albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
After the peso crisis in 1982, Mexico liberalized its economy, becoming increasingly open, both internally and externally. Along with this process came the gradual realization of the importance of policy intervention in the creation and diffusion of knowledge. The role of CONACyT, as well as that of other government programs aimed at innovation, has expanded accordingly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Dependent” self-employment, for example, refers to arrangements whereby a worker is economically dependent and subordinate to one or two end-users (OECD/EC, 2017 forthcoming). Although self-employed, the individual does not have control over their tasks and typically earns less than they would if they were an employee in the client company. Further, the individual has less employment security and probably lower social security coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Are the indicators in the jurisdiction with the regulation different than in other jurisdictions (again, regardless of whether the regulation contributed to any of the difference)? This is in line with suggested approaches to e.g. monitor progress tow'ards biodiversity' mainstreaming (see OECD, 2018). As part of the OECD (2014) work, a survey was conducted to obtain information on OECD country practices with respect to regulatory policy evaluation. In particular, few countries assess whether underlying policy goals of regulation have been achieved, whether any unintended consequences have occurred and whether there is a more efficient solution to achieve the same objective. While not all countries will be in a position to collect information at all stages, there is already great value in collecting data on the actual implementation of regulatory policy (outputs) and its impact on regulations (intermediate outcomes). The latest insights on regulatory' policy evaluation are available in the 2018 Regulatory Policy Outlook (OECD, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This programme is aimed at poverty eradication in the local communities with the lowest human development index by supporting the establishment of management units for wildlife conservation (UMAs) for income and employment generation. Since 2010, 504 projects for establishing UMAs or reinforcing existing ones have been subsidised by this programme with a total of 225 million pesos. These new UMAs are now part of the SUMA, which covered more than 37 million ha as of 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, two respondents pointed to promising results from the lung cancer programme, which indicated that genomic analysis of tumours was likely to prove beneficial in guiding therapy, while one observed that a personalised medicine approach was already being implemented in a number of areas including treatment of HIV and prescription of anticoagulants and tamoxifen. The benefits that respondents expected to accrue from such work include improved safety and efficacy through genomic stratification, leading to reduction in healthcare costs, with the expectation that innovation in healthcare should ultimately be cost-neutral. In addition, one respondent suggested that work in stratified medicine was driven by political expectations that leadership in healthcare innovation would help to bring with it national economic development and growth. Other drivers mentioned by respondents included the role of researchers, the availability of new biobanking and genome screening technologies, and the political power of patient organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on “forgiveness” as one of the most conspicuous expressions of the growing role of religion in conflict transformation. The main questions put forward are the following: What is the role of forgiveness in reconciliation? Is forgiveness a necessary condition for reconciliation between former enemies? Is it sufficient for bringing about real and stable peace between them? To what extent and how does religion affect the reconciliation via forgiveness process? This paper distinguishes between material conflicts, which evolve around material and dividable assets, and identity conflicts, which involve deep-seated hatred originating in the feeling of at least one of the sides that the other has usurped their legitimate rights. While material conflicts can be brought to an end through traditional conflict resolution techniques, identity conflicts need “track two” diplomacy strategies, and particularly forgiveness in order to reach reconciliation. Forgiveness, basically a religious conc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Clarity factors are expected to facilitate meaningful encoding (e.g. structured outlines of the subject matter), connection to prior knowledge (e.g. through concrete examples or practical applications) and storage in long-term memory in the course of information processing. Clarity in teaching refers to low-inference behaviours such as “uses concrete examples”, “stresses most important points” and “repeats difficult ideas”. Murray found that 18 of the total of 27 observed classroom teaching behaviours correlated significantly with student ratings of overall teaching effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The rate increases over time, eventually, enough organisations have adopted the innovation, making the rate of adoption self-sustaining. Closely related to this is the demand side: citizens are expected to take up the new modes of service delivery. Ordinarily, where there are no supply-side constraints across geographical regions, again an s-curve is expected to represent the innovation uptake rate among citizens (Figure 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
How graduation is achieved is thus as important as when it is achieved. As discussed in chapter 2, however, the extent to which the statistical criteria for graduation capture a country’s ability to do this is open to debate. For example, none of the countries that have graduated to date has even now attained the graduation threshold for the economic vulnerability index (EVI), the graduation criterion that most closely reflects structural vulnerabilities (chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Forest fire detection systems cover the entire country. This initiative could help fill Brazil’s gap in economic valuation of biodiversity and build consensus on the benefits of maintaining functioning ecosystems. This, in turn, would contribute to raising the political and social support that is needed to mainstream biodiversity effectively in the development agenda. There has been a gradual shift from a strict fence-and-protect and enforcement approach to a sustainable development approach that identifies biodiversity priority regions and recognises the role of rural, traditional and indigenous communities in maintaining the provision of ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In particular, the objectives set by law are to: i) assess student learning, ii) work on pedagogical innovations needed to improve student learning, iii) exchange pedagogical experiences, iv) design teaching strategies for students, v) set criteria for improvement plans, and vi) receive technical assistance from the technical-pedagogical advisory services of the Ministry of Education (Asesores Tecnico-Pedagogicos, ATP) or independent advisory services (Asesorias Tecnicas Educativas, ATE). The channel, however, has reached very few schools (in total 1000 schools in Latin America) (https://escue!ap!us .com/). This programme was introduced in 2000 as a strategy to expand the Connections (Enlaces) programme to rural areas and included the provision of computers to multigrade classrooms as well as teacher training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Local knowledge involves both the staff doing the inventory as well as external knowledge. Secondary data can be from many different sources, for example municipality plans, regional plans, national inventories, local organizations and authorities. Field visits are done when local knowledge and secondary data are not sufficient for an appropriate judgment. Special emphasis is also given to forests in the proximity of second homes, schools, health care facilities, and frequently visited places [e.g. beaches, lookout points, rest areas, trails, golf courses and tourism infrastructure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the science around climate change is relatively advanced in a number of areas, there are significant gaps in knowledge and particularly a need for informed policymaking, strengthened governance structures, and international cooperation based on sound economic analysis. The OECD Workshop was designed to fill that gap. Figure 1 illustrates the how this Workshop complements and contributes to other international fisheries and climate change conferences. The fisheries management toolbox was also examined, from the perspective of whether or not existing tools are available to develop effective climate change adaptation strategies for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Furthermore, the fee schedule as it stands does not fully address improving care, and creating new care options, for very long stay patients. Reimbursement could cover a wider but more specific range of treatments and services, for example psychological talking therapy, participation in community engagement projects, or art or music therapy sessions. The fee schedule could also be used to pay for services in hospitals that would help facilitate safe and earlier discharge, and help improve quality of care. This programme has seen some success, with a positive effect on patient outcomes, which were measured carefully (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These limits, along improved gatekeeping in the form of stricter health examinations, help explain why, on average, disability programmes are still paid to only a relatively small share of youth (see the analysis below and OECD, 2012d). Benefit receipt rates are likely influenced by a range of different factors, including of course for instance the non-employment rate among youth or the share of young people who live alone. Differences in the economic environment and in living conditions are thus likely to be reflected as disparities in receipt rates across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Improving energy efficiency is an important part of any energy conservation strategy. The main difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency is that reducing energy demand is the primary goal of energy conservation while improved energy efficiency aims to reduce the energy consumed in delivering a given energy service. A discussion on which is better - energy conservation or energy efficiency - is not relevant for this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the national co-ordinators, Richard Walley, Julie Keenan, Ann Armstrong and David Scott, for their work in providing information. We would also like to thank all those who gave their time to respond to our many questions, provide comments on preliminary drafts and validate the information for accuracy. We would also like to thank consultants Janice Heejin Kim and Matias Egeland who worked on sections of the preliminary drafts as part of the OECD team on Early Childhood Education and Care. The online toolbox has additional information, such as a country materials page where actual documents from OECD countries are presented, including curricula, regulatory frameworks and data systems information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless the issue of competition between development and climate finance is a contentious and highly political aspect of climate and development financing and leads to continued calls in the UNFCCC negotiations for climate finance to be new and additional to ODA. Given the limitations of an analysis of the data at the global level, further studies are needed at the national level to have an accurate assessment of the situation. The role of international public finance versus other forms of climate finance will be an important consideration in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is essential for lighting, heating and cooking, as well as for education, modern health treatment and productive activities. Yet 1.6 billion people lack such access, and more than half of all people living in developing countries rely on the combustion of traditional biomass (e.g. wood) to meet their basic energy needs for cooking and heating. Lack of access to modern energy sources is both the result and the cause of poverty, as it exacerbates and perpetuates poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the Madaba service contract, the PMU was explicitly responsible for monitoring the terms of the contract, with a particular focus on the revenue collection performance of the private contractor (Rothenberger, 2009). For the Disi project, the MWI/WAJ is the responsible authority. A consolidated monitoring report is prepared every year including the baseline data for projects, water supply and consumption data and other data related to basins, flora and fauna affected by the project (European Investment Bank, 2009). As regulator, the PMU has a de facto role in following the implementation of the contract when it comes to the three corporatised water utilities, especially on issues that could bear on the performance of the utilities overall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Texas has clearly used this to enhance basic skills among students - high stakes accountability in literacy and numeracy gives very strong incentives to schools to improve results. At the same time there are weak incentives to enhance some key aspects of CTE (e.g. career-specific and work-based learning, career advice) so that some of the state’s objectives might not be pursued at local level and risk remaining mere aspirations. In addition to a supportive framework and adequate incentives to local stakeholders, it is also necessary to ensure that schools and districts have sufficient resources to implement the changes intended by the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The greater the value of the index, the greater is the level of inequality. The properties of subgroup decomposability of Theil and other general entropy indices are well documented (e.g. Shorrocks, 1984, Cowell, 2005). In this case, some of the correlation captured here would not be explained by pre-marital household formation choices but rather by an increased norm for couple households to choose to work in similar occupations and industries, within similar wage groups. This caveat indicates that marital sorting may explain only part of the changes in intra-household labour supply behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International relations as we know them emerged through the peace of Westphalia, and the discipline of International Relations emerged in 1919 and developed through a First Great Debate between idealists and realists. These are the established myths of 1648 and 1919. In this article we demonstrate how historical and historiographical scholarship has demolished these myths, but that the myths regardless are pervasive in the current textbooks that are used in teaching future IR scholars. Disciplinary dialogue seems to have failed completely. Based on a detailed reading of the myths and their perpetuation, we discuss the consequences of the discipline’s reliance on mythical origins, why there has been so little incorporation of revisionist insight and what possibilities there are for enhancing the dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-related regulations and standards are principle instruments. Tax policies aimed at raising investment demand are also relevant. With the exception of experiences in the United Kingdom, Finland and the European Union, demand-side innovation policies typically target specific sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This criterion for identifying the poor was compared with the indirect method (more traditional in the region), which defines poverty on the basis of per capita household income. The basis for this was an analysis of available surveys of living conditions in households in the region, providing data for implementing both methodologies. To enhance the diagnostic study, the assessment of Latin America and the Caribbean also used thresholds of moderate deprivation, which reflect unmet needs that undermine children's well-being and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A more detailed evaluation will be presented in the next section, “Other impacts of recent public stockholding policies”. Before describing in detail recent country experiences with these types of stocks, it is useful to first address these general obstacles. Some of these factors relate to public stocks in general, while others are specific to buffer stock schemes and social safety net stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
International sports will have to strengthen their efforts to exclude persons with morals in conflict with their sports. IOC and FIFA should mirror their top ambitions in athletic and financial areas by similarly leading ambitions to serve human mankind more generally. To encounter critiques that the organizing of major sporting events are "elitist actions" IOC and FIFA should declare ex-ante referenda as a precondition for bidding. In order to reduce the funds available for corruption, the role of public finance in major sporting events should be overthought. At least broadcasters under public law public should be excluded from the bidding for TV. FIFA and other sporting federations should make public their payments to member federations etc. and the underlying decision criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The findings suggest that early identification of low performers and targeted support needs to be provided to those students at risk of falling behind or dropping out of school entirely. Additional support needs to be provided to disadvantaged schools through the adequate allocation of resources, to ensure that all students receive the high-quality education and training needed to fully participate in society. School budgets need to be prioritised in recruiting and maintaining well-qualified human resources, such as school leaders and teachers, who play a critical role in reducing educational inequalities in their schools. This is particularly true for those disadvantaged students who have had little to no preschool experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ICPDR coordinated the development of recommendations on the best available techniques in the food industry (2000), the chemical industry (2000), the chemical pulping industry (2000), the paper making industry (2000), and at agro-industrial units (2004). In 2008, this Commission opened a Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Centre in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The Center gathers information from water monitoring systems all over the Mekong Basin. It also provides training and technology transfer to technicians of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A clear and understandable institutional framework, including the roles and mandates of the different agencies involved (e.g. PPP units, supreme audit institution, sector regulators) should also be established. A clear and reliable legal framework for PPPs - together with transparent disclosure of bid assessment methods, such as computation of the PSC -provides an important policy signal to the private sector. Considering the technical complexities associated with clean energy technologies, it will also be important that the PPP unit possess the necessary technical and human resources capacity to accurately evaluate the risks, benefits and costs associated with PPPs in clean energy infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Includes stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. The diameters used may vary by country, generally the data refer to diameters of more than 10 cm at breast height. Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the ICES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A number of programmes support forestry but only one is aimed specifically at the reforestation of farmland. In the region of Calakmul, for example, Klepeis and Vance (2003) associate these subsidies with a higher rate of deforestation because they promote the cultivation of chili and pasture, and increase the clearance of mature forest to obtain soils suitable for crops. Abizaid and Coomes (2004) and Isaac-Marquez et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The concept is purely relative, which means that under certain circumstances any good or service could become an inferior one. This means that even a luxury good or service can become inferior over time. Typically, inferior goods and services exist if in a consumer perception there are superior goods and services available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Several hotels and universities have also contracted private firm to construct wastewater treatment plants. Certain groups of consumers - particularly in industry tourism, commerce and agriculture - are expected to pay a tariff reflecting the full cost of water service provision. An increase in the water tariff was approved in late 2010, potentially helping to improve cost recovery, but the Ministry of Water and Irrigation stated in June 2012 that tariffs would not increase further in the near future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More importantly, even the industrial placements that do occur appear to be peripheral to the students’ core academic programme and academic staffs responsibilities. The School of Computer Sciences visited by the OECD team is a major exception to this observation. Some universities, such as the University of Aalborg in Denmark, have also taken steps to embed employability and transferable skills in their core curriculum through problem-based learning in multidisciplinary teams (see Box 2.1.) Co-op education in Canadian universities helps students of all disciplines to complete work terms in industry as part of their curriculum (see Box 2.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ICPD goals, especially those pertaining to reproductive health and reproductive rights, gender equality, women's empowerment and girls' education, are an integral part of efforts to improve quality of life and achieve sustainable social and economic development. Of the total regular resourced expenditures, UNFPA provided $174.1 million in assistance for reproductive health, $76.6 million for population and development, $43.5 million for gender equality and women's empowerment and $72.1 million for programme coordination and assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The distinction is, however, very important for developing countries’ prospects in strengthening its research capacities at universities and other institutions. The current ODA definition of research is vague and may need further clarification, especially considering the introduction of TOSSD and increasingly global challenges. It will also be important to improve the DAC statistical systems to better distinguish between research funding and international collaboration focused on strengthening domestic STI capacity in developing countries and other research activities conducted by universities and research institutions in donor countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)