational (i.e. indicators) disclosures, and iii) the protocols to guide users through important parts of the reporting process, like the indicator disclosures and the materiality analysis. Economic topics covered include for example economic performance, market presence, indirect economic impacts in the value chain, anti-corruption. Environmental topics include materials, energy, water, biodiversity, emissions, effluents, waste, transport, products and services. Social topics include for example employee related benefits, diversity, health and safety, training and development, human rights and product responsibility and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The mobile communication and wired broadband networks were finally fully built and opened at the end of December. China Telecom also gave 50 mobile phones, 50 wired broadband modems and 31 set-top boxes to the villagers for free, and built up two "Love Centres" for the village primary school and preschool. Now, the Cliff Village has communication access to E-surfing 3G/4G, 100 Mbps optical broadband, high-speed Wi-Fi, Internet Protocol television and video call services, having the same ICT level as cities. This important project is promoting the advancement of SDGs 1,9,10 and 11, making communities resilient, inclusive, safe and sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Producer support was slightly lower at 8 % in 1995-97. The %PSE fluctuated considerably between 1995 and 2011 within the range between plus 27% and minus 5%. With the exception of 2003, fluctuations in support were within a positive range, indicating that overall policies were supportive of domestic producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, not all forms of renewable policy create the same system effects and economic distortions. This section takes a look at the different existing regulatory frameworks for promoting renewable energies and their impact on the working and outcome of electricity markets. Despite the benefits of a more unified European support scheme that would mitigate market distortions in and across countries currently a host of national regulatory frameworks prevail (see Table 5.1 and IEA, 2008). As certain technologies such as wind achieve higher levels of maturity, certain support schemes such as feed-in tariffs become less suitable. There is also a link between overall market design and renewable support schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the first step, it requires political agreement between all parties involved (including Russia and Belarus). Latvia and Estonia have doubts about the possibility of synchronisation through only one existing line to Poland due to safety issues (Baltic course, 2017). According to Poland, building a second LitPol Link would be complicated dueto environmental requirements (Energy central, 2017). In addition, a single line could mean significantly higher costs forthe operation of the energy systems in the Baltic countries and a decline in the security of supplies (Financial observer, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There has been wide spread recognition of the need to address illegal fishing practices, however more needs to be done to support countries’ capacity to address unregulated and unreported fishing, including through capacity-building. For example, the same RoO given under Free Trade Agreements could be extended to Least Developed Countries, included as part of the agreement reached under the LDC package. Monitoring progress on the implementation of SDG 14 should be a priority. Embedding a review process and mechanism within the WTO’s existing trade policy review procedure could be one solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It examines how governance arrangements and policy practices have changed over the past two decades, and which challenges have been emerging, both as a result of processes such as globalisation and regionalisation, and new developments and innovations in the organisation of government and policy design and delivery. Key areas in which governance needs to be improved are discussed, including mobilising actors and resources for innovation, improving co-ordination and coherence of policies and different layers of government, addressing worldwide the great societal challenges that need to be faced on a global scale, setting priorities in resource allocation accordingly, and improving the measurement of innovation. This includes creating and maintaining favourable framework conditions for - and removing barriers to - innovation, as well as dedicated policies to foster innovation on a broad base: enhancing technology absorption and capacity building, notably in SMEs, fostering networking and clustering, and leveraging research and development (R&D) in various ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Avoidable hospital admissions are among the best in Europe for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see Figure 10). Moreover, the 30-day fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke are among the worst in the EU. There are structures in place to support quality health care but outcomes suggest substantial room to further improve service quality and the coordination between levels of care. In addition, the EHIF has published a selection of service quality indicators for every hospital since 2012 and quality criteria are included in strategic contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, their implementation highlights an important shift from a policy focused on road management to one centred on multimodal access for the population. Several new instruments and institutions have yet to be created for some of the legal changes introduced recently. This section provides an overview of these instruments and institutions and their importance to different areas of mobility policy. The following section addresses the challenges that some of them face, while the section after it provides recommendations on how they can be developed effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Further, a pilot project for a new technology may be implemented and run efficiently (and could therefore be judged to be effective at a project level), but does not meet its goal of being replicated at scale (and is therefore less effective when viewed from a national or sectoral level). The inputs to an intervention can be financial, human (e.g. information or labour), or material goods that help to achieve the strategic objectives of the intervention. Decisions on appropriate inputs will depend both on the strategic objectives of the intervention as well as local context and needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition to the changes in France, Portugal and Ireland discussed above, measures to reduce employer social contributions for all new hires were introduced or extended focusing on groups such as mid- to longer-term unemployed (Hungary, Hirkey) and peripheral regions (Finland). In the United States, firms making new hires from February to December 2010 of people who have been unemployed for at least two months will be exempted from payroll taxes. Public finance issues have forced the Czech Republic to terminate temporary reductions in non-wage labour costs targeted at low-wage workers. Take-up has been highest in Belgium, Turkey, Italy, Germany and Luxembourg, accounting for over 3 to almost 6% of all employees. With the exception of Belgium, few employees were participating in short-time work schemes prior to the onset of the crisis. Participating in training is compulsory for workers on short-time work in the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands and Portugal.42 While training is not compulsory, it is publicly-subsidised for short-time workers in Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Poland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway and Switzerland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The main strength of the PTAL approach is that it is easy to understand. Unlike more sophisticated modelling approaches, PTAL allows for direct data visualisation using a contour map, where patterns of public transport provision are clearly shown (Figure 2). The formulae take into account the walking time from specified points of interest to all public transport service access points (SAPs), i.e. bus stops, rail stations, light rail stations, underground stations and Tramlink stops, within a defined distance threshold. This is combined with the average time a user must wait for the next service. Several parameters define the walk catchment area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While not as high as some of its European Union (EU) neighbours, the result is nevertheless encouraging. Africa has also been a world leader in gender diversity at the corporate board and chief executive officer (CEO) levels, with African women holding 23 per cent of positions in executive committees in 2016. At the CEO level, women occupied 5 per cent of positions, compared with a global average of 4 per cent that same year. It also reviews women's ownership of companies and agricultural holdings and the extent to which they are overcoming barriers to ownership such as inheritance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Much of the true social, economic and environmental damage of the aftermath of disasters has been undocumented and more needs to be explored on the vulnerability of small and island states, where retreat from the threat is not an option and where those most at risk to the impact of the aftermath may be left unattended and at critical risk. This can amount to over 70 per cent of the total death toll. Some of this arises from the destruction of basic service infrastructure and the disruption of services, when staff, if they can get about, discover vital elements of services which may be damaged or destroyed beyond effective operational use and cannot be fixed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, because capacity needs for monitoring and tracking may be significant. Second, because there will be variations in information reported that are related to differences in domestic data collection and monitoring systems. Some sources are more challenging to track, such as extra-budgetary funding, grant financing, technical and in-kind assistance, guarantees, and mobilised private finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The authors also wish to thank the UNICEF National Committees in Australia, Canada and New Zealand for their support in accessing the relevant data sources used for the analysis. The analysis includes all the 27 European Union countries, as well as Iceland and Norway, and Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Switzerland and United States. In particular these studies confirmed the relevance of a relative approach for understanding poverty in the context of economically advanced countries. Indeed, relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
High forests contain communities of large mammals such as the grey wolf, European brown bear and Eurasian lynx, and a versatile community of birds. According to the 2016 NBSAP, approximately 70 water bird species with a population of approximately 180,000 individuals are found in Albania during the winter period. According to the 2016 NBSAP, 6 of the 14 endangered algae species in the Mediterranean region are found in Albania. So far, there are 930 taxons of microscopic organisms documented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This increases the need for all countries, industries and people to consider carefully which actions to take, in order to prepare as best as possible. As we look towards how technology can be harnessed to achieve the SDGs, the case of e-commerce provides a case in point. What does this transformative method of trade offer?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It has also launched mechanisms designed to receive resources from environmental fines and compensation, and manages Brazil’s debt-for-swap agreements. Source: Funbio (2014b), Funbio and Protected Areas: 2014. This situation has been attributed to the lack of tax incentives for donations and a limited culture of environmental philanthropy (Funbio, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Stakeholder mappings should be done in relation to a specific issue and be updated on a regular basis. Such mapping should pay attention to newcomers, players outside the water sector and traditionally under-represented groups. This is critical to ensure that all stakeholders are identified and properly involved throughout the policy/project cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)