albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The number of species decreases with increased distance from the North Sea. In the Baltic Sea, several essential ecosystem functions are supported by only a few species, which are of either freshwater or marine origin and live at the border of their physiological salinity tolerance (Figure 25) (HELCOM, 2010). For example, there is a decrease in diversity of benthic sediment communities with decreasing salinity, from 25 functional groups of benthic species in Skagerrak (K. Norling, Rosenberg, Hulth, Gremare, & Bonsdorff, 2007), to only 5 groups in the Baltic Sea sediments (Bonsdorff & Pearson, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The year 2014 saw the long-awaited ruling by the High Court of Australia on whether an implied term of mutual trust and confidence exists in employment contracts. In unanimously finding against the existence of such a term, in Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker (2014) 312 ALR 356, the Court has taken the common law of employment in Australia in a profoundly different direction from that of the United Kingdom. The year also witnessed several other significant decisions dealing with the contract of employment, the general protections provisions of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the new anti-bullying jurisdiction of the Fair Work Commission. Major decisions in 2014 also addressed key features of the statutory framework for enterprise agreements and collective bargaining, as well as penalty rates under modern awards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, the evaluation and assessment framework is well conceived and can help generate improvements in the classroom with clearer information for schools on areas to improve. The education system is steered nationally through agreements with states and territories, focused on education priorities and funding. Schools and states share most decision-making in lower secondary education, with schools making most decisions regarding the organisation of instruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In other words, all workers without either job security or social security are regarded as informal workers. Using these definitions, it is estimated that about 92 per cent of the workers in India, including those in agricultural activities, are informal workers (Table n-i). The share of informal workers, however, increased marginally over the years in the case of men.whilethat of women decreased between 2004-2005 and 20H-2012. The economic activity with the second largest share of informal workersthatyearwasconstruction,which had 97.1 per cent of men and 99.6 per cent of women in informal work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 2014, gender parity in access to primary, lower secondary and upper-secondary school had been achieved, on average, across the globe (UNESCO, 2016). In North Africa, for example, just 95 girls are enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys and, in sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio is 93/100. As for secondary schools, gender disparities are more widespread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the parts of the city where the poor live, roads are often unpaved, poorly drained and maintained. A study in 18 African cities found that people devoted 8-15 per cent of their total household expenditure to transport, with the poor spending 4-10 per cent of income on transport. Actual spending patterns on transport are, however, complex and often localized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In order to get an idea of the minor injuries, one might make inquiries at emergency services departments and at GPs. Whether this is a realistic option primarily depends on which data bases related to public health are available in a country. This issue could be resolved by investment in technology if police organizations would fill out Geographic Information System location data electronically from their vehicles or computers and stop filling out their registration forms by hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, the human resources needed to tackle major policy issues are often lacking, especially technical capacity. Pacific nations face financial capacity deficits to undertake both NUP formulation and implementation, and fund the investments, such as waste treatment systems, anticipated by NUPs. Many countries in the region then have an overall weak local fiscal system that constrains their ability to resource their NUP. This section assesses the instruments that are used in the application of NUPs among the global regions studied in the report. A wide variety of policy instruments can be observed among NUPs - ranging from various types of strategic planning documents, spatial plans and master plans, national development plans, urban regulatory arrangements and national or subnational legislation, taxation policies and urban development funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As such, there are typically no or few mandatory requirements for preparatory courses, although many of those involved need to pursue such courses. Typically they are undertaken by those already working in a profession and in many cases experience in the profession is a precondition for pursuing the examination (Field et al. They therefore represent a mix of recognition of prior learning with the acquisition of further skills, coalesced into an exam and associated qualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, Penang is an important destination of medical tourism because of its well-endowed medical research and growing health care infrastructure. Furthermore, the UNESCO World Heritage Site status has opened up a broad range of opportunities for new businesses in cultural and culinary tourism. With more than 50 higher education institutions, including universities, polytechnics and community colleges, Penang is well-placed to promote graduate entrepreneurship. ( See also Chapter 5 for health and tourism.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As for the ownership of the infrastructure, pipelines are property of the state and the distribution network in towns is property of the municipalities. About 70% of municipalities get water from pipelines, with water losses around 80-90%. The CAERN provides to municipalities assistance and technical support for drafting proper sanitation plans. Political discontinuity is an obstacle for capacity building at local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, the growing marketability of a new wave of innovations in green technology, energy, water, nanotechnology and genetics (Wade, 2010) has created new possibilities. But in order to exploit these opportunities, firms must be forward-looking and prepared (Perez and Soete, 1988, Perez, 2001). This requires the coordination of industrial policy, especially in an LDC context. New challenges — such as those resulting from climate change — require structural changes in the economy of both developed and developing countries on a scale and speed that market forces are incapable of implementing alone, which therefore requires State action. For LDCs wishing to benefit from positive integration into such production chains, a more nuanced but still systematic approach will be required, one that encourages domestic entrepreneurship and innovation. Industrial policy must accordingly be flexible, adapted to specific contexts and constantly responding to changing global and domestic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Rather, the disbursements are linked to the qualitative information on the original commitment through project identifiers. Consequently, a project marked as climate-related at the commitment stage will be flagged as climate-related throughout its lifetime, unless the qualitative information was changed. Currently, policy objectives are applied to entire aid activities based on a three-tiered value of degree58).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this specific study, Yao et al (2012), use the most intensive for on the intervention, which consists of classroom instruction supported by a number of internet-based educational resources known as the ‘Handover Toolbox’. These answers are quite revealing, and suggest that - much like the last survey -policy makers can do a lot to set the foundations for better safety in primary and ambulator)' care. Information infrastructure appears to offer the most hope for policy solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Savings can also come from municipalities, industry and energy production. Accelerated progress is needed in most regions to achieve the IWRM target. Achieving an advanced level of implementation requires increased financing for water resources development and management and devolving IWRM to the lowest appropriate level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article focuses on the role of justice claims for issues of global governance. Con­ flicting justice convictions held by states can become considerable stumbling blocks for multilateral negotiations. Normative claims which call for strengthening individual rights, such as human rights or human security, often collide with statist sovereignty convictions, such as the right of non­intervention, territorial integrity and non­ interference. Conflicts between negotiating parties also occur on questions of distribu­ tion, recognition and procedural justice. The article argues that such justice conflicts affect the outcome of negotiations. Two recent negotiation processes and governance efforts at the United Nations are examined: the Responsibility to Protect (2005) and the Arms Trade Treaty (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The very name Apartheid indicates the importance of race-based geography and race-based policy. Although formal policies of spatial separation by race are long gone, a lingering rural-urban legacy remains. From a policy point of view, the inheritance of a huge group of marginalized rural poor has greatly increased the difficulty and the costs of social delivery. However, poverty rates increased unambiguously in urban areas between 1992 and 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Where there is sufficient convergence of interests, they can also act collectively to generate, collect and analyse information and to implement collective risk management strategies. Fanners see opportunities associated with risks and are willing to act on these opportunities. Few preconditions exist in New Zealand for the operation of futures trading in agricultural commodities and there is currently limited scope for agricultural insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Civic pressure alone is not enough, however, there must also be receptivity on the part of the state for change to happen. Analysis reveals that there is a powerful association between the character of the state-religion relationship and the degree of gender equality in family law. In countries where the state plays an active role in upholding religious practices, doctrines and institutions, family law tends to discriminate against women. In contexts where political and ecclesiastical institutions are more separated, family law tends to be more egalitarian.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The initiative seeks to make significant progress in addressing the obstacles to effective environmental policy implementation by setting out standards and assessment mechanisms. These include the shift away from using economic growth as the sole criterion to assess the performance of government officials, and creating a strict accountability and penalty system. Another important feature of the document is the collective responsibility for ecological advancement, in which all actors from the government, to the private sector, to individuals are expected to contribute their share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As the demand for skilled labour rises owing to globalization, technological advancements and the changing organization of work, quality education and appropriate training will be key to addressing employment challenges. The education-employment nexus is pivotal to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Work is the foundation on which economic stability and prosperity are built.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In contrast, the DAK grant is the main source for the development of physical infrastructure for sub-national governments. Although DAK funding is directly transferred from the Ministry of Finance to sub-national governments, MoA provides guidance on what priority agriculture facilities should be financed. In addition to “unofficial” payments, official taxes or user charges (perda) can be imposed on the transportation of agricultural commodities out of a region (The Asia Foundation, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The study showed indirect taxes to be progressive as a result of higher tax rates applied to goods that are consumed more by richer households, such as alcohol. However, indirect taxes increase poverty, with the USD 1.25/day poverty headcount rate increasing by 3.6 points as a result of these taxes. When combined with emergency food aid, this was found to reduce poverty by 2.0 percentage points and the poverty gap by 1.4 percentage points (or 14.3%). The study also found that the RPSNP was better targeted than emergency food assistance. Meanwhile, wheat and kerosene subsidies were found to be progressive but not pro-poor, while electricity subsidies were found to be highly regressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increasing agricultural productivity plays several releases labour for employment in roles in the archetypal process of structural transformation. By reducing the more productive sectors. These linkages underlie the traditional view of increasing agricultural productivity as a precondition for industrialization (Boserup, 1981, Rostow, 1960, Timmer, 1988, Kuznets, 1966, Baumol, 1967, Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny, 1989).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to providing national estimates, MODA focuses on the characteristics of households with children to identify both the profile and composition of the most vulnerable children. In doing so it motivates further analyses and policy interventions. The paper demonstrates the application of the MODA methodology to three diverse EU countries: Finland, Romania and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cash transfers should however capture most of the variability of total social expenditures in a downturn as cyclical changes in services spending (especially health, the largest component) tend to be relatively small, delayed and short-lived (Scherer and Devaux, 2010). Returning to 2007 benefit expenditure levels would have reduced the deficit as well, but by much less (less than 3 percentage points). The United States once again shows a similar pattern as Southern and English-speaking EU countries: revenue shortfalls are a significantly bigger driver of deficits in the early phases of the downturn than are higher benefit expenditures. ( Declining revenues were also the main factor behind deficits in Nordic countries but deficits there were comparatively small.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Assemblage thinking and actor-network theory (ANT) have been at the forefront of a paradigm shift that sees space and agency as the result of associating humans and non-humans to form precarious wholes. This shift offers ways of rethinking the relations between power, politics and space from a more processual, socio-material perspective. After sketching and comparing the concepts of the assemblage and the actor-network, this paper reviews current scholarship in human geography employing them and clustering around the four themes of deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation, power, materials, objects and technologies, and topological space. Looking towards the future, it suggests that assemblage thinking and ANT would benefit from exploring links with other social theories, arguing for a more sustained engagement with issues of language and power, and affect and the body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both urban wastewater and solid waste volumes have increased due to population growth. The construction of wastewater treatment plants for municipalities in the basin is expected to improve the situation, these are planned to be completed by 2012. Illegal waste disposal is also a pressure factor, pollution of water from controlled disposal areas was also reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These values shape the way people view forests, including their behaviors and attitudes to all aspects of forest management." In many ways, the use of an Ecosystem Services framework in these initiatives builds upon existing Criteria and Indicator frameworks, which seek to take stock of the full range of environmental, social and economic benefits associated with natural resources. Therefore it is relevant to consider the various categories of goods and services, in particular the "cultural ecosystem services", which are used by these initiatives and their counterparts in some countries at national level, for example the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the Royal Decree-law 3/2009 suppressed the temporary limit on the deductibility of R&D investments from tax income, and the R&D tax remains in force. It aims to increase the scale of R&D carried out even in large firms so that it is at a favourable level with the top global competitors. It is thus an additional incentive to promote large R&D centres in Turkey. In particular, under this law, several incentives are provided, without any sectoral or regional distinction, including: R&D allowances (100% on volume, and for large R&D centres with at least 500 FTE researchers, 50% on incremental R&D from the previous year), incentives on income tax withholding (90% of RE PhD researchers and 80% of other R&D workers), insurance premiums, stamp duties, and 100% depreciation of the capitalised R&D expenditures for R&D centres with at least 50 RE researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Employers of low-skilled labour capture $0.72 (of which about 40% from single mothers and the rest from ineligible workers whose after-tax incomes fall). The net transfer to low-skilled workers is about $0.28 per dollar spent. However, if firms cannot shift the entire tax burden onto workers (for example, because of minimum wages or strong trade unions), higher taxes will reduce labour demand. Several empirical studies support this view (e.g. Belot and van Ours, 2004 and Bassanini and Duval, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some such people may not even be registered. Corporate income tax contributed between 3.5% of GDP in the Philippines and 9% of GDP in Malaysia in 2012. While a declining corporate income tax rate is a worldwide trend, the issue seems to be exacerbated in South-East Asia with ASEAN integration. Since the adoption of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint in 2007, several countries have further reduced their corporate income tax rate and expanded tax incentives and exemptions for investors (see table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Employment and Labour Force data come from Bureau of Labor Statistics (revised as of July 2011). The higher level (Territorial level 2) consists of macro-regions, while the lower level (Territorial level 3) is composed of micro-regions in the 30 OECD member countries. These levels are officially established, relatively stable and are used in most countries as a framework for implementing regional policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to the Regional Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission, 2017a), Stockholm is the most innovative region in the EU, followed by the capital region of Denmark - Hovedstaden. With the relatively early adoption of the green growth agenda, the Nordic countries have become frontrunners in green economy transformation, having obtained a significant competitive advantage in green solutions. Regions are classified into four main innovation performance groups (i.e. leader, strong, moderate and modest performers) with three subgroups within each performance group (i.e. a top third (+, most innovative): a middle third, and a bottom third (-, least innovative)) to allow for more diversity at the regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
How does the European Union promote security beyond its borders? This article answers this seemingly straightforward question by exploring how the EU works as security community-building institution vis-a-vis non-members. Drawing upon practice theory in International Relations, the article unpacks the security community concept, focusing especially on the relation between co-operative security practices and the expansion of security communities. The article discusses how recent practice-inspired insights can be applied in empirical research to generate novel and interesting results of relevance for EU studies. It does so by recapitulating the main findings from a study on Spanish-Moroccan co-operation on civilian and military crisis management. The findings support the claim that common practice precedes collective identity in processes of security community-building in that the EU has helped bring together and perpetuate a community of security practitioners in the western Mediterranean that builds upon, as well as transcends, already existing bilateral relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This mainly shows that certification makes enterprises more competitive, although the impact depends on the type of certification acquired. For example, a study of the effect of ISO 9000, a standard designed to improve management practices, found that being certified improved returns on assets.159 Other studies argue that ISO 9000 certification improves the long-term financial prospects of certified enterprises.160 Adopting quality standards has also been found to increase sales in foreign markets, improve reputations, and decrease trade costs due to smoother customs control procedures for goods meeting high quality standards.161 As a result, an entire industry has developed to help firms acquire quality certificates for their products or procedures. In this context, a survey of Spanish firms showed that 30% of companies spent less than €6,000 annually on quality management, while 15% spent over €60,000.162 These figures reflect the cost of attending quality management training, paying consultants, and paying for the procedural costs of certification. The returns on investment are likely to be significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, as Haggblade et al. ( Following Davis et al. ( Chart 26A shows that agricultural sources of income account for significant shares (between 45 and 78 per cent) of total household income in selected LDCs (Bangladesh, Madagascar, Malawi and Nepal) for which we have detailed data, drawn from Davis et al. ( If income from agricultural labour, livestock and crop production is combined, all the LDCs in this dataset derive the majority of household income from agricultural sources (chart 26B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Between 1990 and 1993 the TAC strategy helped prevent an estimated 10 800 serious casualty crashes and halved the state's road toll over the five years from December 1989 (Cameron et al., The initial priorities were drink driving and driving at excessive speed. The strategy of the campaign was to have an increased law enforcement presence on the roads supported by hard-hitting, high-profile advertising.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drawing on scholarship around academic freedom and new public management, this article explores the way in which research ethics committees in UK universities (URECs) can come to exhibit behaviour – common in their US equivalents – that prioritises the reputational protection of their host institution over and above academic freedom and the protection of research subjects. Drawing on two case studies the article shows both how URECs can serve to restrict research that may be ‘embarrassing’ for a university and how, in high profile cases, university management come to use such committees as mechanisms for internal discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)