albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper was delivered as part of the Eighth Nicholas J. Healy Lecture: Admiralty's Greatest Supreme Court Hits, on May 3, 2007, as part of a series of scholarship on landmark admiralty cases. The 1959 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Romero v. International Terminal Operating Company, continues to exercise an odd influence on contemporary thinking about admiralty jurisdiction and procedure. To the extent that the Supreme Court's decision explores the division-of-power between state courts and federal tribunals in the fashioning of maritime law, it offers a unique discourse on the juxtaposition of substantive law and jurisdictional competence that is relevant not only for general constitutional interpretation, but also for the every-day work of admiralty practitioners throughout the land. Romero is a tribute not only to the relevance of constitutional theory, but also the imperatives of practice, in making a coherent maritime law for all ages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 2.2 summarises today’s representative use cases and application areas of blockchain, based on the challenges in the low-carbon transition. As observed in other areas in the public and private sectors, managing climate-related action will require the adoption of innovative digital enablers. Interoperable and well-entrenched “end-to-end” digital data services will be required to increase efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unemployment is projected to return only slowly to its pre-crisis level. Estonia, Ireland and Spain recorded the largest increases in the unemployment rate (ranging from 10 to 15 percentage points) in the OECD and the latter two countries have yet to see any labour market recovery. In contrast, a number of countries, including Germany, experienced only small and short-lived increases in unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The difference of judicial opinion in the Supreme Court in Evans provokes reflection on fundamental constitutional principles, such as parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. A statute that on its face seems to permit a government minister to override a judicial decision of which he disapproves inevitably raises acute concern, the correct reading of the statute depends on the most persuasive integration of basic principles, placing the text within its wider constitutional context. The Justices deployed distinctions between law, fact, and public interest in rather different ways, reflecting their divergent interpretative approaches. The role of constitutional convention is also of particular interest – central to the legal issues arising, on one view, but largely irrelevant on another. At the root of these disagreements lie contrasting conceptions of law and adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The concentration of some air pollutants has decreased over the past decade, but air quality is still poor (see Chapter 1). The key driver for air pollution in cities is on-road transportation, which continues to be a primary mode of urban transport34 in Chile. National air-quality regulations were updated for a number of air pollutants (PM2.s S02, NO, HC and CO), and a “Clean Air Programme” was launched in 2010, aiming to improve air quality in the biggest cities through sectoral emission reduction strategies (e.g. firewood, industries, transport and monitoring).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They also tend to perform better in cognitive and linguistic assessments when staff-child ratios are higher. Furthermore, academic development seems to be enhanced by higher staff-child ratios, although there are not many (recent) studies that have investigated this topic (Huntsman, 2008, Sylva et al., A limitation of the research mentioned above is that most findings are almost exclusively correlational, and there have been very few experimental studies (Huntsman, 2008). An experimental study carried out by Chetty et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2007, more than 7.6 million bottles of SWS product - enough to treat 7.8 billion litres of drinking water and supply 10.6 million users - were sold for routine (non-emergency, non-outbreak) use in 20 countries. Nearly 60 percent of these sales were in just three countries, Zambia, Madagascar, and Malawi, which means that these countries have achieved scale in terms of coverage for household water treatment and safe storage. In a series of published randomised intervention trials conducted by CDC in three continents, the Safe Water Systems have shown to reduce the diarrheal disease incidence by 25-84%, with an average of 50%. Whereas unsafe or insufficient water affects primarily the individuals concerned, inadequate sanitation can have significant external effects through the spread of epidemics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Polities differ in the extent to which political parties can pre-commit to carry out promised policy actions if they take power. Commitment problems may arise due to a divergence between the ex ante incentives facing national parties that seek to capture control of the legislature and the ex post incentives facing individual legislators, whose interests may be more parochial. We study how differences in "party discipline" shape fiscal policy choices. In particular, we examine the determinants of national spending on local public goods in a three-stage game of campaign rhetoric, voting, and legislative decision-making. We find that the rhetoric and reality of pork-barrel spending, and also the efficiency of the spending regime, bear a non-monotonic relationship to the degree of party discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is partly due to worries that a persistently unbalanced sharing of the growth dividend will result in social resentment, fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments, and leading to political instability. Recent discussions, particularly in the US, about increased inequality being one possible cause of the 2008 financial crisis also contributed to its relevance for policymaking." Is inequality a pre-requisite for growth? Or does a greater dispersion of incomes across individuals rather undermine growth?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The ability to monitor progress at the school level in a comparable manner was a major achievement and was very helpful in linking funding with performance improvements of the education system. Another important direction was the substantial increase in conditional cash transfer programme Bolsa Familia (initially, Bolsa Escuola) which created both incentives and the means for poor parents to send their children to school (De Mello and Hoppe, 2005, OECD, 2011). This has recently received much attention, with enrolment in vocational training more than doubling since the early 2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The year 2008 marked the fifth anniversary of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the tenth anniversary of the creation of the Rome Statute which provides the legal foundation of the Court. The Statute is groundbreaking in its codification of international criminal law in general and the recognition of the crimes committed against women in times of war and conflict in particular. By criminalizing acts of rape, sexual slavery, and enforced pregnancy amongst others, it constitutes the most advanced articulation ever of gender-based violence under international law. The Statute also embeds a gender equality mandate into the structures and processes of the Court to ensure that women and their rights are considered by the judicial, prosecutorial, and administrative arms of the Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in the Slovak Republic children in low work intensity households, holding other characteristics constant, are 63.1 ppt more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that is higher or equal to 20%. Differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity are highest in Slovenia, closely followed by the Slovak Republic and Estonia. It is lowest in Austria, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (seeTable 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the other hand, a strong focus on recycling may achieve both effects, i.e. the reduction of emissions and more efficient material use. While firms naturally tend to minimise their input costs, environmental protection might come at a cost and thus exhibit a trade-off pattern. Elements of the circular economy may thus be of great benefit for both consumers and producers (UNIDO, 2017c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the World Bank is working to deepen the reach of those funds in cooperation with the regional development banks in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Innovative financing in dealing with climate change is needed now, more than ever, to confront what has emerged as the major threat to the development priorities of the poorest countries and communities. Other examples are basic telecommunications and financial services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With respect to the no crisis scenario, this amounts to a reduction of 4.64 percentage points in 2008, 4.05 in 2009, 3.84 in 2010, and 3.70 in 2011, the total decline of the number of children in caloric poverty at the national level is 12.95% in 2008, 11.37% in 2009, 10.85% in 2010, and 10.57% in 2011. The VAT food subsidy appears to be the most ineffective of these two policies vis-a-vis the goal of reducing caloric poverty. The likely reasons for the inefficiency of the two policy responses on the reduction in monetary poverty, as mentioned above, remain valid to explain the inefficiency of these policies in reducing caloric poverty. This policy is found to be ineffective at completely eliminating the increase in child caloric poverty generated by the crisis in Yaounde and Douala.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The comparatively large size of nuclear power plants requires increasing the amount of available reserves to offset, according to the N-l criterion, the risk of a frequency drop in the case that a nuclear plant would trip. These nuclear system costs are real and were estimated as being in the range of USD 2 to 3 per MWh, slightly above those of other dispatchable technologies. Variable renewables such as wind and solar, however, generate system effects that are, according to the results reported in Chapter 3, at least an order of magnitude greater than those caused by dispatchable technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similar to the biodiversity tagging workshop, target agencies for this activity include: the Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, the Department of Science and Technology', the Commission on Higher Education and the Department of Education, the Department of Tourism, the National Research Council of the Philippines, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the Department of the Interior and Local Government, and leagues. The bulk of this amount is expected to come from the private sector - including businesses, financial institutions, venture capital, foundations, philanthropies, privately run academic institutions, and for-profit and not-for-profit organisations. Thus, one of the core functions of the PBSAP secretariat will be to monitor financial flows related to PBSAP implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A similar picture emerges for fatalities among the elderly - people who are 65 years or older as passengers, drivers or pedestrians. The number of the per 100 000 inhabitant elderly fatalities in road accidents was 3.7 in 2013 in Korea, compared to an OECD average of 1.2. The speed limits in resident areas are often too high to protect pedestrians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is seen as a potentially efficient way to curb deforestation, with low payments per hectare of avoided deforestation. However, implementation is complex and complementary training activities are insufficiently developed (CGU, 2014). Developing monitoring mechanisms and ensuring a link with the Rural Environmental Cadastre would help improve effectiveness and reduce management costs for Bolsa Verde and the existing PES programmes. An overarching federal PES law has been under parliamentary discussion since 2007 and could provide the basis for expanding and improving the use of such programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The results of this study could shed light on where opportunities are found, on coping patterns, and subsequently contribute to the design of employment services. In particular it will: (a) develop employment services based on customer or industry demand, (b) collect, analyse and disseminate LMI for improved policy design, (c) raise public awareness of labour market information, and (d) enhance and align skills w'ith labour market demand. There is a need for national policy makers and for international organisations to foster labour market intelligence strategies and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Banks in the UAE have similar concerns to the banks that participated in the questionnaire for this publication: insolvency and good corporate governance of SMEs. Some are calling for the creation of credit bureau ratings and reforms of current insolvency laws, as well as access to other forms of finance such as business angels, private venture and private equity. This initiative is designed to foster Emirati entrepreneurship through training, development and consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As we have seen in chapter 3, the extensive human influence of the Nordic forests, especially over the last century with most forests strongly shaped by industrial forestry, has had profound effects on ecological properties of primary importance to biodiversity. This particularly pertains to properties shaped by natural forest dynamics and typical of old-growth forests, such as a rich and varied supply of dead wood and old and large trees, as well as forests with longterm intact canopy cover and hydrological regime. As we have seen in chapter 3, natural forest dynamics provide an important paradigm or framework for the conservation of biodiversity, as native species and ecosystems have evolved under such dynamics over millions of years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This actually implies that high stand density enhances forests growth and carbon sequestration. Natural regeneration in addition to planting and delaying or not doing tendering makes the stand density high and thus indirectly help in enhancing carbon stock in forests. Silvicultural practices such as clearing make more space and nutrients available for the remaining saplings or trees in young stands, and thus enhance timber production in the long run. The drainage of peatland, on the one hand, enhances the forest growth and thus carbon sequestration in forest biomass, releases carbon from peatland itself on the other hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Waters that flow across national borders are often the connecting resource for food and energy, while international food trade and regional markets for electricity and energy carriers traverse state borders. In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg implicitly recognized the nexus by listing water and sanitation, agricultural productivity and energy among its priority areas. Shortly afterwards, the concept of "virtual water" and the assertion that increasing scarcity of water, food and energy would result in "the perfect storm" by 2030 catalysed further thought and discussion on the nexus. The 2008 launch of the World Economic Forum's report "Water Security: The Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus" and Hoff's background document for the Bonn Nexus Conference marked the emergence of the nexus as we know it today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A wide range of studies agree that involving stakeholders in the design of policies, such as the development of teaching standards, is a crucial element of effective governance (Burns and Koster, 2016[44], OECD, 2013(2]). Inclusive stakeholder involvement was also identified as one of the four key elements of effective education policy implementation in a recent OECD working paper (Viennet and Pont, 2017[45]). Teachers taking ownership of the standards is also thought to contribute to recognising their professionalism (OECD, 2013(2]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In doing so, it also compares the availability of such infrastructure among the different groupings of CSN, and how they compare to other developing countries and the developed countries in the region. This may serve to later identify individual infrastructure priorities of the heterogeneous group of CSN. They also enhance resource allocation efficiency. Sustainable transport systems therefore play a critical role in economic and social development by: (a) providing access to economic and social opportunities, (b) facilitating the movement of people, goods, labour, resources, products and ideas, (c) creating market opportunities for both consumers and producers, (d) enabling manufacturers to take advantage of locational strengths, and (e) allowing the expansion of supply chains across borders. The mobility of goods and people plays an important role in sodal and economic development, promoting gains from trade as well as the exchange of knowledge. Hence, key transport sectors, i.e., roads, railways, seaports, airports, dry ports and other transport infrastructure, make a key contribution to growth (World Bank, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Practitioners (SEA Change and UKCIP, 2013, 2014) and the Adaptation Committee (AC, 2016) have developed syntheses and inventories of existing adaptation monitoring and evaluation tools and frameworks.7 In addition to the aforementioned LEG guidelines for National Adaptation Plans, a subset of the literature focuses on providing guidance to develop national level systems for monitoring and evaluation (GIZ and IISD, 2016), or providing information and insights from a set of existing systems (OECD, 2015b, EEA, 2015, GIZ and IISD 2013). The large majority of the Parties mentioning adaptation monitoring and evaluation in their NDCs indicate that they are still in the process of developing their national approach (Kato and Ellis, 2016). This means that there is limited experience with mid-term and end-term evaluations of policies at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
During the revision of Mozambique’s NBSAP, members of the BU are required to participate in at least one of five working groups established for this purpose, including a working group on participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building for NBSAP implementation. Mozambique had a specific in their latest NBSAP (objective 1.2), calling for the promotion of the ratification of relevant agreements and conventions, with particular consideration to CMS and the Ramsar Convention, both of which Mozambique have subsequently ratified. It was initiated by the Steering Committee “Biodiversity Convention” jointly with the Steering Committee “Nature”, who gathered the Regional and Federal competent authorities, scientists and environmental NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nevertheless, despite referral guidelines and the requirement that referrals be turned back if appropriate steps have not been completed in primary care, many patients still seek care directly at emergency rooms - and almost all hospital referrals are accepted. This may be related to the fact that most EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, and only on weekdays. In 2010,44% of all public consultations were held in emergency services, out of which 60% were not actual emergencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Worker skill is defined by educational attainment and therefore not the actual skill level of workers. Whilst this is not hugely problematic at the country level since the definition of skill levels does not vary within country, it can be cumbersome when calculating inequality at the global level. It also presupposes that educational attainment is directly linked to skill levels. Three other sources are identified. The first is the Gini coefficient from the Word Development Indicators (WDI) database—WDI Gini.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It introduced a value-focused training course, which included a 40-hour programme, based on case studies, to further increase resistance to corruption (Pyman et al., In 2016, Bulgaria began training officers in multi-ethnic communities or neighbourhoods on working with vulnerable groups. Recruiting and training officers to engage respectfully with migrants and refugees have taken on more urgency with the recent influx, spurring new initiatives. The Helsinki Police Department launched a campaign in 2016 to recruit young migrants to the force, which slightly boosted their number (EUFRA, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This has been envisaged in the draft Law of Georgia on Water Resources Management (2014). This would entail revision of the Law on Licence and Permits of 2005. Creating the necessary licensing regime would have implications for staffing and funding of the relevant section of the Ministry of Environment. It is clear that Georgia’s river and lake basins differ in their water problems and priorities, and the abstraction licences and charges would need to reflect these local factors. In this context, it is relevant to note that the 2014 draft Law on Water Resources Management now being considered by the Georgian Government includes a provision (Article 26) on assessment of the status of the different river basins and the development of river basin management plans. This will directly support the development of capacity for administering a licensing and charging regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In September 2011, Mexico announced to the United Nations a plan to ban shark and stingray fishing from 2012. The temporary ban covers Mexico's territorial seas and expansive exclusive economic zone in the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. It will be in force during the period of greatest reproductive intensity, May to August. The gill net ban dates from 1992, it covers the use of a specific type of gill net (12 inch mesh) in order to protect the vaquita.13 More recently, a vaquita refuge was designated in 2005, and there are complete bans on both gill nets and shrimp trawling in this area (Sanjurjo et al., The area affected by fires varies yearly due to weather variations and other factors (USAID, 2009). There may be a good rationale for such approaches when natural resource users are especially poor, though the objectives and means of achieving them require careful consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Building on recent feminist scholarship on the complicity of feminist antiviolence movements in the build-up of mass incarceration, this essay analyzes the epistemic occupation of feminist antiviolence work by carceral logic, taking the Gender-Responsive Justice and Community Accountability movements as countervailing examples. Both strategies claim to be a feminist response to violence. Gender-Responsive Justice arises from feminist criminology and has genealogical roots in the American prison reformatory movement. Community Accountability stems from grassroots intersectional and decolonial feminisms that are fundamentally at odds with the professionalization and state-centrism of the mainstream antiviolence movement. We argue that Gender-Responsive Justice is a form of carceral humanism that repackages carceral control as the caring provision of social services, while Community Accountability advances a radically creative abolitionist and decolonial project of an irreducibly epistemological order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)