albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This suggests that the assumptions implicitly made by governments that the work of care does not impact significantly on women's well-being and/or that it can increasingly be shifted to the market in terms of private, paid care services is flawed. Unpaid household care work remains significant and continues to be carried out by women. For one, the choice of proxy for bargaining power and the indicator for household division of labour can yield different outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such systems exist under different forms in a number of OECD countries, such as France, United Kingdom and United States (Cedefop, 2009, Gautie and Perez, 2012). Such a shift could support mobility-, as workers would be more likely than companies to choose training which allows them to subsequently change sector. On the downside, individual learning accounts can be administratively complex and have difficulties to reach the low skilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This generates trade-offs between the security of right holders and the flexibility of water allocation. This can generate opposition from right holders and rent seekers. Appropriate processes and compensation measures need to be considered. Firstly, fast-growing economies that need to secure food supplies are increasingly making land-lease deals with poorer nations that have fertile land with water availability (WEF, 2011), unbundling water rights from land ownership in these countries would ensure that water benefits domestic needs, but this may generate tensions with the new owners of the land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article explores alternatives to prevailing state-centric and legalistic approaches to supporting local security and access to justice. It does so through a case study of an initiative developed by an international NGO in partnership with a group of traditional authorities in Somaliland. The initiative aimed at enhancing local security and access to justice, drawing on customary conflict resolution mechanisms and everyday strategies of self-securing. At the same time, the initiative was shaped by international input and liberal notions of human rights and human security. This approach entailed a renegotiation of both local ordering and international discourse. Drawing on our fieldwork, we examine the initiative as it has evolved since 2003, and discuss what it suggests in terms of prospects for international support to ‘non-state’ actors. In particular, the article draws attention to the potential of working with everyday local practices to enable social change rather than focusing narrowly on reform...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The red deer is found only in four protected areas (Lagodekhi Protected Areas, Gardabani Managed Reserve and Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, Tusheti protected areas), as completely isolated populations. At present, nevertheless, there is a positive trend of a slight increase in the deer population in Lagodekhi Protected Areas and Boijomi-Kharagauli National Park. The total population size is believed to be about 500-578.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These resources will be very valuable for other organisations motivated to create their own women business incubators in the MENA region. Based on the success of the Casablanca incubator, AFEM opened the second incubator in Rabat in 2009 and subsequent incubators in El Jadida and Tangier. Applicants are subjected to a very systematic screening and evaluation system based on a number of criteria and rated points The selection process is assisted by a committee comprised of representatives from AFEM, the ANPME, the Fondation Creation d’Entreprises of the Banque Populaire, and the regional investment centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Drawing on expert opinions about current availability of climate information and the relative importance of each item, the developers of the tool suggest using the weights displayed in Table 5.1 as an interim solution (Bednar-Friedl et al., Overall, this system for prioritisation appears to be both transparent and pragmatic, given limitations in data availability. Nonetheless, it is focused on choosing among adaptation options, rather than informing a comparison between investments in adaptation and other government priorities and helping arrive at trade-offs when budget decisions must be made (Section 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Latin America and the Caribbean it fell to 20 per cent in 2014 from 29 per cent in 2000. However, this represents a decline of almost 10 percentage points in prevalence since 2000. On the other hand, the proportion of the urban population living in slums continues to grow in countries affected by or emerging from conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
School leaders are asked lo be more open to, and lo co-operate with, local community organisations, such as sport clubs, cultural centres and other associations. For example, schools can co-operate with local sports clubs to teach English or maths through physical exercise. In 2014, the government allocated funding to 15 schools, for the academic year 2015/16, to experiment with outdoor education and demonstrate how it could work. In 2014, the Danish government developed a booklet on the "grey zone" of language that can be used by volunteers working in homework cafes, a well-developed system of places, often libraries, where students can go after school to receive help on their homework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender gaps in unpaid work are narrowing in developed countries, but they remain starker than those in market-based work virtually everywhere. Stigma and even violence are often used to enforce stereotypes and social norms about 'appropriate' female and male behaviour. As girls and women have entered schools, workplaces, public transport and marketplaces in greater numbers, they are frequently subject to unwelcome scrutiny, harassment and even assault. Violence is also used as a way to punish nonconformity with dominant gender stereotypes, for example in relation to sexual orientation (see Box 1.5). However, the implementation of these legal provisions is rarely supported by adequate investments in services, in capacity building of service providers and in the public campaigns needed to effectively prevent violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Fund has programmed around 33 percent of its approved finance for agriculture, food security and sustainable land management outcomes. The main international multilateral forestry funds include the Forest Investment Program, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Global Environment Facility and the UN-REDD Programme. The UN-REDD Programme approved an average of US$ 15.6 million per year and the FCPF's Readiness Fund an average of US$26 million per year between 2010 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This twin-track strategy will ensure better linkages between the Regional Flood Information System and its operational applications so as efficiently support flood forecasting and early warning down the line. In 2014, for example, heavy precipitation in Tajikistan triggered a landslide that killed 431 people in the neighbouring region of Badakhshan in Afghanistan.31 Due to the absence of a transboundary information sharing mechanism, it was not possible to issue an early warning. This should be complemented with a transboundary information management system to deliver data to government agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the gubernatorial level, only one of the 32 states is governed by a woman. When asked, “What do you believe is the principle problem facing Mexican women today?” The OECD Questionnaire on Gender Equality in Mexican States results corroborate women’s concerns registered in public surveys. The Women’s Institutes more highly prioritise issues of violence against women (VAW), perhaps due to their regular contact with victims and advocates’ efforts to publicise the issue.7 All but two responding Mexican states prioritised VAW as the most pressing issue in their state, the other two states listed it as the second most pressing issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a context of under-developed public transport, improvements in road infrastructure will transform motorcycle dependency into car dependency, but will not help manage overall motorisation rates. It is thus important for Hai Phong to plan upgrades and extend its road network in tandem with effective demand management policies. New road infrastructure should also take into account the need to prioritise road space for public transport. Examples from selected OECD and non-OECD cities exhibit complex policy options and their consequences (Box 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Kazakhstan also enacted a national gender equality strategy (2006-16) followed by specific action plans for implementation. Most recently, at the UN Global Leaders’ Meeting on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Kazakhstan made a pledge to uphold and implement fully the Beijing Platform of Action with an accelerated and deeper commitment than heretofore. In view of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (more specifically Goal 5 on gender equality), Kazakhstan committed to adequately finance gender equality initiatives, establish strong transparent and open accountability of governmental mechanisms and utilise high-level comparable gender data in all aspects of gender equality (UN Women, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, the share of OECD countries in global C02 emissions declined from 55% in 1990 to 43% in 2010 (Figure 4.2). On the other hand, the share of Developing Asia jumped from 17% to 37% during the same period, and China alone more than doubled its share to 25% in 2010. While the respective contribution of India, ASEAN and other Asian countries to the global emission increase remains relatively modest, their collective contribution surpassed that of OECD countries as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This study examined associations between sociometric status and friendship quality using observational and questionnaire data from 139 fourth-grade girls and their friends. Multivariate analyses of covariance (controlling for ethnicity and socioeconomic status) showed that rejected girls and their friends did not differ in their reported friendship quality compared to average or popular girls. However, coded behavioral observations revealed that compared to other girls, rejected girls displayed more negative affect, bossiness, and deviance but less positive gossip, negative gossip, prosocial behavior, and social competence. Furthermore, as a dyad, compared to other girls, rejected girls and their friends exhibited less behavioral maturity and poorer conflict resolution skills. These results are important in advancing understanding of ways in which rejected girls may perpetuate their problems in peer contexts.   [End Page 694]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, in Clermont-Ferrand the main objective for the different levels of spatial planning is to form a stronger agglomeration that can restart economic growth in the face of a slowdown in key industries and the potential negative effects of losing the status of being an independent region. However, in a market economy, it is more difficult to ensure that land uses specified in the spatial plan actually occur. For example, while spatial plans may seek to keep specific parcels of land in farming, if returns from farming are too low, the land will simply be abandoned. This asymmetry points to a crucial challenge for spatial planning: blocking specific undesirable land uses is far easier than achieving desired land uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has foregrounded disability as a human rights and equity issue, elevating it to a priority global research area. Academics from Western universities are likely to play an increasing role in disability health research in developing countries. In such contexts, there is a need to bridge the gap between procedural ethics and the realities of disability research in cross-cultural contexts. We provide guidance on engaging in ethical disability health research that intersects with and upholds the CRPD. We highlight challenges and tensions in doing so, underscoring the need to be sensitive to the sociocultural and political context of disability that determines how ethical research should proceed. We conclude with 5 recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Brunori, Ferreira and Peragine (2013, p. 15) acknowledge the complexities involved in this area, however, and identify "the issue of age of responsibility, and whether or not all inequalities in access to services for children below a certain age should not be considered inequality of opportunity." For example, parents may choose which school their child attends, in which case this is a 'circumstance' beyond the child's control. Similarly, parents may influence their child's 'effort' in various ways, such as by funding extra tuition, but unless the child is fully involved in these decisions, and depending on the context, this may again be best regarded as a 'circumstance' from the child's perspective. We compare how different formulations of our measure of this aspect might affect a country's relative position (ranking) in terms of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consider the development of a school of environmental research should be created and the awareness on conservation and preservation fostered through increasing links with local communities in the region. An exchange forum should be put in place to, track and monitor different initiatives and their outcomes and identify best practices for publication and policy fine-tuning. Such a forum could organise thematic events, with regular information retrieval and exchange facilitated by a dedicated website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Institutional support and investment as in the Bangladesh Solar Home Scheme subsidy element, although small and declining, may also be important (Khandker et al., The relevant projects are distributed by donor according to Figure 11 and by channel in Figure 12. While these figures are interesting, they should be considered with some caution as they rely on the accuracy of data reported by the donor countries themselves in the CRS system and are linked only to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These resources provide various goods and services that meet the needs of the population, including agriculture providing food (and biomass), energy transformation providing power and heat, and water supply providing clean water services and sanitation. Finally, the third domain transcends the sectoral scope and highlight how the resources in the nexus, through the economic services they provide, contribute to a range of policy objectives, obvious examples include “security of supply” for food, water and energy, welfare and environmental quality. Food security is defined in the 1996 Rome Declaration on World Food Security as “when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO, 1996). Similarly, the IEA defines energy security as “uninterrupted physical availability at a price which is affordable, while respecting environmental concerns” (Jewell, 2011). However, the broader connotation, i.e. a movement in the direction towards security, is more relevant for this report: do the bottlenecks in the nexus, and the policies that aim to address these, bring the world closer to the objectives of security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Whether they are, or the extent to which they are, depends heavily on the ‘model’ of the economy. The WTO, in effect, left such matters to be resolved by the dispute resolution process. However, the 3 per cent ‘carve out’ embraced essentially all of the exports from some of the least developed countries. Still, there may need to be some specificity, such as discussed in footnote 35 above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The cases from South Africa, Rwanda and Sierra Leone show that there is an explicit acceptance of peacetime gender-based violence. While wartime rape is increasingly seen as a crime and thus usually prohibited, everyday violence against women in peacetime is not (Chapter 9). Equally, even though rape is now recognized in the Statute of the International Criminal Court as a war crime and crime against humanity, domestic violence is not distinctively recognized as prosecutable under international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Comparisons are made across a range of OECD and non-OECD countries and between regions (municipalities) within the Russian Federation.24 The results in both dimensions suggest that there is substantial room for improving public expenditure efficiency. Comparisons with other countries suggest that the Russian Federation’s health outcomes are similar to those achieved by some countries which spend 30 to 40% less. The results on the basis of comparisons across regions/municipalities suggest that current health outcomes could also be produced with about two thirds of the present inputs if the less efficient regions were able to emulate the most efficient ones. Some regions have been more successful than others in achieving results even though the resources at their disposal have sometimes been more modest.25 Indeed, two World Bank demonstration regions (Voronezh and Chuvash Republic) appear to have had considerable success in improving health care supply and health outcomes demonstrating that there is considerable potential for higher performance (Box 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It imposes costs not only on women themselves, but on the agriculture sector, the broader economy and society as a whole. Closing the gender gap in agriculture would generate significant gains for the agriculture sector ■ and for society. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has warned that the current dominant model of food production cannot meet the food security challenges of the 21 st century and that food production systems need to become more sustainable, inclusive and resilient (FAO 2015a, FAO, IFAD and WFP 2015, FAO 2015c). The negative environmental impacts of current agricultural practices include soil erosion and damaged soil structure, altered food web structure and function, contamination of the atmosphere, soil, groundwater and surface waters, deforestation to meet new needs for farmland, nitrogen and phosphorous losses to the ocean and inland water bodies, resulting in algal blooms and reduced fishery resources and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, disrupted marine food webs, and unsustainable water use (UNEP 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
First, Chile should strengthen the pedagogical training of traditional teachers. Most traditional teachers do not have access to formal training since they do not fulfil the relevant prerequisites and hold the necessary qualifications. Traditional teachers, therefore, require a tailor-made training programme that addresses their pedagogical needs. Also, it would be important to adequately prepare regular teachers to work with traditional teachers in a team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the most recent data (from 2011 or 2012) are based on the new definition of disposable income (wave 7), an adjustment is necessary to add them to the previous data wave 6 based on another definition of disposable income. To this aim, data from wave 7 were adjusted by adding to the new estimate the difference or the average of differences between the two waves when both data were available for different years, given that such differences were not large. For Canada, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the average over the various years is taken while for the other countries, the data is proportionately adjusted by the gap in the previous years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the national level, it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities or strategies. At the institutional level, varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention’s success. Site-specific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention (e.g. a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed). However, some interventions will lead to results that either materialise or can only be assessed after a longer time (e.g. constructing infrastructure that can withstand a l-in-100-year flood).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Through input indicators it is possible to account for the existence of legislation and policy instruments, the process indicators account for actions contributing to the achievement of outcomes (e.g. co-ordination and monitoring instruments). Indicators combine de jure (rules-based) indicators, since they concern legal, policy, and regulatory inputs and processes and de facto ones since they seek to capture the level of implementation of existing water governance dimensions (UNDP et al., It is based on the lessons learnt from the use of the indicator framework in the years to come, impact indicators could be developed in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Condoms are also provided free of charge, through approximately 3,200 distribution grants. Apart from this component, the programme promotes proper counseling and advice for recipients and provides material and human resources to all of the country's health centres, including technical assistance and support for medical teams. It also runs information campaigns and encourages joint activities among health-care system programme areas, along with external actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, the capacity of public employment services to identify psychological problems through adequate screening tools, provide psychological services and refer people in need to health services in a timely manner should be developed. Employers should also be encouraged to play a greater role in the prevention of work-related diseases and the rehabilitation of workers, whether through occupational health regulations or incentives, such as the tax relief for expenditure by employers to keep sick employees in work proposed by the Independent Review of Sickness Absence. Young people must be prevented from falling into relative poverty and social exclusion, which would likely lead to permanent effects on their working careers. The government has appropriately taken measures focussed on giving young people the skills and opportunities to gain long-term employment in the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Where procurement is significant, a reduction in net exports could be observed during the procurement period as products that are otherwise destined for export are diverted to stocks. Equally, imports could be reduced if an increasing share of consumption is covered by products entering markets through the government food distribution programmes. The release of stocks can also have important implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)