albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The overall contraceptive use has stood at around 50 per cent since the last decade. The policy on paper appears to be ideal, however, it has faced major setbacks during various stages of being implemented. Women completely rely on publicly supported services, but in the absence of adequate and quality family planning services, they forgo the use of contraceptives. As a result, more than half of the women receive services from private providers, which are not cost effective, and thus cost has become one of the major barriers in use of family planning methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A broader rural development strategy is also required, including infrastructural investments to better connect producers and smallholders to output markets, including rural-urban linkages. Income poverty is a major factor preventing access to food. Therefore, increasing the income level of poor households will help them obtain food that is adequate in quantity and quality, thereby reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the second year (2018/19), the programme was funded by private donations. The programme has already attracted international attention, winning the SozialMarie prize for social innovation in 2018 (Unruhe Privatstiftung, 2018,2oi]). The programme seeks to help participants orient themselves in the school system while also gaining further qualifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We attempt to improve the understanding and measurement of decentralization and its relationship with corruption in a worldwide context. This is done by presenting the conceptual underpinnings of such a relationship as well as using more defensible measures of both decentralization in its various dimensions as well as corruption for a sample of 158 countries. It is the first paper that treats various tiers of local governments (below the intermediate order of government) as the unit of comparative analysis. By pursuing rigorous econometric analysis we demonstrate that decentralization, when properly measured to mean moving government closer to people by empowering local governments, is shown to have a significant negative effect on the incidence of corruption regardless of the choice of the estimation procedures or the measures of corruption used. In terms of various dimensions of decentralized local governance, political decentralization matters even when we control for fiscal decentralization. Further v...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women's disadvantaged economic position in this regard creates a structural dependence on men for access to resources, which in turn can subject women to insecurity and violence. These practices often exist in parallel with statutory laws.42 They may discriminate against women regarding property, land and housing, and sometimes trump national laws (these practices are never codified but can in practice supersede laws, for instance when implemented locally or when used as interpretation of statutory laws). This happens in particular in rural areas, where customs and practices still shape and influence family matters and determine the position of women. Most often, these customs or practices make women's access to or control over land, property and housing dependent on a man—the husband, father or brother.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Author(s): DiSarro, Brian, Hussey, Wesley | Abstract: Governor Jerry Brown used the relatively easy budget negotiations during this budget cycle to set himself up to run as the elder statesman seeking reelection for an unprecedented fourth term as governor. But it was not budget politics or even elections that occupied Sacramento’s attention this fiscal year, but rather a series of three separate political corruption investigations and convictions in the State Senate that tarnished the Golden State. These cases not only generated a great deal of negative media attention, but they cost the Democrats three seats, as the caucus was forced to suspend all three senators. This denied the Democrats their supermajority in the Senate, and therefore the legislature as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Projects and programs on chemicals have included182 a program to support the development of National Profiles to Assess National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals. ( Antigua, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Chile, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: National Profile to Assess National Infrastructure), a project providing National Training Activities for Developing Countries on Toxic Chemicals, Environment and Health. ( In 2002, the government of Sri Lanka launched a “100 Days Program,” halting the sale of leaded gasoline in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This paper examines the way in which innovation in science policy in the UK over the last 25 years has been built around a discourse of changing preferences for modes of communication with citizens. The discussion, framed in debates and developments that deal with deliberative democracy and public engagement, draws on discourse analysis of key policy documents, statements made by members of the science policy network, and on interviews with public engagement practitioners. The relationship between science and society emerges as a 25-year old project of crisis management organised into three distinct models: public understanding of science,public engagement, and public dialogue. The analysis questions the existing narrative of progress and evolution constructed around key switch points, highlights the overwhelming influence  of public understanding of science approaches, and attends to the question of the viability of public dialogue as the mainstream activity in science communication and policy-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It region ranks among the top 12% among all OECD regions in the indicator for civic engagement which is measured by voter turnout (84.2%). It also ranks high among all OECD regions for community (in the top 19%)—that is, the perceived social support network which for Pays de la Loire is 92.3%. For safety, which is measured by the homicide rate. Pas de la Loire is less competitive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This proposal has been subject to ex-ante financial, political and technical evaluation. The implementation plan also involves a process of dialogue and advocacy led by Coralina with relevant stakeholders, including those in the tourism sector. A demonstration ecosystem services project is also being developed in which tourism facilities in an MPA can voluntarily participate and contribute funds to support the management of the MPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Promote outreach and communication activities related to migratory species. Explore the value of migratory species and the potential to create incentives for the conservation and sustainable use. Promote the preservation of local communities and indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge, innovations and practices related to migratory species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To that end, income or asset transfers are made to poor households, and protection measures are adopted for households that are vulnerable to natural hazards that damage their means of subsistence. In general, the three programmes are not well targeted, and cases of corruption and cronyism have been detected in the process of admitting beneficiary families (Rahman, 2012). Vulnerability has been incorporated as a structural factor, rather than as a circumstantial or emergency element. Those experiences combine different aspects of social protection, such as food security (through the distribution of food in famine-affected areas), and ensuring minimum incomes for working age adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This reflects deficiency in the provision of full-time ECEC services for children below 3 years of age in these countries. However, cross-national comparisons of employment rates of mothers with very young children are particularly complicated due to cross-national differences in the treatment of parents on parental leave. For example, unlike most countries, Estonia treats all parents on parental leave as economically inactive, which may contribute to the relatively low employment rate among mothers with a youngest child under the age of 3 (Figure 5.10). On average, around two thirds of all mothers with their youngest child aged 3-5 years-old in OECD countries are employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Seventh, capital account liberalization can lower the cost of capital. However, it should be gradual because excessively rapid liberalization introduces avoidable macroeconomic risks. Capital controls should be imposed if necessary (CGD, 2008, p. 57).10 Eighth, social safety nets are necessary, not primarily for pro-poor reasons, but for instrumental reasons: without them, “popular support for a growth strategy will quickly erode” (CGD, 2008, p. 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The lack of age breakdown in these figures means that we cannot ascertain the extent to which modern media messages are being consumed and/or spread by the parents/caretakers compared to adolescents. Nor do these figures tell us whether mobile phones are significant tools through which families organise care or parents and adolescents communicate. Thus, this review attempted to reflect the diversity of family practices by including major sending and receiving countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Japan, they are seen as competitors to the coastal fishers and no longer benefit from the open access they used to enjoy (FAO, 2003a). Recreational fishers in the European Union are not represented on the Advisory Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture, the main stakeholder advisory body to the EU Commission in fisheries matters.10 Recreational fishers are becoming increasingly important both because of the volume of their catches and because of the value of the contribution of the recreational fishing industry to GNP. In the United States, the contribution of marine recreational fisheries to GNP is of the same order of magnitude as commercial fisheries (FAO, 2003b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
From 2000 to 2010, around half of the sectors witnessed an increase in the difference between native-bom and foreign-bom employment shares, but the increase in the index of dissimilarity over time was mainly driven by agriculture, mining and wholesale and retail trade. The remaining columns represent the absolute value of the difference between the native-born and foreign-born sectoral employment shares. Source: Authors’ own work based on Minnesota Population Center (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since crop yield insurance market does not exist in the UK, the transaction cost in the insurance market is assumed to be 30% of the fair insurance premium based on the observation in other countries. Similarly, the cost of forward contract is assumed to be 5% of the expected price for all commodities. It uses valuable and unique time series (history) data from individual farms in seven countries to assess the risk environment faced by individual farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
I did not choose politics, politics chose me', she says. ' It chose me because I was born of a poor African woman, a domestic worker', in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Arrested, tortured and imprisoned, she suffered, 'not because of my activism alone, but because I dared as a women, a black women, to challenge the system'. The experience propelled her into a lifelong struggle for freedom from oppression, including gender oppression. But they could not deal with a female African species', she reflects. But going into exile for nearly two decades, she encountered patriarchy, 'within the liberation movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
About 70% of staff of primary and secondary rural schools agreed in a recent survey that the transition for students is very challenging (UNICEF, 2014). This suggests that while small schools might have been an effective way to ensure access to primary education, they might also be an obstacle in the transition to secondary school. The necessary expansion of preschool and secondary education services in rural areas calls for a joint review of the school network to foster better quality and equity. With most school buildings in need of an upgrade and demographic trends making rural schools even smaller, it will also be increasingly hard to justify investments in these schools when alternative approaches could deliver better quality to students, while also supporting the expansion of educational opportunities at other levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the June 2009 elections, the new Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructures has been assigned responsibilities for transport, territorial planning and public works, in addition to its responsibilities related to the environment. Renamed the Nature and Forests Administration by the Law of 5 June 2009. Since the June 2009 elections, this ministry has kept its responsibilities concerning communal affairs and water management. This act was amended and supplemented in 2007 to allow NGOs to take legal action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The biggest absolute increase in severe child deprivation was observed in Hungary (12ppt) and Greece (llppt). In half the countries, child deprivation has increased by at least lppt. Meanwhile, in six countries these rates dropped by at least the same amount: Austria (2ppt), Germany (2ppt), Poland (4ppt), Portugal (2ppt), Romania (lppt) and Switzerland (2ppt).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The centrality of gender equality for the achievement of the remaining SDGs does not imply this goal has only instrumental value. Though good for societies as a whole, substantive gender equality is most importantly a goal in its own right. At the centre of the goal of human development is broadly shared well-being, which requires the creation of conditions where all people have the right and ability to realize their full human potential and to benefit from rising living standards. A frequently overlooked attribute of investment in gender equality is that such spending can be self-financing when effects are evaluated over a medium- and long-run time horizon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter examines the role played by the judges in creating the procedural rules which govern the functioning of the ad hoc Tribunals. Noting that the bench had been tasked with devising its own rules of procedure and evidence, it queries whether judicial lawmaking in this context at the Tribunals has proven effective on the whole. It highlights the lack of transparency regarding the process of amending the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and the possibility that this lawmaking power may undermine judicial independence and conceptions of the separation of powers. In considering possible lessons to be learned, the chapter asks whether the ad hoc Tribunals may themselves have contravened international human rights law, most notably in relation to the mechanism allowing for provisional release.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only for those students that risk not being eligible for upper secondary school, the weakest students, do they find a somewhat negative correlation between a large proportion of immigrant students and grade point scores. However, country of origin is no longer a criteria and the focus has shifted to all children, regardless of ethnic background. To determine the level of grants and funding, schools use a combination of socio-economic status and parental educational attainment (see also Section 3.8.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, augmenting these well-known results with the use of relative poverty lines offers two important additional pieces of information. First, as many as slightly more than one half of those living under a dollar-a-day in the mid-2000s also happen to be relatively poor (using the 60% of median threshold). Secondly, in addition to the 25% of the developing world living on less than a dollar-a-day, an additional 8% of the developing world were not absolute poor, but were relatively poor (again, using the 60% threshold).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article traces the formation of the International Migrants Alliance (IMA) through a study of its leading organisations and central campaigns. Founded in 2008 by 108 self-described ‘grass-roots’ migrant organisations, the IMA is a transnational coalition of groups from nearly every continent of the world. I suggest that through their work in IMA, migrants express a new form of political subjectivity, a form of ‘migrant labour transnationalism.’ Migrant labour transnationalism, unlike the homeland-oriented, citizenship-based, state-supportive forms of migrant political transnationalism generally identified in the scholarship, is based on counter-hegemonic nationalisms through which migrants contest their home states’ complicity with the project of neoliberal globalisation. Migrant labour transnationalism is, moreover, formed through contentious forms of political engagement and new transnational networks through which migrants are cultivating class-based collective identifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The PoU reflects the level of undernourishment from the point of energy intake in calories for measuring regular food access, whereas the Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity (PoSFI), as an experience-based measure, allows for the measurement of the severity of the food insecurity condition at household and individual levels. Therefore, in addition to the PoU, indicators of prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity (PoMSFI) are used and collected through surveys, as per FIES methodology. According to the latest estimates in 2015-2017,2.1 percent of the total population in the ECA region has been exposed to food insecurity at a severe level (PoSFI). This prevalence in the ECA region is much lower than the world average, which was 9.2 percent during the same period. This coincides with a gradual increase in the PoU (Figure 2). More in-depth studies will be needed to investigate the causes of the recent increase observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the OECD Asia-Oceania region, the consumption of wood and of construction and industrial minerals has decoupled from economic growth in absolute terms, as has biomass (food and feed) and fossil energy carriers consumption in the OECD Europe region. Domestic material consumption remained relatively flat between 2000 and 2007, but decreased by 11% between 2007 and 2011. This trend is not isolated to OECD countries, metal and fossil fuel extraction is increasing worldwide and is growing particularly rapidly in the BRIICS countries.4 In the OECD area, the extraction of metal ores has grown at the same pace at the economy -each more than doubled between 1980 and 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
“The European Union (EU) has been misunderstood for a long time as a purely economic community. Although the EU economy plays an important role, it should not be forgotten that the EU is a community of values in the first place.” With these words the former president of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso, inaugurated one of his speeches in the European Parliament, and he added (giving the gist of his words): “For both, the ‘Treaty on European Union, 2009’ and in, the ‘EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 2000’ as well in the ‘European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and fundamental Freedoms, 1950’, values are laid down, which are applicable to all EU citizens and which impose on all of them equal rights and equal duties. These values often extend the significance of what is codified in the national constitutions of the 28 States of the EU.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The DoE could support this pioneering initiative with technical capacity to enable the local government to contribute to the overall renewable energy programme of the country. This has been combined with regulation, financial and information instruments. Solar obligations have been useful in providing a minimum share of solar powered energy in new constructions as well as renovated buildings. Increasingly municipalities and metro governments are playing a leading role through their regulatory' and planning powers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The reform programme called for increased investment by the private sector, but the firms in question did not always expand capacity at the expected rate, and, in many cases in later years, there was a reduction in total investment in energy infrastructure. The public enterprises, which all countries have preserved to a greater or lesser extent, with the single exception of Chile, have become a tool of energy policy that is very useful on several fronts. In some countries, these firms play a social role by distributing electricity in rural and remote areas that are of no interest to private investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This should be done through engagement with community groups such as parents of school children, local residents and campaign groups, including the families of those seriously injured and killed. These groups should be treated as partners in planning and decision-making. As a country that promotes advanced technology and which is a major producer of motor vehicles, Korea could be a world leader in introducing ISA. It can be noted that the 2014 Kia Sorrento sold in Europe already has the option of providing speed limit information to the driver based on map and camera technology. The same model also has a driver-set speed limiter function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Manage cultivation techniques, quality and utilisation of fertilisers. Steer the cultivation and production plans Set up the strategies, schemes, plans, procedures, norms, techniques and technologies for species of plants and fertilisers. Manage the attestation, corroboration of quality, field-testing, recognition and trademark protection of new species of plants and new fertilisers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is as political as the other practice, which does not conceal - in fact, which proclaims - its own political character. ( However, the essentially political nature of education does not mean that we can dismiss worries of bias and indoctrination. In relation to this, Roberts (1999: 20) makes an important distinction between ‘(a) transmitting a political or moral view and (b) doing this in a dogmatic way’. While we can certainly not avoid the former, all efforts must be made to avoid the latter, and students should be allowed to form their own views in dialogue with the teacher and other students. This question is particularly salient in those contexts in the Commonwealth that are currently experiencing conflict or which have experienced it in the recent past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The enactment, implementation, and adjudication processes of laws form the bedrock of democratic societies, since they underlie the relationship between the three branches of government. Just like human interaction, however, intergovernmental relationship is often problematic. Specifically, when judicial review occurs, there is always the spectre of overturning, amending, and reinterpreting legislation and executive policies. So, in what ways should courts and the political branches interface to ensure accountability? Using the concept of transformative constitutionalism, this chapter examines the interface between courts and executive agencies against the background of issues such as legal populism, climate change litigation, separation of powers doctrine, and judicial support for drugs policy and victims. It conceptualizes transformative constitutionalism as a political philosophy for promoting human welfare by the judiciary, legislature, and executive, and argues that judges alone cannot ensure social change without the cooperation of lawmakers and executive agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)