albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In this paper, we present and test a theory of how political connectedness (often linked to political corruption) affects corporate governance and productive efficiency of firms. Our model predicts that underdeveloped democratic institutions that do not punish political corruption result in political connectedness of firms that in turn has a negative effect on performance. We test this prediction on an almost complete population of Slovenian joint-stock companies with 100 or more employees. Using the data on supervisory board structure, together with balance sheet and income statement data for 2000–2010, we show that a higher share of politically connected supervisory board members leads to lower productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Best Practice Summaries offer detailed information, such as training needs, cost components, literature base, lessons learned and contact information. As of 2009/10, newly added best practices are assigned to one of four BPC evidence types, describing the strength of evidence and the generalisability of results. A number of initiatives aim to articulate high school and postsecondary CTE, helping students in making a smooth transition from one level of education to another without delays or duplication in learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They see Ghana as a place within the West African region that is relatively stable and peaceful. Though, when you compare the economic conditions, other places are relatively better, but of course, an investor is looking at the future. So he is looking at the environment which is uery stable. So the environment is one factor considered before coming to invest in Ghana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Libya should also reinitiate the WTO accession process. The government should take actions to improve trade facilitation, reducing the costs of trade-related transport logistics and increasing the reliability and timeliness of shipments. High transport and transaction costs impose important obstacles in exploiting opportunities presented by world trading systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Such increased spending has led to more HIV/AIDS patients having access to antiretroviral treatments (ARTs), and declining HIV incidence and AIDS deaths over time. The GFATM move away from round-based funding has improved predictability of external funding from one of the main sources of external funds. Further, in the Western Cape province, GFATM support has been integrated into the provincial budgeting system, making it easier for government officials to plan. However, other international donors have different financial schemes, transferring resources directly to government departments and NGOs or their facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Both of these effects may also occur at one and the same time, with the net effect being determined by the structure of the economy (Blecker and Seguino, 2002). The former is a trend that progresses at a faster or slower rate according to an economy's income levels (and those of its component sectors). The latter is more strongly influenced by the point in the business cycle at which an economy finds itself and by the prevailing welfare regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The following section examines the role of incentives in promoting the cost containment role of primary care. A concluding section discusses the broader alignment of health system design with that objective, and the policy implications. In this domain, the prime role of primary care might take the form of conventional disease prevention activities, such as vaccination programmes, or influencing behavioural change aimed at reducing the risk of future disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For most children, transitions are satisfying and fulfilling, but for some children they can be challenging and stressful (Jindal-Snape, 2010). Therefore, the nature and smoothness of these transitions can be strongly influenced by decisions on pedagogical (and programme) aspects during the transition stage (Neuman, 2002, Sink, Edwards and Weir, 2007). In educational literature, pedagogy has been conceptualised as the “scientific base for the art of teaching’’ and defined as the set of instructional techniques and strategies that enable children’s learning to take place in educational settings (OECD, 2012, Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Pedagogy refers not only to the actual practices and direct actions of a practitioner, but also to the way a practitioner implements the practices, how he or she intervenes or engages in activities and communicates with children, the way groups and practices are organised, and how the daily schedule is planned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government is also creating an attractive environment for the active participation of local and foreign private investors. However, these efforts are being severely curtailed by unresolved border issues, the government’s relatively substantial spending on security, the UN sanctions and macroeconomic instability. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is projected to slow from 1.7% in 2014 to 0.3% in 2015 because of slower economic activity and increasing challenges in the global market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among institutions there are colleges, academies, polytechnics and universities of applied science. Different expressions in different languages add to the ramifications. While the vocabulary may be understood by insiders familiar with local systems, it will often be obscure to prospective students or employers, undermining the value of the programmes, particularly across national boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article analyzes the determinants of international child adoption. We argue that prospective parents' desire to reduce transaction costs and ensure a successfully completed adoption influences adoption flows. Drawing on dyadic panel data over the period 1991–2010, we fit hurdle models to identify sending-country and dyad characteristics that correlate with adoption flows. We show that an international agreement designed to ensure the integrity of adoption depresses foreign adoptions by raising transaction costs. By contrast, adoption is more likely when sending countries have a high-quality regulatory environment and when colonial or migration ties exist within the dyad. Our findings highlight the impact of transaction costs on transnational, non-market exchange, expand political economy models of migration, and emphasize the importance of private international law in international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The composite indicator provides an alternative solution to the dilemma of pinpointing only one indicator of material well-being. However, one important limitation with this income indicator is that it ignores both direct services purchased with public transfers and production in the traditional economy. As we have discussed, any measure that ignores these factors leaves us with an indicator of minimum material well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Norway, only GPs have the choice to re-license eveiy five years, although the system is not mandatory. Higher fees are offered to GPs who undertake re-licensing. Current approaches to developing health professionals’ skills and knowledge need to be strengthened in such a way as to be best matched to changing population needs. To some extent this can be included in CME and CPD activities, for instance by tailoring available training to areas of professional weakness. Italy did this in 2013 by requiring CME and CPD providers to offer certain high-priority training such as maternal health, sexual health and preventive health (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition to domestic back-up capabilities, international interconnections thus play an important role in maintaining the supply and demand balance. In some cases, this allows countries to gain reciprocal benefits from complementary structures of both production and demand. French nuclear baseload production exported around the clock can thus be exchanged against German or Swiss electricity produced by wind, gas or hydropower at peak times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to rising sea levels and global temperatures, extreme weather events are becoming more common and natural habitats such as coral reefs are declining. These changes affect people everywhere, but disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable. Concerted action is urgently needed to stem climate change and strengthen resilience to pervasive and ever-increasing climate-related hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The value of the grant, R680 per month, is more than double the size of the Child Support Grant. The care dependency grant (CDG) is given to caregivers of children who are severely disabled to the extent that they need full-time care, i.e. if such care were not available in the home, the child would need to be institutionalised. The grant is available for children from one to 18 years. Officially, any child who attends a school, even if the school is for disabled children, is disqualified from receiving the grant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In recent years, many countries have implemented “inclusive innovation policies”- a specific set of innovation policies that aim to boost the capacities and opportunities of disadvantaged individuals to engage in innovation activities, including research and entrepreneurship. Examples include the provision of grants to researchers from disadvantaged groups, the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology, the provision of micro-credit to entrepreneurs and the provision of giants to firms locating their R&D activities in peripheral regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, approximately three fourths of total flows, particularly those from the private sector, were invested in their country of origin (Buchner and others, 2014).6 The 2015 report confirms these trends: about 74 per cent of total finance and 92 per cent of private investments were raised and spent within the same country. East Asia and the Pacific was the largest destination of climate finance flows accounting for $119 billion, while Western Europe was the second main destination with $93 billion (Buchner and others, 2015). Significant data gaps impede a full report of climate flows, including for example private sector investments in energy efficiency, including transport, land use, and adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract   This study analyzes a cultural model for greatness at the Math Corps, an enrichment mathematics program of primarily African American students from public schools in Detroit, Michigan. Corpus analysis of staff addresses reveals eight interrelated conceptual relationships about greatness, conceptualized as a resource inside individuals motivating success. Compared to contemporary and historical American English corpora, this cultural model differs systematically from general understandings of greatness. Aspects of these conceptual relationships are then elaborated through gestural and graphic modalities. This cultural model produces a framework for decision and action, motivating student success in a challenging educational environment. This study integrates ethnography, corpus linguistics, and discourse analysis in understanding conceptual metaphor and cultural models, both in educational settings and other discourse communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The proportion of cross-border workers in domestic employment rose to 41% in 2007, of which 51% were French, 26% Belgian and 23% German. Services account for more than 75% of jobs, and financial services alone for 29%. Spending on education represented 3.7% of GDP. The proportion of the population with upper secondary or higher education (66% of persons between 25 and 64 years of age) is below the OECD average (68%). This explains why the participation rate may be higher than 100. Source: OECD Environment Directorate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, full realization of the potential of 3D printing depends on overcoming a number of obstacles. The necessary material technology is still nascent and building complex objects is slow. There are also regulatory issues that need to be addressed before 3D printing can be widely adopted in the consumer market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first section presents the initiatives, including areas they cover and how they work. In the second section, a SWOT-analysis of the initiatives are undertaken, allowing us to identify strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) across initiatives. Finally, in the third section of this chapter, examples of best practices from various initiatives are provided. Information on the initiatives were extracted and placed in the two appendices. Appendix A presents all initiatives that were part of the initial screening, including the name, responsible authority and the period the initiative is/was active. In Appendix B, those initiatives included for consideration in this report are found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A possible solution to this problem is the application of a 'No Special Fee'. Such a fee includes in the port fee the cost of delivering waste, irrespective of the quantities discharged. The no special fee system effectively prevents cost from becoming a disincentive for using port reception facilities, similarly, the simplicity of the system results in a reduction in administration costs for port authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Secondary support was later introduced to the reforestation programme to protect and maintain reforestation. As demand for this support is considerably oversubscribed, additional features should be added to target and prioritise payments to areas with high benefits and high probability of enhancing provision of ecosystem services (similar to the PES programme). Indeed, as the eventual objective of the reforestation programme is to restore ecosystems and habitats for biodiversity, the design features should be adjusted so as to further these ends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result virtually all 154 protected areas previously established in the country by the law of 1965 (Sluzbeni list SR BiH No. Both entities now need to re-designate their protected areas in accordance with the new law and classification system. In FBiH, the system of three levels of protected areas is accepted: entity, cantonal and municipal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This corresponded to 32% of the total final energy consumption in the entire region. In parallel, India’s industry will play an increasingly important role as a driver for energy consumption in the region. While India’s industry accounted for 7% of the TFC in emerging Asia in 2013, this share is expected to increase to 13% by 2040.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A proper indicator, therefore, should reflect the tension between local and central control across the Arctic and how it has affected the direction and quality of northern education. As well, it should be emphasized that there are marked differences in perceptions of what is considered “the good life" and “development perspectives" among youth in the late 20th century compared with youth in the beginning of the 21st century (Rasmussen, 2008). In support of human capital theory, it has been documented that primary education in particular increases productivity while simultaneously improving people's earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With the persistent alarm being raised about terrorist violence by the media and government officials it is unsurprising that scholarship in this area has grown well beyond its traditional disciplinary boundaries (i.e., political science and international relations). As scholars from disciplines such as criminology [27, 30], computer science [11, 12, 35], economics [25], and others get more involved, more data sources have become available [1, 19, 28, 50] and more sophisticated analytical methods have been applied to terrorism research [14, 17, 30]. Yet, research on the effectiveness of counterterrorism measures has only incrementally improved in recent years [33].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Music tertiary educators can foster positive experiences that promote diversity, enhance intercultural and cross-cultural understanding through our teaching. Through findings of interview data of tertiary music educators’ understandings of multicultural music practice at two South African universities and at an Australia university, I used interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyse the data. Two major themes emerged: why is it important to teach multicultural music like that of Africa, and what are some of the effective ways of preparing students to best teach it? The data provides insights into an appreciation of and respect for music and cultural diversity. In multicultural societies educators cannot deliver courses based solely on one’s own identity and cultural perspective. I argue that music education may be seen as an agent of social change where music teaching and learning can occur through exploring, experiencing, expressing and engaging in the music of our own culture and that of others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Globally, violence has long been considered a serious and persistent social problem that is often presented as a public health concern. In the past decade, violence has received greater attention in terms of social interventions, especially using a public health model of social programming. A recent survey on violence against children is presented, using Malawi as a case example. This evidence is applied to a primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention framework for programming, with an orientation to social worker as leader in social policy, social intervention planning, and service delivery. Four opportunities for engagement are presented: (1) community building, (2) early identification of violence, (3) social casework with a strong aftercare approach, and (4) program development. Training of the social service workforce is finally considered, with recommendations for core professional skill areas for learning and capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The primary control range should be ±2% of the nominal power but higher values, up to ±5%, should be achievable. The primary frequency control reserves shall be activated within 30 seconds and maintained for at least 15 minutes. The secondary control range should be at least ±10% of the nominal power and should be activated with a minimal speed of 1%/min. Higher ramping rates shall be achieved, with a maximum speed of 5%/min.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Packaging is largely basic (plastic bags, simple cups with lids) and only a small number have leased packaging equipment. Home dairy processing primarily occurs on household farms with up to four cows and produce up to 100 litres per day. Above these amounts, households encounter logistical problems in processing and marketing dairy products, and they sell their surplus milk to an intermediary or directly to a dairy with a collection scheme. This obliges farmers to process and market their entire milk production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The boundaries between catastrophic and non-catastrophic risks are not well defined but are related to the insurability of the risks and the capacity to cope in the absence of policy measures. On the demand side, theoretical results show that a risk-averse individual is willing to insure both low and high probability events (Eeckhoudt and Gollier, 1999). However, it is highly debatable that expected utility is the most appropriate framework to capture risk aversion behaviour for low probability high losses events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The need to provide support to ongoing co-management processes in the Mediterranean and build commitment for their multiplication across the region was also highlighted. Participants also considered as regional priorities the need to secure tenure rights and access to the resources for small-scale fishers as well as the establishment of capacity-building programmes devoted to supporting stakeholder roles in SSF co-management. In particular, lessons can be learned from the experience of MPAs with no-take zones and regulated buffer zones that have been successful in involving fishers in management decisions and in processes that both safeguard wild resources while also preserving the livelihoods on which small-scale fishers depend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Global food prices have more than doubled over the past decade, reaching record highs in 2007-8 and 2010-11 (Figure 7.3). International prices for corn, wheat and rice more than doubled between 2006 and 2008. While prices declined in late 2008, food prices then rebounded, attaining new record highs in February 2011. Despite conflicting evidence, it would appear that recent price increases have also been accompanied by higher volatility, which increases uncertainty, thereby hindering investment in human and physical capital, technology, and innovation (FAO, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
That suggests at least that access to the scheme was limited by awareness. Half of a sample of returned RSE workers were resident in Savai’i and almost none were from urban Apia, indicating that the RSE scheme primarily supported people from the poorest part of the country. Within districts some priority appears to have been given to ‘deserving’ applicants, suggesting that there were some equity and pro-poor implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For these reasons it is hard to talk of direct impacts of OER, as they can be so multifarious over time and place. Clarifying to what extent educational resources with an open character - i.e. based on using openly licensed materials - are already being used, would further encourage the practice, sharing and exchange between practitioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The initiative has been a stepping-stone for young people seeking to build skills and engage in socially responsible work, while also earning wages. It has been successfully replicated in other districts, including Cova Lima, Dili and Liqui^a. Training was provided by InfoTimor staff in 2009, who also assisted the community centre in setting up a computer maintenance workshop, software and hardware training, an Internet cafe and a satellite dish to deliver the Internet to the local community. The centre has since become a registered NGO and training organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the same time, the share of mothers under the age of 20 has declined from 10.8 per cent to only 6.1 per cent. This small share of very young mothers, combined with the reduced sample size in the 10-year period before the survey, results in a larger standard error in estimation (II), rendering the estimated coefficient for the effect of being born to a younger mother statistically insignificant. In view of this trend, we also conclude that the change in the behavioural patterns away from very young motherhood is likely to have contributed to the observed decrease in Jordan’s infant and child mortality. As the sample size decreases drastically for estimation (III), the smoking variable maintains its sign but loses significance (owing to large standard errors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)