albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the new quality evaluation system, labour market aspects are quite prominent, which is manifested in the increasing importance of alumni surveys and the composition of (external) assessment panels (Hogskoleverket, 2011). For instance, the Times Higher-QS World University ranking adopts graduate employability as one of the indicators, however this accounts for only 10% of the overall ranking, an impact which is negligible compared to the high weight given to research quality (De Weert, 2011). The perception that the demand for skills is rapidly changing across OECD countries has spurred attempts to predict which sectors and occupations are most likely to expand in the years to come.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some Australian economists, including the government’s Climate Change adviser Ross Garnaut and the Productivity Commission, argue that a market based solution such as a price on carbon at the global and national level will be sufficient to drive change towards a low carbon economy. Industries and households will respond to higher prices of carbonintensive goods and services and shift to low carbon goods and services. In this view, local policy instruments, including regulations and incentives, are costly and inefficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Early childhood education and care institutions are financed by local authorities through subsidies received from the central government. Parents pay a contribution for operating costs (with a discount for a siblings) and the local council must grant financial aid to eligible parents. Public schools are funded by municipalities, and it is up to each municipality to determine the funding and level of service provided to schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article examines the role of citizens in the process of building and managing city brands. A multidisciplinary approach is applied to explain the multifaceted nature of territorial brands and citizen involvement. To this end, theoretical concepts from marketing and corporate branding, public management, and human geography are applied. By conceptualising place branding as a public policy and a governance process, and drawing from the concept of participatory place branding, the author discusses a variety of methods and instruments used to involve citizens. Special attention is given to the importance of modern technologies for effective citizen involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The enabling environment is central to making the most of business investments such as those of Nile Breweries. Policies that work in a joined-up way to strengthen education and training, access to credit, infrastructure, land rights and other property rights - these can all multiply the benefits from value chain investments and ensure the gains ripple out beyond the immediate beneficiaries, such as those smallholder farmers who are our direct suppliers. Partnerships such as Grow Africa help to align investment, practical collaboration and policy development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While there is considerable debate as to whether households headed by women are overrepresented among the poor (Chant, 2003), there is evidence of a strong association between household poverty and sole or primary reliance on female earnings (Kabeer, 2008a, Chen and others, 2005, Sender, 2003). Research carried out in the aftermath of financial crises in Asia and elsewhere confirmed that, in the absence of social security provision for informal workers, womens paid and unpaid labour helped to sustain their households (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), 2003). Womens access to land and housing has been shown to have important implications for household productivity (Deere and others, 2004, Katz and Chamorro, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The share of climate-related ODA has grown from 4% of total bilateral ODA in 2005 to 19% in 2014 (OECD, 2016b). Research carried out for this report drawing on data for bilateral ODA commitments, finds that it is very difficult to prove or disprove that the increasing volume of climate-related aid is reducing the volumes of aid available for other activities (see Figure 7). Figure 7 also includes ODA for general environmental protection and energy in order to allow for a comparison with sectors that are generally linked with higher shares of climate ODA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, in the case of human resources in the health-care sector, the data on the number of physicians (per 10,000 population) indicate that in most of the least developed countries the figure is around 1 -2. Tuvalu, with a figure of 11 is the exception. In contrast, in landlocked developing countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Mongolia, the respective figure exceeds 25, which is still far below that of other developing countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
From a human capital perspective, schooling has long represented an engine of economic growth, individual advancement, and competitiveness in the global market. In recent years, this theorization of schooling has become linked with articulations of national security in both the Global North and South, as policymakers, private sector actors, and international donor agencies frequently describe economic growth and opportunities for individual advancement as requisites to social and political stability. Lost amid the current US foreign policy discourses about the Middle East is an analysis of how neo-liberal educational reforms in both regions are similarly reconfiguring relationships between the nation-state and its young citizens. In critically interrogating how the sociopolitical work of schooling is articulated in Jordanian and American education policy texts, this article argues that neo-liberal discourses of ‘choice’, ‘accountability’ and ‘participation’ in current regimes of education reform seemingly...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, to harness water-related knowledge, policy makers can set up water information systems whereas solving conflicts over water resources allocation requires the active involvement of those affected to identify the appropriate trade-offs and build consensus. Indeed, 73% of participants surveyed concurred that existing mechanisms for stakeholder engagement are sufficient. Opinions converged that these tools have been successful to foster inclusive decision making, both formally by making stakeholder engagement more systematic, and informally by providing channels for stakeholders to contribute freely. This result shows that all tools are in place or at hand. It is then more a question of making them effective and outcome-oriented in practice than developing new instruments (Figure 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This may have unintended effects due to important correlations between different sources of risk, policy instruments and risk management strategies. Countercyclical payments may discourage farmers from taking advantage of natural hedging due to negative production/price correlations, make market instruments less attractive, and contribute to the incompleteness of markets. Insurance subsidies may discourage farmers’ diversification strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Botswana, for instance, the Ministry of Health (MoH, 2006) recorded that the percentage of 20-24-year-old attendees to ANC who were HIV infected declined from 38.7 per cent in 2001 to 27.9 per cent in 2007. A decline of about 10.5 per cent between 2001 and 2006 has been observed among pregnant women (MoH, 2006). In particular, the prevalence among the age group 15 to 19 years has declined from 24.7 per cent in 2001 to 17.5 in 2006 (MoH, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It provides insights into the important roles of ecosystem services (ESs) and why their valuation matters. It describes the manual’s aims, focus, target audience, structure, content and limitations (in terms of scope and application). The module also introduces scenarios specific to the context of Bangladesh, which can be used as references, examples and exercises in considering the approaches, methods and concepts presented in the manual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, indicators to measure changes in the components of the resilient systems will need to be developed, so that the overall impact of efforts to strengthen resilience can be measured. Other significant disincentives include the lack of a natural or centralised 'home' for risk management in partner government structures, the lack of absorption capacity of government structures (particularly at the local level), fragmented legal and legislative structures, local cultural factors, problematic access to risk information, insecurity, and economic barriers. The way donors plan and implement programmes can also create powerful disincentives, including uncoordinated planning cycles between the donor and partner governments, centralised decision-making, the separation of humanitarian and development programming, a perception that risk is 'complicated', fragmented risk management approaches spread across different institutional divisions, the lack of penetration or risk management and resilience into quality control, evaluation and administrative/funding processes, contradictory career incentives, and risk aversion in donor investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A similar structure is proposed for multidimensional poverty, with national measures providing the basic tool for national policymaking, and a restricted yet comparable multidimensional measure providing insights and lessons learned across national boundaries. Some measurement considerations are similar to monetary poverty: in particular. Recommendations 1-4 of Chapter 3 also pertain to multidimensional poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the 134 countries for which data were available for 1990-2008, 98 are reducing energy intensity below those rates or are even increasing energy intensity. Indeed, in 35 countries energy intensity grew at an average cumulative rate of 3.1 percent over the period. There is considerable scope for raising industrial energy efficiency in these countries, which stand to benefit from such efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Twenty years ago, two environmental sociologists made a bold call for a paradigmatic shift in the discipline of sociology—namely, one that would bring nature into the center of sociological inquiry and recognize the inseparability of nature and society. In this essay, we review recent scholarship that seeks to meet this challenge. The respective strands of this literature come from the margins of environmental sociology and border on other arenas of social theory production, including neo-Marxism, political ecology, materialist feminism, and social studies of science. Bringing together scholars from sociology, anthropology, geography, and history, each of these strands offers what we consider the most innovative new work trying to move sociology beyond the nature/society divide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The work of NACA focuses on determining priority needs for aquaculture development in the Asia Pacific Region and areas in which technical cooperation between member countries and specialist institutions can make significant contributions to meet those needs. Salmonids, tuna, edible oysters, pearl oysters and prawns accounted for 86% of this value, contributing AUD 884 million in 2012-13. The production value of farmed salmonids fell by 3% between 2011-12 and 2012-13, to AUD 497 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
National reforestation targets were established and budget allocations expanded. There were campaigns led by governors and mayors to mobilize people in replanting programmes, and communications programmes explained the crucial role of reforestation for livelihood restoration. Rising incomes also allowed woodfuel to be replaced with other sources of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, the abandonment of traditional mowing and grazing practices in the other Nordic countries during the last century has resulted in severe losses of semi-natural grasslands and their associated species. Today, agriculture, forestry, infrastructure development, invasive species, overgrazing, tourism and urbanization put pressure on all habitat types in the Nordic countries (Hagen et al. A changing climate with increasing risks for natural hazards like flooding and landslides may increase the extent of degraded land (Schiermeier 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Strategies and Good Practices of States and Social Partners in Europe”, Belgium, http:// igvm-ieflLbelgium.be/nl/binaries/45%20-%20Gender%20pay%20gap_tcm336-112122.pdf. A Comment on International Development Agency Experiences in the South”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. Gender Mainstreaming, Women’s Movements and the Canadian Federal State,” Atlantis, Volume 29:2. Gender and Mainstreaming?”,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The allocations at all levels are based on national priorities that are developed consultatively with all stakeholders, using the best information available. The same participatory process was used to develop the country’s NBSAP, and included the NFPs of all the Biodiversity-related Conventions. To mobilize additional resources Nepal is assessing the prospects of introducing new biodiversity finance mechanisms in the country. The funding required to implement the country’s NBSAP is expected to come from government sources, donors, NGOs and the private sector, including revenue collected from biodiversity-related products and services, such as timber and non-timber forest products, tourism, trekking and mountaineering fees as well as in-kind cooperation by local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On average boys outperform girls by 10 points or more in Japan, while it is the other way round in Malaysia and Thailand. Top performers in the PISA mathematics and sciences tests are predominately boys, while the top performers in the reading test are girls. In most economies, there are more girls than boys among bottom performers in mathematics, but the gender gap is less significant than among the top performers (Figure 2.4). Women have been entering the labour force in larger numbers and remain longer in employment over their life course.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The C-shares provide public ‘first loss’ capital which serves as a catalytic risk buffer to encourage private investment in more senior share classes. To-date, there has been no issuance of D-shares, since AATIF has yet to have made equity investments. Furthermore, loans were extended to a diverse set of entities (e.g. sovereign and supranational entities with differing credit ratings).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This highlights the importance of viewing graduation as the first milestone in a marathon of development rather than the winning post in a race to escape LDC status,1 and of focusing primarily on longer-term development processes rather than on the technicalities of the graduation criteria. While several countries close to the graduation thresholds have adopted graduation as a major national goal, as discussed in chapter 2, it is important that this is seen only as an initial step. The country’s development process continues indefinitely beyond this point, and its subsequent success depends critically on the foundations built in the course of graduation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The focus on rice has spurred the use of policies that are targeted towards achieving self-sufficiency in at least rice, or across a number of staple products. The interest in rice by governments in the region is driven by its importance to both consumers and producers. High rates of rice consumption and the dominance of the sector in overall production (Chapter 1) mean that rice and its price are critical for incomes (for producers) and consumption (all households).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Bubbles located along the diagonal line on the right-hand side of the figure represent “open-ended” burst technologies (i.e. technologies still developing at an accelerated pace at the end of the sample period). Figure 8 show's, for example, that at the start of the 2000s, activities burgeoned in the field of digital data processing and editing, enabling what today is referred to as big data or data-driven innovation (DDI, see OECD, 2015b). Since 2008, technologies related to wireless communications and improved performance of ICT devices (e.g. power management, data transfer) have accelerated with unprecedented intensity, enabling the mobile revolution across society and with that for example applications that has emerged under the label of the “sharing economy”. In 2010-12, about a quarter of ICT-related patents also belonged to one or more other technological fields (Figure 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is done by a private consultant in dialogue with the SME. The consultant will assist the company in executing the plan, i.e. identify viable technologies and sources of finance. The goal is to strengthen the productivity and competitiveness of 1,000 SMEs. One of the oldest is Robo Cluster, which facilitates research projects and knowledge exchange on automation and robotics technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Available from www.psi.org/sites/default/ files/publication_files/cambodia2.pdf. Available from www.psi.org/myanmar, accessed 4 July 2011. Meeting the Need: Strengthening Family Planning Programs. Seattle: PATH/UNFPA. Available from www.path.org/ publications/files/RH_UNFPA_fp.pdf. The Philippines' birth control battle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are two types of special taxes: the energy tax is levied based on volume of fuel and the CO2 tax is based on the GHG emission level of fuels. The companies that participate in the quota system do not pay the CO2 tax. The taxation system does not directly subsidize wood fuels in energy production, but make them more attractive alternatives in comparison to fossil fuels because of their tax free status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Reciproquement, l'elimination de toutes formes de discriminations envers les femmes au sein des institutions sociales reduirait la proportion d'individus insatisfaits de 14 % a 5 % au niveau mondial. But what makes us happy? Does living in a country guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities to women and men increase people's happiness? This paper shows that gender-based discrimination in social institutions, measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), impedes well-being, beyond its negative impact on economic growth and GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this contribution the author examines options for legal accountability in relation to possible crimes against humanity and genocide against the Uighurs. While China’s reluctance to accede to international adjudication mechanisms means there are limited avenues for accountability, recent developments in relation to the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction over crimes with a transboundary element may open the door to possible investigation and prosecution of Chinese nationals. However, more immediate steps to respond to the situation in Xinjiang will focus on securing access for an independent fact-finding investigation and persuading China to uphold its responsibility to protect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More will be said on the importance of establishing such a communications and reporting framework later in this study. In the case of debt financing, investors lend a certain amount of money on credit in exchange for repayment plus interest. In equity financing, investors lend a given amount of money in exchange for a stake in a project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As can be seen, the average number of meals served per year per 1,000 inhabitants varies between 217 and 335 (excluding Finland as an outlier), whereas the number of food bags delivered per 1,000 inhabitants varies between 17 in Sweden and 522 in Finland. Large cities have traditionally a higher share of low income people and social clients than smaller cities and rural areas. Better organisation and clear guidelines from the food authorities nationally will make it more acceptable for the food industry and retail companies to donate food, and realise the big potential for redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As pointed out by Nelson (1993 and 1996), it advocates a movement in the central focus of economic analysis away from trade and choice to provisioning, i.e., to the goods and processes necessary for human survival. This is what is done by Picchio (2001 and 2005), who is concerned to define the process of social reproduction of the population and situate it within the dynamic of the economic system. In the case of paid work, the indicator used to identify this condition is a set of commodities conventionally considered necessary for the reproduction of workers and of the working population as a “species”. A separation has arisen between the two in the capitalist system, and this has led to the creation of separate spheres, institutions, social organizations, norms and even cultures that distinguish paid work from unpaid reproductive work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The RECOSCIX-WIO project ended in 1997 and was replaced by the Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA), which started in 1997 and is now in its fourth phase. The focus of the current phase of the project is on product development and dissemination and strengthening of the Pan African network of National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODCs). The project has produced directories, catalogues, atlases and portals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The government supported it by sponsoring student fees. Training and awareness workshops took place around the country to inform educators and the community about the importance of inclusive education. At the end of that year, the first six trainees graduated from the Faculty of Education, majoring in special needs education. Most are coping well and succeed in accommodating the various needs of children in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, forests are under threat from deforestation around the world. Net loss in forest area declined from 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s to an estimated 5.2 million hectares (an area about the size of Costa Rica) each year from 2000 to 2010. In spite of this improvement, deforestation remains alarmingly high in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 largest cities in the developing countries, only 4% are deemed credit worthy in international capital markets and 20% on the local markets. Of the available funding over the last 10 years, two-thirds has gone to just 10 middle-income countries. Making the necessary investment finance available to those who need it most, in the low-income countries, is an urgent priority and a particular challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Until recently, the degree to which growth was pro-poor was measured exclusively by its incidence in income (or consumption) poverty, following measurement techniques proposed by Ravallion and Chen (2003), or using the average elasticities approach adopted in Table 4.1. They found the correlation between growth and non income-related MDGs, to be zero. Certainly, sub-Saharan Africa, which has many poor and struggling countries, performed relatively badly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Available data for each indicator, or from proxies is used to discuss the progress or lack thereof on each target. Ongoing initiatives towards monitoring SDG 11 from regional and other country-specific reports are discussed. For each of the targets, we highlight the prevailing opportunities, challenges and policy implications, as well as best practices in data collection, institutional support offered by UN-Habitat to countries and other emerging partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)