albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Traffic inside the LEZ is reduced under this scenario, and adequate transit services outside of the LEZ appear to be crucial in reducing the congestion that occurs at the transfer points between personal cars and shared mobility and public transport. In Helsinki, the LEZ significantly reduces congestion to a degree that is comparable to the scenario of full adoption of shared mobility over the whole study area. Adequate integration with the existing public transport system also mitigates local congestion effects. In Auckland and Helsinki, the electrification of the vehicle fleet is associated with a significant reduction in costs, whereas in Dublin this reduction is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The scheme has been successful (about 118,000 m2 of SWH installed). Its main advantage lies in the fact that payment through the utility bill reduces risk of credit default (STEG can cut off supply in case of default) and lowers collection costs. The customer now legally carries the debt whereas in the earlier version of PROSOL the installer was the legal debtor. The programme was extended in 2007 to the tertiary sector. It is also beginning to emerge for residential customers. Under the TPPPA model, a third party designs, builds, owns, operates and maintains the solar systems and sells back solar-generated electricity to the end-user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As long as all abstraction licences have a sustainable basis, there is then the potential for greater trading and economic benefit from more efficient use. There is also work in hand by the Environment Agency, which is taking a more strategic approach to the long-term water demands of the agriculture sector and energy generation so as to drive a more integrated approach to resource management across the water-food-energy nexus. The use of scenario planning, and the development of a compelling case for change, will ensure that legislative and regulatory changes are made in good lime to allow a transition to a more flexible and dynamic regime. There is a significant future risk to the Dutch economy if water is not well managed during drought periods and the impacts of salinity are not addressed in a timely manner. Agriculture is only one area that would benefit from an environment where water has a value and there is flexibility to allow users to respond according to their needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mental health nurses must work with psychiatrists and GPs to provide services like monitoring a patient’s mental state, managing their medication and improving links to other health professionals and clinical service providers. A minimum of two patients must be seen per session, and evaluations seem to suggest that the programme has been quite succesful. Increased and/or improved training and continuing professional development (CPD) and use of evidence-based guidelines in primary care have the potential to be a cost-effective way to narrow some of the treatment gap for common disorders, and improve quality of care. In some OECD countries mental health training is included as part of their continuing professional development training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While coverage rates are low for both sexes in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, women still face significant disadvantages vis-a-vis men. In France, for example, the gender gap in pensions (relative to average pensions for all men) is 19 per cent for women who have no children, 31 per cent for women who have one or two children and 50 per cent for women who have three or more children.104 These gaps not only undermine gender equality in old age but also women's right to an adequate standard of living. In Chile, for example, the combination of these factors creates a gender gap of 66 per cent in pensions derived from the individual capital account system (see Figure 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This approach is mostly used for adaptation projects and programmes. When applied at the national level, it can entail the use of indicators to monitor policy development and implementation. Over time, the adaptation measures in place can be examined against stated objectives and identified adaptation needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This mode continues to be advocated by major donors, but it is becoming much more modulated and open to newly recognized stakeholders concerned with ecological impacts, dislocation of local people, often minorities in the respective countries, and other undesirable localized social, cultural and economic outcomes that, in changing who benefits and who loses, challenge the use of social cost-benefit analysis to defend large-scale projects. The MRC region, in particular, has been able to become open to many more voices in research and at international forums discussing policies and project outcomes. This has led to proposals for “integrated water resource management” (IWRM), which is now supported by many international donor/lender institutions, including the Asian Development Bank (GWP 2003, Abdul-layev et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some of the attempts to address the issue appear promising and should be pursued further, such as the comprehensive youth programme ProJovem Integrado launched in 2008, which aims to reengage disadvantaged youth with the education system. Brazil has one of the highest proportion of students repeating a grade and significant numbers of students in a given grade are over-aged, which constitutes a waste of students’ time and system resources. Already in the first grade, repetition rates are 24.5% (United Nations, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Income differential results positive, representing the economic attractiveness of the foreign economy. Populations in both origin and destination countries have positive signs, in accordance with the gravitational forces of demographic pressure. Conversely, the distance between the two countries is negatively correlated with migration flows, due to increasing migration costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the programme began in 2000, 2 659 single-family units and 4 904 multi-family units have been created. In exchange for affordable units, the city offers a range of incentives. For example, the dty sold land to its development partners for USD 1 to build the first phase of Hunter’s Point South, a USD 350 million mixed-use complex designed to include 20 000 square feet (1858 m2) of retail space, a school and 900 rental units, 75% of which will be affordable to low- to middle-income families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As criminology broadens its traditional concerns to encompass genocide, mass violence, conflict transformation, and peacemaking, it can benefit from exposure to the experiences and epistemologies of actors beyond its conventional borders. Here, I explicate the testimonio of indigenous rights activist Rigoberta Menchu, arguing that an encounter between Menchu and criminology helps us appreciate the significance of culture for our understanding of conflict and makes us aware of how criminological science is itself a cultural tradition. Interpreting the development of Menchu’s consciousness, identity, and activism as a dialectical relationship between her cultural traditions and contemporary experience, I examine the ‘Conquest traditions’ that Menchu inherits, identify stages in her development of a systematic understanding of oppression and commitment to resistance, and explore how her traditional beliefs are transformed by her new understanding and commitment to activism and conflict transformation. I then...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Local communities and individual farmers prefer to plant and grow fruit trees rather than forests. As a result, the demand for fruit tree seedlings in the market is much higher than for trees of typical forest-forming species. The obvious reason is that fruit trees yield product and bring profit immediately, in just a few years after being planted, while some forest tree species native to Tajikistan, in particular under harsh mountain climatic conditions, reach the optimal economic maturity for timber harvesting at the age of some 100 to 200 years. Another challenge for forest management is that fruit tree planting successfully competes for available land and funds with forest restoration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Another source on which there is no actual data refers to voluntary parental monetary and non-monetary donations to schools, typically organised through parental associations. Given the tight budget restrictions on which individual schools operate, parental donations are common and more so in primary education. Finally, public schools can also be financed through the sale of products and services by individual schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This demand flexibility is useful as resilience measure if supply were disrupted at peak demand. The rate of contractually flexible demand (interruptible contracts) again provides useful information on a major aspect regarding the resilience of a certain national/regional energy system. This indicator is transparent when final energy demand is considered. The total amount of interruptible contracts in a country, however, cannot be obtained from international statistics. A high level of demand response is favourable for the business case of a baseload technology such as notably nuclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both qualities -sharing and leading-are moving increasingly centre-stage for regulators worldwide. The essential need to share has driven technological innovation across time and geographies. Until the new millennium and the digital era, the nature of regulation had very much been about command and control. Its nature has seen significant evolution nowadays - and the nature and quality of leadership have become central to regulation. Today's regulation has also become a process, embracing collaboration and shared reflection of the complexities at hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over time, disparities in life expectancy at birth have declined across major areas and geographical regions, due to improvements in standards of living, nutrition, public hygiene, levels of education (especially female education) and technology, particularly simple and low-cost health interventions in the developing world (see figures II. As a result, there have been marked reductions in deaths due to infectious diseases, congenital and prenatal conditions, and other ill-defined causes. Since 2000, however, stronger economic growth has gone hand-in-hand with faster progress in health, but the recovery has not been sufficient enough to reduce the gap with other developing countries significantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For families, one minimum-wage job is typically not enough to escape relative poverty at the 50% threshold. However, in-work benefits and/or gradual benefit phase-out rates for families with children, such as in Australia, Ireland and the UK, can provide a significant income boost. Lone-parent full-time minimum-wage workers in these countries take home net income at or above 60% of median incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It targets the state’s strategic sectors, which are dominated by tractor companies. Courses are subject to a local feasibility study vetted by the Federal office. Numerous channels of communication with state offices give information about which companies are present in the state and which ones are arriving, and courses can be based on specific needs of a company which requests training. Students study in CONALEP for two years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Virtually no one in the United States raised objections to the 1964 military takeover of the Brazilian civilian government. In the early 1970s, however, the Brazilian regime had become associated with torture and the arbitrary rule of law. By the end of that decade, compliance with human rights standards had developed into a yardstick for measuring U.S. foreign policy initiatives in Latin America. This paper argues that between 1969 and 1974, a small group of dedicated church activists, exiled Brazilians, and academics introduced the issue of human rights in Latin America into the U.S. national body politic. A network of concerned activists fashioned a systematic campaign to educate journalists, government officials, and the public about the abuses taking place under the generals' rule. Their activities helped isolate the military regime and laid the groundwork for a broader solidarity movement with Latin American popular struggles in the late 1970s and 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such problems make it difficult for expenditure to be subjected to proper political scrutiny, and for researchers to undertake statistical evaluations based on administrative data. Labour market and related programmes financed by the Employment Insurance System with a FY 2008 budget of over JPY 1 billion (cont.) Case Study Germany”, in D. Paparella and L. Savino (eds.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the first place, macro-economic research grounded on the Harvard economist Robert Barro’s endogenous technical change model13 has analysed the aggregate impact of broadband on economic development. In this case the guiding question is what is the contribution of broadband to GDP growth, productivity and employment? The second avenue has researched the impact of broadband from the microeconomic perspective. It is conducted at the firm level and emphasizes the contribution of broadband to business process efficiency and sales growth. The key issue here is to understand the return on broadband and IT investment at the firm and sector level. The third school of thought tackles this last question from a qualitative perspective, choosing the case study as its primary analytical tool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Non-compliance is of concern in the non-state sector and for groups such as youth and low-educated workers. Sufficiency refers to the supply-side, including public spending, and the demand-side such as coverage. Equitable delivery is the capacity to provide social services of the same quantity and quality to all beneficiaries, regardless of their characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter provides a brief overview of the challenges climate change poses to the SDGs. It then gives an initial qualitative assessment of key areas of alignment, trade-offs and opportunities between the SDGs and the climate change mitigation objectives of the Paris Agreement, focusing on selected SDGs and associated targets. It does not provide concrete mitigation targets or proposed limits to global warming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It includes an assessment of: I) demographic changes over time, 2) economic performance and diversity, and 3) long-term growth challenges. It analyses the environmental performance of the city and indicates where opportunities for green growth lie. It includes an assessment of: 1) transport and land-use trends, 2) energy performance, 3) the risk of floods, and 4) water supply and wastewater treatment and solid waste management systems. It includes an assessment of: I) the influence of the national government on local affairs, and 2) the need for horizontal co-operation between all local jurisdictions in the BMR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Over the past 20 years, estimated damages from the 10 largest natural disasters in Austria amounted to USD 5.4 billion, with flooding accounting for USD 3.5 billion and storms USD 1.3 billion.1 Total economic losses are considerably higher because of indirect effects on economic activity. While there is no clear evidence that trends in natural disasters are linked to increasingly severe weather, economic and population growth in higher-risk areas have contributed to an increase in associated economic losses. Low penetration of private natural hazard insurance means the bulk of these costs accrue to those directly affected and to the public sector (Section 4). In terms of their significance to the economy, agriculture and forestry accounted for about 2% of gross value added in 2011 and tourism contributed 5.5%, while more than half of electricity is generated from hydropower (Chapter 1). As well as these direct effects, climate change is likely to indirectly affect the other, larger economic sectors. Disruption to infrastructure and energy production caused by climate change would have follow-on effects for industry and retailing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In many OECD countries, three-year degrees are sufficient to equip students with high level of skills and employability results are good. Italy is an important manufacturing country and needs the technical skills that can be acquired through participation in shorter tertiary professional programmes. However, these programmes were introduced only recently and account for a tiny share of overall students. For instance, ITSs (ISCED 5) were created in 2011-12 and, as mentioned above, account for less than 1% of all students enrolled in tertiary education for the first time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data disseminated in this format usually cover several areas of concern and several points in time or time periods. Data are usually presented already processed into indicators that facilitate comparisons over time or between various groups of population. Information on the calculation of indicators included in the database, underlying definitions or concepts used and sources of data used are sometimes made available with the database. This type of dissemination product is usually targeted to specialists interested in analysing statistical information themselves, including for monitoring purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While fiscal reforms can reduce fiscal pressures, employment and earnings growth is essential everywhere both for reducing benefit spending, and for shoring up government revenues now and in the longer term. This is illustrated by the lasting difficulties that some countries are having in moving revenues and benefit spending towards pre-crisis levels - notably in Southern Europe, which saw major austerity measures while continuing to record rising unemployment and declining or stagnating GDP. The vertical axis is inverted (a positive number indicates an increase in social benefit expenditure and, hence, a deteriorating budget balance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With this kind of balancing market, market participants prefer to have gate closure closer to real time in order to adjust their generation plans and reduce their exposure to the imbalance risk. Moreover, regional integration of balancing markets and even other reserve markets over wider geographical areas could yield efficiency gains. This includes the definition of reliability standards, the publication of adequacy projections or the definition of technical requirements, such as flexibility of power plants, controllability of wind and solar power plants or controllability of electrical appliances. Even where operations and investment decisions are market-based, governments and system operators will continue to define, in one way or another, the reliability criteria, some dispatching capabilities and requirements for new generation capacity and electrical appliances connected to the grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among the factors cited as contributing to the malfunction of AFRO are a shortage of human resources and budgetary limitations. There were not even 10 staff members working in the department of AFRO handling emergency responses at that time, and the Office had also been limited by budget cuts in recent years. It has been pointed out that functions of AFRO pertaining to surveillance and support of countries where outbreaks of infectious diseases occurred did not function adequately (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. Regional offices are highly independent and operate based on rules under an organizational structure that is unique to their respective regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 23 public and 31 private tertiary level institutions include a regional institution (Regional Centre for Science and Mathematics), public tertiary and post-secondary institutions such as Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Teknology MARA (UiTM), located in Seberang Prai, two teacher training colleges and the Open University Malaysia. There are also a number of non-public education and training institutions such as the Penang Skills Development Corporation, Wawasan Open University and Kolej Damansara Utama college (KDU). In general, however, the private sector institutions act as “feeder” organisations to universities in Kuala Lumpur accelerating the loss of human resources. Today, Universiti Sains Malaysia plays a major role in the Penang higher education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such an exercise would help pinpoint w'here services can be closed, or adapted. Latvia undertook a similar exercise prior to the reform of the emergency care system, assessing which departments were not representing good value for money, or delivering high quality. While it is apparent that some municipal governments, and local populations, may be very invested in their local hospital, there is an argument to be made for transferring ownership (or functional governance) of all hospitals to the central level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This does not preclude altruistic motives or enlightened leadership by policy makers. It is recognised that individuals care about the well-being of their fellow citizens and the environment, and that politicians derive satisfaction from pursuing socially beneficial policies. The self interest assumption therefore captures the concept that behaviour is governed by attempts to maximise well-defined objectives, which may include both altruistic and egoistic motives. Governments are likely to be motivated by a number of factors such as ideological objectives, social welfare, the pursuit of economic efficiency, and the desire to retain office, and government policy decisions will reflect these complex objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These natural hazards were chosen as they rank among the highest natural hazards in the Nordic countries in terms of the damage they cause (Agustsdottir etal. These case studies were primarily conducted as desk studies supported by workshops. When floods reach the maximum levels likely to occur, they can be referred to as extreme floods. Human history includes many examples of such extreme floods, often with many casualties, substantial geomorphic change and damage of infrastructure as a consequence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Measures taken during the 1990s to recover air quality focused on improving fuel quality, accelerating vehicle fleet renewal and introducing cleaner technologies. However, transport outcomes were also defined by the stagnation of mass transit and the deregulation of bus services.11 More recent projects have resumed mass transit expansion and have introduced significant improvements in bus service. The BRT scheme in Mexico City is called Metrobus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter will determine and evaluate the role of the general principle prohibiting the abuse of rights in the enforcement of human rights in contractual relations, essentially from the angle of Belgian law. Whereas this principle has been created and developed in private law relations, the influence of international human rights has increased the importance of the discussed principle. It will be demonstrated on the basis of the Belgian case law that the criteria to find an abuse of rights constitute appropriate tools to enforce human rights in contractual relations (e.g., the right to non-discrimination, the right to human dignity or the right to privacy). As such, these criteria and the technique of judicial review, which are applied in private law relations, have been concretised or modulated in light of the proportionality test used in the protection of human rights in vertical relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)