albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Older working-age single women are increasingly left behind with women who had children in the 2000s, when they were likely to give up work, still suffering earnings penalties and lower employment rates than women who had children later but managed to maintain their careers. Young people who found it difficult to find work after leaving education at the time of the “Great Recession” in the 2010s are now in work, but in their forties and still find their work prospects affected by the unemployment they suffered early in their careers. Those from wealthier families or who have previously held professional jobs usually have good insurance policies in place to protect against loss of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As large food retailers tend to have the most power in processed food value chains, the institutional framework and infrastructure to support each of the linkages in the food value chain are essential to supporting domestic food production. Working with lead firms in this area has the potential to be a powerful policy lever. The institutional framework here influences the ability of housing suppliers to respond to demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The NRC and AEBC agree that adverse environmental impacts are less likely for livestock breeds than for fish, because most farm animal species have no wild relatives remaining and farm animal reproduction is confined to managed herds and flocks. The danger of becoming feral is low in cattle, sheep and domestic chickens, which are less mobile and highly domesticated, but higher in horses, camels, rabbits, dogs and laboratory animals (rats and mice). Non-transgenic domestic goats, pigs and cats have been known to become feral, causing extensive damage to ecological communities (NRC, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Of course schooling is a long term investment, nevertheless these results highlight the long run importance of female education for reducing child deprivation in Mali. Once again, consumption is much more important in rural areas for reducing the likelihood of being multidimensionally deprived (having three or more deprivations), with an additional $1 per day reducing the likelihood by 23 percentage points in rural areas compared to 13 points in urban areas. Household consumption is particularly important for reducing education deprivation in rural areas, an additional $1 per day reducing the likelihood by 11 percentage points compared to only 6 percentage points in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aid has frequently been provided for with non-economic objectives, such as emergency assistance following disaster relief, or for political or geostrategic reasons. During the Cold War, billions of dollars of aid supported corrupt and tyrannical dictators such as Joseph Mobutu of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Jean-Bedel Bokassa of the Central African Republic. In other cases, aid may have had a negative effect on growth through ‘Dutch Disease’ effects - where inflows of capital reduce the competitiveness of the export sector through the appreciation of exchange rates. More generally, the cross-section ‘aid and growth’ literature is bedevilled by all the econometric problems associated with the ‘trade and growth’ literature, to which we referred earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Paradoxically, justifications for State torture and non-State terrorism are strikingly similar, often drawing on the same underlying logic, reasoning, ethics, politics, ideology and philosophy. This chapter explores the range of claims, justifications and excuses which have been invoked to support arguments for torture and terrorism, including ideas about the defence of human rights, asymmetry of power, the simultaneous antiquity and malleability of the law, and exceptional doctrines such as 'necessity'. While the absolute prohibition of torture in international law is appropriate and ought to be defended, by contrast there are considerable inadequacies in the legal regulation of terrorism, resulting in the complicity of international law in repressing legitimate struggles against political oppression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first international symposium was held in Tokyo in 1996. Food pollution and industrial wastes were the topics of the main agenda in its discussion session. In the second year, the project’s scope expanded to water contamination, samples of tap water (and a few seawater samples) were collected across East Asia to evaluate water quality levels in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Overarching approaches that combine, for example, agriculture, transport and energy policies can lose territorial focus and/or may have unintended impacts on mral dwellers. In contrast, the narrow mral policy approach can suffer from being less cross-sectoral or integrated in its interventions. The appropriateness of either approach depends in large part on the nature of mral territories (e.g. the socio-demographic characteristics of the population and the stmcture of local economies) and their access to goods, services and infrastructure. In places where a significant share of the mral population lives far from services and faces social and economic marginalisation, narrower mral policies are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The relationship between ethnic status and alcohol drinking was analysed all other things being equal in England, New Zealand, and the US. Results show that minority groups generally drink less alcohol than the white population, except in the US where Mexican American men have a higher prevalence of any alcohol drinking than non-Hispanic white men. Concerning harmful forms of drinking, results show that in England, white men and women are more likely to engage in hazardous drinking and HED (Figure 16), while findings in other countries are seldom statistically significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is in fact a ‘social pension’ for people (including children) with disabilities, orphans and elderly persons without pension rights. Eligibility is independent of household income. Until 2009, the value of the MSB was based on the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI), and varied between 75 and 300 per cent of the GMI for different categories (World Bank, 2009, Gassmann, 2010b).54 The MSB is financed entirely from the Republic’s budget. Between 2005 and 2009, the average MSB has increased from KGS 367 to KGS 715 per month.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Following an overview of the world’s urban landscape, Chapter 2 looks at the status of children in urban settings through the lens of international human rights instruments and development goals. Chapter 3 examines some of the phenomena shaping the lives of children in urban areas, from their reasons for coming to the city and their experience of migration to the challenges posed by economic shocks, violence and acute disaster risk. Many cities have been able to contain or banish diseases that were widespread only a generation ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The rationale behind decentralisation is that local authorities can be more responsive to local preferences and needs, thereby resulting in a better allocation of resources and higher cost efficiency (Saltman etal., Some countries show a high degree of decentralisation (Figure 13). In some countries (e.g. in Italy and Finland), decentralisation appears to have coincided with slowing health cost growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This opportunity cost may be very large, and in particular in a context of increasing global demand, stress on resources, and climate concerns, they may represent a cost that we cannot afford to bear. Further analysis and evidence is required to ensure that the full socioeconomic potential of energy efficiency measures is being delivered. The significant impacts indicated by work on these benefits to date, suggests that the pursuit of energy savings should no longer be seen as a goal in and of itself, but rather, should be considered as a means to pursue a range of practical improvements for various levels of society. This paper investigates the range of outcomes from energy efficiency improvements which extend to benefits that are significantly wider than energy savings alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, in most cases, the revisions offset each other as regards their impact on the most aggregate indicators. For example, for the latest published year (2009 for France and Portugal, 2008 for all other countries), the revision to the value of the overall summary EPL indicator is greater than 0.2 points (that is less than 10% of the OECD average) in only ten countries (see the figure below) with a maximum revision of 0.32 points. Similar results emerge as regards the synthetic indicator of employment protection for regular workers, including additional provisions for collective dismissals (EPRC), and the synthetic indicator on regulation for temporary workers (EPT). This is reassuring as regards the empirical evidence, since only synthetic indicators are typically used in macro-econometric analyses (see Section 1), with the sole partial exception of Bassanini and Gamero (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many other initiatives have been successfully developed in and around Brisbane’s CBD, making it a vibrant city centre for both work and play. The high cost of land contributes to local governments joining private investors to pursue the policy of coastal reclamation because it appears a less expensive means to acquire land for additional industrial and commercial use (Montenegro et al, 2005). The proposed and already reclaimed land currently forms nearly 3% of Metro Cebu’s land area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Vocational-technical education prepares individuals to acquire professional knowledge and a trade-specific qualification. There are 231 institutions offering programmes for secondary specialized education, including 12 private institutions. In 2014, 33,800 young professionals graduated from vocational training institutions and 41,400 students from secondary specialized vocational training institutions received a diploma. These numbers correspond to the overall demand for workers in the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper No. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Getting Choice Right: Ensuring Equity and Efficiency in Education Policy, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC. Handbook of the Economics o/Education, Vol. Panel estimates from PISA”, Journal 0/Develop merit Economics, Vol. Recruiting, retaining, and creating quality teachers”, Nordic Economic Policy Review, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Peru, 15-year-old girls spend on average around two hours, while boys of the same age spend a little over one hour. Research by Plan International (2017) found similar results: in their study, girls aged 5-9 spend 30% more time on household tasks than boys the same age. The gap widens to 50% for girls aged 10-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rather, policies should respond to the specific social context and gender power relations. Second, policies should be responsive to differences in how diverse groups of women and men engage with land, trees, water and other resources. Third, policies should pay special attention to women's rights in regard to tenure and property, as well as control over labour, resources, products and decisions within both the household and the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Generally, these measures may not reduce inequality directly, but they could contribute to strengthening a dynamic process of structural change through which fiscal instruments, and incomes policies (as discussed in chapter VI of this Report), would become more effective. However, the provision of public services should also include the middle classes in order to raise overall skill levels, which will ultimately also contribute to a more equal income distribution and to an enlarged tax base in the future. There is evidence of a positive relationship between direct government transfers and growth. Public employment schemes, such as those launched in a number of developing countries in recent years (TDR 2010, chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These provide not only some principled stance around which efforts will coalesce, but also represent a measure against which individual and collective pledges can and will be evaluated. With respect to mitigation, the Paris Agreement states two long-term temperature goals underpinned by two emissions-related goals. It also has an adaptation goal. The 1.5°C target was a critical negotiating issue for the SIDS, as many of the climate impacts anticipated even at a 2°C global mean temperature rise are very likely to result in catastrophic damage to these states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This may partly reflect differences in questionnaire design and in responding practices. This makes it difficult to draw cross-country comparisons on the size and effect of the tax system based on household surveys. For instance, occupational pensions should be treated as capital income according to the OECD terms of reference, but in practice, they are sometimes treated as cash transfers (for instance, in France).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The cost of some forms of social expenditures - such as mutual gifts - is conceivably proportional to standards of living, as it is relevant to the extent that the social group can partake in it. Other expenditures may impose a lower bound on the cost of social inclusion even at very low levels of income. In the proposal of this paper, such a fixed part of the cost of social inclusion should be included in the absolute poverty line. Based on poverty line data collected by Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula (2009), the elasticity of national poverty lines with respect to mean consumer expenditure is estimated to be significantly lower than unity (at about 2/3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, global inequalities mean that actions and omissions by the more powerful States will have adverse repercussions on the capacities of smaller and less powerful States to meet their human rights obligations. The fiscal deficits that resulted from the crisis have led both developed and developing countries to cut back on public social expenditure, which is threatening to increase poverty and gender inequality.74 There is a need therefore for a set of principles on extra-territorial obligations that provides standards to make governments, international financial institutions, intergovernmental organizations and transnational corporations accountable for actions that affect the realization of rights across the world. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. But how can these principles be made real so that they define state action on the ground? Some would argue that there is a paradox here: States, which are seen as the main duty-bearers and guarantors of rights, may have neither the capacity nor the political will to protect and promote rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Firstly, progress has been rapid in rural areas - a trend which is projected to continue under the Environmental Outloofe Baseline - but the absolute number of people in rural areas without access is still a concern (Figure 5.12). Secondly, as noted above, the number of city dwellers without access to improved water supply worldwide has actually increased between 1990 and 2008, as service extension fails to keep pace with city growth. Thirdly, the MDG target indicator - the “proportion of population using an improved drinking water source” - does not necessarily reflect access to safe water, which was defined as a fundamental human right by the UN in 2010 (see Section 3 for more on this).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, to enter the profession of floor layer, students learn ecologically sound technologies and materials, energy efficient equipment and non-waste technologies in construction. Similar development is observed in the profession of hunting specialist, which is prepared by the Polotsk State Forestry College. Future hunting specialists learn sustainable hunting practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A risk management strategy that successfully achieves overall risk reduction for at least one or both risks, that does not require a tradeoff between risks, can be illustrated by an outward shift (right panel, Figure 2.4), resulting, for example, from increased efficiency in use. This can be done by altering risk drivers, by limiting exposure or enhancing the resilience of the community, physical assets, and the environment by making them less vulnerable to potential harm. There are many possible adaptation strategies that can be used to manage water risks (illustrated in Table 2.1). From an economic perspective, it is possible to have too much or too little adaptation, as well as mal-adaptation. In the context of risk and uncertainty, decisions are informed by weighing expected costs and benefits - that is, the probability-weighted mean over the range of possible outcomes. In the case of climate change adaptation, the cost of actions is more likely to be known and incurred in the near term, while many of the benefits (avoided climate impacts) will accrue far into the future and will not be known with certainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mobility of unskilled labour to Australia and New Zealand, through seasonal work schemes for example, could provide some temporary relief to the high youth unemployment situation in the Pacific. Existing schemes, such as the Recognised Seasonal Employer Work Policy in New Zealand and Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (made permanent in July 2012 as the Seasonal Worker Programme), have been hailed as a success. Governments of Pacific island economies have argued that more needs to be done, in terms of numbers and sectoral coverage, and in ensuring greater certainty for such schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The agenda also specifically emphasizes the importance of transport, electricity and ICT. Deficiencies of infrastructure thus present a bottleneck to economic growth, a risk to business competitiveness, a factor contributing to growing inequality, an obstacle to poverty reduction, and an impediment to effectively pursuing SDGs and other internationally agreed development goals. Improving access to infrastructure services boosts economic activities and produces spillover effects in various productive sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The forum has the objective to seive as an experience-sharing platform and guide decentralised co-operation policies at national level. The Secretariat of the CNCD and the implementation of its policy are ensured within the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs by the Delegation for Decentralised Development Co-operation of Local and Regional governments (DAECT). It also advises LRGs on how to comply with legal frameworks and related budgetary regulations for these activities. It mainly discusses DDC policy objectives and major issues related to the public policy coherence in development co-operation. It promotes the exchange of experiences and the dissemination of information. It is recognised by DDC water actors as a neutral platform for consultation with public authorities and operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2009 the monthly grant amounts to R240, equivalent to approximately US$21. This contrasts with the figure of 1.9 million children who were de facto in receipt of the grant in 2003. Assuming that all those who are eligible (under the age of 7) register for the child grant, household poverty would fall to 28.9 per cent. Even more strikingly, poverty among children (under 7) falls from 42.7 per cent to 34.3 per cent and ultra-poverty from 13.1 per cent to 4.2 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, Hyantar distributed, free of charge, 68,000 stacked cubic metres of deadwood. However, these do not include illegally felled material, which is very hard to estimate, which is almost all for energy use. Strong demand is driven by the high price of alternative fuels, notably gas, in rural areas, leaving poor rural families with no alternative to unrecorded/illegal fuelwood removal. It is estimated that total removals in Armenia are around 535 thousand m3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Prosecution alleged that the FPLC systematically enlisted and conscripted children in large numbers, provided them with military training and later used them to participate actively in hostilities. Girls were also subjected to rape and sexual violence although these acts were not charged. Girls who were conscripted and enlisted were also used by the FPLC commanders to carry out domestic work, and to work as nurses. London: LSE Research online (http:// eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive 00000546).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper considers why some harm-generating activities are controlled by criminal law and criminal sanctions while others are subject to some other mechanism such as civil law, administrative law, regulation or the tax system. It looks at the question from the perspective of the law and economics approach. We seek to identify the comparative benefits of using the criminal law relative to other enforcement mechanisms and - more broadly - why certain specific behaviours are criminalized. The paper argues that an economic approach emphasizing the relative merits of alternative legal instruments for bringing about harm reduction can provide an explanation for a number of recent legal developments. It argues also that the willingness of legislators to combine the use of sanctions traditionally used in one area of the law with sanctions from other areas is more readily explicable in economic terms than in other terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The objective is to produce stylised features that are analysed in the light of existing co-ordination tools, allowing for a customisation and integration of water policy. A closer look at each of these gaps is provided in order of importance, starting with the policy gap, which was considered as the most important gap by countries surveyed (12 out of 13), followed by the accountability gap (11 out of 13) and the funding gap (10 out of 13). Sectoral fragmentation across ministries and between levels of government is considered as an important or very important obstacle to integrated water policy in 92% of countries surveyed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)