albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter frames the implementation of human rights law through global health governance. Global governance institutions have sought to translate human rights into public policy, shifting from the development of health-related rights under international law to the implementation of these normative standards in global policies, programs, and practices. This shift toward an “era of implementation” across an expanding global health governance landscape looks beyond the traditional “human rights system” in implementing human rights for global health. Analyzing human rights as part of global health law, this chapter examines how human rights have become a framework for global governance, with institutions of global health governance seeking to “mainstream” human rights across all organizational actions. This chapter concludes that there is a need for institutional analysis to compare organizational approaches conducive to the implementation of health-related human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While renewable forms of energy do not yet account for many jobs - France has lagged behind other countries in this field - the sector has registered strong growth over the last decade, as the political commitment has intensified. Yet the results remain modest and the market still depends largely on government subsidies. In order to promote solar power, the government could encourage access to venture capital and adopt an active policy of fostering basic and applied research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, regulations related to childcare are associated only with working women, whereas social benefits are almost exclusively paid to men. Early-retirement provisions can reduce women’s time in paid work, leading to gender disparities in the workplace and affecting career profiles and earnings. It is also noteworthy that the labour laws do not cover all categories of workers, nor all types of work and sectors. These gaps leave workers vulnerable and encourage informal work conditions, an impediment affecting women’s participation in the formal labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Inadequate preventive measures for contact with MDR-TB patients result in increased incidence of MDR-TB in children of the patients". One case of malaria has been reported in Mongolia in 2015. Consequently, the incidence of viral hepatitis B decreased substantially. To achieve this, vaccination and the capacity of health services are key factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Another is the highly sectoral organisation of the public administration system, in which water resources management responsibilities are scattered amongst a plethora of government departments and statutory authorities that restricts the systematic application of these official policies. The dichotomisation of policies and fragmentation of responsibility is clear. The EMA (2004) also noted that there is no co-ordinating mechanism to ensure that all relevant agencies are operating consistently with these policies, or to make use of synergies or manage tradeoffs among their objectives. Finally, the discordance in policy and action arises from the non-existence of practice in the public sector to monitor and evaluate outcomes and impacts of activities on water resources management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Every year, the Ministry sets objectives in a Statement of Intent, a planning and accountability document with a five-year horizon. Since 1988, there has been a devolution of management responsibilities to schools along with increased power for the Ministry to intervene in failing schools since 2001. In 2007, 24% of decisions at lower secondary level were taken centrally, with schools taking the remaining 76% of decisions (see Figure 7 for 2010 OECD average). From available data, only English and Dutch schools had higher decision-making capacity. Elected governing boards run individual early childhood education providers, and are responsible for staffing, financial management, compliance, reporting, and setting and measuring performance targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies, well-designed labour market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis, the chapter identifies several policy re/orms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting GDP per capita and reducing income inequality, and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a trade-off between both objectives. In some countries, top earners have captured a large share of the overall income gains, while for others income has risen only a little.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Planned dam constructions are expected to influence the flow and hydromorphology. For example, in Georgia, municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly not in functioning condition. In rural settlements, there is commonly no sewerage network. In the Turkish part, the influence of wastewater from settlements is considered local, but severe. For example, the controlled dumpsite Ardahan in Turkey may cause pollution of nearby agricultural land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A certain cyclical price behaviour is caused by the projected production patterns of major producers, but by 2023, world cotton prices are expected to be lower than in 2011-13, in both real and nominal terms. For each segment a market clearing price is projected. Prices follow similar projection paths, but they differ in level, with the Pacific price generally above the Atlantic, because of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that prevent beef from the Atlantic region to access the more lucrative markets in the Pacific region. Poultry and sheep meats are traded in single international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since small-holder farmers cannot reap any scale benefits, they often have to bear a high cost price due to low yield and efficiency. On the price side, global banana markets play a balancing role in that they fill on a spot basis the difference between supply and demand. However, since small-holder farmers often lack the means to access these markets, their position becomes insecure if prices are low and/or fluctuating and therefore not covering the real costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Resources can be directed toward learning from examples of past management in response to variability, what worked well and what did not work well? What can we learn about the essential attributes of robust and responsive approaches to adaptation (FAO, 2009)? Communication with stakeholders about climate change should incorporate the recognition that fisheries have a wide array of stakeholders who comprise multiple audiences representing varying levels of literacy, all of whom need information in usable and accessible formats (FAO, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
By introducing full accountability through catch quotas instead of landing quotas the fisherman's incentive to optimise the value of his catch by discarding less valuable fish would be substituted by his incentive to use selective fishing methods to optimise the value of his total removals from the stocks. The trial aimed at testing whether CQM could provide a reliable accounting for all catches of cod, give better scientific data and encourage fishermen to fish more selectively and reduce accidental catches. The main feature of the trial is that all catches count against the vessel quota and that the fishing vessels are monitored from port to port using sensors and CCTV technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Given the environmental and social costs (e.g. climate change, local air pollution, resource depletion, vulnerability to supply shocks) associated with using fossil fuels in particular, taxing energy use is vital to help ensure that energy prices and use better reflect associated costs. Yet recent work shows inconsistencies - with no obvious rationale -in the taxation of different forms, uses and users of energy in many OECD countries when assessed against environmental and other social costs (OECD, 2013h). A full 33 out of 34 OECD countries tax diesel fuel at lower rates than gasoline, both in terms of energy and carbon content, the United States is the exception (Harding, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While childrearing in marriage is the predominant norm, and fathers help financially support the family,Taiwanese men contribute very little time to domestic labour (Yu 2009: 19). And while Taiwan and its East Asian neighbours are known as having strong developmental welfare states that have successfully built up the human capital of their labour forces in service to the needs of economic growth, there is very little public provision of care outside of investments in education and health (Kwon 2005, Pierson 2004, UNRISD 2010). A legacy of income equality and limits on immigration have meant that working women cannot rely on a supply of lower-income rural or migrant women for help with care. The care sector is small, market-based and largely unregulated, most parents depend on older kin for help when they need it (Budig and Misra 2010, Yu 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere contributes to global warming, which is a major global challenge to sustainable development. For countries that have committed to reduce or stabilize their GHG emissions under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the indicator also provides information on the fulfilment of this global commitment. The phase-out of ODSs, and their substitution by less harmful substances or new processes, will lead to the recovery of the ozone layer, whose depletion has adverse effects on human health, animals, plants, micro-organisms, marine life, materials, biogeochemical cycles, and air quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The latter includes EUR 14 million for forest management activities by public forest enterprises and private forest owners, and EUR 10 million for the Ministry of Agriculture’s forest department and affiliate agencies. Public expenditure on forest management has decreased over the last decade in both nominal and real terms (Figure 3.8). In 2004-06, EUR 8 million was allocated to nature and biodiversity from EU Structural Funds, with the EU providing 75% and the state budget 25%. The total represented 5% of total EU and state funds on environmental infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Even with the tremendous effort of draining the basin, seasonal floods remain a concern. Between 1980 and 2011, rain-related flooding incidents occurred every year and caused severe traffic disruptions, damages to business, homes and residents.2 During the rainy season, the metropolitan area experiences high-intensity rainfall in a short amount of time. A single storm can produce as much as 10% of the total average annual precipitation (see ANIS, 1995). The southern parts of the metropolitan zone, along the area with the highest elevation, exhibit high risk levels. But the area at risk extends north beyond high-risk municipalities and delegaciones along the border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico. From 2010 to 2013, the delegaciones and municipalities along the northeastern border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico experienced several severe spells of rain that led to declarations of states of emergency (Figure 4.1, left panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, given our preoccupation with the impacts of the global recession on children, we include detailed information on all individuals in the micro model to analyze poverty and inequality effects at the individual level. We do not attempt to model intra-household allocation decisions and instead simply assume that consumption is shared equitably (proportionally to caloric needs) among members of each household. As a consequence, adults and children are considered to be monetary or caloric poor if they belong to a monetary or caloric poor household, i.e. a household for which per-adult equivalent consumption expenditure is less than the poverty line or the per adult equivalent daily calorie consumption is below 2450 kcal (for Burkina Faso a caloric poverty line of 2283 kcal is used as the food component in the monetary poverty line is based on this minimum caloric requirement, INSD 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In contrast with conventional claims, this is only partly the result of inadequate schooling. It is also due to the leakages created by emigration and the withdrawal of large numbers of graduates from the workforce every year as they are not tempted by lacklustre jobs in the public sector and the excess supply of qualified workers in sectors in low demand. In contrast, there is a significant excess demand for workers skilled in science and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the case of early childhood, the standards vary from one country to another. There are indicators of management and quality in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Peru. Various entities are responsible for compliance, including the ministries of health, education and social development (Marco, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This could be facilitated if higher education institutions were requested to elaborate joint regional strategies. Internships programmes should be generalised to all students, including social sciences and arts in order to develop capacity for innovation services. Part 1 Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya. A Strategy for Penang, Development Research Group, director’s Office, World Bank, Washington. Paper presented at the 2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Atlanta, USA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter describes that the EU history emphasised the “promotion of EU’s common culture”. When there is a dialogue for peace with any country, the EU attempts to, intentionally or unintentionally, promote its common culture and values. For example, it enthusiastically insists for democracy, accepting environmental measures, discrimination, children and women rights, freedom of expression, good governance, elimination of death penalty, ratification of international treaties and agreements specifically for human rights. For socialisation of conflict or disputed areas, the EU provides different methods, for example, technical support committees or teams, anchoring training programmes, selecting participants from third state who comply with the standards of EU for conflict resolution. The members of EU are bound to comply with the standards of EU legitimacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While many provide for gender equality, some specifically recognize women’s land, housing and property rights. 402).The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador, as amended in 2011, provides that "the State shall guarantee equal rights and equal opportunity to men and women in access to property and decision-making in the management of their common marital estate" (art. In Brazil, the 1988 Constitution and Law 8629 of 1993 state that both women and men, regardless of their marital status, can be allocated property rights or concessions under the agrarian reform, either individually or jointly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Like PISA, the PISA-D teacher questionnaire asks about school leadership at the school where they work and job satisfaction. The system-level questionnaire used in PISA was adapted for use by PISA-D countries, and both versions capture data on the structure of national programmes, national assessments and examinations, instructional time, teacher training and salaries, educational finance (including enrolment), national accounts and population data (UIS, 2016). Some background variables are also collected about the person who answers the "person most knowledgeable about the youth" questionnaire. While PISA offers an optional parent questionnaire, it is distributed to the parents of students sitting the PISA test in school and focuses on the parents' perceptions of and involvement in their child's school, their support for learning at home and school choice, and it acquires information on basic characteristics of the early childhood education and care arrangements of PISA participants, and reasons for attending or not attending early childhood education and care. The Foundations for Success include four family factors: nutrition, no exposure to toxins, the mother's physical health and the mother's emotional health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Second, if the intercultural component of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) is to be implemented successfully, all teachers need further tools and competencies to develop the intercultural competencies of their students. It would be important to develop a larger strategy and to incorporate and strengthen the intercultural component in both initial teacher education and professional development for in-service teachers. Third, Chile should consider giving Indigenous communities more autonomy to develop and implement their own pedagogical projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, past experience suggests that a study of best practices in stockholding for emergency situations may provide useful information for capacity building in those countries most concerned about food security. One of the major international responses to commodity market volatility in the past has been compensatory financing, such as what was provided through the European Union’s Systeme de Stabilisation des Recettes d’Exportation (STABEX) to ACP countries and the Compensatory Financing Facility of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Both programmes aimed to provide compensatory finance to help countries avoid a negative impact on growth from sharp commodity price changes.22 During the recent price surge, a number of countries which experienced significant increases in their food and fertiliser import bills, resorted to the Exogenous Shock Facility (ESF) of the IMF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This system also uses machine-learning algorithms to predict precisely when trucks will arrive and leave pit-stops, and at which petrol stations drivers should refuel. This system is helping to cut down travel time by more than half, by eliminating the need for rest breaks which a single driver would require. The main benefits come from cargo and shipment tracking, because it increases operational efficiency, enables real-time adjustments and makes logistics systems more secure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is also evidence of a higher incidence of poverty and hunger among elderly people due to exclusion and dependence, especially if the extended family itself is poor. This may lead to reducing children’s consumption, especially for women and girls. Another potential result is pulling children out of schools and other similar measures that result in the intergenerational transmission of poverty and hunger. There are many other types of shocks, as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moving towards better targeted aid through in-kind benefits, cash transfers and vouchers appears thus as a more effective redistribution tool (EC, 2007, Van den Noord and Heady, 2001). In practice, taxes and transfers affect incentives to work and save. The assumption of “no behavioural response” is likely to overstate the amount of redistribution achieved by cash transfers as these also typically weaken the work incentives of recipients (Moffit, 2011). Reduced VAT rates and exemptions are taken into account in the OECD estimates of the consumption tax rate at different income levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Citizens are demanding better performance from governments and they are increasingly aware of the costs of poor management and corruption. In view of scarce resources and the major transformations already underway in the global economy, identification and awareness of good governance and preventing corrupt practices have become key to ensuring structural reforms and critical investments necessary for encouraging, sustaining, and enhancing economic growth and competitiveness. Political corruption severely undermines government legitimacy and weakens the development of political, economic, social, and environmental structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Equal representation of men and women in the public sector is an essential factor for gender-balanced policies and for quality service delivery. Gender diversity in decision-making processes is critical for restoring trust in public institutions and citizen-centred public services. The public service is both a policy enabler and implementer and the largest national employer in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are concerns that this number will decline further in the years to come following the country’s entry into the EU in 2013, which creates opportunities to move at a time when there is a lack of employment in Croatia. There is also a perceived shortage of physicians, especially in primary care, and shortages are observed in rural areas and on the country’s islands (see Section 5.2). There are a number of national public health programmes, including a mandatory vaccination programme, but a lack of action in tobacco control, as evidenced by high levels of smoking among adults and adolescents (see Section 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, it is important that public participation does not turn into an obstacle to urban projects. In some cases, citizens who have opposed plans have taken the case to court to block infrastructure projects. This indicates how important it is to get citizens involved in public deliberations from the earliest stages. For that purpose, local communities need to be given a variety of tools and mechanisms to participate in resolutions adopted by the akimats. To engage the broader public, focus groups, media campaigns and an interactive website could be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The alliance helps guide the mobile communication department to reduce the tariffs on mobile terminals and to support the development of the communication industry, it has a positive support for both the economy and the surrounding industries. At the same time, this project formed a set of FTTx network construction specifications applicable to the local conditions in India, covering the entire project life cycle, including planning, survey, design, construction, supervision and acceptance. While the project was implemented, the project team compiled training materials covering the whole process of FTTx construction for the local environment in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract In a previous piece, ‘Unjustifiable Expectations: Laying to Rest the Ghosts of Allotment-Era Settlers,’ the author argued that a review of historical newspaper articles showed that the expectations of non-Indians who purchased lands on Sioux reservations in South Dakota during the allotment era above tribes disappearing were not justifiable because they were rooted in an expectation of continued injustice towards tribes. The article thus concluded that the Supreme Court should not presume that allotment-era settlers had justifiable expectations when it decided reservation diminishment and tribal jurisdiction cases. This article addresses whether allotment era literature pertaining to Sioux peoples can similarly help inform such cases. Although the results are more mixed, particularly with non-Indian-authored fiction, the works of Native writers such as Luther Standing Bear, Charles Eastman, and particularly Zitkala-Sa are helpful in explicating the injustices in the federal government’s land deal...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)