albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning. We would like to thank all those who gave their time to respond to our questions, provide background documents, comments on preliminary drafts and validate the information for accuracy. We would also like to thank consultants Janice Heejin Kim and Matias Egeland who worked on sections of the preliminary drafts as part of the OECD team on ECEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast, the poverty figures estimated by ECLAC are generated with the aim of achieving the greatest possible comparability for various analytical purposes, and, given their different objectives and uses, they certainly do not seek to replace the national figures to describe poverty levels and trends in each country. As both data sets display similar trends, it is considered appropriate to use the national figures to describe the behaviour of poverty in each country. Meanwhile, comparable poverty measurements are used to construct regional aggregates and analyse the drivers of poverty and how different population groups are affected by it. Thus, ECLAC data contribute to a regional diagnosis that prioritizes evidence-based analysis on poverty-reduction policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Group discussions further allow for elaboration and understanding as students explain their ideas to others and negotiate the meaning of those ideas. After presenting the central characteristics of PBL, the focus is put on examining the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of PBL in developing skills for innovation. Finally, some challenges for PBL research will be discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rural communities sometimes deplete some of these resources through activities such as slash and bum agricultural practices, or by chopping down forests for firewood for lack of other sources of fuel. Deforestation by over-logging or cutting of forest for commercial agricultural production or cattle farming can also lead to erosion and loss of fresh water reserves and biodiversity (Box 8.10). In addition to being an input for household production, the environment provides services that act as public goods such as carbon capture, landscape amenities, and biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability’. There are hundreds of definitions of ecotourism and in general most of them consider that ideally ecotourism is nature based tourism that embraces the principles of sustainable tourism. Some desert hotels and resorts, where water is scarce, boast of jacuzzis, bathtubs and swimming pools. Ecotourism voyages to Antarctica have posed serious threats to bird and marine life in a fragile ecosystem while the route to Mount Everest is littered with human refuse and even corpses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean, Annual Report 2012. A look at grants support and burden for women (LC/G.2561/Rev.l I. Santiago. With respect to the programme's impact on adults, the time spent by men on paid work increased at the expense of domestic work, and the time spent by women on domestic and care work increased at the expense of leisure time. The unequal distribution of productive and reproductive work creates further inequality in the use of free time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If this is not forthcoming, countries must draw on foreign savings - through foreign direct investment or borrowing. Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) generally aim to keep reserves that cover at a minimum 3-4 months of imports. Declining reserves can also affect the availability of credit and interest rate levels in countries as declines in foreign reserves deplete banking sector liquidity (PFTAC 2010, 5-6). Presented by Kepsey Puiye, Assistant Director, Petroleum Economics - Department of Petroleum and Energy PNG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both cases show that strong leadership is needed to incentivise and co-ordinate the actions of stakeholders, including ministries, local authorities, road agencies, parliamentarians, politicians and civil society. The case of Lisbon showed the importance of integrating road safety into wider societal policies and avoiding the tendency towards "silo thinking" that happens in many countries. There is much to gain in addressing road safety and environmental concerns together, as the fights against road crashes and pollution have many common levers. In the case of Lisbon, particular emphasis has been put on physical accessibility and the quality of the pedestrian environment, due to the wider demographic challenges of an ageing population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The notion that children's early experiences are biologically embedded is gaining further support from research showing that the development of children's endocrine and immune systems are also influenced by children's environments during the early years (Barr, Beek and Calinoiu, 1999, Gunnar, 1998, McEwan, 1998). For example, children develop their literacy skills in a cumulative way as they move from one stage to the next. The rate at which they develop these skills depends on the strength and duration of their exposure to the family, institution and community factors that comprise the Foundations for Success in the Educational Prosperity model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Requests to translate the publication in its entirety should be addressed to: Communications Unit, florence(S)unicef.org. Most of the students stand up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Participative defence review processes that ensure the full participation of men and women from different segments of society have a more accurate understanding of the security situation and build national ownership and civilian trust. These projects have been implemented by the national armed forces of countries such as Benin, Ecuador, Madagascar, Mongolia, Paraguay and the Ukraine. The projects contain strong components of training and awareness-raising on a variety of issues, such as HIV/AIDS prevention and maternal health. This focus on reproductive health has been an entry point to address gender-based violence and gender equality issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme contains a well-established process to connect public sector challenges with innovative ideas from industiy. The SBRI is a competition-based innovation programme managed by Innovate UK, which provides 100% R&D funding to support companies to develop solutions. The intellectual property rights remain with the company, which is then able to market the product commercially more widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Si les mutations technologiques et la mondialisation contribuent, a tout le moins, a la formation des inegalites, les politiques publiques, en particulier F education et les politiques du marche du travail, peuvent aussi avoir une influence importante. A partir de 1’analyse empirique des liens entre politiques publiques et repartition des revenus du travail, ce document examine les eventuels arbitrages et complementarites entre les deux objectifs que sont la reduction des inegalites de revenu d'unc part et le relevement de la croissance economique d'autre part. Cela vaut en particulier pour les politiques favorisant Faccumulation de capital humain, rendant le potentiel d’education moins tributaire de la situation personnelle et sociale, reduisant le dualisme du marche du travail et promouvant l’integration des immigrants et des femmes sur le marche du travail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The rapid rise to dominance of finance capital and its demands forfree flows of money became enshrined in the ideologies of neoliberalism and the so-called Washington Consensus. While the neoliberal agenda has been evolving over time and has its own internal tensions (which there is no space to discuss here), its broad features as an overarching agenda for financialized capitalism include open borders for trade and investment/financial flows, fiscal suppression and inflation-targeting as central to monetary policy, privatization and public-private partnerships (PPPs), market fundamentalism.description of the state as corrupt, and managerialism. This agenda was th e ha 11 ma rk of th e rise to power of Rona Id Reaga n and Margaret Thatcher in the United States and United Kingdom, respectively. Keynesian macroeconomics, with its potential for combining redistributive policies with government activism to protect employment, began to decline in prestige and clout.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Those values have been used for the 10% and 30% scenarios, without adjustment. The values for France have been drawn from the Green Net study, which reports the findings from a study performed in 2003 (Verseille, 2003). According to this study, the French transmission grid could cope with 6 GW of wind power with only minor investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The inconsistent and unpredictable nature of import measures is reducing the incentive to trade with Indonesia, reinforcing the perception that trade is unreliable. In particular, non-tariff measures need to be more transparent. A growing number of administrative requirements are being placed on imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A plan to introduce a levy on sugar has also now been cancelled. This publication suggests that tax increases tend to be controversial, and whilst cost-effective and effective in reducing consumption of targeted goods, risk having a regressive effect, weighing most heavily on the less well off (OECD, 2010). However, the health benefits of such “sin taxes” were also found to benefit people in low socioeconomic groups more, especially if coupled with targeted subsidies on healthy food such as fruit and vegetables, as this OECD report recommends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Market failures result from asymmetric information between health insurers and care providers and between care providers and patients, creating scope for supplier-induced demand and up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes). Empirical analysis suggests that no health care system performs systematically better in addressing these failures and delivering cost-effective health care (Joumard et al., The Netherlands has opted for a system of regulated competition and private insurance, with wide-ranging reforms implemented since the mid-2000s to reinforce the role of market mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
When we implement measures to reduce this pollution, water quality is improved. Fish and shellfish production may increase and be healthier, and swimming and diving is much more pleasant. Thus, the ecosystem services approach makes it obvious how nature and people are connected and provides us with a framework for exploring this relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The prediction of the state of poverty for children is estimated using a proxy means approach with a quintile-based regression model, which estimates consumption on a limited number of easily observable socio-demographic characteristics (table a2). The targeting carried out in this manner is robust (table 6). Finally, the annual individual amount is 20 479 FCFA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Switzerland, some cantons set budget envelopes for hospital care and beyond a certain volume of care they reduce their funding of hospitals. In addition, physician services’ costs are monitored through joint agreements between insurers and physician’s associations, which include measures to curb spending growth, if necessary' (Paris and Devaux, 2010). This practice weakens the effectiveness of budget cap to control spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, Indonesia has made an effort to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forest sector, with many arrests and prosecutions already made. In the past, development meant that the forests were cut down or burned. Now development means that people take care of the forest. In this way we can fight poverty, and at the same time protect the rainforest” (Mangkusobroto, 2012). Norway has also been saluted for its "hands-off’ approach to its forest partnerships (Lash and Dyer, 2014), with limited intervention in countries’ processes as long as basic social, environmental and fiduciary standards are met. Experience shows that this approach works well and helps to develop a true partnership among equals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For another thing, they ignored social aspects, trading often illusory environmental gains against development gains for poor developing-country producers that had contributed little to climate change in the first place (Muller 2007). These arguments, consumer confusion and methodological difficulty have more or less buried the idea of food miles labels. However, the enduring lesson is that ill-conceived methodologies may have unfair impacts, particularly on developing-country producers.8 This concern is most acute in the context of private sector labels, which are the least developed in terms of regulatory control or coordination. Ecolabels (like other quality-standard systems) will tend to work against smaller producers, for at least two reasons (International Trade Centre 2013, KPMG 2012).First, the fixed costs of certification and the inevitable restructuring of management systems are more easily borne by producers with larger revenues over which to spread those costs. Second, buyers tend to prefer larger producers, and will buy from them in preference to smaller producers. This is because when the buyer is tasked with ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain it is much simpler to do so with a smaller number of large producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, as the retirement age increases in future years and while improvement to equal opportunities legislation helps hold older people in employment for longer, pensioners are increasingly likely to be able to supplement pensions with earnings. These trends are likely to reduce the risk of poverty among future pensioners, although it would also seem likely that among future elderly cohorts inequality will rise. This is particularly the case as the generosity of state pensions is likely to fall as public spending is increasingly squeezed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some of these indicators, mainly HISEI index, parental education levels, and family structure, have a small number of missing observations. To ensure that the sample size and performance distribution are untouched by the matching exercise, missing values for matching covariates were imputed through multiple imputation models (Royston 2004). The PISA survey has a complex structure, similar to methods commonly used in other educational surveys, such as the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement’s (IEA) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), or the United States’ National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), with sampling conducted with different probabilities in two stages within separate strata. This complexity should be taken into account by using probability weights when calculating point estimates and by adjusting for clustering and strata design when estimating standard errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation, it has been argued that the use of a baseline as a comparator may be misleading since adaptation interventions will, by definition, take place in a changing environment with evolving climate-related hazards and risks (Brooks et al., A more accurate assessment would, therefore, need to factor in these changing circumstances to establish a good understanding of what the situation would have been in the absence of a policy approach on adaptation (Brooks et al., For example, a simple before and after comparison may show that climate vulnerability has deteriorated, while a comparison to a counterfactual would reveal that the situation would have been even worse without the explicit and implicit adaptation initiatives in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nochebus routes cover 330.8 kilometres and are available in 14 of the 16 delegaciones of Mexico City. The ORT is a new regulators' body that has been introduced by the New Mobility Law for the Federal District, but lias not yet been set up. The latest survey for users (2014) showed that 14% of users are residents of the State of Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Efforts to break down stereotypes are also necessary. Gender stereotyping takes place from an early age and is pervasive across society: at home, in schools, in the media and through day-to-day social attitudes and interactions which embed and reinforce them. This contributes to the clustering of women and men into different subject areas in secondary school and higher education. As various studies have shown, the low representation of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics is related to attitudes rather than ability: girls, for example, do not receive lower scores in mathematics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Probably not, and therefore cycling as a mode for senior citizens should also be considered, particularly now that the electrical bicycle has come about to cover greater distances. Certain subgroups need special attention, namely subgroups which are growing (oldest old, older women and persons living in single-households), those which appear especially disadvantaged and at risk of social exclusion (e.g. low income groups, rural residents), and those for which both criteria apply (e.g. ethnical minorities). Increasing women’s confidence and experience in driving in order to keep them safe and mobile implies a strong need for future research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social sciences have experienced the return of institutions into the main research agenda, and a new institutionalism has been developed to understand the role of institutions. The award of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics to the political scientist Elinor Ostrom for her “analysis of economic governance, especially the commons” has promoted the recognition of modern institutional analysis and resized contemporary political economy. This paper is an integral approach to Ostrom’s contributions and analyzes the evolution of her thinking throughout the major advances of her work over time. Her early contributions on public policy and polycentric systems, her seminal study on social norms in the governance of the commons, the focus on social capital and her multi-level framework of socio-ecological systems are her main contributions on polycentric governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter looks at when arms transfers to armed groups will be illegal under international law, when the use of certain arms by armed groups will be illegal and what are the factors which allow us to consider armed groups bound by these prohibitions at the international level. The situation in Syria is highlighted and there are references to the ongoing negotiations at the United Nations for an Arms Trade Treaty. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the obligations of armed groups under human rights law and recent developments which suggest that such groups are bound by international law even where, as in the early stages of the Syria fighting, the militia or armed group are not necessarily in control of territory or in a situation of armed conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, these market failures imply that competition alone is not sufficient to guarantee cost control and that measures are also needed to improve the functioning of the market both on the supply and on the demand side. This replaced a dual system where public insurance was mandatory for about two-thirds of the population while the other third relied on voluntary private insurance. In the new system, all citizens have to pay a flat rate premium (freely set by the insurer) to their chosen health insurer and an income-related contribution to a risk-equalisation fund, which covers 50% of total health expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All countries report using several institutions in the decision-making and collection process for gender-disaggregated statistics. About half of the countries surveyed set up co-ordination mechanisms to improve capacity to gather gender-disaggregated data (Bahrain, Kuwait, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority' and Tunisia) and also tend to have well-developed co-ordination mechanisms for most gender initiatives. Nevertheless, it is important to ensure that the vision and strategy of the central gender institution is aligned with the gender equality and mainstreaming strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many psychiatric institutions, long-term care and nursing facilities, and small rural hospitals are in need of modernisation. This is also targeted by the 2014-20 European Structural and Investment Funds programme, which aims at health infrastructure, capacity building in data collection and processing, as well as human resource development. However, at the hospital management level there is often only limited expertise with capital investment and financing of new technologies (see also Section 5.3). First, the physician workforce is ageing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One explanation for the high coverage in some Norwegian municipalities is the presence of data centres located on the western coast (in Stavanger municipality and Vagsoy municipality) which benefit from free cooling from adjacent fjords and abundant access to low cost, renewable hydropower. Most are located across Sweden and in the rural parts of Denmark, Finland and Norway. The second largest group is municipalities with a value between 30% and 60% of households with high capacity fixed broadband coverage: they are mostly located in rural Norway and Finland and in northern Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Making regulatory provisions for pilot projects and promoting innovation will therefore be key in fostering further AV development. Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be essential, and the shared nature of this mobility in particular will be essential to meeting mobility needs. Pilot projects regarding shared autonomous vehicles have sought to sequentially increase the complexity of the systems. Keolis, for example, currently operates 10 autonomous shuttles and has transported 90 000 passengers in seven countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also considers the important role of a vibrantly competitive market for not only reducing prices but also a diversity of different data plans. Mobile is by far the most prevalent form of Internet access in LDCs. Some LDCs have achieved a high level of mobile voice take-up and so affordability is increasingly not a major barrier for second-generation services. Senegal has a higher proportion of households with a cellphone (93)112 than the United States (90)113.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)