albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Policies that promote this include technology link foundations. The impact and the effectiveness of policy interventions should be monitored and assessed using a set of domestic policy indicators for policy review, monitoring and evaluation. Resources spent on promoting research and development activities need to be linked to local demand for specific products, processes and services in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Which currencies are hedged is determined by the structure of export markets and therefore differs by type of meat: beef is primarily sold in USD, based on the grinder beef price on the North American market, lamb is marketed in EUR, GBP and USD under various quota systems, while venison is marketed largely in euros. Fonterra co-operative is the dominant player in the dairy industry with a global market reach, selling in 50 currencies. It is a sophisticated risk manager in foreign exchange and funding and interest rate hedging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All except South Sudan, who does not have cross-border fiber connectivity to its neighbors, have at least one cross-border route for access to submarine cables. Guinea-Bissau recently signed an agreement with the World Bank to obtain access to the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) cable, a project that should be completed by early 2019.1 Although Eritrea had opportunities to connect to submarine cables on the east coast of Africa, it declined and is the only coastal LDCs without a landing station. In May 2017, a project providing a US$20 million World Bank grant for Kiribati to establish submarine connectivity was approved.2 A project to connect Solomon Islands to submarine cable was approved several years ago, but delayed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An example is the Maharashtra Life Skills Programme in India, which taught girls about social institutions, life skills, and health, including child health and nutrition (Pande et al., Quality schooling provides a viable alternative to marriage for some girls by providing them with social networks and raising their expectations of their own lives. Weak schools can contribute to parents’ views that marriage is the best place for their daughters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is no made-to-measure tariff and there is no good way to set tariffs. Three points however need to be raised. First, there is a widespread belief that, to benefit the rural poor, electricity needs to be sold at a very low price, facts often prove the I 102 contrary. In reality, richer communities will benefit more than the poorer ones since they can afford to buy electric appliances, which the very poor cannot. In addition, subsidies should be designed in such a way that only the poorest segments of society benefit from them, and not the better-off communities. Secondly, if the "natural" price is charged, the electricity supplier will be able to effectively and sustainably supply electricity while making a profit that will ensure the sustainability of the electrification process (Barnes & Foley, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Across nearly every issue in education, school leadership is the crucial determinant of whether this connection occurs or not. However, the extent to which system-level actions enable and incentivise action at the local level impacts on both effectiveness and sustainability. Both New Zealand and Queensland have used this mechanism to communicate and mobilise action to achieve the target (Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One exception is in Myanmar, where responsibilities for both types of hazards rest in the Department for Meteorology and Hydrology, thus opening up opportunities for developing a truly integrated warning system in the future. Other examples are Indonesia and Malaysia. It is based on research from 13 countries and outlines ways of integrating the procedures for multiple hazards, improving operations and achieving synergies by combining systems. The manual is expected to be rolled out in 2016, by the TC, the PTC and their member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An important aspect of the concept is the link between the ecosystem (nature) and the welfare of people, and thus society as a whole. This relationship is shown in figure 2. It further emphasises that changes we implement in society - the socio-economic system - influence nature, and this again will impact the quality and quantity of the services we receive from nature. For example, the reports covering fresh and salt water show how pollution from sewage, industry and agriculture affects the quality of fresh and salt water, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Increasing attention is being given in the region to developing policies specifically targeting persons with disabilities (United Nations, 2012). In Mongolia, persons with disabilities are entitled to a monthly social welfare payment as disability support (Casaubon, 2010). The social pension provisions for persons with disabilities in the Republic of Korea include a means-tested disability pension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract The challenges of the post-golden age of the welfare state have led to reforms, which also concern the governance of welfare organizations. Linking public administration and social policy research, the article sheds light on the transformation of health insurance administration in the three corporatist welfare states Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The article concentrates on stakeholder participation via boards. The findings are assessed using an analytical framework based on the trichotomy exit, choice, and voice, which is a further development of the work of Albert O. Hirschman (1970). The article shows that the dimension of public involvement (‘collective voice’), although in urgent need of adaption, has been neglected in the process of reforms, especially in Germany and France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rapid population growth is a common characteristic of all the GMS countries as depicted in Figure 1. With a population of 180 million in 1990, the region by 2015 was home to 237 million people. Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam have relatively higher populations than Cambodia and Lao PDR. They host 91 percent of the total population of the GMS with Viet Nam being the largest with 93 million inhabitants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An evaluation found that reverse marketing is more likely to be used by high-performing providers (DEEWR, 2010). Jobseekers who are reverse marketed are more likely to be referred to a job and more likely to achieve a job placement, even though this type of referral has a slightly lower rate of conversion of referrals to placements. Although reverse marketing can be an effective tool, the “cold calling” of employers without a specific reverse marketing strategy or for a particular job may dilute the value of this type of intervention, and it is in principle not funded by the purchaser of employment services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Countries that have not yet done so should consider accession to the Water Convention. However, on some major transboundary rivers - for instance the Bug, Daugava, Dnieper and Neman - there is still neither an agreement covering the whole basin nor an established river basin commission. The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) and the Finnish-Russian Commission stand as positive models for cooperation between EU and non-EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Spot markets often offer farmers superior gains and opportunistic behaviour prevails in this sector. Poor contract discipline enables parties to realise short-term gains, but all participants face higher risks in the medium to long-term. An unreliable contract at the primary level weakens the capacity of the chain to respect quality and quantity specifications of supplies to end markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Revelations concerning global surveillance of mass communications data have clearly illustrated the paucity of legal regulation in this area. Surveillance almost inevitably engages the right to privacy but such is the notoriously nebulous nature of privacy, particularly on an international scale, that it fails to provide sufficient safeguards against state abuses of surveillance capacity. In the face of national security concerns privacy appears to be routinely relegated to being an inconvenient obstacle. The capacity of the United States and the United Kingdom to carry out surveillance on an enormous scale has highlighted not only the inadequacies of their own domestic regulatory frameworks but also the ease with which, through modern communications technology, unfettered global surveillance can take place. This article analyses these issues and further considers the normative international regulatory framework that should apply to surveillance if it is to take place according to the rule of law and demo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the report may occasionally allude to the interplay between the three economic instruments under review and other pricing mechanisms, it does not analyse the other pricing mechanisms listed above. They are analysed on the basis of i) their capacity to generate the revenues needed to build, renew, operate and maintain water storage and distribution systems, ii) their capacity to drive water users’ behaviour and water demand, iii) and the institutional arrangements that govern their administration. It is levied by provinces and metropolitan cities (including Seoul) and earmarked for river maintenance and repair expenses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For sources of data and methods of estimation visit  USSR on Forestry, 1990, more information about the publication's website. About 4% of forest is reported as disturbed, by fi e or insects and disease. No forest management unit is certified by PEFC or FSC, and no forestry standard for certification has been prepared for Armenia. There was a remote sensing survey in 2011 and forest management plans are under review, to be completed by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Typically this will combine hazard maps with qualitative judgments of vulnerability and exposure to build a simple risk matrix. This information can feed into a framework that takes account of structural and non-structural factors (Figure IV-2). This can facilitate risk-sensitive decisionmaking and strengthen risk governance. It can also be used for cost-benefit assessments that can be embedded in comprehensive long-term planning processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are no statistics on the number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of 15 m/s in the period 1961-2014. However, the report states that water resources is one of the sectors most affected by climate change and points out a need to monitor and observe changes in water resources due to the impact of climate change. According to the report, due to climate change, in the future the country could face accelerated processes of land erosion mainly through increased land erosion, changes in land use, increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged diy periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Slightly more than half of stocks (57%) are fully exploited, producing catches at or close to their maximum sustainable limits. The percentage was stable at around 50% from 1974 to 1985, dropped to 43% in 1989 and increased gradually to 57.4% in 2009. They account for 30% of all stocks, a significant increase from the 10% that fell into this category' in 1974. These stocks yield less than their maximum potential due to excess fishing pressure in the past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Informal jobs display lower earnings quality, higher insecurity and lower quality of the working environment (as captured by a higher incidence of long hours). Accordingly, the chapter examines workers’ transitions into and out of informality. This analysis, which helps to clarify the role of informal jobs in social mobility and potential persistent effects on workers’ careers, is limited to four countries for which the necessary data are available (urban China, urban Colombia, South Africa and Hirkey). This finding casts doubt on the hypothesis that informality constitutes a reliable stepping stone towards better jobs. This suggests some workers may become trapped in a vicious circle, cycling between informal jobs and non-standard (lower-quality) formal jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Policies to support PES also multiply the number of stakeholders who can become investors in natural capital, and expand the financing available for the management of key ecosystem services. In this way, more sustainable and equitable patterns of economic growth can emerge. However, from a policymaking perspective, there is less experience with developing policy and institutional support that can engage a wide range of potential local, international, public, private, corporate and individual investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The fertiliser registration process takes about one month in both economies and costs only 0.5% (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 5.3% (Serbia) of income per capita. In both economies there are hardly any regulatoiy obstacles for agri-businesses in producing, marketing and exporting fertiliser. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, only one day is required to obtain per-shipment export documents, which is among the most efficient in the world. They should re-double their efforts to enforce them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Park is located alongside the Tel Hai Academic College in one of the highest priority industrial development areas for government support. The park has attracted advanced industry seeking the benefits and lower-costs of outlying regions. Residents in the park are ten innovative companies employing some 500 workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The concession aimed to improve the services and operating performance of the existing municipal water utility, especially to poor areas that have little access to potable water and poor sanitary conditions, by reducing the amount of water that is unaccounted for, increasing cash collection and increasing service coverage by 30-40%. Overall, the municipality expected to increase coverage to 90% and 60% for water and sewage services, respectively, by 2013. The complaint raised the following social and environmental concerns: repeated cuts of residential water to the poor, lack of service provision to poorer neighbourhoods, lack of wastewater treatment, noncompliance with the concession contract, resulting in infringements of MIGA’s safeguard policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By the 2080s, many millions more people than today are projected to experience floods every year due to sea level rise. The numbers affected will be largest in the densely populated and low-lying mega deltas of Asia and Africa, while small islands are especially vulnerable (very high confidence). Economies closely linked with climate-sensitive resources and those in areas prone to extreme weather events, especially where rapid urbanization is occurring, will be at risk also. Poor communities can be especially vulnerable, in particular those concentrated in high-risk areas. Many diseases are climate sensitive, including cholera and diarrhoea, as well as vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and schistosomiasis. Warmer temperatures, higher humidity and more places where water can collect generally favour malaria transmission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The following chapter examines policy coherence and the importance of local strategies to job creation. This does not necessarily correspond to the municipal level, where the public employment service has its antennas. Such municipal offices are often merely delivery agencies with low critical mass and strategic capacity, except in urban centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This region was known for "growing with equity" in the 1970s and 1980s, through effective land reforms and inclusive industrialization strategies that lifted millions out of extreme poverty. However, economic development in recent years had been accompanied by a sharp increase in income and wealth gaps between the poor and the rich.83 In most cases, economic growth in the region has disproportionately benefited the top income groups, who are much better positioned to explore the economic opportunities generated by fast growth, while those from the bottom of the income distribution are further marginalized. The income gap has already led to increasing wealth inequality in Asia and the Pacific. The region today not only has the world's largest super-rich population but is also producing billionaires at the fastest rate worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning are responsible for improving water supply, and the Ministry of Health is entrusted with monitoring the quality of drinking water (through the Public Health Centres). Water is managed in cities and some rural areas through the Public Enterprises of Communal Hygiene (under the Ministry of Transport), while 29% of the population relies on piped water systems managed by the municipalities and 6% on local sources of water. But water quality is often not a priority for rural municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The three components are intended to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive smart city strategy through the participation of the government, businesses and citizens. Digital Economy: Developed in 2018, the “Digital Economy Framework for Action” sets out to guide businesses and the workforce about how to adopt digitalisation in order to keep the economy attractive through the creation of opportunities. Organised around three principles - Accelerate, Compete and Transform - the plan lays out a strategy for Singapore to become a digital economy capable of reinventing and adapting itself to change. In addition to strengthening physical and digital infrastructure, the plan details programmes for (re)training the workforce as well as adapting policies, regulations and standards in a manner that intends to strike a balance between making Singapore competitive and protecting the public interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is the most demanding use of values and requires the greatest level of reliability and accuracy. Therefore, economic valuation of ecosystem services is often emphasised, also in the NCM reports. However, several of the Nordic council reports, as well as other literature on ecosystem services, also emphasise the need to use a broad spectre of methods to assess the benefits of ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
/ Important public health issues have become entangled in trade regulation, where one country's policies may have detrimental effects on other nations. News documents are critical historical records to examine such actions. There appear to be no studies that have employed matched international news documents on a particular public health issue. This article reports on a content analysis that compared tobacco policy articles in two major newspapers each in Japan and the US for a six-year period defining the context during which the WHO negotiated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control with the international constituencies. The findings indicate significant differences between US and Japanese newspapers in sources, arguments and advocacy bias. Arguments about the policy itself, including effectiveness, legality and jurisdiction, were important predictors of positive bias in the Japanese sample, indicating that `health and harm' is not the most important argument promoting tobacco control via media advo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, the information on particular species population numbers is an estimate and spatial distribution of the areas or sites of its occurrence were last researched in, for instance, 1955-1956. This may of course have some historical reference value, but cannot prove the species’ continuing existence and distribution in 2015. Information on protected areas does not reflect the changes in the territorial size of protected areas. It also carries out the management functions of the system and provides the state control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For modern India, the Chinese experience poses the daunting question as to whether democracy and judicial activism are incompatible with development. Can the Chinese rate of economic growth, like that of the Four Asian Dragons previously, only be achieved in an authoritarian political system, dominated by the executive branch of government and its administrative bureaucracy? It is the thesis of this paper that India can - indeed, already has - altered its economic policies without abandoning either representative democracy or the rule of law. The Indian courts, long criticized for obstructing liberalization, have already issued major decisions in support of policies which emphasize efficiency considerations over individual rights to job security in the state sector. The courts accomplished this shift in direction while remaining firmly within the framework of common law adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although there are maintenance fees, they are insufficient to cover the expenses of the ever-increasing assets. Two-thirds of the fees collected through rural electricity tariffs are used for building electricity generators, and the remaining third is insufficient for acquiring maintenance equipment for grid renovation or development (Luo, 2007). These financial burdens negatively impact business revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International interest in the social determinants of health and their public policy antecedents is increasing. Despite evidence that as compared to other wealthy nations Canada presents a mediocre population health profile and public policy environments increasingly less supportive of health, the Canadian public health gaze is firmly - and narrowly - focused on lifestyle issues of diet, physical activity and tobacco use. Much of this has to do with Canada being identified as being driven by a liberal political economy, a situation shared with a cluster of other developed nations. Reasons for Canada's neglect of structural and public policy issues are explored and ways by which public health workers in Canada and elsewhere can help to shift policymakers and the general public's understandings of the determinants of health are outlined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The last section reviews vulnerabilities in the BRIICS countries. The vulnerabilities of health care systems can be analysed based on the trade-off between these two dimensions (Figure 1). The trade-off can be eased or even be overcome through efficiency gains, policy reforms and technological changes. Economic sustainability refers to the balance between spending and revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Human Rights and Mass Exoduses, A/RES/56/166, 26 February 2002, Human Rights and Mass Exoduses: Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/55, E/CN.4/2003/ 84,17 January 2003, Human Rights and Mass Exoduses: Report of the Secretary-General, A/58/186, 25 July 2003, G A Res., Human Rights and Mass Exoduses, A/RES/58/169,15 September 2003, Commission on Human Rights, Res. Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)