albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To establish whether large-scale investment in energy efficiency in order to reduce energy demand is cheaper than new energy supply, it is important to have reliable information on the net benefits of saving energy. This includes the cost of programmes, the value of the energy saved and any co-benefits. Until recently, energy efficiency has been accorded low priority by producers and consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is an overprovision of initial teacher training which has an uneven quality and professional development opportunities lack both structure and a school-based focus. Similarly, school leaders and other education leaders are not well-prepared, supported or recognised, and their role lacks a focus on educational improvement. They have undertaken an approved programme of teacher preparation or its equivalent elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, seeking help, in particular for emotional and mental health problems, comes with a high degree of stigma. In addition, in many FCAS the requisite systems are either inadequate or non-existent, in particular outside urban centres. The resulting lack of engaging with emotional and mental health issues or not having anger management training leads not only to emotional harm and negative coping mechanisms among the affected men themselves, but it also has broader societal impacts as men channel their frustrations into violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over half of all international visitors come to Sydney. Sydney is a popular location for the regional offices of Australian-based foreign companies. The relationship between Sydney and the global economy, particularly the growth nodes of East and South Asia, provides the city with unique locational advantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The establishment of such facilities at the national level could also be encouraged, as it can reduce transaction costs and tie more easily into domestic financial mechanisms outlined earlier. Beyond the setting-up of project preparation facilities, local expertise for project preparation should be strengthened, from project conceptualisation all the way down to design stage and implementation. They provide services based on a contract or license with the public authorities responsible for delivering services in a given region or country.6 They may be either domestic operators, which tend to focus on a single country, or regional and international operators, which provide services to customers in a broad range of countries. Small scale independent providers generally operate informally where no public services are provided or provided at low standards of quality,7 large-scale developers of both residential and commercial property often provide and operate water and sanitation services to their own developments thereby making a considerable contribution to a city’s infrastructure and service coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These reforms have led to furthering electrification efforts in rural areas. The "Power for All by 2012" initiative was launched by the central government in 2001. The objectives of the programme are to ensure "sufficient power to achieve a GDP growth rate of 8%, reliable and quality power, optimum power costs, commercial viability of the power industry as well as power for all" (Ministry of Power, 2009c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the significance and magnitude of the effect of these characteristics depends on the particular domain under consideration. In this section, we pay particular attention to factors underlying domain vis-a-vis income poverty and the role of income poverty in predicting a child’s risk to domain deprivation. Tables 7 to 11 in the Annex present the regression results for the different estimation models and report marginal effects and standard errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While a national-level surplus means the situation is currently manageable, demographic trends indicate that the growing gap between demand and the number of available workers will cause a significant number of jobs to go unfilled over the next 20 years. By 2030, shortages in the tourism sector could grow to 228,000 jobs, leaving 10.7% of potential labour demand unfilled, with the food and beverage services and recreation and entertainment industry expected to be most affected. If the expected shortages are not mitigated, it estimates the sector could forgo CAD 31.4 billion in potential revenues by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They also free up time that female entrepreneurs can devote to making their businesses more profitable. More analysis is needed to better understand why women are less inclined to use external finance and whether they are discouraged by discriminatory treatment in the capital markets. It is often argued that women have more trouble accessing credit than men. Indeed, the evidence shows that relatively more male than female entrepreneurs make use of bank loans, with or without collateral, to start their enterprises (Figure 26.1), although there are important differences in the demand for loans across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this respect, student jobs, internships and apprenticeships could be crucial in pulling the youth out of the vicious circle “no job without experience, no experience without job”. Better educational performance improves labour market outcomes, enhances workers’ productivity, reduces income inequalities and promotes intergenerational mobility and social cohesion. It contributes to higher life satisfaction through better employment, income and social relations (OECD, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Also included in this set of measures would be characteristics such as pain or fatigue. This set of measures includes factors that either increase or decrease the risk of developing pathologies and diseases and that therefore affect functional levels and general measures of health. Specific examples are diet and nutrition, smoking and physical activity. To capture this, infant mortality rates are also presented here. However, since these refer to a very narrow age group, they cannot be considered as a measure expressing the health status of the population as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite the number of payments to consider, it is not clear whether, or how, the government can afford to meet its financial obligations. The government - through the Ministry of Finance - guarantees the WAJ’s and MWI’s loans and is obliged to fund their deficits. The government records these amounts as debt in the general budget. The Ministry of Finance has also provided sovereign guarantees for some projects with the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To compensate and maintain international market shares, domestic prices may fall. For net exporting countries, such a decrease in the domestic price would normally trigger a decline in production over time. For net importing countries, commodities become relatively less expensive and demand would normally rise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The cocaine was found diluted in drums of sunflower oil believed to have originated in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The seizure seems to confirm the existence of new routes and markets for cocaine, which recently seem to be finding its way into countries in South Asia. According to experts, most of the heroin seized in Bangladesh was either manufactured in India, or originated in Afghanistan and smuggled through India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The presence of high BOD may indicate faecal contamination or increases in particulate and dissolved organic carbon from non-human and animal sources that can restrict water use and development, necessitate expensive treatment and impair ecosystem health. Human ill health due to water quality problems can reduce work capability and affect children’s growth and education. High levels of oxygen consumption pose a threat to a variety of aquatic organisms, including fish. It helps to identify communities where wastewater treatment action is required to protect the ecosystem. Untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater can result in increased nutrient levels, high levels of organic matter and hazardous substances, posing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. It can be calculated separately for different terrestrial ecological regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In theory, a teacher with permanent status can be dismissed, for example as a result of a disciplinary measure or if they have received two consecutive "insufficient” evaluations. In practice, however, dismissing a permanent teacher can prove difficult and rarely occurs. The teaching career does not provide for distinct stages associated with competency levels or given roles and responsibilities in schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The courses are based on voluntary participation and contain both theory and practice. Drivers have to pay a fee of about EUR 60 to participate in the course. The topics addressed are: right of way, roundabouts, road markings, traffic signs, traffic light crossings, highways, light usage, overtaking, parking regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A. INTRODUCTORY (1) Overview (2) The “organ retention scandal”, the law reform background (3) Post-mortem examinations, the factual background B. RIGHTS OF PERSONALITY AND THE ACTION FOR SOLATIUM FOR AFFRONT (ACTIO INIURIARUM) (1) The status, scope and role of the actio iniuriarum (2) Personality rights and human rights, impairment of dignity and invasion of privacy (a) The relation of the legal concepts of dignity and privacy (b( Protection of dignity by private law, personality right or human rightsdelict (3) Scottish Law Commission’s Report on Damages for Psychiatric Injury: abolition of common law on solatium for wounded feelings arising from affront
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other schools teachers set educational objectives for their students and evaluate their performance largely by themselves. In the SIP network partner organisations provide for professional development as well as remedial classes and psycho-social support for children. The Sociedad de Instruction Primaria (cont.) Teaching is structured by the objectives formulated by the pedagogical department and financial incentives for teachers are sometimes tied to their achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Transgenic farm animals would be particularly valuable and therefore would be kept in carefully controlled environments. Aquacultured fish, by contrast, are naturally mobile and breed easily with wild species. The AEBC report recommends that transgenic fish should not be raised in offshore pens owing to the high probability of escape. The Pew Initiative study points out that the impact of escaped aquaculture fish. Scientists agree that the possible impacts on non-target species should be monitored and compared with the effects of other current agricultural practices such as chemical pesticide use (GM Science Review Panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the proportion of poor children living in a single-parent family has increased significantly since 2007 in Luxembourg and Norway, as well as in the Czech Republic, France, Hungary and the Slovak Republic. Single-parent families have an average risk three times higher than families with children and at least two adults, and this ratio is higher than 5 in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland and New Zealand. Moreover, this risk depends strongly on the employment status of the parent since on average, more than two-thirds of jobless singleparent families are poor income and the proportion is three times less than their lone parent works (Figure B 2 in Annex B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Responsibility for secondary care has been transferred from counties to five regions, with populations ranging from 600 000 to 1.5 million. Some responsibilities concerning health promotion, prevention and rehabilitation are transferred from counties to municipalities, which have to sign co-ordination agreements with regions to specify the division of tasks and information channels. The National Board of Health has provided obligatory guidelines for hospital planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through a critical examination of some of the prevailing arguments for establishing a criminology of genocide, this paper seeks to demonstrate the limitations of mainstream criminological frameworks for understanding genocide. Moreover, it argues that, if we are to move beyond a mechanical application of the criminological canon to this thus far understudied area of criminal behaviour, we must develop a critical and reflexive criminological approach to the topic of genocide. In this manner, the analysis presented here follows in the footsteps of Bauman [Bauman (1989). Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press] by asking: what can genocide teach us about criminology? In addressing this question, three guidelines for a future criminology of genocide are proposed. Briefly put, a criminology of genocide should be: (1) reflexive and non-redemptive, (2) ‘undisciplined’ and critical, and, (3) responsible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, there is no evidence of inequality effects, contrary to priors. This could reflect methodological differences compared with empirical studies that highlighted a significant technology-driven dis-equalising impact because:61 i) generally such an effect has been estimated on the basis of wage dispersion among employed individuals, and ii) generally such an effect has been estimated on the basis of technological progress proxied by linear time trends, the failure to identify a specific dis-equalising effect from ICT could in this context be due to the inclusion of time trends in the household equations. A number of structural policies have been shown to boost long-term levels of GDP per capita and, via this channel, household disposable incomes. There is only scarce evidence that growth-enhancing structural policies raise inequality of disposable incomes in the long-term - in fact a limited number of them are found to potentially reduce it, tentatively pointing to synergies between the growth and equity objectives. This illustration is produced by taking the estimates at face value and as a result clearly implies a cautious interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This book has a simple objective: to present the fundamentals of international human rights treaty law in a way that can be helpful to the national leader, official, or legal adviser whose duty it is to help put a human rights treaty regime into the law and practice in his or her country. It is a book of international law, as provided for in the principal international and regional human rights treaties and draws upon the jurisprudence and practice of their monitoring organs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Suppose, for example, that a stock has been confined to Country A’s EEZ. Climate change increasingly diverts the stock into Country B’s EEZ, while the growth and reproduction of the stock still depend on how much of the stock is left after fishing in the EEZs of both countries. Country A’s command over the stock will be steadily eroded and so will its previously strong incentives to protect it, while Country B will acquire an interest in the stock, at first fleeting but then a more substantial one. If things continue in this direction, B will ultimately acquire a stronger incentive than A to preserve the stock for reproduction and future growth, while A will become a player which only has a minor fraction of the stock and which in fact will be able to demand a disproportionate share of the stock, since it will in any case benefit from B’s conservation efforts without making much of a contribution itself. But how quickly will the players realize this reversal of roles and how timely will they adjust to it?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In turn, the association between objectively measured inequality and dissatisfaction with institutions could mean that the high levels of wealth concentration and social differentiation in the countries would feed into many social conflicts in the region (Calderon, 2012). Besides, dissatisfaction with distribution in the region is closely associated with a larger perceived tax burden, with distrust of the ability of States to spend tax revenue w ell (see figure 11.20) and low perceived transparency of the State (see figure 11.21). This judgment likely stems from a subjective assessment of one group or another's deservingness of poverty or wealth, including what the respondent thinks of his or her own situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The highest density of PET scanners is 5.6 per million populationin Denmark, followed by the Netherlands (4.8) and Japan (3.7). Italy, Japan, Korea and the United States have above-average densities for all these devices. In addition, Greece has high densities of diagnostic equipment except for PET scanners, and Switzerland also has a relatively large volume of diagnostic equipment, although data are not available for MRI scanners. On the other hand, the central and eastern European countries (i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia) and Turkey have low densities of diagnostic equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As noted, MDBs also have the option to report on climate finance through the OECD DAC system. While most of them report activity-level data to the CRS, only the World Bank applies the Rio markers to provide details on the climate change focus of its operations As noted above, the World Bank is also expecting to report to DAC once they have implemented their new methodology to assign a specific share of each project or programme supported to climate change. This would allow for all public climate finance flows, bilateral and multilateral, to be stored in one database, would allow for mainstreaming of definitions and classifications, and would avoid double counting between bilateral and multilateral flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A study of FE colleges in the United Kingdom (Basic Skills Agency, 1997) found that there was a stigma attached to poor basic skills, which then became a deterrent to taking up basic skills support. It drew on data from 19 FE colleges on withdrawal, retention, completion and achievement, as well as demographic and student characteristics and basic skills provision within each college. The study follow ed up these students - less than half of them received literacy and numeracy support, while the majority did not get any additional support with basic skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To this end, all national universities and other associated research institutions (including those focusing on electronic engineering, industrial engineering, IT, medicine, law and economics) with an interest in the work of ITU were invited to participate. More specifically, ENACOM is involved in SDGs 1,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13,16 and 17 as it promotes and seeks to ensure healthy, sustainable and secure lifestyles in all social domains, including learning, business, science, environment, agriculture, government, etc., Among other benefits, it enables the government to grant nanocredits and focus subsidies. The E-money system, managed by the Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), is a payment method that allows citizens to make secure and reliable online transactions, using cellphones, without the need for Internet access or a bank account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rigorous environmental impact assessments conducted to international best practice standards need to be undertaken and made available for public scrutiny. Planned new investment in coal-fired power plants of around 6 GW across the region is inconsistent with commitments to meet EU carbon targets agreed by all the SEE economies under the Paris Agreement. Given the lifespan of coal-fired power plants, this raises the real prospect of new coal plants becoming stranded assets if their operation is prematurely curtailed by existing climate policy obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Because the cheapest opportunities are likely to be exploited first (absent other barriers), abatement costs are minimised by the pricing of emissions. This is all the more important at the international level, where there are large differences in marginal abatement costs across countries. The power of pricing to minimise abatement costs has been amply demonstrated in the United States through experience with the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce sulphur dioxide (S02) emissions in the electric-power sector (and hence acid rain) introduced in 1995. It has resulted in almost a halving of these emissions and compliance costs are estimated to have been 30-40% lower than would have been incurred had the command and control regulatory approaches considered by Congress instead been adopted (Stavins, 2005 and 1998, Carlson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The sheer remoteness and poor road and railway connectivity to large urban centres typical of many monotow'ns is a powerful obstacle to economic diversification, especially toward manufacturing activities. Indeed, since transport costs for raw' materials tend to be lower than those for manufactured goods, high transport costs tend to reinforce the specialisation in raw' commodities and constitute yet another barrier that producers of higher-value manufactures must overcome in order to compete (OECD, 2015c). In 10 monotowns, real wage growth has been negative (Figure 1.28).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It seeks to examine how they have performed in the global economic conditions of 2014-15 and to identify trends in their performance. The chapter is split into two parts: the first is thematic and focuses on areas ranging from economic growth to the environment, the second examines these themes in their regional contexts and discusses small states in each of the Commonwealth regions - namely, Africa, Europe, the Caribbean and Americas, the Pacific and Asia. In 2014, the global growth rate was 2.6 per cent, while 2015 saw the growth rate decline to 2.5 per cent (World Bank 2016a). Central to the global economy’s weak performance has been China’s sharper-than-expected slowdown, the largely unforeseen and unprecedented oil price decline, tightening global financial conditions and rising geopolitical tensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2010, there were an average of 3.6 beds across the 27 469 small clinics (HIRA/NHIC, 2011), despite the fact that Korea population is concentrated geographically. The tendency towards having the physical infrastructure for complex services readily available suggests that these facilities may be delivering services of a higher clinical intensity than may be medically appropriate. Clinics and general hospitals provide basic surgery and limited inpatient services, and most major hospitals have large outpatient departments. Over time, these hospitals have benefitted from a prestige factor amongst consumers who often turn to the most qualified medical specialist they can access rather than general practitioners who specialise in managing the range of a patient’s needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, both sides have a lot to gain from resolving the problems. Prague is unlikely to see significant urban renewal as long as greenfield development opportunities are available just outside its boundaiy. However, small municipalities cannot resolve growing transport problems, nor provide the full set of services to their new residents without co-operation from Prague. This ultimately may be a more difficult task because there is a considerably smaller shared interest between the two regions than between Prague and its nearby municipal neighbors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)