albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Without other forms of government support, it is unlikely that clean technology markets will develop, thus, Governments still need to subsidize green technologies. Hence the question remains, how does the government choose which technologies or sectors are to be subsidized? First, the government should commit to sustainably oriented investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Box 2.7 highlights actions reported by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire and Myanmar in the monitoring exercise. The framework law entrusted regulation to the Post and Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of Congo. In 2009, the DRC adopted a sectoral policy: the Development of the Telecommunications and ICT Sector Strategy in the DRC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It states clearly that a good land tenure system must guarantee security of tenure and must correct provisions which constitute discrimination against women. Namibia’s Communal Land Reform Act of 2002 gives surviving spouses who reside in rural areas the right to remain on land allocated to their deceased spouses. This right is not affected by remarriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The articles in this roundtable document the endurance and bravery of lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) Africans as they respond to a rising, public tide of homophobia across the continent. The authors present case studies from South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, and Zambia, focusing respectively on literature, theology, public health, and constitutional law. Together, they also highlight four general features of contemporary life for LGBTIQ Africans. First, homophobia in Africa is a result of both African and international dynamics, including attempts at Christian and Muslim proselytization. Second, LGBTIQ identities and human rights approaches to LGBTIQ liberation compete and coexist with local notions of gendered and sexual identities and their affirmation. Third, homophobia is congruent with the broader dynamics of sexism and nationalism across Africa. Finally, LGBTIQ Africans and their allies have made great strides in improving
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because they are at the forefront of climate risk, SIDS may be in a special position to ensure that trade law does not present an undue barrier to robust climate policy, and that likewise climate policy does not exacerbate the SIDS trade vulnerabilities. B. (February 25.2016). V. (February 26.2016). No other dimensions of India's policy targets, polution regulations or other policy approaches were at issue, and one might argue that sourcing requirements have relatively little to do with the scale of India's mitigation targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For Sweden, the lower age cut-off is 25 instead of 15. In particular, looking at inequality before and after accounting for taxes and benefits does not allow separating the effects of policy initiatives on the one hand, and changes in market-income inequality {e.g., because of changing employment patterns) on the other. This section attempts to shed more light on the role of specific policy changes. Out-of-work benefits provide support to people who may otherwise have very low incomes or no income at all. Unemployment benefits, but also other out-of-work programmes (notably disability benefits which now account for a larger share of social spending, but are less important for younger and prime-age workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Koreans are now on the path toward an advanced democracy with good qualities in terms of the rule of law, political freedom and civil liberties, electoral and interinstitutional accountability, responsiveness of representatives, human security, effective administration, transparency and control of corruption, active political participation of citizens, and equality. Recently, however, many have spoken of a retreat of democracy in South Korea. They identify this retreat in the area of political freedom and civil liberties, especially freedom of speech and freedom of expression, which have been seriously transgressed by the two consecutive conservative governments of Lee Myung Bak and Park Geun Hye. With regard to those two basic freedoms, South Korea under the Lee and Park governments was classified as a “partly free” country by Freedom House and Reporters without Borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract Since 2001 many countries have adopted anti-terrorism laws that limit civil liberties and expand law enforcement powers in the name of national security. Counter-terrorism legislation is promoted through several international channels, most notably the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee, but the USA is clearly seen as the driving force. This article examines the politics surrounding the recent development and implementation of anti-terrorism laws in the Third World and the implications for ongoing processes of democratisation. In some countries the adoption of anti-terrorism laws has provided leaders with the tools they need to silence critics and punish political opponents. In others the introduction of such bills has actually encouraged debate and fostered civil society activism, much of it anti-American in tone. In either setting the Bush administration's twin foreign policy goals of strengthening international security and promoting democracy may be creating more cynics than friends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The subsidy is paid for young plants sold to fruit growers, with the selling price subjected to limits. Another component of the programme related to the fruit sector is the compensation of costs to establish and maintain mother stock plantations of perennial fruits and grapes. The specialised growers of mother stock receive compensation of their production costs based on estimated costs per hectare - in this case 100% of these costs are compensated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Individual micro data is used to analyze the statistical properties of the farming environment (risk exposure) that can hinder or facilitate the management of risk at the farm level. It is found that the individual risk environment can significantly differ from sectoral or aggregate risk, and that farmers can benefit from some correlations to manage their risk (e.g. imperfect correlation between yields and negative correlation between price and yield). A microeconomic model is then used to simulate farmer response to different risk related policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some cases, they need to be updated by the time they are approved. National and local examining authorities assess the general plan only in terms of its compliance with the technical norms, rather than with local needs. Once the urban design project is approved, it can be used to supervise urban development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By 2010, contributors had pledged $6.4 billion in new funds. One component, the Clean Technology Fund finances the scaling up of demonstration, deployment and transfer of clean technologies and focuses on countries with significant mitigation potential. The first round of investment plans encompasses 13 countries, energy efficiency projects, bus rapid transit, concentrating solar power, and wind power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Health issues can act as an obstacle to education and result in poor physical and/or educational achievements, adding to the challenges faced by children and their families. Promoting universal access to health care and public health policies that benefit poor children can ensure that children’s basic needs in nutrition, medical supervision and health care are met although they live in a low income family (OECD, 2009(6ii). Such a provision is especially important for the poorest segments of children are most at risk of experiencing deprivation in nutrition (Thevenon, Clarke and de Franclieu, 2018(is]) and because poorer families are more likely to alter food purchases during difficult times. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, women migrants were less inclined to break migration laws (or to have revealed doing so in the survey). Of die 11 options concerning the breaking of migration laws during the two years preceding the survey, there are statistically significant differences between men and women in 6 of diem, and in all cases figures for females were smaller than for males. On the contrary, more females than males selected the option "none of this happened to me in the last two years" (table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper addresses the contemporary creativity ethos through the lens of citizenship. The paper builds upon governmentality scholarship to examine how creativity and cultural participation are being recast as moral duties of active citizenship. It notes the development of governmental projects that seek to optimize the creative capacities of individuals toward a variety of ends. The paper develops these observations through an examination of cultural planning practices in Toronto. It notes how the city's cultural policies are viewed in increasingly therapeutic terms as technologies of creative citizenship. Emphasis is placed on the proliferation of participatory arts festivals and arts-based community development projects that enlist urban denizens into creative citizenship practices. The paper then explores a paradox at the centre of this emergent regime of creative citizenship. It describes how the creative citizen is construed in cultural planning practice as a heroic agent of innovation and civic re...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By increasing the disposable income of receiving households, remittances are expected to make a significant contribution to the reduction of poverty and the promotion of economic growth. The migrant-sending countries of North and Central Asia, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, are among the top remittance recipients in the subregion. In 2016, remittances received by Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan accounted for 34.5 per cent and 26.9 per cent respectively of the countries' GDP, placing them among the top remittance recipients in the world (World Bank, 2017b). Even with such impressive inflows, however, the development potential of remittances in North and Central Asian countries remains not fully realized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It should be noted that one case of victimization can include several acts and that, in the case of repeated victimizations, one severe incident raises the overall severity of all victimizations. However, when the frequency of violence is high, as is often the case with partner violence, the woman is unlikely to be able to recall the actual number of incidents precisely. In such cases, frequency can be classified into different groups of intensity. By way of example, three different approaches to collecting detailed information on the frequency of violent acts are shown below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to political theorist T. H. Marshall, the right to work is an essential civil right.1 For women, however, exercising this right depends on acquisition of more rights. These include other civil rights, such as equal pay and freedom from discrimination, as well as the rights of social citizenship, such as child care and maternity leave. Such services or benefits neutralize the cultural assignment to women of child bearing and rearing, thus allowing them to participate in the labour force on an equal footing with men. Insofar as women’s struggle for equality in the workplace entails articulating their differences from men — establishing their rights as workers who are also, often, mothers — women become embroiled in the discursive paradox of sameness/difference.2 This formulation implicitly casts them as subordinate at the very moment it invokes their responsibilities to home and family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, the average traffic speed through the Namsan Tunnel increased by 115%. This type of congestion charge could be expanded to other areas of Seoul and to other cities (OECD, 2012b). Several attempts have been made to increase charging fees and expand to other congested major arterial roads, such as urban expressways, but these failed owing to public opposition and concerns over stagnation of the local economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In terms of numbers, the increase in global population to 2020 is equivalent to the current population of Sub-Saharan Africa. What is striking is that the vast majority of this population growth (86%) is set to take place in large urban centres and mega cities in developing countries (Figure 2.3). Such a shift in location carries with it a change in the composition of the food basket to more processed, convenience and higher value-added products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Land degradation has adverse effects on soil and water resources, causes decline in land productivity and eventually impairs the development and well-being of local communities. However, there is still no systematic assessment on these negative externalities of land degradation in Mongolia. These targets represent the country’s national commitments under Target 15.3 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Government and international development agencies began to address the country's dwindling water supply only once it became a nationally recognized issue (box 6). However, by the time of their intervention in the 2000s, the agricultural lobby and tribal leaders had become powerful and resistant to demands for reform. Available from www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontrollerItype]=country_files (accessed 2 April 2015). Note: A tick (✓) denotes a majority and a star (-&) denotes a minority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration policies should seek to minimize the potential negative impacts of migration on countries of origin, including loss of human capital and separation of families, and to maximize the potential benefits by reducing the transfer costs of remittances, promoting the recognition of skills and credentials, ensuring the portability of earned benefits and supporting the engagement of diaspora groups and communities in their countries of origin. The development of standardized definitions and categories for the delimitation of cities and urban agglomerations is needed to facilitate the effective review and evaluation of progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and targets related to sustainable urbanization. Where necessary, standardized concepts and definitions should be developed on topics such as internal and international migration, short-term mobility, and circular and return migration. Concerted efforts are required to accelerate the development of methodologies to measure migration-related indicators of sustainable development and to generate data on key development targets that are disaggregated by migratory status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The TSP provided technical assistance to BSN in order to improve the institutional and human capacities of this relatively new agency, including steps to improve the computer hardware, software, network and internet facility, as well as to update the website of BSN's standards information system. In order to help Indonesia harmonise its standards with those of the European Union and other international bodies (such as ISO), the TSP organised several train-the-trainers programmes and study visits to Europe in association with the German National Standards body (DIN). Finally, the TSP provided assistance to SMEs in the standards area, including in the form of a dedicated guide on standards (European Union, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This need to better align policies across domains of public action was recently highlighted in an OECD report — Aligning Policies for a Low-carbon Economy — that identifies instances in which policy misalignments can hinder the effectiveness of low-carbon policies (OECD, 2015a). Because they reduce the effective price of carbon, fossil-fuel subsidies make it more difficult to operate the necessaiy shift toward low-carbon energy sources. In that sense, they belong to the broader set of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS), which have already been the object of several studies in the OECD context (e.g. OECD, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The academic field of administrative law deals above all with the legal framework currently underlying today’s public administration. And yet its literature also touches on history, be it that of public administration or administrative law. This article takes a metahistorical approach, investigating the motives behind the field’s interest in history and the narrative traditions it follows. Finally, it seeks to answer the question of why scholars of law should play a part in writing administrative history.     About the Author   Benjamin Schindler, Dr. iur. (Zurich), MJur (Oxford) is Professor of Public Law at the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland). His main interests include administrative and constitutional law from a comparative and historical perspective. In 2012 he was appointed deputy judge of the Constitutional Court of Liechtenstein.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The methodology for the assessment relied on desk research reviewing OECD publications, research papers, and national and subnational smart city strategies obtained through government websites. At the national level, the assessment considered not only explicit or dedicated national smart city strategies but also national development plans and strategies, since in many countries elements of smart city strategies are incorporated into the broader framework of these plans and strategies. It found that all of the countries studied have included an element of smart city development in their national development plans and strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Currently, the first of six lines is being assembled. Once the cooperation of Chisinau waste collecting companies is secured, it is expected that the amount of waste for disposal will decrease by 50 to 60 per cent. However, there does not seem to be a contract or clear cooperation between the city authorities and this private company, thus, the success of the project is at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The total value of trade facilitation funding has increased considerably in recent years. Funding by the World Bank has risen five-fold in the last seven years and trade facilitation projects make up around half of all trade-related development assistance. Their results suggest that a 1 per cent increase in Aid for Trade facilitation is associated with about US$290 million of additional exports from the recipient countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Barriers to imports reduce engagement in GVCs along with the domestic returns from agro-food exports. On the other hand, non-tariff measures based on more transparent and science-based arrangements can increase the domestic value added generated by exports (Greenville et al., Environmental policy plays an important role in agriculture, which is a major user of natural capital - e.g. land, soil, water, biodiversity - and can degrade the natural resources it depends on through inappropriate practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The phenomenon of son preference in India and the declining number of girls due to such a mindset has been an area of concern. While the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act and the Beti Bachao and Beti Padhao scheme have been the mainstay of the government's initiative to counter this reproductive injustice, recognizing son preference and crime against women as public health concern opens up a new vista to counter this injustice. This study has identified that the public health system needs to engage with the following aspects to counter the problem: counseling services to women and men around fertility choices, access/availability to contraceptive choices, engaging men and boys in developing a response against violence, gender-sensitive training and capacity building, access to sexual and reproductive rights awareness amongst girls, women, boys, and men, and health insurance for senior citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unlike most Asian economies (especially China), which have benefited from this global dispersion of production, African economies have reaped these benefits far less. The World Trade Organization estimated that a quarter ($5 trillion out of $19 trillion) of global trade in 2010 involved double-counting, that is, the value of intermediate products traded directly across national borders and indirectly, through subsequent incorporation in final products (UNCTAD, 2013, UNECA, 2014). As Chang (2015) notes, this flow of resources and revenue within GVCs represents a huge concentration of profits and power within the large multinational firms that can accrue technological dominance, brand recognition and access to low-cost capital because of the large scale at which they operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even seemingly neutral law's and regulations can be discriminatory in nature, as they may affect men and women differently, intentionally or otherwise. For example, a workplace regulation that permits parents to take leave to care for a sick child may apply equally to both genders, but is more likely to apply to women as primary caregivers. Regulations also can impede the ability of w'omen to become fuller participants in society by making it more difficult for them to find employment, gain an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, ensure their human rights, etc. ( Services are not gender-neutral, the way they are developed and delivered can have a differential impact on women and on men. Gender mainstreaming seeks to ensure that institutions, policies and services respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men, and distribute benefits equitably between women and men. Are the aims of the policy the same for women and men, girls and boys?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Kiribati, Nauru and PNG are not expected to achieve this target, with an increasing trend in TB incidence, and work also remaining to eliminate NTDs - Kiribati (filariasis, trachoma, leprosy), Nauru (trachoma), PNG (filariasis, trachoma, leprosy, yaws, soil-transmitted helminthiases and foodborne trematodiases) (WHO, 2013). On the other hand, Samoa and Tonga’s alcohol per capita consumption is expected to increase significantly, making it difficult for these countries to achieve this target. It should also be noted that while there are no Tier 1 indicators at present to make an assessment on Target 3.4 on reducing NCDs, the outlook on NCDs is expected to be grim if efforts are not scaled up (see Chapter 6). The IAEG-SDGs proposed 11 indicators to monitor this goal, of which three were Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1). The only relevant indicator relevant for assessment relates to quality early childhood development but there are only sparse data available for some of the countries (Table 2.4). Given these limitations, an overall assessment for Commonwealth Pacific small states on Goal 4 is not possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)