albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The trial has shown that it can produce faster referral times, improve information flows and reduce costs. However, the number of doctors using the system rapidly declined a few months into the trial prompting authorities to make use of the referral system mandatory for all contracted physicians. Expansion of the project has been recommended to cover all social security funds (Souliotis et al., Countries such as Ireland, Portugal and Estonia have also invested heavily in their ICT infrastructure to improve reporting and performance management within its major health care institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, adaptation is often a relatively small component of larger programmes, strategies and plans that may not explicitly target climate change but that nevertheless influence the country’s climate resilience (e.g. disaster risk management and flood protection strategies). Such an integrated approach makes it difficult to determine the attribution3 of specific initiatives to adaptation and to distinguish their impact from national development in general. However, if the strategic policy on adaptation is complemented by an action plan with clearly defined objectives, it may be possible to assess the attribution of these confined objectives in the short- and medium-term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The latter remained actively involved throughout all stages of the project, from planning to evaluation. The number of schools involved in the project increased because of demand from parents and communities. Although self-determination is frequently associated with access to lands, territories and natural resources, it is also extremely relevant to indigenous peoples' education. Throughout the world, indigenous peoples have experienced education as an outside influence, something that has been imposed on them without consulting them or seeking their consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Pan American Health Organization and its Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) have provided technical assistance to help implement the Strategic Plan, and donors have included UNAIDS and the World Bank and bilateral donors such as the United States. This is due to a combination of efforts by the respective governments, by key regional agencies and by the international community. However, given the apparent levelling off in incidence, there is much room for future research, especially pertaining to the microeconomic impact of the disease. Much work also needs to be done at the national and regional levels on tracking the sources and uses of funds available in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Uncertainty slows down economic activity and, in particular, impedes investment, in particular investment in energy production, conversion, transport and end-use, where installations often have lifetimes of several decades. The more capital-intensive is an investment, the more such uncertainty will impact total project costs through the interest rate. In the electricity sector, nuclear energy and renewable energies are thus most heavily affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Developing the potential of small holders requires sustainable access to markets. Wiggins and Keats (2013) suggest that poor farmers are not linked to markets for a variety of reasons: remoteness, low production, low farm-gate prices, and lack of information, to name a few. Sometimes, however, the natural environment can be unconducive to rapid growth in all types of agriculture, and some out-migration is inevitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Traditional medicine is also said to be more effective in the treatment of psychic and psychosomatic conditions. This is because the healers have knowledge of the patient's background while conserving African culture. There are countries where traditional medicine practitioners have been registered and have associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, it was also large in a number of other English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom). Elsewhere, increases tended to be greater in the Scandinavian and Mediterranean countries than in Continental European countries (Figure 12). In the United States, for instance, the share of the top 0.1% in total pre-tax income quadrupled in the 30 years to 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Gini index referred to earlier in this chapter is a relative measure of inequality. Absolute inequality, however, will remain unchanged only if households' incomes vary by the same amount (not in the same proportion), which is an extremely demanding condition. If individuals who accumulate greater wealth experience larger changes in their incomes, absolute inequality will increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article was presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, September 2012 Cadiz, Spain. The article argues that community dialogue and participation is a vital dynamic in desegregation and explores the centrality of forms of empowerment which can be described as ‘inclusive community development’ (ICD). The segregation of Roma children is taking place despite the growing body of legal statutes and policy directives aimed at creating integrated education which has been formally reaffirmed in a number of cases at the European Court of Human Rights. It is posited that ICD is essential to make a reality of legal and policy directives which support desegregation. It is argued that such a dialogic exercise can overcome institutional opposition to inclusion but has transformative potential by promoting inclusive education, interculturalism and setting communities along a path leading to wider structural change. The article draws upon a large pan-European project which involved the authors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wearenowsettingupan inclusive waste collection plan, by creating five recycling centres where citizens will be able to bring all their collected recyclable waste. Sometimes we succeed in planning for, and managing, them in a smart and sustainable way using existing human and financial resources. Yet there is still a financial gap that could be closed by creating new lines of financing, open directly to cities, as well as through integration and support from national governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Girls were more likely to be out of school than boys at both the primary and the secondary educational levels. Income and wealth also have a direct impact on educational outcomes, particularly in countries where education is not provided free of charge. They also affect education indirectly, as malnutrition, disease and lack of stimulation are heightened by household deprivation. All of these are factors that undermine the linguistic, cognitive and social skills that children develop even before entering school, and which form the foundations for lifelong learning and for economic as well as other opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With few exceptions (Sharra and Bushat landfills), there are no properly managed landfill sites in the country. Although current industrial waste generation is considered low, there are no data to assess the existing situation. Progress has been achieved in assessment and prioritization of sites polluted by past activities and clean-up of the most polluted area - the clean-up of the chemical plant in Durres was completed in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The main participating companies were a coal-fired power plant (Asntesvajrket), a refinery (Statoil), a pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme plant (Novo Nordisk and Novozymes), a plasterboard factory (Gyproc), a soil remediation company (AS Bioteknisk Jordrens), and the municipality of Kalundborg through the town’s heating facility. This also enabled Statoil to stop flaring this gas. For instance, surplus heat from the power plant is used to heat about 4 500 private homes and water for fish fanning, and fly ash is supplied for cement production. Process sludge from fish fanning is supplied to nearby fanns as fertiliser.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Businesses aligned with the model create greater social and environmental value by promoting inclusive and sustainable development in the regional and global economies. If businesses imbed the SRB model into the early stages of their development, they can ensure the effective development, provision and evaluation of SRB. This must be a constituent component of modern business strategy and operations as it makes business accountable to both internal and external stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
We need to take all remedial measures to avoid becoming 'environmental refugees’. Rising temperatures and extreme climate events contribute to the spread of diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. With drought, agriculture -24 per cent of our the crop yield is reduced and supplies are depleted. Unprecedented heavy rains gave way in July 2010 to devastating floods. The initial death toll was approximately 1,600 people, but many more are unaccounted for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In reply, the Attorney General vehemently denied the fact that there was any infringement on the children’s rights. Judge Munisi decided in favour of the Petitioner and declared the said provisions null and void as prayed by the Petitioner and declared that the minimum age of marriage in Tanzania is 18 years for children of both sexes. The particulars were that the appellant on diverse dates between 2nd December 2011 and 3rd January 2012 intentionally and unlawfully defiled E N a girl aged 13 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Modernizing civil services - an era of reform localism and exceptualism - comparing public sector reforms in European and Westminister systems protecting liberty and benefiting society - can market-based administrative reforms and market-based political institutions effectively co-exist in the USA? modernization as Europeanization - the impact of the European Union on public administration executive agencies and "modernizing government" devolution, integration and modernization in the United Kingdom civil service modernization and civil service accountability - the case of Scottish devolution implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the Lord Chancellor's Department modernizing policy-making for the 21st century - the professional model civil society, virtue, trust - implications for the public service ethos in the age of modernity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over two-thirds of the parties to the Lisbon Recognition Convention have taken few or no measures to implement Art. International partner support has been critical. In Turkey, the national employment agency fa working with several international organizations to overcome the and administrative obstacles for making jobs accessible to Syrian refugees and to develop vocational training programmes (Kirijci et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The direct value added by renewable energies in Germany in 2012 adds up to 16.9 billion EUR with a municipal value added of around 11.1 billion EUR" (Aretz et al. World Bank and MDBs). Analysing the cases of India and China, Kelkar 2016 stresses that states have responded to women's claims to land rights and justice mostly by formulating policies and legal frameworks that "have remained largely ineffective in changing institutions trapped in gendered norms and women's economic dependency" (Kelkar 2016:24).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Developing a mechanism to prioritise urban green growth actions would be key, as seen in an example of Cambodia (Box 3.3). A simple “quick win” would be to give more w'eight to the population density in built-up areas. Giving points for better co-ordination with surrounding cities on urban infrastructure investment could also be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These programmes have provided invaluable experience, not only for Chile but also for many other OECD countries, and can be first steps towards wider or more active markets. On the scale that they are currently being deployed, however, the efficiency gains from using economic instruments to achieve environmental outcomes in Chile remain small. Environmental taxes in the energy and transport sectors were designed with little attention to their environmental impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such benefits are required to cover benefits from R&D, but not commercialization. The Treaty is overseen by a Governing Body composed of the 152 countries that have so far ratified it as of October 2014. The Governing Body is supported by a secretariat, located in Rome, Italy, which is part of a UN specialized agency, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This secretariat is also the body which administers the common fund for benefit sharing under this treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By definition or by design, remoteness and reliability can support decentralized energy systems. Switzerland, for example, has mandated 100 percent reliability in the backup systems for its communication networks, creating a price insensitive niche market for off-grid supply. The US$12,000 per kW (in 2003$) of steam engines when first introduced are in the same ballpark as the current costs of fuel cells, which are often classified as prohibitively expensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is no socialisation of the forest.” Indeed, Nepal’s DoF and many of its forest policies were modelled directly on British-Indian practices and the Indian Forest Service. “ This model in turn stemmed from the training and ethos of the Imperial Forestry School at Dehradun and Oxford,” explains a synthesis report of the UK’s forest projects in Nepal during the 1990s. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2012, the LP provided the national parks with PLN 8 million out of its profit of PLN 260 million. One-third of its annual budget of around PLN 30 million comes from the central budget (for administrative costs), one-third from the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (for nature protection) and the rest from entrance fees, as well as EU support and the Forest Fund (Section 4.3). Warsaw residents are granted free access to the park while non-residents have to pay an access fee. Due to the liquidation of the auxiliary enterprises, the Nature Conservation Act is being revised to give the parks legal status, which would allow them to retain revenue and seek EU funding, thereby reducing the need for funding from the central budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The charts for Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay show gradual progress in this respect. In sum, overcrowding —an important variable for households' material well-being— has shown improvements on average. It has also (broadly speaking, and with some exceptions) become more egalitarian in terms of distribution, with absolute differences between quintiles narrowing. Having these goods also helps to build capabilities inasmuch as they facilitate communication, mobility, nutrition and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The retired increasingly work, often part-time, in order to supplement their pensions with earnings. Inequality among pensioners has grown, with those retiring from professional careers benefiting from generous pensions, while others who have failed to save for retirement face decreasing state pensions and are increasingly dependent on income from work to avoid poverty. The risk associated with living in these family types has grown as living in a dual-earner household has become the norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See, also Huffman and Evenson (1989). Alston, Craig, and Pardey (1998) discussed the issue of knowledge depreciation drawing on the previous literature and these arguments are restated and refined by Alston, Pardey, and Ruttan (2008), and Alston, Andersen, James and Pardey (2010). After dropping some outliers and incomplete observations, they conducted regression analysis using a sample of 1 128 estimates with a mean of 64.6%, a mode of 28%, and a median of 42.0%. They found results that were generally consistent with expectations but in many cases they could not distinguish statistically significant effects on the estimated rates of return associated with the nature of the research being evaluated, the industry to which it applied, or the evaluation methodology, because the signal-to-noise ratio was too low. Nevertheless, a predominant and persistent finding across the studies was that the rate of return was quite large. The main mass of the distribution of internal rates of return reported in the literature is between 20% and 80% per annum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These implicit subsidies kept petrol prices artificially low and provided no incentive to moderate private car use, while harming the ethanol industry. When petrol and diesel prices were raised in 2012, the CIDE rate was set to zero as a compensating measure. As in most countries, diesel is taxed at a lower rate than petrol despite its higher carbon content and emissions of local air pollutants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They contribute most to contain poverty rates in the Czech Republic, France and Ireland and least in Korea, Mexico and Chile. The cross-country variation in the reduction of poverty rates is mainly explained by the targeting and size of public cash transfers, with household taxes having little effect. Overall, countries that achieve a greater reduction in poverty are those redistributing more towards low-income groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Successful industrialisation of the country has allowed direct and indirect net taxation of farming to be virtually eliminated. By the early 2000s that had been cut to only a little more than 10%. From 1988 to 2007, the number of households affected by food poverty declined from 2.55 million to 418 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The energy supply is apparently still keeping up with increasing energy demand. The current capacity in 2015 in Hai Phong was about 3 670 million kWh, whereas the actual demand is around 2 130 million kWh (the surplus can be sold commercially). Demand, however, is expected to increase by 13.7% (2016-20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) efforts have grown worldwide, there is a gap in the literature on implications of PPGIS for public administration. This chapter aims to narrow this gap through a literature survey of the PPGIS implications for government agencies. GIS technology has progressively advanced from traditional desktop-based GIS to Web GIS and Geospatial Web 2.0 platforms. The advancements have broadened GIS accessibility from the domain of expert users to the domain of lay citizens. Four major aspects are identified with respect to PPGIS implications for local e-government: the significance of context, technical GIS concerns, the institutional structure of participatory decision-making processes, and empowerment. The chapter highlights how these four aspects influence differential PPGIS efforts at the local level internationally, despite the greater technological accessibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Netherlands, charges apply to industrial and municipal discharges to state waters, they are linked with pollution loads which are computed based on coefficients and converted into population equivalent (p.e.), These systems were initially set up to recover the administrative costs of licensing, monitoring and enforcement, but in recent years, incentives for license holders to continuously reduce their discharges to water have become prominent. In New South Wales, a load-based licensing (LBL) scheme was introduced in 1999 to link license fees to pollutant emissions and to provide incentives to drive down pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, in Norway and Sweden, long-term care in-kind benefits would increase incomes among the bottom quintile by more than one fifth but less than 1% among the top quintile. In the Nordic countries the bottom quintile receives even 40-50% of these services. Overall, inequality reduction through elderly long-term care services is between 2% and 5% in the Nordic countries, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and thus has a stronger redistributive effect than childcare in these countries. In the other countries, the redistributive effect is negligible (below 1%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Treatment and landfilling services are delegated to a private Indian consortium (UPL) through a 20-year public-private partnership. The private operator gets its revenues from gate fees, compost sales and the separation and sale of dry recyclable materials. Informal agents complain that the WOW program is damaging their source of livelihood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Government spent US$ 200 million to finance the project. The construction of the first phase, which included 2,088 km from TANESCO and 2,161 km new fibre was completed in 2009. This has created points of presence at regional and district headquarters as well cross border connections for all neighboring countries. The second phase, consisting of 3,623 km of new fiber that connected the southern and western ring, was completed in 2012. Sea facing Tanzania now serves neighboring landlocked LDCs, including Burundi, Rwanda, Malawi and Zambia by extending access to its submarine cables through the NICTBB infrastructure-in the process, fulfilling its aspirations of being a regional ICT hub. In Africa, mobile groups such as Orange, MTN, Vodacom and Airtel have been rolling out national backbones to support mobile communications and broadband Internet services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, ethical considerations of increased ICT use in schools have to be considered. The IUFM (Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maitres - Academic Institute for Teacher Training), which provides both initial and continuous training, and the CRDP (Regional Centre for Educational Documentation) are the government-owned corporations in charge of this. ( More precisely, in the field of initial teacher education, it aims to promote an ICT certificate in teacher education institutions: the C2i Level 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus despite the more reasonable average outcome, much needs to be done to promote healthier behaviours among men in Kazakhstan. Women in Kazakhstan are much more frequently obese than men. In 2012 (latest available data) measured obesity data indicated that more than 30% of women were obese compared to 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016). This places Kazakhstan on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. The prevalence of obesity varies about six fold across OECD countries, from a low of 5% in Japan and Korea, to over 32% in Mexico and the United States. Across all OECD countries, 19% of the adult population is obese.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Parents, particularly those with higher education and higher income, seek tutoring to prepare primary students for the national examination to improve their chances of entering top schools. Schools in Turkey tend to be homogenous in both student socio-economic background and academic performance, indicating low levels of social and academic inclusion. Nonetheless, 42% of 15-year-olds from low socio-economic backgrounds performed better than predicted (compared to the OECD average of 30.8%). Targeted policies should aim to systematically support and strengthen schools' capacity to address the impact of low socio-economic background on performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)