albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The approach has however proved useful in a wide range of contexts and has already been applied in over 20 policy contexts and every continent, although there has been far more uptake at the city/regional level. In 2013, a free stand alone tool will be released. The developers of the tool are currently in discussion with the World Bank, the American Development Bank, the GEF and USAID.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Among the 11 countries considered, there is a group in which social spending largely exceeds non-social spending. Most countries are enjoying greater fiscal space derived from reduced spending on debt servicing (interest payments), which means that they have more room to fund social programmes (see figures II.7 and II.8). There is an overlap between the statistics of the functional classification of expenditure for the current period and those relating to the period when the assets were acquired. Consequently, the Manual on Government Finance Statistics 2001 (IMF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Another determinant is the substitution of informal care by more expensive formal care. Under the “healthy ageing” scenario, the cost curve for survivors is allowed to shift rightwards, progressively postponing age-related increases in expenditures. For non-survivors, two different demographic effects are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With a view to facilitating this crucial choice, the Policy Guidance for Investment in Clean Energy Infrastructure aims to assist governments in identifying ways to engage private enterprises in developing and financing clean energy infrastructure. Countries at different stages of technological and economic development will find different issues more relevant to their specific situation. Every context is different and the Policy Guidance will thus need to be adapted to the needs of each individual country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Article 2 of the draft PPP Law' (dated 14 June 2013) includes in its definition of PPPs that the private partner assumes substantial financial, technical, operational and/or environmental risks in connection with the performance of the public functions or provisions of the services and/or public property in accordance with the terms of the PPP contract. This article could be construed to clarify that the risks should be allocated according to the party that can best manage them at least cost. Companies interviewed in support of this work (see Annex l.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Catch Documentation Scheme, http://www.ccamlr.0rg/pu/e/ cds/intro.htm. World Markets and Industry of Selected Commercially-exploited Aquatic Species with an International Conservation Profile: Patagonian Tooth-fish. What is the ecosystem-based approach in fisheries and how does it relate to the idea of integrated management?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The characteristics that put immigrants at greater risk of poverty include a lack of formal education, poor housing and linguistic isolation (Hernandez and Chamey, 1998). However, while in some countries social welfare makes a substantial contribution to alleviating poverty among migrants (for example in France and Sweden transfers more than halve poverty rates for migrant and native-born children) in the United States, where social transfers are small, the impact on poverty among children of migrant families is negligible. Children of immigrants underperform by comparison with those with native-born parents in terms of educational achievement and labour market performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As of April 2014, they had received over 10 000 applications, including from a Mongolian farmer wishing to use the Foldscope to monitor milk quality and from the Canadian Space agency to use as a miniaturised microscope to send micro-organisms into space. Data sources include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, social media and administrative records. Data and analytics are enabling new insights and the significant improvement or development of new products, processes, organisational methods and markets (i.e. "data-driven innovation”) (see OECD, forthcoming). The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), for instance, developed a climate-smart, site-specific recommendation engine for Colombian rice farmers, which is based on meteorological data and seasonal forecasts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This topic includes health statistics on morbidity (such as incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with pollution are to be included in this topic. Water-related diseases and conditions are still significant public health problems in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A multi-sided platform, allowing access to investors, infrastructure project sponsors, insurances, contractors, and additional relevant stakeholders, would help to coordinate interactions among actors. It could be established by public institutions and governing bodies as well as private institutions, who by taking the responsibility of development and provisioning, have the authority to register project initiators and check published projects for validity and regulatory aspects. After registration and successful checks, infrastructure project initiators could use this platform in order to publish information on planned projects, including detailed project plans and pricing information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The intervention was highly cost-effective, at about €214 per QALY gain. The annual cost savings were estimated at €771,602, which is considerable at the hospital level. Although the methodology developed represented a novelty in the world of generic service delivery evaluation, it points towards considerable potential savings if the transition from one level of care to another is strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These numbers are however lower in Sweden and Norway (15 and 10 per cent) and even lower in Denmark (below 10 per cent). The net greenhouse gas emissions from rewetted peatlands are low compared to the previous drained situation. This report shows the importance of Nordic and Baltic peatlands for carbon storage, see Box 6. Wetlands are important to avoid flooding and reduce pollution, as are intact forests and vegetation along water courses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The number of oncologists has also been increased in France and Korea. In Norway, due to the growing demand for cancer care, the number of radiotherapists has been increasing in the past five years, and the number of training positions at hospitals has been also boosted for oncologists and pathologists. Similarly, to cope with an expected shortage, in Singapore more radiologists have been trained in recent years, and the numbers of other medical specialists, including medical surgical oncologists, have also increased since the early 2000s. For example, Canada developed a certification programme in oncology for registered nurses, and the Netherlands also utilises nurse practitioners in oncology. Hungary is trying to use its professionals more efficiently, and primary care personnel (i.e. nurses and midwives) are now doing smear-taking, which was traditionally done by gynaecologists. This is undertaken not only to tackle the shortage of doctors in cancer care but also to reduce costs related to cancer care delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The paper explores the activities of three Los Angeles artists and activists, Lewis MacAdams, Lauren Bon and Jennifer Price, who suggest a shift from the paradigm of a distinction between civilisation and nature in US culture, to a more holistic form. The object that materialises this hybrid state in their work is the Los Angeles River. They aim at bringing it back into the city's self-image as a socionatural object. What are the political implications of the artistic reinvention of nature in the cities? The cultural studies approach allows the use of the methodological and theoretical tools of both ecocriticism and political ecology. MacAdams has focused on reinvention, the works of Bon and Price are focused on memory and access, also raising the question of environmental justice. This paper provides examples that contribute to the growing field of research in the humanities and social sciences on urban nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In principle, domestic production should for the most part “trickle down” to domestic households, which implies that, absent measurement and methodological considerations and controlling for shifts in terms of trade, the elasticity of average household disposable income to GDP per capita should be close to one in the long run. Associated distributional patterns depend on the differential effects of GDP per capita growth across income groups. The question is then whether economic growth “lifts all boats”, including incomes at the lower end of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Brookings Africa Growth Initiative (Brookings, 2012) stresses that food safety, fair trade and organic certification standards as well as labour, environmental and labelling standards and certification measures diverge quite considerably among ECOWAS members. In East Africa, food producing companies in Kenya often find it easier to meet the strict technical regulations for exporting to the Japanese, European, or Singapore markets, than the widely diverging and poorly administered regulations in other African countries15 (World Bank, 2012). Private standards usually have a larger scope or require higher levels of performance than the baseline government regulations (they can apply to such areas as quality, process management, packaging requirements, or social concerns) and, as they evolve more rapidly than government regulations, they can be more difficult to follow and implement (Giovannucci and Purcell, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Mainly salmon and tuna products as well as Alaska pollack fillets were imported, and in 2016 half of all imports (49%) originated from the EU. Poland was the most important single supplier of fish and fisheries products in 2016, ahead of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”), and was instrumental in ensuring that the German market was supplied with adequate quantities of canned herring, deep-frozen breaded fish fillets and salmon products. In most federal states people are required to hold an angling licence if they wish to engage in independent pole-and-line fishing, which requires knowledge in the subjects of fish biology, hydrology, water management, animal welfare and water conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Uniform Partition of Heirs' Property Act is designed to protect family members who receive land via intestacy or a will and own that property as tenants in common with other family members. The goals of the Act are laudable. However, a prudent estate planner must be aware that the UPHPA may apply in situations where at first glance it would appear that no compliance with the statute would be necessary. For example, if just two of ten cotenants are related, compliance with the UPHPA may be required. In addition, the UPHPA is highly complex containing many technical steps with rigid time requirements. Accordingly, practitioners must tread carefully when representing a plaintiff in a partition action. Likewise, judges must be vigilant as they maneuver the UPHPA to assure they are in compliance. This article provides an overview of the workings of the UPHPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While this may, in the long-term, enhance the country’s domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity, it is resource intensive and can divert attention and domestic resources from ensuring answerability and representative enforceability. This, however, is problematic if the external reporting requirements do not meet domestic information needs. Alternatively, partner countries may choose to integrate some of the more general reporting requirements (e.g. on the allocation of resources and the implementation of planned activities) into national monitoring and evaluation systems already in place in many developing countries. This approach, however, does not address the issue of evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Patriotism has been a concern in all societies as citizens contemplate making special sacrifices for their nations. In existing literature, patriotism is usually understood as one's feeling for his or her community, devotion to the nation, or allegiance to the state. In general, patriotism can be interior or exterior depending on whether the commitment is for ensuring national progress internally or for protecting national interest from external forces. The exterior mode of patriotism often takes the form of nationalism, emphasizing the priority of collective national interest over fragmented individual or group interests. Although patriotism or nationalism in the former colonies became a means of liberation, in many instances it has been used as a pretext or rhetoric to suppress minorities, practice social exclusion, deny human rights, and dominate powerless nations. When nationalism is used to legitimize international domination, it often constitutes imperialism, which is rationalized as the duty of str...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The public goods nature of social infrastructure spending—that is, the positive eternality economies experience in response to such spending—reflects the benefits that accrue to broader society as well as the individual. Much more empirical work is needed to identify its quantitative impact on long-run productivity growth.8 There is, however, already substantial evidence that social infrastructure spending that addresses key intergroup inequalities has sizeable beneficial economy-wide effects. Several studies provide evidence that closing the education gap between boys and girls has a positive effect on economic growth (Klasen and Lammana 2009: Bandara 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These concerns were already raised at the early stages of nuclear energy development and have contributed to the creation of special liability regimes and international conventions applicable in the case of a nuclear accident. The analysis is limited to a subset of damage, i.e. fatalities, morbidity, evacuation costs and economic consequences of oil spills. Conventions: the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Civil Liability Convention) and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Fund Convention), together with the Protocol of 2003 to the 1992 Fund Convention (Supplementary Fund Protocol).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the case of maternity leave, a worker can only claim up to 121 days. The UIF pays a percentage of the wage that was being earned at the time that the worker was contributing to the Fund. The highest amount that can be paid is 58% of what was being earned per day. The Fund is currently running a large surplus and there are various policy proposals circulating about possible reforms to the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The bureau has also been publishing audit reports regarding the annual budgets of the Libyan government’s financial institutions (e.g. the Libyan Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute). However, apart from the audit bureau, existing institutions have been arbitrary and ineffective with the application of anti-corruption measures. Worse, Gaddafi’s patronage system has remained strong over the years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, establishing a baseline with respect to the environmental conditions of the degraded land where the compensation activities will take place would enable one to review progress and measure, in more detail, the environmental services and attributes achieved through the compensation activities of the CUSTF in the future. This arrangement transfers the responsibility to CONAFOR, which manages the CUSTF and oversees the development of compensation and restoration activities by landowners of degraded forested land. The agreement establishes specific activities and works to be implemented by the compensating entity and are based on the proposed actions during the application process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea  (ITLOS) was established by the  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  of 10 December 1982 (LOSC) (Law of the Sea) to create a special procedure for the peaceful settlement of seabed disputes. ITLOS is the second permanent international court with universal jurisdiction besides the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It is also not an organ of the International Seabed Authority. ITLOS is counted as a member of the UN family. ITLOS is composed of 21 independent members (judges) elected by the states parties to the LOSC for a period of nine years, re-election is possible. The negotiations at UNCLOS III were strongly influenced by two procedural principles: the formulation of package deals and the consensus principle.  Keywords: International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Seabed Authority, ITLOS, Law of the Sea, UN General Assembly, UNCLOS III
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Others have highlighted that indicators alone are not always sufficient (or appropriate) to monitor and evaluate progress in adaptation (AC, 2014b). Thus, while there is some experience with M&E of individual adaptation actions, this has tended to focus on positive lessons. Learning from what has worked less well is also valuable, but such information is less readily shared (UNFCCC, 2014). Such M&E can include process indicators, as well as outcome indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The expectation that international organizations (IOs) can play a role in the resolution of violent conflict has spawned a process of institutional growth in the post-Second World War period. IOs at all levels have expanded existing instruments of conflict management and have gradually established new ones, such as mediation support units, early warning systems and standby military forces. Empirical research on this process has suffered from a lack of systematic, cross-temporal data. Seeking to rectify this weakness, this article introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs, organizations endowed with standing capabilities for conflict management interventions. The dataset contains yearly observations on 14 institutional variables during the 1945–2010 period, centered around three instruments of IO conflict management: mediation, economic sanctions and peacekeeping. It also includes observations on IO membership characteristics, power polarity and a set of security-...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Limited concessions on energy goods have already been given under APTA in the Fourth Round of negotiations as shown in table 10.4. China, India and the Republic of Korea remain among the top importers of the three primary fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal). Conversely, Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan are the top fossil fuel exporters in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using very long hours as a proxy for working conditions allows for broader coverage of countries and workforce, e.g. self-employed, formal and informal employment30. The available data indicate a strong positive correlation between job strain and very long hours across a broad group of countries where both measures could be constructed31. Table 4 summarizes the main indicators and sub-indicators of the OECD Job Quality Framework that will be included in the new OECD database on job quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sensitive and highly sensitive products did not have to enter the CEPT scheme until 1 January 2003 and 1 January 2005 respectively, and were given until 1 January 2010 to complete their phasing in. All quantitative restrictions on sensitive and highly sensitive products were eliminated on 1 January 2010 and member states are to take measures to encourage state trading enterprises to accord preferential treatment to ASEAN suppliers. Under the programme tariffs up to 20% were to be reduced to 5% by the year 2000, and tariffs higher than 20% were to be reduced to 10% by 2003 (Table 2.A1.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These are crucial improvements, but major advances are still needed to mainstream gender in policy design, implementation, enforcement, and evaluation. With strong mandates and resources, Mexico can ensure that policies' intended effects are fully realised. Chapter 1 closes with a summary of policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equality in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since then, the increase in aggregate terms has been one of the most significant globally, but in per capita terms growth has been much more modest. Crop production remains most significant in India, given its largely vegetarian diet, but livestock production has grown more quickly from its small base. It is noteworthy that per capita growth in agriculture has been most significant in the period after the year 2000, and especially after 2005-06. It ranks second in the production of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit and cotton.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These challenges have been further elaborated in the context of disadvantaged groups in urban and rural settings (Chapters 6-7), for refugees and forcibly displaced populations (Chapter 8), and across different regions (Chapter 9). The first relates to water supply, which corresponds to the volumes of water that can be withdrawn sustainably from surface and sub-surface sources, as well as from unconventional sources. This includes desalination of sea water, water reuse and recycling, and rainwater and fog harvesting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper examines the role of the Abuja geographic information systems as an e-government policy initiative for promoting the reduction in corruption in the provision of e-land administration services and good governance in general. The paper explores the contribution of e-land administration with regard to the different forms of corruption (i.e. fraud, forgery, multiple applications, bribery, nepotism and favouritism, and white collar malpractice) as well as the different services (i.e. legal searches, recertification of titles, granting rights of occupancy, consent to alienate and regularisation of titles). Generally, our findings suggest that corruption was reduced with the introduction of electronic services for the verification of land records through legal searches and the recertification of land titles. Yet, other forms of corruption, such as nepotism and favouritism, are persistent and increasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Supporting practices that are accessible for all, while increasing quality of life and livelihood opportunities along the supply chain, would need to become a priority of learning programmes. While some interesting examples of such practices emerge in various corners of the globe there is still a need for more systematic actions engaging economically or socially underprivileged communities as part of the supply chain. Their inclusion in the supply chain may require the development of new business models that not only deal with the question of what kind of a product or service is a priority for the poor, but also how to satisfy their consumption needs while facilitating their livelihood options. Numerous examples exist where corporations have engaged with vulnerable communities to provide essential products and services, accompanied by learning and training opportunities for both the companies own staff and members of the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)