albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At its 8th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum held its high-level round table 1 on the topic “Integration of forests in the post-2015 development agenda”. At the same meeting, the Forum held its high-level round table 2 on the topic “Renewed commitments to the implementation of the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015”. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum held a high-level dialogue with heads of the member organizations of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, heads of the regional organizations and representatives of major groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Among the countries that practice grade repetition and that have relevant data available, in Estonia, Iceland, Ireland and Israel, the direct and opportunity costs of using grade repetition for one age group can be as low as 0.5% or less of the annual national expenditure on primary- and secondary-school education - or between USD 9 300 and USD 35 100 per repeater (Figure 4.2 and OECD, 2013a, Table IV.1.6). In Belgium and the Netherlands, the cost is equivalent to 10% or more of the annual national expenditure on primary and secondary education - or as high as USD 48 900 or more per repeater. These estimates are based on the assumption that students who repeat grades attain lower secondary education, at most. As individual schools receive their funding in relation to the number of students enrolled, they do not have to absorb those increased costs or bear the opportunity costs of lost output (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). By contrast, practices that can reduce the use of grade repetition, such as personalised and intensive intervention, very often have direct costs for schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Only a small amount from retail shops Mainly food producers and wholesale companies. Allwin support mostly charity organisations in the Gothenburgh region and do also receive most food from the retail sector and food industry in the same region. Allwin is planning to establish redistribution activities also in Stockholm in the future (S. Eisner pers. In Oslo, Matsentralen deliver to as many organisations around Oslo as within Oslo, although this not necessarily reflects the amounts being redistributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is half the average price of the fixed-broadband basket (Chart 4.22), but 25 per cent higher than the average for the handset-based mobile-broadband basket (Chart 4.12), thus suggesting that there is still room for lower mobile-cellular prices. However, this does not mean that mobile-cellular pricing schemes have remained unchanged in recent years: a detailed analysis shows that there has been a remarkable increase in the value for money of mobile-cellular plans in several countries. This is particularly the case in developed countries, thus explaining the slight upturn in prices noticed in the developed world in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics (EJPE) interviewed Robeyns about her formative years, her scholarship on the capability approach, the Fair Limits project, the relevance of political philosophy for public policy, and her advice for young philosophers aspiring to an academic career.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The data used in these studies all originated from marine litter surveys on beaches. Several authors mention the problem of differentiating litter items since they may belong to both land- and sea-based sources or to multiple sectors, if looking at a more detailed level. However, based on best practice by the researchers and experts, the suggested source of litterfound in the literature is presented in Table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract Concerned that public schooling leads to mediocrity rather than meritocracy, many middle-class parents are seeking other options such as private schools, alternative public schools, and charter schools to develop their children's academic, creative, and athletic talents. Based on a mixed method investigation of school choice among parents (N = 1,871) in the two largest cities in the Province of Alberta, this paper examines the logic, values, and concerns that inform parental decision-making and the impact of social class differentiation in the process of selection of elementary schools. Issues surrounding the placement of gifted students in various school options are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For all the estimates in the chapters, the samples were restricted to enterprises with up to 15 employees. Enterprises are defined as male or female-owned on the basis of the gender of the individual responding to the survey, who is the main owner, and/or the person with the most senior responsibilities in the management of the enterprise. The survey provides estimates for micro and small Enterprises with less than 50 employees on the national level and for 8 govemorates in the three major administrative regions (Metropolitan area, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The WHO, in collaboration with the Education Development Center, has developed two training packages covering child maltreatment and intimate partner and sexual violence to accompany its normative guidance on the prevention of family violence.1 2 The packages will help policymakers and programme planners improve their understanding of an evidence-based public health approach to preventing family violence and develop multisectoral policies and prevention programmes. They are also relevant to agencies that fund family violence prevention programmes. The target audience includes individuals working in sectors such as child protection, criminal justice, education, gender, health, social development and social welfare. The training packages have been field tested in over 10 countries in Asia, Africa, and Central and Latin America over the past year, and will be periodically revised to accommodate new research findings.  Intimate partner and sexual violence …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to the Water Act, there is also a specific law addressing regional water authorities. The priority of social and ecological needs that shall determine the distribution of available surface water in the event or threat of a water shortage shall be laid down by administrative order. Further rules shall be laid down by or pursuant to that order or, in cases designated in such order, by provincial order, regarding the priority referred to in subsection 1. These rules may also provide for application mutatis mutandis of that priority to the available surface water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to later estimates which defined the term statistically, the number of freeters grew from 0.5 million in 1982 to 1.01 million in 1992 and 2.08 million by 2002. However, it may also be the lack of demand for graduates that causes the problem. The “Independence and Challenge Plan for Young People” of 2003 and the “Independence and Challenge Action Plan for Young People of 2004 and revised in 2006” supported the tr ansition of freeters towards regular employment mainly through five measures.178 The quantitative objective was a successful transition of 200 000 freeters into regular jobs (MHLW, 2006, and OECD, 2009a). These objectives were pursued subsequently with the introduction of the Job Card system in 2008, and programmes focused more specifically on new school graduates, the problems of NEETs and the employment of older freeters as regular workers have featured prominently among the post-financial-crisis employment measures (MHLW, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article focuses on the politics of epidemics, health and development in the years between two pandemics of influenza in India, the so-called ‘Asian’ flu (1957) and the ‘Hong Kong’ flu (1968). I explore how public health and risk-focused cosmologies were constructed about urban life, and anchored in economic priorities about development planning, industrial productivity, and self-reliance in a modernizing Indian nation. How were pandemics ‘seen’ and identified among urban populations that were already suffering from endemic risks? Were they viewed as a continuum of local, natural hazards or through wider geopolitical insecurities? The influenza crises were characterized by incapacitation and absenteeism from work rather than high mortality rates in Indian cities, causing worries about industrial plans. The Indian state intervened minimally, and articulated ideas and rhetoric about individual responsibility and ‘cooperative citizenship’ that set the stage for later manifestations of neoliberalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A clear trend of rising levels of education emerges from comparisons of 2008 and 2014 data. The share of family migrants with low levels of education fell from 46% in 2008 to 38% in 2014, while those educated to a medium level remained roughly stable (35% in 2008 and 37% in 2014). But the proportion of the highly-educated grew from 17% in 2008 to 23% in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ibn Khaldun has been cited as an alternative progenitor of realism and social constructivism in the academic world of international relations. Dr Susan Strange, for example, offers him as an alternative to Machiavelli as an inspirer/foundational text author for the discipline of international relations (1995, ‘Political economy and international relations’, in International relations theory today, K. Booth and S. Smith, eds, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 172). This paper argues that there is great value in re-examining Ibn Khaldun's contribution in terms of his concepts of ‘asabiyah, the dynastic cycle and the relationship between religion and power. A basic re-examination of the concepts reveals that they are the ancestral forms of what is called today identity, the hegemonic cycle and the notion of ‘civilisations’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact that was one of the initial stated aims of the software when it was first developed. It includes detailed output logs of all the Povcal software calculations, including the estimated parameters of the Lorenz curve in each case. To bring OECD notions of poverty to this mostly non-OECD dataset requires extending Povcal's methodological framework in order to derive the median welfare measure directly from the parameters of the Lorenz curve which Povcal estimates from grouped distributional data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Engaging in international cooperation in research and innovation helps to access global pools of knowledge, research facilities, and complementary human capital, and contributes to efforts to effectively address regional or global challenges. Accessing funds from these programmes is highly competitive, and Austria’s approval rate (2.8% of all approvals in Horizon 2020 after half of the calls have been decided) indicate the high quality and international relevance of the country’s scientific research. While successful overall, there have been some problematic issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Compliance with international regulations (cont.) It has also signed the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Beijing Declaration and the Convention on Equal Pay for Male and Female Workers. Lebanon ratified the UN Convention on Women’s Political Rights in 1955 and in 1964 the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education. The CEDAW was ratified in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In fact, official statistics based on reports by the Forestry Police on law infringements already demonstrate positive tendencies over recent years (28,373 m3 of illegally cut timber in 2002 versus only 8,129 m3 in 2010). However, the low number of reported cases and illegally harvested timber volume may not only result from progress in preventing such illegal practices, but also reflect the limited operational capacities of the generally understaffed and underequipped forestry field services, which are unable to control the situation in mountain forests. According to the database on forest and pasture fires , high number of fires was reported in 2007 (1,182). As much as 30,827 ha were affected, 5,888.31 ha totally burnt, including as much as 3,659.81 ha of high-stem forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The surveys began in 2003 and a few countries have more than one survey. A common questionnaire was used across countries (with three versions over time). These data can be used to construct provisional estimates of the prevalence of adolescents going hungry and to examine associations of going hungry with adolescent health behaviours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Early marriage can also have negative inter-generational effects as children are less likely to be educated or immunised if their mother has not received an education (World Bank, 2011). Countries with a lower incidence of early marriage are more likely to have a higher gross female secondary school enrolment rate. In South Africa, for example, 3% of women aged 15-19 are married and the country has a gross female secondary school enrolment rate of 96%. By contrast, in Chad, 49% of women aged 15-19 are married and the gross female secondary school enrolment is 15%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to their very high probability and/or high damage potential, intolerable risks are deemed unacceptable. Urgent action is needed to reduce them to an acceptable level. The acceptability and tolerability judgement process enables policymakers to prioritise risk management decisions when risks exceed acceptable levels (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
References 1 Szreter S, Woolcock M. Health by association? Social capital, social theory and the political economy of public health. Int J Epidemiol 2004,33:650–67. 2 Worsley P. Introducing Sociology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Penguin Books, 1970. 3 Prandy K. Class, stratification and inequalities in health: A comparison of the Registrar-General’s Social Classes and the Cambridge Scale. Sociol Health Illness 1999,21:466–84. 4 Ahern B. Lessons for Public Policy Development. Seminar on Social Capital, Dublin, 2001. 5 Cartwright, A. Human Relations and Hospital Care. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964. 6 Adamson J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Chaturvedi N, Donovan J. Ethnicity, socio-economic position and gender—do they affect reported healthcare seeking behaviour? Soc Sci Med 2003,57:895–904. 7 Coulter A. Paternalism or partnership? BMJ 1999,319:719–20. 8 Salter B. Patients and doctors: reformulating the UK health policy community? Soc Sci Med 2003,57:927–36. 682 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development of transport and oil and gas infrastructure has also impacted upon fragile desert ecosystems. For example, dragging oil equipment between wells results in deep surface scars. For example, it has degraded the vegetation cover of the southern Karakum, the pistachio woodlands of southern Turkmenistan, and juniper forests in the Kopetdag Mountains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The industry has also expanded into production of bio-energy. Although only half of annual allowable cut wood is used, there has been excessive felling near the main transport routes and over-reliance on natural regeneration. The 2030 Strategy addresses this by supporting assisted regeneration, more intensive silviculture management and long-term planning, forest maintenance and infrastructure development. There have also been tensions about whether to extend PAs or increase the area allocated for timber harvesting, efforts are being made to balance industry and conservation interests through multistakeholder platforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The three case studies presented in Sections V to VII below seek to highlight these considerations. This potential has not been fully exploited as regards fisheries and processed agro-food products, mainly due to the difficulty of Indonesian exporters to conform to public and private standards applied in foreign markets, in particular EU markets. The study reviews actions undertaken by the government in order to overcome those supply-side constraints and discusses the responses brought by several Aid for Trade programmes in support of these actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Inadvertently, it created the impression that the OECD was attempting to force LDCs to accept standards that they were unwilling to adopt themselves. The collapse of this initiative left LDCs in a worse position than they had been before: by opposing the OECD proposal they were made to appear as wanting to confiscate foreign investment. Since then there has been no new initiative. Sufficient time has passed since that mistaken attempt for a new approach to be worthwhile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In countries such as Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, the Philippines and Viet Nam, despite the high unemployment rate among college graduates, vocational training paths are not chosen and high school graduates and their parents value academic studies over vocational studies and aim at white collar jobs unrelated to industry demands. To improve the status of vocational training and attract youth to where there is demand, competency based training is needed. A National Qualification System (NQS) needs to be constructed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Under this heading it can be used for programmes in the fields of climate change, renewable energy, water management, biodiversity and for accompanying measures in the dairy sector. Some changes were made in 2010 regarding the implementation of Complementary National Direct Payments in Member States that joined the European Union in 2004. At the same time the gradual phasing in of payments in new Member States to align them with the EU15 level led to higher payments from EU funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Support for innovation should involve competitive selection processes, it should focus on performance rather than individual technologies, avoid favouring incumbents, ensure rigorous evaluation of policy impacts and contain costs. Governments should embrace a certain degree of trial and error to account for uncertainty when providing discretionary support, providing exit mechanisms when a technology proves unsuccessful, or successful enough to be driven by private actors {Egli, Menon and Johnstone, forthcoming). Firms engaged in green innovation can find it challenging to access finance, because of the greater commercial risk associated with immature markets, high capital-intensity of some technologies, and relatively long-term investment periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the professional realm, fields of study that are more likely to be chosen by young women, such as humanities and social sciences, may not be as appealing to employers as the male-dominated technical and scientific disciplines. Thus, their skills are seldom the primary barrier to their participation in the economy. At the same time that the youth population has expanded and become more educated, domestic and foreign companies have expressed an increasing unwillingness to invest in the region.209 The overall scarcity of jobs can exacerbate traditional barriers faced by women in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of them mainly consist of input or output indicators (e.g. introducing X km of irrigation systems) while others are outcome or impact indicators (e.g. improving water access of populations in the arid area by X thousands people). For instance, Malawi’s INDC adopts mainly qualitative input or output indicators such as action plans for capacity building and policies for supporting construction of climate resilient infrastructure. Vietnam’s INDC contains indicators that can be considered to be quantitative impact indicators, such as: decreasing average national poverty rate by 2% per year (and 4% in the poorer districts), at least 90% of city-dwellers and 80% of rural inhabitants to have access to clean water, and increasing the population with access to health care services to 100%. For instance, Indonesia’s INDC takes into account the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals on, for instance, climate change, food security, and agriculture, amongst others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Export restrictions have exacerbated global and domestic price volatility, undermining food security both within the region and from a global perspective. Meanwhile, stockholding regimes and policies to incentivise domestic production in large importing ASEAN countries, both supported by trade restrictions, have stabilised prices compared with ASEAN peers, but at a much higher level of prices (Figures 5 and 6). As food insecurity is concentrated among lower-income households, the net impact of these policies on food security is in fact negative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
General government procurement accounts for 12% of gross domestic product and nearly one third of government expenditures in OECD countries. Today, 84% of OECD countries have policies encouraging green procurement at the central government level, such as Japan with its Green Purchasing Act that has been in place since 2000. However, much remains to be done to integrate resource efficiency considerations - including the use of lifecycle analysis - into public procurement programmes. This will require a review of GPP criteria to ensure that they reflect resource efficiency objectives and that they build upon lifecycle analysis. Furthermore, it is crucial that appropriate capacity is built in relevant agencies at national and sub-national level. The OECD Council Recommendation on Public Procurement can serve as an important reference point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is therefore vital to correlate the consultation processes with the respective seasonal practices. In general, the summer months are not suitable for meetings. It is therefore important to have active consultation processes, which may be complemented by a review of the recorded data already available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In mathematics, 67% of students scored at level 1 or below which indicates that they struggle to undertake very basic operations and interpretations (PEN, 2015). The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which focused on the performance of 15-year-olds in science in 2015, shows that Costa Rica performs well below OECD countries and at no more than the average level for Latin America (see Chapter 1). The high proportion of 15-year-old students who lack basic skills in science (46%) and do not reach the level of achievement (level 2) regarded as the minimum needed for full socio-economic participation is one of the largest among PISA participating countries and more than double the average across OECD countries (21%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The problem of indebtedness and the instability of fiscal policy in industrialized countries could negatively affect development aid and donor countries’ commitments to contribute 0.7 per cent of their GDP to developing countries (Willem te Velde 2008). As such, countries that depend on international aid face elevated risks of being affected by the global financial and economic crisis. However, World Bank (2008) suggests that international aid would be the least volatile component and debt servicing costs are the main difficulty that developing countries could be confronted with in the case that the global economic crisis induces a contraction in their economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)