albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Such costs arise from risks related to information deficiencies, loss of time in marketing operations, e.g. due to shortages of elevator and transport capacities, or impeded access to port facilities, etc. Table 3.6 identifies some of these costs and attempts to quantify them. These estimates highlight that deficiencies in physical infrastructure involve additional implicit costs that diminish incentives of grain producers and traders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
According to the GE(1) measure of inequality in 1993, South African inequality between racial groups stood at almost 69% of its maximum possible level while maintaining the same underlying population structure and distribution of income. By 2000 this figure had fallen to about 50% and the measure stood at 48% in 2008. The change in the racial dynamics of inequality was thus most significant in the period between the democratic transition and 2000 while the changes between 2000 and 2008 w'ere more muted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Glomar response to Freedom of Information Act requests – “we can neither confirm nor deny the existence or nonexistence of records responsive to your request” – was the product of extraordinary circumstances, to be applied sparingly by the federal government in withholding national security information. Since 2013, instances of state and local use of the Glomar response have signaled a potentially problematic expansion. Establishment of non-federal agency use of the Glomar response poses the threat of an exponential increase in the practice, making oversight difficult. This article considers the recent use of the Glomar response in four cases in which state or local agencies utilized the reply to withhold law enforcement records. The origin and case law of the Glomar response, methods for compelling disclosure after a Glomar response are considered, before a discussion of potential threats of expansion and productive paths forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Glaciers play also a major role in several parts of the world to smooth water flows in rivers across time, for which irrigation is in some cases strongly dependent on (FAO, 2011). Climate change could also have implications in terms of the interactions betw een ground and surface water compartments, as water stress on the latter could be transmitted to the former in the dry season. One can also expect an indirect effect of climate change through an increasing demand for groundwater as surface water becomes scarce and droughts more frequent and severe. Groundw ater depletion may occur in some places and be aggravated in places where depletion already exists. Agricultural w ater withdrawal, including irrigation, already represents a substantial amount of groundwater withdrawals in some countries (Figure 1.5), and a trend towards more frequent droughts may be an incentive to close the crop w'ater requirement gap with groundwater resources. Data for Greece refer to year 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Except in some specific cases, this increase in unskilled and semi-skilled labour supply does not appear to have displaced domestic workers. Instead immigrants appear to have generally replaced domestic workers in jobs left vacant due to a decline of the local labour force, higher education of local workers and expectations of finding employment in higher paid jobs. Migration may therefore have contributed to the observed rise in the skilled/unskilled wage ratio by causing a stagnation in the unskilled labour wages in countries of destination (as observed, for instance, in Italy). In contrast, inequality rose in the majority of the developed, developing and transitional countries between 1980 and 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter argues that Northern Ireland’s geographical and political status in the UK has important consequences for questions of language learning, languages in the community and language policy. It examines the most important contextual factors for languages in Northern Ireland, and deals with two main areas: languages in the education system and languages in the community. In both sections, it discusses both policy and practice together. A final section draws together the main issues and the implications of Brexit for languages in Northern Ireland. It argues that what is now urgently needed is a radically different level of awareness, not only in wider society in Northern Ireland, but also in education and in local government, of the importance of languages for peace, community relations, security, trade, diplomacy, international relations and crucially, for intercultural understanding (at home and abroad).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central government provides up to 80% of this for farmers in mountainous provinces and the Central Highlands, and up to 70% for farmers in other provinces. The remaining part is supplied from provincial budget. When initially approved in 1998 it was scheduled to last seven years.31 The programme was extended in 2006 for a further five years (Phase II) and has recently been extended into a third phase from 2011 to 2015.32 The initial phase consisted of four major components: infrastructure development, e.g. roads, health centres, irrigation systems, water supply systems, markets, etc. Emphasis was given to developing village, communal and inter- communal infrastructure, with over VND 9 142 billion (USD 600 million) spent during Phase I from 1998 to 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Stock enhancement activities are expected to help conserve fisheries resources in the long run. Local governments responded by producing policy documents to support the development of modem marine fisheries and providing financial support to the sector. The new policy gives priority to resources conservation and environment protection and not just to fisheries development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
And in these success stories, effective partnership between the United Nations (UN) system and OECD members has been instrumental. And what is equally important, by underpinning technical and policy assistance, ODA strengthens the capacities of national governments and civil society to put in place systems that enable them to plan, budget, implement and monitor progress towards development results. These efforts are based on the principles outlined in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which were given added impetus at the Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra, Ghana (2008), through the Accra Agenda for Action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A Central Committee on Land Use Management chaired by the Vice-President was also formed on 16 September 2013 to help ensure that land expropriation is conducted in a just and fair manner (DICA, 2013a). At central level, the Minister of the MOAI is the Chairperson, the Deputy Minister of the MOAI the Deputy Chairperson and the Director General of the SLRD the Secretary (President Office’s Notification No. This structure is replicated at the state/region, district and township levels. As per the Farmland Law, FABs are responsible for: approving farmland use rights registration and transactions and submitting those to the SLRD for registration, revoking farmland use rights if conditions are not fulfilled, resolving disputes over the allocation and use of farmland, valuing farmland for tax, acquisition and compensation purposes and ensuring fair compensation for those expropriated, and approving farmland transfers for other purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Because of poor maintenance of drainage infrastructure, waterlogging of agricultural land is a concern. In the Ukrainian section of the Prut in 2008-2009, BOD, nitrite, and suspended solids were the most common defects. Compared to 2005, there was a slight improvement of the water quality of the Prut River in the Republic of Moldova. In 2005, four monitoring stations of the seven fell in class III and three stations in class II. In 2008, all seven stations fell in class II. In Romanian territory, on the Prut River, there are 11 monitoring stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is some consensus, in both developed and -though less so - developing countries, that globalisation is a growth-enhancing force, but there is no consensus, and mixed empirical evidence, about its distributional implications. The effects of globalisation on overall income inequality have mainly focused on the earnings dispersion channel as opposed to the employment channel. Main results are presented in Table 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Green urban infrastructure planning also may be integrated in territorial development planning to prevent risks related to heat and floods. In reconstructed urban areas, the focus should be on sustainable land management through denser development and modernization of buildings. This can be extended to improvement of water supply, sewerage and heating systems, to save resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is the most common co-ordination mechanism used in the MENA region. Thus, most MENA countries report the establishment of a co-ordination unit in the central gender institution (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and Yemen). In the MENA region, Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and the Palestinian Authority report establishing such units at the CoG to promote a whole-of-govemment approach to gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, adults and young people prefer to ask for assistance from non-kin where it is more reliable and involves less of a threat to their dignity. Without ready recourse to marriage, boys may remain without relatives, with little education and without work, a situation that offers little in the way of immediate support or connections that may assist future integration into new social networks. However, little is known about certain dynamics within these, including the domestic and caring roles of men and the reciprocity of care and responsibility between adolescents and adults. Understanding it requires looking beyond separate risk profiles (such as sex worker, migrant or adolescent) because these do not fit young people's experience (Busza et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recent OECD research, however, points to a number of key principles for enhancing the efficiency, sustainability and inclusiveness of urban transport financing in general, w'hich could perhaps help inform the current policy reflection in Korea (Table 1.6). Experience in OECD countries suggests that strengthening economic appraisal procedures and eligibility criteria for subsidies could improve the cost-efficiency of transport projects. Social inclusion can also be reinforced through land-value capture mechanisms, targeted subsidies for the neediest users and reasonable fare levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All higher education institutions in the Galilee, with the exceptions of Carmel Academic College and Nazareth Academic Institution are "budget" institutions, meaning that they receive budget allocations from the Planning and Budget Committee (PBC). Colleges for teacher education are not under the responsibility of the PBC but the Ministry of Education.) Direct allocations to the colleges are divided into three main categories: i) block grant allocations, ii) earmarked allocations and iii) matching allocations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Belfast Guidelines on Amnesty and Accountability have been developed by an expert group of independent, interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners from different world regions and areas with recent experience of dealing with gross human rights violations. The Guidelines aim to assist those seeking to make or evaluate decisions on amnesties and accountability in the midst or wake of conflict or repression. The Guidelines are divided into four parts: general principles, scope of the amnesty, amnesty conditions, and amnesty adoption, implementation and review. This Explanatory Guidance which accompanies the Guidelines (authored by Mallinder) sets out the law, standards and practice that support each Guideline, as well as the discussion that informed the drafting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aim of this book is to examine how and why multiple structures, institutions and agents interact in informing bank behaviour and financial system resilience, and institutional change and persistence. To that end, the SIA framework and typological theory of bank behaviour have been developed to carry out the analysis and were introduced in Chapter 1. They emerge from an inductive research and benefit from institutional theory and public policy literature that deal with institutional and policy change processes. In this regard, this book also takes an important step toward building bridges among these academic fields. Thus, it is important to locate this book in the broader literature about the variants of institutional analysis and in the literature of comparative public policy and political economy of national financial systems which utilise an institutional analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some clients can profit from social skills training, while others need enduring support. Furthermore, if diagnosis and symptoms affect the success of vocational rehabilitation, it is vital that vocational rehabilitation is integrated with specialised mental health treatment.5 Lastly, the schizophrenia focus of most current research on success factors of vocational rehabilitation calls for a broader research agenda looking at predictive factors of the most prevalent mental disorders. As there is some congruency of illness-symptoms and work-functioning, the efficacy of treatment, to a large extent, decides whether and how fast work-functioning can be restored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Members of the sub-committees usually hold monthly meetings in Lebanon or Syria to discuss issues related to the basin, and exchange hydrological data and results of water quality analysis. Syria and Turkey launched a joint dam project on the Orontes River in Syria. In 2009, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding for the construction of the Syrian-Turkish Orontes River Friendship Dam to provide water for irrigation and hydropower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
About half of all NEETs are below 25, although 15-19 year-olds are much less likely to be NEETs than 20-24 and 25-29 year-olds. The proportion of 15-19 year-old NEETs ranges from 7% in Slovenia and 9% in the Slovak Republic to 28% in Mexico and 27% in Chile and Sweden. Numbers are for individuals aged 15-29 years, for the United States, the age range considered is 16-24 because no information on student status is available for individuals aged 25 years and above. Data are for 2011 except for Canada (2009), Ireland (2010) and Mexico (2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These recommendations are addressed to the European Union, and particularly in regards to its multifaceted actions in the international plane. The EU is a key player in international relations and a guardian of international peace and security. Yet, the EU is also and potentially a violator of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. This document contains recommendations regarding the positive and negative obligations of the EU in that matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They confer great importance on policy coherence. Moreover, industrial policies, technological innovation, transfer and adaptation, and energy plans based on integrated energy assessments require decisive, ingenious and coherent national policymaking and international cooperation. It requires an enabling environment for the industrial policies needed to accelerate economic growth and foster green sectors, as well as for large public and private investment projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
So it follows that it makes both political and economic sense to implement the 'polluter pays principle': MSWM is provided as a public utility service and paid for by the public, and (larger) private waste generators manage their own waste or pay for its proper management. Selling recovered products is also a substantial industrial sector in its own right. The dependence of the waste industry on legislation to create the market has also created a 'shadow business’ which cuts costs by ignoring the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Third, since the principle of the rubric as a tool for formative assessment was new to teachers, they were invited to experiment with this method during training sessions through exercises on stylised rubrics specifically created for that purpose. Co-ordinators reported that this process proved very useful to build teachers' comprehension of the project's tools and methods. Co-ordinators therefore planned the intervention as a system of steps intended to support teachers' acquisition of new knowledge and tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Haifa sub-district is 70% Jewish compared to only 43% in the Northern District. The Northern District includes 38% of Israel’s and 52% of the region’s Arab Muslim population and 59% of Israel’s and 74% of the region’s Arab Christian population (CBS, 2009). There is also great diversity within the Jewish population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To determine these, area alone can be considered, or the area and quality of biodiversity. Success can be determined by whether offsets achieved better conservation outcomes than would have occurred if the offset had not taken place (TEEB). It should be borne in mind that this approach is only suitable for habitats that can be restored within a reasonable time-frame as lengthy restoration processes may lead to contrary impacts, such as ecological damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This represents a high degree of self-sufficiency compared to other world regions or countries, such as OECD Europe (55%) or the United States (70%). The contribution of imports needed to cover India's energy needs is, however, increasing: from a net import share of 10% in 1990 to 23% in 2007. This trend is driven by increased oil imports for the transport and industry sector. Also coal imports have been rising over recent years despite indigenous reserves, since domestic coal suffers from a high ash content and its low quality reduces power generation efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Primary care is largely delivered through a network of some 100 000 community clinics which include those with beds. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, however, primary care in Japan is typically delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semi-specialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community. Likewise, rather than having a distinct primary care estate, primary care may be delivered in a department in a hospital and patients who come to clinics with beds or hospitals with primary care department can stay for inpatient care if needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The exchange serves as an intermediary between buyers and sellers of recyclable waste and reusable products. It is co-ordinated with other exchanges in the “Grande Region” and beyond,10 and is open to private participants. Most of the major industrial firms have their own networks and are fully familiar with the markets for primary and secondary raw materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article is motivated by two trends in international relations (IR): the general trend toward global neoliberalism, and the discursive turn in IR scholarship. Neoliberalism, while not fully practised anywhere, has become the dominant discourse and normative measure of economic policy ideas around which policy debates coalesce. This all is the more noticeable among the lesser-developed countries. This article attempts to explain this gradual shift in the global political economy where most discussions centre around a core set of ideas and beliefs about how the system ought to function. Given that evidence of this ideational/discursive shift predates the end of the Cold War and changed out of step with the steady growth in economic interdependence, new approaches are warranted. What is argued here is that the study of social interaction among states will shed considerable light onto how the international system has developed into its current state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a controlled primary-school-feeding study in Kenya, children receiving milk and/or meat supplements with mid-morning snacks had higher intakes of several nutrients, including vitamins A and B12, calcium, iron and zinc, as well as dietary energy (Murphy eta/. 2003, Neumann et al. Fortifying rice served in school lunches in India led to statistically significant declines in iron-deficiency anaemia, from 30 to 15 percent for the treatment group, while anaemia remained essentially unchanged for the control group (Moretti etal., Mexico's PROGRESA/ Oportunidades/Prospera conditional cash transfer programme increased secondary school enrolment by six percentage points for boys and nine percentage points for girls. In Bangladesh, a small programme targeting the hardest-to-reach children increased primary school enrolment by nine percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The only comparable data on a global scale are on the date of suffrage and the percentage of female seats in parliament, which provide a very limited overview of gender disparities in politics. Because data on conventional forms of political participation (such as voting trends) are not available due to secret ballot systems, and as a result of the difficulty of capturing unconventional forms of political participation, such as protesting, with quantitative methods, it is very difficult to measure other forms of women’s political participation. A similar issue arises when using data on education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a prior conflict resolution curricula review, [1] asserted that curricula should be designed to influence knowledge and understanding of peace and conflict, competencies necessary for peacemaking, peacebuilding, and peacekeeping, peaceful attitudes and values, and efficacy and outcome expectancies
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fiscal management requires judicious policy actions moving forward. The budget deficit has been persistently high the last few years, resulting in a marked rise in the government debt-to-GDP ratio. While the imposition of appropriate spending restrictions is helpful, the falling revenue-to-GDP ratio needs attention. Furthermore, sustaining growth requires the leveraging of economic gains from electricity and mining production and from infrastructure projects (e.g. the railway from Lao PDR to China) to develop other industries. For instance, agriculture could use additional investment to enhance its climate resilience, operational efficiency and productivity. Despite the movement of labour to other sectors over the years, agriculture still accounts for more than 60% of total employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In other words, the frequency of disasters in the region has increased by 3.6 times in half a century. For that reason, the adoption of mitigation measures to reduce the population's exposure and restore infrastructure, together with economic and social measures, are becoming increasingly essential for an emerging region that is geographically widespread and increasingly susceptible to changes that disrupt people's lives. Apart from the higher frequency of disasters, what is new is the severity, incidence and distribution of the effect of these phenomena, which make it necessary to reform the institutions organized to protect people from collective risks (Lo Vuolo, 2014, p. 19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)