albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In 1995, Robert Behn introduced American public administration to the need for common “big questions” to become a significant academic discipline, similar to the physical sciences. Chinese civil service laws were just being promulgated then, and so the discussion that ensued in Public Administration Review and elsewhere was not particularly salient for China. The largely U.S. literature did not take an international or comparative turn, yet it later became an active conversation in the Chinese literature, which is struggling to deal with its own identity crisis and the value of its research. Developing the big questions of Chinese public management research is extremely relevant in today’s environment because China is the world’s second largest economy, and their civil service has had significant time to mature. Chinese researchers have recently called for the development of domestically embedded (i.e., Sinicized) big questions. This article discusses the relevance of Behn’s questions on micromanagement, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Claims by many experts on the connection between corruption and human rights, and especially the realization that corruption undermines the enjoyment of human rights, have led practitioners to advocate a human rights-based approach to corruption. However, it comes at a time where the global human rights movement is under assault, this contribution addresses the emerging localization discourse in human rights. Researchers and campaigners are adapting the international human rights system to local institutions and meanings in a process of “vernacularization”. This is by taking the needs of the community and the language that makes sense locally as the entry point of human rights advocacy. The question that arises is what role can the local understanding of human rights play? This contribution suggests answers to this question by using the African concept of ubuntu (humanness) to reinforce measures against corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While science is not yet capable of providing precise predictions, there is wide agreement in the scientific community on some climate change trends. The IPCC projects that warming will be greater at the equator and the poles than at the mid-latitudes.b In very general terms, this may translate into more favourable agricultural conditions for temperate regions (e.g. warmer, longer growing season), but less favourable conditions (e.g. heat stress) in the already hot tropics. Global water availability is likely to remain constant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Changes in measured market incomes at the household level are due to a range of factors, including but not limited to wage inequality. Trends that are often quantitatively more important include the extent and distribution of unemployment and labour-market inactivity, working-time, family structures, as well as income pooling and family work patterns. In addition, non-labour incomes play a role, especially at the top of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some capabilities that are needed by education institutions for self-management are not yet fully developed - and, likewise, authorities responsible for steering a decentralised system of education sometimes lack capacities needed to meet their responsibilities. Using EU funding more effectively and ensuring the sustainability of the initiatives as funding becomes less generous in the future will also be a serious challenge in the years ahead. Improved performance requires, at a strategic level, that Lithuania clarify and raise expectations of performance, align resources in support of raised performance expectations, strengthen performance monitoring and the assurance of quality, and build institutional capacity to achieve high performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As such, it could be a win-win proposal for both the international community and the LDCs. First, it would enable the creation of enterprise incubators to strengthen their private sector. Unlike public works programmes, it would provide a long-term and sustainable solution to the employment challenge by fostering the development of productive capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This Viewpoint looks at the range of medical and public health issues that could be adversely affected by appointment of Justice Amy Coney Barrett to the US Supreme Court, including weakening or elimination of the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid work requirements that could reduce eligibility, and reduced reproductive rights and governmental public health emergency powers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The share is highest in South and South-East Asia, in the Middle East and North Africa (Panel B), where it is typically above 50%. On the other hand, people have generally become less likely to declare that a woman earning more than her husband can be problematic (Panel C), but data are only available for a subset of countries. Only two decades ago, the percentage of respondents who agreed or strongly agreed with that statement in OECD countries was above 40%. Finally, the perceived value of female education has shown mixed trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender inequalities in the labour market and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work in the family mean that women tend to have lower pension coverage, lower benefits and greater vulnerability in old age. These gender gaps overlap with existing inequalities in pension coverage and benefits for workers across occupational and income strata. In addition, women’s labour market patterns have also changed substantially over the past half century and so have the family arrangements on which many pension systems have traditionally relied. Recent pension reforms around the world have addressed some of these issues, leading to progress in some countries, but gender inequalities in old age protection remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Sustainable Development Goals are Coming to Life: Stories of Country Implementation and UN Support. Strengthening Rwanda's evidence-based policy, planning, analysis, and monitoring and evaluation, 13 March. Available from http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/ en/home/presscenter/articles/2012/03/13/strengthening-rwanda-s-evidence-based-policy-planning-analysis-and-monitoring-and-evaluation.html. Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The extent of innovation may be associated with various types of educational outcome, including learning outcomes, equality and equity. It may also be related to expenditure trends. This could also be implied through a positive association with innovation and changes in outcomes across time. Innovation may also be positively associated with equity, particularly if innovation occurs to tackle previous inequalities or to drive improvements across the whole school. Conversely, certain outcomes my lead to more innovation at classroom or school level, either because they increase the freedom or the pressure to innovate. Indeed, it is possible that innovation was necessary in order to arrest a potential fall in outcomes caused by issues such as budget cuts or staff shortages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Addressing them thus requires an understanding of the specific features of the rural domain. Although significant gaps persist, rural women have been able to achieve higher education levels and engage more actively in production processes, including through the ownership or use of land. Rural youth is also better educated and has new expectations and aspirations, but young people often cannot find opportunities and life projects to match their new conditions and circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Valle de Mexico should learn from the Dutch experience that without a system of laws and regulations for waste materials, and control measures established from the outset, all w'aste could end up in a landfill. If the authorities want to promote the participation of private waste-processing companies, it needs to give them the possibility of developing profitable activities. With mandatory and prohibitory provisions and taxes, a better grade of waste processing can be enforced. Table 4.5 presents a non-exhaustive overview of those policy instruments, which can be designed and implemented in different ways to influence their effectiveness. Those presented in Table 4.5 are options authorities in the Valle de Mexico might explore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If microfinance institutions extend lending to the very poor in these circumstances then they can help break the power and hold of moneylenders and landlords. Unfortunately, however, most microfinance institutions have been found wanting when it comes to lending to the very poor. Nonetheless, it seems that microfinance has made a significant dent in the informal usurious credit markets by undermining usury and debt bondage in some agrarian societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Implementation emphasized nature values, which the compensation incentivized protecting. The criteria for eligible sites were defined in more detail, and administrators were trained in standardized interpretation of them. Compensation was based on lost timber income only (a good example of the 'opportunity cost'approach mentioned above) and nature values became simply eligibility criteria, not influencing the payments. In Finland, landowners have the right, and sometimes even responsibility, to produce timber and the compensation is for giving up a part of this (Primmer etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Namely, we try to define a way to understand the emissions and resource use, and sometimes the social impacts along the life cycle of everything we make and do, and we try to understand the impact on everything we care about: for example, the impact on our health and ecosystems, and the availability of resources for future generations. This means that we are dealing with a complex problem. How do we objectively understand each and every supply, use and end-of-life chain?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They are worth about 1.25% of GDP on average around the OECD in 2013. Austria and Australia transfer around 2% of GDP to families in cash payments, with the figure rising to between 2.5% to 3% of GDP in the United Kingdom and Ireland. By contrast, public spending on family cash benefits in Korea and the United States is much smaller. Fiscal relief to stimulate the use of child care services may also be included in family benefit spending packages, while tax breaks for families are a widely used family support tool in France and Germany, where they account for 0.7% and 0.9% of GDP, respectively. They have fostered growth in female full-time employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article charts the rise of a new, and increasingly influential, theory of public law: common law constitutionalism. The theory can best be seen as a response to a ‘crisis’ within contemporary public law thought produced by an array of different pressures: Thatcherite reformation of the state, the growing prominence (and potential politicization) of judicial review, constitutionalization of the EU, and trends towards globalization. The core of argument underlying the theory is elucidated by means of an analysis of the work of a number of leading public law scholars. The essence of the theory is the reconfiguration of public law as a species of constitutional politics centred on the common law court. The theory constitutes, it is suggested, an attempt to turn inwards, in the face of change, towards the familiar form of the common law, reinvigorated as a burgeoning site of normativity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The falling share of agricultural exports is likely due to a combination of much higher oil and other mineral prices in excess of rising agricultural prices. This is even more pronounced for petroleum exporting countries in Africa -compared to petroleum exporters in other regions of the world - but holds for all of SSA, including South Africa. Despite the importance ostensibly accorded to agriculture for African development in the Berg Report, the period since the 1980s has also seen a general neglect of agriculture and food security. Public spending for infrastructure, agricultural research and development, extension services and agricultural subsidies declined while official support and encouragement was limited to export-oriented agriculture. The agricultural sector had indeed performed relatively poorly in the 1960s and 1970s, and was seen to be in crisis. The Berg Report blamed excessive government interventions for the stagnation, and advocated for the removal of subsidies, price and import liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would remove a bias against poor parents who find it difficult to find ready cash and also prevent students misspending the bus fare money on other items. Free home-to-school transport should also be provided for upper secondary school students from low-income families, so that their participation in upper secondary education is not inhibited by transport costs. The organisation of home-to-school transport should be better co-ordinated in order to make school consolidation involving several municipalities easier to achieve. It is not necessary to provide dedicated school buses as a cheaper alternative but, in the absence of suitable public transport, an option is contracting private bus operators to provide home to school services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They can also potentially reflect individual characteristics if the data used are differentiated accordingly (e.g. by number of jobs available to people in a certain age range or income group). For instance, while transport planners tend to focus on the transport component of accessibility, urban planning practice has often placed more emphasis on metrics reflecting land use factors. Practice has shown that breaking this silo-type of thinking promotes a more holistic approach and could be achieved by using a combination of indicators and conducting coordinated analysis by relevant authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The limited amount of information provided so far by the government on access to the NAICM refers mostly to adjustments to road infrastructure and construction of toll roads. Public transport works planned include only extensions of two Metrobus lines and connection to underground lines that currently operate over capacity. The airport’s planning process should acknowledge clear objectives to generate high shares of travel on public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, agricultural insurance schemes are not widespread due to the myriad of associated information problems. Index-based insurance schemes can help overcome some of these problems. Most common are weather index-based schemes, where the contracts are based on deviations from some weather-related index, such as rainfall overtime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In five countries the gap widened.9 In the remaining four countries out of the 13, reductions in the national U5MR had a neutral impact on health distribution. Indeed, such society-wide improvements seem as likely to be accompanied by increasing as decreasing inequalities. Moreover, reaching some groups requires efforts in other areas such as improving communications between local authorities and targeted groups, facilitating increased participation by local communities, and greater access to education and information so as to increase people’s awareness of health issues, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Parts of the Syrian plateaus and most of the Jordanian highlands have an arid climate.’ Rainfall declines from north to south and from west to east, which explains why the limited surplus water is confined to the northern and coastal uplands in Israel. The Yarmouk River originates from sources in Jordan and in the eastern Golan in Syria. It forms the Jordanian-Syrian border for about 49 km and then flows through the Addasiya Triangle where it runs along the Israeli-Jordanian border for a few kilometres before joining the Lower Jordan River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With renewed economic growth now underway, all meat markets are set to recover quickly in the near term of the projection period. Nominal prices for beef and pork increase by 21% and 17%, respectively, to reach USD 3562/t d.w. Poultry prices are expected to be on average 32% higher reaching USD 1638/t p.w. When expressed in real terms (i.e. adjusted for inflation) prices are expected to trend higher than those observed during the decade of the 1990s, as high feed costs will somewhat constrain the expansion of output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Professional development provides opportunities for staff who are already working in the sector to update or enhance their practices, it is often referred to as “in-service training”, “continuous education” or “professional training”. The last two changes have important consequences for what is expected of those who work with young children. This also refers to the ECEC sector (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This way, low initial rates can foster political acceptance and give stakeholders time to adjust, while increases over time guarantee stable revenue and maintain environmental effectiveness. If uncertainty about the predictability and longevity of a tax rate emerges, investors may regard the risk of low-carbon, energy-efficient or pollution-reducing investments to be too high. At the same time, incentivising private investment requires additional measures to minimize risk and create stable investment frameworks that guarantee - or at least increase the probability of - a safe return. Such measures can include low-cost loans for private investors, accelerated depreciation, preferential interest rates or, for renewable energy, long-term power purchase agreements (Cottrell, Fortier and Schlegelmilch, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recent macro-level studies examining the indirect effects of direct legislation on public policy in the American states are decidedly mixed. This study tests whether the macro-level logic of legislative behavior in response to ballot initiatives holds true at the micro-level for individual legislators. I examined the determinants of legislative votes on “counter-majoritarian” legislation—bills that directly challenge the outcomes of earlier statewide ballot initiatives. In 1999, the Colorado state legislature tried to overturn the outcomes of three previous ballot contests. I find that in two of the three cases, a legislator's vote on these bills was related to the vote in his or her district on the respective ballot initiative. This helps explain why many legislators will vote contrary to the outcome of a statewide initiative vote.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority has emphasized the role of joint regional operations in large methamphetamine seizures. For example, in July 2015, a sea container sent from South America to Fiji contained 80 kg of methamphetamine and was intercepted in a joint operation of Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. The Australian Crime Commission has also determined that, of all drug types, methamphetamine poses the greatest threat to the Australian public because of its increasing purity and the involvement of organized criminal groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following Iran's exploitation and diversion of shared rivers without prior notification (e.g. on the Karkheh River), the two states decided to form a joint technical committee in order to address issues of mutual concern. Iraq's Ministry of Water Resources reports that this committee holds regular meetings and organizes technical exchange visits. It can be assumed that the periodic trilateral meetings on water issues and other matters have been put on hold. A crucial issue for Iraqi-Turkish relations on the Tigris River will be the completion of the llisu Dam and reservoir as it is likely to impact overall discharge and flow regime of the river significantly especially in downstream Iraq.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given its rapidly evolving population health care needs and fiscal constraints, Mexico should develop primary care as a distinct medical speciality. It would be worth investing serious effort to develop a national vision for primary care, to counter any misconception that primary care is merely health care for the poor or marginalised. In defining a new speciality of primary care, the most important task will be to distinguish the current cohort of physicians working as community generalists (who do not have substantial specialist post-graduate training) from future primary care specialists. This distinction should be unambiguously evident to patients and other health care professionals, and be based upon extended knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Each of the networks has about 8 to 10% of their schools established as special needs schools (Table 3.1). At the secondary level, the mainstream schools are on average 2.5 times larger than the special schools, although the size of the mainstream schools also varies depending on whether they offer all or only some stages of secondary education. As explained in Chapter 2, there are two main bodies responsible for financing the construction and renovation of school facilities and the implementation of government policy on this topic: The Flemish Community network (GO!)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A recent Danish study made an initial estimate of the levels of climate finance they mobilised through both bilateral and multilateral public climate finance channels (Mostert et al., However, due to the pilot and preliminary nature of these studies, the results have not been used by countries in the context of the biennial reports to the UNFCCC - with the exception of France. More generally, only four countries (Canada, Finland, and Japan in addition to France) have included quantified estimates of total private climate finance mobilised in their second biennial reports (BR2), and a fifth (Sweden) has included some quantified examples. With the aim of ensuring synergies and a convergence of approaches with the climate finance community, this work is being conducted in close collaboration with the Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Besides the white saxaul {Haloxylon persicum) and black saxaul {Haloxylon aphillum), the main wood and shrubby species in desert areas are Salsola richteri, several types of Calligonum, Ephedra, Halothamnus, Ammodendron and Astragalus. The key forest-forming species are poplar, oleaster, willow, tamarisk and others. At present, the overall area of tugai forests in Turkmenistan is 26,200 ha, not including the territory of the Amu Darya State Reserve (5,000 ha). However, those species most characteristic of salt soils are Tamarix and specifically Tamarix meyerii.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
See text for details on the definition of policy variables, specification and econometric technique. The entries can be read as follows. The table also provides a (statistical) comparison of estimated policy effects on household income standards at different points of the distribution, respectively the median, the lower-middle class and the poor, with policy effects on average household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)