albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
One of the most important problems that we have in our country and in Latin America is distrust, and this is reflected in the insecurity that every day is more noticeable in the three spheres of government (the federal, the state and, especially, the municipal) and also in the organs of procurement and administration of justice. This leads us to find viable alternatives that can help us to solve this situation. The collaborative law, which comes from the constitutional reforms in criminal law of 2008 and the human rights in 2011, becomes a very important element in its implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lastly, professional teacher training and mid-technical level curriculum hours are set aside for working on the subject with subject teachers. Although the programme is designed for all levels of education with these variants, it is currently mainstreamed only at the secondary education level, with sexuality education workshops assigned to lead teachers. Uruguay has also set up a team of lead teachers on this subject who support and train other teachers to enrich their work and foster opportunities for reflection in the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Includes other current receipts, non-interest property income received and underlying capital transfers received net of exceptional transfers. They may find it difficult under the current recessionary conditions to sell their property (or part of it) at reasonable prices. Detailed analysis of the impact of each consolidation measure by household income decile group supports the above findings (Koutsogeorgopoulou et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most of the women (68 percent) were married,i6 per cent were unmarried, 10 per cent were separated or divorced and 6 per cent were widows. Their educational status is reported in Table 4-1. In Nepal, the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years, but many of the women in the sample were married when they were only 14 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Approval signifies that the material has been subject to detailed, line-by-line discussion and agreement by consensus. However, if a reader should report an error (e.g., a miscalculation or a factual inaccuracy) in an accepted report chapter or approved summary for policymakers, the issue should be brought to the attention of the Secretariat, which should implement a process for error correction. The text below is adapted from the IPBES procedure for the Nordic Assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In order to facilitate gender-equal parliaments, many legislatures are taking steps to introduce a range of measures to facilitate work-life balance for parliamentarians, particularly those with family and/or care obligations. There remains clear scope to enhance the framework and implementation of these initiatives. Table 6.3 provides a summary of the type of work-life balance measures that have been adopted by different parliaments across the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A further very large increase in the tax free allowance to €500 per month has been announced for 2018, but the rebate for low earners will not been continued. Instead, the whole tax allowance will be gradually withdrawn from those with above-average incomes until it is fully withdrawn when incomes reach €2,100 per month. Income tax rates have also been reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Despite the fact that diplomatic institutions throughout the world employ digital technologies, few studies to date have examined how African and Eastern European diplomats utilize digital technologies to obtain public diplomacy goals. For these nations, digital technologies may prove especially beneficial given their small number of embassies and globally dispersed diaspora. Additionally, few studies to date have offered models for measuring the scope of engagement and dialogue between diplomats and digital publics. This chapter presents a new model for measuring the scope of engagement between diplomats and digital publics and also analyzes the dialogic activities of five African MFAs and four Lithuanian embassies. The corresponding results demonstrate that African and Eastern European embassies offer digital publics a breadth of information leading to the democratization of public diplomacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These barriers compound the challenge of meeting the growing demand for food, feed and fibre in a sustainable way (IFAD, 2015). This process is the outcome of a structural change driven by increased agricultural productivity where there is sufficient food, and surpluses of labour and even financial resources to support the country's urbanization and industrialization process. So, promoting an inclusive rural transformation process requires formulating and implementing public policies that expand both the spectrum of opportunities offered to small-scale rural producers, as a result of the structural change process, and their capacity to take advantage of these opportunities (IFAD, 2016a). The first, related to access, concerns the availability of financial services in specific localities (Claessens and Perotti, 2007), so lack of access is linked to the absence of financial intermediaries in certain territories (Beck, Demirgug-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, the Ministry has contracted an evaluation of the program, but this will be very challenging given the range of schools, the variety of initiatives undertaken and the lack of documentation. With plans afoot to initiate a second round of the program, the question is how to use the experiences and results of this first round to improve the effectiveness and accountability of the next round. Consequently, it is often problematic to obtain the representative samples of schools and students that are essential to high quality research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, urban populations are expected to soon exceed rural populations (figure 4.1). Ninety per cent of the world's urban expansion is in developing countries. As of 2017,23 of the world's 37 megacities are in Asia, of which eight of the top 10 megacities are in Asia, including the top three. However, nearly half of urban dwellers live in emerging cities with populations of less than half a million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The funds will support aquaculture in the aim of making the sector more productive without compromising sustainability and conservation goals. The total budget for the Operational Programme (OP) is approximately EUR 41 million (USD 55 million) for the period 2014-20. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This means that everybody has to do what one can to halt climate emissions, no less. The real test will be when the NDCs are renewed every five years, after a global stocktaking and evaluation of the actions taken. A true success, and overcoming the collective actions dilemma, would be if the future NDCs together imply more ambitious climate policies for the planet, closing the gap to meet the two degrees objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Of course, the priority policies and measures that will be most effective depend on the characteristics of each country’s road transport system and the profile of injury they experience. Nevertheless, Safe System principles, based at their core on the laws of physics and the vulnerability of the human body to uncontrolled levels of kinetic energy, have universal applicability. A Safe System, therefore, serves well as a unifying framework for the road safety policies and plans of every UN Member State.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are likely to be required through three RBMP cycles until 2027, in order to reach good status for surface water and groundwater. The Wiedau River, shared between Denmark and Germany and discharging into the Waddcn Sea, has been highly controlled by weirs and gates to protect it from tides and surges. During the last decade, a number of projects have been completed to make the weirs passable for migrating fish, and to return straightened and modified stretches of the river to its original meandering course. This requires transboundary agreements on the measures to be taken, political commitment to their enforcement, and sustained cooperation to monitor their effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A comprehensive national implementation plan, prepared in 2010, identifies stocks of POPs and presents a strategy for managing them, taking account of potential economic and social impacts. A substantial effort will be needed to achieve the plan’s objectives, as large quantities of pesticides and PCBs are in storage or use, and significant amounts of dioxins and furans are released to the environment. Colombia is receiving support from GEF and the UN Development Programme to develop its capacity for managing the disposal of PCBs. The pesticide glyphosate has been used to eradicate coca and poppy crops used to produce illegal drugs, although questions have been raised about its effectiveness and its health and environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Statutory requirements under the EU Birds and Habitats directives insofar as they relate to sea-fisheries are implemented through secondary legislation. Gross Value Added (GVA) and gross profit increased between 2011 and 2012. The major factor driving this overall increase in economic performance was a higher estimate of total income in comparison with other years and reductions in non-variable and capital costs experienced in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Water-related hazards accounted for 62 per cent of the deaths and 96 per cent of the people affected and 75 per cent of total damage costs amounting to US$2.5 trillion. They contribute to overall water scarcity, stress water supplies, and affect agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. Proactive drought policies and drought risk management can build greater societal resilience to the effects of drought and reduce the need for an emergency response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In general, power plants operating below their maximum output can provide ramp-up capability, but in that case, they lose some revenues as they do not sell all the power they could produce on the energy market. Arbitrage links energy market prices with balancing and ancillary services prices and this creates opportunities to change the operations of generating units according to price incentives delivered on these different interrelated power markets. The market for reserves or balancing services may not have any locational dimension. Generation services are much more differentiated than the basic underlying commodity with which they are associated. The system operator may, for example, need generating capacity responding in 10 minutes at a particular node of the network (Joskow, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In terms of domestic demand for textile production, the question is whether India can capture higher international market shares, particularly from China where wage costs are rising. Based on demographics and industrial wage developments, India may capture more clothing trade from China in the future, but China’s infrastructure and supply chain developments may help to maintain its advantage. Spinning cotton is much more capital-intensive than cutting and sewing apparel or garments, and China may continue spinning for even longer, as the United States did right up to 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With the introduction of the e-health system in 2016, the availability and use of health information is expected to increase as the system will record health services delivered, tests and their results, costs and prescription information for each patient by using unique patient identifiers. Provider coverage is initially limited but the system is envisaged to cover all providers eventually. It is intended that the information systems currently used by different providers will be integrated into a single national system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is critical as most nations use protected areas as a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. However, to determine whether this is a successful strategy it is necessary to know not only about the area and systems they cover, but also whether these are effectively managed. Ecosystem refers to the plants, animals, micro-organisms and physical environment of any given place, and the complex relationships linking them into a functional system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Trade union densities expressed as wage and salaried employee union members as a share of total salaried and wage employees when available [see data sources’ methodological notes for details: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/2/35695665.pdf for OECD data and Baccaro (2008) for IILS data]. Maloney and Ribeiro (1999) find that unions in Mexico increase employment and, correspondingly, Menezes-Filho et al. ( While the effect on profitability is to be expected, the effect on productivity is by no means general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most notably the health status of Arab-Israelis is poorer than for the rest of the population, as exemplified by their lower average life expectancy (Figure 2.1, Panels A and B). This is in part due to non-medical issues: on average, Arab-Israeli men smoke far more than the rest of the population, and the incidence of obesity is relatively high among Arab-Israeli women (see below). Also, within the Arab population, the Bedouin community raises particular concerns, for instance, infant mortality remains very high (Chernichovsky, 2011). These gaps in health outcomes link to wider socio-economic issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Examples of indicators to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities in the agricultural sector (cont.) For example, a preparedness indicator such as the identification of funds for adaptation does not say anything on their actual use. Even if it were possible to know how much of the designated fund was actually used, the exact extent to which it enhanced adaptive capacity would remain unknown. The same would happen if only a project-based approach were used. Although pilot-projects can be very helpful to shed light on what successful adaptation is in a specific area or sector, “summing up” all the projects taking place in a given country does not always say much on the country’s overall preparedness to face climate change and adjust to it. Additionally, such projects in reality tend to be regionally confined and few in number.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Prevention is based on a health promotion strategy that involves a process to enable people to improve their health through the control over some of its immediate determinants. This includes a wide range of expected outcomes, which are covered through a diversity of interventions, organised as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. The goal of primary preventive measures is the reduction of risks before they generate some effect, e.g. via vaccination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper surveys the use made of comparative law by the House of Lords and Supreme Court in tort cases decided in the period 1990–2013. Consideration is given to the use of materials from both common law and civil law jurisdictions. The research finds that these courts make a great deal of use of comparative common law (albeit from a limited number of jurisdictions) and that these materials have played a part in a variety of ways in developing the law. In contrast, use of materials from civil law jurisdictions has been at a much lower level and appears to have declined in recent years. The enthusiasm for using civil law sources that certain judges showed in the past has not been continued in more recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Background paper to the OECD Global Forum on Agriculture: Issues in Agricultural Trade Policy, 2 December 2014, Paris. Tackling Agriculture in the Post-Bali Context, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland. Agence Frangaise de Developpement, Paris. Non-Tariff Barriers and the Gains from Trade”, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Policies that target inequality directly can similarly advance further poverty reduction. At the same time, the countries that have successfully decreased absolute poverty face new challenges of fostering social inclusion. It then looks at the emerging need for converging countries to pay attention to relative deprivation in addition to absolute poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No local government has competency in this area, as it is regulated by the federal government. Freight transport represents 14% of the transport fleet (700 000 freight vehicles are registered in the ZMVM), most of them highly polluting. Monitoring this sector is highly complicated and expensive (SEDEMA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is extremely significant as suicide rates have been found to be negatively associated with integration of traditional culture in several Native American peoples and degree of self-government among Native Canadians.60 Similarly, although a study of suicide risk among indigenous Sami in Arctic Norway found an increased risk of suicide for the Sami in comparison with the rural population of Arctic Norway as a whole, it found no increased risk of suicide among reindeer herding Sami males. This finding may be due to the significance of reindeer herding as a traditional, culturally significant occupation among the Sami in Norway. Today, Sami in Norway who are involved in reindeer herding occupy a unique cultural position and have a strong ethnic identity and high status within the Sami culture.61 In this regard, improvements in the enjoyment of human rights by indigenous peoples, including the rights to self-governance, culture and land rights, and improved access to resources and reduction in poverty may be expected to decrease the disproportionately high youth suicide rates faced by some indigenous tribes or communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such a discrepancy should have dramatic implications for India’s poverty estimates—a difference in the order of hundreds of millions. This also implies hardly any acceleration of per capita household expenditure, as surveys reported an equivalent growth rate of 1.1 per cent during India’s pre-reform period. However, corresponding data from the national accounts show that household expenditure per capita grew, on average, by 4.5 per cent annually over the past two decades. Thus, the survey data seem to fail to take account of India’s faster economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Sustainable Development Goal 3 is also aimed at strengthening the capacity of all countries, particularly developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction, and management of national and global health risks (target 3.d). However, in the efforts to achieve this Goal and its related targets, there are a number of challenges associated with the means of implementations, as the existing institutional arrangements may be inadequate in providing an enabling environment for diverse organizations to cooperate each other. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the Asia-Pacific region where the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in 2009-2010, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2015 were health security threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This has affected all types of NGOs, including environmental ones. The number of registered environmental NGOs diminished from 706 in 2014 to 487 in 2017, although this decrease might be partially attributed to the number of NGOs that ceased functioning and therefore were not present to reregister. The General Agency charges a one-time registration fee of 44,000 tugriks (approximately US$20) to all newly established NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Public higher education institutions receive funding directly from the national government in the form of a subsidy for education and research. The Czech School Inspectorate indicates that the proportion of publicly funded schools has decreased recently, while privately funded schools and gymnasia have increased. Church schools are fully supported from national funds. There is little private funding for vocational education and training programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This could result not only in more financial resources but also in better management of the natural sites. Morelos' rapid urbanisation phenomenon has led to the deterioration of 50% of the state’s natural wealth and high pollution levels, particularly in metropolitan areas, as observed in Morelos' Ecological Land Management Plan (Ministry of Sustainable Development, 2016). One way to incentivise municipalities to plan urban development would be to make funding for specific projects conditional on a municipal urban development plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Trade reform can change relative prices in both product (final goods and services) and factor (labor, capital, etc.) Given the prevalence of poverty in rural areas and the importance of agriculture to poor farmers it is useful to view these changes from the perspective of the farm household as both consumers and sellers of goods and services. Poor farmers can gain if trade increases the price they receive for the food they sell in the market and opens up new (maybe nearer) markets for their produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Combating domestic violence is one of the most relevant instruments to achieve the MDG 3 + approach. To replicate the experience of the Brazilian Government with the implementation of the Maria da Penha Law and the National Plan to Face Violence Against Women that have established a new legal landmark in dealing with this matter. The participants had extensive discussions on the three sub-themes: “Present situation of women in the outlying regions”, “Empowering women for economic and social development in the outlying regions”, and “Tapping the NGO resources for women’s development in the outlying regions”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Shedding light on some of the details of that picture can help the design and targeting of policies to tackle the harms associated with alcohol consumption. The results of analyses of alcohol consumption in 20 OECD countries were presented in the previous sections of this paper. Analyses were conducted on the basis of individual-level alcohol consumption data from multiple waves of national health and lifestyle surveys, and included the identification of trends over time in overall drinking and in measures of hazardous and heavy episodic alcohol drinking, as well as regression-based analyses of social disparities in drinking patterns and the calculation of concentration indexes for individual countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fees collected from those who benefit from fishing are used to restore fisheries resources and for environment protection. For example, Zhejiang province has initiated a campaign to eliminate illegal fishing gears according to the ‘"Regulations on the Prohibition of 13 Unregulated Fishing and the Use of Fishing Gears with Minimum Mesh Size”, as w'ell as fishing vessels that do not possess inspection certificates, registration certificates, or fishing licenses (referred to as the “3 non-compliances”). By the end of 2015, about 16 000 fishing vessels had been banned and about 550 000 fishing gears confiscated throughout the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)