albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Again, the co-operation agreements that the SFP has signed with INMUJERES and SEGOB offer ample provisions for introducing such measures. Similar bilateral co-operation agreements between INMUJERES and individual secretariats would also be usefiil tools for change, such as the one that INMUJERES signed with the Secretariat for Education (SEP). It focuses on implementing the lines of action from PROGUILIDAD which takes a more sector-specific approach to mainstreaming gender in the workplace - including measures promoting gender balance and work-life balance - and in the development of educational policies, expenditure and programmes. It did not include, though, specific gender equality requirements (UNDP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the 10 years since Australia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the issue of the indefinite detention of persons with cognitive disabilities found unfit to stand trial has received considerable attention. Concerns have been raised by national media, law reform bodies and United Nations human rights agencies. Yet there remain few examples of formal change to unfitness to stand trial laws in Australia. This article focuses on the role of procedural accommodations in meeting CRPD requirements, and other accessibility measures to ensure accused persons with cognitive disabilities are able to take part in criminal proceedings on an equal basis with others. It examines support measures that appear in existing statute and case law within Australia and considers the need to develop new forms of support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Attention to ethical and safety considerations is required when generating data on VAW as the process can potentially identify and expose both victims as well as perpetrators to their families and communities. To this date, a set of guidelines for producing statistics on VAW and nine core indicators have been developed. The full cost is immense, in terms of costs to the health system, the justice system and other service providers, lost wages and productivity of survivors as well as perpetrators, and the intergenerational cost of children missing out on education and other opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Elderly populations are likely to be particularly vulnerable to changes in access to hospital and physician care with the current hospital reforms, as they are likely to be less able to travel, and have more regular health needs, and hospital visits. Efforts to identify unmet needs of the elderly population should be made, including efforts to consider mental and physical wellbeing of elderly populations, both in the community and in residential care-settings. Good health care in nursing homes and long-term-care settings is a further dimension of equity in health care access that should be considered by municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many countries have established specific medical specialties in cancer care along with corresponding licensing and certification schemes (see the discussion later in the section and in Chapter 4, “Governance of cancer care systems”), but countries have different specialty categorisations. A number of countries also rely on existing specialists. These specialists often acquire knowledge and skills to provide up-to-date cancer care through continuing training, but in a few countries such training is not necessarily needed for practicing specialists who provide oncology care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Budget hotels and youth hostels offer services adapted to meet their customers’ budgetary constraints in convenient locations, and often working with other small scale operators to provide a range of additional services (e.g. tours, attractions, restaurants). The quality of infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourism inflows into a destination and at the same time, an important contributor to the development of other sectors creating important indirect benefits. For example, the construction of new regional roads to improve access to an emerging tourism destination can create economic opportunities for individuals and businesses located in that region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Social barriers include the lack of knowledge of their rights, illiteracy, lack of information and dependence on male relatives for assistance and resources. Philippines (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, communication No. According to the Committee, it was clear from the judgement that the assessment of the credibility of the complainant's version of events was influenced by a number of stereotypes, the complainant in this situation not having followed what was expected from a rational and "ideal victim" or what the judge considered to be the rational and ideal response of a woman in a rape situation. In addition to ordering the State party to pay adequate compensation, the Committee ordered the State to "ensure that all legal procedures in cases involving crimes of rape and other sexual offences are impartial and fair, and not affected by prejudices or stereotypical gender notions."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The key question the next two sub-sections seek to answer for Lebanon and Australia is: what are the childcare regimes available to migrants? Accord ing to a rep resentative of I n sa n Association,’ an estimated 5 per cent of the MDW population have children in Lebanon, the number of migrant children could therefore be around 15,000. The majority of mothers with children have irregular migrant status, which may have pre-dated their pregnancy or, in some cases, been propelled by it. Although MDWs are not allowed to register a civil marriage, a religious marriage {usually officiated by an Islamic Sheikh) is entered into by some couples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the most frequent and most successful user of the dispute settlement system of the WTO, the US has welcomed judicial clarifications by WTO dispute settlement bodies whenever they confirmed legal claims of the US. Yet, the Trump administration increasingly rejects judicial findings against the US trade restrictions as violating the WTO prohibitions of “add(ing) to or diminish(ing) the rights and obligations provided in the covered agreements.” This contribution criticizes the illegal US ‘blocking’ of the WTO Appellate Body and the underlying, hegemonic nationalism and protectionist interest group politics. It suggests that reasonable and responsible citizens benefitting from the WTO trading, legal and dispute settlement systems must resist illegal power politics, for instance, by supporting a WTO Adjudication@me.too “enlightenment campaign” pressuring democratic institutions and governments to protect rule of law and judicial remedies in international trade as prescribed by parliaments when they approved the WTO Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The idea of cultural citizenship is often associated with a present-day context of multiculturalism, and seen as a novel issue for political philosophy. Within political philosophy it has been mainly conceptualised within a liberal tradition focusing on (cultural) rights. The concept also features in cultural studies, to articulate the importance of artistic and media practices to citizenship. This article aims to orient the debate to wider theoretical concerns, and to a long-standing political-philosophical interest in the relation of politics and culture. It proposes a ‘broad view’ of cultural citizenship, which moreover locates cultural citizenship in concerns about the public sphere. It revisits historical philosophical positions on the relation of politics and culture, viz those of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill. The distinct conceptual models ensuing from their work both expound ‘broad views’, which take the relation between politics and culture to impact on all citizens. The article subsequently di...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It focuses on research in agronomy, veterinary, biotechnology, rural economics and sociology, and related areas. It also includes technological updates for the agroindustrial sector and invests in tropical biotechnology and technological transfers. The organisations leading this process are Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) and Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econdmico e Social (BNDES). There are also state foundations, based on tax deductions at state level (1.5% on average), to support research projects in science and technology. These mechanisms are used in the agricultural sector, especially by universities and some of these research foundations finance R&D projects involving centres of excellence and private companies. Support is available for private companies, scientific and technological institutions, ICTs and cooperation between companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Parents also prefer schools with populations ethnically and socio-economically similar to their own family (Crozier and al., In Sweden, access to tertiary education depends on the school-leaving certificate from upper secondary school or a municipal adult education progr amme. Grades thus play an important role. Students can also qualify for admission to a higher education institution by taking the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (Hogskoleprovet), which measures different knowledge and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The results make it possible to infer that the values of X are greater for women than for men (1.5 to 1, on average, for Argentina, 4 to 1 for Ecuador and Uruguay, and 2.5 to 1 for Peru). These ratios are constant throughout the period under study for Argentina, decline in the cases of Ecuador and Peru, and climb in the cases of Brazil and Uruguay, with an increase in the coefficient for women between 2007 and 2010 —a period during which unemployment was also on the rise (see figure 2). This means that, while the female labour supply is large in proportion to the size of the working-age population, a substantial part of the nonparticipation rate is accounted for by selection factors, indicating that there is a larger potential labour supply than in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Benin, for example, created a Vocational Skill Certificate (national diploma attesting to the attainment of skilled worker level through a reformed traditional apprenticeship) and the Occupational Skill Certificate (certificate attesting to the completion of an apprenticeship) to recognise the skills acquired through informal apprenticeships. It has also put in place a consultative mechanism involving the National Federation of Craftworkers, local craft workers groups and the relevant ministry to steer the process (AEO, 2008). In many African countries responsibilities for TVSD are scattered across a large range of ministries and agencies and are not integrated with the overall education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, most of these measures are implemented at the school or regional level which makes it impossible to follow progress of specific groups of students over time. It would be of great value to establish a systematic approach to monitor the educational progress of specific groups of students against educational standards that are common to all students. This would shift attention from the average learning outcomes at the school level to the average learning outcomes of those most in need (e.g. socio-economically disadvantaged, Indigenous students, students in rural and remote areas, students with special needs). Information for specific groups of students would facilitate the analysis of the particular learning needs of these groups and the pedagogical needs of the schools serving these students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inequality is a threat to social cohesion, empathy and shared responsibility because it generates and exacerbates social segmentation. A broadly educated, healthy, secure and empowered population is the goal of development, and also necessary for inclusive economic growth. Young women and girls may experience the most severe forms of inequalities, often reflected in sexual coercion and violence, including domestic violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and other harmful practices that violate human rights and lead to blocked access to sexual and reproductive health information and education (including comprehensive sexuality education).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In terms of small-scale fisheries, 91 000 fishermen are currently registered (Panel D). The Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture defines policies and the regulatory framework. The National Fisheries Service and Aquaculture controls, monitors and inspects the enforcement of the national fisheries and aquaculture regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This created much discontent among small rail shippers, for which connection to railways was essential. Regulation was adapted to allow for the creation of OFP operation with a sufficient degrees of freedom. While the national network remains a state monopoly, OFP are allowed to operate their own networks following safety rules adapted to low-traffic sections, which gives them more flexibility. Support and training are provided by the national state, while several local authorities offer financial aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While Mexico has made significant progress in increasing women's representation in elected bodies over recent years - making it one of the top OECD countries for female political participation -their access to positions of power within both Houses of Congress remains uneven. There are still gender gaps in access to leadership in the judicial and executive branches of government, too, and in the Federal Public Administration. The chapter examines the mechanisms and policies in place to support women's access to positions of power. It also explores the barriers to women's participation in public life and in senior positions, such as political violence, a culture of long hours and limited work-life balance policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The lack of transparency in the management of oil reserves and revenue, the issuance of government contracts and the enforcement of often ambivalent regulations has provided the government with many opportunities for rent-seeking and corruptive practices, with no accountability mechanisms. Libya scores 16 out of 100 on the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 and ranks 161 out of 168 countries (Transparency International, 2016) (Table 3.9). On the other hand, the National Audit Bureau, established to support financial transparency and limit corruption, has been continuously monitoring the work of government institutions, After the revolution, it was supported by civil society organisations (CSOs) serving as corruption watchdogs (Mzioudet, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On average across 15 European countries, only 11.2% of women who started a new enterprise in 2002 had run another business before the start-up, compared with 18.4% of men (Eurostat, 2008). In the United States in 2007,42% of male business owners and only 28% of female entrepreneurs had previous self-employed experience (US Census, 2009). For example, data on new enterprises for France show that 73% of the businesses founded by women in 2006 with three or more years of previous experience were still running three years later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2014, 85% of procurement funds were used in this manner (CONAB-PAA, 2014). A significant share of PAA procured supplies (34% in 2014) is used for the school meal programme. In 2009 the National School Meal Program (PNAE) required public schools to allocate at least 30% of food expenditures to direct purchases from family farmers. Since 2011 under the Brazil without Extreme Poverty Plan, PAA procurement is specifically targeted to the 16 million persons living in extreme poverty with monthly income below BRL 70. In 2014, nearly 24 000 PAA suppliers, or 47%, fell within this category. The National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB), which contains special provisions for family farmers, was launched by the Brazilian Government in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The successful groups have managed to reduce headcount poverty rates from over 80% in the 1980s to close to 44% in 2007, while for the lagging countries, the total poverty rate has remained at well over 70% throughout the period. Both the headcount ratio and the number of the poor in this group of countries were declining over this period. Their share increased from about 13% to 18% of the total population between the early 1980s and 2007, while the percentage of their population living below $2 a day increased from about 16% to over 30%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Treaties form the basis of most parts of modern international law. They serve to satisfy a fundamental need of States to regulate by consent issues of common concern, and thus to bring stability into their mutual relations. As an instrument for ensuring stability, reliability and order in international relations, treaties are one of the most important elements of international peace and security. This is why, from the earliest days in the history of international law, treaties have always been the primary source of legal relations between entities today known as States. The Preamble of the VCLT itself emphasizes the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations and especially the importance of treaties for developing peaceful co-operation among nations. This fundamental importance of treaties proved to be a continuum, while the rules and procedures of treaty-making, as well as the contents of international agreements, changed through the centuries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs characterize energy security as a function of strong energy research and development, innovation and technology transfer systems. Import dependence is a major energy security challenge for about three billion people globally, where nations import more than 75 per cent of their oil and petroleum products, 95 per cent of transport energy comes from oil-based fuels, making it particularly vulnerable, with significant impacts on overall mobility and production systems, as well as on economic and social stability. Many developing countries face energy security stresses emanating from low resource endowments, a growing energy demand-supply gap, high energy intensity, and macroeconomic vulnerabilities with binding fiscal constraints. The level of uncertainty is much larger compared to dealing with supply disruptions or price manipulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2000, these forms of citizen boards were included in the State Water Law with the objectives to: i) strengthen community participation in water and sanitation services, ii) facilitate organisational and regulatory processes, and iii) contribute to the sustainability of water and sanitation services. They can help to ensure public participation in planning, construction and operation processes for water and sanitation systems, improve their performance, and raise collective awareness and co-responsibility between users. However, adapting them to local contexts can be challenging. The scope and format of participation is tailored in each town according to historical rules and customs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This means that competitors of the data originator pharmaceutical producer must be prevented from obtaining the latter’s data through unfair commercial means (“misappropriation”),569 and of using it for unfair commercial advantage, such as to shorten the time and reduce the cost for reverse engineering. This leaves competitors free to either license existing data or to generate their own (such as through reverse engineering without unfair access to secret data), if the DRA so requires. In this connection, the generic producer is not obliged to submit to the DRA clinical data proving the safety and efficacy of his medicament, if he can show that the generic drug is bioequivalent to the originator product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poverty among those with three years or fewer of education is 66% higher than the average for the general population, while it is 34% and 15% higher among those with four to six years and seven to nine years of education, respectively. As for employment type, poverty rates are 90% higher among the unemployed, 23% higher among inactive persons and 18% higher among self-employed workers than in the total population. Poverty rates among wage workers are on average 41 % below those of the general population, further evidence of the crucial role of employment in staving off poverty and indigence. Although poverty fell between 2005 and 2012, some 28% of the population continue to suffer from simultaneous deprivations in different dimensions of well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is essential to ensure that access to health services does not become less equitable as a result of GHP interventions. New GHPS should be introduced only where they support these objectives. In this way, GHP interventions can respond to the specific characteristics of domestic health systems and their respective needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This in turn may leave a vacuum in specific rural areas in the country of origin, which then leads to internal migration across rural areas. Alternatively, when sources of internal migrants to cities become exhausted, international migration can substitute for internal migration, as has happened in developed countries. This highlights how measures linked to purely internal or international migration may not lead to the desired policy outcome unless the other dimension is also considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper is a commentary on the recent amnesty initiative by the Nigerian government to the armed extremist Northern Nigeria rebel group, the People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad (Hausa: Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati Wal-Jihad) widely known in Hausa as Boko Haram. The paper also examines the Northern Ireland peace process as a model for conflict resolution. Furthermore the paper discusses the importance of the rule of law, applicability of international law and the rights of victims as integral to the success of the peace initiatives and conflict resolution in Northern Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In all these cases, a clear target and transparent plan of action should be set over a long-term horizon. In California, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act relies on semi-autonomous management in groundwater bodies. All groundwater bodies have to reach sustainability objectives by 2042, but they have the liberty’ to decide how to get there (see Box 4.3). In the case of water quality risks, Denmark has been introducing a targeted regulation for nitrate pollution into groundwater, imposing more strict oversight on farming zones that are more likely to lead to increased groundwater pollution (Hojberg, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many countries have modernised their societies and economies enabling the greatest level of material wellbeing ever experienced. These changes were most prevalent in OECD countries and in urban centres in developing countries. The use of natural resources -biomass, fossil fuels, ores, minerals and water - has grown dramatically from less than 10 billion tonnes in 1950 to over 70 billion tonnes in 2010 (UNEP, 2011). This level of resource use was largely based on the assumption of limitless resources and overlooked the connections between resource use and environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)