albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Building resilience can also help mitigate the potential negative effects on the sexual and reproductive health of women and adolescent girls. Since the first Ebola patient presented in Monrovia in June 2014, the number of new cases was growing every day: By August, it was topping 400 per week. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare was forced to suspend virtually all non-Ebola-related activities to focus on managing the crisis. The unintended result was that women of reproductive age in Liberia experienced some of the worst fallout from Ebola, regardless of their own infection status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is a disaster loss database that allows local authorities, communities, and NGOs to collect disaster information at the local level to feed into an online database.56 It is an initiative of UNISDR, the European Commission and UNDP. It is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeTask Team for Preparedness and Resilience and the European Commission. At the global level the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) promotes the development of a framework for sharing, processing, applying, and maintaining spatial data sets within an environment of agreed technologies, policies, and standards. For this purpose, the United Nations initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) is setting the agenda for the development of global geospatial information, and monitors the SDI status for all countries.59 Asia-Pacific countries that have their SDI details listed include Australia, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The aim of the project is to reshape the delivery of agricultural research and extension services towards a dynamic multi-provider system so that farmers can become more competitive, increase their income and improve their livelihoods. By the end of 2011, 16 314 Farmer-Managed Activities (FMAs) have been implemented in around 3 064 villages, located within 68 districts/18 provinces. In addition, 789 district-level Rural Extension Centres have been constructed with a total project objective of 807.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Women in countries within the more developed regions fared better, comprising in most cases 20 to 45 per cent of the candidates. In only four countries — Belgium, Costa Rica, Iceland and Rwanda —were candidates distributed roughly evenly by sex. Available data in Africa display a low proportion of female candidates for the lower or single house of parliament — lower than 20 per cent, with the exception of Burundi and Rwanda. The proportion is under 10 per cent in 3 of the 4 countries with available data in Oceania, this low proportion of female electoral candidates in the region parallels the limited representation of women in their parliaments as seen in the earlier section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the European Union Water Framework Directive21 imposes legally binding requirements with respect to adaptation-relevant investments on private sector actors engaged in water-related development efforts. As noted above, the Paris Agreement promises an enhanced role for utilization of market mechanisms for payment of environmental services, and the next generation of market tools for sustainable development could make adaptation deliverables a focus (Persson, 2011). For example, investments in infrastructure and early warning systems must precede the delivery of some adaptation measures such as improved crop distribution, enhanced delivery of medical services during a heat wave and rapid response to extreme weather events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Certain structural measures to address water shortage may be cost effective in the short run, but they may, in fact, increase vulnerability to shortage over the long term. In the case of the renegotiation of international agreements, this would likely be politically difficult to achieve and have a marginal impact on augmenting freshwater supply. One of its merits is the relatively low cost of implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The large emerging economies, like India, China and Brazil, aligned themselves with smaller and less developed economies to emphasise the need for aggressive emission cuts from the industrialised economies, and to seek new and additional financial assistance, 'climate finance', as a condition to action for all developing economies. Developing countries, particularly the SIDS and African states, also emphasized the need for greater allocations of climate finance for adaptation. Many experts, and negotiators, were understandably sceptical as to what successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol could be achieved in light of misaligned positions of the various blocs, and particularly between historic and new major emitters. During the conference it was able to add other influential member states, including Brazil, Canada and Australia, to its ranks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is estimated that up to 2010 another million connections will be brought to the rural areas of Brazil, benefiting to some five more million people (Presidency of the Republic, 2009). Considerable difficulties can be expected for this last million connections, as grid electrification may no longer be a feasible option for many communities, particularly in the Amazon region. All five regions together do not add up to total number for Brazil because sources are different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Successive governments have pursued active policies to enhance Luxembourg’s attractiveness as a site for financial and industrial activity. The dematerialisation of domestic production is having a favourable impact on the environment, but services also generate movements and energy consumption for heating and cooling buildings. Consumption is exerting heavy pressure on the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This greatly increased the possibility' of physical access to energy services for the entire Tajikistan population and to balance electricity' supply by moving voltage between areas in need. It consists of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and several large district heating systems. Several other cities have district heating systems based on heat-only boiler plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Increasing productivity in agriculture and industrializing the rural sector will therefore be vital to strengthening domestic demand. In this respect, productivity gains need to be shared more equally with workers. Thus, increases in productivity must be coupled with commensurate increases in real wages to enhance the well-being of societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The benefits of natural World Heritage: Identifying and assessing ecosystem services and benefits provided by the world's most iconic natural places. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. The Strengthening Coordination for Effective Environmental Management Project (STREEM) strengthened coordination among the CBD, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) focal point agencies by highlighting the relationship between biodiversity loss, land degradation and climate change in community investment plans. Mangrove rehabilitation and reforestation strategies were included in these plans that were incorporated into Barangay Development Plans after mobilising funding from the Protected Area Management Board.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Catholic Church offers a timely, significant case study of institutional failure. Looking at an in-depth examination of the sex abuse scandal conducted by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the author discusses how the church crisis relates to classic public administration and crisis management theory. Given the similarities between the church and the government as public bureaucratic institutions, public administrations have much to learn from the case. Lessons include immediately sharing harsh truths with the public, accepting the stark realities of higher “public” expectations, establishing appropriate accountability systems, and fostering trust by building close community relationships. It is equally important to consider that church leaders neither fully considered nor absorbed key lessons from existing administrative theory. Concepts such as inappropriate organizational culture, bureaucracy, technicism, and goal displacement often blind leaders to adopting best practices based on well-established theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2011, a compilation of good practices (A/HRC/1 8/27) was presented, in which the High Commissioner observed five common features of good practices to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in line with human rights obligations: enhancing the status of women by removing barriers to an effective human rights-based approach to eliminate maternal mortality and morbidity, ensuring sexual and reproductive health rights, strengthening health systems to increase access to and use of skilled care, addressing unsafe abortion, and improving monitoring and evaluation. The guidance is aimed principally at policymakers seeking to design maternal health policies in accordance with human rights requirements. It follows the policy cycle of planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and accountability, including details of the required steps from a human rights perspective at each stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2007, the Osgoode Hall Law Journal invited Peter Hogg (and co-authors) to revisit his highly influential 1997 article in which he proposed that in its Charter jurisprudence the Supreme Court of Canada often engages in a "dialogue" with the legislature. The author was one of several commentators asked to respond to Hogg's assessment and defence of his original work. This article suggests that the dialogue metaphor, while intuitively appealing, is difficult to justify both in terms of the structure of the Canadian constitution, and the Supreme Court's own understanding of its role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In its decision of 26 June 2009, the latter confirmed the patent office’s rejection of a patent for Glivec, denying “significantly enhanced efficacy” of Glivec under Article 3(d) over a previously known molecule (see the IPAB decision in Novartis AG v Union of India et al. Business Standard of 5 July 2009). In addition, the IPAB ruled that because of the price charged for Glivec, poor cancer patients in India would not be able to afford the drug, which in turn would threaten many people’s lives and thus create public disorder in the country (p. 191 of the decision).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It reached 21 Gt in 2007, a 28% increase from 1980, and then decreased to 19.7 Gt in 2011.’ But even prior to the 2008 financial crisis, domestic extraction used (DEU) in OECD countries had begun to slow and was showing signs of stabilising around 20 Gt per year. The growth that has taken place between 1980 and 2007 has been primarily driven by greater extraction of construction minerals, which accounted for more than half of the increase, while metal ore extraction accounted for less than a quarter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For households and the services sector it includes aspects such as energy performance of buildings/dwellings, the choice of consumption packages, the role of energy efficiency performance in choosing energy-using gadgets or the intensity of use behaviour regarding energy-using gadgets. Notably for households behavioural aspects are also very important. For the transportation sector relevant aspects include: composition of transport modes for passengers and freight transportation, energy efficiency of transport means per transport mode, intensity of use per transport mode, spatial planning and planning of public investment in transport infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such numbers differ from International estimations such as those of the Asian Development Bank estimating that 41.6% of the population live below the poverty line of USD 1.25 (PPP) per day (Asian Development Bank, 2009). Thermal power accounted for 60% of total installed capacity with 96 794 MW, hydropower for 24.5% with 36 916 MW, nuclear power for 2.7% with 4120 MW and renewable energies for 8.8 % with 13 242 MW (Central Electricity Authority, 2009a). A smaller share of generating capacity is covered by independent power producers (IPP) and industrial auto-producers, which according to the MoP operate 13.5 %38 of all India's capacity (Table 18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Regardless of what the committees and the councils decide, states have formal, factual and legitimate powers that cannot be ignored or superseded. In fact, it is not possible to devise a system that ignores or goes against those powers. The empowerment of river basin councils and agencies is certainly useful to better water management, but it is very questionable that the ultimate source of those powers are not elected bodies, both at the state level and at the federal level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The traditional tourism and fisheries sectors are expected to remain the main drivers of growth. Prudent fiscal and monetary policies have helped consolidate macroeconomic stability, and inflation is expected to remain below 3% in 2016 and 2017. The country suffers from insufficient economic diversification and vulnerability to external shocks, given the dependence of its economy on tourism and fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In comparison, Bolsa Familia has been estimated to nearly halve extreme poverty from 8.0% to 4.7% (IPEA, 2013). Many of the poorest families are unable to travel the distance and/or put together the necessary application files required, meaning they end up being excluded from the programme (INS, CRES and AfDB, 2013). In addition, the eligibility criteria lack transparency (Handoussa and Tzannatos, 2002) opening the door to clientelism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One size does not fit all. Tax policy To fulfil their functions, all governments require taxation revenue. Sound tax policy enables governments to achieve public policy objectives while also supporting a favourable investment environment. Policies that develop and maintain a skilled, adaptable and healthy population, and ensure the full and productive deployment of human resources, help create a favourable investment environment. While there is no single model for good public governance, there are commonly accepted standards of public governance to assist governments in assuming their roles effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter draws on literature from a variety of disciplines (criminology, sociology, political science, and public health) to describe and explain the effects of the postcommunist political, economic, and social changes on homicide in Central and Eastern Europe. It first describes the state of knowledge about homicide rates and trends during the communist period. Next, it describes the changes in homicide rates and events that occurred after the fall of communism. Then, it reviews research studies that have provided explanations for homicide changes during the postcommunist period. Finally, it discusses three ways in which homicide research in Eastern Europe should be expanded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2005, the overall efficiency of global energy conversion (from primary energy to services) was about 11 per cent (Cullen and Allwood, 2010a). In other words, global primary energy demand could be reduced to only one ninth, while the same energy services were provided, if all energy conversion devices were operated at their theoretical maximum efficiency. In more practical terms, but still assuming an almost perfect world, global primary energy demand could be reduced by 73 per cent (or to less than one fourth), while the current level of energy services were provided, mainly through a shift to passive systems (Cullen, Allwood and Borgstein, 2011). This is in line with the popularized overall “factor 4” and “factor 5” improvements (von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Discussing matters of philosophy of science within the boundaries of an academic field, which seems to have a fairly well-delineated subject matter, a carefully circumscribed universe of cases to struggle with, is a distinct deviation from normal science. Yet, meta-theoretical quarrels have been lurking on the boundaries of International Relations (IR) ever since the field constituted itself as a relatively autonomous academic enterprise. Never at the centre of the discipline, philosophy of science debates have still been among the most tenacious ones, so there doesn't seem to be a need to justify or legitimate such intellectual pursuits. Suffice it to say that among the many niches of International Relations as a discipline there may also be one dealing with meta-theoretical inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies should address the rebound effect by targeting consumer behaviour, by educating energy-users about the benefits of reduced energy consumption and ensuring that sufficient information and options are available for consumers to reduce their energy consumption. These can be supported by policies that create disincentives to increase use of the more efficient product, such as setting carbon and energy prices (Maxwell et al., The choice as to which policy mix is needed will depend on other policy goals on the national agenda. Similarly, governments need to consider how best to design energy efficiency policies that maximise the full range of multiple benefits, while keeping energy savings as the primary goal. As benefits resulting from government policies, it is important to be able to evaluate them and include their value in policy impact assessments and benefit-cost analyses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A model for understanding the scalability of TEPIs needs to include mechanisms for change in the innovation adoption process by teachers and schools. Training models focusing on imparting knowledge and skills are not effective in bringing about change in pedagogical practice. Models that report successful change provide experiential, action-oriented learning with teachers collaborating in communities of practice (Looi, Lim and Chen, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These approaches offer many advantages - they are flexible and adaptable, self-paced and learner directed and can be completed at a time, pace and place that suits the individual trainee. For their part, participants generally only require a computer or laptop and internet connection in order to access such programmes, plus any course fees, if applicable. E-learning courses can be offered at a lower cost than other more labour intensive training methods and recent developments in e-learning are seeing some educational institutes move from fee-based to free open-access courses. These courses are standalone, or can be combined with in-country seminars, as is the case for example in Egypt to develop managerial skills in the hospitality sector. Cornell will also offer a massive open online course in Introduction to Global Hospitality Management from early 2015. The course has been designed to inform current hospitality professionals seeking to advance, as well as individuals interested in the industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Populations in developing countries are more vulnerable to, and will be more adversely affected by, climate change. The negative impacts especially in marginal lands include soil degradation and increased risk of droughts, floods, storms and pests. Three hundred million farmers in Africa live and work on marginal lands. Growing aridity is expected to affect agricultural productivity directly in some regions, such as southern Africa and some parts of Asia and Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Eventually this could become a significant drag on the economy. In the literature review provided here, it appears that, at the level of individual sectors, this relatively inelastic response to water scarcity is indeed prevalent. However, it remains to be seen what scope there is for the economy to substitute more aggressively away from water intensive activities and consumption goods. Quantifying this potential should be part of the research agenda undertaken with the kind of global CGE model discussed in this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They were also assigned very significant functions in school management, including participation in the design of schools’ development strategies, appointment of key personnel, and oversight of financial performance of schools. However, only in rare cases the Boards ofTrustees are involved in these important duties, and typically their current activities consist only in providing assistance in the organisation of social and cultural events, similarly to Parents’ Committees. Moreover, until now they have been established in less than a half of all schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The major pressure factor is the disruption of the natural flow regime, mainly due to the construction of Kapchagai Reservoir in 1969, together with the continuous increase of water demand and the accompanying diversion of water in Kazakhstan and China (resulting in a decrease of flow). Climate change may also further contribute to a changing hydrology. Hydrophilic species are being replaced by species characteristic for arid zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With the revision of the levy and grant system, SMEs as well will be required to file levy forms and they will become eligible for adjustment allowances. To be eligible for the subsidy, the employer should not have dismissed any workers for the past six months. The subsidy varies between JPY 300 000 and JPY 1 200 000 per month depending the type of disability, the degree of disability, age and length of working hours. The support period is one year, or 1.5 years for people with severe disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Pollutant emissions per unit of energy consumed must be reduced, as must energy consumption per unit of per capita income. Figure V.30, which displays energy consumed per unit of income, shows insufficient progress in this area. Current levels of emissions and energy efficiency are both stagnating far short not only of desirable levels for sustainable development, but also of those attained in other parts of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many of these disadvantages are compounded. To provide just one example: the likelihood of a young, Black woman living in the Northeast of Brazil being unemployed is 28.6%, and the probability that she is NEET is 31.7%. This compares with an unemployment rate for White males living in the South of 7.6% and a NEET rate of 9.1 %.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On another note, it is questionable whether there is even a need for a new scientific body for SAICM. As long as there are no legally binding obligations for states under SAICM, a scientific expert panel may not be needed. According to this view, the recommendations that SAICM provides could well be created without such a body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Such co-operation is not about creating a new administrative apparatus for a pre-determined perimeter, but rather about capitalising on existing forces to work for a better future together. In its current setting, however, Western Scandinavia is not fully equipped to work effectively as a megaregion, notably considering the lack of cross-border transport planning at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)