albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Macrostability is widely understood to mean simply price stability (as opposed to, for instance, employment stability), based on a policy regime, sometimes referred to as deflationary, which tends to weaken the employment-generating capacities of the economy. If a low rate of inflation is the only objective, this is likely to lead to higher rates of interest. The result is that the rate of unemployment is kept higher than it would otherwise be. There may be a gender bias to this approach to monetary policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The International Council on Clean Transportation reviewed the existing and future energy sources, fuel type and quality, vehicle technology, and infrastructure available in each project city, helping identify the most appropriate clean bus technology from various options. In addition, various tools have also been developed to promote sustainable transport at the individual, city and national government levels (box 11). Hie tool offers cities a method and guidelines to rapidly assess and report on their transport status across 10 indicators (box 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Non-financial incentives are crucial. Encouraging career development, providing opportunities for training, adapting working time and shift work, reducing violence in the workplace, open leadership, study leave, working in a team and support and feedback from supervisors, alongside issues beyond the working environment, such as adequate housing and transport, all potentially reduce migration. Trust, sensitive management and a degree of autonomy are crucial. Annual reviews of salaries, a clear career structure with opportunities for ongoing training, and delegation of responsibilities at least boost the morale of those for whom opportunities of promotion are poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In response, since 2008, CORFO in collaboration with KfW has been providing low-cost funding to commercial banks for financing renewable projects. In its first phase, the programme allocated nearly USD 140 million, mostly to small hydro projects. In 2011, the programme was extended by USD 90 million, and again in 2014, when it received USD 133 million to specifically target solar projects (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper reveals why the issue of transforming the system of lifelong learning towards an ‘inclusive education system at all levels and lifelong learning’ (United Nations, 2006, p. 16), due to national ratifications of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), cuts right to the core of democratic societies and national policy agendas. Following the socio-spatial works by Low (2001, 2008), the example of the German lifelong learning arena serves to illustrate the benefit of spatial theory in the adult education discourse. Empirical findings of a qualitative research design allow insights into how access to a place of learning is interpreted and organised by adult education professionals. It opens up an understanding of who gains access to public adult education institutions and, imperatively, why access is not merely a pedagogical issue, but a negotiation of citizenship and politics and is, thus, of a genuine political nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Emerging evidence suggests that relaxing constraints faced by women farmers is particularly beneficial. The latter suggests the potential for a beneficial demand-side effect (import leakages are reduced). But there is an additional productivity boost derived from targeting women insofar as this improves children’s outcomes in the long run. These effects make such investments more affordable because they have an impact on long-run growth and thus a payback.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Combined with the provision of public services, such as in health and education, these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low cost-to-benefit ratio. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour. An International Assessment (New York, 2010), Goran Holmqvist, "External financing of social protection: opportunities and risks" Development Policy Review, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Alternative basic education (ABE) facilities offer three years with an alternative curriculum as a substitute for the four years that is the regular primary first cycle. The secondary level consists of two cycles of two years each: 9—10 and 11-12. Those who complete ten years of schooling may either enter the second cycle to prepare for higher education, or enter TVET institutions to be trained for productive employment (see Figure 8.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Phase 1 will cost about USD 50 million, part of which will be funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience of the Climate Investment Fund will provide a USD 11 million grant and a USD 10 million concessional loan (HydroWorld, 2015). Hydropower generation in the winter implies accumulating water (and not releasing enough water) in the summer, when the need for irrigation water is the highest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Charity organisations should follow the structural and operational requirements of Regulation (EC) No. They should also follow the national food act 23/2006 and decree of hygiene requirements in food premises 1367/2011. If personnel in charity organisations handles unpacked perishable foodstuffs, they should pass hygiene proficiency test.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Thailand all programmes are designed at the national level and the national level also decides on the target groups for employment policy. Viet Nam has allocated greater powers at the regional level (64 regional offices each serving roughly 1.3 million people), but has no offices at the local/sub-regional level. In Myanmar local offices (77 at township level) have no freedom to input into programme design, manage budgets or define target groups, but performance targets are negotiated locally and the offices have the ability to collaborate with other agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition, teachers are asked about which language they use during their lessons, as well as which language they use when talking with students. For the out-of-school component the urban/rural status information was collected during the sampling process using each country's administrative classification of regions as urban or rural. The questions follow contemporary approaches to disability, which emphasise the extent to which a disability limits people in doing certain activities in a particular environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New Zealand”, www.eeca.govt.nz/resource/irrigation-energvefficiencv-evaluation-pilot-summarv-report. P. Healy and S. Zechiel (2005), BEST Winery Guidebook: Benchmarking and Energy and Water Savings Tool for the Wine Industry, Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-3184. The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. Where are we Going?”,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is worded in such a way as to ensure both that estimates are reliable and that the ethical requirement regarding safety and confidentiality is met. I would now like to ask you some questions about your current and past relationships and how your husband/partner treats (treated) you. If anyone interrupts us I will change the topic of conversation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because they are largely invisible, these forms of child labour are the most difficult to tackle. Domestic workers, most of them girls, are isolated and subject to the whims and arbitrary discipline of their employers, from whom they may suffer abuse. Sexual abuse is frequent but seldom prosecuted. Violence or abuse at home or in the neighbourhood drives many away, as studies have shown in cities as diverse as Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Moscow, Russian Federation.67 Poverty also plays a part.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Individual metering and tariff rates are uniform in the entire service area, and differences in rates depend on the zone. A national water regulator, Ofwat, regulates increases in tariff rates. A key issue concerns the condition of the infrastructure that needs to be rehabilitated to reduce water losses, not only in small towns and rural areas, but in many urban areas in the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It hosts the General Directorate for Environmental Protection (GDEP), which shares responsibility for management of Natura 2000 sites in national forests with the LP. To ensure that this co-operation is mutually beneficial, clarification of rules and responsibilities is urgently needed. The area administered by the LP has steadily increased. It now amounts to more than three-quarters of the total forest area, and the LP is the largest manager of public forest in the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Convention urges States parties to “ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.” Some studies show that children living in informal urban settlements are particularly vulnerable.4 High urban child mortality rates tend to be seen in places where significant concentrations of extreme poverty combine with inadequate services, as in slums. Throughout history, urban life, so concentrated with humanity, has been a catalyst for trade, ideas and opportunities, making cities engines of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Table VIII.l shows the breakdown of types of disaster in the different subregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies by Blaikie and others (1996) and by Cutter, Boruff and Shirley (2003) clearly identify the vulnerability factors that contribute to the occurrence of disasters. These include poverty, urban expansion into areas unsuitable for building, economic dependency on agricultural activities, the scant existence of financial insurance policies covering disasters, and growing environmental degradation. The consequence of this is that developing countries are highly likely to suffer extreme weather events, high temperatures, and the disruption of ecological systems that are bound to generate new risks for life, settlements, public-service infrastructure and production, among other things (Lo Vuolo, 2014, p. 19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the Russian side, insufficiently treated wastewaters discharged from settlements, mainly the village of Wtirtsila (Sortavala municipal district, Karelia) and from the Vartsila metallurgical plant, exert pressure (local, moderate), but the plants use mechanical and biological treatment. The biggest nutrient load originates from agriculture (5.8 tons/year of phosphorus and 98 tons/year of nitrogen), and forestry and peat production combined are almost in the same order (5.0 tons/year of phosphorus and 76.3 tons/year of nitrogen). Low water periods pose problems to fisheries (Janisjarvi Reservoir).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Civil Service Act of 2007 was a significant enactment of reform in the island nation of the Maldives. It was part of the constitutional changes that the nation embarked on starting in 2003, which resulted in a new constitution leading to the country’s first multiparty elections for president and parliament. The initial focus of civil service reform in the Maldives was to change from a personalistic, patronage-driven system of public employment to a meritocratic employment system largely removed from the direct control of the elected government. Reforming the traditional centralized governance modalities was not the focus at that stage. The adopted civil service model was thus a continuation of a tradition of centralized governance through a statutory commission mandated with the overall human resource management of the civil service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The highest owner-occupancy rates are found in Easter European countries, largely as a result of the massive sell-off of the state-owned housing in the 1990s. The social rental housing sector is largest in the Netherlands (31%), Denmark and Austria (22%) while it basically does not exist in Chile, Mexico and Turkey. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Data refer to 2013 for Austria, Denmark Estonia, Finland, Latvia, New Zealand, and the United States: to 2012 for France and the Netherlands, to 2011 for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Turkey: to 2010 for Mexico and 2008 for Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Traditionally, PICs have heavily relied on support from extended family networks and strong community ties. However, those traditional informal safety net mechanisms are becoming inadequate in the face of growing economic and environmental climate changes. As these informal mechanisms become less effective, it is clear that strong formal mechanisms need to be in place. However, at this time, few exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Land for special needs encompasses multiple subcategories, including land of protected areas (chapter 11), land allocated for the purpose of ensuring national defence and land for scientific and technological tests and sites for regular environmental and climate monitoring. The categoiy "Land with forest resources" is broader than the area actually covered by forests, which was 7.85 per cent of the countiy’s territoiy in 2016. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 2.40 per cent between 1987 and 2015, 10 times of that of the rural population (0.24 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Green power is largely displacing existing generation modes of conventional energy. The faster the displacement takes place, the greater the industry’s annual installations and economic impact in terms of jobs and output, but the shorter the window of displacement becomes. After the displacement takes place, there is only replacement, so the industry shrinks unless it can export.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A special focus is placed on the Nordic context and potential of collaboration in developing and using calculators. Our contribution extends the scope from methodological aspects into the user perspectives and impacts of calculators. In addition, one of the calculators has specific versions for Sweden and UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The impacts of change in physical habitat have been considerable in ecological terms. The morphology of the river channel has been altered by straightening and canalizing, in some places becoming eroded and incised. This is ranked as a widespread and severe pressure in the Swiss part of the Rhone, in the main Rhone valley.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
International guidelines on standards are available through the recently established ISO 50001 Energy Management Systems and are also available through ISO 14 000 Environmental Management Systems, which includes suggestions for continuous improvement in energy efficiency. Developed countries with energy management system standards include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Regional standards have also been established, such as the European Energy Management Standard (EN 16001), introduced in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In order to overcome silos and diverging interests, a range of co-ordination mechanisms can be employed at the urban level to enhance policy complementarities. Building on this, cities should foster stakeholder engagement in order to create consensus and ensure the accountability of city managers and service providers to end users and citizens. Stakeholder engagement can help build trust and ownership, secure the willingness to pay for water services, raise awareness on current and future water challenges, manage conflicts on water allocation and set convergent objectives across policy areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This assumption is likely to be excessively restrictive for the purpose of this exercise as it implies an exceedingly small probability of observing shocks of the magnitude experienced in 2008 and 2009. Formal statistical tests of the residuals of the estimated statistical models fitting the output gap indeed reject for most countries the null hypothesis of normally distributed residuals. Plotting the kernel distribution densities of the shocks it is possible to show that for many countries they are indeed highly asymmetric, have fat tails as extreme outcomes (i.e. often large negative ones) are more frequent than what the normal distribution predicts. The null hypothesis that the residuals are independently distributed - that is, the value of a shock does not depend on the value of past shocks - is not rejected, lending support to the statistical model used to fit output gaps. Instead of generating random numbers assuming a normal distribution, bootstrap techniques involve re-sampling shocks from their actual distribution - that is the distribution of the statistical model’s residuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The aim of this paper is to discuss the present Human Rights in the civilizing process and detect to what extent this practice was being undermined at work, characterized by quantophrenia and disqualification of those who resist or do not reach inhuman productivity goals. We believe the universalization of Human Rights while a clear sign of civilizing process and condition for democracy and ethics based on tolerance and dialogical practice. However, if we analyze the relations between human rights, ethics and work in the organizations, publics and educational includes, and your influence in the subjectivity, we point that barbarism pertains to the civilizing process which, paradoxically, produces situations of workplace bullying and morbid forms of solidarity, based on humiliation and stigmatization.  Keywords: Human Rights. Bullying. Work. Ssubjectivity. Managerialism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In general, such instruments are able to achieve a given environmental objective at a lower total economic cost than regulatory approaches (e.g. standards). This is because economic instruments allow the polluter/resource user to respond to the price signal of the instrument in accordance with their control (e.g. abatement) costs. This is particularly important if polluters face different marginal control costs (which economic instruments tend to equalise).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Agency deducts 10 per cent of all such income for remittance to the State budget. A procedure of calculation and payment of the said deductions for the State budget is set forth by the Ministiy of Finance, the Chief State Tax Service and the Agency. Its responsibility includes the monitoring and inspection of energy sector activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The value of water and adjacent land, in environmental terms is recognised, for example in the Parc Naturel Regional de Brieres, which is dedicated to the promotion of natural species and landscapes. Water is a key part of the local quality of life that makes the region attractive to migrants whether they come to work or to retire. More recently, water availability' has been associated with tourism activity as well, and Nantes Saint-Nazaire has become an attractive place for short and medium stays and leisure. First, the rivers are constant obstacles to the circulation of goods and the mobility of people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To assess the safety of a wider range of sources, a growing number of household surveys are beginning to integrate direct testing of drinking water quality.98 It is important that these surveys go beyond water quality assessments and include questions to assess the collection burden for households without water on premises. Yet, 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity and more than 3 billion rely on combustible fuels such as coal, kerosene and biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung) as their primary source for cooking, lighting and other household energy needs. They risk being subject to violence on the way and face long-term health problems related to the impact of indoor air pollution and the heavy load on their bodies. Households in Northern Africa and Western Asia generally show the lowest reliance on solid fuels, at 12.4 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the mid-2000s, policy in Germany has moved to promote a more gender-equal sharing of time for child care and work, and in this sense it is ahead of most OECD countries, except perhaps the Nordic countries. There are a range of publicly-supported initiatives involving different stakeholders in the private sector, which include initiatives towards greater sharing of best practices amongst stakeholders and audits of family-friendly companies. Most recently, in 2015 various stakeholders (including employer associations and unions) signed a memorandum on the “New Reconciliation” of work and family life (“Die Neue Vereinbarkeit”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, several countries do highlight the broader importance of promoting such a role for the private sector, for example through encouragement of public-private partnerships. Only few countries (13%) further specify private sector activities or the amount of private sector investment to be leveraged. Using numbers from (l)NDCs as proxies for individual or aggregated support needs is therefore impractical and not covered in this section. Rather than serving as a basis for calculating costs per country or sector, this section provides a general overview of the type of financial information included in (l)NDCs, key issues in their analysis, as well as a broader direction of travel for the mobilization of international support for successful (l)NDC implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Purely theoretical or conceptual models, e.g. ISIS (Grossmann, Magaard and von Storch, 2003), NeDym (Hallegatte, Hourcade and Dumas, 2007) and the unnamed partial equilibrium model presented in Lecocq and Shalizi (2007a), are not included. The model must have been in active development since the review by Tol and Fankhauser (1998). Inactive models (e.g. CONNECTICUT, SLICE, CETA, CSERGE, MARIA, PEF, PGCAM, DIAM, AS/ExM, FARM, TARGETS, HCRA, PGCAM) are not included to avoid duplication with Tol and Fankhauser (ibid.). In addition, variants of existing models are only included if the representation of impacts and/or adaptation differs from the earlier model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Penang in Malaysia and the city-state of Singapore ought to be considered emblematic of the UK’s colonial legacy of planned immigration for economic reasons, involving Southern and Southeast Asia. After independence, he notes, a compromise between different ethnocultural components was achieved by discarding the European-like political model of national state and adopting a model in which both the autochthonous population and the immigrants are regarded as members of a consociation characterized by power sharing and by a differentiated citizenship. Giordano’s ethnography shows that in a situation marked by highly conspicuous ethnocultural differences, power sharing and a policy of unity in separation stemming from the political principle of differentiated citizenship have generated forms of social cohesion characterized by constant tensions and, at times, open conflict, but also by social practices of respect towards cultural diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)