albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Agreed international standards of conduct can be useful for the governments of LDCs in providing such restraints, although they must be standards set and agreed by LDC governments themselves, rather than imposed on them externally. In the 1990s the OECD attempted to create an international investment code to which LDCs were supposed to subscribe. This was precisely the wrong way to address the problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Teacher pension systems concentrate retirements within a narrow range of the career cycle by penalizing individuals who separate too soon or remain employed too long. The penalties result in the retention of some teachers who would otherwise choose to leave, and the premature exit of some teachers who would otherwise choose to stay. We examine the link between teachers’ pension incentives and workforce quality and find no evidence to suggest that the incentives raise quality. Given the large and growing costs associated with maintaining teacher pension systems, and the lack of evidence regarding their efficacy, experimentation by traditional and charter schools with alternative retirement benefit structures would be useful. C � 2013 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A sector-specific example of a pro-innovation initiative comes from Canada: the Canada Mining Innovation Council launched a zero waste initiative which prioritises innovation that is expected to lead to significant reductions in mining waste. These approaches can be up-scaled and broadened if improving resource efficiency is integrated into national innovation policies, research partnerships are promoted and barriers to the entry of new firms and to the development of new business models are removed. The global economy requires around USD 90 trillion of investment in infrastructure between 2015 and 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Authoritarian rulers need law and courts as instruments of rule, to perform such functions as social control, legitimation, administrative accountability, and encouragement of investment and trade, but more than their democratic colleagues they find it difficult to sacrifice political power. Consequently, they fashion weak and dependent courts, opt for fragmented jurisdiction (with special tribunals for matters of regime interest), readily readjust the jurisdiction of courts and judicial discretion when they are provoked, or create formally independent courts that are undermined by informal practices. Authoritarian rulers prefer narrow positivist understandings of law to avoid constraints but may face pressures to meet international standards for the protection of business or human rights. Rule by law rather than any version of rule of law characterizes the role of law in authoritarian states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Novo Nordic - one of the world's largest producers of diabetes care products - recently made a partnership with the biggest Danish energy supplier DONG Energy. Novo Nordic will buy "green energy” from DONG Energy and in this way contribute to the build-up of Danish wind energy. It has redefined itself as a “cleantech” company - working to help its customers save electricity and, at the same time, develop new CO2 reducing technologies. And the Director of Danfoss recently convened a meeting for world business leaders in Copenhagen in order to establish a “Copenhagen Climate Council.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The economy and suicide: a time-series study of the USA. -Poor and uninsured to be treated at designated hospitals and prescribed generic medicine. - Increase in user charges from €3 to €5 for public outpatient facilities, some user charges for vulnerable groups removed. -Liberalisation of pharmacies -Hospital output based funding used for hospital budget from 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Italian approach to digitalising schools (Box 4.1) offers one example of the need to put pedagogy in the driver’s seat to use technology effectively. The aim was that the plan would be conducive to new teaching practices, new models of school organisation, and new products and tools to support quality teaching. The plan was to equip Italian classrooms with ICT, namely interactive whiteboards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In general, primary care and other non-acute care services in Denmark appear to be performing efficiently under growing demands. The proportion of patients who visited an emeigency department due to the unavailability of primary care was the lowest among EU countries in 2011-13 (Figure 14). Potentially avoidable hospital admission rates for heart failure are low. For example, standardised admission rates for diabetes vary 1.5-fold between regions and avoidable admissions of people over 65 vary two-fold across Danish municipalities (from less than 40 to over 90 per 1000 population). Delays in discharges from hospital also vary widely (OECD. This suggests some unwarranted variation in access to, and quality of, primary care services and post-acute care, as well as the need for greater coordination across all levels of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Ontario, Canada, for example, school principals and vice-principals can be re-assigned to a different leadership position or dismissed from their responsibilities if appraisal has resulted in a third unsatisfactory rating and after the introduction of improvement plans. In New Zealand, school principals are typically employed on a permanent basis. In case of serious concerns, however, a competency process designed to provide remedial support may be initiated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, assessing the impact of job quality on labour productivity based on firm-level data, as well as exploring the role of institutions, labour market policies, firm type and management practices in generating a virtuous cycle of higher quality jobs, better health and higher productivity would provide further critical evidence for giving job quality the place it deserves in the policy recommendations on labour market performances. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This provides the very rationale for the concept of poles of clean and sustainable growth developed in this Review, which would contribute to re-establishing equilibrium between supply and demand, and moving towards patterns of production and consumption along sustainable development lines. What is required in the medium and long term for broadening the base and enhancing the impact of the growth-poles approach is a supportive policy framework, including, for example, the removal of perverse subsidies, public support for research and development (R&D), as well as the diffusion and operational deployment of technologies, green public procurement and government-backed green financing schemes. These should be supported by price signals (a blend of carbon/material taxes and emissions trading) to induce a shift to a low-carbon and material-efficient economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But they cannot provide ex post facto justification of payments that were introduced for a different reason and whose level has nothing to do with the cost of the environmental action required. Well-targeted measures are those that address the operational policy objectives as directly as possible, and the measures are well tailored if the rate and duration of support are commensurate with the cost of providing the expected outcomes (OECD, 2007b and 2008a). Again, this is not abstract theory or wishful thinking, but very practical policy advice, illustrated by the OECD with several examples of best practice in the form of concrete policies pursued in individual OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These remaining gaps not only undermine the well-being of societies, but represent missed opportunities for achieving economic growth that benefits all. To be successful, governments need effective governance mechanisms, and sound public sector capacities to ensure effective implementation of gender equality initiatives. The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality. This work builds on the extensive expertise developed by the Public Governance Committee and its policy communities, including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Forest and Soil Management Branch of SEMARNAT evaluates project applications and technical studies, and undertakes on-site visits to assess the projects. If an application is satisfactory, SEMARNAT determines the in-lieu fee to be paid for compensation. Once the interested party has paid the fee, the authorisation for the land-use change is then granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Technology can help rural residents provide and access information about service quality' and about alternative providers. Geolocation facilitates matching between the supply of and demand for services. Renewable energy can reduce “fuel poverty” that can be a common feature of remote regions, by allowing isolated communities to produce their own energy instead of importing expensive conventional fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Density credits and other incentives for developers, as well as the overhaul of zoning codes help implement these strategies (OECD, 2011). While large cities can produce beneficial effects from agglomeration, population growth can bring with it negative externalities. The continued growth of cities raises transportation costs and leads to increases in land values, higher living costs, labour shortages and environmental degradation. All complicate continued inclusive and sustainable growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nonetheless, according to the same surveys, 18% of the population report not having any health insurance - signalling a lack of awareness that is likely to translate into poor health care access, poor outcomes and continued financial risk. That review made detailed recommendations for improving health system performance in six areas: 1) ensuring adequate funding of the health system, 2) tackling the remaining barriers in accessing services for those not covered by social security, 3) encouraging greater efficiency of health care providers, 4) encouraging greater productivity of health care professionals, 5) promoting the quality and effectiveness of care, and 6) improving governance of the system. Regarding the former, Seguro Popular has gradually expanded its package, particularly for cancer and other the interventions covered by the fund for high-cost diseases. The National Survey of Health and Nutrition, ENSANUT, and work by the National Institute of Public Health suggest that sendee availability has generally improved, and availability of prescribed medications in particular. In rural areas, the Mobil Medical Units (formerly Caravanas de la Salud) programme, implemented in 2007, appears to have had some transitory benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While all public social expenditures serve a redistributive role to some extent, only a minority part of total social spending is in fact devoted to cash benefits with a direct impact on the incomes of the non-elderly. Annex Table Al shows that, over time, almost all countries devoted declining shares of total spending to cash benefits that mostly benefit children and working-age individuals.14 On average the share of these “non-elderly” benefits declined from 26.5 percent in 1985 to 21.4 percent in 2005 (without counting early retirement benefits, the decline is somewhat smaller, but still substantial, when they are included). Despite growing overall public social expenditure, this drop is sufficiently large to translate into a significant reduction of “non-elderly” benefit expenditure relative to GDP on average (from 4.9 to 4.5 percent across 29 countries, upper panel of Figure 4).15 Between the mid-80s and the mid-90s, however, sizable reductions were only observed in a few countries (Belgium, France, Ireland, Netherlands) while the majority of countries recorded increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Inconsistent approaches to setting reference flows and managing water permits can create conflicts, as can the absence of defined flow requirements for transboundary rivers. There is also the potential for allocation decisions to be taken at a state or basin level (and based on state or local priorities) on matters of national significance and in conflict with national priorities. For instance, while hydropower generation is a national priority, in some basins (e.g. Sao Marcos), irrigated agriculture may have more value. In such circumstances it is difficult to balance priorities between nation-wide energy needs and regional development. Stakeholders in the basins may fail to see the big picture, and national players may fail to consider local issues. There are also the benefits of a more holistic approach to basin management, which is supported by retaining greater control over management decisions at a higher level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As such, action that is in effect adaptation may not be viewed as such by the company in question. This paper has adopted a broad perspective, in that it includes as adaptation measures that have been taken in relation to existing climate extremes which additionally improve companies’ resilience to climate change, and measures that have either been identified by the respondents as relating to climate change, or to circumstances that have been made worse by climate change. Information on companies’ adaptation experiences has been obtained by directly contacting 16 companies (see Annex 2 for a full list of companies). Based on companies’ responses to the 2009 CDP questionnaire, companies which were particularly active on climate issues were identified and requested to participate in this analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As such, a USD 1 trillion investment gap exists which would need to be addressed. Decarbonising the power sector in this manner will require switching from traditional fossil-fuel plants to a mix of renewables, nuclear and fossil-fuel plants equipped with CCS. The investment requirements rise rapidly between 2030 to 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Kahler v. Kansas, the Supreme Court held that the Kansas did not violate the Due Process Clause when it abolished the insanity defense. The outcome was predictable, but it reached its result in a particularly odd way. The Court does not say that abolition of the insanity defense is constitutional, but rather that Kansas did not really abolish the insanity defense at all. I seek to show in this article that the Court’s analysis is wrong as a matter of constitutional law and proper understanding of criminal law principles. One important lesson from this case is this: when you ask the wrong question, you get the wrong answer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 4 examines the role of innovative eco-social policies in promoting transformative change and climate change resilience. In conclusion, section 5 identifies the kinds of eco-social policies that can support the transformation to sustainability. The interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and human well-being has been increasingly recognized since the term sustainable development was popularly defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report7 and taken up at the 1992 Earth Summit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, this approach could be used to report climate-relevant information voluntarily to the UNFCCC as well. Several countries that provide development support to developing countries also report on this information domestically, for example in financial yearbooks and public expenditure reports.18 Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed countries shall communicate “indicative quantitative and qualitative information” on finance provided and mobilised including, as available, projected levels of public financial resources. The use of the term “indicative” suggests this provision refers to communication of expected amounts of finance to be provided and mobilised in the future.19 Such reporting, which is currently voluntary, could be made more complete and transparent (UNFCCC, 2015d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The same applies to transitional justice reforms: securing all human rights of women and girls is important for full post-conflict transformation. For example, the fulfilment of rights such as economic and social rights is imperative for the eradication of gender-based violence and for women to be able to take on more active roles in peacebuilding. Extreme poverty and unequal access to land, property, education and services have been mentioned as some of the reasons for women's low participation in peace processes and in politics, and structural inequalities including socioeconomic ones are often raised as root causes for gender-based violence. It also calls on all parties to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements, and to take into account the particular needs of women and girls, including in their design (para.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nafis Sadik grew up in a tumultuous time K I £ j Q J Jin history, one that in 1947 saw the birth of her country. But Sadik had a vision that she could change the world for the better. She completed a medical degree in obstetrics, served poor rural women and men, and helped shape the first national population policy for Pakistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Introductory questions should be easy and pleasant to answer, spark the respondents interest in participating and begin to open communication between the interviewer and the respondent. These principles are particularly important for surveys on violence against women, since they contain topics that can cause embarrassment, shame and fear and which respondents would often prefer to keep private. The sequence of questions is therefore critical in terms of preparing respondents for the questions to come and ensuring that respondents are oriented towards thinking about and disclosing their experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 2000 and 2014, employment rates among 15-to-64 year-old German women increased by over 11 percentage points, from 58.1% to 69.5%. Germany boasted the second-largest increase in female employment in the OECD over that period, second only to Chile. The OECD-wide gender gap in full-time employment rates w'as 22.4 percentage points in 2013, with the gap in Germany slightly wider at 24.6 percentage points (Figure 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although a relatively large share of the total area is protected, natural reserves and parks do not adequately represent the country’s diversity of habitats. Relatively large shares of fauna and flora species are threatened. This chapter reviews Israel’s biodiversity policy and institutional framework, along with the priorities, principles and actions outlined in the National Biodiversity Strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
1. Gender and Multiculturalism-Dislodging the Binary between Universal Human Rights and Culture/Tradition: North/South Perspectives 2. In the Name of What? Defusing the Rights-Culture Debate by Revisiting the Universals of Both Rights and Culture 3. Multiculturalism in South Africa: Dislodging the Binary between Universal Human Rights and Culture/Tradition 4. Territorial Pluralism and Family-Law Reform: Conflicts between Gender and Culture Rights in Federations, North and South 5. Beyond the Limitations of the Impasse: Feminism, Multiculturalism, and Legal Reforms in Religious Family Laws in India 6. Muslim Women and Human Rights: Does Political Transformation Equal Social Transformation? 7. Masculinities without Tradition 8. Reading the Racial Subtext of the Quebecois Accommodation Controversy: An Analytics of Racialized Governmentality 9. Worrier Nation: Quebec's Value Codes for Immigrants 10. Marking modernity: gender, bodies and politics in contemporary South African debates 11. 'Honour Killing' in the Immigration Context: Multiculturalism and the Racialization of Violence Against Women
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The purpose of the present article is to examine whether judicial review, meaning the reviewing of the legality of decisions of political organs by an independent judicial organ, can be regarded as a general principle of law of civilised nations in terms of Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (hereinafter ICJ). This question gains significance in the light of the fact that the United Nations Charter (hereinafter the Charter) is unclear on whether the ICJ has the right to review resolutions of the organisation's political organs, notably the Security Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Viet Nam, whether or not a sewerage system is available, septic tanks continue to be the norm for individual households. Although households are obliged to connect their septic tanks to the sewerage network, connections are sometimes extremely difficult in cramped urban centres and residents are naturally reluctant to undergo the inconvenience of intrusive works within their properties. Moreover, not being convinced of the benefit of the sewerage system, they often object to paying for the connection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Results from the OECD’s 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that 15-year-old students who attended pre-primary education perform better on PISA than those who did not, even after accounting for their socio-economic backgrounds (OECD, 2013c and 2013d). Enrolment rates in low-income economies are low (less than 50% in all developing economies in the Asia/Pacific region in 2011) compared to richer economies. Macau (China), Korea, Hong Kong (China), Thailand, New Zealand and the Maldives all have pre-primary education enrolment rates exceeding 80%. Pre-primary education: Data refer to 2010 for Australia, Indonesia and Myanmar, 2009 for Philippines, 2008 for Hong Kong (China), 2007 for Maldives, 2006 for the Kyrgyz Republic, 200S for Pakistan, 2004 Macau (China), data are not available for Sri Lanka, Buthan, Timor-Leste, Armenia and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The article investigates engagement in anti-corruption activism in Bulgaria and Hungary. Since the late 2000s, protest events occurred in greater numbers in the two post-communist countries, addressing questions either directly or indirectly related to high-level or political corruption. Bulgarian and Hungarian collective anti-corruption actors share a common framing of the issue ('state corruption' or 'state capture'), though their struggles vary in their modes and strategies ('civic self-organisation' versus the dominant role of 'transactional activism'). The article crucially reconstructs the context within which anticorruption activism took place, the different forms of mobilisation, and the specific framing of the issue by means of original interviews with prominent Bulgarian and Hungarian activists. Finally, attention is devoted to the subaltern fortunes of these struggles in attaining the aspired goal of societal accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)