albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper examines developments in international law since September 11. It reveals that Bill C-36 may be but one facet of a larger pattern of emergency-driven lawmaking with uncertain consequences. On the one hand, there appears to be a further retreat of the Security Council from its powers - and responsibilities - in the context of the Charter's collective security regime. On the other hand, we may be witnessing a significant expansion in the scope of states' right to resort to forcible self-defence, resulting from a considerable broadening of the previously narrow agency rules with respect to armed attacks. This latter trend flows from the casting, apparently uncontradicted or even endorsed by other states, of the military actions in Afghanistan as self-defence directed at "terrorists and those who harboured them".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They find that over the short-run, higher unemployment is associated with lower overall mortality, but high unemployment over longer periods of time is associated with higher mortality. Data from the state of Pennsylvania reveals that the impact of a job loss on mortality rates persist for 20 years after the event with an estimated loss in life expectancy of 1.0—1.5 years for a worker displaced at age forty (Sullivan and Von Wachter. On the one hand, economic recessions can lead to higher health care needs, particularly in areas such as mental health which may, in turn, lead to higher health care utilisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopiss.com.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policy costs and benefits related to the provision of social security, social welfare and other public services are also considered. Two kinds of local government, neither seeing any expected loss in local welfare, have changed their negative attitude towards migration: fast-growing cities that have significantly benefited from the ample supply of migrant workers, and local governments whose local budget is so reduced and whose provision of public services is so limited that they are not affected by the inclusion of migrants. For example, Knight and Song (1999) depicted a distorted rural-urban relationship, which is characterised by large income gaps conditioned by an unlimited supply of labour. Yang and Cai (2003) examined the changes in institutions influencing labour mobility and the impact on the rural-urban income gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Rapid population growth over the past 20 years in combination with low en-ergy prices has increased the demand for energy. Construction of a number of new dams, mainly for hydropower but also to store water for irrigation, was initiated in the late 2000s. However, hydropower generation has placed pressure on water resources and dam infrastructure disrupts water flow, with consequences for other uses and ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, losses are a factor of the severity and frequency of hazards, as well as a factor of the reduction in vulnerability- some indicators could show a decrease in losses because an extreme weather event (e.g. storm) has not hit a country that particular year, for instance. A reduction in losses could also be due to the implementation of disaster risk reduction or adaptation policies, or of a ‘near-miss’, namely an extreme weather event narrowly missing a country’s vulnerability hotspots. Furthermore, as the definition given in the Sendai Framework of disasters20 encompasses both man-made and natural events, the first set of indicators relating to the outcomes of disaster risk reduction could only relate to climate change adaptation provided they are disaggregated by disaster type to focus on climate-related natural disasters21 (Table 4). A second set of indicators relating to the enabling environment for and the implementation of disaster risk reduction policies broadly support climate adaption objectives, although they relate to more specifically to current vulnerability (Table 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Dendi, the "market days" are Tuesday in Gaya, from Friday to Sunday in Malanville and Sunday in Kamba. The cycle of these markets, product of negotiations between traditional and administrative authorities, supports the interaction between producers, intermediaries and consumers. The market rotation, however, requires infrastructure that can accommodate large crowds over short periods of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Progress with social protection is ascertained by means of data from censuses, household surveys, specialized surveys and administrative records, and this must be coordinated on the basis of each country's conceptual framework and policy components. While partial data is available in most countries, it needs to be further systematized and coordinated with management indicators. Chief among the various methodology-development initiatives are the cost-impact analysis developed by ECLAC for selecting the option that maximizes the impact at the lowest possible cost (Cohen and Franco, 2006b, 2005, Cohen and Martinez, 2004) and the performance-based management models tailored to social programmes promoted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank and international cooperation agencies. First, it is unclear how the results are incorporated as information for decision-making and for implementing modifications to programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The level of gas supply is however soon expected to be insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. A proposed gas pipeline from the North Slope, with a spur to South-Central, should be completed by 2013. This will improve the situation. The suppliers are The Thomas Bay and Swan Lake-Tyee hydropower plants which are able to provide energy for the Southeast region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The editors would therefore like to acknowledge the review work kindly contributed by Sharon Lynn Kagan, Nirmala Rao and Susanne Viernickel. Additional review was provided by Technical Advisory Group member Paul Leseman. Ralph Carstens provided important inputs and recommendations from the perspective of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), the TALIS Starting Strong Survey’s sibling project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Activities are implemented by communities or through private subcontractors. Thus, it is important to both encourage new leadership and allow opportunities for traditional leaders to be involved. The DAC Paper Service Delivery in Fragile Situations (OECD, 2008c) gives comprehensive guidance on key approaches to service delivery in fragile states. Community participation in managing services can improve wider participation in decision making about the management of public resources, meet local needs, strengthen civil society and improve state-society relations (Box 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The construction of a visitor centre is in progress and there are small structures for hikers who come to walk across the famous north-to-south limestone ridge. These are publicly available on the MoEF website. In addition, there are a number of national laws in Romania related to the management of biological diversity that have been put in place since 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is the case in Azerbaijan (90%), the Kyrgyz Republic (87%), Armenia (83%), New Zealand (82%), Myanmar (81%), Korea (76%) and Australia (72%). As in most OECD countries, health and the humanities are the other most popular degrees women obtain in the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.3). Women, on the other hand, are underrepresented among students and graduates of degrees in the so-called STEM fields of study - science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Innovation can benefit from a concentration of individuals with STEM skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The immediate emphasis is on diversifying sources of energy supply with an emphasis on renewable sources. Lower energy costs will facilitate the expansion of small businesses and microenterprises in particular, and reduce the utility costs of households. Increased employment and reduced household costs will benefit poor households, and are therefore consistent with the government’s anti-poverty strategy. Protection of the environment from greenhouse gas emissions is aligned to the economic imperative of international competitiveness, and to a lesser extent the alleviation of poverty. Early indications are that the emergent strategic perspective of the GoJ is to use a mix of sources and that coal is likely to be cheaper than liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the face of rising global demand for LNG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While the chapter is split into subsections depending on the type of policy instrument, in reality a policy mix is required for effective outcomes. For example, information instruments are required for determining the maximum nutrient load a catchment can sustain before certain water quality indicators are breached, stakeholder engagement is necessary to determine the acceptable risks and desired water outcomes at the local level, regulatory nutrient pollution allowances are required for diffuse pollution before markets can be established to achieve economic efficiency, and compensations may be required to improve equity outcomes and stakeholder agreement. This system, implemented by the Water Agencies, involves stakeholders at basin level working together in Basin Committees to determine the size of charges to levy within statutory national limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The years considered are 2010 for Mexico, 2009 for Brazil and Chile, and 2008 for South Africa. The conditionality attached to them implies that in addition to directly tackling poverty, they are also intended to improve school attendance and the health status of mothers and children. This particular feature, common in all emerging economies, is justified by the high incidence of in-work poverty (largely in the informal sector).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The delegation used sport as a tool to unite and engage with the community. In partnership with the One World Play Project and Chevrolet, it donated over 11,000 footballs and hosted a friendly youth football match and other organized sporting activities. During the trip, the delegation met with representatives of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and with the Malawian Ministries of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, Health, Youth and Sports Development, and Agriculture, Irrigation and Water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the introduction of 3G networks increased speeds nearly ten times from earlier technologies, allowing much faster to the internet and made video streaming possible. Only eight years later, in December 2009, the first LTE network (commonly referred to as 4G) was launched in Sweden and Oslo, with a ten-fold increase in speeds over 3G networks. By 2016, both 3G and LTE networks had been deployed in most countries, and more than 80% of the world's population had access to 3G networks and two-thirds had access to LTE networks. ( Mobile (left) and fixed (right) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhab.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Typically, some farmers adopt it quickly, while others wait for extension or the results of their neighbours to convince them to do so. They are crucial to facilitating the dissemination of new technologies and their learning and adoption by farmers. They provide a link between the generation of innovations by national and international research institutions and their mastery and adoption by producers at the farm level. They have been introduced on less than one third of the area planted with cereal grains in the developing world (Zepeda, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other Russian regions have introduced a separate investment fund for renovating the electricity network. This might also be a possibility for the Agglomeration to tackle the challenge of lacking funds. However, it will not help in addressing the fundamental shortcomings of the system. Streamlining the system and creating incentives for private investments should be complementary measures. For this, it would be necessary to simplify ownership structures, ensure transparency in the distribution system, clearly attribute responsibilities for maintenance, and create a level playing field for private investors beyond concessions. Since 1991, there has been a strong focus on developing road infrastructure, this period has also witnessed the break-up and partial privatisation of the previously monolithic public transport system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is open to all Israeli registered firms wishing to engage in technology research and development. Proposals are evaluated by experts and approved by the Research Committee. With a few exceptions, the recipients of funds under this framework are obliged to pay royalties to the Tnufa fund if their project succeeds. The form of support is a grant that can reach anywhere between 20% to 50% of the total cost of the R&D project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There has been much debate about the contribution of 'design thinking' to the fields of public policy and governance. This article makes an empirical contribution to this debate by examining the Organised Crime Field Lab - an environment for experimenting with, learning about and innovating in collaborative governance. The study involved working with 18 different multi-agency collaborations involving over 160 professionals as they developed novel approaches to fighting organised crime. Combining quasi-experimental and action research methods, our analysis offers valuable insights into how an environment can be designed that creates the conditions to support collaborations in overcoming the most common challenges in their design process. In particular, we find that a specially designed environment including a structured but flexible problem-solving space, an inclusive facilitative process and a custom-made accountability structure can support collaborative design processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Pacific, under the EDULINK project, three universities have done some analysis of their programming in relation to ESD. As quality assurance in higher education receives increasing attention, it will be worthwhile to mainstream ESD-related criteria into all such appraisal and monitoring activities, not just those explicitly focusing on ESD. The findings of the MESCA audit have been cogently analysed, and the logical next step is to use this information for planning purposes, in order to build on areas of strength and address areas of relative weakness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Programmes aimed at supporting laggards need to integrate from the beginning capacity building and other activities to tackle unfavourable conditions limiting the innovativeness of firms and/or regions. These adjustments, however, should not lead to a lowering of selection criteria that end up not supporting innovation (e.g. by funding ultimately non-innovation activities). Such investments are crucial to enhance the innovation capacities of all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic background and geographical location, and therefore to ensure more inclusive societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given that these cohorts are outside of the labour market, this is an indication of the increasing support that these older groups are receiving through the state old age pension. Given this clear evidence of the impact of government support and the fact that the government has rolled out a huge child support grant programme in the post 2000 period (see Chapter 3 for details), it is disappointing to see that the incidence of child poverty remained high and declined only marginally over time. Within the working age population, poverty incidence in the 21-30 cohort is significantly higher than in the 31-59 cohort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Our contemporary notions of social injustice can almost invariably be traced back to the period of the European Enlightenment. Most contemporary moral and political theories are children of the Enlightenment, certainly Liberalism (in all its guises, including Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Egalitarianism), Socialism, Marxism, and Feminism. And all these theories are stimulated by a sense of social injustice, whether it is the violation of individual rights, subjugation, exploitation, or sexual oppression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This slowdown in rates of economic growth has also been accompanied by a slowdown in rates of productivity growth. Indeed, almost a fifth of the economic slowdown can be attributed to the deceleration in total factor productivity growth that took place during the period 2008-2013. Indeed, the region’s experience over recent years has shown that, while economic growth is not sufficient for development to be sustainable, it is clearly a necessary component for that to take place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Habitats Directive calls for the establishment of special areas of conservation for habitats or species. The protected areas defined by these directives are legally binding and restrict or forbid certain human activities. Member states must put measures into place to achieve the conservation goals for each site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Classes of known mineral energy deposits include commercially recoverable deposits, potential commercially recoverable deposits, and non-commercial and other known deposits. Extraction of non-renewable energy resources reflects the quantity of the resource physically removed from the deposit during a period of time (usually one year). The difference between the opening and closing stocks of energy resources for a particular year result largely from extraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In standard classification, migration to the Gulf is considered as a South-South type of movement. Critiques to approaches such as the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) have shown how unequal gendered power relations in both the migration process and the broader migrant networks have been overlooked.8Thelackofgenderanalysisinthetransna-tional migration literature has also been highlighted,9 even though attention to gender dynamics in transnationalism has progressively increased,’® pointing at the complex interplay of gender, class and normative constraints in shaping women’s social personhood in a transnational field." Arango 2000, de Haas 2010, Lindley 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article offers an historical perspective on the process by which British Hindus have sought to become a 'faith community' in response to local civic pressures and the intensification of government rhetoric on harnessing the capacity of religious bodies in support of public policy, and also as an expression of Hindu nationalist and ecumenical interests. I review my earlier analysis of Hindus in Leeds, noting the four processes of institutionalisation, retraditionalisation, standardisation, and the production of community, and, through Hindu ephemera, consider these same processes for Hindus elsewhere in Britain in the period 1980 to 2006 in the context of the rise of identity politics and the return of religion to public prominence. Although these processes remain relevant, others have emerged, notably the public representation of 'Hinduism,' and the impact of a diasporic politics of Hindutva.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With an output subsidy covering more than two-thirds of fertiliser costs, fertiliser support is particularly relevant for Indonesian agriculture. In the case of India, a fertiliser producer support (output subsidy) equivalent was calculated, representing about 56% for nitrogen and 60% for phosphorus and potassium. For Russian crop sectors around one-fourth of total fertiliser costs are covered by governmental intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the villages, the mobility of women and their access to markets is very limited" because social norms encourage women to stay close to home (Interview 17, 2018). Evidence supports the view that urban consumers in Africa are willing to patronise domestic rice markets depending on improved quality including product marketing and packaging (Demont and Ndour, 2014). Whereas the 1990s saw the public sector disengage from rice-growing sectors, the region is now witnessing a massive return of state-intervention to all stages of the value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Alternative scenario II uses the minimum threshold growth rate and the decarbonization rate of the economy needed to meet the emissions reduction target Alternative scenario III uses the historical GDP growth rate: and the decarbonization rate is adjusted to achieve the regional mitigation target of 30% with respect to the constant scenario in which everything would remain unchanged. Decarbonizing the economy requires electricity to be produced from renewable sources and a shift towards fossil-fuel-free electric mobility. The challenge is to reconcile economic growth with changes in the pattern of energy production and consumption in order to decouple emissions from GDP growth. This can be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energy sources in areas such as transport, and enhancing efficiency in the production structure and in the functioning of cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most countries use a mix of policy instruments, including carbon pricing (carbon taxes, cap-and-trade emissions trading, fossil fuel subsidy reform), other energy efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation policies to foster clean technology. The chapter then looks at what further action is needed by comparing different mitigation scenarios against the Baseline. These include various scenarios to stabilise GHG concentrations at 450 ppm and 550 ppm using different technology options, e.g. carbon capture and storage, phasing out nuclear power, and increasing the use of biofuels, linking carbon markets, and various emissions permit allocation rules. The chapter concludes by outlining how limiting global warming will require transformative policies to reconcile short-term action with long-term climate objectives, balancing their costs and benefits. Timely adaptation policies to limit damage by the already changing climate will also be essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)