albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Most occupations in this major group require skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Technicians and associate professional group “includes occupations whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of physical and life sciences, or social sciences and humanities. The main tasks consist of carrying out technical work connected with the application of concepts and operational methods in the above-mentioned fields, and in teaching at certain educational levels. Most occupations in this major group require skills at the third ISCO skill level” (International Labour Organization, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increasing public spending on health to encourage participation of informal workers and their dependents will expand the coverage of health insurance as well as help relieve financial constrains in the longer term. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we will provide an overview on the development of the Vietnamese health-care system, with a discussion on its current state and the challenges in financing and the delivery of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For institutional investors, occasional investments in different projects that are not embedded in larger contracts or agreements are less attractive due to complex contracting and lengthy internal coordination processes. On the other hand, project initiators need long-term power purchase agreements with creditworthy off-takers before they can obtain financing, which is rarely the case with smaller scale projects, especially in developing countries (Deloitte, 2018b). It is also currently not feasible to raise funding from micro investors through crowdfunding, as the handling of contracts and payments for each individual would exceed the benefit gained from the marginal funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some of these assets, such as a certain degree of emotional maturity, development of cognitive abilities and social skills, are already put to use in the early years of life. But it is during adolescence and youth that people reach crucial junctures. On the basis of assets already accumulated they must choose between behaviours that lead to different paths to adulthood. Each one of these “emancipation paths” is paved with a series of decisions as to whether to continue school and when to enter the labour market, start a family, set up an autonomous household and have children.6 For society as a whole, the earlier in the life cycle that the different emancipation paths branch out, the more likely the social divides are to widen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While there remain challenges in providing equitable learning outcomes for children and young people from Indigenous communities and improving attainment at higher levels of the education system, Chile has achieved equity in access to basic education. Furthermore, there are no significant differences in primary completion between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. Targeted initiatives such as a specific scholarship (Beca Indfgena Basica and Beca Indfgena Media) have had a significant impact on increasing attendance and reducing drop-out among beneficiaries. In addition, the recognition and promotion of Indigenous languages and cultures in the education system benefits from the implementation of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) targeted at schools that serve Indigenous students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As discussed, new uses may be denied product patent protection to the extent that the (known) product in question fails the novelty test, either on the basis of a specific regulation governing novelty in such cases, or on the basis of case-by-case examination. In addition, process patent protection may be denied where domestic laws implement a broad exemption from patentability for methods of medical treatment, in accordance with Article 27.3 (a) of the TRIPS Agreement. Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases, respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for Youth. Available from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/ documents/publication/wcms_513739.pdf. Note 1: Diagnosing, Planning and Designing Youth Employment Interventions. Available from https://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/ youth-employment/WCMS_627307/lang—en/index.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At national levels, greater commitment is required to provide timely data on food production, consumption and stocks, as well as capacity to assess current situations and outlook, and its implications for food security. Where national capacity to provide information does not exist, it should be created through support by international assistance. This information needs to be widely and readily accessible to all market actors. Such systems would help temper uncertainty in organised markets that play a fundamental role in global price discovery while providing much earlier notice of potential market shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some centralised guidance relating to the objectives and priorities that infrastructure policies and investment prioritisation should pursue is essential to ensuring the overall coherence of investments across sectors. Thus, infrastructure strategies should not only take into account the specific needs of a sector, but also ensure that investment plans contribute to achieving broader long-term development goals. The infrastructure plan encompasses how infrastructure is financed, delivered and used, and it is guided by a set of Australia's main long-term ambitions. This holistic approach considers all infrastructure sectors within a single plan, which encourages greater alignment across sectors and investments and creates more spaces for generating synergies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In other words, while 69 per cent of children move out of poverty in Norway each year, only 17 per cent do so in Portugal. For instance, Iceland and the UK combine some of the highest exit rates (i.e. one of the lowest rates of remaining in poverty) with some of the highest poverty entry rates in the comparison, suggesting a large degree of mobility in and out of poverty between any two waves over the 2010-2013 period. Persistent poverty is defined by Eurostat as remaining in poverty (with household income below 60% of contemporary median income) in the current year and at least two out of three preceding years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most of the hydropower plants are owned by Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company, Landsvirkjun currently has 16 power stations, of which 13 are hydro-power stations, two geothermal power stations and one a natural-gas-fired station. Krafla and Bjarnarflag are geothermal power stations. Blanda, Burfell, Fljotsdalur, Hrauneyjafoss, Laxa, Sigal-da, Sog and Sultartangiand Vatnsfell are all hydropower stations. Straumsvik is the natural-gas fired station. It will be the largest power station in Iceland and will provide 690 MW of power to the Alcoa aluminium plant in Rey-oarfjorour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many large hospitals have such programmes, but they are rarer in rural services (National Rural Health Alliance, 2004). Compounding these issues is physical isolation associated with remoteness. Examples include the creation, use and transmission of electronic health records, patient-held records, telehealth and patient self-management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For every peso that migrants send, federal, state and municipal authorities contribute 3 pesos - thus the name 3x1. External reviews highlight some weaknesses of this programme, including insufficient government budget, lack of transparency, conflict during project selection, insufficient involvement of beneficiaries, and public works concentrated in less marginal localities (Gonzalez, 2011). Clearer operational rules and increased public investments are needed for the projects of the 3x1 Programme to contribute to regional development. Such measures were primarily intended to prevent moderately poor families from falling into extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Feasibility studies for mass rapid transit have been conducted for Nairobi, Kampala and Dakar to pave the way for financing. In Kenya, six bus rapid transit corridors have been mapped out in Nairobi to reduce traffic congestion, travel time and cost. The corridors are expected to hold up to 950 high-capacity buses and reduce travel time and cost by up to 70 per cent (The East Africa, 2018). By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Less compact cities have negative effects on development, since sprawl tends to reduce land-use efficiency - economically (e.g., proximity of factors of production), environmentally (e.g., lower per capita rates of resource use and GHG emissions), and socially (e.g., avoidance of settlement on vulnerable land and promotion of reduced travel times/distances) (UN-Habitat, 2016, ECA 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One striking example of the impact of fuelwood use on vegetation is the use of teresken (Ceratoides papposa) shmbs in eastern Tajikistan, which has led to the virtual disappearance of this vegetation type in many areas. According to the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, by 2012, CO2 emissions in the energy sector amounted to slightly more than 2 million tons, in terms of carbon equivalents, this amounts to 12-15 per cent of the 1990 level. The contribution of the fuel extraction and energy generation sector to overall CO2 emissions is insignificant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Good housing is vital to the well‐being of children, but disabled children are widely suffering social exclusion and deprivation of life chances through housing adaptations that are not good enough. Whereas generous provision can do immense long‐term good, adaptations that do not allow for children's growth or development are a waste of time and money. National policy on adaptation has not so far addressed the particular needs of children. Under regulatory reform local authorities have a chance to leap ahead. A checklist to help with planning is offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD) as well as higher education expenditure on R&D (HERD) peaked in 2010 and have since been declining. The overall effect of policy was that - in relative terms - funding shifted away from innovation towards research policy. Tekes has been significantly de-funded while institutional research funding to the universities has remained stable at the same level and research funding through the Academy of Finland continued to increase (Figure 6.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As already mentioned, Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentary representatives worldwide. Women’s representation has increased in other post-conflict countries as well. In Kosovo, women make up 28 per cent of parliamentary and municipal assemblies, 25 per cent of seats in the 2005 elections held in Afghanistan were reserved for women, and in the same year, women in Iraq gained 31 per cent of seats in parliament (UN Facts and Figures, cited in Binder et al. Scholars have theorised that having a ‘critical mass’ of women represented politically - 30 per cent is widely recognised as the minimum necessary - makes a difference in terms of implementing gender-friendly laws and policies (Dahlerup 1988, Jaquette 1997, Sainsbury 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Greenhouse gas emissions lead to global climate impacts largely independent of where the emissions occur, and consequently a global policy response is most effective. In contrast, local water pollution covers a limited geographic extent, and policy measures to reduce local water pollution in distant lands may not be of policy interest Policies addressing material, land, and water footprints may lead to better resource efficiency, and ensure the future supply of potentially scarce resources. Thus, policies and measures relevant for one environmental issue (e.g., climate change) may not be relevant for other policy domains (e.g., water use).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The primary policy instrument of the Polish government to address the lack of access SMEs have to traditional bank financing is government-backed guarantees. These guarantees are provided to banks to act as collateral security for loans and as an incentive to banks to lend to SMEs by reducing the risks in SME lending. The National Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF), managed by the BGK, and about 50 local and regional guarantee funds are active in this market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the international level, measures also have to be taken to prevent excessive food price volatility and to ensure that a pro-food security trade system is in place. For instance, when comparing the highest and the lowest income quintiles of the population in developing countries, the poorer children are almost 3 times more likely to be underweight than children in the wealthiest 20 per cent of households (United Nations, 2012c). Hence, increasing the income level of poor households will help ensure adequate food quantity and quality, and reduce the prevalence of undernourishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
What and where are the potential future losses? What are the linkages between ecological functions and the ecosystem services obtained, and how do they interact in interdependent bundles? The assessment, guided by these questions, should focus on biodiversity and ecological functions and their effect on ecosystem services, corresponding to Chapter 3: Status, trends and future dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystems underpinning nature's benefits to people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Steve Macmillan, seconded from Origin Energy (Australia) is the main author of the first chapter. The author wants to thank for their contributions the following staff from the IEA: Dennis Volk, Christina Hood, Simon Mueller, Alexander Antonyuk, Grayson Heffner, Justine Garett, Andre Aasrud, Cedric Philibert and Johannes Truby. Only a few years ago there was confidence that liberalised electricity markets in IEA member countries could also deliver sufficient and timely generation investments needed to ensure security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In contrast to New Zealand, contingent-fee cases in the United Kingdom are more likely to be settled than pursued to a full hearing (Hammersley et al., On the other hand, there is some evidence, based on US-Canada comparisons, that the “loser pays” system of awarding trial costs is more efficient in discouraging unfounded lawsuits than contingency fees (Nielsen, 1999). In some cases, notably in Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, the Slovak Republic and Spain, the breadth of reforms was significant. These developments reinforce a tendency that emerged since the beginning of this century and is in marked contrast with the typical trend of the 1990s, whereby a number of countries implemented partial reforms of employment protection legislation, in which regulations on temporary contracts were loosened while maintaining stringent restrictions on regular contracts, thereby contributing, in many cases, to the emergence of dual labour markets. Based on a large theoretical and empirical literature, summarised in the chapter, it can be expected that this new wave of reforms will increase labour reallocation and yields dividends in terms of job creation as well as efficiency and productivity growth in the near future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Where currents flowing from the open ocean come up against narrow continental shelves, nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water can be brought up into coastal waters and produce hypoxic zones (zones with low levels of dissolved oxygen) or even dead zones (zones with insufficient oxygen to support life, also called anoxic zones). Examples of this effect are found on the western coasts of America north and south of the equator, the western coast of sub-Saharan Africa and the western coast of the Indian subcontinent. Increases in the flow of some ocean currents may intensify this effect (chaps. Some greenhouse gases, especially chlorofluoro-carbons, have an impact on the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While tax incentives are well-suited to incentivising more R&D across all industries and types of firms, at low administrative cost, direct support is often better suited to providing targeted incentives for R&D and innovation in critical fields that policymakers consider might be experiencing underinvestment. In many countries such fields have included new markets (such as personalised medicine, or autonomous vehicles), societal challenges (such as the aging population, and low-carbon growth), and transitions such as in advanced manufacturing and digitalisation. Accordingly, a balanced policy mix is needed that takes full advantage of the relative strengths of both direct and tax-based public support instruments for business R&D. Most OECD countries operate such a mix. This institution, for instance the BMVIT, should take the initiative and develop a monitoring system as described above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The CCRIF is designed as a regional catastrophe fund for Caribbean governments to limit the financial impact of natural disasters by quickly providing financial liquidity when a policy is triggered. The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI) was also launched in 2007, but its Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance Pilot was rolled out in 2013. The PCRAFI's other core component is a technical assistance and capacity-building programme on disaster risk financing and insurance, including public financial management of disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Measures envisaged under Priority Axis 4 are aimed at providing resistance to disasters, prevention of risk to human health and the environment, and mitigation of the consequences of floods. The implementation of some of the measures of Priority Axis 3, "Natura 2000 and Biodiversity", will also contribute to adaptation to climate change. It offers industrial companies loans of up to 5 billion leva and grants of up to 15 per cent of energy efficiency investments (in CHP generation, optimization of processes, reconstruction of energy infrastructures) or renewable energy projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In economies dominated by the informal sector such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Mexico, many older persons own farms and other forms of property and they often continue to work until very old ages and this enables them to make transfers to younger family members. Also, as noted in chapter 3, many older persons continue to be the head of households in extended living arrangements and thus, remittances received by them are redistributed to other younger family members (Lee and Others, 2011). In Latin American countries with generous public transfers favouring older persons such as Brazil and Uruguay, older people are relatively well off and tend to make substantial transfers to younger family members. A Brazilian aged 65 or over, on average, receives public transfers covering 90 per cent of their consumption and makes net private transfers as large as one third of their consumption to their family (Turra, Queiroz and Neto, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ashgate: European Centre Vienna: 527-556. Dynamic General Equilibrium Modelling for Forecasting and Policy. The approach used has the merit of being “technology-specific” as it treats technologies at an identifiable, descriptive level, and measurable level. It should be noted that the estimates were illustrative only, and intended to give some insights as to whether the impacts of new technologies were likely to be expenditure increasing or decreasing, rather than to accurately estimate the magnitude of those impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The overlap between capacity-building and technology transfer is particularly strong in the case of least developed countries and less developed countries, where technology development and transfer is best achieved through tackling broader issues related to absorptive capacity that are not necessarily climate focused (Dechezlepretre, Glachant and Meni&re, 2013[i6]). From an institutional perspective, the UNFCCC system vacillates between treating finance, technology and capacity-building aspects of support in a distinct or integrated manner (Ellis et al., In their second BRs, most Parties pointed to the important role of capacity-building in official development assistance (ODA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Developments in agricultural productivity growth and resource use are first presented to outline the issue. The different ways innovation systems, agricultural policy, farm structure and other factors affect agricultural productivity and sustainability are then discussed. Suggestions are made to strengthen innovation systems, and to improve agricultural policies, in order to foster agricultural productivity growth efficiently and sustainably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Informal payments are a phenomenon frequently observed in middle and low income countries with relatively low shares of public funding for health care. They are a widespread source of financing health care services particularly in Central and Eastern European Countries, where 'under-the table' payments can be traced back to Communists regimes, due to scarcity of resources and long-waiting queues for technically free-of-charge services. Exact figures on informal out-of-pocket expenditures are difficult to obtain and many studies use projections and estimations as a proxy. In Hungary and Poland, informal payments play a role in out-patient physician care and hospital admissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, to garner the full benefits of data revolution, simultaneous improvements in national statistical capacity are required. The United Nations, the European Union, the World Bank and the UK Department for International Development are the largest supporters of statistical capacity building. In 2016, more than 150 data champions convened the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data to support countries in harnessing the data revolution for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It entails the need for co-ordination meetings, which generated some 15 000 modification requests for the current land-use plan (which came into force in October 2011, replacing the land-use plans for the 75 cities and counties of the region). The experience of Japan shows how the central government can set a comprehensive spatial perspective at national level, which benefits from inputs at regional and metropolitan levels and is reflected in strategic documents (Box 2.6). While urban planning is the responsibility of local governments in Japan, the national government plays a leading role by delivering key perspectives for future urban challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Both economies are recovering from these natural disasters. Reconstruction activities contributed to improved growth performance of these economies in 2012, and at the same time inflation rates fell. The strong Australian dollar is weighing on the prospects for the Australian economy, however, the overall performance of the country in 2013 will depend on the mining sector’s continued boom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)