albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
La LO 5/2010 incorpora al Codigo Penal un nuevo delito de corrupcion de particulares por el que se incriminan diversos casos de corrupcion en actividades privadas. En el trabajo se opta por un modelo puro de incriminacion de la competencia, delimitandolo de otros tipos fronterizos.    Palabras clave:  Competencia desleal, administracion desleal, corrupcion en el sector privado, Decision Marco 2003/568/JAI, Derecho comparado.    Abstract:  Organic Law 5/2010 regulates for the first time the crime of corruption within individuals in the Spanish Criminal Code. The new regulation incriminates different cases of corruption in private activities. This work defends a pure model of incrimination of the competence, trying to delimitate it of other related offences.    Keywords:  Unfair competition, unfair management, corruption in the private sector, Council Framework Decision 2033/568/JHA, Comparative Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The British Government gave the first colonial Government of Hong Kong no jurisdiction over civil disputes. The authorities there tried to do the best they could by recommending arbitration. Examples show that parties agreed to arbitration not because they recognised its merits but for want of alternatives. A statutory scheme for compulsory public arbitration failed. Even when a Supreme Court with civil jurisdiction was established, arbitration continued and Chinese parties had their own procedures. After the Civil Administration of Justice Ordinance 1855 introduced the Common Law Procedure Act 1854, arbitration was subject to and benefited from the same procedure as in England.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prearranged funding mechanisms and actions plans will be developed to allow for earlier and more efficient interventions. However, it is dispersed across many goals and targets and its total contribution to the achievement of the SDGs is hard to measure. Still, strong commitments and significant efforts have been made in recent years to support developing countries harness the power of new technologies and incentivise innovation. Additional resources are also being mobilised for research relating to global challenges. While many fruits of these efforts are yet to materialise, the increasing awareness placed on the importance of STI within development raises the need for adequate monitoring of the financial resources supporting these efforts. This paper makes an effort to estimate the financial resources spent on STI-related development activities by combining information across different CRS fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Under PROMAR, up until the end of 2009, EUR 25 million had been allocated to support total investment of around EUR 59 million in facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and chilled fish. 719-B/2008 of 31 July approved the regulations for the regime to support investment for the development of new markets and promotional campaigns. The projects associated with this regime are concerned with different ways of advertising and promoting fisheries and aquaculture products, quality accreditation, fact-finding missions and regional, national or crossborder trade missions, and market studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is a response to Alexander Zahar’s article in the previous issue of  Climate Law . Zahar argued that ‘the principle of prevention is neither applicable nor of relevance to the problem of climate change.’ 1  Firstly, I discuss Zahar’s scepticism toward state responsibility in the context of climate change. Secondly, I engage critically with Zahar’s claim that the preventive principle only applies to the type of environmental damage that occurs in a short timeframe and in a confined space. I show that some sources of international law do recognize the applicability of the preventive principle to damage to the global environment. Lastly, I dissent with Zahar’s qualification of the climate regime as a derogation to the principle of prevention. I argue that the principle of prevention is a necessary corollary of the rights of states to territorial integrity, although the modalities of application of the principle need to be refined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2007, central government directly financed only 0.3% of total health spending but made earmarked transfers for health spending amounting to a further 5.6% of total spending. The bulk of budgetary expenditure on health is made by county governments. Hence, poor counties can only offer a low level of care to the local population. The provincial government provides supply-side subsidies to hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some regions, including Europe, indiscriminate violent attacks are a concern. The diversity of threats has increased but so has the range of responses (Europol, 2018). Prevention is seen nonetheless as a necessary first line of defence against terrorism, and several observers argue that education has a key role in policy and programme design (Bhatia and Ghanem, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women’s unemployment has additional negative macroeconomic effects. As noted above, studies document the impact of a mother’s poverty and depression on early childhood development (Agenor et al. At the macro level then, sustained unemployment leads to hysteresis (Ball 2014, Fatas and Summers 2015). Put differently, cyclical unemployment, if prolonged, can raise the structural rate of unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Median income is expressed in 2007 prices, national currency. Notes: No data for Cyprus, Croatia, Slovak Republic and Turkey. In 2012, in Greece, the median income for households with children was one third lower than it was in 2008, the decrease was also severe in Iceland and Latvia where in 2012 the median income was almost a fourth lower than in 2008. Decreases in the -12.8/-15.9 % range were also recorded in Luxembourg, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the level of education is also a way to a “good marriage”, so that the simultaneity issue with a high level of education remains limited. The number of children could also be determined simultaneously with participation in the labour force. ( Didier et al 2014). The probability of participation of each woman using the linear model and the proportion of individuals whose probability of participation is not comprised between 0 and 1 (extreme values) were predicted. These latter individuals were removed, and the results were re-evaluated. A prediction is considered accurate if the predicted probability of participation is below 0.5 and the woman actually does not work, or the predicted probability is more than 0.5 and the woman actually works.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, public reporting around performance measurement is increasingly being developed in Italy, but the potential for patients to make use of quality data and to be involved in quality assurance appears to be still rather scarce, notably in the areas of primary and community care. To this end, regions are assigned the task of providing methods for patient involvement (through patient organisations) in activities related to health planning, monitoring and evaluation of services at regional, organisation or district level. The importance of an assessment of the quality of health service by users was confirmed by the Presidential Decree of the Councils of Ministers of May 1995 (Service Charter), by the 2003 and 2006 National Health Plans, and by the national regulations on accreditation (Decree of the Council of Ministers of January 1994 (principles on health services delivery).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Theyprovideguarantees with regards to investments, supply of agricultural inputs (seeds and fertilizers) and credits, and are a suitable platform for education and training. Cooperatives also provide opportunities for marketing agricultural products, particularly in the case of smallholders who, in most cases, are not able to meet quantitative and qualitative thresholds and therefore rely on communal storage and marketing instruments. In Brazil, cooperatives have been instrumental in linking small-holder farmers into the agrifood chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Teachers’ compensation includes their basic salary, annuities based on years of service, surcharges (overtime pay for other activities) and incentives (professional career, annual increases, location of school and others). Surcharges and incentives jointly account for 70% of the base salary (MEP, 2016). Teacher remuneration has significantly improved in recent years, particularly for experienced teachers with a permanent contract, and this partly explains the increase of spending in primary education at a time of falling student numbers (PEN, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Utilities have an integrated technical, financial and marketing capability that may not be available elsewhere. In 2011 USD 7 billion was invested in ratepayer funded energy efficiency projects producing an estimated 117TWh of energy reductions. In 2012, there were 25 states with energy efficiency resource standards and a further 9 states adopting other policies. ( Foster Wallace and Dahlberg 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If an initiative aims at equal participation of men and women in a project, both should be able to express their information needs. If ICTs are used to share information that farmers do not really need, there will be little motivation to make use of the ICTs put at their disposal, or learn how to use them. Information needs may be different for women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To keep the reward, accredited teachers must be practising classroom teachers in either a municipal or a private subsidised school and be rated as “Outstanding” or “Competent” by the teacher performance evaluation system during the corresponding period. In recent years, most applicants were teachers based in the private subsidised sector. In addition, reflecting the high standards of the programme, since 2008 less than one in five applicants successfully achieves the accreditation of excellence. The SNED is organised every two years and covers the subsidised sector, i.e. municipal schools, private subsidised schools and schools with delegated administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This breakdown ofthe diffusion machine may be leading to a widening (new) digital divide between (frontier) firms that are able to take advantage of digitalisation, and the rest of an economy. Non-frontier firms" is the average of all other firms. “ All firms” is the sector total from the OECD STAN database. The average annual growth rate in labour productivity over the period 2001 -09 for each grouping of firms is shown in parentheses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The effective impact of international law on national civil rights protection is dependent on being implemented in a modality that allows for the actual use of international rules in domestic courts. With particular reference to the Danish case, this article investigates the effects of lack of ratification for the placement of civil rights in the ranking of sources of law, the issues arising from a dualist approach to international law, and the impact of judicial restraint in resolving conflicts of rights in practice. The study’s focal point is the legal rules and modalities for reception of international standards which can be, in any national legal context, more or less suitable for an appropriate protection of civil rights. The article’s enquiry aims to help revive a debate on these modalities for reception which in practice have a great impact on the effective realisation of civil rights, especially in judicial settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme. These are regulatory levies and not abstraction charges. Revenues have been used for nature conservation, protection of ground and surface water, reforestation, soil protection and decontamination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the operational level, a skilled workforce is needed for building and operating installations. The main instruments for reaching policymakers and C-Level decision makers are industry-run instruments. An example at the national level in Germany is the "Maritime LNG Platform"15 and at the international level "Sea\LNG"’4. On the shore.no particular competence standard or model courses for training of personnel directly involved in LNG operations or indirectly related to LNG operations exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
* Der vorliegende Aufsatz beruht auf einem Vortrag des Autors bei der Konferenz ?Global Governance and the Search for Justice? an der University of Sheffield im April 2003. F?r wertvolle Anregungen danke ich Eric Engle (Zentrum f?r Europ?ische Rechts politik, Bremen), Wolfgang Wurmnest (Max-Planck-Institut fur ausl?ndisches und inter nationales Privatrecht, Hamburg) und Thomas Giegerich (Universit?t Bremen). Abgek?rzt werden zitiert: Stephens, Translating Fil?rtiga, A Comparative and Interna tional Law Analysis of Domestic Remedies For International Human Rights Violations: Yale J. Int. L. 27 (2002) Iff. (zitiert: Stephens, Translating Fil?rtiga), Torture as Tort, hrsg. von Scott (2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The proportion of low-income women having had cancer screening in the past two years is only slightly over 10%, the lowest among 15 OECD countries. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions. The data enable benchmarking across regions and has the potential to be used for analysing inequities in health. Similarly, the data from National Health Interview Surveys carried out by the Danish National Institute for Public Health could be used for measuring health inequalities. For example, while the Danish Health and Medicine Authority published a report on health inequalities in 2011, there is no regular report focusing on inequalities in health. Periodic surveys do not allow for regular monitoring of changes in health utilisation and disease prevalence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Successful BDS will link businesswomen, businessmen and their associations for mutual benefit. To be sensitive to the needs of women clients, services should be designed for delivery within short time periods of (less than a day and preferably not on a series of consecutive days). Wherever possible, BDS services should be near clients’ homes or businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A diversity of funds can have advantages, allowing for specialisation, for example, by focusing on LDCs or on aspects of climate action such as technology. It has also facilitated mainstreaming as climate-related ODA also flows through bilateral and multilateral development programmes. At present climate finance under the UNFCCC is delivered through funds that serve as the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. The Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility are the operating entities of the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When restricted jobs are in high-paying sectors, this type of regulation reinforces the gender pay gap. That is the case, for instance, in the mining and oil industry, where certain jobs are deemed too hazardous and thus not accessible to women in a number of countries, such as the Russian Federation. Restrictions may also apply to the hours men and women are allowed to work. In Costa Rica, Umisia and Hirkey, for instance, women cannot work the same night hours as men (World Bank, 2015). Even if such regulations may be circumvented in practice, they help to sustain inequalities in pay, foster occupational segregation and increase the risk of informality for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This turns the discussion of investment planning, including with respect to infrastructure, into a matter of empirical detail about where scale economies are located and the political economy question of whether or not the developmental state has the requisite institutional capacities to pursue larger- or smaller-scale projects. Power outages are a particularly acute problem in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, as indicated in figure 4.2 by the average number of outages suffered by firms in a month. The historical experiences considered below' suggest that they were certainly significant in many success stories. However, even within a framework of unbalanced growth, there are at least two additional issues to keep in mind (Myrdal, 1970).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Regional Innovation is an important factor to encourage competitiveness and prosperity in the region. Innovation is a collaborative process to improve effectiveness and efficiency in the Region. Innovation cannot run sporadically and partially, particularly at the level of regulation and governance  .   Reflection on experience shows, government apprehensive to innovate in the Region. Criminalization of policy, euphoria of corruption eradication causing poor innovation in the Region, so it should be given the rule that provides the flexibility to innovate without diminishing accountability or in formulating innovation policy, should be based on the principles in the running of innovation.     Through the juridical analysis of substance of the Law 23/2014, have been set related to regional innovation. There is the possibility of expanding the activities of government, with narrowing of the risk of criminal prosecution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter closes with a review of the impact of industrial-nation imports for developing countries using the Poverty Intensity of Imports indicator. The Implications for policy section looks at national and international measures to improve the situation for the poorest people in poor countries. Some believe that greater integration in world trade has been detrimental to the poor in developing countries, while others contend that considerable reductions in global poverty have been made possible by greater participation by developing countries in world markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The conference conclusions were agreed at the Tenth Ordinary Meeting of the ICPDR in December 2007. The environment", depending on the scope of the SEA, ranges from the biophysical environment alone to encompass biophysical, social, economic and institutional environments. Furthermore, there is a strong common understanding of what good SEA practice is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both, Vanuatu and Angola are scheduled to graduate in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The United Nations (UN) has mainstreamed the needs of LDCs in its activities and programs, and the UN Office of the High Representative for Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) provides special support to the LDCs. The Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA) 2011-2020, adopted by the Fourth UN Conference on the LDCs in Istanbul, in 2011, to help LDCs achieve sustainable development recognizes ICT as an infrastructure priority on par with water, electricity, and transport. The IPoA includes a call to "significantly increase access to telecommunication services and strive to provide 100 per cent access to the Internet by 2020" (UN, 2011). It also calls for the creation of a Technology Bank for the LDCs, which was reaffirmed as well in the 2030 Agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These include a higher El contribution rate for fixed-term contracts, or experience rating of employers by hacking layoffs which result in benefit claims (as practiced in the United States). Also, the traditional PES emphasis on placing unemployed workers so far as possible in stable jobs rather than temporary jobs should be maintained. Until recently, employment insurance (El) contributions were due only in case of employment relationships expected to last for a year or more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Utilisation of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all i isa ion physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Not every centre offers every type of service, and each centre specialises in RVCC in certain fields of training or in specific qualifications. Qualifica Centres do not offer training but are often found in institutions that do. Staff in centres includes a co-ordinator, technical staff specialised in RVCC, as well as trainers or teachers specialised in the fields or qualifications for which the centre provides recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Greater Mekong subregion, remittances exceeded ODA and FDI inflows in terms of volume in Viet Nam (Jalilian, 2012). Remittances are valuable as they increase the capabilities of individuals and households, but they do not help in the manner that ODA does with regard to the provision of public goods, such as roads, water supply, education and health care. Therefore, the current curtailment in the magnitude of ODA as a result of the global recession of 2008-2009 in the developed world is of concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, we want to assess whether such a global subsidy would be of an order of magnitude compatible with the current and envisioned financial flows going from developed to developing countries such as Official Development Aid (ODA), and figures put forward in the discussions under UNFCCC. Perhaps as importantly, we try to critically highlight the various steps needed to arrive at a final subsidy cost for a global feed-in tariff, and the numerous assumptions related to those steps. A main conclusion from the analysis is that uncertainty over the dimension of such a subsidy is large, and is mainly related to uncertainties in how costs of renewable technologies change over time, in the mixes of renewables that individual countries choose to adopt, and in the share of new investment for electricity generation that is channeled into renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the discussion is progressively moving away from the level (or the methodology of calculation) of the charge towards the different elements to be reflected in it and the necessary investments. In Europe, measures such as fines and sanctions for illegal abstraction and pollution do not yet represent a strong incentive for complying with / avoiding these activities: e.g. in Spain to prosecute illegal water abstractions is difficult due to the complexity of administrative procedure, in France sanctions are very low and do not incentivise changes in polluters behaviour, since revenues from those polluting activities are greater (EEA, 2013). As enforcement implies substantial transaction costs due to the inspections, it is key to define how it is carried out, when, towards whom and what are the consequences in terms of bringing additional revenues and taking the water quantity and quality situation under control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When she started she set herself a target, 'To prove to the male councillors and others that I could deliver'. During Gender Links' study, At the Coalface: Gender in Local Government, she said that she is more confident because of the support offered to her by the Multi-party Women's Caucus (MWC) and a unique capacity building project that she participated in, the Gender, Local Government and Communications pilot project, undertaken with Gender Links and the University of Witwatersrand from October 2004 to May 2005. Also I have learned more about policy-making and implementation and the processes that are involved in coming up with policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)