albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
So, while this approach could provide accurate information about the prevalence of children being exposed to household food insecurity, and even about those who we expect are at risk from household conditions, it would be less helpful for quantifying the number of children with experiences of food insecurity. The first approach relies only on data about household food security, and would provide little specificity about type or degree of child risk. It is possible that a combination of household food security and other economic, contextual, or health indicators could provide a more accurate prediction of which children are at risk, and for what. As with the first approach, preliminary research would be necessary to empirically determine the profile of factors that predict different child food insecurity experiences, based on either a definitive direct measurement of child food insecurity (e.g., interviews with children) or a validated set of child items implemented in a diverse set of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Troxel v Granville, the Supreme Court invalidated a state law authorizing courts to award grandparents visitation, over parental objections, upon a finding that visitation is in the child's best interests. This Article argues that Troxel was rightly decided, but that the Court did not go far enough. Judicial review of visitation disputes under a child-welfare standard creates high litigation costs but yields little improvement in parental incentives. Thus, the common law rule, under which parents had plenary discretion over visitation issues, is clearly superior to most grandparent visitation laws. The Troxel ruling, that courts may review visitation disputes provided they give some deference to parental judgments, will reduce the damage done by these laws. But had the Court's tacit intermediate-scrutiny review been better informed by economic analysis, it would have opted for a stronger rule forbidding any judicial review of parental visitation decisions in most circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The achievement of the objectives of international security, peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement, like the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan after the initial invasions, and of unilateral security operations, like those in Chechnya, Lebanon and Gaza, is often threatened by high levels of civilian casualties and physical destruction. Much of this is legitimized under the laws of armed conflict, notably the principles of legitimate military objectives and collateral damage, but would be contrary to human rights standards. This article argues that the claim that the laws of armed conflict and human rights are complementary is misleading and that international and national security, peacekeeping and peace-enforcement operations designed to protect and promote human rights should in principle be conducted under human rights standards. It explains how this could be achieved for international operations conducted under the auspices of United Nations Security Council Resolutions and/or status-of-forces...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The essay examines the role of The Ontario Society for Services to the Indo-Caribbean Community [OSSICC], a historic organization that sought to assert the dignity and re-discover the identity of Indo-Caribbean persons as a fragment of the Caribbean diaspora in Toronto, Canada. While it points to the achievement in representing the interests of its members for symbolic cultural recognition, it underscored the limitations in the political arena for empowerment, power sharing, and equality in employment opportunities and for an equitable share of the resources of the state. Further, it describes how the ethnic conflict in the homeland persisted in the new site of the diaspora, about lost opportunities for healing, and about inter-generational discontinuities in the reconstruction of the Caribbean self. On a larger scale, the article is about membership and citizenship in the new homeland of the diaspora, its seductions and betrayals in the new frontier of Canadian multiculturalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This kind of collaboration can take place between regions as entities, as well as between stakeholders or organizations of the respective destinations (Fyall et al., Yet, one cannot take for granted that this is reflected in actual behaviour. Despite their concerns, visitors rarely possess adequate knowledge as to which aspects of their behaviour will increase or decrease sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Calculations not reported here confirm that, in all of the countries analysed, the extent of re-ranking is greatest at the bottom of the income distribution. They find remarkably stable inequality aversion for Ireland over the 1987-2005 period, and large changes for the United Kingdom (becoming less egalitarian during the Thatcher government and more inequality-averse during New Labour). In the context of policy evaluation, the usefulness of such an approach is, however, limited, as it assumes that actual tax and transfer systems in each year are “optimal” and therefore cannot be improved upon by definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the public companies constitute the largest broadcaster and media organisation and the private company is one of the most important newspapers in the country. The Global Report (Byerly 2011) showed that 37% of presidents-of-news, editors-in-chief, and news directors (senior-management level) were women. The proportion of women holding middle-management positions such as chief correspondents and design directors was similar at 35.7%. The share of female junior professionals including assistant-level writers, subeditors, correspondents and anchors was 38.3%. The occupational positions with the largest majority of men were production and design (graphic designers, photographers, etc.), When only looking at public media companies, women occupied 40% of the top-level decisionmaking roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Malay, Chinese and Indians constitute the major ethnic groups in the state. The common languages of Penang, depending on social class and circles as well as ethnic backgrounds, are English, Penang Hokkien, Tamil and Malay. Between 1970 and 2000, young people of the 0-14 age group made up 41.10% of the total population, decreasing to 26.90% in 2000 and an estimated 26.30% in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These geomorphological processes are still active in the area, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and neighbouring communities. The project area extends over more than 1,000 km2 (Oskarsson unpublished data) and more than half of it undergoes active erosion and has only sparse vegetation cover (Aradottir 2007). The main objective of the project is to restore the native woodlands in the area in order to increase the resilience of the ecosystem towards deposition of volcanic tephra and prevent secondary distribution of the tephra. Other goals are restoration of ecosystem functions and biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and improved options forfuture land use. The project was grounded on previous experience from land reclamation and woodland restoration in the area and was planned with a diverse group of stakeholders, using maps of vegetation, soil erosion and land tenure as a basis (Aradottir 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
He would also like to thank other OECD colleagues for their assistance, in particular Ben Game from the OECD’s Education and Skills Directorate and also Franci Kluzer, seconded to the OECD front the Slovenian Ministry of Finance. Finally, he would like to thank Anne Legendre and Klaus Pedersen for statistical support and Sylvie Ricordeau (also OECD Economics Department) for editorial assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The work intensity status of a household summarises the work status over the past year for all work age household members (aged 18 to 64). It is obtained by computing the ratio of worked months over workable months, averaged over all work age household members and subsequently divided into four categories (WI=0, 0<WI<0.5, 0.5<WI<1, WI=1). Characteristics of the child’s parents or carers refer to unemployment spells during the survey reference period, their country of birth and level of educational attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, many providers of public international climate finance have identified the different results (e.g. climate, development, social, economic) that can be expected from different types of interventions. Identifying lessons from this experience and learning from this will be important. Assessing results, as well as identifying effective pre-conditions and modalities for delivering climate finance, can be an iterative process and involve making trade-offs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Also, the constant overachievement of targets raises questions about their level of ambition (Figure 8). Other measures, including market-based instruments and other standard setting measures, might be more cost-effective in producing more rapid eco-innovation. Such agreements include quantitative targets and timelines concerning, for instance, control of greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction, reuse and recycling of w'aste, and reduced use of hazardous chemicals in manufacturing. Businesses consider voluntary initiatives and corporate environmental management as ways to reduce further government regulation and strengthen their ability to compete on the global market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Capacity building among the civil servants responsible for the land use management is a necessary complement to this process. Kazakhstan should avoid issuing restrictive zoning rules and single-use zoning, since they lead to inflexible planning regulations. Zoning should be sufficiently flexible to give private actors leeway to shape development and allow neighbourhoods to change over time. Zoning regulations and planning decisions should target nuisance levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First, it will add a trend, around which ocean climate will fluctuate. Second, because of that trend, it is more likely than it used to be that changes in ecosystems will be irreversible. If these effects take place in small, incremental steps they would not seem to be very problematic, adjustment could be made in similarly small, incremental steps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is because they are far more prominent in the literature. Further, the word commune is used in lieu of municipality throughout this report, along with intercommunalites (instead of intermunicipalities). It offers background context for the case studies of Clermont-Ferrand and Nantes Saint-Nazaire that follow. The chapter begins with a section that describes subnational government roles and functions, and a description of fiscal relations at the local government level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The 2012 OECD report Women in Business: Policies to Support Women's Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region was the first comparative assessment of policy measures to promote women’s entrepreneurship and covered 18 MENA economies (OECD, 2012a). The study underlined that while BDS services are known to be relatively weak in MENA economies, the extent to which women entrepreneurs are being served by those services seems even more limited despite the increasing number of women starting up businesses. Considering that experience from non-MENA countries suggests that women’s enterprise centres are successful at helping women entrepreneurs especially in the early stages of business ventures, the study concluded that there was a need to collect data on and carry out an assessment of BDS services in the MENA region, and to outline the current good practices in the MENA region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite rising concerns about health inequalities, there is still limited evidence on the intergenerational transmission of health outcomes. Recent evidence points to the importance of the prenatal period and early childhood years in shaping children’s capabilities that affect individuals throughout their life-courses and suggests that inequality begins in the womb (Heckman, 2007, Aizer and Currie, 2014). Currie (2009) concludes that there is strong evidence that childhood health is related to parental socioeconomic status. First, parents transmit their own health capital endowment to their children through biological channels. Mothers from more disadvantaged households are more likely to influence the child’s outcomes negatively via poor maternal health because of a greater susceptibility to acquire contagious diseases and have poor nutrition. Second, parental health behaviour during the pregnancy (nutrition, smoking, drinking, prenatal care, exposure to toxins) affects children through “fetal programming”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To feed an additional two billion people by 2050, food production will need to increase by half globally (FAO, SOFI, 2017). Increasing the production of traditional staple crops is unlikely to meet the increasing demand, in major irrigated wheat, rice and maize systems, yields appear to be near 80 percent of the yield potential. The second challenge is the nutrition gap between what foods are grown and available, and what foods are needed for good health. This requires increasing the availability and access to the nutritious foods necessary for a healthy diet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These courses reflect the best features of vocational learning as they are flexible, low-cost, modular, and focus on real-world skills. Examples of online training are ‘Start and Improve Your Own Business’ by the International Labour Organization, ‘E-commerce for SMEs’ by the ITC SME Trade Academy and ‘Excel skills for business’ by Coursera.296 In addition, data and digital technologies can help education and training institutions to forecast better the types of new jobs being created and the skills they will require. People who feel well prepared for new technologies are less wary of change and more likely to adopt them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Total nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increased by 15% over 2000-10, primarily due to energy-related fossil fuel combustion but also rising emissions from LULUCF (MCTI, 2014b). Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increased by 37% over 2000-10, mainly from solvent production and use and industrial processes (Figure 1.9). There are no national, cross-sector emission inventories of other air pollutants, including sulphur oxides (SOJ and ammonia (NH3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Denmark has a highly developed and large financial sector, with assets of around 650% GDP. Danish households benefit from easy access to inexpensive credit opportunities, in particular mortgages. The covered bonds market that finances mortgages has earned praise for its stable functioning. Nevertheless, since the financial crisis, there has been a considerable debate about the impact and the “right” size of the financial sector on both growth but also income distribution grounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Meanwhile the Hydrometeorological Service indicates that in Azerbaijan, the trend is for an increase in winter river flows and a decrease in summer flows, combined with a reduction of 15 to 20 per cent of yearly water availability. The much larger precipitation (and snow melting) in the ranges controls the magnitude and seasonal variations of the rivers in the lowlands. The map also depicts that a significant proportion of the surface water in Azerbaijan is locally produced. In fact, some 25 per cent (or 6.5 kmVy) of the discharge of the Kura River into the Caspian Sea comes from Azerbaijani national rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Now in its fourth edition, The Culture of Well-being: Guide to Mental Health Resources for First Nations, Metis and Inuit People in Winnipeg was compiled by the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority’s Indigenous Health programme, in collaboration with its Mental Health programme. The services and programmes are culturally appropriate and delivered from purpose-built facilities. The Be well Leam well programme in Queensland applies strategies that integrate education and health methods to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student developmental needs in remote schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The process of migration, whether forced or voluntary, often entails negotiating new social norms and traditions. It may mean that a person will have to learn another language and reconsider familiar perspectives on gender roles, parenting approaches, and many other social practices. These adjustments can be profoundly stressful and have implications for one's sense of physical, mental, cultural, spiritual, and social well-being. Migrants traveling as a family will likely experience the stress of migration and acculturation in different ways from individual migrants.      Keywords:    cultural diversity,  diaspora,  migration,  multiculturalism,  refugees
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Public employers provide health insurance coverage to nearly 16 percent of all U.S. workers. Their reactions to rapidly rising premiums can have an important effect on local markets for health insurance because of their size, their visibility, and their reflection of public policy. However, public employers are constrained in their responses by tight budgets set by elected officials and statutes regarding due process, public input, and public accountability. As insurance markets consolidate and premiums continue to increase, public employers face tough choices regarding employee benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Criticism from family, neighbours and society can lead husbands in Jordan to prohibit their wives from working outside the home. In the lower strata of society, though, a w'oman who works before marriage may reduce her chances of finding a husband, as it is considered a sign of poverty and her need for financial resources. Women from the lowest social classes often work to buy their trousseau and then withdraw from the labour market after marriage (El-Kholy, 2002). Several countries have revoked the principle of women’s obedience, while others maintain it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
El Salvador, Honduras and Mexico (2010). Among those most frequently cited in available studies are slower growth of the demand for less-skilled labour, a slight decrease in the impact of technical change on the demand for higher-skilled workers, an increase in formal wage jobs and the impact of labour and income policies implemented in some countries. The strata have w'ell-differentiated profiles according to the variables associated with individuals, be they personal attributes or other factors linked to their insertion in the production system. One of the more typical findings of distribution analyses is that education level is the one variable that explains most of the variation in income level between individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Throughout the project, the available data proved difficult both to interpret and to analyse. While Kazakhstan continues to invest in and strengthen PHC, additional efforts must be directed toward producing better quality data, otherwise it will remain challenging both to demonstrate progress and to determine how best to drive it. Structural elements have been put in place and the configuration of primary care services is evolving towards international best practices - a specialised and multidisciplinary PHC workforce, autonomous facilities, quality assurance tools, and payment mechanisms that seek to incentivise quality in service delivery. A great deal more information and evaluation is required to understand (i) if and how the overall reforms are changing practice on the ground, (ii) if practice changes are producing the desired effects, and (iii) what drives or limits performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Bars and diamonds indicate ranges and averages across models, respectively. The three world regions are defined to include the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East, and Asia and Oceania. Changes shown are relative to the respective scenario without policy change. A well-functioning trading system has an important role to play in cushioning local and regional supply-side shocks, such as those related to extreme weather or civil unrest, and in mitigating their adverse impacts on food security (Baldos and Hertel, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, construction of the Elizabeth Line from Abbey Wood enlarges the catchment area and thus increases the number of reachable jobs. Rather than calculating travel times to specific locations, this method quantifies the number of services that can be reached within a given period (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018). Such maps, for instance, those quantifying the number of workplaces reachable within 45 minutes by public transport for each zone in London, are used as a strategic indicator of connectivity in the Mayor's Transport Strategy. Projects potentially affecting the whole Greater London area, such as Crossrail 2 - the new rail link that will connect Central London to Reading and Heathrow in the west and Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east -, are assessed using London-wide catchment analysis to determine how many more services will be reachable within 45 minutes from each zone once service begins (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, there is no evidence that job losers wait until their benefits have expired with searching for a new job. At the time of benefit exhaustion, the probability of returning to employment is not statistically different from the counterfactual outcome without UI. Cunningham (2000) employs a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the relaxation in eligibility rules and the increase in the maximum duration of benefits that were introduced in 1994.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A closer collaboration between governmental regulators and the ecosystem consisting of actors in the private sectors, such as blockchain consortia and research institutes, needs to be nurtured to cover open questions. Moreover, comprehensive legal frameworks on blockchain networks and the data stored therein are being proposed in the market. Nonetheless, the complexity of harmonising jurisdictions is a persisting issue, due to differing approaches in treating the technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract Weed scientists face complex and difficult challenges. Within our discipline, we must increase the sustainability of current weed management approaches and help respond to invasive plants as a component of global change. There also are major challenges that we share with other agricultural disciplines, such as mounting comprehensive efforts to address the problems of current agriculture. We believe that any effective response to these challenges will require public work, i.e., projects in which a diverse group of people work together—across lines of difference (professional, cultural, etc.)—to produce broad-based, systemic innovations that meet complex challenges. We propose that weed scientists should join relevant public-work projects by practicing “public scholarship.” We define public scholarship as original, creative, peer-evaluated intellectual work that is fully integrated in a public-work project. By full integration we mean that the scholar's work serves to fuel the social (i.e., collect...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)