albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Water has to be available, of sufficiently good quality, and accessible both economically and physically, without discrimination. Ensuring the right to access water and water facilities and services on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for marginalized or disadvantaged groups, is part of these core obligations. In relation to women's right to water, general comment No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The article seeks context for the 2010 Indian Prevention of Torture Bill, by critically examining the nature of the international law proscribing torture, then the universality of torture’s immorality. Argument covers the scholarship on torture categories and addresses the probity of evidence deriving from tortured subjects. It critically investigates the sociological literature on torture. It states a suggested policy guide, developed in a worldwide context, and therefore of use by any jurisdiction. In particular, this paper considers the underpinnings of the prohibition against torture and also will analyse the proposed Indian Bill on the delimited basis of the conflicting ideologies of the two greater jurists, Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. This paper asks whether the new Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010 (India), still not enacted, would prevent torture in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two professors at New York Law School (NYLS) and the director of the Tokyo Advocacy Law Office are engaged in initiatives with the potential to have major influences on the study of law, criminology and criminal justice: the creation of a Disability Rights Tribunal for Asia and the Pacific (DRTAP) and expansion of NYLS’s online mental disability law programme (OMDLP) to include numerous Asian venues.DRTAP seeks to create a sub-regional body (a Commission and eventually a Court) to hear violations of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This will explicitly inspire scholarship about issues such as treatment of forensic patients, relationships between mental disability enforcement and criminal law enforcement, and connections between mental disability and criminal procedure.NYLS’s OMDLP offers thirteen valuable courses to criminologists and criminal justice scholars and will host DRICAP (Disability Rights Information Center for Asia and the Pacific), providing Internet access to i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of the responses have been used in this report (see Appendix 1, “Country Questionnaire”). Special attention was given to the dates and to the last revisions of the documents in order to ensure the relevance of the information collected.3 Official country reports, work plans, official texts (decrees, laws) and articles constitute the main material of this study. Multiple sources have been used: databases, official government websites, key stakeholders (see References).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Civil society has the potential to have a positive impact on social exclusion and health equity through active monitoring and increased accountability. This paper examines the role of civil society in Bangladesh to understand why this potential has not been realized. Looking at two models of civil society action- participation in decentralized public-sector service provision and academic think-tank data analysis-this analysis examines the barriers to positive civil society input into public policy decision-making. The role of non-governmental organizations, political, cultural and economic factors, and the influence of foreign bilateral and multilateral donors are considered. The paper concludes that, with a few exceptions, civil society in Bangladesh replicates the structural inequalities of society at large.    Key words:  Civil society, Health equity, Health systems, Participation, Social exclusion, Bangladesh   doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3400   J Health Popul Nutr 2009 Aug,27(4):536-544
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Arizona Senate Bill 1070 requires law-enforcement officers to verify the citizenship of individuals they stop when they have a “reasonable suspicion” that someone may be unlawfully present in the United States. Critics of the law fear it will encourage racial profiling. Defenders of the law point out that the statute explicitly forbids most forms of racial profiling. By drawing on the lessons learned in the domain of antidiscrimination law, we discuss how social psychological research can inform this debate and illuminate challenges associated with fair enforcement of the statute. We conclude that the Arizona law, paired with a lack of comprehensive training and ineffective testing procedures for detecting discrimination, will likely result in many Latinos being illegally targeted on the basis of their race. While certain actions, such as effective training and oversight, may help mitigate discrimination, these safeguards are not likely to completely eliminate biased outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has put into question the relevance of centrally-planned investments and/or turnkey technology transfer, and highlighted the need to look for better technology delivery models. The Programme was superseded by the Programme on Renewable Energy Development and Construction of Small Hydropower Plants for the period 2016-2020 (2015 Resolution of the Government No. It recognizes the current shortcomings in the country in the process of construction and operation of SHPPs, hindering the growth of investment and cost effectiveness of already constructed plants. One of the main objectives of the Programme is to eliminate the need to import electricity by 2013, by commissioning new power generation capacity and reducing electricity losses in the energy system to 13.5, 13.2 and 13.0 per cent in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. According to the Agency of Statistics, electricity continued to be imported in 2013 and 2014 from Kyrgyzstan and the total electricity losses in the energy system have increased from 13.8 to 17.0 per cent in the period from 2010 to 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These include the development of comprehensive, coherent policies, as well as a stable policy environment and well-functioning institutions (IIGCC, 2011, Mani, 2012). Developing an agreed national strategic vision and systematic response to climate change across government and within national plans encourages donors of international climate finance to respond to “demand-driven” country priorities. This facilitates the ability of countries to meet aid effectiveness principles. For example, donors can only meet the Paris Declaration principles of aligning climate finance behind domestic objectives and ownership if national strategies, plans, and priorities have been developed. Many developing countries (e.g. Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya) have established such strategies and plans, but they are not yet place in all countries benefitting from international climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the proposed indicators do not pretend to be exhaustive or final. Thi further lend themselves to being linked to economic and environmental modelling and forecasting. Source: OECD (2011b), Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress: OECD Indicators, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A UNDP survey from 2013 found that 28 per cent of Tunisians were hostile to women's political participation, of whom 24 per cent felt that women's place was in the home. One hundred women with leadership potential were selected to take part in a series of trainings to help develop their skills as political candidates, including political theory, communication and media relations. In addition to the tangible effects of three newly elected women as a result of the programme, the larger cohort of women has gained confidence, and will be a remarkable resource for the future, both as political candidates and as role models for Tunisian women more broadly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2013, CPI tracked USD 10 billion in climate finance flows between non-OECD countries (Buchner et al., In 2014, eight non-Annex I countries provided development co-operation funding of more than USD 500 million, led by Saudi Arabia and the UAE, for most countries, it is not clear what share of these resources is being used for climate purposes.17 Given their importance, having more clarity on these flows would allow for a better overview of where and how support is being provided. Some developing countries are starting to report on financial support provided for development purposes more systematically, via bilateral or multilateral flows, for example in publicly-available government documents (e.g. Brazil, Mexico) or through reporting to the OECD DAC (e.g. Korea, UAE).18 In 2014, the OECD estimated the development co-operation flows of the seven non-DAC and non-OECD developing countries that do report to the DAC at USD 19.4 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can, in turn, increase the impact of decision makers’ communications, through the multiplier effect that online technologies can have. See table in Box 1.11 for more details on the respondents. More and more, governments produce and collect a broad range of different types of data in order to perform their tasks (Ubaldi, 2013). The extraordinary quantity and centrality of data collected bring increased transparency. This partnership currently counts 65 member countries and provides an international platform for domestic reformers committed to making their governments more open, accountable and responsive to citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The services and industry sectors led the expansion during this period. Growth in the agriculture sector, however, was moderate in part due to fluctuations in weather conditions. For 2016 and 2017, sustained investments to address energy and transport infrastructure constraints, continued progression in industry and a recovery in services are expected to lead growth. Agriculture is projected to grow at a moderate rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To a great extent there is an expectation that school leaders in all schools undertake regular internal evaluations of the teachers in their school. There are indications that observation of classes as well as the associated feedback to teachers is somewhat common in Chilean schools, according to the perceptions of school directors of municipal schools (and subsidised private schools). According to a survey by the Centre for the Study of Educational Policies and Practices (CEPPE), 56.5% of school directors in municipal schools stated that they observe classes and provide feedback to teachers at least once a month (the corresponding figure for subsidised private schools is 46.6%) (CEPPE, 2010) Also, as a result of the 2011 Quality and Equality Education Law, schools can develop internal management tools which may include internal teacher evaluation processes and incentive programmes for teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, SOEs operate 51 of the 61 sugar mills in the country. Organisational reform was also necessitated by a series of corruption incidents in the early 2000s, such as the “Bulogate” scandal and the illegal use of IDR 35 billion (USD 5 million) belonging to the BULOG employees’ welfare foundation by the deputy chairman. It is responsible for providing and distributing subsidised rice to the poorest through RASKIN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are classified as mixed-owned if the shares of women and men are the same (e.g. companies owned by couples), and if neither men nor women alone account for more than 50% of the shares (e.g. a company 30% owned by women, 40% by men, and 30% by a non-physical person). In order to assign a gender to the different owners, an algorithm was developed to identify male and female owners on the basis of their first name. The algorithm matches the first names of the owners in the ORBIS Database with a database of 173 000 unique male and female first names by country compiled by the OECD and which expands the one used in Frietsch et al. ( In each country, at least 96% of the owners’ names are identified as masculine or feminine. The main comparability issue is represented by the fact that ORBIS’s coverage of firms is still uneven across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, the process of specialisation and diversification may also fuel a process of new regulations, standards and norms, which additionally strengthen consumers' power and wellbeing. According to Sen (1990) and the World Bank (2012), the presence of gender disparities in every aspect of life represents a major threat to human and economic development.2 Through a variety of external effects, industrialisation and structural transformation can help promote gender equality in several areas of life. The first effect concerns household work and child rearing, activities that are primarily carried out by women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
I have found very few students who refused to stand up. I have seen one student who refused, who insulted the teachers. She said "it's not my fault, it was your fault". The teachers get scared if students refuse to stand up. So they do not force them. - In Kabir's school, I described earlier how a CCTV camera had been installed in one of the classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
So, the Internet cafe is no longer necessary and has closed. However, it did provide an important service for several years. This illustrates that a social enterprise must have various income streams to be successful, if one activity is less profitable or has outlived its usefulness, then the business can be maintained by other activities. In addition to marketing tais cloth for clothing, the model may be used to produce a range of new products, including bags, purses, decorated boxes and accessories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With a growing emphasis on employability and bridging school and work, a number of donors are beginning to focus on employment -and workforce-oriented programming. In terms of ESD, this presents an opportunity to explore entrepreneurship programmes targeting the green economy - an area of focus highlighted at the recent 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (commonly referred to as Rio+20). Emerging areas in this field include social entrepreneurship (which uses business methodologies to produce social or environmental benefits), triple bottom-line business management (in which ‘profitability’ is balanced with considerations for ‘people’ and the ‘planet’), microbanking, sustainable livelihoods and other concepts focused on healthy, small-scale economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are estimated to be 500 international treaties and agreements on the environment (155 biodiversity-related, 179 chemicals-related, 46 land-related, and 196 water-related) and a proliferation of subsidiary bodies for the different conventions and administrative arrangements. Additionally, important are leveraging synergies in responsibilities of conventions across various sectoral policies, with the promotion of joint implementation and coordination of funding sources and programmes, as well as multi-stakeholder outreach and engagement to ensure buy-in.5 Capacity building is required given the increasingly complex scientific and technical issues involved. Meanwhile, critical actions may not be taken with fallout for human and environmental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The question then becomes why some countries fail to reap the benefits of trade, whether by increasing their exports or their imports. We can distinguish between two broad sets of impediments - external and internal. A recent study has concluded that the worst of the barriers to merchandise trade (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders (Anderson and Winters, 2008). As a result, the mean trade-weighted average tariff in OECD countries on imports from other OECD countries stands at 3%, as opposed to 4.8% on imports from non-OECD countries. In 2002, Bangladesh was charged the same amount of tariffs (around USD300 m) on its two and a half billion dollars of exports to the United States as France, whose exports were worth USD 30 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While state-of-the-art CCGTs are capable of start and stop operations, most of the installed capacity has not been designed to be operated in such an intermittent mode. In addition, existing market design does not necessarily provide an adequate remuneration of these start-up and cycling costs. Whereas demand uncertainty on a day-ahead time-scale is typically in the range of 1-2% of load, the mean absolute error for wind is 15%, 24 hours before real time. Commercial providers of forecasting solutions claim that they can reach a forecast error to 5%, 24 hours before real time.14 Centralisation of information concerning weather forecasts and improvements of forecasting models will reduce this uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Continued labour and skills shortages indicate the need for more proactive strategies to better align labour supply and demand. Attention has tended to focus on the availability and supply of suitably skilled labour. There has been less consideration of demand-side issues and policies to support and encourage industry to do more in terms of workforce planning and development - attracting, recruiting and retaining people in the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At 23%, graduation rates for academic (tertiary-type A) programmes are below the OECD average of 39%, while graduation rates from more technical (tertiary-type B) programmes, at 17%, are above the OECD average of 11%. In contrast to many OECD countries, males have a higher graduation rate in tertiary education than females. To improve tertiary education and students' competitiveness, the national qualifications framework aims to align higher education studies with the European Higher education area. According to the ''implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Minimum wages—which most of the literature shows reduce inequality—need also to be raised to adequate levels. Finally, wage-bargaining institutions, which have been weakened substantially in most countries during the last three decades of liberal policies, now need to be strengthened. Efforts at “formalizing employment”, even at the cost of greater employment flexibility, may also be needed. The effects on inequality of rising secondary enrolments are lagged by several years (at least 5 to 10), but the long-term effects are quite powerful. The impact on inequality of the increased supply of skilled labour is not automatic, however, as an increase in employment and drop in wage inequality can come about only if additional jobs are created. Increasing wage inequality accompanies trade liberalisation in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This requires creating safe spaces and trust, as well as long-term, contextualised, tailored approaches that take intersectional concerns into account, rather than relying solely on easily replicable and transferable quick fixes. This requires more long-term engagement and funding, the latter in particular for staff salary' costs. While these are often not very high, they can be very challenging to fundraise for, given the preference of many donors for flinding activities rather than salaries and reluctance to allow overhead costs to be included. It aimed at changing harmful gendered dynamics in the justice sector (including harassment and inappropriate behaviour in the courtroom, including against women judges), reducing gender bias across the sector and improving the responses to domestic violence. Much of these intrinsically required changing notions around what is and what is not considered acceptable male behaviour, and a key component of the training programme with judges, clerics and prosecutors was shifting gender norms and attitudes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, promoting compact city design will have impacts related to air quality, transport system viability, energy-technology decisions, and the like. This concept is discussed at length in the following pages. Finally, these policy decisions all occur amidst an important backdrop, i.e. the goals or values that influence policy decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
1. Islam, Revivalism and Public Policy Sohrab Behdad 2. Ideology and Institutions in Islamist Approaches to Public Policy S.V.R. Nasr 3. Islamism and Economics: Policy Implications for a Free Society Timur Kuran 4. Islamic Jurisprudence and Public Policy Ali Rahnema 5. Islam and Human RIihts Policy Ann Elizabeth Mayer 6. Women, Sexuality and Social Policy in Islamic Cultures Haideh Moghissi 7. Muslim Family Law: Articulating Gender, Class and the State Nahla Abdo 8. Islam, Islamists, and Labor Law Marsha P. Psusney and Karen Pfeifer 9. Commercial Law: the Conflict in Shari'a and Secular Law Taxation and Public Finance Volker Nienhaus 10. The Problem of Interst and Banking in Islamic Public Policy Farhad Nomani
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The school principal decides how many teaching hours per week to allocate to each teacher (see Chapter 3 for greater detail). This means that teachers who are not needed in the school can be allocated just a few hours, instead of being openly dismissed. In fact direct dismissal of teachers is rare. Similarly, school principals can decide which teachers are given which responsibilities in school leadership teams, but the number and types of deputy principals and their specific tasks are set in legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Men, meanwhile, gained more in proportional terms from improvements in the two indicators in Chile, Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras. Educational level is also a source of significant gaps, but these are narrowing, especially with regard to health care. Between the two extremes (employees with a university education versus employees who did not complete primary education), the difference in affiliation to pension and health systems is 55 and 40 percentage points, respectively. In terms of access trends by age group, although affiliation to both pension and health care systems increased in all age groups, access for both indicators can be described as an inverted U-curve, because affiliation levels are lower both at the beginning and at the end of people's working lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The release of nerve gas in a Tokyo subway and attempted releases of biological agents by the Aum Shinrikyo cult have demonstrated the willingness and ability of modern-day terrorists to use unconventional weapons. Unlike explosive weapons, the use of biologic weapons may only become apparent once people become ill. The detection and response to these man-made outbreaks will occur initially at the medical and public health levels. Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are strengthening their response, disease detection, diagnostic, and communication capabilities to better protect the nation's citizens against biological or chemical terrorism. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Schools should be encouraged to use early warning systems to identify students at risk and support them as early as possible. Timeliness matters because later interventions are less cost-effective. This suggests reinforcing educational programmes targeted at early intervention such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme (Maestro mas Maestro) and Aprender schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)