albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The technical capacity of individual establishments to respond adequately to environmental protection and resource management questions is also an important factor. Annual corporate environmental protection expend!* To provide a holistic view of a country’s efforts towards sustaining and protecting the environment, policymakers, analysts and civil society require statistics on environmental governance and regulation at the national level. The magnitude of these activities can inform about the extent of institutional development, availability of resources, and the existence and enforcement of regulatory and market instruments whose primary purpose is to protect, regulate and manage the changing environment. Successful national environmental governance requires institutional strength, as well as regulatory capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There has been increased emphasis in the last three decades on the decentralization of natural resource governance decisions to local government in developing countries as a means of improving environmental quality, public service delivery, and the accountability of local officials. We examine the performance of decentralization of natural resource management services in a large sample of municipal governments in four Latin American countries. Our analysis includes a variety of factors discussed in the literature as important in influencing the responsiveness of government officials to local needs. We provide a nested institutional model in which local officials respond to incentives created by the structure of formal political institutions at both the local and national level. The results provide support for the importance of considering local and national institutional arrangements as these co-determine the political incentives within decentralized systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Minimising external control of schools and maximising trust will be the success factors of Finnish education for the decades to come. As a consequence of the lightening financial conditions in Finnish municipalities, about 1 000 basic schools were shut down during the first decade of this century. Many of them were small rural schools. Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Almost all 4-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education (98% in 2011, above the OECD average of 82%). A one-year pre-school class (for 6-year-olds) aims to ensure a smooth transition from pre-primary to primary education and prepare children forthe educational programme at school. Denmark has comprehensive education from ages 6-7 until age 16, including one year of pre-school class, nine years of primary and lower secondary education integrated within a single structure, and a voluntary tenth year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The indicator also provides information on the success of measures to fight major diseases. For that purpose, especially over a longer horizon, measuring death rates of major diseases is also important. It is calculated from the responses to individual or household surveys that are nationally representative. Tobacco is an undisputable health threat causing 5.4 million deaths in 2005, and representing the second risk factor for mortality worldwide. Tobacco consumption is costly and contributes to poverty and associated health inequalities at the individual and national levels. The cost of treatment of tobacco-caused diseases is high and falls heavily on the finances of poor households and countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although, on average, climate change may have a negative impact on yields, the projected yields by 2050 are still higher than current yields for most commodities. In the case of maize, for instance, under Scenario 4, climate may reduce the potential yields by almost 20%, however the maize yields are still expected to be about 50% higher than they were in 2005. The two scenarios that use inputs from the DSSAT crop model (Scenario 3 (IPSL/DSSAT) and 4 (Hadley/DSSAT)) result in higher world prices for maize, wheat and rice than do the two scenarios using the LPJmL crop model (Scenario 1 (IPSL/LPJmL) and 2 (Hadley/LPJmL)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Lastly, the adjusted deprivation headcount (Mo) is designed to capture both the incidence and the depth of deprivation, and is calculated by multiplying the headcount with the average intensity (Mo=H *A). These indices are calculated following the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology, and are useful as summary statistics. In this report the results of the add-on consumption module are used and are analysed against nationally-set poverty lines measuring food and overall consumption poverty experienced by children. In addition, various analyses are made comparing the experience of child monetary poverty with (multidimensional) deprivation. Moreover, the analysis can be complemented by further research, as is done with the regression-based analysis and simulation provided at the end of this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The extent to which different classification systems such as ISIC and ISCO are used across countries to define the hazardous industry and occupation groups will also affect international comparability. The SNA boundary scope of the numerator will be very important for international comparisons. Differences between countries regarding the measurement of employment and regarding working time concepts used and their definitions may affect comparability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is particularly clear in Chile, where 70% of inter-group inequality comes from households in the highest education level. Moreover, this pattern is not present in countries where the average education level is relatively low by regional standards. In El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras for example, the largest contribution to intragroup inequality stems from low-education households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The value added by the exchange is therefore marginal. Luxembourg could benefit from the experience of other OECD countries in this area and look for synergies elsewhere in the “Grande Region”. The acceptance rules and the financing methods are not co-ordinated, and firms often contribute nothing to funding the facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They result from the research project “The innovative behaviour of women-led young firms”, submitted by Mario Piacentini in August 2011 and approved by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in September 2011. Women-founded businesses are those which have been founded by one woman or by an exclusively female founding team. Enterprises founded or owned by mixed teams are excluded. The variables relating to founder/owner characteristics are calculated as averages for the individual members of the founding team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It would be desirable to ensure both that groups such as the elderly have good access to GP services, but also that they have equally good quality of care in primary care, including diagnosis and referral. Current and future efforts to strengthen the quality of primary care in Denmark (see Chapter 2) should include considerations of possible impact on equity. Data showing a pro-poor inequities in GP utilisation suggest that the lack of financial barriers have a positive effect on equity in health utilisation, and the high level of public financing of health care in Denmark generally has the desired effect in promoting equitable access to health care for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Chapter 13 argues that, for the Nordic countries (especially Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), cooperation with, and common approaches to, the African continent during the Cold War were primarily based on solidarity. Arguably, the relations were less complex and multidimensional than today, given that cooperation is now clouded by political and security interests, particularly to curb migration flows to Europe and to combat terrorism. White papers published by Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in 2007 and 2008 revealed a shift of focus in their foreign and aid policies to greater promotion of trade and investment. The Nordics still show interest in commonly pursuing international climate change cooperation in Africa, as well as conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and supporting Africa’s own regional integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Companies usually finance the biggest share, such as the costs of in-company training and apprentices' salaries, while the government runs vocational schools and covers teaching salaries. For instance, all employers may have to pay into the fund, with companies drawing from the fund for each apprentice they take on. The government may also introduce tax breaks or other incentive systems. However, full public funding of apprenticeships can and should not be the option in the end - shared financing is necessary to ensure ownership, sustainability and relevance of quality apprenticeships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average earnings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. Across the OECD, there is significant variation in the level of support provided under the lower tier of income assistance. Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average eamings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. In some countries, social assistance benefits are meant to prevent extreme hardship, while it is intended to minimise social exclusions elsewhere (Adema, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In implementing ANATER, it would be important to include research organisations and universities. Possible actions could be to remove restrictions for public institutions to hire foreign researchers and trainees, to facilitate temporary transfers of Brazilian researchers abroad, and to explore arrangements regarding the sharing of property rights, and which could facilitate public-private partnerships. Financial assistance to poor farmers, as planned under ANATER, should improve access, in particular if clear eligibility rules are set and impact monitored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, there is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints and a lack of environmental regulations on diffuse pollution. The greatest challenge of regulating outputs of diffuse pollution is how to allocate a pollution “cap” (or maximum permitted load) to individual land owners in a way that is equitable and cost-efficient. A natural capital based approach to allocating diffuse pollution limits is an emerging development that has the ability to reach the full economic potential of natural resources, based on the underlying capacity of the soil to filter and retain water and nutrients. Water quality trading offers a way to promote practices that reduce pollution at least cost to society by revealing preferences and water pollution costs. Markets and payments for ecosystem services are not a perfect substitute for robust regulations. Equity and fairness in burden sharing do not preclude efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Into the 1990s, Arab countries witnessed a rise in the number of terrorist attacks perpetrated by Islamist militants against governments, foreign targets, and citizens. In response to terrorism, governments throughout the Middle East and North Africa suppressed the civil and political rights of all citizens. This clampdown on civil society transpired on the heels of political reforms in several countries and coincided with the increasing integration of these states into international treaty regimes, signaling a willingness to comply with world standards on human rights. Engaging the literatures on terrorism, world polity, and social movements, I first analyze the relationship between political regime type and movement mobilization. Next I examine the impact of transnational terrorism on human rights mobilization. I use network analysis to show that, contrary to expectations of world polity theory and the boomerang hypothesis, activists' ties to the transnational rights network thinned over the same time p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main sources of indicators and their definitions are presented at the bottom of each table. The cut-off date for data updates used in the tables is March 2015. These discrepancies arise from three main factors: harmonization processes to make data comparable across countries, updates/revision periods of international agencies not coinciding with release of data by national statistical systems, and international agencies making estimates for missing data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite the importance of capturing multi-tasking to capture the intensity of how women’s time is spent, there is no international standard on how to measure simultaneous activities. The OECD Time Use database aims to improve comparability between OECD countries (see Box 3). Based on this methodology, the OECD has undertaken analysis on four additional countries to explore the impacts of unpaid care work in low and middle-income contexts: South Africa, Peru, Ethiopia and Bangladesh (see Annex A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Resources have since been increased, but teacher salaries remain lower, also compared to other municipal employees. Headmasters were also left with more administrative tasks and less time for pedagogical leadership. Administrative complexity also increased due to the parallel school choice reforms and subsequent changes to school structure and content. Declining teacher skills and an increasing share of teaching staff without adequate qualifications followed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many poor producers are unable to access government support programmes because they lack the necessary capital to contribute the required investment costs. Supporting the organisation of irrigation units and increasing investments in these structures would allow members to jointly apply for government resources and facilitate monitoring functions. The Lerma River, with a length of 750 kilometres, is originated in Mexico’s central high plateau at an altitude beyond 3 000 metres above sea level and ends in Lake Chapala, the largest tropical lake in the country. Between 2002 and 2005, the Lerma Chapala River Basin Council, in its search for a solution to the depletion and contamination of Lake Chapala, entered into a negotiation process to reach a new water allocation agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In May 2013, the African Union (AU) commemorated both the 50th anniversary of the Organisation of African Unity and the 10th anniversary of the African Peer-Review Mechanism (APRM). Democracy and good political governance features prominently in the AU Constitutive Act and constitute the first thematic area under the APRM. The AU adopted several other instruments aimed at promoting democracy and good political governance among its member states. These include the New Partnership for Africa's Development (APRM) base document, its Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance which governs the APRM, the African Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, and the African Charter for Democracy, Elections and Governance. As Africa celebrates a decade of both the AU and the APRM, this article revisits democracy and good political governance from an African legal and political perspective. It also assesses AU Member States' compliance with the APRM and their achievements on the ro...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between the 1990s and the late 2000s, in two-thirds of the countries female employment rates increased more among women whose husbands were in the top eamings deciles than among those at the bottom of the distribution. In certain countries, such as Italy and Mexico, the employment rates of wives of top earners increased more than for wives of low earners at the end of the 2000s while the opposite was true in the early 1990s. Only includes couples with one female and one male.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Investments in the health, wellness and education sector were deemed necessary for economic and social transformation in Grenada. The impacts of recent hurricanes and droughts are evident throughout the country. In 2004, Category 3 Hurricane Ivan brought damage to the country equivalent to more than 200 per cent of the GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is no indication that the Universiti Sains Malaysia uses student financial assistance to give high priority to ensuring access for low-income students within Penang and Northern Corridor Economic Region. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. For example the Penang Educational Consultative Council (PECC) under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level, but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Quasitransportation programmes should be introduced to regions where it is difficult to operate transportation system. In case of island areas, more than one round-trip passenger ship should be operated per day. In Korea, dong districts are termed urban areas while eup and myeon districts are classified as rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Using the example of the sociological analysis of biological citizenship and literacy, it is argued that a merely descriptive analysis of these phenomena does not capture their distinctive normative features. While such a description realistically demonstrates how citizens respond to and are shaped by biotechnology and biomedical discourse, it provides no critique of the forces moulding the citizen-consumer. Ideas of active citizenship fuel the search for forms of public engagement in the spirit of deliberative democracy. While these attempts are guided by an important vision of policy making in democratic society, they are beset with several practical difficulties. It is argued that the discussion of deliberative practices has focused too much on direct participation of citizens in various dialogical events and its impact on policy and decision making. This approach ignores other important aspects of deliberative democratic theory, emphasizing public accountability and trustworthiness of democratic insti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The exceptions are the data on education and labour force participation, which are available from 1950 onwards. Table 12.1 presents an overview of the variables used in this chapter or in the composite index, along with their source and summary statistics. To start with, global patterns of inheritance practices are examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Parties did not agree in Paris to forswear the use of some policy tools that are controversial among trading partners. Three types of tools in particular will be discussed here: border carbon adjustment, subsidies as green industrial policy, and carbon standards and labelling. Applied to imports, it results in a charge on imported goods commensurate with the charge that the producer would have had to bear had the product been produced under domestic climate regulations — whether a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase offsets. Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, a growing number of financial and technical assistance resources are becoming available to aid South-East Asian countries in assessing the development of national PES strategies. Viet Nam, Indonesia and Indonesia's Aceh province are putting this assistance to use to both deploy individuals PES projects and in the development of policies and programmes. While there are several approaches to determining these values, each with its specific strengths and weakness, any approach should be based on local contexts. Where there is significant capacity with respect to valuation methodology, it is more difficult to find expertise with experience in its practical application for PES, thus the development of local expertise and capabilities is needed if PES is to succeed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under international law, the term “crimes against humanity” refers to certain heinous wrongs perpetrated as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population (see International Criminal Justice). The wrongs include murder, enslavement, torture, rape, forcible transfer, persecution aimed at certain kinds of groups, and “other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health” (Rome Statute 2002: Art. 7).      Keywords:    ethics,  law,  legal and political,  philosophy,  practical (applied) ethics,  crimes against humanity,  genocide,  holocaust,  human rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is particularly so for municipalities located in rural areas, where "own activeness'' plays a significant role (Viestintavirasto, 2013). Different kinds of public sector pilots, on both the regional and the municipal level have been introduced to promote the demand for broadband. Thus, active municipalities that have undertaken public services projects or broadband plans for schools have enjoyed a better chance of receiving national funds and have better addressed the demand for fast broadband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Teacher’s Statute lays out the minimum function of schools principals in both public and private-subsidised schools. For principals of public schools, the Teacher’s Statute stipulates further administrative and financial responsibilities. Further administrative tasks include organising, supervising and evaluating the work of teachers, suggesting the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers with a poor evaluation, proposing staff for recruitment and replacement, providing input in the selection of teachers, proposing salary allowances for teachers, appointing and dismissing other school leaders, and promoting a good school climate. Financial responsibilities include assigning, managing and controlling the resources allocated to the school in accordance with legislative requirements. In a shift from the traditionally administrative and managerial role of school leaders, all of these frameworks and standards emphasise school leaders’ role as pedagogical leaders. A first set of standards, the Good School Leadership Framework (Marco para la Buena Direccion) published by the Ministry of Education in 2005 was updated with a new set of standards in 2015 (Marco para la Buena Direccion y el Liderazgo Escolar).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, the akim of Astana recently recognised that many of Astana's current inhabitants are unregistered and therefore not accounted for in official statistics. Unofficial population estimates exist for large cities such as Astana, Almaty City and Shymkent. A systemic underestimation of actual population by official statistics in large uiban centres has many potential adverse consequences. City and regional administrations need accurate population figures to plan for uiban development and local services such as schools, hospitals and public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)