albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This law also reorganised the central administration, introduced measures to facilitate co-ordination among public entities and strengthened the Prime Minister’s Office’s function to co-ordinate and evaluate public policies. Efforts to ensure open policy-making are also supported by Open Government Initiative, which promotes a digital agenda to: better engage citizens in policy making, simplify bureaucracy, and increase transparency. In particular, skills policies and programmes are perceived as complex and ever-changing, making it hard for stakeholders, and in particular business, to interact effectively with public authorities. Accordingly, lack of co-ordination and co-operation within the public sector and between public authorities and the private sector were identified as key issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Affordable housing is necessary for the social integration of immigrants and for local development (Collier and Venables, 2013). Accessible transport systems help migrants to access work which in turn sparks off economic development. Investing in social inclusion strategies is necessary if migration is to pay dividends in terms of economic benefits for cities (Qlaglar, 2014). With the renewed enthusiasm among international communities and scholars to rethink cities, city mayors and urban policymakers are starting to see immigration reform in major destination countries like the United States as an urgent economic imperative for cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Life expectancy at birth increased rapidly by four years from 70.5 years in 2000 to 74.5 years in 2014 (Figure 1.2) and by more than 20 years since 1970. Infant mortality has decreased from 56.3 to 13.6 per 1 000 population since 1990, which is below the average in Latin America. Child mortality decreased in a similar fashion from 79.7 to 17.5, also below the regional average. In line with the Latin American region as a whole, Peru has considerably narrowed the gap to the average of OECD countries in tenns of main health indicators, with Peru developing even faster than most of its neighbours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the model pioneered by the Grameen Bank loans are given to groups of five, with one member being the head of the group. The first loan goes to the first two members of the group, the second to the next two members, and the third loan goes to the group leader. If one member fails to repay then the whole group is denied a loan. This model thus makes use of private information, peer support, peer pressure and joint liability to overcome the challenge of asymmetric information that typically exists between borrowers and lenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Common wisdom has it that the Atlantic Alliance can hardly succeed in Afghanistan. It has too few troops to man the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), the Afghan government is too ineffi-cient to provide good governance, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) are too corrupt to take over responsibility once ISAF switches to a supporting role, allies are too tired to continue the war effort. And the list goes on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Leadership in particular, a key factor in school effectiveness, does not seem to figure strongly in evaluation frameworks. The Smarter Schools National Partnership “School Leadership Development Strategies” project being undertaken by AITSL aims to develop a national approach to enhance school leadership capacity. Typically a school review is followed by the formulation of recommendations for improvement which the school is supposed to implement following the preparation of an improvement plan. However, the Review Team formed the view that the degree of follow-up by school review authorities was variable, including within an educational jurisdiction, depending on the capacity of regional networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The spread of HIV/AIDS reverses that process as organisations experience disruption, and declining income undercuts the earlier gains achieved through specialisation and the division of labour. The potential fall in income for the individual arising from HIV/AIDS-related expenditure can result in a decrease in savings and a reorganisation of consumption patterns. Often it is the case that households are forced to redirect funds away from education, general healthcare for uninfected family members and even from food, into treatment and care for the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Countries with low consumption levels (e.g., Iceland, Ireland) report higher rates of alcohol-related social and psychiatric problems than countries with high consumption levels (e.g., France, Italy). But these variations are related to different cultural beliefs, attitudes, norms and expectancies about drinking. Societies with generally positive beliefs and expectancies about alcohol (integrated drinking-cultures) experience significantly fewer alcohol related problems, societies with negative or inconsistent beliefs and expectancies (ambivalent drinking cultures) are associated with higher levels of alcohol-related problems. Figure 5 presents the proportion of frequent drinkers against the proportion of heavy episodic drinkers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, the HOI is used to measure the degree of equality of opportunity on a scale that goes from 0 to 1, with 0 representing absolute inequality and 1 being equivalent to full equality of opportunity. This indicator serves as a yardstick for the distribution of social services within a country by income level, in other words, it measures the concentration of public social services by geographic area (urban/rural) and by income distribution. A comparison made using a sample of 16 Latin American countries yields a negative relationship between the two (see figure 8): countries with low HOI ratings, such as El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, have high murder rates, whereas countries with high HOI ratings, such as Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, have low murder rates. The productivity gains associated with greater equality of opportunity drive up wages and thus reduce violence and poverty rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
More specific estimates of future spending are even rarer: only one-third of respondents could provide estimates of climate-specific finance for the upcoming year. At COP 16 in 2010, reporting provisions for Annex II countries on climate finance were extended to become more frequent via biennial reports. As previous analysis has shown (Ellis and Moarif, 2015), the guidelines for reporting climate finance information in national communications and biennial reports overlap significantly, but are not a complete match with each other nor with the coverage of the USD 100 billion per year commitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is consistent with the point made previously: it is more difficult to reduce relative poverty, because it requires the incomes of the poorest not only to rise, but to rise by more than die incomes of the wealthiest. So, insofar as the trend towards lower absolute poverty continues in the region, it becomes increasingly important to take the relative perspective into account in poverty measurement. These baskets originated in the works of Booth (1892 and 1897) and Rowntree (1901,1936 and 1951), and included basically subsistence goods. For example, Rowntree’s work of 1936 included: (i) intake of food to maintain health and the ability to work, (ii) a house with three bedrooms, a living room, kitchen and bathroom, (iii) clothing fit to maintain bodily health, and (iv) cleaning materials and repair or replacement of household utensils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article questions the centrality of interest-based explanation in political science. Through an examination of the “turn to ideas” undertaken in the past decade by rationalist and nonrationalist scholars in both comparative politics and international relations, it seeks to make three points. First, interests are far from the unproblematic and ever-ready explanatory instruments we assume them to be. Second, the ideational turn of historical institutionalism and constructivist international relations theory marks a substantive theoretical shift in the field precisely because it problematizes notions of action that take interest as given. Third, such scholarship emerged from, and in reaction to, the inherent limits of rationalist treatments of interests and ideas. That it did so suggests that progress in the discipline may be more dialectic—rather than linear or paradigmatic—than we realize.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This means sustainable utilisation, conservation and management of the resource based on scientific information and applied expertise guided by respect for the marine ecosystem as a whole. Iceland’s National Strategy for Sustainable Development contains objectives specific to living marine resources and state that management should both aim to minimise any negative ecosystem impacts associated with fishing and use the best scientific information available to ensure fish stocks remain at sustainable levels. The management system has proven successful at achieving most of this, securing an economically sustainable fishing industry while also contributing to biological sustainability'. The Icelandic fleet has been reducing in size and becoming more profitable, the carbon footprint of the industry is reducing, fishing pressure has been declining and safety at sea has radically improved recent decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nonetheless, the data also show a reduction in the volume of contracts for grains, oilseeds and other food commodity products in the latter months of 2008, so the impact of commodity price speculation could be limited to a specific period (ECLAC, 2008b). Nonetheless, there are several reasons to expect the rise in food prices to have a regressive impact varying from country to country and the population concerned. Generally speaking, the poverty impact of world food prices will depend on the degree to which international prices are passed through to local markets, the initial scale of poverty, the balance between households that are net buyers and net sellers of food products, the percentage of the budget that poor households spend on food, and the trend of the ratio between incomes earned from low productivity jobs and food inflation. These include several Central American and Caribbean countries, which also face high logistics and transport costs, access difficulties to food products and productive bottlenecks (such as a shortage of seeds and fertilizers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is also proposed to extend the wastew'ater network, so that 50% more people can join the wastew'ater network. For this purpose it is needed to build a 2.3 km long new wastewater netw'ork (including 300 m collectors), which w'ill cost EUR 200 000. Thus, for rehabilitation and expansion of Vardenik’s w'astewater system around EUR 240 000 will be required. For this purpose it is necessary to build a wastewater network of 3.5 km length (of which 1.5 km collector to the w'astew'ater treatment plant).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The articles in this special issue are drawn from papers presented at a conference titled Critical Terrorism Studies: Practice, Limits and Experience. The conference was organised by the Critical Studies on Terrorism Working Group of the British International Studies Association (BISA). The event was supported by both a BISA workshop grant and by Loughborough University’s Centre for the Study of International Governance (CSIG) and was held at Loughborough University from 9–10 September 2013. The conference aimed to explore what we know about terrorism and counterterrorism and importantly to ask how we know it. Reflecting the recent “materialist”, “everyday”, “experiential” and “narrative” turns in the fields of International Relations (IR), Geography and Cultural Theory, the event brought together scholars and practitioners to reflect on practices of research and knowledge production in Critical Terrorism Studies and related fields. The articles in this special issue reflect those aims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Buildings themselves can be made significantly more efficient through proper insulation, white roofing and smart architecture/ landscaping. In-home products such as household appliances continue to consume comparatively large volumes of electricity. Their inefficiency is exacerbated in the Caribbean by the prevalence of outdated equipment and a lack of strong efficiency standards for new appliances, although progress is being made across the Caribbean thanks to work by the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ 2015) and the OAS (2015) and, for example, with the formation of the Barbados Energy Performance Label by the Barbados National Standards Institute (BNSI2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
What are the virtues of institutions we take for granted—universities, the study of the social sciences and humanities, and scholarship on professions such as law? What are the vices of the disciplinary structure of the social sciences, even in the law and society movement and criminology that started as interdisciplinary projects? Research on regulation within an interdisciplinary structure, the Regulatory Institutions Network, is used to illustrate the difficulties of attempts to change direction in the social sciences. The article advocates the creative destruction of disciplinary structures by organizing in tents that study institutionalization (rather than buildings that study categories of institutions). To keep pace with social change, pulling tents down and endlessly pegging out new ones is a path forward. A politics of defending universities and opposing the disciplines that have captured them does not mean advocacy of restructuring. If more interesting work issues from poorly funded tents than f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, climate change risk and vulnerability assessments are widely used to monitor if the identified risks change over time (e.g. Kenya, Morocco, Germany and the UK). Kenya’s climate change action plan outlines a comprehensive list of potential and priority mitigation and adaptation needs (Republic of Kenya, 2012b). The complementary National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF), referred to as the MRV+ system, tracks both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such a move w'ould allow for a more integrated, national system for ownership and management of hospital estates. The NHS could strengthen monitoring and evaluation of provider activities, selectively contracting with better-performing providers to drive quality improvement. In the same vein, the NHS could look to contract more often with independent providers, on clear cost/quality criteria, with expected outcomes specified in contracts. Selective purchasing could be applied also by the private voluntary health insurance schemes by focusing not only the cost but also the quality aspects of health care. Alongside these efforts, public reporting of provider assessment should also be developed as such information could be used to promote user choice of provider. Such a plan should consider training needs, based on expected retirement rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The composite can hide important trend patterns for individual species. Farmland bird population indices are available only for OECD Europe, Canada and the United States, but efforts are being made under the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership to develop the global WBI, building on national data. The State of the Birds 2013: Report on Private Lands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Faced with the possibility that their marriage could end in divorce, women sought to obtain paid employment, enabling them to be independent in the event of the breakdown of their marital union (Hassani and Sjogren, 2014). It enjoins States Parties to ensure, on a basis of equality between men and women, “the same rights and responsibilities as parents, irrespective of their marital status, in matters relating to their children” (16.1(d)) and “the same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation” (16.1(f)), adding in both clauses that “in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount.” The husband is in general the legal guardian of his minor children during the marriage and in the event of its dissolution. The mother may retain custody of her children until they reach a certain age but, depending on the country, she will have to defer to the father in all or most decisions under the guardianship principle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently, the impact ofUI on work incentives per se may be weaker in emerging economies. The welfare implications of UI depend on the extent to which increased duration on unemployment derives from a liquidity (or income) effect, i.e. the reduced need to return to work quickly to limit the impact of job loss on consumption, or a moral-hazard (or substitution) effect, i.e. the reduction in search intensity due to the subsidisation of unproductive leisure. The latter is a socially detrimental response as it fails to take account of the cost of unemployment for society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It aims to provide those “who live or work with young people who have been exposed to chronic adversity” with knowledge and insight on how to care for these children and adolescents in non-clinical settings (Bath, 2016(233]). In 2018, appxoximately 35 schools across the country have participated in the training course and further courses are planned for 2019. The municipality had received many refugees from Syria in the period 2014-15 and the school staff felt that they did not have the right tools to best care for this group of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most emphasized income poverty, education and health, but there was less attention to employment, environment, hunger and maternal mortality targets. Yet surprisingly, the consensus on poverty as a priority has not generated new thinking about policy alternatives for faster poverty reduction. That approach has emphasized macroeconomic stabilization and adoption of Washington Consensus-style macroeconomic policies to promote aggregate economic growth based on private investments and market liberalization. Additionally, greater focus was placed on social sector investments to meet basic needs and social protection policies. In fact, some developing countries have successfully pursued equitable growth strategies that have not only led to growth with income poverty reduction but also to reduced inequality and improved social outcomes as measured by the MDGs. These countries have taken a more interventionist approach by promoting expansionary macroeconomic policies, raising taxation and public expenditure, expanding employment, and raising incomes of the poor through minimum wage legislation and conditional cash transfers.6 Effective macroeconomic policies for the achievement of the MDGs are discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A study done in Thailand in a broader context of rapid fertility decline in a third-world setting reveals the use of four proximate determinants borrowed from the proximate determinant framework. Among other determinants, primary sterility and coital frequency have not been observed to influence the ongoing fertility decline (Knodel, 1979, Knodel, Chamrethirang and Debavalya, 1982). The conclusion arrived at by this study clearly mentions that, "Thailand's reproductive revolution is largely the product of increasing deliberate marital fertility control. In brief, Thailand has already entered into the most advanced stage of fertility transition." (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The MBISC delivers green skills training with a focus on eco-friendly building techniques and sustainability. The Northern Sydney Institute, for example, has adopted an environmental policy committing it “to establishing, promoting and maintaining a culture of environmental responsibility, both within the Institute and in the wider community” (NSI, 2009). This Institute has been accredited with ISO 14001 for Environmental Management Systems, observing on its website that it is the only TAFE institute to achieve and maintain this international standard. The Sydney Institute publishes a “Sustainability Report Card” on its website (Sydney Institute, 2010), which includes highlights such as the establishment of green skills forums and projects to work with industry, annual reductions in its environmental footprint and the creation of new training facilities for workers in the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women who lose their jobs lose less household income than men (Figure 13.3). Lower earnings might explain this result, as well as the buffer role played by their partner’s income: as men tend to earn higher wages, on average, than women, job loss by the male partner implies on average a greater income loss for the household budget. For instance, in the Netherlands, where 75% of women with dependent children work part-time, only around 15% of partnered women who lose their job also experience a significant loss of income (of 20% or more).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Preparatory education lasts between 6 and 12 months. Immigrants are also provided information and guidance on different occupations and vocational studies. When immigrants later apply for an upper secondary vocational programme through the joint application system, they can receive extra points for completed preparatory education. Information on job training and education opportunities, and practical tips on getting a job or changing career, can be very helpful for young adults and unemployed adults, as well as those who have been inactive in the labour market for a while.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The supply-side concentration in the international market for hard coal as for instance measured by the HHI is in fact quite high (IEA, 2007). Due to a variety of facts such as Southern and South-Eastern China becoming more import dependent and Indonesia tightening exports, both, the correlation of hard coal benchmark prices for major import areas (such as the API#2 index for delivery to Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp) with world oil prices, as well as price volatility have increased over the last few years. Often international trade flow data for fuels are hard to get by, amongst others for confidentiality reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It guides the reader through what makes water governance improve in practice and how to foster peer-to-peer dialogue and bench learning across cities, basins and countries facing similar types of water governance challenges. The chapter provides lessons learnt at various levels (local, basin, national) as well as for policy frameworks, institutions and policy instruments, and could help with fiiture implementation of the OECD Principles. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Earnings quality is captured by average eamings (measured in PPP-adjusted USD), labour market insecurity denotes the risk of extreme low-pay among the employed (measured in percentage points), while the quality of the working environment captures the incidence of long working hours (60+) among all employed (measured in percentage points). The reference category is low-educated males aged 15-29 working in the formal sector. For more information on data sources, see the respective figure notes in the main text.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)