albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The goal is to ease access to the sector and encourage new entrants. At the same time, funds from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund support a move towards sustainable production which takes into account environmental, social and economic aspects. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These adjustments must not be relegated to the future: they must be an integral part of the opening-up agenda. We must create a new “Geneva consensus”: a new basis for the opening up of trade that takes into account the resultant cost of adjustment’ (Lamy 2006). The term ‘adjustment costs’ suggested that the costs were a short-term problem: they didn’t recognise that trade liberalisation might actually impede longer-term development. Advocates of trade liberalisation never fully understood that even in equilibrium, trade liberalisation might have adverse effects, and especially so if it was pursued in an asymmetric way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many developing countries in the region, ICT infrastructure is progressing faster than health-care infrastructure. For instance, 89 per cent of the region's population has access to mobile phone networks, 3.2 billion people use the internet, and 1.8 billion people use a high-speed broadband mobile phone service. Mobile phone technologies and services made up 5.4 per cent of the Asia-Pacific GDP in 2016, equivalent to $1.3 trillion in economic value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some colleges have taken steps to build their capacity in this domain, for example the Tel Hai Academic College and ORT Braude. Enterprise support services for students remains at a low level. Colleges see their role as regional change agents but deliver this role mainly through community service. It has been instrumental in training most of the hi-tech engineers in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
International organizations can help in this endeavour and international cooperation can contribute to address obstacles in each of these areas. Because the technology landscape is evolving rapidly, facilitating access to relevant technologies requires policy experimentation. The increasing digitalization and connectivity of the economy exemplifies this continuous change: it makes entirely new innovation approaches possible, but also raising new challenges, especially for the poorest countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A social cohesion strategy must therefore tackle exclusion by means of both prevention and cure. During the twentieth century, Western European States came to accept responsibility for achieving a balance between economic growth and social justice. Despite the considerable variations from country to country, the European approach is sufficiently distinctive when compared with other world regions that it has often been referred to as the European social model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Granting immunity from suit to a foreign state or an international organisation, deprives the plaintiff of access to court and appears incompatible with the rule of law. Since the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Waite v Germany (1999), the availability of alternative means for dispute settlement has been emphasised in the context of international organisation immunity. However in the case of foreign state immunity, this approach was not taken by the European Court of Human Rights in Al-Adsani v United Kingdom (2001) nor by the House of Lords in Jones v Ministry of the Interior of Saudi Arabia (2006). Likewise, foreign state immunity would be granted under the UN State Immunity Convention of 2004, regardless of whether there are alternative means. This Convention, rather than enhancing the rule of law, could lead to its attenuation. That several of these cases involve immunity in cases of torture sharpens their sensitivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter begins with an overview of Thailand’s reforms relating to the use of ICT in education, and then provides an analysis of the policy issues surrounding this area, presenting recommendations for improvements to support ICT use to enhance the quality and equity of the education system as a whole. The goal of these strategies has been to use ICT to create a “Smart Thailand”: a society that is “smart and information literate,” where knowledge benefits citizens and “society as a whole” (Ministry of ICT, 2009a). Education has been a key pillar in these efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This results in the development of five-year education budgets that only weakly link to medium- and long-term strategies for the education sector. Nonetheless, in a positive development subsequent to the visit by the OECD review team, ANEP established annual targets for the period 2016-20 in its 2015-19 Budget Plan covering 61 indicators in a range of areas. There is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision). The allocation mechanism seeks to ensure that, in each school, a basic level of resources is made available that enables students, regardless of their socio-economic background, to benefit from a similar schooling experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This landfill was meant to properly dispose of the collected waste in Cebu City, taking into account the increasing population. The constmction of this landfill also brought secondaiy benefits such as the creation of a union of scavengers that would be allowed to operate on the landfill (thereby extending the lifespan of the site). However, 6 years after its supposed closure, the site was only partially closed in 2011 and up till 2016, continued to be operational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The direct payments for core farmers that are based on historical land, income and output were maintained in 2010. It was also decided in 2009 to reorganise the various direct payment programmes and the country is testing a farm income stabilisation programme. The programme is addressing managerial risk at the farm level by subsidising the gap when the farm income is bellow the target income. Once the feasibility test is concluded the programme should be implemented on a wide range.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Governments may be fearful of being seen to support migrants too strongly, perhaps because most projects - in Mexico anyway - are in communities which already have superior resources. But it holds out hope and promise - and a need for replication. In Senegal, again like several other West African countries where structural adjustment programmes were implemented in the 1980s and 1990s, the state has withdrawn from all social sectors while privatising public enterprises, at a time when many medicines doubled in price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It identifies strengths and weaknesses of the innovation system and key tasks of innovation policy, and develops specific policy recommendations for improving framework conditions for innovation, strengthening the intellectual property system, intensifying diversification, fostering business innovation, strengthening the role of the Internet and ICTs, strengthening human resources, fostering critical mass and excellence in public research, increasing and diversifying the sources of knowledge for enterprises, and improving the governance of innovation and the knowledge base in support of policy. Following the recession at the turn of the millennium, the country’s economy expanded between 2003 and 2011 at rates that were, with a brief interruption in 2008-09, much higher than those of the previous two decades. Per capita income also rose much faster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The logic is that most customers of a place providing a service (e.g. a shop, school or hospital) will come from its catchment area. As with travel time mapping, analysis can be conducted for different public transport modes. Such analysis can show how many more jobs can be reached by looking at how a plotted area changes if a new transport route is introduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter provides a baseline for the rest of the report, which examines the effectiveness of Brazil’s environmental policies in tackling key challenges and in using environmental objectives to generate economic and social opportunities. It enjoyed strong economic growth over most of the 2000s, with average annual GDP growth well above the OECD average, though below the economic performance of other BRIICS economies (Figure 1.1, also see Basic Statistics). Per capita income increased by around 30% between 2000 and 2013, allowing about 40 million Brazilians to enter the middle class.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the company, this was seen as part of their risk management process and provided them with insights into the key impacts for their processes. For example, the key sustainability issue that emerged was proper management of the forests themselves to ensure the long-term viability of the wood fibre source. One of the main challenges for Domtar (related to managing their material in a sustainable manner) comes from the fact that approximately 80% of fibre comes from third-party suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Five countries in the MENA region reported the use of either the legislature or a committee in the legislature to perform oversight functions (Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen). Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority report establishing an ombuds office to address violations of women’s rights. For more information on the Egyptian Ombudsman, see Box 3.5. Similarly, judicial bodies serve as important mechanisms to protect women’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A common, enforced standard has two advantages. One, as discussed above, is the greater credibility of an international standard than of purely national codes. The other is that a common standard guards against a race-to-the-bottom in which international firms attempt to play off competing LDC governments. Yet to date LDCs have attracted very little foreign equity into their firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Further, it is often ambiguous whether a "carbon footprint" refers only to carbon emissions or to all greenhouse gas emissions weighted to a C02-equivalent scale (using, for example, a Global Warming Potential), implying the need for clear description whenever footprints are published. We use carbon footprint to refer to either carbon dioxide or all greenhouse gas emissions, relying on context to clarify. If a carbon footprint includes all greenhouse gas emissions, the policy context is much the same, but there is a shift in emphasis towards food and agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The IEA suggests that 80% of projected global C02 energy emissions to 2020 are already locked-in through the world’s current infrastructure asset base. Infrastructure assets have long operational lifetimes (the estimated average lifetime of a coal-fired power station is 40-60 years). About 60% of power plants in service or under construction today are projected to still be in operation in 2035, which will mean that the majority of power sector emissions in that year are already “locked in”, unless future policy changes force early retirement of existing plants or their retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The next chapter, on macroeconomic policy, discusses this issue in greater depth. The vast majority women, these carers collectively treat and care for around 200,000 friends, relatives and neighbours, many affected by HIV and AIDS. Most of our caregivers have gone to a level where they are really recognized by senior government people" says Violet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Other institutions are increasingly aware of their portfolios being relevant also from the adaptation perspective, but they do not explicitly screen and monitor the adaptation impacts. Hence, major adaptation opportunities and benefits may go unnoticed and/or unreported. Despite increasing pressure being set on ODA budgets in all countries, Nordic countries have remained rather consistent with their commitments (Australian government, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There were around 1 500 boats in a fishery that could sustain a fifth of that number. It decided to control the fishing effort - in effect keeping the same number of boats, but making them less efficient by reducing the number of days at sea and changing the type of gear they could use. Finally, in 2002 a federal judge ordered the government to drastically reduce fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Belarus completed alignment of regulations for transboundary movement of waste with the Eurasian Economic Union. To ensure that transport of waste is completed as intended, a deposit of €40 per ton is required of imported or transited waste. Waste imports originate mainly from Ukraine, Poland and Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
We present an overview of the English legal inheritance from the Anglo-Saxons to the twenty-first century. Common law is an example of the inductive English mind-set, which originated in the Germanic tribes relatively free of Roman domination, and the ‘rule of law’ evolved within it. There is an ongoing tension between the role of legislation and the role of adjudication. We discuss major figures such as Bacon, Coke, Hobbes, Hale, Blackstone, Bentham, Austin, Maitland, and Pollock. This is sharply contrasted with the Continental legal tradition rooted in the Greek intellectual heritage of deduction, canon law, secularized natural law, and the rediscovery of Justinian and Aristotle. We stress the extent to which the Continental tradition emphasizes a collective good and the ‘rule thru law.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter focuses on the interaction between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human rights as one of the most contentious issues surrounding the contemporary regulation of FDI. Human rights issues interact in various ways with investment law. Therefore, the chapter briefly discusses the question whether human rights obligations directly impose obligations on foreign investors as a matter of international law. Moreover, it addresses the limited scope of the jurisdiction of investment tribunals, the effect of the insertion, in investment treaties of clauses concerning the obligations of foreign investors and the effect of ‘legality’ requirements in investment treaties. Furthermore, the ‘conflict’ between human rights obligations and investment treaty obligations and the applicable rules on treaty conflict are examined. It assesses how investment tribunals have dealt with human rights as part of the applicable law in investments, and human rights invoked as a defence for a breach of an investment treaty obligation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project provides advisory services for simplifying Malian and Senegalese custom procedures and transit systems. By engaging private sector actors the project is able to enhance transparency and better disseminate information regarding transit regulations to corridor users. Given the broad variety of actors and interests involved, the establishment of co-ordination committees at different levels has been a major success factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This programme would eliminate unemployment by hiring any workers who apply, regardless of their work experience, skill background, race, age, or gender. During recessions, ELR employment rises as the private sector sheds workers. During economic expansions, ELR employment rolls decline as workers seek employment in the higher wage private sector (Tcherneva 2012). For all intents and purposes, ELRs are a subset of countercyclical policy tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Europe & Central Asia Knowledge Brief, Vol. For example, there is ample scope for improving diet to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this context, the Finnish experience (in North Karelia) indicates the sizeable potential benefits that can be achieved from changing diet and other risk factors. As regards substance abuse, taxes on tobacco and alcohol have been increasing but -on the basis of available international data - remain below European standards (Figure 3.17).26 There is evidence that low prices of these products encourage higher consumption of tobacco and spirits (Treisman, 2008). Limiting the influence of producer lobbies would help increase policy coherence and lower substance abuse over the longer haul. Traffic deaths could also be reduced through simple measures to reduce vehicle speed via radars, increased fines from traffic violations and simple speed bumps may be cost-effective policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The way in which the poverty gap index is calculated takes into account the difference between the mean income of the poor sector of the population and the poverty line (weighted by the percentage of poor people), while the poverty gap squared also takes into consideration the way in which income is distributed among the poor. This indicates that, in addition to the decrease in the poverty rate in those countries, there was also a further improvement in the poverty' gap and in income distribution among the poor. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by tire Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. The Dominican Republic w'as the only countries in which the supplementary' indicators pointed to a divergence from the trend in the poverty rate, but this is not surprising, given how small the changes were (see box 1.3 and figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
International lobby groups, aid donors and foreign governments, desperate for legitimate, neutral groups to act as local entry points, paid increased attention to civil society and non-government organisations, including women’s groups. For women in Solomon Islands, their role in peace-making assisted in dissolving some of the barriers to their involvement in public life. Given that societal values, particularly in rural areas, are essentially conservative and patriarchal, this is a quantum leap from the previous position’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article reviews the debate in the USA about quality in educational research which has underpinned particular approaches to educational research being mandated in federal legislation. It argues that the movement towards 'evidence-based policy and practice' oversimplifies complex problems and is being used to warrant governmental incursion into legislating scientific method. It calls for critical readings of current policy and direct engagement in policy forums--putting critical theory to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, Dominica faces a high risk of debt distress in contrast to the previously moderate risk (IMF 2013a, 2016a). Dominica suffered considerably from the impact of Category 5 Hurricane Maria, which was probably even more substantial than Hurricane Erika, while Vanuatu had to undertake a massive relocation exercise of 11,000 people on account ofthe threat ofthe volcanic eruption on the island of Ambae. Both countries have similar physical island characteristics in terms of climate and vegetation, but, whereas Dominica consists of one island, Vanuatu is a group of around 80 islands. As a result of their island geography and locations in the Caribbean and the Pacific, respectively, both countries are highly vulnerable to multiple hazards, such as cyclones, earthquakes, flooding, volcanic activity and associated tsunami threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They also deliver loan funds (pools of up to Cdn$5 million) targeted to new or existing businesses owned by women with loan values of up to Cdn$150 000. The loans, particularly when combined with business advice and business planning assistance, are considered the most significant service received by clients. This assistance led to new start-ups and jobs, job retention in existing client firms, increased revenues, and higher survival rates than for the average Canadian SME (Ference Weicker & Co., 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The interaction between international actors, in particular the European Union, and civil society in conflict is very relevant to the scope of this book. The European Union has both indirect and direct influence on the work of CoSOs in conflicts, and this influence can be problematic (Chapter 9). It impacts on civil society action indirectly by promoting a model of international liberal peace and influencing the political opportunity structure of the conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The scheme gives enterprises with business activity in Norway a tax credit on their R&D projects. The R&D content must be approved by the Research Council of Norway ex ante. In 2009, the cap on expenses per enterprise for intramural R&D projects increased to NOK 5.5 million (previously it was N0K 4 million), and NOK11 million (previously it was NOK 8 million) for projects conducted at an R&D institution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such analysis should focus on the environmental externalities associated with current resource consumption patterns and the economic benefits of addressing them. Appropriate indicators should be developed so that economic policy makers can track the contribution that resources make to economic development. Moreover, it is argued that some of these benefits can be achieved at no or low cost to the companies that implement them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Next, market instruments for risk management are considered, as are the policies in this area, followed by a discussion of government measures that deal with catastrophic risk. The concluding section provides an overall assessment of risk management policies in New Zealand. The only explicitly expressed characteristic of an adverse event is the inability of local communities to cope with it (MAF, 2006). Importantly, the assessment concerns the economy-wide impacts and is not specifically focussed on farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The chapter reviews existing social policies, and recent attempts to find better ways of allocating public resources for those most in need, in particular families with children. It concludes with a summary of the main challenges and suggests reform avenues to develop a social protection system which would support the working-age population more effectively. The subsequent sharp economic slowdown in 2009 did not generate a significant increase in overall poverty rates as labour market adjustments involved reduced working hours rather than lay-offs (Chapter 1), and because pension payments increased almost by 50% since 2007 (Chapter 4).'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)