albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Complexity arises from multiple factors at different spatial and institutional scales. The sector has a broad scope, including many types of crop agriculture, horticulture and various forms of livestock farming. Each of these has very different functions, operations and regulations. The differences in management between commercial and communal farming add further complexity. An in-depth understanding of the sector is necessary to focus on those interventions that are likely to be most effective. Liaising more closely with sector associations and DAFF to better understand and meet acknowledged needs would be a good starting point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given industry’s substantial contribution to global energy intensity, credible specific industrial energy-efficiency targets must be formulated. But to keep increases in industrial energy consumption to the minimum required to satisfy development needs, future efficiency efforts must be ambitious. They must double today’s pace and reach energy intensity reduction rates similar to those in the 1990s. Doubling the industrial energy-intensity reduction rate is consistent with a similar exhortation made at the global level in the AGECC (2010) report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The other teachers were DTEP year four students who had converged at LCE for December, 2010 examinations. Some questions answered by statistics were repeated in the questionnaire. The responses were written by the respondents themselves. The return rate was 60 per cent. Saturation of similar or related views or points was easily reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Belize, Guyana and Suriname, total poverty averages over 60% and extreme poverty, over 35%. By contrast, in island countries of the Caribbean, total child poverty averages 24% and extreme poverty, 6%. The difference is explained in part by high levels of rural poverty in Belize, Guyana and Suriname.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Examples of this are the initiatives undertaken by the Chilean Government following the 2010 earthquake and the Emergency Grant distributed to persons affected by disasters by the Ecuadoran Government. In terms of policy proposals, an interesting case is Trinidad and Tobago, where an economic subsidy for home repair is available to the recipients of non-contributory pensions. It would also be advisable to intensify efforts to expand the population eligible for cash transfers following a disaster, to include families that do not have older members or school-age children. The aim is for those families to be eligible for a cash transfer in adverse situations not of their choice, at least on a temporary basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The history of migration litigation in Australia is discussed, and it is argued that judicial review has had an untoward impact on the administration of the law and the adjudication of disputes in that area. An analysis of immigration litigation is apposite, because a key justification offered in support of an assertive judicial role in that arena is that judicial review can provide a safeguard for the human rights of people who seek sanctuary under Australia's immigration laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Investments in urban areas have more political visibility and usually benefit a larger number of potential voters. Less legitimate are the political decisions to invest in improving services in selected neighbourhoods where elites live (and already have access) while leaving many people in rural areas unserved. As a result, in some countries, the level of service received by the advanced areas (e.g., major cities) is highly subsidized, while relatively little support is offered to the areas lagging behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
And since 2010, the UNDP was a pioneer in launching and reporting the global MPI and in supporting national and regional MPIs. Many countries are using the MPI to measure progress towards SDG 1, and as a governance tool. Disaggregated analysis helps to achieve a crucial SDG aspiration: ensuring no one is left behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Imbalances in representation in policymaking may prevent the identification of and attention to critical problems and may potentially have dire consequences, since those who could have identified those problems and offered suggestions on how to resolve them were not present. Even if problems have been identified correctly, the solutions chosen may have unintended consequences for the groups that did not participate in the consultations and negotiations. Also, owing to the lack of a diversity of viewpoints, analyses may be constrained and the range of solutions less inventive. Lastly, the solutions may turn out to be—or may be perceived as being—non-representative of the very community whose problems they have been chosen to address, or they may not be adopted owing to their irrelevance and/or the lack of consensus, or, if adopted, they may ultimately turn out to be ineffective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this case, training in moderation skills was needed given the lack of experience with collaboration. The KwaZulu-Natal initiative in South Africa like the Innova Schools Network in Peru were clear that this calls for a culture change to move to more active modes of teaching and learning from traditional methods that fail far too many students. Innovation is necessary because repeating variants of conventional approaches have failed to dent such stubborn and persistent problems as continued low achievement among the same groups of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For Spain, Calvo and Sanchez (2010) show that the inclusion of imputed rents in household income does not substantially change the number of people considered poor and non-poor on the basis of where they live. The main changes in the composition of the poor population that result from including imputed rents in income are the type of households, the age of household members, and tenure status. The authors suggest that the inclusion of imputed rents reduces by more than half the poverty rates of the over-65s who live alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The largest problem is the inability to save out of current income because virtually all they earn in a year is required for current farm operations and family living. However they also face a problem of finding a way to hold wealth. For farmers with title to land the land itself serves as a wealth holding and wealth creating vehicle. Improvements to land through farm household efforts can be captured through appreciation of land value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Morocco has set up regional monitoring and evaluation systems in Souss-Massa-Draa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz, which aim to monitor and assess vulnerability and the results of adaptation actions to climate change (GIZ, 2014). These systems are expected to be the basis of an institutional arrangement, and extended to a national governance mechanism to oversee the monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation actions in the medium-term. Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The rapid urban expansion has increased the city’s exposure to flooding, as people are settling and building in flood-prone areas (Tarigan et al., The northern half of Bandung, encompassing territory in four of the BMA's five local government units (LGUs), has been the focus of intense and uncoordinated development pressure (ibid). The impact of these new population centres in undesirable geographical locations in the north may increase the risk of flooding in southern parts of the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The progres-sivity of the overall tax system clearly declined in the United Kingdom and the United States. In these countries since the early 1980s, there has been a drop in average individual income tax rates, payroll taxes, estate, gift and wealth taxes, and corporate tax (only in the United States) for those at the very top of the income distribution, who also hold a large share of the capital. By contrast, progressivity in the overall French tax system has remained almost unchanged, as the introduction of a wealth tax and an increase in the inheritance tax in the early 1980s more than offset the reduction of the personal income tax rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the context of adaptation, these local biodiversity and environmental impacts can be inter-linked. For example, a forestry project that decreases soil erosion may increase the local water table. In turn, more sustainable access to groundwater for agriculture can help to increase food security, a key component of adapting to a changing climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
European Review of Agricultural Economics 35 (2): 117-141. Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in Indonesia, Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI), International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Geneva. Non-Distorting Farm Support to Enhance Global Food Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
From the perspective of building domestic capabilities, the challenges for policymakers are first, how to keep educated people from leaving by developing opportunities at home, and second, how to draw those participating in the diaspora back to the country, or find other ways to encourage them to share their expertise and skills and form business linkages (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2007). China has set up more than 100 special high-technology parks to draw back nationals from overseas (Dahlman, 2008). In Taiwan Province of China, there is a State information clearing house for potential employers and returning researchers, with airfare and other subsidies for those who return (Davone, 2007). While newly industrialized countries such as China can take advantage of the temporary migration of students and workers to develop scientific capacities, very few African countries are in this position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter examines the extent to which the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) has developed in its approach to the protection of women in the post-1993 Vienna Conference era. At that time although the topic of women and human rights law was assuming prominence, there was a vast “silence” on the adequacy of LOAC to address women’s distinctive experiences of armed conflict. This chapter identifies and analyzes the significant areas of change, namely, the recognition of the gendered impact of armed conflict on women, the developments in the criminalization of sexual violence in armed conflict through international criminal law, the work of the United Nations, in particular Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, and the changing approach of the military establishment of states and the International Committee of the Red Cross to women and LOAC. Finally, the discussion identifies the ongoing challenges for further progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As in other studies by ECLAC and UNICEF, therefore, childhood is understood to refer to the population aged 0 to 17 years. The particular concern for children and adolescents comes in response not only to their overrepresentation among the poor but also to their greater dependency and lack of autonomy within families and to their particular vulnerability to the consequences of poverty and inequality. Any measurement of poverty among children should recognize their specific characteristics and adopt households and individuals as the unit of analysis. According to The State of the World's Children 2005, "children living in poverty experience deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy their rights, achieve their full potential or participate as full and equal members of society" (UNICEF, 2005, p. 18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In parallel, the company has rolled out a WiMAX network. Several other Internet service providers have also rolled out their own wireless infrastructure, which improved overall wireless networking that raised the Internet profile of the country. Given the widespread penetration of wireless technologies throughout the LDCs, LTE is the logical next step and provides a solid platform for the data-intensive applications that could hugely impact social and economic development in the world's most vulnerable nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition to problems related to employment and certification, teachers with migrant backgrounds have difficulties adapting to new teaching philosophies as well as professionally integrating into the school culture and teacher network (Niyubahwe, Mukamurera and Jutras, 2013[i76j). There are different sets of vulnerabilities that accompany direct and indirect displacement, which might affect students’ sense of self. Social workers and psychologists, who also have experience working with immigrant students, can provide extra support to teachers who teach in diverse classrooms. However, there is no longer a requixement of having to paxticipate in an induction programme with a personal mentor in order to obtain a teacher certification. Therefore, there are fewer mentorship courses offered for experienced teachers (Gerrevall, 2014(2ooi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there are no reported data for the relevant Tier 1 indicators, preventing an overall assessment on this goal. In this regard, given the prevailing high levels of violence against women (see Goal 5), Commonwealth Pacific small states will also find it challenging to achieve Target 16.1. In addition, human trafficking (Target 16.2) is an emerging issue, with cases reported in Fiji, PNG, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu (Lindley and Beacroft, 2011). On the other hand, percentile rankings have declined for the majority of the nine states on the rule of law, government effectiveness and regulatory quality (Figure 2.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In recent commentary on global economic governance seeking to explain the outcome of the huge recession of 2008, arguments abound about the remarkable staying power of American hegemony and the formidable resilience of the liberal international order. This somewhat myopic argument seriously neglects Sino-western collaboration – within the framework of what I contend is an ordoliberal turn. Two questions were posed. First, why was the US-led order and the global neoliberal project not pushed back during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008? Second, why does contemporary global capitalism continue to be infused by neoliberal thinking, despite the 2008 crisis? It is argued that China must be conceptualized as neoliberal, albeit in a state-capitalist form, otherwise the surprising robustness of the global neoliberal project is exaggeratedly credited to the United States. Moreover, China's evolving ordoliberal political economy is a crucial part of mutual interdependence and global economic governance suppor...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, thus far regional enthusiasm for monetisation has been limited (e.g. Alexandrova and Struyck, 2007, Rasell and Wangle 2008). In principle, federal government functions can only be transferred to other tiers of government if relevant financial resources are provided. In addition, since the federal government sets the standards of quality of service (which are not allowed to diminish over time), regions do not have full discretion and unfunded mandates persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Their positive fiscal balance leaves space for an extension of the existing social safety net in order to better protect the poor and vulnerable families and children. Countries can use this opportunity to abolish ineffective privileges and subsidies in favour of more effective safety nets (Ravallion 2009). In Mexico and Argentina the crises in the late 90s and early 2000s highlighted the need to reform and strengthen the existing social safety nets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Assumptions about economic and population growth are the same in each scenario, while they differ with respect to assumptions about future government policies. The implications of these different policies on energy demand are shown in Figure 1.3. It assumes the introduction of new measures, but on a relatively cautious basis. It illustrates that these policies would, if implemented, have a sizeable impact on energy demand and related CO2 emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Africa should take advantage of the widely spreading use of mobile phones to facilitate access to maternal health. The Balaka initiative in Malawi and the Abiye project in Nigeria have shown the value of information technology in facilitating access to health services. These initiatives should be scaled up and replicated, if possible, for better access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these types of systems, each worker accumulates pension contributions to finance her or his retirement benefits. While specific design features varied substantially across reforming countries - for instance, regarding the relative size of the private pillar (i.e., the share of mandatory wage contributions that were directed to it) - the overall trend was towards a stronger link between contributions and benefits. First, benefit levels in individual accounts are directly based on past contributions and therefore the benefit each one can obtain more closely reflects working, earning and (especially) contributory histories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During the year 2007, national education policy emphasizes the evaluation of students, teachers and schools based on students' test scores. While education professionals at all levels are charged with raising test scores, they are also expected to keep pace with current educational practices. The research presented in this article examines the results of a professional development program aimed at providing teachers with the most current knowledge of gifted learners and how to teach them. What is the influence of national accountability and high-stakes testing policies on professional development reform efforts? Can teachers enact best-practice teaching and learning strategies honoring the needs of gifted students within the reform movement directives?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many OECD countries such bodies have the necessary investigative powers to help workers gather the evidence needed to bring their case before the courts.31 However, equality bodies are generally not empowered to offer legal representation to plaintiffs, with the result that lodging complaints with courts may remain overly expensive for a large share of workers. In emerging economies, this may be particularly important, as a larger share of the population may lack the necessary resources to sustain the costs of a trial.32 TYade unions and other bodies of worker representation can play an important role in this respect by providing counselling and legal assistance. As such procedures typically do not require professional legal representation, they are less costly for both parties. They can also be less expensive for the public purse, as they help resolve disputes more swiftly without engaging the courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the exception of the city of Puebla, which has just updated its urban plan, most municipal plans in the state of Puebla are 15-30 years old. In Tlaxcala, only 4 of the stale’s 60 municipalities have updated or are conducting an update of their municipal plans. Even recent planning documents may be based on outdated or only partial data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All policies and plans that the Israeli Water Authority or any other Ministry proposes must be presented to the Water Authority Council Forum for approval before they can be passed. The efficiency of the Water Authority Council is contingent upon two criteria - creating equal representation of all interested groups, and ensuring that effective and timely decision-making is their priority . This unifies the responsibility for decision-making on national water and wastewater management and has substantially improved the efficiency and timing of decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It begins by outlining the importance of assessing and quantifying disaster risk and losses. This is followed by an overview of the various approaches to completing risk assessments, including scenario analysis and probabilistic risk assessment and modelling as well as approaches to assessing the indirect economic impact of disasters. Specific efforts to identify financial vulnerabilities in some economies are described.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pregnant women have blood and body fluids that could expose health workers to the virus," Jallah says. I suffered a lot and was afraid I was going to die. The only thing I hoped for was for a miracle to happen," she says. One did: Comfort gave birth to two healthy baby girls with the assistance of a nurse aid who happened to pass by at the right time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, in much of the literature the actual consumption approach is considered to be less appropriate in the case of health care, as it ignores the greater needs that are associated with being ill. Hence, the insurance value approach is preferred. Table 8.A1.1 summarises which of the two approaches are proposed for nine different service categories. In principle, all individuals of compulsory school age benefit from education, which makes the approach to allocate public expenditure based on age for this group a priori justifiable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In order for smaller firms to engage in such training practices, flexibility in training provision is necessary -allowing people to study/train what they want, when they want and how they want, at low' cost - offering modular instruction, short- and distance-learning options. The most prominent examples of such radical restructuring are in the automotive sector and shipbuilding, which are increasingly responding to low-carbon demands for hybrid vehicles and offshore investment in w'ind and tidal energy, respectively. The potential for growth sectors to absorb workers from other industries relies on the effective co-ordination, timing and management of workforce retraining programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Air, water or soil pollution due to activities in human settlements causes continuous environmental change that can have damaging effects on agriculture, water resources, the energy sector and human health. The capacity or the resilience of the environment to cope with the environmental impacts caused by human habitation can influence both the health of the human settlements and the natural environment with which it is associated. The well-being and health risks associated with the environment (and those posed by extreme events and disasters) can be mitigated substantially by the prevailing conditions and characteristics of human settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article starts with a discussion about the international law of humanitarianism and human rights and what they indicate about trends in international relations (also known as world affairs), moves to a discussion of neutrality, and then discusses concrete examples of neutral humanitarianism in context. Its central theme is an argument for care in usage of terms, and for the utility of traditional forms of neutral humanitarianism—within definite limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)