albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While the share of direct OOP payments has decreased slightly over the past decade following a series of government measures to put a threshold on the amount of out-of-pocket payments for services covered by the NHI and to reduce co-payment rates from 10% to 5% for cancer patients and people w ith cardiovascular diseases, direct OOP payments as a share of total health expenditure remained in 2013 almost two times higher (37%) than the average across OECD countries (19%). This raises concerns in terms of access to care, notably for people with income below the average. There may be numerous barriers to access to health care, including for financial reasons (if the cost of health care is considered by some people as being too high) or geographic barriers (if there are too few doctors and other health care providers in certain geographic areas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following patients through different health and health care events often requires the linkage of patient records across databases. Record linkage involves linking two or more databases using a unique patient identifier. In 2012, 14 countries had national data containing identify ing information that could be used for record linkage for hospital inpatient data for example (OECD, 2013c). Only Australia, Germany, Poland and the United States did not report a unique identifying number within their national hospitalisation databases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Gender equality in parliament also seems to be positively related to GDP per capita, but only after the 1970s. An explanation for this might be sought in the fact that the parliamentary activity of women remains limited everywhere. Looking at the relation between our overall composite index and GDP, again the relation between the two seems to get stronger after 1970, which is likely to be partly driven by the improvements in gender equality in terms of education and parliamentary activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, the "homework" indicator was removed from the construction of the educational resources dimension for Ireland. Unfortunately, the entire educational resources dimension had to be removed from the analysis for school-age children in Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, and Slovakia. As regards the oldest age group, the following countries were entirely omitted from the analysis because information on many items was not collected at all: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Slovenia and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The bidding process was submitted for public consultation in November 2013, by March 2015 the concession contract had been signed, a) Semeia is a non-profit organisation that supports the development and implementation of new management models for Brazil’s protected areas. It aims to encourage dialogue among government, private sector and civil society actors and to promote the creation of PPPs to manage protected areas. In a welcomed development, the budget of ICMBio, the main source of SNUC finance, grew by 57% between 2008 and 2014, reaching BRL 783 million (Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Only 1.4% of total lending by 29 major banks in Indonesia was considered to be “green” in 2013, according to a Bank Indonesia survey (UNEP, 2015).9 This accounted for about USD 1 billion. The 2014 Asia Sustainability Investment Review estimated that sustainable investments in Indonesia’s capital markets totalled USD 1.14 billion at the end of 2013 (UNEP, 2015). This is low in comparison to total banking activities, but not negligible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It shows that under certain conditions, feedback loops and distinct effects on income and demand aspects may interact in different stages ofthe circle, setting it in motion. Through the industrialisation process and its positive effects on employment, discretionary income (the share of a household's income that can be allocated to goods other than necessities) rises. This is primarily the outcome of better pay and more productive jobs in the manufacturing sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Twenty years after signing the UN Torture Convention, States finally start to exercise universal jurisdiction over torture offenses. In 2004 and 2005, courts in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The paper examines the benefits the sovereign member states of the EU expect to derive by granting the European Court of Justice the power to review the collective policy making decisions of the EU legislative bodies. Using the methodology of constitutional political economy it investigates the one-country one-judge rule of judicial appointments in the ECJ, the restrictions imposed on litigants to access the ECJ and the limits on the jurisdiction of the ECJ to review EU legislation. It also analyses how the presence of judicial review affects the size of the policy measures taken by the policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in Portugal the number of people with at least an upper-secondary degree is three times higher in the age group 25-34 than among the 55-64 years old. Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Spain, Chile and Brazil also have much higher shares of young graduates, confirming the fast catch-up of these countries with respect to their stock of human capital only a few decades ago. Data exclude the ISCED 3C short programmes. On average there are more young women with a tertiary or upper-secondary degree than men, particularly so in Portugal, Spain, Iceland, Italy and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This means that, in general, the share of students expecting a teaching career is larger than the share of working-age people who are teaching today. At this early stage of career orientation, however, it cannot be concluded that there is a general lack of candidates for a career in teaching. In fact, teaching, like healthcare, enjoys a clear advantage over other occupations: all 15-year-olds know that teaching exists, and they all have had some contact with teachers and have at least an approximate idea of what they do and of their working conditions. Furthermore, in many countries, students who expect to work as teachers have lower mathematics and reading scores in PISA than students who expect to work in other professions that, like teaching, require at least a university degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The idea is to match comparable people based on their individual characteristics to create two groups (the treatment group -chronically-ill people- and the control group -non-chronically-ill people), and then compare the labour market outcomes in the two groups. For instance, Cawley (2004) uses this technique in examining differences between siblings or twins. Two main types of matching are generally employed: the exact matching or the propensity score matching (PSM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The development of photovoltaic installations was also promoted for industrial policy reasons which led to a more consistent and less erratic support programme of the energy system than in the Netherlands (Vasseur and Kemp, 2011). Policies should support a wide range of technologies and cover an innovation portfolio, not only particular steps in the value chain (Grubler et al., This resulted in a wider and stringer innovation system in Germany, also due to higher R&D support by the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this framework, the determinants are divided into upstream (macro-level) factors, midstream (mid-level) factors and downstream (micro-level) factors. However, mortality is the result of past experiences of risk factors while morbidity is the result of on-going influences. As important as mortality and morbidity are for all those affected, to restrict actions to down-stream factors does not address the socio-economically driven determinants of health that are found more up-stream. Here governmental policy plays a key role, and is in turn influenced by still more up-stream determinants of global forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, a majority of EU citizens believe that the forest area and related biodiversity is decreasing in Europe and wrongly assess the threats of damage that forests face (overestimation of forest fires, underestimation of the damages caused by insects, diseases, invasive species and storms). European citizens are interested in the interconnections between forests and climate change with a majority believing that forests can help in one way or another to tackle climate change. In the context of major, interrelated economic, social and environmental challenges, what are the opportunities for the forest sector? How can the forest sector benefit from increased green public spending in related fields, such as environment, energy and water?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this paper, I examine the forces which drive the transfer of immigration policies across jurisdictions. In Part I, I survey the legal scholarship on legal transplants, public policy scholarship on policy transfer and international relations scholarship on diffusion to identify three common motivations for transfers that can operate in any area of law or policy: efficiency, prestige and coercion. In Part II, I explore two additional forces that operate in policy fields such as immigration, where there is interdependence between the policy decisions of governments: cooperation and competition. Drawing parallels with regulatory theory, I argue that transfers of immigration policy can be driven by cooperative and competitive interdependence. I conclude by arguing that identifying the forces driving a particular instance of transfer can provide a framework for critically evaluating both the process and outcomes of the transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2013, the United Kingdom Government announced its pledge to provide 0.7% of its gross national income (GNI) as ODA. The following three years, new research funds were set up to support research activities tackling challenges faced by developing countries (see box 4.1). A second aim of the research funds were also to benefit from the high quality standard of research conducted in the United Kingdom. While the Department for International Development (DFID) has committed to invest 3% of its budget in research, additional funding is expected to be provided through the new funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Finally, it is important to continue building regional-level capacity in planning, ensuring that the links between ERD and PROT are clearly understood and implemented. For example, PROT have not yet substituted Regional Plans for Urban Development (PRDU). As mentioned, only 3 regions have operative PRDU and 11 have a PRDU in the pipeline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is expected that this programme will cover 500 villages and 800,000 people. By the end of 2010, 5 mVs high-quality drinking water from Alazan-Agrichayskoy depression in Oguz region will be provided to the Absheron peninsula when the 250 km Oguz-Gabala-Baku water pipe will be completed. It is expected that with all these improvements, Baku will be served 24 hours a day with 19 m3/s of drinking water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Last-resort guaranteed minimum-income programmes (GMI), such as SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, formerly food stamps) or TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in the United States, and “Social Assistance” benefits in most European countries, have seen relatively few explicit changes in benefit amounts, although benefit levels have frequently not kept up with earnings growth so that GMI recipients are likely to have slipped further down the income distribution(notably Finland, Poland and Spain). After 2007, benefit erosion continued but tended to be less rapid, mainly because average wages growth was slower. The United States was an exception to this pattern, with a moderate post-GR increase in SNAP benefit levels relative to average wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter explains that before determining how to construct the mechanisms of government in a constitution, one first has to determine what value system should underpin the document. A constitution, like any law, is only so good as the ethical values that are its foundation. The chapter then examines the concepts of the rule of law and constitutionalism, before explaining that while broad discussion of values was conspicuous by its absence from the constitutional conventions of the 1890s, the Commonwealth Constitution nevertheless reflects by default the values of that time, which in jurisprudential terms are those of democratic positivism. In contrast to that, the chapter argues that a value-system based on human dignity, and in particular the ideas of Kant and Rawls, should underpin the constitution. These values form the framework of the remainder of the book.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the rest of the metro-region, the relative concentrations of the racial/ethnic groups within different industries are about the same, but the actual concentrations are lower, reflecting the overall smaller percentage of minorities outside the city. The concentration of racial/ethnic groups within certain industries is linked to differences in educational attainment by race (Figure 1.9), and is highly spatially segregated. Whites in the City of Chicago are far more likely to have a bachelor's degree or higher than whites residing outside the city, blacks living in the suburbs register a higher level of educational attainment than those living in the city. For Hispanics, the differences between the city and the surrounding region are not as great.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In June 2017, UN Global Pulse and GSMA launched a report on "The State of Mobile Data for Social Good" outlining the value of harnessing mobile data for social good. It highlights the current landscape, assesses the barriers to scale, and makes recommendations for ways forward (Viewpoint 21). Information about human behavior is now accessible in real-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In other terms, the development community has no other alternative but to use the CRS database. The question then becomes: should it renounce to mapping ODA to STI or other sectors in the absence of alignment of definitions? The measurement of R&D and ODA are similar in the way that they both have long histories and detailed and internationally agreed definitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For more details on the doctrine of equivalents, see below. Section 2.6 on patent claims interpretation. Even under a broad doctrine of equivalents, however, process patent claims would not encompass all possible ways of making and using a product (including unknown ones), as opposed to the scope of product patents. This option is no longer available for developing country members.79 For LDC members, the TRIPS Agreement originally provided for a transition period lasting until 1 January 2006 for the implementation of TRIPS obligations (Article 66.1). However, this period has been extended in two different ways, one affecting the implementation of the TRIPS provisions in general, and the other one relating to the protection of pharmaceutical products, in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On one hand, a mix of power plants with different characteristics such as price and ramp up and ramp down times allows grid operators to optimize electricity generation costs and increases system stability. On the other hand, an electricity network consisting solely of sources with fast response would allow electricity generation to follow electricity consumption easily. These technologies, however, are often more expensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, the shift in the nature of employment towards more temporary, less secure jobs risks placing a greater burden on individual workers to acquire the right skills and competences at their own expense.17 In many parts of the world, women are over-represented in informal occupations or the self-employed, constraining their opportunities for training, lifelong learning and skill acquisition. Providing strong policy support will be essential to ensuring the equal sharing of technological dividends from innovation. Currently, about 15-20 per cent of employees in advanced economies and 40-80 per cent of employees in developing countries are self-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While world prices have since fallen, agricultural prices and food prices inside many countries did not reflect this change with the same cadence or rhythm having remained “sticky” at high levels for an extended period of time. While the Outlook does not project food prices, there remains considerable interest in how fluctuations in commodity prices translate into changes in the cost of food. For this reason the following section discusses how food prices around the world have changed between the period of peak prices and 2009 as commodity prices have declined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the most effective approaches to increasing children’s later achievement and adjustment is to support parents in actively engaging with children's learning activities at home (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003, Harris and Goodall 2006). Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The programme allows implementation to be conducted by state agencies that meet standards established by the EPA, which most states do. Additionally, there are also clear federal laws that deal with other environmental aspects of water management, such as the preservation of biodiversity, wetlands, rivers, etc. This is an interesting indicator for measuring the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the natural assumption that the more actors there are, the more complex the situation is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A large part of this shift is being driven by public policy of the individual countries acting unilaterally. Poverty eradication objectives thus pose a challenge to achieving an adequate level of international coherence in food and energy policies. A mistake of some of the earlier “overarching” development approaches was to overgeneralize and suggest what was almost a common set of policies for all countries, leaving little room for variation and customization. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These challenge their access to more senior positions in research institutions. This approach is followed by Thuthuka programme in South Africa, which specifically targets black people and women at different stages of their careers. Applications are evaluated using several criteria, including quality, scientific contribution and potential for human capital development. Funding is granted for three years, conditional on satisfactory annual progress reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
AbstractThe last two decades have witnessed a significant turn towards community participation in public policy around the globe, raising concerns that states are resorting to ‘government through community’, shifting responsibilities onto communities. In order to unpack the ambiguous rhetoric of policy statements, this article employs ideas from evaluation methodology to develop a generic theory of change for community participation policy. The model is then utilised to analyse and compare the UK Coalition Government’s Big Society/Localism agenda and the Scottish Government’s Community Empowerment approach, demonstrating the ways in which these represent a clear example of policy divergence, and potentially significant alternatives to state–community relations in the context of austerity. The article also demonstrates the potential wider applicability of ‘theories of change’ methodology for policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In most countries, average salt consumption is considerably higher than the recommended level (Brown et al., In the United States, for example, average salt intake has been estimated to be in excess of 10 grams a day in males and 7 grams for females (Bibbins-Domingo et al., Modelling studies have shown that, in the United States alone, a modest reduction of three grams in daily salt can reduce the annual number strokes by 32 000 to 66 000, and myocardial infarction by 54 000 to 99 000 (Bibbins-Domingo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Time poverty is thus a fundamental and transversal dimension of development (Feres, 2010). Accordingly, the implications of time poverty for public policies are various, and combined analysis of time use, time poverty and income poverty would make it possible to evaluate the impacts of specific interventions and of macroeconomic policies, as well as being applicable to social planning generally. Adding the time dimension to the analysis opens the way for other possible interventions, in addition to the traditional package, in the area of social protection or poverty mitigation (Gammage, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policy makers have recognised that equitable access to quality ECEC can strengthen the foundations of lifelong learning for all children and support the broad educational and social needs of families, and they have therefore increased the resources allocated to this sector over the last decade. With this trend, governments have taken recent initiatives that aim to enhance the quality of ECEC services and improve the equity of access to ECEC settings. This is in contrast to the public debates of the past, which were limited to quantitative issues, and public spending was mainly concentrated on measures to expand access to affordable ECEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This scoring algorithm can be criticised for not giving enough weight to the real burden that each component represents for employers. Indeed, the arbitrariness of this procedure led a few researchers to try to measure dismissal costs directly, mostly based on quantifying the mandatory payments and notice periods as a percentage of labour costs (see, for example, Heckman and Pages, 2004). The drawback of this alternative method is that it is highly data-intensive, generates somewhat endogenous indicators and can hardly be extended to all components that represent a cost for employers. Moreover, evidence suggests that the cross-country rank correlation between OECD indicators and indicators obtained with this method is very high (see Venn, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nevertheless, additional efforts are required, particularly concerning the collation/analysis of spatial data (in Spatial Data Infrastructures), the strengthening of national capacities, the identification of network bottlenecks and missing links4', as well as assessments of the criticality, sensitivity and resilience of indispensable components of the transport system (e.g. bridges and tunnels), and the sharing of experiences and 'best practices'(e.g. As shown by the distribution of LPI (Figure 3.14), certain improvements are necessary in many regions. International agreements and cooperation are required together with the adoption of widely accepted/trusted uniform standards, in order to promptly identify goods and facilitate faster border and customs clearing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Data are obtained from the works of Dasgupta et al. ( For instance, it currently fails to take into account the vulnerability to melting snow and glaciers, which is a major issue for countries such as Bhutan. However, this can be remedied by not limiting the risk of flooding to that resulting from the sea level rise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)