albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Korea has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations and rising chronic diseases. This is already a major challenge to the health system, as illustrated by high levels of potentially avoidable hospital admissions for key chronic diseases and increasing expenditure on chronic disease-related care. At the same time, the absence of functional gate-keeping and the large number of clinics seeking to provide more “acute ” services often leads to patients missing out on less technology intensive but highly cost effective patient counselling to prevent and manage their health condition. To improve the quality of care in the Korean health system, policy makers should support the growth of effective primary care services in communities. Not only will this require more primary care practices and better remuneration for family medicine, but it will also require the development of a regional architecture so that insurance can target funding to areas of need. Collecting better information and bolstering the workforce of primary care professionals are two fundamental reforms that will be needed to help develop better primary health care in Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The threat of Cold War urban abandonment and apocalyptic ‘worst-case scenarios’ linked to nuclear annihilation provided an overarching rhetoric for post-war emergency planning in many advanced nations. The cities and nations-state of the modern period came under threat from successive crises (of empire, of finance, of social order) and ways had to be found to enable cities to survive in the face of disaster. However, such an ideologically driven rhetoric could not provide for the everyday management of cities. In this context, it was not just the threat of natural disaster but increasingly civil disorder, crime and eventually urban terrorism that was of concern, and led to a series of urban responses whose influence is retained to the current day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regional governments select a portfolio of projects (not comprehensive plans) to be financed by the FNDR.12 However, this fund is also available to municipalities that submit project proposals, most of which are oriented to financing basic local infrastructure and services in order to make up for revenue shortfalls. From a municipal perspective, requests for FNDR funds must pass through a complex set of filters that can vary depending on the project’s size. Larger projects, for example, may pass through regional governments, the Ministry of Social Development’s SEREMI, and the Ministry of Finance, while smaller ones may only go through the regional government and one SEREMI (generally that of Social Development).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Act implies that all sectors that affect or exploit natural resources must put emphasis on common objectives and principles and should minimize negative impacts on biodiversity. The Act emphasises nature's dynamics and the need for differentiated measures, including legislation and economic incentives, in order to reach the national target to halt the loss of biological diversity. The purpose of the Act is to secure the sustainable and socioeconomically profitable management of wild marine resources and associated genetic material and to contribute to securing employment and settlement in coastal communities. Many other indicators are included in the Ministry of the Environment's national reporting system, such as in annual reports to the parliament. Much is under development regarding e.g. how CBD Aichi Targets and the Ministry of the Environment's national environmental targets can be monitored and reported. Monitoring programs are in place for many biodiversity elements, but there is still a need for refinement and development, not least on ecosystem service related aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It will also affect policy makers' mind set and encourage them to develop cities in a more sustainable way. In addition, the VGGAP assigns relevant ministries and provinces to submit an implementation report to MPI every year. However, the VGGS and VGGAP do not mention how to measure progress, there is no clear instruction on w'hat information these reports should entail and what data should be collected and reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Removal period is the time between the Treaty of Greenville in A.D. 1795 and the final expulsion of most Potawatomi from Michigan and Indiana by 1840. It was a time of rapid social change, when Native Americans developed many different adaptive strategies that are revealed by great cultural diversity in time and space. Archaeological investigations of the Pokagon Village site (20BE13) have provided new insights into the strategies that the wkama Leopold Pokagon and his associates used to avoid the removal of their band. The faunal assemblage from two middens at the site is compared with assemblages from other early nineteenth century Native American sites in the region, showing that the development of economic self-sufficiency through the adoption of European domesticated animals was an important part of the Pokagon Band’s anti-removal strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lifting more specific sector barriers to FDI is a priority for Iceland (electricity and fisheries), Mexico (transport, media and fixed-line telecom and financial services), Japan and Korea (in the service sector) and India (aviation, multi-brand retail), where targeted barriers to trade should also be removed. Insofar as some of the rising trend in inequality in many advanced OECD countries can be attributed to growing economic integration of emerging market economies, recommendations aimed at further enhancing productivity through lower barriers to trade and FDI could in principle exacerbate wage inequality. As well, the rents created by agricultural support sometimes accrue to high-income farmers - especially when it is granted in the form of price support. Energy subsidies are often motivated on equity grounds, as poorer households’ income tends to be spent disproportionally on basic consumption goods, such as food and energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For minerals and metals unused extraction actually tends to increase over time. Higher grade deposits or those that are easily accessible are usually found and extracted first. As those deposits are depleted, more must be extracted or extraction must go deeper in order to get the same amount of valuable materials from lower grade deposits (SERI, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Measures to enhance energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the TPES would thus be important steps to mitigate climate change risks in Emerging Asia, in addition to yielding benefits such as improved air quality and enhanced energy security through reduced fossil fuel dependence. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-laedcgh22c£.Zf4.hc.ecd^8g. In Emerging Asia there has been a widespread adoption of targets for renewable energy, with particularly ambitious targets in China and India, in terms of absolute scale. The Indian government has announced a target of increasing the solar capacity from 3 GW to 100 GW by 2022, while increasing the overall capacity of renewable energy to 175 GW (Goswami, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since 2001, rapid population growth in large and mediumsized cities has led to a shortage of affordable housing for low-income residents, incoming migrants and even middle-class households. After the massive privatisation of housing in the 1990s, owner-occupancy is the dominant tenure in Kazakhstan, as it is in Eastern European and OECD countries. Given the extremely limited direct public provision of housing (including social housing), the private sector is best equipped to accommodate the rising demand for affordable housing in large cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   A key feature of a legal system is the set of institutions used to aggregate the citizens’ preferences over the harshness of punishment, i.e., the legal tradition. While under common law appellate judges’ biases offset one another at the cost of volatility of the law, under civil law the legislator chooses a certain legal rule that is biased only when he favors special interests, i.e., when preferences are sufficiently heterogeneous and/or the political process is sufficiently inefficient. Hence, common law can be selected only under this last scenario. This prediction is consistent with a novel dataset on the lawmaking and adjudication institutions in place at independence and in 2000 in 155 transplants, many of which reformed the transplanted legal tradition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many of the existing sharing agreements seem to be quite resilient to these variations, even if no formal allowance is made for this. The sharing of the North Sea stocks between Norway and the EU is based on an investigation carried out in the early 1980s and has withstood the test of time, with the exception of the North Sea herring already discussed. But both the North Sea herring example and the north Pacific salmon runs indicate that if changes in fish migrations are too dramatic and long lasting, agreements on stock sharing will indeed come under pressure. The example in the previous section about a stock migrating out of Country A’s area into Country B’s area is perhaps particularly pertinent to stocks straddling into the high seas, with the latter replacing Country B’s EEZ in this context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To this end, the Norwegian Health Network (see Section 1.6) develops and operates information technology infrastructure for the health care sector across health care institutional levels. The Norwegian’s life expectancy at birth is also higher than in Denmark (79.9) and Finland (80.6) but is below the Sweden and Iceland average (81.9 and 82.4 respectively). As in Denmark, mortality rates from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Norway are well below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Students with whom the review team met confirmed that they experienced adequate support for assignments completed outside of school, and found those assignments to be usefully integrated with their in-school work. The total school-based instruction time in basic education is shorter than the OECD average (6 577 hours as compared to 7 257) - about one year less by the end of compulsory schooling. In recent years the duration of instruction has been extended with the introduction of compulsory pre-primary education in 2016, the objective of which was to better prepare students for primary schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the fact that the post-Apartheid society started off with such a high level of inequality certainly adds an ominous note to this trend. Given the skewed distribution of human and physical assets that undergirds these trends, it is unsurprising that there has not been a dramatic improvement in money-metric poverty over the early years of the post-Apartheid period. More recent years have witnessed stronger gains against poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
He consults the elders on the onset of rainfall and defines the sowing date, which mostly coincides with the first week of June. Through this ritual the message of the onset of rain is communicated to the entire community. The elders use the same occasion to informally educate the younger generation about the traditional rain classification and appropriate cropping practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These gravitation effects are often difficult to quantify, and in order to detect any significant trends the phenomenon has to be monitored for longer time periods. Likewise, different type of counteracting effects should be considered, like the cost of wear and tear, and the need for investments in infrastructure. To conclude, the authors were critical towards some of the simplified interpretations of economic impact studies, but still argued that such studies are needed. However, these studies should take account of all effects, both positive and negative effects on regional economies, include comparative analyses (i.e. what would have been the effects of alternative investments), and also explicitly specify the type of financing allocated to the project under consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Cameroon, the universal transfer policy in these conditions amounts to distributing about 29300 CFA francs (in 2007 terms) per year to each child aged 0 to 5, with a total budget equivalent to 1% of before-crisis GDP. As for the targeted transfer programme, it is also assumed that the transfer is given to the household head, who ensures an equitable distribution among household members. The poverty rates are only slightly higher in the universal transfer scenario if we consider children aged 0 to 14 (a difference of 0.2 to 0.5 percentage points), but is slightly lower in that scenario within the 0 to 5 year age group (a difference of 0.4 to 0.5 percentage points).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Sponsors included the FAO, the World Bank, UNDP, donor countries and other international institutions. This was the original movement for the creation of CGIAR. It is important to note that it was written in the midst of CGIAR reform.) Each CGIAR Center is an independent institution with its own charter, administrative board, head of the secretariat and staff members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It reflects on green growth policy in Ethiopia - notably the processes culminating in the Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy. It explores green growth already in action - a range of on-the-ground activities which point to scale-up options for the future. And it begins to assess the country’s enabling framework - those policies, instruments and mechanisms that regulate or incentivise further green growth activity compatible with Ethiopia’s overall development priorities - offering preliminary recommendations on how to strengthen them. One key area of compatibility explored is inclusion - the extent that the majority of the population can participate and benefit from green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since it is not possible to control for year and country specific effects, findings may be partly due to omitted variables. Finally, at the micro level, more research is required in order to collect data on immigrants and return migrants to allow for an estimation of the spillovers on family structures in origin countries. Nevertheless, this paper is a first contribution to the literature highlighting the bidirectional nature of the migration-gender nexus and the importance of discriminatory social institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such services are regulating (purifying air and water or mitigating floods), provisioning (including supplying food, water, or medicines) and cultural (covering aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, and intellectual benefits). Indeed it is more accurate to affirm that cities are ecosystems than that cities have ecosystems. It is a key tool for promoting a city’s biodiversity objectives, relying on urban green areas as entry ways for flora and fauna from beyond the city system. Each can be divided further into specific biotopes - living spaces that provide suitable conditions for the development of certain living organisms - or localized elements, such as trees (in the green system), sidewalks (grey) and ponds (blue). All three are of equal importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To close this gap, while improving learning outcomes for both immigrant and native students, it is necessary to include integration measures into school choice policies. While the Parliament voted down in May 2018 a proposal for the school provider or head teacher to facilitate the development of a balanced social composition, policy pointers on school choice discuss what Sweden could do to manage school choice and provide equal opportunities to all students. However, many students in the Swedish system have simply accepted their "location-based” school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, the study also suggests that some risks treated as negative in previous studies, such as variations in interest rates, can be viewed by farmers as something that could generate business opportunities. Since 2004 product prices have improved and interest rates decreased so it may be that current attitudes to risk reflect present conditions rather than a longer term view of the likely changes. It should also be noted that the results of the study may possibly reflect a sample bias: the farmers surveyed were all average to above average managers and so would be confident in their ability to leverage skills and knowledge to best effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Low revenue from forestry and closures of local mills have exacerbated these problems. This issue affects many parts of the region, but especially the large forest areas of ECE West and East, where climate and geography exacerbate the problem. Possible remedies include infrastructure development (transport, communication), targeted subsidies to communities or local industries for job creation, support to small and medium size enterprises, vocational training and other adapted measures, entrepreneurship. Above all, the forest and forest industries should be managed with the interests of the local communities in mind, and structural changes, when necessary, should be managed gradually and humanely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Existing hydropower capacity is concentrated in the north of India in the Himalaya region (Figure 2.5). Only 55% of the planned capacity of 14 GW under the 10th Five-Year Plan was achieved. Most of the factors delaying the development of hydro projects have now been addressed through legislative and policy initiatives (Ramanathan and Abeygunawardena, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Section 4, the modelling scenarios used to assess the potential impacts of current policy measures, and possible gains from further agricultural liberalisation are set out. The results from these on the global economy, particular countries and for agricultural markets and prices are explored in Sections 5,6 and 7. Policy implications are then discussed in Section 8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The CRGE’s goal is to increase economic growth so as to leap from least-developed to middle-income country status, whilst at the same time reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing climate resilience. The CRGE has two components: a Green Economy Strategy (GES), which mainly addresses mitigation and was launched in 2011, and a Climate Resilience Strategy (CRS), which focuses on adaptation and is currently being developed with a focus on agriculture, forestry and land use. The content of this study concentrates on the GES and the current debate in Ethiopia on its implementation, together with recommendations suggested by the authors, having reflected on the content of the GES and the workshop deliberations. The relationship between the GES and the future CRS is also touched upon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Local communities need to be involved, not just nationally organised groups, crashes occur on local roads and local discussion will help establish the most effective response. In the end, based on public feedback, the less stringent approach was adopted on the grounds that maintaining community support for effective implementation was vital. A focus on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current will determine the next steps along the safe system path.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In many respects, “quality” is at the heart of the Welsh health system, this chapter describes Wales ’ already-rich health care quality architecture. The ambition for an excellent, patient-centred health system, promoting quality, access and equity is clearly there in Wales, but now tangible practical steps are needed to make the necessary changes. This chapter makes a series of recommendations to support Wales in strengthening quality assurance and quality improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Borsch Supan et al. ( The remainder, which consists mostly of housing wealth, is left as bequests. They compare American practices with patterns observed among the elderly in Japan and report big differences between couple-households (living with or without children) and single households - while the former keep on saving, the latter dissave (see also Hayashi, 1989). Studies based on the SHARE dataset for European countries show that savings and dissavings rates hinge on socio-economic factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The mandating of universal jurisdiction by the grave breaches provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions was an innovation in relation to both the penal provisions of prior treaties and the prevailing understanding of the international legal basis for national jurisdiction over war crimes. Despite not having been relied on until the 1990s to ground national prosecutions on the basis of universality, the grave breaches provisions have exerted an influence on the development of both treaty-based and customary rules on universal jurisdiction. In some respects, however, this influence has been as an example of how not to draft jurisdictional provisions in international criminal law conventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is evident from the survey data that women in Viet Nam often resort to abortion due to lack of contraceptions and contraceptive failure. In VNDHS 2002, it was reported that, the drop out rate for users of a contraceptive method is almost 25 per cent in the first year. Except IUD, the discontinuation rate for all other major spacing family planning methods was estimated at 30 per cent and above in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fuel imports accounted for 10 per cent of GDP in 2014 (SPC 2016). As a percentage of total merchandise imports, fuel imports rose from 13 per cent in 1990 to 21 per cent in 2014 (Figure 9.2). The ‘other’ (56%), transport (34%) and electricity (10%) sectors are the predominant users of fossil fuels (Figure 9.3). For Tonga, the largest subsector users from the other’ sector are most likely to be fishing, public services and households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It has the legislative framework for ownership unbundling in place, and the transmission system operator has applied for certification. It has taken steps to develop comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks for unbundling and third-party access, although progress is quite limited. A successful regional market requires harmonised technical rules and codes for operating electricity (and gas) networks and interconnectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On average across OECD countries, 24% of students from disadvantaged schools are enrolled in pre-vocational or vocational programmes, compared to 3% of students in advantaged schools. This difference is largest in Austria, Croatia, Italy and the Netherlands. Considering that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are 2.8 times more likely perform below the baseline in science than more advantaged students on average across OECD countries, disadvantaged students are more likely to be tracked into a vocational trajectory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It highlights the volume of primary materials required across the entire supply chain—domestic and foreign—to meet consumption needs. The material footprint per capita of developed regions far exceeds that of the developing regions. In other words, much of the raw material extracted globally goes to serve the consumption needs and habits of individuals in developed regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)