albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Such agencies have brought together a team with vast knowledge in identifying the shortest transit time and most efficient shipping lines. Working with them helps ease the burden of dealing with shipping transactions. Their seivices prevent our cargos from being delayed in customs clearance in ports. Still, transporting cargo from the port of Banjul can be costly and time consuming, due to the port's size and location. It costs far less - up to half as much - to ship the same size container of raw cashews from Tema in Ghana as it does from Banjul. The plant will include automated machinery and entail an investment of $200,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Further, local expertise can increase the dissemination of knowledge to local stakeholders and increase the capacity of the stakeholders involved in the project. For example, the GGWSSI (Box 6) is primarily financed by international partners, and although this is not currently a problem (in which case it would be a threat), this increase the riskthat backers without local commitment relinquish their support for the initiative. An example of an effort, which can somewhat reduce or mitigate such a threat is seen by the R4 Rural Resilience Initiative (Box 12), which is driven by external and international organisations, and thus subject to similar threats, but who make an effort to work with local partners on various project elements. This type of funding means there is pressure on the initiative to enact activities that generate income, in order to repay the loan. Focusing on too many projects can risk spreading the effort too thinly and reducing the chance of having an impact in each of these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some studies focused specifically on these themes, while others were more general, exploring the impact of CT on poverty alleviation with sub-objectives focused on gender relations and household decision-making (column 10). Five of the studies reviewed showed a reduction in IPV after receipt of the CT (Buller et al., For ease of reference, we have named these the: 1) economic security and emotional wellbeing pathway, 2) intrahousehold conflict pathway, and 3) women’s empowerment pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although the 1988 Local Finance Act was amended several times (in 2005, 2009 and 2011) to enhance fiscal decentralisation, subnational governments in Korea still depend heavily on central government transfers. In 2013, the share of central government in total subnational government revenue in Korea remained well above the OECD average (61.6% vs. 37.3%) (Figure 1.22 and Box 1.8). According to the Act on the Management of Grants, the national government provides grants to cover part or all of the costs of traffic-related investments in cities and provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In general, monitoring of groundwaters is less advanced in terms of quantity, and especially in terms of quality. For many countries (particularly for non-EU countries), either quality or quantity monitoring has to be improved or still needs to be established. Some countries have jointly carried out a groundwater body characterization according to the requirements of the WFD, e.g., Austria and Slovenia characterized the Karstwasser-Vorkommen Karawanken/Karavanke aquifer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The net effect at the global level may or may not imply decoupling. The limitations in production-based measures can be addressed by analysing the pollution generated and resources consumed from a demand perspective. Important resources and materials include mineral resources (metallic minerals, industrial minerals, construction minerals), biotic resources (food, feed, wood), water, and nutrients, which among other characteristics reflect interactions with nutrient cycles and food production systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Data from England show a premature mortality rate among people with severe mental illness that is three-fold higher compared with the general population, in Australia a life expectancy gap of almost 16 years for males and 12 years for females has been observed (OECD, 2014a). This “excess mortality” is due to a complex combination of factors related to mental diagnosis and psychopathology, adverse side effects of psychotropic medication, lifestyle and health behaviours, professional attitudes and roles, and health system organisation and funding (OECD, 2014a). Japan would do well to explore the extent to which such health outcome and life expectancy differentials exist amongst the Japanese population with severe mental illness, the OECD reports on excess mortality for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but Japan is not yet submitting data for this indicator due to the lack of regular data linkage as discussed in Chapter 1. Action is needed in order to properly address these disparities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
What will work with data connectivity is also a variant of this approach. As a first step, all LDCs have focused on eliminating illiteracy, making progress on this goal. In Africa, for instance, interest in developing its human capital system is finally growing, after several years of neglect, inefficiencies, and conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Countries with higher gross output present lower levels of enterprise but a higher proportion of opportunity-driven entrepreneurial initiatives. In Latin America, the highest female TEA rate is found in Ecuador (33%), followed by Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Chile (see figure 5). The male TEA rate is higher than the female one in all cases (Kelley and others, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, 2012 data correspond to fiscal year 2012/13. Brazil has prioritized technical assistance, skills transfer and capacity building over other modalities of co-operation. It is also engaged in triangular co-operation, partnering with several international organisations and members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), such as Germany, Japan, Spain and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In order to link geographically dispersed systems, the standardised underlying blockchain infrastructures can be connected over time. The prerequisite for this is that policies for different markets can be interlinked or aligned, which should be achieved before interlinking different ETS. In scope of updating the emissions market in the realm of new policy agreements, a viable transition roadmap has to be defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Partial funding, including from the EU's CAP Pillar II programmes, helped launch some of these initiatives, even before regulatory approval. River-basin-level management was perceived as too broad and too difficult a level at which local stakeholders could participate. The same discussions showed the limitation of the results with existing regulatory and economic approaches, the overall outcome-based policy was not sufficient to trigger meaningful results. This likely encouraged DEFRA to consider acting at the catchment level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is why the Sustainable Development of Protected Areas System of Ethiopia was set up, with support from the Global Environment Fund and UNDP. The project is spearheading a suite of interventions, focusing on the national system in terms of capacity building and training, and integrating the protected area system into mainstream development. Since the initiation of the project in 2008, valuation exercises have found that the main value of protected areas is in the environmental services that they provide to poor rural communities, many of which are food-insecure, protected areas were incorporated into the Ethiopia Poverty Strategy, and the legal boundaries of the protected area system were strengthened by supporting the demarcation and gazettement of four areas through a highly consultative process (UNDP, n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Consumer price inflation rose to 10% for the first 10 months of fiscal year 2012 as compared with 8.4% in fiscal year 2011. Food inflation has been higher than overall consumer price inflation. Food inflation was driven by higher cereal prices, unlike in the previous year when the pressure came from higher protein food prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the next chapter, we test and illustrate this approach on three in-depth case studies, and a number of other case studies from the Nordic countries. The Convention's article 5, emphasises an obligation to ensure the participation of the public in the definition and implementation of landscape policies, and requires the parties to the Convention to establish necessary procedures to achieve this. Hence, people's preferences for landscape experiences need to count (more) in policy processes with significant landscape impacts. Landscapes exist not only as physical entities that are the source of direct sensory experience, but also as cultural constructs with symbolic meanings for certain people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus polarisation measures have properties that are notably different from inequality measures, like the Gini coefficient (Jayadev and Reddy, 2011). A well-known example of this type of fractionalisation is South African income distribution, which is highly polarised by race (Figure 4.8). Equivalised African and Coloured incomes overlap very little with those of Whites. Only the Asian/Indian distribution, which is numerically very small and heterogeneous, overlaps widely with the other three races’ distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, in Pakistan, women spend 5.5 hours on housework and 1.2 hours on childcare daily, while men spend 2.5 hours on housework and 0.2 hours on childcare. Otherwise, women’s unremunerated productive work will continue to limit their full economic participation, which results in their greater uptake of part-time or seasonal work. The numerical presence of women across a broad range of decision-making forums alone provides only a proxy indicator of the actual influence of female decision makers. Their influence depends on whether and how they represent issues of strategic importance to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The practice of blending agriculture runoff with freshwater resources is degrading water quality to varying degrees with such contaminants as toxic trace metals, micro-organics, pathogens, pesticides, trace nutrients and biodegradable organic loads. In addition to adversely affecting downstream ecosystems, this practice increases heavy metal concentrations in downstream fisheries and agricultural produce. Without desalination, many of these regions would be uninhabitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is, therefore, recommended that functional regulations and plans that favour land and housing affordability, energy consumption, the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the overall increase in productivity values through economies of scale and agglomeration be adopted. To scale up the measurement of this indicator, there is a need to provide capacity-building to NSOs and to make accessible the appropriate technology. This should include local authorities that are responsible for the preparation of urban plans, regulatory mechanisms and land control, and the need they have to prepare evidence-based plans and policies. Several Expert Group Meetings (EGMs) have been held to promote the harmonization of the different elements of the methodologies and input data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As discussed in previous chapters, in its December 2013 verdict on consensual sex in private between two adults the Supreme Court of India (henceforth “the Court”) recriminalized homosexuality. Overturning the Delhi High Court’s decision on the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, the Court found that the said section does not suffer from any constitutional infirmity. Nevertheless, the Court in its verdict opined that the competent legislature shall be free to consider the desirability and propriety of amending or deleting Section 377 from the statute book. But this decision, as I have argued and continue to argue, is unconstitutional: There is a diversity of sexual preferences and homosexual sexual relations should be decriminalized and accepted based on the constitutional rights of gay men to privacy, to sexual identity, to personal freedom and to equal treatment, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, the BBS formation indicates that public and private partnerships are not the magic bullet for connectivity and not fully embraced by the private sector. Typically, cross-border connectivity is negotiated between operators in neighboring countries, with some intervention from the respective regulatory bodies. Navigating through the requirements and different regulations is usually not straightforward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
SPSSI psychologists' involvement in the early civil rights movement in the postwar United States was epitomized by their involvement in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. This article examines how social scientists sought to maintain the persona of objective, scientific expert when asked to prepare briefs for the U.S. Supreme Court for the Brown case. The social scientists believed that only by collapsing what they saw as an artificial distinction between objectivity and advocacy could the social scientist become a social activist. This article is based on extensive research in numerous archives, including the papers of Gordon W. Allport, Kenneth B. Clark, Stuart W. Cook, David Krech, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Theodore M. Newcomb, Robert Redfield, and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, in Tunisia, high levels of educational attainment coupled with the lack of employment and decent work opportunities were critical factors fuelling the tensions (Campante and Chor, 2012). Similarly, the recent public protests in Brazil that involved workers, students, middle-class professionals and others, not only reflected continued inequalities, but expressed a wide range of demands about public service provision and corruption, reflecting the rapid growth of expectations in a dynamic country (Saad-Filho, 2013). Poorer countries tend to have more conflict than wealthier countries (Collier, 2007), and in highly unequal societies, both rich and poor groups are in conflict more often than groups whose wealth lies closer to the country average. Furthermore, horizontal inequalities between ethnic groups and States can promote conflict (Cederman, Weidmann and Gleditsch, 2011). Local economic characteristics also matter for conflict: civil conflicts are more likely to erupt in areas with low absolute income, even if a country’s gross domestic product per capita is not necessarily low, and in areas with large deviations from national averages (Buhaug and others, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Jt Conun J Qual Patient Saf 2014,40:99-101. The global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care. Still, conventional data sources, such as medical record reviews and reported harmful events, produce mounting evidence of the importance and frequency of diagnostic errors across several types of conditions. Studies of multiple consultations in the presentation of cancer provide a powerful predictor of speed of receiving a timely and correct diagnosis. One in five patients presenting ‘red flag symptoms’ and who recently were diagnosed with cancer had three or more consultations with primary care doctors being referred to relevant specialists. Although the majority of those patients had cancers that are considered particularly difficult to diagnose, it does reflect an avoidable delay (Lyratzopoulos et al, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In contrast, while least developed countries and small island developing States are more likely to need to improve their physical infrastructure to primarily strengthen social infrastructure, landlocked developing countries need to join regional infrastructure networks as part of regional connectivity and integration, and thus improve the flow of goods and services across borders. For example, of the 400 million people living in the 36 CSN of the region, 133 million people still lack access to improved water sources in rural areas, 74 million people lack access to improved sanitation, 144 million people lack access to electricity, and 320 million people (out of 392 million people in 23 CSN) lack access to the Internet The CSN therefore need to improve the availability and quality of infrastructure. Thus, even though some countries may face greater development challenges than others, they may demonstrate better infrastructure performance than countries that are naturally more 'advantaged'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Participation of NGOs and other stakeholders in the activities of joint bodies in some cases exists as a nonformalized practice, such as inviting some NGOs to working group meetings or sessions of a joint body. Some joint bodies discuss the idea to establish public boards with advisory functions. This is the first example of a formalized procedure for dissemination of information and promotion of public participation in the joint bodies’ activities in EECCA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The process of preparation of the Second Assessment included a series of subregional workshops which were important events to build capacity in the different countries and subregions and to promote transboundary dialogue and exchange. This is all the more important in the transboundary context and in a region as broad as the UNECE one, where methods for water assessment and classification differ greatly between States — and not only between European Union (EU) members and non-EU countries. In order to reach a common understanding about the status of shared waters, the existing trends and the actions needed to improve the situation, the availability of reliable and comparable information is of the utmost importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The state will be relying on higher education institutions (HEIs) to realise these objectives and will be seeking their increasing engagement both in relation to research and accelerated skills development within the region. Migration has been both internal and international. Internal migration from the country’s other less developed regions has possibly been higher than that from other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Personal income taxes have had a relatively small impact on reducing inequality, but transfers from the central government to local governments produced a more equalising effect, albeit with mixed results in terms of satisfaction with public services. Social protection systems have also been extended, but important coverage gaps remain among the poor and ethnic minority groups, and informality remains a key challenge for universal extension. This has been backed by large investments in rural hard and soft infrastructure and a majority of government transfers dedicated to rural areas, leading to a decrease in the rural-urban income gap since 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are significant overlaps across the STI spectrum as development activities can have both a scientific angle and a more technical angle. Figure 4.4 illustrates the overlap across science, technology and innovation. More than 90% of total ODF towards science and innovation is financed from grants. Bilateral funding represents the vast majority of grants, however, private philanthropy is a key contributor for universities and other research institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This special issue of  Education Policy Analysis Archives  addresses scholarly production and publishing (the two are intimately related) in the field of education. Worldwide scholars are facing similar global pressures for “excellence” and where the personal and institutional production of excellent scholarship is being compared with simple measures.  In some parts of the world, these measures of productivity are fast becoming more immediately consequential than whatever else may be produced as a result of scholarship (purpose, critical reflection, insight, meaning, progress, to list some examples). This essay presents the challenges and responses identified by the eight contributions for this special issue on the future of education research publishing.   .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The waste management industry depends on the consistent implementation and enforcement of strong public health and environmental legislation to create a level playing field for the ‘waste management market'. This question can be answered at many levels: because it is the ‘right’ thing to do, because it is a legal requirement, or because it makes economic sense, as the costs to society of the indiscriminate accumulation, littering, burning and dumping of waste likely exceed the financial costs of environmentally sound waste management. However, in the absence of waste management, or where waste management services are failing, environmental and social negative impacts of waste are much greater, so the focus here is on attempting to estimate the economic costs of inaction, rather than the somewhat lower remaining externalities (economic costs) of environmentally sound waste management. These benefits include avoiding economic costs, the revenues from the sale of recovered products and energy, and also include the wider economic benefits of resource efficiency and waste prevention such as increasing resource and food security and creating green jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Among others, supporting the establishment of industrial zones is one of the key features of UNIDO's new Programme for Country Partnership (PCP). This integrated service package generally supports host countries in various ways to accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial development (Box 3.3). Currently, the priority areas of the PCP implemented in Senegal, Peru, Cambodia and Morocco include the development of such zones to promote sustainable industrial diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Therefore, the mother is exposed to the risk of losing custody of her children. Beyond that age, children must choose if they want to live with theirfather or their mother.5 Children (boys and girls) will be under the legal custody of the mother until they reach the age of 15. Custody can be extended after this age if the judge considers it is in the interest of the children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Soil-related problems are interlinked and there is generally no single solution, but rather a wide range of solutions that address multifaceted soil problems. The attempt to institutionalise these solutions and address nation-wide soil problems, however, has led many countries to adopt mandatory soil conservation policies that are often linked to their agricultural policies and support payments. Several land management practices as they affect water conservation are also considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The public health and the public education systems in the United States have encountered problems in quality of service, accountability, and availability of resources. Both systems are under pressure to adopt the general organizational reform of privatization. The debate over privatization in public education is contentious, but in public health, the shift of functions from the public to the private sector has been accepted with limited deliberation.We assess the benefits and concerns of privatization and suggest that shifting public health functions to the private sector raises questions about the values and mission of public health. Public health officials need to be more engaged in a public debate over the desirability of privatization as the future of public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)