albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For land in paddy production, it is a fixed change per ha that varies by region and method of irrigation (motor, gravity or combination). Funding from central and local government to IDMCs has been increased to offset the fall in ISF revenue, which previously covered about half their costs (Baker et al., While the exemption applied to the ISF, farmers are still responsible for supporting the management of the tertiary and field canals under the responsibility of WUG through the provision of labour, in-kind contributions and finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent cinema music scholarship has demonstrated that the correspondence between commercial music production and Hollywood filmmaking has rarely operated according to a stable or fixed formula, but has instead taken place as an ever-shifting negotiation between media industries. Through a case study that examines the production histories and promotional efforts of Elvis Presley’s first two films, this essay builds upon existing scholarship to propose a political economy of film music stardom as a means to historicise the intersections between media industries. By applying the methodologies and concepts of comparative media studies to a history of postwar Hollywood that found itself challenged by a proliferation of ‘new’ media, particularly in the emergence of a youth-oriented consumer culture and the increasingly popular competing screen of television, this article demonstrates how transmedia stardom indexes the ways in which production cultures have understood the development of media industries and comm...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, there may be rural development funds that, strictly speaking, would not fall under climate financing but are "climate-relevant" in the sense that, through the pursuit of other policy objectives, they may influence climate change outcomes in areas such as resilience or levels of GHG emissions. In this respect, agricultural support policies need to be considered in the broader context of climate policy. For example, input subsidies may induce the inefficient use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase the emission intensity of production. The effective use of funds channelled this way requires adequate coordination with national policies and improved implementation capacities at the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the heart of this is "co-agency" - the interactive, mutually supportive relationships that help learners progress. In this sense, everyone should be considered a learner, not only students but also teachers, school managers, parents and communities. For a time, massive open online courses, known as MOOCs, seemed to offer an attractive alternative to expensive instruction, but completion rates for MOOCs have remained dismal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Effects of broadband Internet expansion on labor market outcomes.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 2013, vol. The Digital Road to Recovery: A Stimulus Plan to Create Jobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Washington, DC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The international community has created processes for monitoring progress at the regional and global levels, and for countries to exchange policy experiences, to learn from each other, and to coordiante their policies where appropriate. The present chapter contributes to this effort by analyzing how the current innovation policies of Kyrgyzstan contribute to the country’s national sustainable development priorities, comparing current policies to international good practice, and recommending policy reforms that could further encourage innovations contributing to sustainable development. The present chapter focuses on the other two pillars of sustainable development, i.e. environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness. However, it should be noted that failures to address unsustainable practices has a very real economic cost. While no estimates of this cost are available for Kyrgyzstan at present, the World Bank has for instance estimated that for neighboring Tajikistan the direct and indirect economic damage caused by environmental degradation may be as high as 8 percent of GDP.90 Thus the key to sustainable development is to achieve all three dimensions together, rather than achieving one at the expense of the others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As initiatives often seek to enact some kind of change, either on the ground, within policy, or among other stakeholders, it is important that they have the opportunity to inform policy or research based on the results achieved in the program, as well as to have the political support to carry out activities or projects. Not having this also increase the risk of becoming subject to political winds of change. However, it is worth noting that if an initiative is solely driven and operated by external partners and experts, it risks losing support by local stakeholders, including organizations in the region, local governments, and, more importantly, farmers themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Urbanization almost invariably accompanies development, and the cities of India and China are experiencing spectacular increases in population. The concentration of millions of people in a small mass creates challenges for public policy, especially in the areas of basic infrastructure, public health, traffic congestion, and often law enforcement as well. In this essay, I discuss five core debates in urban policy, including the optimal degree of federalism, private versus public provision of urban services, optimal land use regulation, appropriate spatial policies, and the use of engineering and economics approaches to reducing the negative consequences of density. None of these debates are close to being resolved, but researchers have managed to generate a number of useful insights in these areas. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Source: (Florence et al., In 2014, there were over 400,000 emergency room visits and over a quarter of a million hospitalisations for drug poisonings. Opioid overdoses accounted for around one-fifth of these hospitalisations and one-quarter of these emergency room visits. Medicare and Medicaid are the primary' payers in around two-thirds of opioid poisoning cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For other farm households, having one or more family members draw income from outside agriculture may be the start of a successful move into more remunerative activities. The key policies required to help households diversify their income sources are again those that improve human capital. Regional development policies, including the development of rural infrastructure, may also have an important role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most teachers report having gained a better understanding of what creativity and critical thinking skills entail in a school context and are now more consistent in their efforts to foster them. At the same time, many teachers felt vulnerable when gaining a greater awareness of the changes required in their regular practice - including in their relationship with students. Having an explicit definition and clearer understanding of creativity and critical thinking and a few specific pedagogical ideas about how to foster them, teachers' intuitive beliefs ended up being challenged, including their confidence in being well prepared to teach those skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Image courtesy of NASA-GSFC. The circular blue in the middle left is approximately 100km in diameter35. Transfer of material on and off shorelines is likely to be considerable in some regions but often episodic, in response to wave action, wind and rainfall events, the proximity of sea- and land-based sources and the exposure of the coastline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Yet in the longer term, approaches which better address goals of green and inclusive growth should offer the surest paths to lasting and sustainable development for all urban areas. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. However, the adoption of ambitious national level urban policies since 2000s has not necessarily been successful at least in two ways. First, the succession of plans and programmes has introduced complexities that had the net effect of allowing ad hoc approaches to urban development to prevail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Measures are needed to address the disadvantages which the poor face in every aspect of their lives and livelihoods - in social networks and access to land and capital, in reducing vulnerability and uncertainty as well as enabling opportunity. Such measures must have at their heart efforts to raise the capabilities and capacity of the poor, through formal and informal education and through information resources at the point of need. These give the poor opportunities to take the enhancement of their livelihoods into their own hands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
About 15% of its EUR 90 million budget comes from private patronage. The association was able to mobilise a wide range of institutional, cultural, associative and economic stakeholders: the European Union, the central government, the region, the departement, municipalities and inter-municipal authorities, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Marseille-Provence, the University Aix-Marseille, Euromediterranee, the Grand Maritime Port of Marseille, public and private companies, etc. All these different partners were brought together not only around a common cultural project, but also a shared vision of transforming Marseille-Provence 2013 into a sustainable territory of the Euro mediterranean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
R&D intensity is forecast by Statistics Austria to reach 3.19% in 2018. These impressive advances notwithstanding, Austria is unlikely to achieve the very ambitious national R&D intensity target of 3.76% by 2020, as set in the federal government’s Research Technology and Innovation (RTI) Strategy 2011-20. From 1998 to 2016, Austria showred the second highest increase in R&D intensity of all OECD countries, exceeded only by Korea. The rapid expansion of R&D inputs was matched by a similar increase in human resources for STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Typically, these are general initiatives addressing capital needs for a broad range of purposes - including funding of digitalisation and automation projects. Of course, digitalisation and automation are sometimes important issues in projects that are supported under these general schemes. The Approved Technological Service Institutes in Denmark and SINTEF in Norway are examples hereof. These organisations help SMEs with the implementation of a number of technologies, including robots and other ICT-based production systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article assesses the implications of the Canadian case of Bouzari v. Islamic Republic of Iran in which sovereign immunity barred recovery against a foreign state for acts of torture. Part 2 describes the case and the courts ' rejection of arguments centred on the hierarchy of jus cogens norms, implied waiver and common law principles. Part 3 evaluates parallel develop- ments in the United States and demonstrates the commonalities and differences associated with efforts to overcome immunity in the two countries. Part 4 examines potential amend- ments to Canada's State Immunity Act with a view to balancing considerations of comity with a just and workable means of holding states accountable for grave human rights abuses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, Innovation Licences were introduced, a hybrid of research licences and regular commercial licences aimed at stimulating productivity-enhancing innovations. A resource rent taxation scheme will be part of this process. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Beyond the conventional dike-building measures, the management plans should pay due attention to improving the eco-morphological structure of riverbeds and the restoration of natural water retention areas. Here again, the costs are borne by the communes, which may however receive government subsidies amounting to 50% (or 80% for intercommunal works). In particular, new urban development must be prohibited in flood zones unless the retention volume lost can be offset and unless they do not increase risks downstream and upstream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Under the programme, nearly 700,000 “clunkers" were taken off the roads and replaced by more fuel-efficient vehicles. Cars purchased under the programme are, on average, 19 per cent above the average fuel economy of all new cars currently available, and 58 per cent above the average fuel economy of cars that were traded in (United States Department of Transportation, 2009). The database provides a comprehensive annual update of the policy-making process in place since 2000 (www.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Established by the founder The project promotes national cooperation and achieves peace and security (SDGs 11 and 16). Registration is managed by a multistakeholder community in order to ensure the fair and equitable management of the domain name system (DNS), thus contributing to SDG 16 on the promotion of an inclusive society for sustainable development. Guidelines are implemented in order to provide security and prevent misuse of ITs vis-a-vis the religious and social-cultural values of Indonesian society, thus promoting equality and open access to information and knowledge for its population (SDGs 10 and 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First, that social protection be scaled up to cover a larger proportion of the population against a broader range of risks. Second, that domestic sources finance a greater proportion of spending. This latter objective reflects the fact that donor support for social protection - as for Ethiopia as a whole - is declining relative to other sources of revenue as the country nears its goal of achieving middle-income status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The government identified the expansion and improvement of the networks as a key priority, by developing a strategic plan for grid extension and - in line with the recent revision of the Energy Act - is establishing ten-year-plans for grid extension which are coordinated amongst operators on a national basis. This initiative is welcome as it ensures the coordination of the projects and may create synergies, increases transparency and enhances participation of all relevant stakeholders. Also while it will not reduce the need for grid expansion, smartening the grid could help managing unpredictable energy sources and generating efficiency gains as it improves demand side management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By linking those outcomes to data on students' background, to schools' practices, and to education systems' policies, PISA data can help identify the characteristics of schools and education systems that perform well. This chapter helps policy makers and educators learn from policies and practices applied elsewhere, by exploring what teacher-related policies are common and unique to high-performing countries and schools. They include recruitment processes, initial teacher preparation and induction policies, career and compensation structures, professional learning opportunities and requirements, and teacher-appraisal policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where the groundwater table is high and there are problems with drainage, irrigation contributes to soil salinization. Waterwithdrawal from the Kura for irrigation occurs mainly downstream from Mingcchcvir. There is some limited manufacturing activity in Turkey based on agriculture and animal husbandry'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hence, a single inequality statistic may end up capturing a relatively unimportant average effect of inequality on growth and more complex indicators of the profile of income inequality should be used (for example, ratios of income percentiles on either side of the median, or decile share ratios). See also Deininger and Squire (1998). Cross country correlations are clearly only suggestive of the possible link between inequality and mobility, however, due to the likely biases induced by observed and unobserved country-level confounding factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One of the persistent fears regarding the accession countries envisions that these countries will not catch up with the prevailing practices of constitutionalism and the rule of law that allegedly constitute the common tradition of Europe. It is believed, and in many regards rightly so, that accession to the Union will push Eastern Europe towards the values and institutional settings of modernity. Given the process and political consequences of the accession, as well as for other, historical and cultural reasons, the short term modernization effects of the membership might be limited, even counterproductive. This paper discusses the impact of the current "Europeanization" on the public understanding and institutional structures of constitutional democracy in the new member states. Further, it evaluates the foreseeable impacts of the emerging European Constitution on the constitutional structures (the new checks and balances) in the new member states, except the human rights aspects of constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An additional problem associated with the sale of standing timber is the incorrect evaluation of the harvested timber and poor recording and monitoring of harvesting and removals. The current timber sale methods do not give equal access to forest resources to all sectors, due to the existing competitive auction system and to the lack of availability of the results of all timber sales. In the context of “Forest Europe”, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, the Ministry of Forestry regularly takes part in expert meetings on the preparations for the Ministerial Conferences and contributes to the work on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management and the State of Europe’s Forests Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All the indicators of variability (coefficients of variation and correlations) in Part I are calculated across time for individual farms, the average across the sample farms is reported in the tables and figures. This analysis of observed variability is subjected to the usual caveat that some farmers’ decisions and strategies are already embedded in the observed values of some variables (such as yield or costs). For many farmers, production (or rather yield since our focus is on crop farms) and price are the two variables that reflect the main sources of risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It aimed to raise owners' awareness of the conservation value of biologically important forest, and encouraged them to enter nature conservation agreements or other forms of protection for them. Agreements may last for between 1 to 50 years, depending on the site's significance. Owners receive fixed-rate payments to compensate for limitations placed on their management in the interests of nature conservation. For habitat protection sites and nature reserves, owners receive full compensation plus an additional 25%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If poverty is related to the number of children in a family, eligibility can be related to number and/or age of the children. Geographical targeting (combined with demographic categories) may be an option in countries with large regional disparities. However, the latter requires detailed data at the lowest administrative level of government possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The most advanced work on correcting underreporting bias in alcohol survey data was recently published by Rehm and colleagues (Rehm et al., This new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption. This approach aims to model the survey-based alcohol consumption using a Gamma distribution, and to upshift this distribution so that the corrected mean matches with the APC mean. To shift the distribution, the procedure uses a factor of correction called the coverage rate, r, that represents the proportion of total alcohol consumption as measured in the survey data over the overall APC14 (Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Disputes can therefore appear at local, regional, national, or transboundary levels. The risk of conflict escalation is higher in situations where two or more sets of actors with unequal power face increasing water scarcity without access to alternatives or coping mechanisms. At the same time, however, shared water resources can serve as a platform to build cooperation between parties in conflict. Whether water resources generate conflict or cooperation between competing users often depends on the governance systems in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the closer term, the city aims for 80% of trips to be taken by soft modes or public transit by 2041. In designing these demand management measures, it is important for the government to be able to anticipate how people will respond to such regulations. Those who own non-compliant vehicles, for example, may decide to either buy a compliant vehicle, pay the charge, or alter their travel behaviour by diverting their route, changing their travel mode, or forgoing the trip altogether.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These well-known challenges relating to refugees' and migrants' access to basic services must be considered in the design of social protection in urban areas. Options range from universal programmes to geographic, categorical or community-based targeting, self-targeting, means testing and proxy means testing. This might make them more accessible to urban residents, who are physically closer to government offices and more used to dealing with government services and officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries. However, such employment data are only available for a limited number of years. In these years, the relationship of the Gini coefficient with intermediated credit and stock market capitalisation is not statistically significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Training programmes seem to have little short-term impact, but yield better medium-term results. They are more effective when unemployment is high, perhaps because of the participation of people with higher qualifications. Training programmes targeted at young people seem less effective than programmes opened to wider groups, presumably because they include more people with labour market disadvantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)