albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Given the uneven performance in the four focus areas of the Strategic Plan 2008-2013 in promoting gender development results, UNDP should ensure that future assessments pay specific attention to the progress, effectiveness and quality of gender development results in the seven outcome areas of the current Strategic Plan. The assessment can build on the limited data from the Integrated Results and Resources Framework report cards, which summarize UNDP progress and performance in 2014 and include a deeper, qualitative analysis of the UNDP contribution to gender results on the ground. Preliminary lessons of the Gender Equality Seal certification process, which has been completed in 28 country offices (and implemented on a non-certification basis in others), could also be a rich source of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most rural working women are employed in traditional agriculture. Self-employed women are more likely than men to be classified as family rather than own-account enterprise workers. Women and girls remain significantly constrained in education level, contributing to occupational segregation. These gaps are largely explained by differences in human capital variables, such as education, training and experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first is a content issue - the failure to adequately acknowledge or address women’s unpaid work. And the third is an issue of application and remedy - the extent to which the treaty bodies are applying substantive equality to require 'levelling up’ in situations where gender inequality is present so as to achieve more transformative outcomes. While the preamble to CEDAW talks about the ‘sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole' this is not operationalized in the body of the Convention other than in the reference to support for parents in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Ministry of Environment is also involved, being responsible for climate policy and relevant physical planning issues at the national level. The ministries of local government, regional development, and agriculture have a limited role, except through Innovation Norway (described below), which is a regional development instrument. The liberalisation of the energy market started in 1991 and has had a profound impact on national energy policy, including RE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This biodeposition can be extremely important in regulating water column processes (Newell, 2004). Nitrogen excreted by the bivalves and regenerated from their biodeposits is recycled back to the water column to support further phytoplankton production. Where biodeposits are incorporated into surficial aerobic sediments that overlay deeper anaerobic sediments, microbially mediated, coupled nitrification-denitrification can permanently remove nitrogen from the system as N2 gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Missing country values are estimated using linear interpolation (for middle gaps) and carrying the previous year’s data forward (for end gaps). Data obtained: 7 August 2013. Country-level data are generally obtained from national household surveys, including demographic and health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys and national nutrition surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Second, rampant labour market informality often implies lower income, no social protection, little opportunity to develop human capital, and thus risks perpetuating poverty. Yet, a higher degree of informality does not necessarily imply higher inequality.19 Over the past decade, inequality decreased in Brazil, but recent research attributes this decline to better education rather than to the concomitant drop in labour market informality (Arnal and Forster, 2011). Also for China, informality affects income dispersion only slightly with differences in human capital and the rural-urban divide playing a more important role (Cai et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This means that there is a risk that companies will offer firm-specific rather than broader occupational training. In practice, because of all kinds of market imperfections, firms do support some training in transferable skills, but often not enough. While workplace training needs to yield benefits to employers to encourage them to offer training places, it should not be so firm-specific that it inhibits future professional mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These insights are in line with the findings of research elsewhere (such as Bird et al., Interviewees agreed on the overarching need to strengthen MRV systems for climate finance, but differences in views were found regarding providers’ and recipients’ relative priorities over the tracking of finance flows versus the monitoring of results. The emphasis on and appropriateness of preconditions were also found to be context specific, depending on the source and objective of finance. Many of the pre-conditions and elements to enable effectiveness identified through this research are considered to be inter-linked, and may require simultaneous and sequential action (for example, integrating climate change into national development plans can help to define national priorities, before donors can then align behind these).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Inequality increased steadily until the early 2000s, but began to fall around 2007 with a decline of 7 points in the Gini coefficient up to 2011 (Figure 3.1). Rapid economic growth over the last decade has propelled improvements in redistribution and poverty reduction (as measured by the Gini coefficient, income shares or other), with the share of the population under the national poverty line decreasing from 40% to less than 15% in a decade (Figure 3.1). The poverty incidence can be broken down into growth and distribution effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In order to accurately assign all emissions that are caused globally by a single company, the carbon content of products and services needs to be identified and tracked across the value chain (lifecycle approach). The carbon content of products, unprocessed products or intermediate inputs can be registered on a blockchain-based system to track the virtual content of imported or exported products, allowing regulators to comprehensively enforce action against climate change. For instance, emissions caused by the generation of power used by electric vehicles can be uniquely identified and allocated to each charging process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the last two decades, changes in consumption patterns combined with rapid development of modern retailing stimulated transformation of the downstream sector. Such transformation requires changes in marketing channels for agricultural commodities and creates both opportunities and challenges for the dominant small-holding farming sector. Further efforts to develop and maintain transportation systems, including local roads, and to improve access to electricity and information and communication technologies, are needed to link farmers with markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On the other hand, solar technologies may have almost zero capacity credit if the peak demand occurs in the evenings during winter, as in several north European countries, especially those relying heavily on electric heating such as France. Dispatchable plants for instance are weakly correlated and their capacity credit can thus be higher than their respective load and availability factors: their planned outages are scheduled during periods of weak electricity demand, while they are supposed to be available during high demand periods. On the contrary, variable renewables relying on the same natural resource are closely correlated (one wind turbine is likely to stop turning the very moment that other turbines stop turning). Thus, the capacity credit of variable renewable power plants decreases with the penetration level, reflecting the increased correlation with the rest of the generating system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A common motivation for such policies is to improve the environmental performance of the farm - reducing pollution risks, improving soil quality, animal housing or biodiversity for example. Payments based on input use may also be directed at providing on-farm services. This includes in most cases pest and disease control, extension services that provide production and marketing advice to producers, seed and soil testing, or other services that can improve the efficiency and profitability of farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, existing studies on the economic impacts of a nuclear accident, and a fortiori on the risk of nuclear, can show differences of several orders of magnitude in terms of their outcomes. Most of the published work and quantitative analyses on this area have been carried out in the last decades at the PSI. In particular, PSI has been the main contributor to the comparative analysis of externalities due to severe accidents performed within the EU NEEDS project, New Ext and SECURE, which constitute to date the most comprehensive and detailed effort to characterise and quantify externalities in the energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a democracy, ordinary citizens have a very important role to play in the state affairs (Shihata 1997: 635) and every citizen is considered to be autonomous and self-determining. Post argues, 'Democracy requires that persons be treated equally insofar as they are autonomous participants in the process of self-government' (2005: 147). Democracy can ensure development covers all forms of human progress including 'political rights under a form of government based on broad participation' (Shihata 1997: 635). Although democracy requires that all persons be treated equally and considered autonomous and self-determining, women in Bangladesh and India are lagging behind men in nearly all spheres of development and democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence from the Transitional Justice Data Base reveals which transitional justice mechanisms and combinations of mechanisms positively or negatively affect human rights and democracy. This article demonstrates that specific combinations of mechanisms—trials and amnesties, and trials, amnesties, and truth commissions—generate improvements in those two political goals. The findings support a justice balance approach to transitional justice: trials provide accountability and amnesties provide stability, advancing democracy and respect for human rights. The project further illustrates that, all else being equal, truth commissions alone have a negative impact on the two political objectives, but contribute positively when combined with trials and amnesty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, UK-based Lightsource BP has adopted a flexible approach, offering its customers shorter solar PPAs of 5 to 10 years, and re-deploying the energy systems elsewhere, when the agreements are not extended (Golubova, 2016). For example, Redavia is a German-based company specialising in rental solar power solutions for corporate clients and communities. Its innovative business model allows its customers to rent solar PV plants for a fixed monthly fee on a short-term extendable contractual basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2007, about 36% of the work force was employed in manufacturing (22.8%) and construction (10.4%), compared with the national average of 23% (see Table 1.5. Salary levels are relatively low: in 2005 the average monthly income in the Northern District was NIS 6 000 (NIS 6 887 for men and NIS 4 657 for women), compared with the national average of NIS 7 054 (8 575 for men and 5 419 for women) (see Figure 1.3. Income per capita in the Northern District is approximately 47% lower than in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area (see Figures 1.4. Between 2006-07, 300 000 people migrated to the region while 329 000 left the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, key transport infrastructures influencing external connectivity, and thus exports, such as rail infrastructure, are under the jurisdiction of the federal Ministry of Transport, while other transport infrastructures that contribute to the same objective, such as regional roads, are under the responsibility of the Krai. Logistics infrastructure, also affecting the conditions for exports and cargo transit, is governed at the local level and financed partly by federal or private funds. Improving the conditions for exporting firms in the Agglomeration thus depends on aligning all levels of government and involved actors and stakeholders around this common goal, and on co-ordinating policies in an integrated framework that allows transport to be governed at the relevant territorial scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All these challenges must be tackled within a context of climate uncertainty, which poses its own particular problems with respect to the assessment of policy options: different climate scenarios may require different policy options. Making decisions under scenarios characterized by uncertainty may increase the risk of path dependence and under- or overinvestment, depending on whether or not the climate hazards actually materialize and if they do, on their characteristics. Proper timing and phasing of actions, including the separation of those requiring immediate attention from those that can be deferred or that cannot be pursued without additional information, is a first step towards incorporating uncertainties into the process of designing and implementing policy interventions (Watkiss, 2015, Wong and others, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Countries and organisations have agreed on ambitious commitments, which have already resulted in new international entities and an increasing awareness of the importance to further support the development of national STI policies, and integrate new knowledge and technologies in development co-operation delivery. The OECD Frascati Manual is the international standard on collecting and using statistics on the financial and human resources devoted to R&D. The Frascati Manual defines R&D as the “the creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge”. ( Basic research represents “experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view. ” Basic research is usually performed in higher education or in public institutions where the researcher has some freedom and may not have any predefined views of the potential applications of the findings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is critical to the success of the programme that offenders cannot avoid the penalty and that it is swiftly applied and strictly enforced. A weak system that allows an offender to frustrate the process significantly weakens the deterrence value. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras record every vehicle entering the 'section' of highway and a second camera records the vehicle leaving the 'section'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The following categories have been used for waste separation: biodegradable, recyclable, residual, special waste and plastics. The Cebu City ordinance 2031, introduced in 2010, provides the legislative backing for the policy. The benefit for sorting at source should enable a drastic reduction in the final quantity of residue needed to be permanently landfilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For one, the country requires a long-term urban development agenda discussed with all political forces and with the participation of civil society. Additionally, Mexico needs to improve its capacity to conduct and implement urban planning as past urban development projects have too often been characterised by an improvised, trial-and-error approach responding to short-term political priorities rather than the national long-term interest. To do so, it will be important to strengthen the sectoral leadership, promote cross-sectoral planning, and in the long term, streamline the housing and urban development sector. To do so, it is critical to align local housing and urban development legal frameworks to national strategic objectives, reduce transaction costs for and asymmetries of information across levels of government, promote integrated urban development and management, and revamp metropolitan governance arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, Julfusdottir et al. At present, however, more Icelandic women choose to leave Iceland compared to their male counterparts, and the emigrants seem less inclined to return to Iceland than previously. At the same time, the north eastern region is the only region experiencing a net immigration of Icelandic women during this period. According to Julfusdottir et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In turn, adaptation policies to climate change affect the choice of power generation technologies. The geographical scope is in general limited to certain countries as local circumstances matter (power generation mix, demand and hydrology). The only contributions with a global scope stem from Davies et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In October of 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada issued its ruling in Hill v. Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Services Board, a case in which the Court addressed the legitimacy of a tort for negligent police investigation. The holding by a majority of six Justices recognized the tort of negligent police investigation at Canadian law. As such, Can- ada is now one of the only common law countries to have recognized such a tort. This paper summarizes the case and ad- dresses its implications for the Canadian law enforcement community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another reason why large multinationals devote more attention to these markets is to build brand loyalties among the poor, as these consumers will likely belong to higher-income consumer groups in the future. Yet another factor facilitating the development of inclusive innovation initiatives is their greater emphasis on corporate social responsibility. As a result, the lack of access to banking services is a major obstacle both to grassroots innovators and consumers. As a general rule, novel financial tools (e.g. mobile banking) are still only rarely used (Figure 1.1), with some exceptions: in Kenya, only 19% of the poorest 40% of the population had an account in a financial institution, but 53% used a mobile phone to receive money and 43% to send money (World Bank Global Financial Inclusion Database).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, large digital divides persist within countries. Women, the elderly and people with lower education or living in rural areas have disproportionately less access to ICTs. If countries are to have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages, then it is not only important for ODA to continue to assist countries to overcome basic development challenges, but also to support countries to improve productivity through better use of new technologies and to help build capacity and incentives for further innovation. The paper seeks to complement analyses made by the United Nations Inter-agency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation in mapping existing STI initiatives, mechanisms and programmes by for the first time analysing development finance data at activity level using the DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS). It is intended to highlight the possibilities and challenges in using the CRS as a source for tracking international government support to STI in an international development assistance context. The analysis on technology is somewhat biased towards international support for ICT development, however, efforts have been made to also include technology transfers in other sectors, in particular relating to green technologies and renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There were about 40-45 Bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) remaining in Amu Darya State Reserve in the 1990s. Since many plant habitats (e.g. saxaul, tugai, pistachio and juniper forests) have been significantly reduced and degraded in the recent past, it is likely that the conservation status of their flora has also deteriorated in the medium term. The Asiatic wild ass, for example, has apparently not declined further since 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
During the triennium 2016-18, the two working groups contributed to the implementation strategy of the OECD Principles on Water Governance, focusing respectively on developing indicators and collecting and reviewing water governance stories. Effectiveness of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to defining clear sustainable water policy goals and targets at different levels of government, to implement those policy goals, and to meet expected objectives or targets. Efficiency of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to maximising the benefits of sustainable water management and welfare at the least cost to society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, Article 60 gives the divorced mother who has custody of her children new functions of guardianship in regard to the management of her children's civil and commercial affairs (travel, education and the management of financial accounts). The judge may also grant all the prerogatives of guardianship to the mother and attribute to her the function of guardian in the event of the death of the father or if he proves unable to exercise or transgresses his prerogatives. The mother, along with the guardian, must give consent for a minor child to marry (Article 6). Algerian Family Code amended in 25 Februaiy 2005. Djibouti Law on Family Matters n 152 dated 1992 as amended in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A second caveat relates to the definition of the STW take-up variable in terms of the number of participating workers rather than the number of full-time equivalent participants. A bias in the country-specific estimates of the impact of short-time working may thus be introduced to the extent that the average reduction in working time, as a result of short-time work, differs across countries. More specifically, the estimated jobs impact is likely to be underestimated in countries where the average reduction in working time per worker is relatively large (e.g. in countries where short-time work tends to take the form of temporary layoffs such as Finland and Norway) and overestimated in countries where the average reduction in working time is relatively small (e.g. Germany and Japan).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Established in 1972, Haribon is regarded as a pioneer on environmental issues. Its programmes include nature conservation through community empowerment and research on environmental issues. It is also an advocate of renewable energy practices and forest conservation in the Philippines (Haribon Foundation, 2011). While other ASEAN countries have recorded rising C02 emission in terms of metric tonnes per capita, Singapore's level in 2008, though much higher than that of I ndonesia's 1.7, Viet Nam's 1.2, Thailand’s 3.4, Philippines’ 0.8 and Malaysia's 6.7 in 2008, has fallen from 10.8 in 1995 to 9.2 in 2007 (International Energy Agency, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A similar programme has been implemented in South Africa, where 63% of beneficiaries were women (the quota was 40%). In Turkey an “employment subsidy” programme (social security payments are eliminated for the first few years for newly hired women) has also helped create jobs for w'omen and raise female labour force participation from 30% to over 40%. In 2012 more than half of the 50 million beneficiaries were female with broadly equal wages with men, but much higher than in private rural employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)