albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The mass expulsion and exile of Bhutanese de facto refugees to displaced camps in Nepal represents one of the world's most neglected humanitarian crises. We aimed to summarize the impact of the long-term displacement on refugee mental illness using systematic review techniques, a methodology seldom used in the humanitarian field. In order to examine the impact among the population and the association between tortured refugees over non-tortured refugees, we searched 11 electronic databases from inception to 12 May 2006. We additionally contacted researchers at the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and at the Centre for Victims of Torture, Kathmandu, and searched the websites of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Relief-Web, and the US State Department. We included any studies that use a pre-defined protocol to determine mental illness within this population. Six studies met our inclusion criteria. All were conducted amongst the Bhutanese populations residing in Nepalese refugee ca...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Environmental injustices in the rural landscape created unnecessary exposure to pollution in water and air, land-use abuse, health challenges and economic depression. Themes in political ecology and environmental injustice are merged in this chapter to provide substance on the politics associated with environmental justice and to characterize political, economic and social factors as major contributors. Environmental issues are then grounded in an articulation of power relations, marginalization, degradation and environmental conflict, with special emphasis on the role of industry and capitalism in diminishing civic engagement and social protections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The trademark guarantees that the products meet the quality standards set in the national and EU food safety regulations, do not contain genetically modified organisms and artificial colouring agents. At least 75% of the ingredients used must originate from the EU region. Currently only one Latvian company involved in aquaculture uses this label. There are several more food quality schemes similar to the Green Spoon recognised by consumers in Latvia even though only a small number of fisheries producers use them. The application concerns 'Camikavas negi' - wild river lampreys (Lampetra Jluviatilis) caught in the river Gauja in Camikava municipality between 1 August and 1 February.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The project, Berufsbildungskooperation Schweiz - Indien, which offers vocational education and training, is led by the Swiss-lndian Chamber of Commerce in co-operation with the Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (SVIVET) and Swissmem (the association of the Swiss mechanical and electrical Engineering industires). The Swiss Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology (OPET) supported the pilot phase of the initiative by providing funds and access to government agencies. In 2011, the first students completed their training as production technicians according to Swiss standards. The project started as a public-private partnership, with at least 40% of the costs in the launch phase covered by private industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further details of the calculations and the full set of values calculated can be found in the Annex. In such a case, the median income of the distribution is easily identifiable and the number of individuals subsisting on less than a certain proportion of the median (e.g. 40%, 50%, or 60%) is simple to count directly. However, given the wide variety and uneven coverage of household survey data, a number of tools allow poverty measures to be estimated directly from more aggregated data sources, such as grouped distributional data that can be derived from either household surveys or administrative sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Mirroring the results of frequency of usage, only 21% have “rarely” disseminated the Principles and 1% claims they have “never” disseminated them. In 77% of the cases, dissemination occurs by referencing the Principles in workshops, meetings or seminars, and in 63% of the cases by using them in reports or other types of publications. The Principles are also disseminated through newsletters and news updates (39%), by including information on the Principles on the respondents’ own websites (20%), and through social media channels, such as Twitter, Linkedln, etc. ( Governments (66%) and other public agencies (64%) were the most targeted group, followed by academia (51%), civil society organisations (48%), and international and multilateral organisations (39%), the private sector (31%), and financial institutions or bilateral donors (19%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is a risk that education becomes our next steel industry, and schools a relic of the past. But to transform schooling at scale, we need not just a radical, alternative vision of what is possible, but also smart strategies that help make change in education happen. Should they pursue what is most technically feasible?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article provides insights into the consequences of the Aarhus Convention in the field of European Union (EU) climate change law. It discusses climate change cases concerning environmental procedural rights that are decided by the Court of Justice of the EU and the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee (ACCC). Regarding access to environmental information, cases reveal reluctance on the part of governments to provide climate-related information. Regarding public participation, the ACCC has illustrated that the EU Renewable Energy Directive falls short in light of the Aarhus Convention. Given the need to adopt even more stringent measures to reduce greenhouse gases, more case law is expected. A systematic analysis of case law will help us to understand to what extent EU climate policy complies with the Aarhus Convention. Such an analysis will also show what lessons can be learned from the Aarhus Convention for putting the procedural provisions of the UNFCCC into practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Estonia introduced a 15% co-payment for inpatient nursing care (van Ginneken 2013). Spain introduced income-dependent co-payments for medicines including for most pensioners with limits depending on their pension level (Casino, 2012). Australia introduced caps on the public contribution for specific out-of-hospital services including private obstetrics and assisted reproductive technology services in 2010, which has resulted in higher co-payments for these services (van Gool et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As mentioned above, the 2008 reform sets formal pathways at all three levels (see Figure 4.1). While a welcome development, the pathways are not yet operational, which in parts reflects the fragmentation of the Tunisian governance system, particularly the split of responsibilities between ministries (see below' the section on governance). In practice, it is not possible for upper secondary VET graduates to gain access to universities. There are also obstacles for students when transitioning from BTS to university.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More high-level skills are needed than ever before. These changes in skills demand have to be identified, articulated and translated into up-to-date curricula and relevant programmes. A strategic approach to skills policies also needs to consider local differences, particularly in emerging economies where these differences can be large. Compared to purely government-designed curricula taught exclusively in schools, learning in the workplace allows young people to develop "hard" skills on modern equipment, and "soft" skills, such as teamwork, communication and negotiation, through real-world experience. Hands-on workplace training can also help to motivate disengaged youth to stay in or re-engage with the education system, and smooths the transition from education into the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Section 6 discusses the findings and concludes the paper. Data sources are mostly national statistical institutes, except for eleven countries for which the WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health is used (Belgium, Chile, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, and UK). The methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to a more readily comparable metric of pure alcohol may differ across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The role of old forests as components of the carbon cycle is much less studied than its role for biodiversity. Here, we synthesize recent findings on the carbon balance of old forests in the Nordic countries. By “old forests" we understand forests considerably older than their harvestable age, containing many trees approaching their natural life span.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These investments, and its plans to enter the gas pipeline market, make ISA a specialist provider of linear infrastructures, which, despite a presence in different sectors, operate under a similar business model, involving major initial investments, expropriation of many land plots and regulated income that is constant in the long-term. They have grown rapidly, often taking advantage of the departure of European or United States firms that abandoned their assets in the region. While ISA has focused its expansion in the transmission segment and other linear infrastructures, EPM has targeted the more open markets of Central America, where it has consolidated a robust position in the distribution segment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Excess mortality from schizophrenia increased by 11% from 2006 to 2011 (OECD, 2014a). Less than 1% of the Swedish population develop bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders are also found to be slightly more prevalent among women (Eliasson & Jonsson, 2008, Cullberg, 2005). Excess mortality from bipolar disorder in Sweden increased by 21% from 2006 to 2011, while 15.7% of patients with bipolar are readmitted to the same hospital within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a). The prevalence rate of mental disorders also varies highly between age group, gender, and educational attainment, which is shown in Figure 1 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This has risen from 71% in 2010 to 88% in 2016, up 17 percentage points. Growth has been flat for the last few years, suggesting that there are bottlenecks to raising coverage another 12 points to reach ubiquity. One challenge is the high costs of rolling out service to the remaining largely remote rural areas where roads are scarce, grid electricity rare and incomes low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Information collected in a new OECD questionnaire allows for a comparison between anticipated and realised spending during 2010 (Figure 1.10, Panels A and B).18 Actual spending turned out to be lower than anticipated in a considerable number of countries. These unanticipated declines in expenditures probably reflect in significant part the fact that unemployment rose less than had been expected in some countries, as well as the rapid decline in STW enrolments in countries such as Germany, where the economic recovery was relatively quick and strong. Lower than anticipated take-up of new or existing initiatives (or a slower unfolding of new initiatives than first foreseen) may also have been a factor. Anticipated improvements in labour market conditions probably play a large role in explaining why one-half or more of the countries expect spending on unemployment and STW benefits, as well as job subsidies, to fall and significant minorities expect all other spending categories to fall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These plants are operated in a frequency sensitive mode, which will result in active power output changes, in response to a change in system frequency, to recover the target frequency. Reserves, regulated by balancing markets, play their role as part of the “solidarity principle” within the whole interconnected area (with many control areas combined)7 and participate in the primary adjustment, regardless of the area where the fault originated. The Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) recommends a primary control reserve margin of about 2.5% of the total installed capacity in an electricity generation system and that primary reserves are distributed homogeneously over the synchronous area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The discipline of the arts has much to contribute to the field of conflict resolution. This article broadly investigates how artistic engagement facilitates transformative learning and the development of skills and capacities for more constructive engagement with conflict. Many scholar practitioners have acknowledged the widespread use of arts-based approaches to peacebuilding and conflict resolution. While it is important to know what forms of arts-based approaches are utilized today, more empirical work is needed to explain and evaluate how engagement with the arts could foster cooperative relationships and more constructive engagement with conflict even in contexts of intractable conflict. An initial review of the literature, alongside examples of practice and personal reflections, highlights the restorative and transformative power of the arts to foster new perspectives, enhanced capacities for more constructive engagement with conflict, and ultimately, cooperative relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Song’acha River is the only outflow river from the lake, and is subsequently connected with the Ussuri/Wusuli River and the Amur/Hcilong River system. Furthermore, it plays an important role as a source of drinking water, and irrigation for 20,000 ha of rice paddies in China. Both sides of the lake are important for fisheries, in particular for the white fish (2,000 tons annually).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter presents common factors across OECD education systems that contribute to develop success/ul innovative learning environments, as identified from the research literature and from ILE programmes implemented in recent years. Reviewing past experiences in innovative learning environments can help policy makers seeking to design and implement reforms. It defines and reviews the main purposes and contextual features of ILEs, identifies the key elements of successful policy design and explains, through the analysis of past reform experiences, which practices and factors can contribute to efficient policy implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the share of staple foods has declined in recent decades, they still represent half to three-quarters of daily energy consumption (Weinberger and others, 2009). In the Pacific islands, increasing reliance on and preference for imported, high-calorie and processed foods has resulted in changing dietary patterns. The combination of changed dietary patterns and increasingly sedentary lifestyles has led to significant increases in obesity, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases associated with changing diets (FAO, 2015, SPC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The main rationale for this type of policy is to offer some labour market experience to the most disadvantaged who have a low probability of finding a job in the regular labour market. Hence, like temporary hiring subsidies, temporary public jobs could ‘re-shuffle the queue’ of the unemployed. This policy is sometimes used at a larger scale to lower the number of the registered unemployed during slumps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Act gives the authorities the ability to regulate recreational fisheries by foreign tourists as well as by Norwegian citizens. Each recreational fisherman may combine these types of gears according to the number of gears listed. Norwegian citizens may sell the fish through the sales organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In this regard, the introduction of minimum wage requirements is another policy gaining increased resonance in the region. For example, recent minimum wage hikes in Thailand are projected to increase employment growth by up to 0.6 of a percentage point by 2015, while real GDP growth is expected to increase by 0.7 of a percentage point above the level foreseen if no minimum wage increases were implemented. In addition to contributing to sustained economic growth, such coordinated and well-designed policies can also support efforts to mitigate climate change while advancing developmental aspirations and ensuring affordable food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Police Authority of Gyeonggi Province took the initiative to set up a safety committee together with the education community (Provincial Education Board), citizen associations and the media. The objective of this collaborative structure is to promote road safety control by-analysing the areas where there is a high concentration of accidents, upgrading infrastructure (Province and Regional Office of Construction Management), educating citizens and raising awareness. The committee was elected after a debate that brought together around 150 experts and representatives from the civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In June 2007 Viet Nam and the United States signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. While this did not introduce additional specific concessions or commitments, it established the US-Viet Nam Council on Trade and Investment, inter alia, for the monitoring of implementation of obligations under the WTO Agreement and the bilateral trade agreement. The Viet Nam-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement entered into force on 1 October 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, to be pragmatic and realistic, the 15% target is in fact unattainable within 2020, so any initiative that would increase the restoration activity is a contribution. One challenge is that a specific nature type may be defined in different ways, so the same type of nature ends up in different categories in the different countries. Data on wetlands in Table 4.3 is a good example, as it is perhaps not likely that wetland in good conditions in Norway (1.1% in level 1) is so much worse than in Finland (73% in level 1). This illustrates that the present datasets and definitions are unsuitable for a comparison between countries directly, but can be useful for helping countries realize the need for improved statistics and elaborating existing data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Ethiopia's PSNP, Kenya’s CT-OVC and Malawi's SCT, 73, 65 and 83 percent of recipients were femaleheaded households. Information based on PtoP data (see also Tirivayi, Knowles and Davis (2013). Men tend to have more access to productive assets than women, which probably explains why they invest more in them. Where women have limited legal rights to land and other assets, prioritizing consumption over investment may be the best option open to them (Holmes etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other key fisheries legislation are the Fishing Rule, the Fisheries Market Act (2004) (regulates different support measures like the EFF and state aid measures and provides market regulation), the Act on Sustainable Development (1995), the Water Act (1994), the Pollution Charge Act (1999), the Act on Protection of Marine and Freshwater Coasts, Shores and Banks and the Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (2000). Twice a year, the commission meets to settle the terms for allowable catch volumes, research programmes, surveillance, technical measures and exchange information. In 2009, total landings were 97 245 tonnes for a value of EUR 60.1 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The chapter mainly examines the infrastructure challenges of reaching the 'last/first mile’, i.e. the infrastructure that connects SMEs in remote locations to the major hubs (Figure 16) as part of the business ecosystem in which they operate. These issues must be resolved, as the level of transport and ICT infrastructure available to SMEs determines their capacity to compete with other enterprises and connect with the key business ecosystem actors: the private sector and nonprofit institutions providing services to enterprises. However, SMEs will never connect to them without at least a modest transport and ICT infrastructure - i.e. without some means of traversing the last mile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Presentation at the Preparatory Meeting, International Advisory Board to the International Climate Protection Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Poznan, Poland, 7 December 2008. Intellectual property and access to clean energy technologies in developing countries: an analysis of solar photovoltaic, biofuel and wind technologies. Regional differences in the price-elasticity of demand for energy. Santa Monica, Ca, RAND Corporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Disruptions of imported water conveyance and basin-wide distribution were determined to be major impacts. A follow-up analysis of water system impacts (Davis and O’Rourke, 2011) estimated that it would take at least 12-15 months for water service to be completely restored for much of the affected population, and that the costs of business interruption losses due to water supply reduction would likely be much greater than USD 50 billion. The study concluded that there is a need to increase local water storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Document management systems (DMS) are also sometimes used in order to draft, review and accept contracts. Often, if there are larger project consortia, one independent and assumed neutral company or the biggest stakeholder is responsible for contract management. The responsible party for contract management sets up the technology and acts as the administrator with access to all data and the possibility to change the status of documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Before joining the OECD, Puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in Finland as a national and local government adviser, programme manager, practitioner and evaluator. She has management experience from both the university and polytechnic sector and has worked in university internationalisation, PR and communication and stakeholder management. In addition, she has experience in the corporate sector in the pharmaceutical industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the enormous success of the New York Convention, the Pacific Island countries [“PICs”] are a blank spot on the New York Convention map. Any effort to promote international arbitration law reform in the PICs has to be sensitive to their exciting legal frameworks to be successful. The PICs are plural legal systems in which ‘kastom’ provides a set of norms often equal to positive laws. An obstacle on the PICs’ way to become part of the international arbitration community are fears that their ‘custom’ or ‘kastom’ may be left aside or overridden by the overseas legal principles and paradigms. The paper discusses if and to what extent the PICs’ ‘kastom’ may qualify as ‘public policy’ under Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention, thereby allowing Pacific Island states to deny the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards which they deem fundamentally contrary to their ‘kastom’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When the redistributive elements in tax systems were weakened, thereby reinforcing the tendency towards greater inequality, the increase in the share of capital in GDP was not accompanied by the expected rise of fixed investment. Such a view fails to consider the benefits for the economy as a whole from a more equitable distribution of income and wealth resulting from fiscal measures - both on the revenue and expenditure side. First, there is a social return for taxpayers, even though it may not be proportional to each income group’s tax burden. Government expenditure, no matter how this is financed, has direct effects on income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)