albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, demand does not automatically translate into consumption, as a significant share of water is discharged back into water bodies after use, remaining available for use downstream, depending on water quality. Sharp rises in water demand are expected in South Asia and China as well as other emerging economies of the BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), with much higher shares for manufacturing, electricity and domestic supply in 2050. Developing countries (rest of the world or the RoW) are also projected to see significant water demand for electricity generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Those who are not taking climate change into consideration will be out of business in the long run. Wal-Mart's CO2 emissions are about one third of Denmark’s, and when including suppliers, almost three times larger than that of Denmark’s. When a company like that takes action, it can really make a difference. And Wal-Mart expects it to be good business, of course.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Hence, for most countries any change in climate is likely to worsen growing conditions until plants adapt. Further, climate change seems likely to increase climatic volatility, with more extreme temperatures, floods and droughts. Plants will therefore be stressed beyond the range of climate in which they can readily survive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Urban and coastal areas are generally better off, with much lower poverty rates. Ethnicity follows the geographical divide in wealth with the indigenous population especially deprived, and also underserved in terms of public services such as education and health (INEI, 2014). This is high even by Latin American standards, although the growing economy has led to some reduction in the level in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Options include full-time courses and e-leaming tailored to interested utilities or institutions. Three of the 2030 Water Agenda initiatives seek to develop regional information systems to reinforce water management by catchment, and aquifer harmonised with national databases and systems (Initiative 35), create an information system on investment in the water sector made by the three levels of government and users (Initiative 36), and consolidate regional and national hydrological services to better measure and respond to meteorological phenomena. However, these initiatives do not address the need to improve the availability and use of economic information, which means strengthening the design of water programmes and projects through the use of cost-benefit analyses and value-for-money evaluations, and/or the creation of a programme of economic information and analysis (possibly within IMTA) to collect, analyse and publish information on the geographical and sectoral distribution and efficiency of public investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This choice is also justified by the fact that restricting the sample to individuals for which we observe wages does not change in a significant way the ranking of countries in terms of skill inequality (see the Appendix). As can be seen, the distribution of wages differs considerably from that of literacy and numeracy skills within countries. Probably, countries differ to a much greater extent along different dimensions, possibly related to institutional features that influence the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Campus disciplinary systems are positioned to provide a modicum of justice for victims of sexual violence and deter predatory assaults. Yet, this will occur only if victims find them worthy of use and the broader campus community believes them to be fair to accused and accusing students. This investigation reviews the legal status of various due process and victim protection practices and determines their presence in the student disciplinary policies of four-year residential colleges and universities in Maryland. Findings establish that compliance with the Clery Act is relatively high, while due process and victim protections vary widely. Findings also show that public institutions and those adopting “trial”-like adjudication procedures promise greater due process and victim protections compared to private institutions and those following an inquisitorial model. Policies are recommended to achieve procedural fairness while encouraging victims to report abuse and use campuses systems, along with further av...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Political ecology of health (PEH) has become a robust subfield in geography. PEH scholarship deploys diverse theories and methods across analytical realms of political economy, social discourse, an...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Debt constitutes a burden for future generations as it reduces the amount available for their consumption and investments. High and increasing debt ratios can be seen as an indication of unsustainable public finances. With regard to external debt, this is one of the indicators that measures the burden of servicing the external debt of a country in relation to its total income (GNI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These figures are promising for a number of reasons. First, both participation and completion increased compared to previous years. For example, data from the SIGO comparing 2017 to 2015 indicate an increase of 88% in adults participating in some form of training, and of 125% in prior learning assessment and recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Kamali, however, the early warning system worked, vulnerable people were alerted and brought to safety and no casualties were recorded. Filling these will require substantial additional investment, particularly at the local level to cover the ‘last mile’ - though it could just as well be called the ‘first mile’, given the importance of reaching the most vulnerable people who are usually at the forefront of any disaster. National authorities had accurately forecast this typhoon, and the accompanying seven-metre high storm surge, several days in advance.9 Nevertheless at least 6,300 people were killed, mostly by the storm surge. Subsequent research pointed to shortcomings at the ‘last mile’, including gaps in risk awareness, preparedness and communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There was some causality to this correlation in that opportunity for corruption in those states was bred by the inflow of large sums of relief funding and lucrative postdisaster construction contracts (ibid.). In sectors and localities, corrupt practices can increase disaster risk by corroding a culture of compliance that is key to the effectiveness of codes, standards and similar regulatory mechanisms. The construction industry is one of the sectors most critical to disaster risk management and also one of the most prone to corruption (Transparency International, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
He visited Patagonia, Chile, and Antarctica where he stressed, in the backdrop of fast-melting ice, that "all this may be gone, and not in the distant future, unless we act, together now".75 In Antarctica, he launched the "Caring for Climate" initiative, convened by the UN Global Compact, the UNFCCC Secretariat and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), meant to galvanize also business leaders to generate solutions. In 2008, he formed his Climate Change Support Team (CCST), a small unit located inside the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, to provide political, analytical, strategic communication and outreach support on climate change. This team reported directly to the Secretary-General and, beginning in 2008, provided him with neutral, unbranded advice on engaging with Heads of State and Government, leaders from the corporate, finance and investor communities, religious faiths, the global scientific community and civil society. Both Summits attracted more than 100 Heads of State and Government and raised climate change to the top rungs of the global agenda. You need to set an agenda—a road map to a more secure climate future, coupled with a tight timeline that produces a deal by 2009".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The participation of all relevant stakeholders, including at the local level, has helped to improve the use not only of natural resources but of the ecosystem as a whole. This is considered an important determinant of the sustainability of the entire agricultural and food system. In the city of Manizales in Colombia, for instance, national and regional authorities worked together with local communities and leaders to discourage settlements on slopes characterized by instability, which posed a threaten to people’s lives and livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The main artery road in the north-south direction (a #1 national road) and the circular roads in the administrative city are picked out at the global level (Figure 3.17). The new administrative city is particularly poorly serviced by public transport - this may be problematic given the weak local integration already present in the area. The new administrative centre is also weakly integrated locally, meaning that moving around this centre may be challenging - a situation that is not helped by the relatively poor access to bus stops in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, given that water supply growth is limited but domestic and industrial water demand are growing rapidly, a significant share of the additional water for domestic and industrial uses will come from the irrigation sector. This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity for irrigation, giving rise to more conflicts, in the future, between water for food and water for other uses in many parts of the world. Policy reform including agricultural research and management in rainfed areas and changes in the management of irrigation and water supplies are therefore urgently needed to ensure sustainable water access and affordable food prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the largest differences tend to be gender - rather than migration-related. And because such countries also have high overall rates of education, the gap between migrant and native women may stem from other causal factors. In a forthcoming publication, the OECD (2017) compares the employment rates of four cohorts of family migrants in Europe between 2014 and 2008. They were significantly higher among female family migrants in 2014 than in 2008 in all four cohorts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 1990 and 2010, the area of forest used for environmental protection has grown four-fold (Table 2.3). The increase in forest cover is estimated to have absorbed almost 100 million tonnes of carbon per year between 2000 and 2010. The conversion of grasslands into agricultural land appears to be continuing, which could have adverse long-term consequences as soil erosion is likely to increase and, eventually, when soil nutrients are exhausted the land is at risk of desertification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The exemplary shared services recorded a notable 85 per cent saving in cost as compared to single implementation, with increases of the customer satisfaction index year after year. To date, lGov*Net is providing a total of 43 Gbps of bandwidth to 100 per cent of the Government, connecting a total of 10 400 agencies comprising ministries, diplomatic missions, state governments, local authorities, hospitals, schools and public sector data centres at various international, urban, suburban and rural locations using the IP-Based Virtual Private Network Service, metro-e, asymmetric digital subscriber line and very small aperture terminal technology. The success of lGov*Net has been crucial in ensuring an efficient government service delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rather, it draws on examples of current practice to identify barriers, challenges and emerging lessons, and presents opportunities highlighted by practitioners and experts where development co-operation can play a role in improving the effectiveness of international public climate finance. The interviews were conducted over the phone and in person. The individuals participating in the interviews represented seven governments and a non-govemmental organisation (NGO) in recipient countries of international climate finance, nine climate finance providers from bilateral donor agencies and multilateral development banks, and nine international organisations and research institutes categorised for the purpose of this paper as "supporters” of climate finance. This subset of practitioners and researchers working on international climate finance has been selected to represent views from developed and developing countries, with the aim to provide initial insights, as a starting point for further discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus, it is extremely important to determine the effects that each of these factors exerts on poverty. Since growth alone cannot explain alterations in poverty levels, we treat income inequality as a factor in these, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that the more unequal a country is, the less effective economic growth will be at reducing poverty (Bourguignon, 2003). These latter variables are estimated by applying a dynamic econometric panel data model developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundel and Bond (1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTProtection from genocide has been a common denominator in state rhetoric since 1948 when the Genocide Convention was adopted. However, state accountability for this archetypical crime of the state is virtually nonexistent. This article addresses a two-pronged puzzle: namely, (1) why, no government involved in the commission of genocide has to date been held responsible for it, and (2) how legal processes of the sole court that addresses states' disputes regarding genocide, the International Court of Justice, condition and even limit the quality of decisions taken by the court with particular reference to state liability for this crime. The analysis contributes to an emerging debate on the application of state responsibility with reference to the protection from genocide by highlighting existing shortcomings pertaining to the interpretation and implementation of the Genocide Convention that, in turn, warrants a holistic revision of this treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of downstream or transboundary surface water obligations, the intent of regulation is generally to reduce pumping in order to limit cumulative stream depletion over a fixed interval such as a year or multiple years. In the latter case, regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year. Thus, the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just the pumping that is occurring in the current period. The total stream impact from groundwater pumping at any time after the start of pumping is then equal to the sum of lagged impacts occurring at that time from all pumping that occurred at or before this time, accounting for well- specific distances from the stream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Strategy for micro regions, introduced in 2001, has improved ministerial co-ordination efforts to assist a selected number of rural regions characterised by high levels of marginalisation. The strategy involves a mix of measures that combine social emergency relief, improvement of the infrastructure of public and basic services such as health, education, electricity and water, housing improvements, and support to the competitiveness of local activities. Particular emphasis has been placed on the 125 poorest municipalities of the country, many of which have a high share of the indigenous population. The Programme for the Development of Priority Zones (Programa para el Desarrollo de Zonas Prioritarias) has been the main initiative of the micro region strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Provided by IFIs and some bilateral donors. Coverage is usually less than 100% of the investment or loan. Provided by IFIs, ECAs and private investment and political risk insurers. For a detailed list of available risk mitigation instrument, refer to INFRADEV’s website on: www.globalclearinghouse.org/InfraDev/rmlist.cfm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, the area is extremely rich in archaeological monuments and artefacts. As such, it hosts the largest complex of species-rich alluvial meadows, and also the largest floodplain forest systems in Central Europe. Altogether 42 species of European importance are present including: beetles, dragonflies, molluscs, and fish, which latter include especially abundant European Bitterling, rare strcber, and extremely rare zicge or Sabre Carp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Consistent with the increase in mean BMI, the prevalence of overweight or obesity increased between 2010 and 2014 among both men and women in all European and EU countries for which data are available (Wilkins et al., Childhood obesity is increasing, the average for self-reported overweight rates among 15 year olds in the EU having increased from 11% in 2001-02 to 18% in 2013-14. The rising trend in child and adolescent body mass index (BMI) has plateaued in many high-income countries, but at a high level (NCD-RisC, 2017). These adverse patterns are likely to have negative consequences for current and future morbidity and mortality rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A recent study attributes the deterioration in self-reported health, compared to the pre-crisis era, to the worsening of mental health associated with the economic downturn, rather than to its direct impact health care access (Vandoros et al., While the number of new HIV infections related to drug injection continued falling across Europe, Greece is among the few countries where this downward trend was interrupted in 2010 (EMCDDA, 2013). Overall, Karanikolos et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The ‘kafala’ system, whereby migrant workers' visas are sponsored by their employer, leaves female domestic labourers vulnerable to situations of exploitation and contract slavery, since their visa and continued presence in the country is subject to the will of their employer. A certain degree of cooperation between labour-sending and labour-receiving countries is also necessary. One milestone in this area was the adoption of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness indicates that around 75% of people who die by suicide are not in touch with secondary mental health services within the year before their death. The majority of suicides continue to occur in adult males under 50 years of age. Suicide rates are much lower for females than males.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The study points out that in order to resolve the question of illegal logging, progress is needed on macroeconomic issues beyond the forest sector, such as unemployment and rural poverty. It is physically worn out, obsolete and in need of fundamental reconstruction. The transformation would bypass intermediate development stages and turn the sector into a renewed, vigorous, modern and progressive segment of the national and global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Managing the use of fertilizers will be crucial for long-term land development, for example, in the United States, it has been demonstrated that in the long term, organic agricultural methods can outperform conventional chemical farming in terms of crop yield, sustainability and profit (ibid.). While large-scale farming is, in general, identified as the main source of excessive use of fertilizers and soil degradation, land fragmentation and limited farm size can also be a source of soil degradation. In the minifundias of the Andean highlands of Latin America for instance, poor small-scale farm holders over-exploit natural resources, owing to population pressure and scarcity of suitable land (United Nations, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
1.  Sane Pashane Zuka[1][1][⇑][2]      1.  1University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, Blantyre, Malawi      1.  Sane Pashane Zuka, Department of Land Economy, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi. Email: spzuka{at}gmail.com  In line with 1993/1994 political change from autocratic to democratic rule in Malawi, centralized natural resources management has been replaced by decentralized approaches. Decentralized natural resource governance, however, requires transfer of responsibility and control over resources to locally elected actors. Using Domasi and Njala irrigation schemes, this study explores the processes and outcomes of institutional engineering that was considered prerequisite for the establishment of local governance in Malawi. The study findings reveal that decentralization is predominantly a political activity, hence, the transition to decentralization cannot be a matter of just passing democratic legislation. Consequently, mere institution of democratic structures does not automatically lead to achievement of democratic governance as was theorized.   [1]: #aff-1  [2]: #corresp-1
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Fund was established to remediate the damage caused by oil pollution, after a major environmental controversy involving the direct dumping of by-product water into the Amazonian rivers of Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Maranon, since the 1970s (Defensorfa del Pueblo., There is also a degree of disconnection between the policy planning led by CEPLAN and public investment decision-making effectuated by MEF. Given that biodiversity projects do not always have readily available and easily measurable outcome and impact indicators, it is often difficult for public agencies to effectively bid for biodiversity funding. Therefore, even if biodiversity might be mainstreamed in national strategies, this may not always immediately translate into implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They point to a direction of change, but stop short of suggesting what needs to be changed, how, or in what time frame. The term can mean many things, but foremost in current global and national policy contexts is the recognition that cities require priority high-level attention in national development strategies, both in macro-economic and social policy terms. National Urban Policies contribute to building linkages between human settlements of various sizes and defining the broad parameters within which the transformative power of urbanization is activated and steered. First, not many national government institutions have the expertise and authority to understand the direct and indirect impacts of public policies on cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The most prominent biological explanations for gender differences in health and mortality are hormonal, autoimmune (greater susceptibility of men to infections) and genetic (Waldron, 1995, Crimmis and Finch, 2006). Women are found to be more interested in health (Green and Pope, 1999), to be more likely to report symptoms to clinicians (Kroenke and Spitzer, 1998) and to show higher healthcare utilisation than men do (Bertakis et al., Smoking prevalence among men is higher than among women in all OECD countries except in Sweden and Canada. Rates for men and women are equal or nearly equal in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)