albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They are also relevant in the context of planning fiscal consolidation strategies. For instance, the historical income trends do signal a significant shift in the relative “tax capacity” from lower to higher-earning groups in the aftermath of steep downturns. It may therefore be necessary to critically review whether existing tax provisions should be adapted in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements, in particular where those with high or very high incomes have benefited from declining overall tax burdens in the past {e.g., because of non-compliance, because tax expenditures mainly benefit high-income groups, or because of declining property and wealth taxes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Apart from North Korea, no state's nuclear program in the twenty-first century has raised more concern to international security than Iran's. While Iran insists that its nuclear program is strictly for civilian purpose in line with Article IV of non-proliferation treaty, the USA and its allies insist that Iran has military intentions and called for sanctions. The failure of sanctions to deter Iran from its nuclear agenda had made many scholars and policy-makers call for a preemptive attack on Iranian nuclear facilities. Situated within this debate, this paper positions itself as an antagonist to the preemptive airstrike option and argues that involving India in a possible nuclear “iron curtain” against Iran – a move known as technical isolation – remains the best option to the current nuclear crises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We will utilise the methodological toolbox in the in-depth cases in chapter 3. Mapping of cultural importance using cultural expressions. Revealed preference methods study how people behave in actual markets connected to the ecosystem service in question, and derive values from people's actual behaviour in these markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Rivers for which there is insufficient scientific information or have a rod catch of less than ten salmon remain closed. A scheme of rehabilitation of rivers was introduced with priority given to rivers which were below' the conservation limit in areas of SAC’s funded through the introduction of a salmon conservation component on all angling and commercial licence sales. This increase w'ould roughly equate to the reduction in exploitation as a result of the closure of the mixed stock fishery. In 2008 and 2009, many of these indices were down w'ith some significant drops, despite the continued closure of the mixed stock fishery at sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The company lacked the necessary technical expertise to develop electronic components for their products, but through the Innovation Voucher programme of the United Kingdom the company hired the University of Hertfordshire to develop the electronic locking mechanism. Their collaboration continued and the partner designed the actual lock and took the concept to market. The lock is currently being launched to the mass market (University of Hertfordshire, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Please select one response in each row. Many parents lost their jobs or had to take up poor-paying jobs, many education systems faced budgetary cuts and many welfare agencies cut down on services to at-risk groups. High rates of child poverty remain a concern in several countries as PISA has consistently shown that students’ socio-economic background is one of the factors that is most strongly associated with students’ proficiency levels. Research shows a strong link between material well-being in childhood and different dimensions of well-being in adulthood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most recent work, performed in 2018, included a revision of the methodology used in previous years. The MSE simulated the impacts of 18 different management scenarios in the future (up to 2036) including: the protraction of current fishing mortality (F status quo, FSQ), the harvest control rule (HCR) contained in Recommendation GFCM/37/2013/1, a catch limit set at the catches of 2014 and other measures outlined above as well as contrast scenarios. The results obtained showed that, for both species, maintaining the status quo would result in a high risk of spawning stock biomass (SSB) falling below BLIM in the short, medium and long term (example given in Figure 93 for European anchovy). They also showed that a recovery of the stock could be possible under a restricted number of scenarios with a low risk of dropping below Bum, at least in the medium term, for example, an effective implementation of the HCR foreseen under Recommendation GFCM/37/2013/1 would allow sardine SSB to recover with a low risk of dropping below BLIM in the short and medium term (0 and 0.4 percent, respectively) and a relatively low risk (16.8 percent) in the longer term (Figure 94).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The analysis enabled to make recommendations regarding how' the finance could better be allocated to reach objectives at lower total cost. Earlier studies include a cost-effectiveness analysis of an endangered species management in New Zealand (Fairbum et al., In Denmark, Kronbak and Vestergaard (2013) apply environmental cost-effectiveness analysis to a selective fishing gear policy case in Danish mixed trawl fisheries in Kattegat and Skagerrak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As the number of farms increases and the amount of production of individual farms declines, the viability of an aggregation business also declines. In response to these concerns, at the beginning of 2010, the prime minister of Poland appointed a special taskforce to work on increasing the transparency of agricultural markets and improving the functioning of the agro-food chain, the taskforce was subsequently dissolved in 2013. One possible solution is for farmers to form a production and marketing co-operative that provides advice to farmers on production methods to assure uniform and high-quality products, and pools production to facilitate sales to distributors and processors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A set of mid-range unmitigated climate change scenarios suggest temperature increase of 3 °C to 6 “C toward the end of the century, depending on the season and part of the country. Changes in summer are the most uncertain. The largest lake within EU, Lake Vanern, and its outlet, River Gota alv, constitute a complex system, where risks for flooding and landslides may increase. The city of Stockholm is located at the outlet of the lake, which provides water supply for some 2 million people in the metropolitan area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Section 4 concerns itself with gender differences in unpaid household work and finds that German women still do more than men. Section 5 examines changes in attitudes to work-life balance and the roles of parents. Finally, Section 6 considers how the gendered distribution of paid work may affect growth in coming years. Overall, Germany has made great strides in improving the gendered distribution of paid and unpaid labour. There is still plenty of room for further progress, however. However, as cohabitation becomes more common, more and more children are growing up in households with two cohabiting parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In most cases, those receiving employment-related pensions are not in poverty. The prevalence of contributory pension schemes in the region lias been estimated at less than 10 per cent in most countries. Age-based pensions can be categorized as either universal or means-tested. After reaching a specified age, everyone is entitled to receive payment under a universal pension scheme. Eligibility to a means-tested pension is determined by, in addition to age, income, assets or family status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, poorly defined land contract rights and incomplete markets for the transfer of land operation rights impede farm consolidation. This may hamper the government’s ability to continue achieving food security objectives (Box 1). In many cases, labour mobility is impeded by a lack of portability of health insurance benefits outside the local area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is the scourge of sexual and gender-based violence that leaves women and girls furthest behind in terms of development, locking them in situations of poverty and vulnerability that persist across generations. If we are to achieve the SDGs and eliminate gender-based violence by 2030, it will be critical to economically empower women and foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies. In many of these contexts, especially in agricultural societies, women are the backbone of the informal economy. Girls are unable to safely attend school. To cite just one example, more than half of all sexual assaults documented in Darfur, Sudan, occur in the course of essential sustenance activities, such as when women are forced to venture out to remote areas to collect fuel and firewood. Moreover, the burden of care that war leaves behind in its wake, including care for the wounded, sick, traumatized and orphaned, is disproportionately borne by women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre franqais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
J. Doyle1, E. Waters1, E. Noonan2, N. Royle3, K. Kowalski4, C. Gill5, D.B. Wilson5,6 Cochrane Public Health Review Group, McCaughey Centre, VicHealth Centre for the Promotion of Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, University of Melbourne, Australia The Campbell Collaboration, Head Office, Oslo, Norway The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK Campbell Social Welfare Group, Nordic Campbell Centre, Sfi The Danish National Centre For Social Research, Denmark Campbell Crime and Justice Group, Jerry Lee Center of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, USA Administration of Justice Department, George Mason University, USA Address correspondence to J. Doyle, E-mail: lisajw@unimelb.edu.au
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The “Environment Prize” awarded by FEDIL recognises the most innovative initiatives. As the principle tool for territorial planning at the national level, this programme provides guidance for initiatives and decisions of the central government and local authorities with respect to sustainable development of their territory. It makes provision for sectoral master plans, land-use plans, and greater inter-ministerial co-ordination through the Integrated Transport and Territorial Development Concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In order to increase the potential for success and trust in the platform's integrity, the source code related to the blockchain layer could be made available to the wider public via open source license models. In this way, public and private organisations would have simplified access, and be able to implement flexible measures to become educated in the technology. Only if all future users understand and accept the technology framework that defines consensus, can trust be maintained in the network. Since the private sector plays a key role in the low-carbon transition, their disclosure and compliance in infrastructure development and provision has to be secured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The administration of ICLs through the tax system reveals a potential problem. If emigration is high, tracking borrowers would be rather difficult and sustainability of ICLs would be difficult due to defaults. Slovenia, with its relatively advanced tax system, is well placed to administer and operate an ICL.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Accountability is a pivotal concern of applied social science. This article asserts that in many situations a full explanation of the sources of accountability requires the application of concepts from sociology and management science, in addition to those from the market-based approaches inspired by economics. The article describes the market-based approach to accountability exemplified by agency theory, applies it to school reform and derives several predictions about the likely success of market-based approaches to school reform, and documents the lack of evidence supporting the contention that programs for school choice will markedly improve teacher work effort and performance (as measured by student test scores). The social actor approach, rooted in sociological and management theories, is introduced and used to describe the pressures and norms operating in the public schools that foster accountability even in the absence of competition between schools for students. The article concludes with some im...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It introduced 12 management categories of protected areas, divided into two groups: strict protection areas, with the primary objective of biodiversity conservation, and sustainable use areas, which permit human settlement and natural resource use in accordance with sustainable management plans. In 2006, the MMA set up the National Register of Protected Areas (CNUC), a database collecting a wide range of biodiversity and management data for each official protected area, although information is often incomplete. In March 2015, 1 940 protected areas covered 17.2% of Brazil’s terrestrial area and inland waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the Colombian innovation system is still small, overly centred on state actors and performs well below the level required for its sustained development. The share of GDP due to non-manufacturing industry (mining, including petroleum, construction, utilities) increased rapidly, from less than a tenth to over a fifth of output, w'hile the manufacturing sector either stagnated or contracted, falling from just over a fifth to about a sixth of output. This may reflect a significant long-term trend of relative “de-manufacturisation”, which mirrors to some degree the experience of other Latin American countries, as the scale and scope of manufacturing exports, especially from Asia, has increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Committee has applied this principle to State parties' failure to prevent and protect victims from gender-based violence, such as rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation and trafficking. According to the Special Rapporteur, the powerlessness of the victim and the purpose of the act are the most decisive elements to determine whether an act amounts to torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The Special Rapporteur has further pointed out that, given the particular vulnerability of women with disabilities, forced abortions and sterilizations of these women if they are the result of a lawful process by which decisions are made by their "legal guardians" against their will, may also constitute torture or ill-treatment. Violence in the name of honour, sexual violence and harassment, as well as slavery-like practices often of a sexual nature, domestic violence (in the form of intimate partner violence), female genital mutilation and human trafficking can also constitute gender-based torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, according to the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/7/3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A total of 26 pilot smart cities have been selected from the ten ASEAN Member States (Table 2.1). The positive externalities arising from agglomeration can be offset by negative externalities when a city’s equilibrium size exceeds its socially optimum size (OECD, 2010a, OECD, 2015a). Traffic congestion is one of the key negative externalities of urban agglomeration, particularly in Emerging Asia. Congestion is a considerable challenge in many of the region’s cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The poor segment of the population lives below the poverty line and, despite free installation, they may not be able to afford electricity if consumption goes above the free basic electricity allocation. The subsidy is based on the cost of the lowest supply size stated in the suit of supply options. This amount is Pa§e I determined on an annual basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some African and Asian countries also experience flood events, which can result in significant economic deprivation (Mirza 2003). It also generates water stress in countries where this problem did not previously exist. Small island developing states (SIDS) and most island LDCs are those most exposed to this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, lower government expenditure on general services in proportion of total support in 2011-13 compared to the mid-1990s reflects the decline in expenditure in real terms. This decline may compromise improvements in the sector’s productivity and competitiveness, which are more likely to be achieved through investments in these areas than with production subsidies. In some countries, however, these services are increasingly provided by the private sector, including as part of public-private partnerships. In all other OECD counties, the share of GSSE in total support, although generally rising since the 1980s, constituted only between 5% and 18% in 2011-13. General services for agriculture accounted for relatively minor share of GDP in 2011-13, ranging between 0.5% and 0.15% in most countries, except New Zealand (0.21%), Korea (0.24%), and Iceland (0.2%). The agricultural knowledge and innovation system was the most heavily supported general service in Australia, Mexico and Norway, the European Union and Israel in 2011-13.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, according to national law, natural areas can be developed only if the area is covered by a SCoT. Such incentives have been further strengthened by the requirement that developed areas that are not covered by a SCoT cannot be expanded starting from 1 January 2017 onwards. To encourage the adoption of SCots, the State set up annual calls for proposals starting in 2010 to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up SCoTs. The PADD is the policy document which establishes the main thrusts of territorial development for the next 15 to 20 years, the DOO is the technical document which is enforceable against local documents such as the local housing programmes (Programmes locaux de I ’habitat), urban mobility plans (Plans de deplacements urbains), local urban planning plans (Plans locaux d’urbanisme) and municipal maps (Cartes communales).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper considers increasing international interest, both academic and professional, in the implications and strategic significance of workforce diversity. Drawing on research that has been undertaken principally within the field of human resource management, as well as the experiences of museum sectors internationally, the paper explores the rationale behind, and potential efficacy of, recent initiatives to enhance cultural diversity within the UK museum sector through an approach characterised by the use of positive or affirmative action. It is argued that workforce diversity will become increasingly important to the sector as, in response to changing socio-political agendas, museums are required to assume new roles as agents of social inclusion. The paper concludes by broadening the concept of ?diversity management' (which has emerged from the field of human resource management) to take account of the museum's unique goals and functions and presents a conceptual framework within which the dynamic in...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the four school-years 2008-2012, 35 1143 interactive whiteboards have been bought for Italian schools with Ministry of Education funds, and 64 456 teachers have been trained in using them (Eurypedia, 2012). Table 3 below provides the detail by school level. The most recent census counted 69 813 IWBs in Italian schools as of August 2013 (MIUR, 2013). Assuming that one IWB is in use by one class only, and that all interactive whiteboards are still in use, this corresponds to 22% of the 322 134 classes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Caucasus Ecoregional Conservation Plan was adopted at the 11th Caucasus Biodiversity Council Meeting in March 2011. It provides for Georgia, as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan, a comprehensive ecological network map with corridor planning both within the country and with neighbouring countries. However, of these 20 sites, the eight conservation areas so far identified and nominated are located within the borders of existing protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This has been attributed to a number of interconnected factors, including the lack of mother-tongue education for most San communities, cultural differences between home and school, cultural practices such as hunting trips and initiation ceremonies that keep students from attending school, frequent abuse at the hands of school authorities and other students, and the experience of alienation in boarding schools. The aim of this initiative is to support teachers in applying mother tongue-based bilingual approaches to literacy and numeracy development and to provide tested tools for strengthening the child's learning of the home language and acquisition of English. Available at http://www.unicef.org/esaro/ UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthAfrica.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An increase in business R&D activities was perceived as a vital aspect of structural adaptation, and three activities were identified as core parts of HITRA: i) revitalisation of industrial R&D, ii) fostering science-industry co-operation, and iii) commercialisation of research results (Svarc, 2006). To deal with potential frictions, an Inter-ministerial Control Group was established in 2001 to supervise HITRA’s financial operations but also to be a “forum” for reaching consensus on conflicting policy issues. However, the Control Group never became fully operational. In the end, HITRA was forced to respect ministry borders and confined its policy measures and programmes to projects and companies that engaged in co-operation with the public R&D sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, many protected areas do not yet fully meet their objectives (TCU, 2013, WWF and ICMBio, 2012). As the management plan is a condition for sustainable public use (such as tourism, environmental education and sustainable logging) and local community resource use (e.g. harvesting, fishing, farming), its absence reduces socio-economic development opportunities in the longer term and could hinder effective control over resource use in the area. Most federal protected areas have a management committee, composed of government officials and representatives of civil society and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Refining capacity may therefore limit the availability of oil derivates for final consumption. There exists a number of indicators to monitor refinery capacity and its utilisation (differentiated by product) (ECOFYS, et al., This indicator applies, in particular, to the flexibility of oil refineries in the face of overall demand changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This can hold equally for the individual consumer or for an energy-using enterprise. The surplus of disposable income can be spent in different ways and, depending which option is chosen, can have significant impacts on individual, company, sectoral, and economy-wide energy consumption. Similarly, a number of drivers are important in determining enterprises' investment decisions such as their financial situation, knowledge of energy efficiency potential, commitment to the environment and energy efficiency, public and market demands, and policy obligations (IEA, 2011d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)