albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This debate has focused largely on the impact of trade in advanced economies, which has risked diverting attention away from the impact of trade on people's lives in developing countries, and especially the extreme poor. This volume brings together new research, using a range of different analytical approaches, that examines how the extreme poor have fared following trade liberalization in various developing countries and regions and the challenges that poor people face in benefitting from trade. The 2015 joint WTO-World Bank publication, The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty strengthened the evidence that trade has played a critical role in poverty reduction and that the further integration of developing countries into an open global economy will be essential for achieving the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At its 2nd meeting, on 4 May 2015, the Forum elected, by acclamation, Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon) as Chair of its eleventh session following the resignation of Macharia Kamau (Kenya), and Vicente Bezerra (Brazil) and Wu Zhimin (China) as Vice-Chairs of its eleventh session. At the same meeting, the Forum appointed Heikki Granholm (Finland) as Rapporteur of the session. At its 2nd meeting, on 4 May 2015, the Forum adopted its provisional agenda for the session as contained in document E/CN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With improved farm and crop management, most of these emissions could be reduced or compensated by sequestration. A conversion to organic agriculture would reduce industrial nitrogen-fertilizer use that emits 6.7 kg of C02-eq per kg of nitrogen on manufacture and another 1.6 per cent of the applied nitrogen as soil-based N20 emissions. It could also considerably enhance the soil sequestration of C02.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, in 2005 it began to develop a network of rural micro-credit organisations and at present it remains the state agency responsible for support of the country’s rural micro-credit system. Sowing and harvesting campaigns continued to be supported, although concessional loans were allocated through local authorities and later through the Food Contract Corporation and the ACC. In 2006-07, all state credit institutions were consolidated into KazAgroHolding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Additionally, the authors would like to thank Lila Karbassi and Ole Hanson of the UN Global Compact (UNGC) for their contribution and support. Review and comments by the UNGC, UN Environment Programme, and UN Industrial Development Organization, as well as the Global Compact LEAD (especially from Angel Fraile of Endesa) were highly valued. A special thanks to Marilyn Smith who offered significant guidance and direct input during the editorial and production process. The declaration is intended to prompt actors in both the public and private sectors to direct action towards "extending modern energy services to the billions who still lack them."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If this catching up occurs, developing and least-developed economies’ share in global trade is predicted to grow to 57 per cent by 2030, from 46 per cent in 2015, whereas if catching up does not occur, this share is predicted to rise only to 51 per cent. The organization of global production is projected to change through a rising share of imported intermediate services in manufacturing. These changes offer new opportunities and trade gains, and governments may have a role to play in ensuring that firms can seize these opportunities. They may also need to take measures to allow digital technologies to lower trade costs, for instance by enabling faster and more reliable management of data across borders or by facilitating trade operations and customs cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The uncorrected value is 35%. The target is based on the assumption that the same hydrologic and climatic conditions apply as in 1997 (the base year of Directive 2001/77/EC). Technicians visit customers to determine energy use patterns, excessive energy use points, and ways to reduce wasteful energy use and losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Not all adverse events can be prevented given the knowledge, information and the state of the art of medical care at the time of the incident. For example, an allergic reaction to a drug administered for the first time is an adverse event but would be considered unpreventable given the lack of pre-existing knowledge of the patient’s idiosyncratic allergy. However, any subsequent administration of this drug to this patient would be - under most circumstances - considered a preventable medication error, and constitute a clear safety failure. It is incumbent on providers to ensure this information is recorded, and verified with the patient or their surrogates prior to administration. For example, the incidence of some types of healthcare-associated infections, previously considered unpreventable, has been reduced and even eradicated (Berenholtz et al 2011, Pronovost et al 2006). In the previous drug reaction example, preventabilitv may improve through precision medicine - the ability to predict the likely outcome of administering a medication based on the patient’s unique genetic or biological characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Tourism provides many wage and salaried positions, and thus could assist the many vulnerable workers in Africa (ILO, 2012a). It is distinct from the vulnerable work indicator, which focuses only and specifically on own-account workers and contributing family work. Public policy can play an important role in promoting better working conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In response to these challenges, countries have started to adopt policies aimed at increasing gender diversity in public life, ranging from the constitutional requirement for equal representation in the legislative bodies in Tunisia to quotas in Algeria and Morocco, although further effort to ensure impact and sustainability of these reforms would be necessary. Such reservations also influence the implementation of principles of gender equality, non-discrimination and freedom of movement and hinder the protection of women against the violation of basic civil and political rights. Other restrictions relate to differences in access to opportunities in public life, employment and leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While it is possible that private operators have already targeted such areas, it is reasonable to assume that opportunities for regional core development could also be found. The experience of Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands could be very instructive in this regard. Along those lines, policy makers, particularly in emerging countries, facing decisions of where to focus ICT deployment, need to consider important trade-offs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Nevertheless, although these areas overlap, the subject of paid care work constitutes a separate analytical focus and is of significant consequence for public policy. A review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and a wide variety of approaches for deciding which jobs should be included. The first, and the most general, takes into consideration all occupations linked to physical and emotional care (nurturance) (England, 1992, England, Thompson and Amaru 2001) regardless of whether there is face-to-face contact or the relationship involves the provision of services to dependants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In short, it is an adaptive management cycle with planning, implementation, evaluation and adjusting activities. Within this general framework which is inherently sequential and not simultaneous it is relatively straightforward to calculate changes in landings, revenues, and costs. This information could be useful to commercial sector stakeholders and managers but does little to capture the role of economic information in affecting catch and processing strategies. Then the fishery is monitored to obtain estimates of the management control variables and stock indicators that can be used to refine the biological model and or to solicit stakeholder input that is used to re-estimate the assessment models, to determine new estimates of stock status, and then new management plans if necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The forest sector is intimately bound up in all three of these, and able to contribute solutions. We need to maintain the biocapacity of the planet, especially in the face of climate change. We also need to rapidly develop understanding of water footprint and its impacts. The forest industry also needs to rapidly develop new businesses based upon sustainable bioenergy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It requires not only an explicitly recognised urban policy setting at the national level, but also an institutional setting in which the NUP is properly led and co-ordinated (OECD, 2017a). Most countries, with a few rare exceptions, appear to acknowledge the strategic leadership and coordinating role of the national government, with the designation of leading urban agencies at the national level. However, the presence of a national-level agency is dependent on the political system and governance arrangements of a country, including any multilevel governance tiers, such as in a federal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They can easily undermine reforms in the implementation phase, while blaming policy makers for having attempted misguided reforms in the first place. And teachers in many countries are well organised. But in fairness, many teachers have suffered from years of incoherent reforms that disrupt rather than improve education practice because they prioritise variable political interests over the needs of learners and educators. Many of these efforts to reform do not draw on the expertise and experience of teachers themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are no clear legal procedures and rules for selecting species for the Red List and assigning them a threat category. It is desirable that the legislation clearly defines the State’s responsibilities vis-a-vis listed species, and that the legislation be better enforced. For example, the State should develop recovery plans (or national species action plans) for species, at least highly threatened category, and should be responsible for implementation of these plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Sufficiently outfitted, the teams have proven that they can provide direct health services and raise awareness about prevention. When planning the allocation of resources, the social justice goals of preserving unique ethnic groups collective identities and ancient ways of knowing—rather than purely economic considerations—should be taken into account. Described below are some of the most successful models of health service provision to northern indigenous communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, however, it can foster innovation by creating a more secure environment. Regulation may also be necessary to prevent new technologies from disappearing because consumers lose trust in them. To avoid a situation where the lack of regulations and standards leaves people and companies unprotected and exposed, regulators often have to intervene, taking a calculated risk of overregulating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A different approach is taken by CMS, which fixes the income elasticity at 1.54, while the Dutch CPB and French DRESS opt for values slightly below one. The Australian Productivity Commission estimates the effects of a plausible range of values (from 0.2 to 1), and selects an elasticity of 0.6 as the Commission’s preferred estimate. That value represented the midpoint between the macro-level estimates (not controlling for technological change), and the micro-level estimates based on individual decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These contrasting findings should be viewed carefully in the light of the national context, but they may also be due to some other explanations as suggested below. First of all, it is important to read these findings within the national context, in particular to understand the mechanism in place (either at the workplace or at the national level) to help chronically ill people to cope with diseases once diagnosed, such as the social security system and other policies. For instance, in the United States, health insurance is largely secured through the employment contract, so people with chronic conditions have strong incentives to remain in employment, which may contribute to explain some positive outcomes of chronic diseases on employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, it is not surprising that the bulk of income inequality is due to earnings. Some 76% of inequality as measured by the Gini index derives from this source (see table 1.4). The contribution of this source to total inequality is 12% across the region as a simple average, but also differs appreciably between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the time of the reforms to the health system in the early 1990s, it was hoped that the new insurance system would lead to better access to care. Available data suggest that the aggregate level of private spending has been increasing (Chapter 1). As noted, such problems can arise for example where minimum level of provision is needed in rural areas, even though cost and quality would be better served in larger hospitals or polyclinic units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Support to renewables could encourage innovation and diffusion of emissions-reducing technologies, beyond the incentives provided by the EU ETS. However, OECD analysis shows that when a carbon price exists, applying other policy tools, including renewable or biofuel subsidies and targets, can lead to overlap and undermine cost-effectiveness (OECD, 2009c). Despite simplification of administrative and permitting procedures, these are still seen as the main obstacle to development of the renewable energy sector (IEA, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Austria could benefit from taking a more strategic approach to developing the RTO sector and other transfer-oriented institutions. Austria’s policy mix for business R&D and innovation has altered substantially in recent years, with the emphasis increasingly placed on more generic support for R&D through a tax incentive (the Research Premium). About three quarters of additional public R&D funding to enterprises between 2006 and 2015 (excluding the co-operative sector) can be attributed to this instrument. Due to design features of the Research Premium, and the increase in the tax exemption rate to 14% in 2018, this shift is likely to continue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Jacobson v Massachusetts, a 1905 US Supreme Court decision, raised questions about the power of state government to protect the public’s health and the Constitution’s protection of personal liberty. We examined conceptions about state power and personal liberty in Jacobson and later cases that expanded, superseded, or even ignored those ideas.Public health and constitutional law have evolved to better protect both health and human rights. States’ sovereign power to make laws of all kinds has not changed in the past century. What has changed is the Court’s recognition of the importance of individual liberty and how it limits that power. Preserving the public’s health in the 21st century requires preserving respect for personal liberty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Innovative SMEs refer here to firms that implemented product and/or process innovations during the period under review (regardless of whether they introduced also organisation and/or marketing innovations). Product innovation is defined as the introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses. This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. Process innovation is defined as the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software (OECD/Eurostat, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Additionally, in the case of trade liberalisation, losses are often more visible because they are easier to predict, earlier to materialise, and more concentrated on a few compared with the often more thinly spread benefits. The impact of trade integration on a particular poor person depends heavily on which sector that person was initially working in and his consumption basket. Oftentimes, changes in consumption prices will affect different groups of poor differently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The tension between managerialism and legalism in public administration has been a recurring theme at Minnowbrook conferences. This tension, increasingly evident in the literature, is couched in the often-conflicting values of efficiency and performance, on one hand, and legal and democratic values such as accountability, equality, and transparency, on the other hand. Building on conversations we began at Minnowbrook III, we specify a three-part proposal through which the legal and managerial approaches to US public administration might be better integrated. At a time when public administrative reforms potentially exacerbate the law management tension, our proposal's primary implication is the simultaneous achievement of public service delivery that is efficient, effective, and defendable in the US constitutional democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each Member State of the EU, Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland have implemented national legislation in accordance with the intrinsic conditions of the countries. Reaching these legal targets by 2019 will be very challenging. A key issue, researched in-detail in the EU - Countering WEEE Illegal Trade Project13, is to capture the tonnage present in multiple complementary flows, including discarding with other wastes (=10% of waste), complementary nonreported recycling and scavenging of valuable parts and materials (=40%), export for reuse (=10%), and illegal exports (=5%). The most recent country data is provided by the EU - Prospecting Secondary raw materials in the Urban Mine Project14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
During the labour market dislocations, income disparities between families with and families without a labour force might be small, because even households with rich human resources were unable to benefit from them. In 2005, when the labour market recovered, the income gaps between these two groups of households increased. This is why Table 3.8 shows an increased contribution of demographic variables to income inequality between 2001 and 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An advantageous mobile package and efficient use of the SMS message format has resulted in relatively affordable data costs. Based on these data, a more evidence-based approach to policy decision-making has been achieved. It is no longer the village that "shouts loudest" or that has the best social connections that ultimately receives service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As previously discussed, the MCDA is in a good position to minimise such co-ordination challenges, as it will be in charge of both transport and overall sustainable development plans for Metro Cebu. However, the fact that LGUs remain to be responsible for their land use plans (CLUPs) underscores the need for effective co-ordination on spatial development. Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Taking into account the accident at Fukushima Daiichi, the lEA’s World Energy Outlook 2011 (IEA, 2011b) assumed that the European Union’s electricity production from nuclear will remain roughly stable until 2020 at 885 TWh per year and that hydro will increase only slightly from 328 TWh in 2009 to 353 TWh in 2020. Given the gradual decline of production from coal- and oil-fired power plants and the forecasted increase of total electricity consumption from 3 170 TWh in 2009 to 3 566 TWh in 2020, this means that the electricity produced by wind- and solar-power will need to expand substantially. The WEO 2011 already assumed an expansion by 250% of wind power from 133 TWh in 2009 to 365 TWh in 2020 and an almost five-fold increase in solar power from 14 TWh to 64 TWh over the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The cost of electricity can also be a major factor in many countries as high costs to power networks are transmitted to consumers, raising the price they have to pay for Internet access. ( A national backbone network provide powerful links to connect different areas of the country. The number of submarine cables have increased in recent years, allowing faster and cheaper connectivity, thus incentivising greater Internet use. Still, there are many countries and areas with low connectivity, especially landlocked countries, which are dependent on their neighbours for international connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Due to the data sensitivity and increased risk of attacks, cloud and third party hosting are not advised. A hash could be created of an existing emissions certificate, which could then be documented on a data-based blockchain. Certificates could also be tokenised so that fractions of emissions certificates could be traded on a coin-based blockchain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If the federal government can appoint three or more but not all members of the board, the 30% (then 50%) quota applies to newly appointed members only. In the public service, targeted shares of male and female staff at the different levels of management have to be set out in a gender equality plan (the Gleichstellungsplan) that also describes the concrete measures for achieving those aims and for better reconciling work and family life. In Germany, parental leave provisions grant each parent the right to resume, during the child’s first three years, their previous working hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Developing-country enterprises using ICT had better performance compared with enterprises that did not use ICT, with notable improvements in enterprise growth, profitability, investment and productivity (table 11.1). The extent to which an enterprise gains from enhanced access to different ICTs depends on its needs for information, storage and communication, which in turn are affected by its size, industrial sector, location and workforce skills. Based on data from Investment Climate Surveys 2000-2003. It is furthermore influenced by the business skills of managers, the availability of personnel trained to use and maintain the equipment, and the availability of additional information sources that enable improved decision-making in procurement and other business processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly to promote continuity of care and enable Mexicans to more easily shift between insurers, user health records and other relevant information should be easily transferable and accessible among providers regardless of scheme affiliation. Wider access to user information can also make other administrative barriers to unifying the system less complicated in the future. As a result, changes in employment can potentially lead to change in scheme affiliation, around one-third of IMSS enrolees switch to Seguro Popular each year - and vice versa - for this reason.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)