albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Governments, which have a unique capacity to convene all relevant stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and the scientific community, have an important role to play in facilitating consultations with, interactions among and the participation of those stakeholders so as to enhance reciprocal trust. As highlighted above, actions in multiple sectors (including energy, health, agriculture, transportation and technology, among many others) and at different levels of governance are therefore required to provide coordinated and coherent policy support. An additional layer of complexity is imposed by the fact that the negative impact of climate hazards is usually localized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are also opportunities, such as with the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies, to both reduce demands on public finances and improve climate resilience. Estimating needs and identifying funding sources is an essential element of the planning process, and for successful implementation. Options may require mobilising sufficient funding, or ensuring the effective use of existing resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Table 2 clusters these application cases into five types of cooperation, describes them and provides insights into the main findings of ENERGISE as regards the relevance of this type of cooperation from the perspectives of industry actors and competent authorities. This is not surprising as ICT today are an essential part of operating and maintaining a modern power grid system. More and more decentralized power generators further increase the need to employ modern ICT in network operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Slum dwellers are a heterogeneous population, and not only the very poor live in slum communities (UN-Habitat, 2003). Even though slum areas can differ substantially cross-nationally in size and other characteristics, extreme housing deprivation is a common trait. The numbers are relatively less dramatic in Brazil: 3.3% of people in Brazilian faveias lack access to tap water and 12.3% lack an indoor flushing latrine in their homes (IBGE, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The second, and less acknowledged, reality is that food insecurity can be much higher in rural areas because of a far greater reliance on a narrow range of locally produced foodstuffs whose yields are unstable. Limited access to national and global food markets, and high levels of poverty can price rural people out of food markets. In the last decade, greater focus has been placed on integrating rural regions into the national and global economies, broadening the economic base of rural regions and improving agricultural productivity. In many respects, the pursuit of competitiveness, productivity and income generation (regional development) are necessary to sustain progress in the effort to reduce hunger, malnutrition and poverty. However, they are far from sufficient on their own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The complexity of the country’s hydrographic system (some regions with no rivers, others with large rivers, barriers related to the Appenines, water transfers) has led to a complex aggregation of small- and medium-sized river basins that requires further streamlining. A report on the competent authorities for implementation of the WFD according to Article 3 of the WFD was submitted to the European Commission, with a delay. District authorities not established due to an incomplete legal framework, as the ministerial decree aggregating and transferring the competence and funding from the existing river basin authorities to the new authorities was missing. The OECD Multi-level Governance Framework provides a tool to support policy makers in making such a diagnosis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Based on a review of existing research it shows that time-use information reveals a much wider range of economic contributions from women, men and children than conventional measures of economic activities, and yields more comprehensive estimates of aggregate production. In addition, household production and caregiving contribute to all aspects of the well-being of household members and yet typically remain unmeasured. Time-use data and analyses uncover the commonly hidden time dimensions of income poverty by exposing the time pressure faced by household members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Establishing a coordinating body with sufficient authority and resources can be an essential step towards more coherent and effective policies. Such a body could be the central planning commission or planning ministry of a country. Some areas that may offer particular potential for integrating the SCP perspective include: climate change mitigation, energy security, food security, health, water and consumer safety/consumer rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Striking such a balance is made difficult because successful existing recipients are often more likely to deliver more of the outputs and outcomes sought by the programmes and the intermediary institutions delivering them. This creates an incentive for providers to continue supporting existing successful businesses to deliver the target outputs and outcomes they seek. Direct and centralised models can more readily control delivery channels while indirect and decentralised models rely upon effective incentive structures to shape and steer the system (Figure 1.1.). Characteristic of the early phase of policy framework development is the proliferation of intermediate institutions providing services funded by a growing and widening array of support programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The more successful countries, however, have not been those that followed strategies focusing on overcoming a single major constraint, but rather the ones able to effectively find a degree of coherence among different levels of development policy effective enough to usher in the conditions necessary for poverty reduction. The main determinants in the more successful cases are discussed below. While they do not necessarily constitute a blueprint for guaranteed success in other contexts, they do provide lessons on how to tailor development strategies to national requirements. However, initial equality may be more important, for if growth proceeds from an initial egalitarian distribution, then it has a greater poverty reduction effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An improved overview of climate finance flows, including in the context of developed countries’ USD lOObn goal in the context of the UNFCCC, could have both national and international benefits. These obligations have been enhanced under the Paris Agreement, and include: quantified commitments relating to the provision and mobilisation of financial resources from developed countries to assist developing countries, the leadership of developed countries in mobilising climate finance for developing countries, the reporting of transparent and consistent information on finance provided and mobilised by developed countries, and the review of climate finance provided. However, gaps and inconsistencies remain in UNFCCC provisions for transparency of climate finance provided, mobilised and received. There are also gaps in data availability and reporting, and no agreed methods to attribute climate finance mobilised multilaterally, or for calculating climate finance mobilised from policy interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
More generally, Poland is host to 40% of all animal and plant species described in Europe. The Pan-European (Helsinki) process focuses on the development of criteria and indicators for sustainable management of European forests. It is overseen by Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
More generally, they keep prices artificially high and therefore depress average real wages for the economy as a whole. By restricting output, they tend to reduce employment levels in the affected sectors, except when a protected environment allows over-staffing to be maintained, and labour demand may be further reduced if wages in these sectors contain an element of product-market rents. Combining PMR indicators with measures of labour market regulations, Boeri et al. ( Using time-varying indicators of PMR, Nicoletti and Scarpetta (2004) find that product market reforms contribute to increasing non-agricultural employment rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Greater pressures will bring greater tensions between those services. Many of the services are part of the production of essentials of life - food, drinking water, flood management, biodiversity, renewable energy and stored biomass in the shape of forestry and carbon-rich soils. The next section describes one response to the potential of green growth rurally - harnessing renewable energy potential, which is of increasing importance given climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a result, discharges from WWTPs into water bodies are polluted by organic substances, ammonium and nitrates. Another reason for poor wastewater treatment is the large capacity of WWTPs relative to the incoming wastewater. For more efficient wastewater treatment, the capacity of WWTPs must be adjusted, thus, the receiving waters will be in better condition and operating costs can be reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Rural and local development policies can help as well by providing targeted policies to improve the attractiveness of rural areas to residents and investors. While this may be perceived as unfair, it is no different than a farmer operating on rented land. A fisher may have many reasons for choosing to rent a fishing right rather than purchase it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The IAEG-SDGs proposed 12 indicators to monitor this goal, of which eight were Tier I indicators (Appendix 2.1). However, data are only available for three Tier 1 indicators for Target 9.2 (promoting industrialisation) and 9.4 (resource-use efficiency and clean technologies). Except for Fiji, the manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP is less than 10 per cent for the Commonwealth Pacific small states for which data are available, and based on current trends, none of the countries are expected to significantly grow this sector (Figure 2.6). While there is a possibility that reform could enhance the industrialisation prospects of the larger economies of Fiji, PNG and the Solomon Islands, it will be unrealistic to expect the same for the smaller economies, particularly Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To launch the programme in Egypt, the AUC created the Women’s Entrepreneurship and Leadership Programme, which serves as a regional hub for teaching and research regarding women’s leadership in the Arab region. Since 2008, AUC has graduated 235 women entrepreneurs from the Goldman Sachs programme. The underlying premise of the Initiative is that expanding the entrepreneurial talent and managerial pool in developing and emerging economies, especially among women, can reduce inequality and ensure inclusive economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Master's or equivalent level, 8. The reporting template included 18 indicators with 497 sub-indicators structured according to the seven issues that reflect the objectives of the Strategy for ESD. The Expert Group instituted a ratings scale for a number of sub-indicators to provide greater specificity in how member States were advancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the Global Review survey is likely to have been filled in by trade officials, who may not necessarily be aware of the ‘donor-recipient’ discussion at the Ministry of Finance. Hence, lack of internal co-ordination in developing countries can also confound what is general ODA and what is AfT. These confusions can undermine the focus and momentum behind AfT and are difficult to overcome as long as strong incentives remain to over-report AfT in the reporting process. A review carried out by Cadot et al. ( This is also the case for many of the Global Review case stories: very few focus on potential other explanatory variables beyond the intervention. As a result, the Global Review is based primarily on subjective self-evaluation, the monitoring of inputs and a review of case stories subject to selection biases in order to determine whether the effectiveness of AfT is improving. Where more rigorous evaluations are conducted (such as the USAID portfolio evaluation), the rate of return is calculated based on evaluations primarily carried out by programme managers themselves and/ or frequently lacking objectively verifiable indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Experience from monitoring and evaluation of poverty reduction strategies suggests that placing the institutional lead close to the centre of government will ensure greater authority of the monitoring and evaluation unit and create strong links to the policy planning and budgeting processes (Bedi et al., Although an increasing number of developing countries are starting to report on climate variables in response to the need to monitor and evaluate their NAPA’s and NAP’s, the lack of good climate data continues to pose a challenge for many. While data availability is a particular challenge in countries that are in conflict or that have recently emerged from one, this challenge is not limited to fragile states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One of these employs the idea of a “bassin de vie” to argue that the appropriate geographic unit for optimizing quality of life has a small geography, especially in rural territories. “ Basssins de vie” in France are defined as an area where people both live and work, and where they can obtain the vast majority of the services that they need locally. The logic in this theory is that a high degree of physical and social connectedness leads to a better quality of life and to better local decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policyrelevant research. Substantive contributions were made by Till Bajohr on the analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement. The research was conducted under the auspices of the DAC Network on Environment and Development (ENVIRONET).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Governments must assess the evidence and give a clear message to consumers and industry as to what is important or unimportant and hence what changes in food consumption and production are to be encouraged. By this means, confusion - for example, as to whether imported food is better for the climate than home-produced food (i.e. the food miles debate) - can be clarified. Short-lived social marketing campaigns may be doomed to fail. Substantially more research is needed on the causal links between campaigns and long-term patterns of behaviour and consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These changes in the distribution of public expenditure are closely linked to the increase in demand for tertiary education and to the decrease in pre-tertiary education enrolment, due to demographic factors (see Chapter 1). In the last decade, enrolment in tertiary education rose from 584 000 students in 2004, to 1.1 million in 2013, i.e. it doubled. There was also some increase in the share of public expenditure going to pre-primary education, from 8% in 2004 to 11% in 2013 (see Figure 2.6). For Chile and Colombia, year of reference is 2013 instead of 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2007-2008 at least 27 cities in the region —including 10 capitals— exceeded the particulate matter (PM10) limits recommended by WHO. At least 100 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean are said to be exposed to air pollution at levels that exceed WHO-recommended limits (Cifuentes and others, 2005). The groups most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution are children, the elderly, people with certain pre-existing health conditions and those in poverty. In a period of around four years from 2004 to 2008, less than a third of the countries (seven of 24) were able to reduce the number of deaths from causes related to air pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Sons, daughters, and parental behaviour', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3): 340-356. Child deprivation, multidimensional poverty and monetary poverty in Europe', Office of Research Working Paper 2012-02. Issues in the measurement of poverty', The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 81 (2): 285-307. Material Deprivation Among Children'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this section we briefly review some of this evidence. Pensions were thus reported to be used for educational expenses, among others. Case and Deaton (1996), using data from the 1993 PSLSD, find that households with elderly members tend to spend less on transport and more on schooling than other households. The paper argues that pension income can increase school enrolments in tw'O ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The effect is larger still in Italy, where at a participation rate of only 42%, an unemployment ratio of 10% translates into an unemployment rate of 24%. When comparing joblessness across countries or over time, it should be considered that higher unemployment rates may reflect both a higher incidence of joblessness but also a lower participation rate at given levels of joblessness. Trajectories are constructed from the raw data as ‘chains’ of activity states over the observation period, with each sequence consisting of 48 monthly activity states. Four types of activities are distinguished: in work, in education, NEET unemployed, and NEET inactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, GENDERNET makes available a series of tools to integrate gender in development cooperation, also specifically targeting issues such as conflict situations or climate change (OECD, 2013), and USAID has published guidance on climate change and conflict (USAID, 2015). The bar represents total ODA per sector and the climate-related share within that total. While country ownership reduces the risk of fragmentation at the national level, steps also need to be taken at the international level to reduce the fragmentation of funding sources in order to improve access to resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This will have an impact on the size of the aggregation bias: if the risk has a weak correlation across farms, the difference of the observed variability between the farm and the aggregated level is likely to be larger, leading to higher aggregation bias. In most countries, statistics show that the yield risk is much less correlated across farms, meaning that yield risk is more farm specific (Figure 1.7) . However, price risk is highly correlated across farms. If a farmer suffers from low prices, it is highly likely that other farmers experience similar adversity at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The growth will be primarily driven by gains in aquaculture output, which is projected to reach 49% of total fishery production in 2023. However, growth in aquaculture production is anticipated to slow down to 2.5% p.a., Relative to the previous decade, fish consumption growth in the outlook period will decelerate due to high fish prices and slower population growth. The main drivers affecting world fish prices for capture, aquaculture and traded products will be income and population growth, limited growth of capture fisheries production, sustained demand for fish, increasing meat prices, and high costs for feed, energy and crude oil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The delivery of health services, including speech-language therapy (SLT), is influenced by the culture of the healthcare discipline and the unique cultural, social and political history of the country. Among the multitude of terms referring to cultural competence and related concepts, it is timely for the SLT profession in Aotearoa (New Zealand) to determine a unified and strategic approach to cross-cultural service delivery. This article examines foundational issues to consider before establishing that approach. The Aotearoa context is strongly influenced by colonization, te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi), immigration and questions of biculturalism and multiculturalism. Within this, issues arise because the Aotearoa SLT workforce is not representative of the population it serves. Because of te Tiriti, it is necessary to begin by addressing issues facing Māori, the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa. These include health inequities, racism, color-blindness and white privilege. The Hauora Māori (Mā...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Programmes such as this - which include the people who are most dependent upon natural assets, are vulnerable to climate hazards, but who are potentially the managers of environmental services -offer much learning for a more widespread approach to inclusive green growth. A climate change impact and vulnerability assessment has already been undertaken for Addis, using UNDP and IPCC climate change impact assessment guidelines, and a city-level resilience plan has already been drafted. As part of the C40 commitment, the municipal authority is also examining the sustainability of urban land use and actions are already taken to scale up urban green areas. Furthermore, outreach campaigns have also been carried out to make Addis’ citizens aware of the benefits of saving water and other natural resources (CDP, 2012). They were developed, mostly prior to the conceptualisation of a national green growth strategy, to suit local circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In comparison, reducing the overall taper rate from 65 to 60% would cost approximately £1 300 million a year. On the other hand, better incentives for lone parents and second earners with children would increase the effectiveness of the reform and thereby increase the economic growth potential and reduce inequality. These costs could be partly offset by reducing the disregard, especially for primary earners in couples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The higher the incidence and severity of deprivation among children in a particular sub-group and the higher the prevalence of this household characteristic in the population of children, the more this household characteristic will contribute to the overall adjusted deprivation headcount (Mo). A downside of this weighted average approach is that the characteristics of highly deprived children who happen to be a very small sub-group in the population will appear to contribute relatively little to the national adjusted headcount ratio. This helps identify particular dimensions that may drive the overall adjusted deprivation headcount rate given a particular cut-off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means taking action to reduce inequalities and restore equity so that these various divisions remain manageable and do not grow so as to threaten the stability of society. No society is fully cohesive. Social cohesion is an ideal to be striven for rather than a goal capable of being fully achieved. It constantly needs to be nurtured, improved and adapted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)