albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As shown in Figure 8, 80% of mitigation finance flows goes to middle income countries. This imbalance in climate related ODA has come under scrutiny by some commentators (Steele, 2015, Sachs and Schmidt-Traub, 2013). Meanwhile, adaptation receives 25% of climate-related development finance, with 39% of these resources targeted towards least-developed and low income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The 1994 Malawian Constitution is unique in that it, among other things, recognizes administrative justice as a fundamental right and articulates the notion of constitutional supremacy. This right and the idea of constitutional supremacy have important implications for Malawi's administrative law, which was hitherto based on the common law inherited from Britain. This article highlights the difficulties that Malawian courts have faced in reconciling the right to administrative justice as protected under the new constitution with the common law. In doing so, it offers some insights into what the constitutionalization of administrative justice means for Malawian administrative law. It is argued that the constitution has altered the basis and grounds for judicial review so fundamentally that the Malawian legal system's marriage to the English common law can be regarded as having irretrievably broken down as far as administrative law is concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the last one-and-a-half decade similar programmes were launched also in other Eastern and Central European EU member countries. For example, procedures to assess the special needs of students and categorise them should be reviewed. The objective is to improve the identification of those students who should attend special needs services and ensure socio-economic disadvantage is not “medicalised”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, to attract more women as clients, BDS organisations should make extra efforts to give their services higher visibility among women as well as educating them about the value of their services. However, mainstream BDS providers often do not have enough information on the specific needs of women entrepreneurs or how to effectively respond to those needs to provide such information. For example, women often lack innovative ideas for businesses because their past experience has been limited to traditionally female areas of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is also an effort to shift from charging for irrigation water hased on the area covered to the volume of water used in many countries, especially where water stress is a serious issue. Policies regarding on-farm water resources, mainly groundwater, usually involve licenses and other regulatory instruments, but because of high transaction costs to enforce compliance, the degradation and illegal pumping of groundwater remains a challenge. To achieve sustainable groundwater use more effort will be required to enforce regulatory measures and develop mechanisms for volumetric management and charging, which is also essential for the management of surface water, especially where water stress is a serious issue. But achieving marginal cost recovery for groundwater supplies is complex, as is the development of groundwater markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Conversely, a speed reduction of the recirculation pump would decrease the coolant flow, thus increasing coolant temperature and the core void fraction. The overall result is a decrease in core reactivity. The main advantage of this method is that the power distribution in the core is not changed, contrary to the case of regulation with control rods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
India also had double digit food price inflation in 2009. An equally remarkable slowing of food price increases was experienced by China, where they rose by less than 1% compared to 14.4% in 2008 and 12% in 2007. A number of countries, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Russian Federation as well as a Rwanda and Ghana, however did continue to experience double digit increases. Other countries such as Sri Lanka, Guatemala and China had relatively small price increases, that is less than 3%, while countries such as Senegal and Estonia, experienced net declines after increases of 9% and 14% respectively in 2008. See Figures 1.15 and 1.16 for changes in food price indices for the years 2006-09 in selected non-OECD and African countries, respectively. In high income countries, the share of food in the CPI ranges from less than 10-20% but in the middle and low income countries it is substantially higher, generally in the 30-60% range.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These indicators are likely to have a micro-coverage in terms of geographical exposure (e.g. few communities) and life spans (few years), and to be specific to the programme in question. The data needed to implement this approach are project data and information (often gathered via project-specific surveys). The research concludes that monitoring and evaluation frameworks should combine qualitative, quantitative and binary indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These questions should address whether biological parents are alive and living in the household, whether the adolescents are married or already parents themselves, how much education they have attained and whether they are still in school, and whether they hold jobs or work outside the home. Where such data exist, they should be easily accessible, and be analysed separately from data on older adolescent girls. Such an analysis reveals critical junctures in the lives of girls that are preceded by critical investment windows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite the challenges with the government’s insipient transition, biodiversity mainstreaming has started to gain importance on the government’s agenda. Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into development planning has been identified as one of the priority actions by the 80 experts from the government and civil society gathered at a stakeholder consultation in 2012. The consultation produced the Myanmar Biodiversity Conservation Investment Vision (2013), with biodiversity mainstreaming identified as a strategic direction. France has developed an Energy Transition for Green Growth Act (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. The “Scandinavian 8 Million City project garnered unprecedented local political momentum for a cross-border megaregion connected by high-speed rail, before running out of steam after failing to secure national buy-in. It was initiated as an Interreg A project with a focus on establishing a new fixed link between Denmark and Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Conversely, in more developed regions, the percentage of Governments providing direct support declined gradually from 62 per cent in 1976 to 38 per cent in 2005, but then increased a little to 45 per cent in 2013. Despite this recent increase, Governments in less developed regions were more than twice as likely as those in more developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in 2013. However, an increase in this proportion in recent years may indicate growing efforts to raise fertility in many of these countries. In Africa, in 2013, only one country did not support family planning, down from 17 countries in 1976, including three countries that did not permit family planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Act defines the duties and responsibilities of waste generators, municipalities and state authorities, and requires all actors concerned to regularly develop waste management programmes (OECD, 2002). Over the last decade, it has been amended repeatedly to adjust to EU legislation. Other regulatory instruments, concerning end-of-life vehicles, packaging, and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), have been adopted to transpose EU directives. Because of political changes and organisational restructuring, Slovakia missed the deadline for transposing the 2008 Waste Framework Directive into national law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In spite of the economic need for immigration among developed nations, native workers and the unemployed push back against migration, seeing migrants as contributing to low wages and labour competition. In leaving their homes and social networks, they set out to secure work that is not always available or of the quality they had envisioned. Migrant youth, in particular those immigrating without the proper documentation, are often forced into the informal economy, where they are vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Giving birth in a health facility is an important factor in reducing infections, complications, morbidity, and mortality for both mother and child. The Sudan and Yemen reported the lowest proportions by a wide margin, at 28 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. According to the latest available data, most countries report maternal mortality ratios under 60 per 100,000 births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Macroeconomic policies shape the overall economic environment for realizing women’s economic and social rights through their impact on employment creation and fiscal space in particular. How macroeconomic policies are designed and implemented will thus have a direct impact on the likelihood that gender equality is achieved. Two broad categories of macroeconomic policies are fiscal policy and monetary policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The policy shift of the Structural Funds towards local authority networks constitutes an EU attempt to redirect local economic development policies towards the European level. This article reviews key EU documents on urban policy, outlines the organizational mode of networking initiatives and comments on their effect on disparities. EU involvement in urban Europe, it is argued, rests on local governance structures and does not address the underdeveloped competitiveness of lagging urban areas as a policy objective. The relevance of this argument to cities in Portugal and Greece and to the debate on EU spatial intervention in Central and Eastern Europe is discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There was a reduction in the percentage of members of union/ association among male workers while there was an increase in the case of female workers. The percentages of the working poor were 14.8 per cent among men and 17.1 per cent among women in 2011-2012. In other words, women workers were more vulnerable than men. The relative poverty measure is essentially an indicator of inequality in the per capita income/ consumption expenditure of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in the compulsory school curriculum prepares students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education. They also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy, including the role of financial information in that environment. The role of design tools is different for a carpenter than for a baker. The role of robotization may vary from hotels to health spas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many respondents to the survey underlined the importance of ensuring the implementation of appropriate market conditions over and above that of increasing the actual level of money. One independent consultant who has been working in India on EE projects for over 30 years was adamant that "people are looking at EE financing as the Holy Grail, but I don't think that it is the right approach, because they are actually issues at different levels and financing is not necessarily the most important." In that same conversation, the respondent went on to argue that he "seriously believed that the barrier was not actually financial. Instead, government should focus on non-market barriers (i.e. organisation, market and risks)." Establishing proper channels of verification and enforcement are essential in building investor trust and attraction to EE markets (the difficulties of establishing such certification protocols were explained earlier, in Box 1). One could imagine the creation of an international platform for better co-operation and communication between the public and private financial sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To cement their support, Nuremberg ensured that the initial benefits from joint action were broadly distributed across the region, including in smaller places. While this may seem veiy altruistic, at the end of the day Nuremberg achieved it objective of elevating its position in a European context, w'here metropolitan regions, and not individual cities, are increasingly seen as the appropriate unit for uiban analysis and policy. Co-ordination on urban extension and infilling could minimise transport and service delivery costs, optimise the use of land, and support the protection and organisation of urban open spaces. Co-ordination on urban upgrading and retrofitting could increase residential and economic densities and promote more socially integrated communities. Engagement between the regions and municipalities in the functional urban area should be a continuous and iterative process, grounded in enforceable regulations that aims to promote a vibrant, more compact Prague and with synergies between territories. However, there needs to be concrete incentives in place to promote these partnerships, particularly when it comes to spatial planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In reality migration decisions are complex, and choices are rarely made without constraint. For instance, when livelihoods are threatened by slow-onset events such as climate change and environmental degradation, the distinction between forced and voluntary migration may not be clear-cut. The term "survival migration" has sometimes been used to refer to migration induced by conditions of extreme economic difficulties. The important point is that in reality, migration decisions are complex and depend on multiple factors. They are best viewed as lying along a spectrum in which elements of choice and coercion intermingle and can be more or less predominant depending on circumstances and context. Totally forced migration generally occurs in the form of displacement (often over short distances) in response to direct threats to life caused by natural or human-made disasters or by armed conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Psychiatric inpatient care has increased amongst adolescents and young adults. In 2009 - 2011, 72 497 women (516 per 100 000 population) and 80 479 men (572 per 100 000 population) were treated in psychiatric inpatient care. Figure 6 illustrates the trends in psychiatric inpatient care for both men and women between 1991-2011, a period during which the number of psychiatric beds declined sharply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Secondly, Mexican authorities could also consider strategies for streamlining the institutional landscape of the housing sector. The paradox of the Mexican institutional structure is the existence of a large number of housing organisms, which serve specific geographies (urban vs. rural) or segments of the population but which, taken together, still do not adequately reach the entire population. Some institutional mergers could be considered over the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter provides the legal-conceptual framework for the research, which is one of the education rights that derive from international human rights law and its official interpretations. The first half covers the main international laws and procedures that relate to education, including a focus on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The second half considers the area of interpretation of international law and the challenges it poses when trying to assess whether citizenship education adheres to these laws. It proposes a 2-A framework for analysing citizenship education in Northern Ireland and Israel, where education should be ‘acceptable’ (meaning, for example, relevant, culturally appropriate, non-discriminatory and so on) and ‘adaptable’ (flexible to the needs of a changing society, particular groups and individual students).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For their part, governments need to ensure that their own country’s quality infrastructure is ready for industry 4.0. But this growth has stagnated in recent years. This is especially evident in many SMEs, where weaknesses in competitiveness, poor working conditions and low skill development prevail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Part I of the two-part selective treatise finder published earlier in the International Journal of Legal Information focuses on scholars, legislators and jurists who have contributed to the scholarship in the field of constitutional law, the development of rule of law in China as well as in administrative law and procedure. Part II of the article focuses on those who have been instrumental in the development of legislation relating to civil law as well as criminal law and procedure from the late 1970's to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence-based policing (EBP) is a rising strategy in law enforcement and crime prevention that brings together police practitioners and academic research. The framework for EBP was laid out in the late 1990s by Lawrence Sherman, and since that time, there have been numerous developments that have advanced EBP, including the creation of the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix. At its core, EBP is a strategy predicated on the police of the best available science on what works in responding to crime while also engaging in critical self-evaluation by evaluating their responses through the measurement of both output and outcomes.      Keywords:    evidence,  law enforcement,  police
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since Yunnan province approved an opium substitution development programme for Myanmar and Lao PDR in 2006, the Chinese government has been actively mobilising Chinese companies to take part in the scheme by offering them subsidies, tax waivers and import quotas (TNI, 2012). Almost every rural household raises livestock which contributes to household nutrition and income and provides draught power and byproducts, such as hides and leather. In the past two decades, poultry has seen tremendous growth, with the number of birds increasing seven fold, particularly due to the spread of commercial production techniques in peri-urban areas (Figure 9.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nor was there any evidence found that effects varied significantly in the short and long term.19 Attempts to identify differences in the effect of inequality by sub-groups of countries (e.g. income per capita, geography or institutions) were uninformative, most likely because of the relatively small country sample. The main, direct, policy tool to reduce market income inequality is via taxes and benefits, which however may also have a negative direct effect on growth. This would happen, for example, if high levels of taxes and transfers imply a waste of resources and generate aggregate inefficiencies (as in Okun’s famous “leaky bucket” analogy).20 If this is the case, the specification should account for the fact that reaching a given level of disposable income inequality would entail a stronger drag on growth in countries featuring higher market inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, capacity utilization is higher among enterprises with female top managers in a number of countries, especially those in West Africa. Employment growth follows a similar pattern. In South Africa, during the eight-year period from 2004 to 2013, this proportion increased from 7 to 17 per cent in publically traded company boards, and from 7 to 34 per cent in state-owned enterprise boards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This shift focuses on moving from a waste collection and final disposal model to a more comprehensive prevention and waste management approach incorporating legal and administrative frameworks, environmental education, technological development and training. The policy instrument planning phase was strengthened by the input of the corporate sector, namely mining and oil sectors. In addition to the National Programme for Waste Prevention and Comprehensive Management (2009), the National Waste Prevention and Comprehensive Management Law (2003) outlines guidelines, objectives and waste management targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If this is the case, this will be the first time that the income criterion has not been met at the time of graduation. However, the UNCTAD projections indicate that this target is unlikely to be met, as only 10 LDCs are projected to be fully statistically eligible for graduation by that date, rather than the 24 targeted. Even in 2021, only 16 countries are projected to have achieved full statistical eligibility, still well below the IPoA target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The NBPTS is designed to consider a wide range of teacher competencies, using videos submitted by the teachers to appraise classroom practice and along with portfolio entries focused on teaching practice and constructed response assessments of content knowledge. Submitted materials are reviewed by trained teachers who are experts in the teachers’ content areas. In the United States, the NBPTS has been the chief means of certifying that classroom teachers are performing at high levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On his first full day in office, President Barack Obama signed an Executive Memorandum committing to create ‘an unprecedented level of openness in Government’ and ‘a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration’ to strengthen democracy, ensure the public trust, and ‘promote efficiency and effectiveness in Government’ (White House, 2009). The theory behind this Open Government Initiative (OGI) was threefold: transparency promotes accountability and provides information for the public, participation enhances government effectiveness and the quality of decision making, and collaboration engages Americans in the work of their government. This movement has expanded internationally, there is now an Open Government Partnership among a community of nations (Open Government Partnership, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in 2015, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills in the United Kingdom launched a new apprenticeship for entrepreneurs initiative that includes a specific pathway for social entrepreneurs. Through this initiative, apprentices can learn from employers while developing a social venture. By delivering programmes aimed at developing practical skills and competencies linked to the workplace, employers can help refugees with prior qualifications adapt to a new working culture and make the transition to sustainable employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Equal treatment is a fundamental principle of contemporary constitutionalism, which may challenge migration law, since the latter reiterates the basic distinction between citizens and aliens as well as among different categories of migrants.   The contribution shows that constitutional law is based upon an – usually invisible – inequality threshold, which becomes evident when we consider rules on entry into the territory and the diverse distinctions among different migration statuses. Limits of equal treatment permeate the restrained case law of the ECtHR and define the judicial caution of the CJEU and the EU legislature in the interpretation and design of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and secondary law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)