albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Most of the discharges into Lake Peipsi/ Chudskoe arc insufficiently treated. Other pressure factors — unauthorized dumping, discharge of untreated mine waters from oil shale mines and deforestation (also in protection zones of water resources) — contribute moderately and locally to the nutrient loading. Of similar impact is unorganized recreation on the banks, leading to detritus getting into the watercourses (see the assessment of the Ramsar Sites). According to the Estonian classification, it is moderate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This will both increase the demand for food and create shifts in relative food demands with a likely greater demand for proteins and more processed products. Trade openness provides a number of advantages in helping countries better adjust to these developments. It provides for a greater diversity of products to be available and accessible for consumers - helping consumers meet their full range of nutritional needs. It also allow's for the benefits from changing patterns of specialisation to be realised and provides access to global and regional agro-food value chains. With income growth, there has been increased demand for more processed products, which means for many commodities, the value chain involved in getting the product from the farm gate to the final consumer is being extended. Participation in value chains is facilitated by low barriers to trade and improved regulatory coherence that allow products at various states of transformation to flow across borders: in other words, imports play an important role in creating a competitive export sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A continuous improvement process includes management review. An energy policy and energy planning process institute implementation and operation checking and controls. Information systems underpin energy management, using internal audits of the energy management system, energy monitoring, measurement and analysis to identify non-conformities, correction, corrective and preventive action for energy use and productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Directorate provides management for all three protected areas, based on an individual law for each one and corresponding management and business plans. Significant investment has been made in developing the infrastructure ofthese protected areas, including development of awareness and education programmes. Entrance fees were introduced in Biambare, which help to finance management activities. In Vrelo Bosne, new jobs have been created, as have additional sources of income for the local communities associated with this protected area (i.e. a special station for fiacre rides and an area for trade in souvenirs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are many unqualified teachers in schools, as it is difficult to hire qualified teachers. One indication of the recognition of the important role of teachers in this context is Alberta’s inclusion of additional questions in the 2018 OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey pertaining to teachers’ and school leaders’ understanding of issues related to Indigenous cultures, history and working with Indigenous students, as well as on relevant professional development. The holistic approach of Indigenous peoples stresses how much these contribute to the overall well-being of children, as well as everyone else, in addition to factors such as material advantage and disadvantage. The trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples, including through the residential school system, is still acutely felt by many. Indeed, we were told that the symptoms of trauma may be increasing rather than diminishing with the passage of time, exacerbated through intergenerational relationships. Against this bigger picture, specific surveys of particular provinces and territories, and comparing Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people, can be better understood (Freeman, King and Pickett, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Committee noted that the increased number of child, temporary, and unregistered marriages severely undermine the rights of women, impinging on their education, employment, and potential as full members of society. In addition, the Committee on the Rights of the Child noted with concern Kuwait’s approval of marriages for boys or girls who have reached puberty, and requested the State party to raise the minimum age of marriage in conformity with the CRC’s definition of a child. A “misyar” marriage is a contract between two parties that exonerate a man of any financial responsibilities to his bride.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finland has done this successfully before and should consider doing it again, based on new evidence. In particular, it should identify strategic areas in need of public investment, rather than indiscriminately cutting public funding across the board. Finland’s opportunity for restructuring existing industries towards high value-added and high-productivity activities can take the form of strengthening capabilities in existing areas of business strengths and extending from those areas into related ones that provide innovation opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recognising these challenges, Japan plans to introduce a distinct, specialist primary care workforce throughout the health care system, as of 2017. This chapter examines the steps that are needed to achieve this, and to embed quality monitoring and improvement activities from the start. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, primary care in Japan is delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semispecialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Grassroots innovators often operate as informal businesses. Given their importance within national economies, however, policy makers would do well to foster innovation in their local context: in 2007, the informal economy amounted to 14.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in China, 45.1% of GDP in Colombia, 25.6% in India, 20.9% in Indonesia and 31.7% in South Africa (Schneider et al., The informal sector employs 84% of the non-agricultural workforce in India, 60% in Colombia, 33% in South Africa (International Labour Organization [ILO], 2011) and 68% in Indonesia (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Literacy cannot simply be assumed owing to school attendance or educational attainment. There are instances where people leave school without strong literacy skills or lose those skills through lack of practice. It is therefore important to enquire about the literacy level of respondents irrespective of educational attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some drivers of cost increases, such as productivity differentials (Baumol effect), medical technology developments and public expectations are to some extent beyond the control of policymakers. Failure to contain costs would result in higher taxes or social contributions, a reduction in the supply of other public services, a deterioration of the quality of health services, higher out-of-pocket payments by households or a combination of these undesirable outcomes. Remunerations of public health personnel are low by international standards, which is related to the fact that the vast majority is public sector salaried and to the compression of remunerations in the Nordic social model (Figure 2.9, Panel C and D). A sharp reduction of the number of medical students in the early 1990s, as unemployment among physicians grew, led to subsequent shortages, which are slowly being brought down. The overall shortage of doctors in municipal health centres was estimated at 6% in 2011 (down from 11% in 2008), but up to 22% in the worst affected region (FMA, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is important to map these groups and understand their information needs and also the information they can generate to feed into the overall information management system. This requires a degree of predictability through regular reporting structures, as well as elements of flexibility to fulfil ad-hoc information requests. For example, the National Disaster Reduction Centre of China (NDRCC) has a range of operational information products (Figure IV-15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The threat of serious marine pollution hangs over many situations of armed conflict. Typical of this are perhaps the concerns surrounding the fact that some of the w'orld’s most important oil tanker routes pass through areas rife with unrest and civil war. Piracy and the threat of hijack by terrorist groups (taking control of vessels physically or by breaching cyber-security defences) add to the list of concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The value of model-based approaches increases when moving to finer levels of spatial disaggregation. Detailed poverty maps are powerful tools for targeting social funds and for the design of safety nets. Work in this field should include supporting informed use of these estimates, by publishing quality assessments (e.g. standard errors, relative sampling errors) and providing guidance to data users. This should include evaluating whether three-year averages are significantly more reliable than yearly estimates, given the survey data available, and whether administrative sources could be used for the regional income indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Beyond government ministries and agencies, WFP's partners included international and local NGOs, umbrella producer organizations. United Nations agencies, input suppliers, output aggregators, processors, financial service providers, research institutions, bilateral development partners and regional entities (WFP, 2014). The reformed public procurement law establishes that food procured for school-feeding programmes and other food security initiatives must come from national producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Case studies were meant to assess: (i) recent experiences with tariff structures and instruments aimed to improve the capacity to deal with affordability issues, and (ii) the difficulties of comparing cost recovery levels and financial sustainability of service providers. It was decided to rely as much as possible on data endorsed by the countries (for OECD members) and to avoid aggregation of local data into national indicators. In a number of countries, the regulation of water abstraction and wastewater discharges is funded through license fees and charges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The European Union, in its texts and communications, has mostly avoided using the terms ‘natural rights’ and ‘human rights’, instead adopting the phrase ‘fundamental rights’. The question is, however, what this concept actually entails and whether, and if so, how it differs from the more classic understanding of human rights. This question is important because data protection has been disconnected from the right to privacy in EU legislation and has been coined a fundamental right itself. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union grants citizens the right to privacy in Article 7 and the right to data protection in Article 8. The question is what this means and whether protecting personal data should in fact be qualified as ‘fundamental’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Togolese authorities seized about 268 kg of cocaine in 2014. Since December 2013, when direct flights to Brazil from the international airport at Lome first began, the volume of cocaine seized at the airport has increased, reaching 221 kg in 2014. In 2014, 32 cocaine consignments were seized at the international airport at Lome from flights originating in Brazil, of those consignments, 25 per cent had been destined for Nigeria, 22 per cent for Benin, 16 per cent for Togo and 13 per cent for Guinea-Bissau.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As shown in the previous chapter, the sums involved can be considerable, reaching up to 50% of plant-level investment costs for new power generation investments, in particular for offshore wind, which suffers from the high costs of network connection. Nevertheless, the issue can be handled from an institutional point of view with existing regulatory frameworks. Building on the more technical previous chapters, this chapter looks at the adequacy of current arrangements and the necessary future evolutions in the electricity sectors of OECD countries to optimise the provision of “flexibility services” in the face of high volatility of load and large amounts of variable renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The legal implications of carrying out such an exercise and its consistency with FAO’s mandate, as well as different approaches to the benchmarking question will be discussed at a forthcoming meeting of the FAO’s Sub-Committee on Fish Trade. The development of an assessment or benchmarking methodology, without carrying out the benchmarking itself, will be one option discussed. The need for a separate or integrated process for private standards related to aquaculture was also raised but not debated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Investment to enhance productive capacity of workers in these reserves would significantly increase annual gains, certification could add value to the final products. However, many protected areas are not yet accessible enough to allow a significant flow of tourists, there is still significant room to enhance tourism potential (Section 5.1). In addition, it greatly contributes to the provision and conservation of water resources. About 80% of hydropower comes from sources located within or downstream of federal protected areas, 9% of drinking water is directly captured in protected areas and 26% is collected in downstream sources, and 4% of the water used in agriculture and irrigation is taken from sources within or downstream of protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This will demand that infrastructure reforms are undertaken to allow a better connection of people to jobs and service, and - through a better overall mobility in the state - increase w'ell-being. If well-managed, policy complementarities should undoubtedly help the state of Morelos in achieving a sustainable and inclusive form of regional economic growth. The Council for Human Capital aims to develop an integrated strategy to strengthen the skills of the region’s population. However, the Council does not intend to focus merely on the supply of skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additional joint training throughout their careers would allow better co-ordination among care providers and could help them adapt best practices in terms of care pathways and prescriptions (see below). Together with limited out-of-pocket expenditures and low public trust in some preventive measures, such as vaccines (Larson et al., Moreover, immunisation rates among children against measles are relatively low (Panel C), and immunisation against influenza has declined among older people and remains well below 40% for some risky populations, despite an official target of 75% (Panel D, PLFSS, 2015). The authorities formalised their role as gatekeepers in 2004 by incentivising all patients to register with a treating physician, as recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000, Imai et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This system for permanent consultation of and negotiation with stakeholders is certainly one of the conditions for ensuring that water management measures are socially acceptable. Focus on improved quality of aquatic ecosystems and sustainability. This dual time-frame ensures that management is socially acceptable and fair in the long term, while preserving the rapid response times essential to crisis management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is a shared understanding that democratic decision making and buy-in from those concerned by evaluation and assessment policy are essential for successful implementation. In addition, the government does a lot to build and strengthen capacity at local levels and to bring local communities together to compare notes. The members of the Education Evaluation Council represent the education administration, teachers, students, employers, employees and researchers. It has two main missions: co-ordinate and review the coherence of the education system, and follow the implementation of pedagogical reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A survey of US cement customers found that the reliability and continuous operation of the plant are their highest priorities (Coito et al. Shutting down a plant to install new equipment can jeopardize the integrity of the kilns. A study of the Swedish pulp and paper sector found the same thing (Thollander and Ottoson 2008, Figure 5.3). A majority of energy-intensive firms surveyed by UNIDO regularly monitored energy use at both the plant and the individual process levels, and both managers and engineers considered themselves well informed about energy-efficiency opportunities (UNIDO 2010h).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also, stocks that were bought with the purpose of stabilising prices are not necessarily released with the same purpose and could end up in regular distribution programmes. The fact that it is hard to trace these stocks complicates the analysis. ( Stockholding policies that aimed at supporting producer prices seemed to be more successful in reaching their immediate objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While international law did not initially refer to gender and sexuality, there has been an expansion of the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex and other status to include gender and sexuality. This entry reviews the developments on those topics in the principal treaty bodies, the UN human rights Charter-based bodies, and regional bodies.      Keywords:    gender equality,  human rights,  international laws and policies,  sexuality
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 2007, several ministerial departments have created their own programmes to incorporate gender into budgeting at the local level. As a result, GRB now functions as a permanent fixture in the performance-based budgeting process, budgets benefiting women are now available in four line ministries (Agriculture and Rural Development, Education, Health and Finance), and the budget line allocated towards targeted livelihood activities for women has increased from 5 million dirhams in 2002 to 6.3 million dirhams in 2006. Yet, these stakeholders are very important in ensuring good quality data to support the approval and implementation of gender-responsive budgeting. In addition, it is important to ensure that line ministries take an active part in the gender budgeting process so as to increase their ownership and buy-in. Egypt, Jordan and Morocco use ad hoc pilot projects, and Jordan, Morocco and the Palestinian Authority use government-wide requirements with assessment by relevant line ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The pilot is limited to 100 participants who are either parking pass subscribers or non-parking pass subscribers. Parking pass subscribers receive free trips to and from the station and non-parking pass subscribers will be charged a flat USD 2 rate per ride. Because the focus is on work commute trips, rides are limited to two per workday per person and from only 5:00 to 21:00.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This w'ould contribute to women’s economic empowerment and produce significant economic benefits to MENA economies. Most initiatives have been launched within the past five to 10 years as governments have focused more on the importance of MSME and entrepreneurship development for job creation, social stability and economic growth. Mainstream BDS organisations and incubators are generally aw,are of the constraints faced by women, but less than half of them make special efforts to promote their services to women and adapt their programmes and services to accommodate their specific needs. However, they demonstrate some examples of good practice in their attempts to attract women clients, w'hich can serve as models for other service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consultation procedures have been strengthened, the EPA, the DoEHLG and the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (DoCENR) are the statutory environmental authorities that need to be consulted during assessment. However, as in many countries, there is little evidence concerning the influence of SEA on decisionmaking or on environmental quality and overall sustainability of plans (Scott, 2005). In line with the directive, Irish SEA focuses on environmental sustainability rather than on sustainable development, and is not integrated in a wider sustainability appraisal as in the United Kingdom. It should assess all impacts of a proposal, including environmental and unintentional ones, and allow for stakeholder consultation.9 Some 74 RIAs were produced between June 2005 and February 2008, and more than 800 officials underwent training to do RIA, leading to a significant increase in quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Psychology, as a field of an applied social science, could offer theories, procedures and trainings in solving some basic problems (e.g. fear, injustice) in security studies. This chapter was inspired by SALTO report (Bortini and Behrooz in SALTO Youth, 2012). The work presented ‘working’ definition of intercultural competence, focused on theories of acculturation and emotional-cognitive processes involved in the creation and preservation of the bias of intercultural skills approach. The process of the development of basic skills such as: coping with insecurity, critical thinking, tolerance of ambiguity, communication were described. The review of the literature and some applications of this subject were presented as a step to use them in everyday practice. Having a framework of intercultural competence such as these presented and discussed above, it can be helpful in ensuring a more comprehensive, integrated approach in everyday work and life and promoting a better cross-cultural dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, there are several challenges associated with developing these systems, which may have important implications for the UNFCCC process. Several initiatives from bilateral development co-operation providers or multilateral bodies under the UNFCCC provide support to Parties to fill those gaps. The extent to which national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems can be used to assess progress towards the global goal on adaptation is potentially important but still highly uncertain. Some of those challenges relate to the nature of climate adaptation itself, such as long timescales, the uncertainty associated with the localised impacts, difficulties in setting of baselines and targets, or the difficulty of attributing cause and effect (AC, 2014, OECD, 2015b). Indicators are not the only or indeed always the most appropriate tool for monitoring and evaluation, qualitative narratives or consultations can be useful in particular to assess adaptation from the viewpoint of the most vulnerable communities (AC, 2014). There are also challenges with identifying and combining relevant indicators, as well as interpreting them correctly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a long-term strategy, national legislatures should aim at reforming the electoral laws towards PR systems. Swaziland, for instance, is noted as one case of limited compliance with the constitution, the SADC protocol of gender and development and the AU protocol of womens rights, as well as the Commonwealth Charter. In countries outside of the SADC region where gender parity (50:50) has not been articulated as a principle, this should be given priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)