albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, at the national level, the aggregation of these activities masks some of the winners and losers of the transition to greener growth. This makes understanding and communicating local pathways to a low-carbon economy a different, but no less important, task than at the national level. For example, most local authorities do not have significant taxation revenue-raising powers. However, policy makers at the local level have the ability to interact closely with their citizens, and can influence policy that has a direct impact on daily life, for example through waste, recycling, and active and public transport options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The typical sectors for which C02 emissions/removals are estimated are energy, industrial processes, agriculture, waste, and the sector of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). A doubling of the C02 concentration in the atmosphere is believed to cause an increase in the global mean temperature of 1.5 to 4.5°C, which is expected to have a very negative impact on economic, social and environmental conditions in most countries of the world. Emissions of CFF, N20, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 can be converted to C02 equivalents using the so-called global warming potentials (GWPs) provided in assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, when asked whether youth are asked whether they have access to the money needed to start a business, youth in Tunisia are much less likely to respond in the affirmative than youth in OECD countries (Figure 3.5) and ILO and ONEQ (2014) estimate that approximately half of self-employed youth used their own savings to set up a business and a further 37% relied on their families. To address this obstacle, ANETI awards up to TND 5 000 to each entrepreneur, as long as they provide proof of the necessary' competencies, training or experience and dedicate themselves fulltime to their project. In addition to these grants, loans have been available (A 'timed el Intilak [Seed Funding]) since 2011 to complete the financing required in order to obtain a small enterprise loan from the BTS. These A 'timed el Intilak loans are interest-free and need to be repaid over a period of five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the short run, while the current structure of the power generation mix remains in place, all dispatchable technologies, nuclear, coal and gas will suffer due to lower average electricity prices and reduced load factors. Due to their relatively low variable costs, however, existing nuclear power plants will do relatively better than gas and coal plants, which are already suffering substantially. Final outcomes will depend on the amount of variable renewables being introduced, local circumstances and, of course, the level of carbon prices. One needs to remember that while nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity that is not limited in supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some IAMs use different spatial resolutions in different submodules. The simplest and most common approach to consider uncertainty is sensitivity analysis, where uncertain parameters are varied one at a time. A more thorough treatment of uncertainty is through stochastic simulation, where probability distributions are specified for several uncertain model parameters and inputs, and the results are determined as a probability distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The first is between 1960 and the early 1980s, which can be characterized as a period of sustained growth. During this period, the GCC countries recorded the highest growth as consumption more than doubled, though it was starting from a relatively low level of around 42 kg/capita/year which was well below the world average of about 55 kg/capita/year. Equally, wheat demand in the Maghreb and Mashreq subregions increased at a fast rate, though they were already starting from relatively high levels, at 118 and 90 kg/capita/year, respectively, both of which were above the world and OECD consumption levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Organizations are increasingly turning to the immeasurable quantities of data available through open-source mediums such as the web and social media to enhance their analytical capability and ultimately improve the quality and quantity of the information they have available to make decisions. Law enforcement agencies are no exception to this trend, with efforts increasingly being made to use big data to supplement traditional forms of intelligence commonly used in crime prevention and response efforts. In this chapter, one specific facet of this capability is discussed: the use of open source data and analytical tools to detect criminal motivation and intention in open sources to commit cybercrime- and cyberterrorism-related offenses. More specifically, the chapter discusses and profiles the various types of attack and the tools used to facilitate them to gain a comprehensive insight into the underlying motivations of cyberattackers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They demanded specific environmental and social standards in the Regulation, but based on the agreements in LF, since there is risk of breakdown in the LF cooperation. However, Norwegian forest have since then been certified by the Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC Norway 2013) including exactly the same standards and the same documentation reports as LF. One of them is "Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities and/or critical to local communities' traditional cultural identity."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Before the committee deals with the nominations, specialist non-government organisations (NGOs) assess them thoroughly to ensure that the convention’s requirements to quality, boundaries and administration are met. It means that the relevant country must commit itself to conserving the resources over a long term. The areas are monitored every sixth year to see whether the resources have deteriorated and whether changes are required in their management. Additional tourists can mean increased revenues, but at the same time the tourists can have a negative impact on the resources - for example through wear and tear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, inequality in child well-being is not confined just to childhood outcomes - it is already manifest in access to essential services. Sanitation shows one of the largest relative disparities: in half of the countries analysed, children of households in the poorest urban quintile have basic sanitation services that are at least two times lower than children from the richest urban quintile. Coverage is four or more times lower in almost half of the countries analysed in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are 45 NGOs that are focused on women's rights in Uganda. They do not work in isolation, but in collaboration with the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. This organisation was formed to represent a united voice of women, as well as to create a platform where women would collectively put forward issues of their political and economic life and other kinds of discrimination in various spheres of society.' There is need for ongoing support and a dynamic day-to-day relationship between WROs and women politicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One-adult households, whether unattached individuals or lone parents, are typically three to four times more likely to fall into a vulnerable income situation as a result of not working. This reflects the lesser ability of one-adult households to mitigate income losses arising from unemployment, for example by temporarily relying on a spouse’s or parent’s income during an unemployment spell, thereby making them more likely to have to rely on the lower tier of income assistance. However, strong conclusions cannot be drawn because data are only available through 2009 before the strongest test of the efficacy of SA in backstopping UB had arrived in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Italy, the creation in 2004 of the National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System (INVALSI) led to the development of national student assessments since 2008. Similarly, in Ontario (Canada), the creation of the Education Quality and Accountability Office in 1996 was associated with the development of standardised student assessment to provide accountability and a gauge of quality in Ontario’s publicly funded education system. Functions of evaluation and assessment agencies may include technical leadership (e.g. in developing evaluation instruments, guidelines, education indicators), implementation of evaluation and assessment procedures (e.g. national student assessments), the monitoring of the education system, the introduction of innovations on the basis of research results, the development of capacity for evaluation and assessment across the system, knowledge management (of results produced by evaluation and assessment activities) and the promotion of an evaluation culture. Although educational evaluation within school systems is not a recent concern, it has traditionally focussed mostly on the assessment of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This case-by-case approach tends inevitably to favour a downward pressure on eligibility standards, which may occur before any given country is in a position to profit locally from such standards. To avoid such a result, examiners and courts should be able to resort to a high level expert body, staffed by people (not necessarily all nationals, but experts in which the government has confidence) who have both the expertise to evaluate these issues in specific cases and a common understanding of and dedication to the local patent policies and strategies. By contrast, distinguished academic authorities have expressed the view that the Indian provision can be defended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cooperation could include generating data and comparable metrics, achieving cncrgy-cfficicncy targets, enforcing industrial energy-efficiency targets and standards through international value chains, conducting joint R&D, building capacity, disseminating industrial energy-efficiency technologies and facilitating access to international finance. Cooperation would have to take place under the highest canons of ethics and corporate social responsibility to be credible, legitimate and effective. This would involve working not only on the scientific basis of targets and monitoring criteria but also with governments and the private sector to ensure that targets and standards are realistic and achievable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This well-documented study brings together leading scholars from multiple disciplines, including intellectual property, human rights, public health, and development studies, as well as activists to critically reflect on the global health governance regime. It explores the implications of high international intellectual property standards for access to essential medicines in developing countries. With a focus on HIV/AIDS governance, the book provides a timely analysis of the international legal and political landscape, the relationship between human rights and intellectual property, and emerging issues in global health policy. The Global Governance of HIV/AIDS concludes with concrete strategies on how to improve access to HIV/AIDS medicines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This approach will help to create a society that readily accepts and embraces disability, instead of fearing it. This requires, on the one hand, that the facilities of education be available to all, and on the other, that children be exposed to ideas from many different backgrounds and perspectives and be encouraged to think for themselves and to reason. Basic education is not just an arrangement for training to develop skills (important as that is), it is also a recognition of the nature of the world, with its diversity and richness, and an appreciation of the importance of freedom and reasoning as well as friendship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter highlights the need for effective policy mixes to address the multiple and sometimes cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity. It provides a framework for designing and evaluating policy mixes. The role of marine spatial planning, and other instruments, such as fish catch regulations and water pollution control measures, are discussed. As highlighted in Chapter 1, the pressures on marine biodiversity are multiple, and stem from different actors (public and private), sectors, and occur at different geographical scales (Table 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, as already mentioned above, there is no evidence that age-based screening or assessment programmes produce any safety benefits. Hakamies-Blomqvist et al. ( They found no reduction in crashes among car drivers in Finland, but there was a higher rate of fatalities among unprotected older road users than in Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the principle of “progressive realization”, as do conventions on children and disabilities. Realizing its aspirations, including to leave no one behind, will depend greatly on scaling up resources and development strategies. First, extending quality essential services to all upholds human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These offer lead purchasing opportunities for clean-tech and can be expected to raise the attractiveness of the Negev, which will help overcome a barriers in the attraction of highly-skilled people to the region. It is a worldwide leader in supporting technology-based innovation. But clean-tech is market-driven and on its way to become design-driven innovation. In its public institution-driven rather than market-driven approach, a number of aspects of traditional Israeli innovation policy instruments are not well adapted to the needs of supporting the Negev clean-tech sub-cluster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figure 1 below summarises the combined effect of these trends using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). For most years, gross income data for a number of countries are not available in LIS as most market incomes are recorded net of taxes or social contributions. The countries concerned are Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, as well as Russia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Over E-health en zelfredzaamheid van patienten in de ggz” (E-health: Face-to-Facebook. About e-health and self-reliance of patients in mental health care), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, TYimbos (2013), [Online], available at www.trimbos.nl/, accessed 8 July 2013, Riper, H., L. Kooistra, J. de Wit, W. van Ballegooijen en T. Donker (2013), “Preventie & eMental- Health kennissythese 2012" (Prevention eMental Health knowledge synthesis], ZonMW. Almost all OECD countries reported that they had a national mental health user group (see Chapter 6), and in many instances user groups have local branches that organise meetings to offer peer support, discussion, and information. Often, support groups are disorder specific, for example in Germany more than 5 000 self-help support groups were identified, covering a broad range of psychiatric disorders, particularly groups for families and partners, bereavement, anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The funding model offers government participation in the risks involved in establishing the R&D centre. Eligible costs covered by the grant are equipment, external expertise (consultants, studies, etc.) Investments in human capital and infrastructures are often critical. Challenges in making these types of policy schemes work are large, there is scant high-quality evaluation evidence on the impacts of these policies to identify which conditions matter for success (Warwick and Nolan, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   At least since the late nineteenth century, toy chemistry sets have featured in standard scripts of the achievement of eminence in science, and they remain important in constructions of scientific identity. Using a selection of these toys manufactured in Britain and the United States, and with particular reference to the two dominant American brands, Gilbert and Chemcraft, this paper suggests that early twentieth-century chemistry sets were rooted in overlapping Victorian traditions of entertainment magic and scientific recreations. As chemistry set marketing copy gradually reoriented towards emphasising scientific modernity, citizenship, discipline and educational value, pre-twentieth-century traditions were subsumed within domestic—and specifically masculine—tropes. These developments in branding strategies point to transformations in both users’ engagement with their chemistry sets and the role of scientific toys in domestic play. The chemistry set serves here as a useful tool for measuring cultural change and lay engagement with chemistry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result of the minimal storage capacity, most of the power produced must be immediately consumed as it is generated, otherwise, the system will become unstable. Still, the electricity market is driven by power consumption. Therefore, this balance is typically achieved through the control of power generation in order to follow electricity consumption6. While consumption can differ significantly on an hourly basis, individual power plants, depending on the technology used, require considerable time to ramp up and down generation, and thereby cannot match the swings in demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 1988 constitution established health as a fundamental right and the responsibility of states, which resulted in increased access to primary and emergency care, in addition to achieving universal coverage of vaccination and prenatal care (Paim et al, 2011). Service delivery is strongly decentralised, which has led to a fragmentation in the delivery of services and inequalities in the distribution of health system resources, as not all municipalities are capable of delivering services to people and economies of scale are often not exploited sufficiently. Brazil’s public sector invests about 4% of GDP in health, compared to almost 6.5% of GDP in OECD countries. This shortage of medical staff leads to insufficient access to basic health care services. Despite recent increases in training capacity, Brazil is currently not training enough doctors and nurses to keep up with demand. The measure to require new medical graduates to serve in the SUS for two years before their degree becomes officially valid - discussed in July 2013 - can be useful if supervision is ensured, as it would boost the number of doctors available to the public system in the short term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This study examines patterns in news sourcing and play, in light of risk communication factors. A content analysis of 457 U.S. newspaper stories about the 2001 anthrax attacks revealed that more stories included outrage rhetoric than risk explanations. Stories containing uncertainty factors appeared more often during the impact phase than any other crisis phase. The more sources a story used, the less likely it was to include vague advice and explanations. The more play that a story received, the less likely it was to include explanations. Health agency and law enforcement officials dominated the coverage, while scientists, victims, and citizens were quoted least often. Stories quoting experts received higher play than stories quoting non-experts. A relatively large proportion of stories quoted unnamed sources, only one source, or non-experts, indicating a lack of access to authoritative interview sources, especially during the outbreak and impact phases of the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   The decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) in the case of Google Spain SL v Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datos (AEPD) 2  [“the Google decision”] to require Google to enforce a right to be forgotten has caused a furore and sets a dangerous precedent in internet regulation. 3  It is setting up the search engine as a form of Internet Government and fracturing the balance between privacy and freedom of information in the connected world. In a world where we have become attuned to full exposure by routinely signing over access to information, privacy is no longer the issue – the real concern is control. This paper seeks to address the issues of whether we have a right to privacy anymore, who should be making decisions about what is available and where and how a global convention on access to information might be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Electric utilities (often private or quasi-public) must be involved and help with investments in recharging infrastructure, and must take a leading role in developing "smart grid" systems. The pay-off is that utility-level technologies will help to maximise the benefits of EVs with regards to load management. Third-party providers - i.e. companies that develop EV-related services - can help to connect the dots between the stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Bulgaria and Romania for example, respectively 1.6 and 2.2 per cent of children lack all 14 items, in Iceland 4.3 per cent lack just one item while the Scandinavian countries do not exceed four, and so on. All values of one per cent or less are omitted in the table. This may reflect a technical measurement problem (we have no items that allow to identify the deprived children in richer countries) or the fact that there simply are few deprived children in richer countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This new law disqualified 95 per cent of the 630 women trained by ZNWL for the local government leadership for the previous three years. They could not qualify to contest elections, because they did not have the Grade 12 certificate. The ZNWL managed to lobby political parties to adopt other women to replace those that were disqualified and dropped out of the election race. However, there was no time to train the new women candidates in leadership skills.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An increasing number of international law scholars have become drawn in recent years to the study of political economy. In trying to situate the linkage between international law and political economy in its purported historical context, much of this scholarship has tended to construct a vision of a historical relationship between them that typically extends no further back than the 19th century. In contrast, this article situates this relationship in a longue duree with two aims. First, to outline some of the extra-legal factors that installed the historical conditions for a style of international law to emerge that would facilitate ‘public’ administrative capacity and the institutional practices that underwrite forms and processes of contemporary ‘private’ economic life. And second, to experiment with ways that the concept of political economy may be used within international law scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)