albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Peru, smoking prevalence is higher than the OECD average for men but lower for women: 34.6% of men and 8.3% of women over 15 years of age in Peru used tobacco daily in 2013, as compared to 24.2% and 15.5% respectively among OECD countries (OECD, 2016). This was somewhat lower than the OECD average of 8.8 litres in 2013 (OECD, 2016). Nevertheless, 23.2% of the Peruvian population are affected by excessive alcohol consumption (35.2% of men and 12.7% of women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The programme sought to define a model of rural settlement. The related tasks included the monitoring of the socio-economic development and economic situation in rural areas, assessment of land resources, development of norms and standards for social and infrastructural services for rural residents, re-settlement of rural residents in areas with more favourable conditions. Criteria were established incorporating economic, environmental and social indicators to determine the potential of rural settlements. By the end of the programme in 2010, the share of settlements with the highest potential had increased to 37% from 16% in 2004, and the share of population living in such settlements increased to 56% from 25% (Table 2.21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Scientific discussion of the proper methodologies to measure GHG savings and the environmental sustainability of biofuel production is yet ongoing, with the final criteria to be adopted in 2010. The US Environmental Protection Agency is also currently debating the inclusion of default GHG emission values for different biofuels in the RFS II but has postponed its adoption for five years in order to agree on a standard methodology. Producing countries that aim for export to these regions, therefore, have the challenge to evaluate which biofuel option might best meet these criteria in the long term. Based on the default lifecycle emission values as defined in the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and other available lifecycle assessments for biofuels (see chapter 8), second-generation biofuels appear to be a technology that will meet the above mentioned sustainability requirements, in particular when residues are used as feedstock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If the SCT increase exceeds the inflation rate of a given year, the level is maintained in the following year(s) to ensure tax increases do not exceed the average inflation rate over time. The end-use motor fuel price consists of the pre-tax price, the SCT and the VAT of 18 per cent. When international market prices rise, the higher pre-tax price leads to an increase in VAT revenue, which is used to balance the public budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In May 2017 FSC and PEFC jointly stated that at the end of 2016, FSC had reported a total certified area of 196 million hectares and PEFC of 301 million hectares, giving a combined area of 497 million hectares. However, based on their joint research they had concluded that at the end of 2016 almost 69 million hectares (or 16 percent) of the global forest area was double certified.” Since companies also use zero deforestation commitments as an indication of their progress towards sustainable production and consumption, data published by Forest Trends (Donofrio, 2017) was included in Chapter 2. Data are available from published sources. Although some uncertainty remains, the literature increasingly indicates that the global increase in intense floods, storms, droughts, and heatwaves likely has a link to climate change (Thomas and Lopez, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, subnational authorities, and cities in particular, cannot determine how their budgets are spent. The system for allocating charges between levels of the budget system turns local authorities not into partners of the government - who ensure financing and perform important duties - but into clients petitioning for resources. Although maslikhats are invited to participate in the discussions, this exercise is rather a post-factum consultation on local programmes and budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More ambitious and radical approaches are needed to further reduce demand and mitigate competition across water users. Allocation of water across users (including for ecosystems) will be an important challenge. The Nutrient Recycling and Reduction scenario assesses the impact of measures to reuse nutrients in agriculture and reduce both domestic and agricultural discharges of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A significant experience has been accumulated in the use of a variety of instruments and sources of information. However, two major concerns remain as both the new career structure and the new System for the Recognition of Teacher Professional Development are being introduced. First, the formative function of teacher evaluation remains limited. It is not clear from the strategy it proposes what teacher evaluation processes will inform the future professional development plans for teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In both wild sea catch and fish or shrimp farming the product is collected by middlemen and generally sold to the fishery processors74, who then export to the EU market. Middlemen, who are essentially family run SMEs, collect from several fishery vessels and farmers and usually mix the products from different sources, so that the traceability requirement cannot be met. Although the MMAF promotes implementation of GHdP, most middlemen have still insufficient understanding and quality assurance capacity, while controls undertaken by the Ministiy itself and the local authorities are still inadequate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It appears that some countries which are reluctant to provide direct public support for R&D to industry in order to avoid “picking winners” are prepared to engage in priority setting in science. The processes are distributed across various ministries and agencies and create a cacophony of competing priorities and visions. Some efforts have been made to consolidate these into a total R&D map.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On the one hand, some federal countries (Belgium, Canada, the United States) have almost entirely devoted water responsibilities to lower levels of government while in other federal states (Australia, Mexico), the central government still plays a strong role (strategic planning, regulation, etc.) On the other hand, though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level with highly centralised water policy making (Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea), most OECD unitary countries (France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand) have de facto devoted responsibilities to lower levels of government. In all cases, the institutional mapping of water policy also relies on environmental, territorial and hydrological considerations. The plurality of mutually dependent actors across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government, and at sub-national level raises significant multi-level governance challenges, hence the need for “diagnosing” capacity and co-ordination challenges likely to hinder integrated water policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Establishing these thresholds or profiles would, however, require additional work with samples that include both a parent report on parent experiences, and direct measurement of child experiences and/or developmental outcomes. There also is no guarantee that child well-being can be adequately predicted from parent reports. Children have unique experiences of food insecurity, parents are not always knowledgeable of their children's experiences, and therefore cannot report accurately or reliably about them. The extent of inaccuracy may depend on context, the survey interviewer, respondents1 perceptions of the agency conducting the survey, and how the data will be used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Young people visited the Cotroceni National Museum while several members of NGOs who took part in debates about women in politics and decision-making positions. An essay competition for college and high school students was also organized. For example, we ran a week-long Facebook campaign about female scientists who have made history in Romania and the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But since the turn of the century, pushed by economic growth and developments in medical technologies, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP has been growing again in line with the OECD average (Nguyen et al., While higher expenditure growth than in neighbouring countries might be partly justified by previous restraint and a lower initial level of spending, the trend needs to be monitored closely as the rapidly ageing population, costly medical technology and rising patients’ expectations will generate further spending pressure. Projections from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (MSAH) and the OECD point to substantial increases in public expenditure on health and long-term care over coming decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, developing countries in a position to do so are encouraged to also provide and communicate support to other developing countries.23 Finally, every party is required to regularly provide a national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs, as well as the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its mitigation and adaptation targets.24 The Paris Agreement does not contain explicit language for specific economic sectors or activities. Therefore, its goals and obligations do not distinguish between commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, to comply with the transparency arrangements under the Agreement and the UNFCCC, Parties must submit documentation and data that are generally organized by sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is especially noticeable in sub-Saharan Africa, which experiences the highest level of food insecurity, affecting almost 30 per cent of the population. Conflict and fragility have also worsened food security and are often compounded by floods and droughts, both of which can devastate crops and harvests. Water-related ecosystems include wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes, and sustain a high level of biodiversity and life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The approach in this framework is that the basis of measurement is each contact with the health system, and not the entire duration of the disease or health condition. A contact is distinct from the complete treatment, which comprises all the contacts to treat a health condition. At this stage, interventions aim to enhance health status and to maintain a condition of low risk of diseases, disorders or injuries - in other words, to prevent their occurrence (HC.6), through vaccinations or an injury prevention programme, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While the effect on the wife's share is as expected, we did not expect for husbands with a greater age gap to perform more housework. It is possible that the effect of the age gap within marriage is more complicated dian originally presumed, for example, the bargaining power effect may depend on whether die couples are in dieir childbearing years (stronger) or close to retirement (weaker). It also may depend on the presence of a domestic help or not, which can reduce the total amount of household work performed by the couple.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Electricity provided via the public grid covers almost all the population. Meanwhile, public sewerage and public rubbish disposal services covered 56.5% and 74.6%, respectively, of the population in 2010. Renting a home affects disposable income, so that the ability to do so depends on a household's financial situation. Rural areas have a larger deprivation gap in housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This implies strengthening the actual degree of protection of habitats and species, eliminating illegal exploitation and trade, integrating biodiversity concerns into economic and sectoral policies, and raising public awareness. Benefits are also expected from climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. A target endorsed at the WSSD (Johannesburg, 2002) aimed to significantly reduce the global, regional and national rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010. Parties to the CBD further adopted (Nagoya, 2010) a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including 20 headline targets (the “Aichi Biodiversity Targets”) and five strategic goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the school district of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for example, the Pittsburgh Urban Leadership System for Excellence entails the use of appraisal results to determine performance-based pay.34 With the introduction of this system, compensation is no longer based on annual salary increases for all school principals or a system based on salary steps determined by length of service. Under the new system, school principals can earn an annual salary increment of up to USD 2 000 that becomes part of the base salary if they are rated proficient across the seven performance standards and 27 components of practice laid out in the district’s performance standards or if rated as satisfactory in completing the professional growth project. School principals can earn an additional achievement bonus of up to USD 10 000 for raising student achievement that is not retained in the base salary. The effects of such schemes will, however, vary among individuals and contexts, and also depend on the career stage a leader is in. Links between appraisal and school leaders’ salaries and financial bonuses, in particular, are contentious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the lower poverty line, income from the OAP and CSG is sufficient to lift even some of the very' poorest households (in quintile 1) out of poverty. At the higher poverty line, the modest size of the social grants coupled with the dilution effect of sharing this across large households means that the impact is less marked. Not only do the grants have a significant impact on poverty (at the lower poverty line) but they also make a significant impact on inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Further, this digital economy has grown 2.5 times faster than global GDP over the past 15 years. Frontrunners’ or advanced economies on the GCI S-curve are using Intelligent Connectivity to accelerate digital economy growth and unearth new opportunities. Against this backdrop, it is vital that less developed economies in the GCI Adopter and Starter clusters prioritize ICT investment to stay competitive. In 2018, advanced economies find themselves on the cusp of new opportunities, while ‘Adopters’ and ‘Starters’ are laying foundations for leapfrog growth through well-planned and focused ICT investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTFramed by a social exchange perspective, this study address the issue of whether positive employees’ perceptions about human resource management practices influence positive attitudes and behaviour. We hypothesize that human resource management practices (HRMP) have a significant negative effect on intention to voluntary leave the organization and a positive effect on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), and that OCB could mediate the relationship between HRMP and turnover intention. A sample of 165 employees from the Portuguese public administration participated in the study. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and hypotheses were tested using single and multiple linear regressions. Results indicate that HRMP is positively associated with OCB, but only internal communication practice is highly valued by Portuguese public employees and successfully predicts OCB. HRMP also show a positive association with turnover intention but only celebration and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the strategy was never actively implemented. The Ministry of Economy took action in 2007 to revise this strategy with the help of external assistance, but the revised strategy was never approved. It recognised that Lithuania already possessed some of the pre-requisites for developing its R&D system (such as pockets of high-level research, potential for industry-relevant applied research, some high-technology products and research-intensive services). Reaching European innovation practice for science-industiy collaboration, increasing gross expenditure for R&D (GERD) to 3% and business expenditures for R&D (BERD) to 2% and increasing high-tech share of gross domestic product (GDP) to 20% by 2010 (in seven years) were the ambitious, yet in retrospective highly unrealistic objectives set in the strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This report inventories geographic information systems resources for crime mapping, with a view to publicizing new research tools applicable to topics in sociology, public administration, criminology, and other social sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These countries face a double challenge: they must expand secondary education while also ensuring that students who complete compulsory education are at least able to read and understand texts, and to use numbers, at a level that enables them to further develop their potential and participate in knowledge-based societies. For instance, between 2003 and 2015, the population of 15-year-olds enrolled in grade 7 or above increased by almost 500 000 students in Brazil, by more than 375 000 students in Turkey and by more than 300 000 students in Mexico, reflecting the increasing capacity of these countries to retain young people in school. These improvements are also evident in improved coverage rates of the national populations of 15-year-olds (enrolled and not enrolled) in PISA samples. Countries showing positive coverage trends also include Costa Rica, Indonesia and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Des travaux supplementaires sont necessaires pour comprendre comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent accroitre de maniere efficace Foffre de logements locatifs abordables par le secteur prive. Les donnees de l’OCDE disponibles ne sont pas assez robustes pour pouvoir proceder a une comparaison internationale exhaustive, et une analyse plus poussee est necessaire pour elargir la couverture des donnees et valider leur qualite. Toutefois, les donnees existantes laissent penser que les logements occupes par leurs proprietaires beneficient d’un soutien considerable par rapport a d’autres modes d’occupation , cette situation n’est pas compatible - dans les rares pays ou des informations sont disponibles - avec la neutrality it l’egard des modes d’occupation des objectifs affiches de la politique du logement, ni avec le principe d’aider les menages qui en ont le plus besoin, qui sont generalement sous-representes parmi les proprietaires-occupants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although criticism of Enlightenment ideas has become widespread within academic circles, the basic Enlightenment narrative – an inexorable movement to a progressive condition – remains a dominant assumption within the discourses of modernization and democratization. This article analyzes how the ‘progressive’ imagination of Euromaidan protesters in Ukraine discursively produced the internal ‘other’ as a singular monolithic subject whose ‘underdeveloped’ intellectual condition was judged against an imagined scale of human progression. The argument is explicated through the discourse analysis of popular blogs on Ukrainian Pravda – a political web site that played a crucial role in organizing Maidan protests. The article analyzes 189 postings of Ukrainian Pravda bloggers starting from 26 November 2013 – the day when the bloggers’ group ‘Maidan’ was formed – until 21 January 2014, which denoted the beginning of a murderous stage of the Maidan protest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, one of the useful features of the interchange between Meth and Van der Berg et al. This takes the aggregate empirical picture a little closer to the real application of post-Apartheid policy in South Africa. The next section of this chapter briefly reviews the decomposition exercises that have been done in this regard. Such exercises are important in formally establishing the importance of the labour market and social grants in understanding South African inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The focus is on this age category rather than later stages of life for two reasons. The first is that three-fifths of missing women go missing during birth and infancy/childhood. Missing girls/women at later stages of the life cycle reflect not only discriminatory practices against women, but also poor institutions, such as lack of healthcare or water and sanitation infrastructure (World Bank, 2011).Thus, the measure used here specifically focuses on a sex-selection bias in the period of early infancy, where the bias is caused by abortion, infanticide, and the possibility that young girls are systematically less cared for in early childhood (Anderson and Ray, 2010). The data comes from Mitchell (2007) and the UN (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are expected to increase in both scale and influence over the next decades due to greater wealth and the growing need to cater to ageing populations in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Institutional investors have traditionally provided long-term capital with investment portfolios built around the two main asset classes (bonds and equities) and an investment horizon tied to the often long-term nature of their liabilities (OECD, 2015g). Looking at large OECD pension funds only, direct investment in infrastructure projects of all types accounted for 1% of their asset allocation in 2013. Green infrastructure, including clean energy, is estimated to account for an even smaller share (ibid.). Too many barriers still stand in the way of scaling-up the participation of institutional investors (Box 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Following the onset of the crisis, the share of the population in receipt of unemployment benefits has increased in all countries for which data are available, but the magnitude of the increase and its time profile differ from country to country. For countries such as Estonia, Ireland, New Zealand, Spain and the United States, where the crisis and its impact on the labour market has been particularly deep and long, the share of the working-age population in receipt of unemployment benefits has more than doubled.39 By contrast, the increase was marginal in Mexico, Japan, Poland and Sweden, although Sweden had a significant increase in unemployment. In 13 of the 34 OECD countries, the number of UB recipients has already begun to decline from its post-crisis peak, but the recipiency rates remain significantly higher than before the crisis in most countries and Germany is the only country where the rise has been totally reversed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And sometimes I think policy makers forget that data are not the plural of anecdote. The results offer a snapshot of education systems at a certain moment in time, but they do not -they cannot - show how the school systems got to that point, or the institutions and organisations that might have helped or hindered progress. In addition, the data do not really say anything about cause and effect. Correlations are often deceptive: if the birds sing when the sun rises, and they do so day after day, year after year, and in many different places around the world, it doesn’t mean the sun rises because the birds sing. That is one of the main limitations of international surveys, and that is where other forms of analysis need to kick in. That is also why PISA does not presume to tell countries what they should do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)