albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The US has a distinctive legal style, which Robert Kagan has called “adversarial legalism.” It is marked by a pattern of political decisionmaking and conflict resolution in which the courtrooms and the law are systematically exploited as political arenas for making and implementing political settlements and policy outlines. In this article it is argued that a “German way” of adversarial legalism is about to emerge in the German industrial relations system. Economic liberalization, the fragmentation and decentralization of lawmaking authority in the political sphere, and the common-law-like nature of German labor law have contributed to the appearance of a judicialized pattern of governance. Nonetheless, Germany is not converging on the “American way of law” and major differences are expected to persist in the years to come.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This result is also confirmed by the most recent data analysed for this paper. Results for New Zealand are from Perry (2011) and refer to 2010, while for Japan the data are derived from Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau (2011). Countries are ordered by increasing poverty among children living in lone parent families. Data on lone parents is lacking for Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Illustrative are the United States Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) regulation under the US Clean Water Act, and the European Union’s water quality standards under the Water Framework Directive. Under the Federal TMDL framework, states are responsible for compiling lists of water bodies not meeting their designated use which are then reported as impaired waters (Helmers et al., For each listed water body, the states need to identify the amount by which pollution loads from diffuse and point sources of pollution must be reduced to meet the standards, and to develop and implement plans to achieve the load reductions (Borisova et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, its overall effectiveness is related to a range of factors, including the modality of provision, the targeting and the costs (Bundy et al., As a matter of principle, providing in kind transfers conditional on school enrolment and/or attendance decreases the net costs of schooling in order to make it more financially attractive for parents to send their children to school, thus affecting access and participation. Moreover, feeding programmes reduce short-term hunger, which could improve children's concentration and cognitive abilities, leading to better achievements and higher learning capability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
How (if at all) can the right to liberty of a child under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights ('ECHR') be balanced against the rights of parents, enshrined both at common law and under Article 8 ECHR? Is there a limit to the extent to which parents can themselves, or via others, seek to impose restrictions upon their disabled child's liberty so as to secure their child's interests? This case considers the answers to these questions given by and the implications of the decision of the Supreme Court in September 2019 in Re D (A Child) [2019] UKSC 42.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the proposed new Protected Areas has been the planned national park encompassing the Sharr/Sar Planina mountain range along the border with the Republic of Kosovo (in dispute with Serbia). However, that proposal was not approved, apparently due to lack of support by the local rural communities concerned about socioeconomic impacts of the designation. Other - In addition, other designations include: 42 important plant habitats (IPA), 77 CORINE biotopes, 22 important bird areas (IBA), and 8 important butterfly areas (ILA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Grants are available to sites across the DECD public schooling system and for all levels of schooling and care. In a partnership arrangement with a university over a 12-month time frame, these emerging innovative sites are being supported through initial research training and support in developing their research proposal, access to an academic critical friend, or to purchase additional academic time for particular aspects of the research process. Presentations at various events and progress reports are required and there is the option of final report formats including longer reports, posters and PowerPoint presentations, although certain basic research report features must be covered (background to research, research methods, findings, conclusion and references). These schools and preschools have also joined the existing innovation community of practice as active members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, the self-assessment surveys carried out by donors and recipients suggest that donors believe their AfT is becoming more effective according to some indicators of aid effectiveness, to a certain extent, this corresponds with the views of (public) recipient surveys. Furthermore, the growing numbers of econometric studies examining the effectiveness of AfT show that it is likely to be reducing the cost of trade and improving export outcomes. Numerous countries have carried out independent AfT portfolio or strategy evaluations in recent years.17 Finally, at the intervention level, one can evaluate whether projects are achieving their stated goals (through a simple evaluation) and what kind of outcomes would have been achieved in the absence of interventions (through a more sophisticated impact evaluation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Overall, the CCSS finds itself in the unsustainable situation of increasing hospital activity, with little understanding of the costs thereof. This is true of both the hospital and primary care sector (see Table 3.3), and is being driven by the increase in the headcount of individuals working for the CCSS (appropriately, given the shortage of personnel as discussed earlier). Additionally, however, generous increases in individuals’ salaries are also causing wage bill inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If the energy needed for extracting and processing the extra materials is taken into consideration, the more efficient product may not be using less energy over its life-cycle. It is only by considering the whole life-cycle that it’s possible to say whether there is a risk for significant burden shifting. It is of course essential that public policymakers are cognisant of when a policy intervention runs the risk of shifting environmental burdens rather than reducing overall environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The hospital sector appears less effective, with the death rate within 30 days of hospital admission for an acute condition (heart attack, brain haemorrhage, stroke) being about twice as high as the lowest rates in Europe (Westert et al., Access to care is facilitated by the comprehensiveness of the basic mandatory health insurance scheme and by the lowest copayments in Europe (Table 2), securing that only few people forgo medical visits for financial reasons (Westert et al., In addition, essential care services are available at short distance to almost the entire population, while waiting times for almost all treatments are below the agreed acceptable standard (known as ‘Treek norms’) (NZa, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Analysing such effects related to fertiliser support policies is, however, beyond the scope of the present study. Import tariffs for biofuels: only removing import tariffs for biofuels. In India and in Indonesia, the fertiliser industry receives a subsidy offsetting its high energy prices while in China and the Russian Federation farmers receive support to lower the burden related to high fertiliser prices (and, in China, those of other inputs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Examples include research grant schemes, innovation vouchers and entrepreneurship education schemes, among others. Policy instruments that address social inclusiveness include, for example, the provision of giants to researchers from disadvantaged groups, the use of role models and mentoring programmes to tackle stereotypes, and the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology. To address industrial inclusiveness challenges, innovation policies may focus on addressing the main barriers to entrepreneurship encountered by disadvantaged groups, such as obstacles to access finance (e.g. through the provision of micro-credit and equity financing), talent (e.g. through grants to SMEs to recruit researchers or experts to implement innovation projects) or other support services (e.g. through the provision of business counselling, assistance to access new markets, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recent budget cuts for research and innovation have an impact on innovation activity and w ithout corrective action will be felt for years to come in the form of dampened innovation activity and productivity growth. Finland needs a new approach for innovation and renewed governance for science, technology and innovation (STI), lifting itself out of the period of uncertainty and lack of confidence that followed the 2009 recession to establish a new' national vision for sustainable recovery. This recovery needs to be based on research, innovation, education and training in the framew'ork of the strong international engagement w'hich Finland needs in order to overcome disadvantages due to its small size and geographic location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Should the plaintiff be unable to demonstrate these cumulative requirements, he will have to tolerate continued use of the patented invention by the defendant, in exchange of a royalty payment. Governments interested in promoting local pharmaceutical production may use market incentives to attract foreign patent holders to invest in their domestic pharmaceutical sector. A RPSC’s main responsibility would be the procurement of medicines for the entire region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Finland, for example, most of the variance in performance observed is within schools rather than between them, which indicates that schools have similar achievement levels and do not select students by academic ability. Differences in the socio-economic background of schools account for a small proportion of the already-small performance differences between schools, which suggest that there is little segregation along socio-economic lines. Non OECD member economies are included for comparison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, large-scale solar power arrays are limited to certain high-insolation regions, like the American Southwest and Spain. Frequently, land-use values are low in regions witnessing the highest solar power development, i.e. arid regions with comparatively little agriculture and vegetation. The development of rooftop solar PV panels is also growing fast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They usually do not pose an issue for the sustainable management of the resource, however there are some notable exceptions (see, for example, New Zealand). Most regimes define domestic and human needs as the highest priority use. Industrial users are the most frequently monitored (91 %) with agriculture and domestic users monitored in 88% of cases. Monetary fines are the most common type. Summary of main findings of the Survey of Water Resources Allocation (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Ministry of Education is charged with the shaping of the education system through the development of curricula, national objectives and guidelines. Within this framework, municipalities and independent providers implement educational activities, organise school services, allocate resources and ensure that educational goals are met. Individual districts and schools are then entrusted with a large degree of autonomy to organise local schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the case of Dublin, the recently developed portions of the bus network perform better than shared mobility, while the older, non-urban portions of the network do not perform as well as shared mobility. In Helsinki, replacing current bus feeder services with heavy public transport and replacing low frequency services with shared mobility both improve outcomes. All scenarios modelled reduce costs and increase connectivity and access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Gender and climate change" [online]. Sfafe of Women in Cities 2012-2013: Gender and the Prosperity in Cities. Navigating Gender in African Cities: Synthesis Report of Rapid Gender and Pro-Poor Assessments in 17 African Cities. Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The trial period for open-ended contracts remains short, at 90 days for most workers (OECD, 2014e). Income taxes, social security contributions, payroll taxes, and other hiring costs create a wedge between what it costs to hire a worker, and what the worker takes home as disposable income. When this wedge becomes too high, it can become too costly for a firm to hire a worker. It can also become insufficiently rewarding for a worker to work or to upskill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Related to "Nature's benefits to people" and "quality of life" there are also indirect drivers and policy options, and many others as well, such as outdoor recreation organisations, local development groups etc. Examples are the PISUNA project in Greenland and the Snowchange Deatnu Oral History Project in Finland. This includes the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, see Annex 8, and the Nordic region and countries' specific policy questions. It should present Nordic aspects of priority regarding the thematic challenges identified by the IPBES, such as land degradation and restoration, invasive alien species, and sustainable use of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Understanding and taking account of family diversity and change is essential for policy-makers who are concerned for the welfare of families and the women, men and children within them. In regions where cohabitation has become much more commonplace, cohabiting partners still do not always have the same or similar rights as married couples, when it comes to social protection, inheritance, custody and maintenance. Levelling up to this standard should be a priority for all countries. As of May 2019, 42 countries and territories have extended the right to marry or partnership recognition to same-sex couples (see Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If staff experience their working conditions as more pleasant, this will result in more caring and stimulating behaviour (Huntsman, 2008, Burchinal et al., The quality of the classroom environment is found to improve with every additional adult in the room. When practitioners work together in a classroom, this provides opportunities for supervision, consultation and discussing work challenges (Goelman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To be effective, FSN initiatives need to be integrated into broader economic development strategies, since development reduces vulnerability to a broad range of individual and social problems, nutrition included. With these challenges in mind, the central thesis of this report is that a territorial, place-based approach is needed to address FSN challenges and that such an approach should be integrated into broader regional development strategies in both urban and rural territories. Further, improving the level of economic development in rural areas is central to addressing the challenges of FSN and poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, some countries differentiate between low level and intermediate level waste on the basis of disposal site acceptance criteria. Radioactive waste that contains significant levels of radionuclides with half-lives greater than 30 years, see www-pub. Different types of hazardous waste may exhibit one or several hazardous characteristics. For further details, see Appendix 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This contrasts with SDG 4 on access to quality education and lifelong learning, for example, which tracks gender equality in 8 out of 11 indicators. The first is the lack of readily available data and indicators that target women and girls and/or capture gender inequality." The second is an ongoing failure to place gender at the centre of macro level processes, such as growth strategies and environmental and sustainability concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, it is interesting to note that the proportion of households receiving remittances grew from 24% in 1993 to 36% in 2000 before falling sharply to 14% in 2008. Overall, the labour market is shown to play a dominant role in driving inequality. State transfers have increased their importance as an income source but in a neutral way rather than as a driver of inequality or decreased inequality'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
What about the wider conditions in the overall economy for organisation, business, investments and dynamic markets? The key question is, what should be the strategy to deal with the large number of farmers in the semi-subsistence category in regions with poor development prospects? If the solution for this group is unlikely to be via improved productivity alone, important as might be for other farmers, then the agricultural component of policy should be integrated with social safety nets, as has been implemented in some Latin American countries, such as Chile (Chile Solidario), Mexico (Oportunidades) and Brazil (Bolsa Famflia) (e.g. World Bank, 2003). As show by OECD (2010), all these policies have limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In recent years, the role of Governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where Government activism has proved very crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia (2010)). While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental States, it is not clear how such States can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their States, which range from “very capable” to “failing”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The worsening of technical and safety condition of  the pipeline  infrastructure in Ukraine due to economic crisis following the end of the Cold War had driven Russia  to  provide  compensation  to  Ukraine  through  applying  subsidy  on  its gas price  and paying the Ukrainian gas imports as long as Ukraine keep its promise to pay  back  the country’s debt until 2005. However, since  Ukraine’s integration   with the  United States and its Western Allies by asking to become part  of  North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization  and  European  Union  state members, it refused  to pay its high gas debts to Russia. This situation made Russia  feels  threatened  towards  its  national  security  where  there  will  be  a possibility to the fall of Russian political influence in Ukraine.  In 2006,  Russia decided to implement its coercive diplomacy actions towards Ukraine through politicizing its gas sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other gender-relevant measures included that common law couples became eligible for survivor benefits and childcare credits were set to expand gradually from 2013 to 2019 (US-SSA 2011, OECD 2013:38). The 2010 pension reform was expected to reduce future pension expenditures and cut benefit replacement rates from an average of 75 per cent of wages to around 60 per cent. Reform increased the retirement age for women (gradually rising from 60 to 65 to match that of men) and established an automatic adjustment of retirement ages beginning in 2020 to reflect changes in life expectancy. It also restricted early retirement, increased the minimum contribution period to get a full pension, froze benefits during 2011-2013 (later extended to 2015) and established price indexation thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But if the data that has been feed into the tool reflects changes, this may provide information as regard the trends relevant to a specific target. When it comes to measuring ecosystem quality/resilience, the tool is not really designed to do this, but it might be possible to use it for this purpose -the scenarios could highlight the level of services provided and provide a snapshot into how long a condition is likely to remain stable with a certain set of policies in place. Furthermore, key species could be identified and used as an indicator of ecosystem resilience and health - the tool allows a rather flexible selection of species and links those species to ecosystem service provision as some services [e.g. pollination] heavily depend on certain species for their delivery. The tool is, however, not suited for monitoring the status of species over time or monitoring the stock of different types of ecosystems over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to this principle, inequality should decrease more in response to a progressive transfer of income (that is, from a wealthier household to a poorer one) between poor individuals than when the transfer is between rich individuals. That is why the measure should be complemented with other indicators that meet this property, such as the Theil and Atkinson indices. Nevertheless, while the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index take values in the range of zero to 1 (where zero is absolute equality and 1 is absolute inequality), the maximum Theil index value is the logarithm of population size, which exceeds the value 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The label is assigned to products that have lower environmental impacts than similar products over their whole life cycle, from material extraction to disposal. Manufacturers who are awarded the Eco-Mark pay an annual fee that is proportional to product sales. The market share of Eco-Mark products has increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Key ecosystems can be defined as either those ecosystems for which it is most important to measure changes in extent, or those ecosystems for which it is possible for measure changes in extent. It is a tool to estimate the need for specific conservation measures to maintain the biological diversity in a country or region. Key ecosystem require attention and specific policy measures as they contain rare or locally endemic or threatened species, are of particularly high species richness, represent rare or unusual habitat, are severely reduced in area relative to their potential original extent, are under a high degree of threat, and/or are of high actual or potential economic importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Singapore can share its expertise and experience with other ASEAN nations. As a financial hub with project-financing expertise, Singapore is also in a position to help fund green projects in the region, especially if these projects can be included as part of the CDM in the Kyoto Protocol. The issues represent the core policy directions that form Korea's low carbon green growth strategy (LCGG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Assessing existing national monitoring systems and their associated data collection and reporting components provides essential information which can inform and influence changes to better reflect poverty-environment linkages. In addition, the availability, quality and relevance of existing datasets and indicators (including gender disaggregation) should be analysed, along with the institutional roles and responsibilities for collecting, analysing and reporting on data. Identify possible poverty-environment linkages through a consultative process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)