albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Over time, consider moving away from shared financing and increase voucher subsidies sufficiently to make up for this. If needed, teachers’ assistants and trained special education teachers provide extra support under the supervision of the teacher. Close to 30% of the student population receive support in this way each year (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). If all of these measures fail, a multi-disciplinary team comprising teachers, social workers, psychologists and representatives of health and public housing authorities, if necessary, work out a plan of support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policy tools to increase employer engagement in VET are discussed in section 2.2. In Mexico some elements are already in place or are being developed. For example, five levels of competences already exist under the Council for Standardization and Certification of Labour Competences (CONOCER) and a competence-based approach has already been applied in upper secondary VET, although difficulties have occurred with the updating of these competences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Solomon Islands people perceived retired or aged people, the unemployed, young married couples, the disabled and school leavers as the most vulnerable groups. Some said traditional family and community safety nets were beginning to fail and there was growing resistance and loss of capacity to support those who cannot support themselves. But although it is an important foundation for learning and socialisation, there is little knowledge of the status of this across the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Third, the responsibility of industrial policy in the industrialisation process for harnessing inclusiveness and sustainability has been highlighted. This is a measure for the total estimate of net-output of all resident manufacturing activity units obtained by adding up outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. The Sustainable Development Goal 5 ("Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls") tackles this issue in a much more comprehensive way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The figures presented in the preceding tables confirm that, while there have indeed been improvements, they fall short of bringing about a radical change in income levels for education professionals in Kazakhstan. The State Programme for Education Development 2011-2020 recognises the problem and has therefore committed to bringing the average teacher pay to levels comparable with the private sector by 2015. What is unclear (and presumably not possible to establish with certainty) is how many of the teachers in the country make use of these possibilities, and what prevents other teachers from doing so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article addresses the problems arising from the impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Chechnya. 1 International criminal jurisdiction over such crimes is impossible with Russia's veto in the United Nations Security Council and non‐membership in the International Criminal Court. The victims may approach Russian prosecutors and courts, and if they cannot get remedies, they may apply to the European Court of Human Rights, which recently has found repeated and serious violations and ordered Russia to pay compensation. However, these are of little relief: they come in a limited number of cases, usually many years after the crimes and do not ensue in individual accountability. The continuing impunity creates a cycle of revenge and maintains high conflict potential in Chechnya. It also spreads criminality all over Russia, the military and police, after serving in Chechnya, bring the ‘impunity syndrome’ home with them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, significant discounts for public transport fares and transfers were granted to Easy Card users (Najman, 2008). In Taipei, use of private vehicles has been significantly reduced by improvements in public transport infrastructure and services. Demand management has also played a key role. For example, since 1999, motorcycles have no longer been permitted to park along sidewalks, and motorcycle parking pricing was introduced in certain areas in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the case of meat and dairy products, the fastest consumption increase for the non-OECD region occurs for dairy products of whole milk powder and butter (38%), followed by poultry (37%) over the period to 2019. While these changes represent a faster increase in meat and dairy products use than in the OECD area, in a number of cases they are taking place from a smaller consumption base. On the import side, the developing countries are becoming increasingly integrated into world agricultural trade and regional markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although it has made progress on many fronts and has a high standing on international assessments, there is a general appreciation that the system must strive for the next level, although the nature of that level has not yet been specified. One of the themes of this report is how evaluation and assessment, broadly conceived, can support the attainment of whatever educational goals are decided upon. The core logic of criterion-referenced evaluation and assessment systems rests upon the alignment of goals for student learning, specific content for learning, pedagogical approaches and evaluation and assessment approaches (OECD, 2013). In the Netherlands, building such alignment is challenging, given the lack of a national agreement on specific educational priorities and standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In both houses of legislature this figure reached 15.9%. In 2000, the Inter-Parliamentary Union recorded zero female parliamentarians for several countries, including Djibouti, Jordan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE),5 with the highest levels of women as political representatives found in Tunisia, with 15 women (11.5%), and Iraq, with 19 (7.6%) (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2000). By 2014, each of the countries mentioned above that did not have any women in parliament in 2000 had increased these numbers: Djibouti increased the representation of women in its legislative branch to 7 (12.7%), Jordan’s female legislative representation grew to 18 women (12%), the United Arab Emirates now has 7 women (17.5%), 1 woman (1.5%) serve as legislators in Kuwait.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Soil fertility decreases and soil chemical properties change as a result of overgrazing and rangeland degradation. In Mongolia, soil organic matter content in overgrazed areas was 30-50 per cent lower and exchangeable calcium 40-60 per cent low'er than in non-grazing areas. Land degradation was also found to affect physical soil water properties, increasing topsoil temperature and decreasing moisture content. Moreover, topsoil becomes denser and more compact as a result of livestock pressure on the soil surface, increasing bulk and particle density and making the soil more compact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. Product innovations can utilise new knowledge or technologies, or can be based on new uses or combinations of existing knowledge or technologies. Product and/or service innovation entails activities such as design, research and development, acquisition of patents, technology licenses, trademarks, and tooling-up and industrial engineering. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rapid urbanisation, notably in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, has added to pollution woes. Land use pressures have created environmental problems including severe deforestation, soil erosion, flooding in the deltas, declining fish yields, and pollution of the coastal and marine environment. According to a 2005 report conducted by the FAO, Viet Nam has the second highest rate of deforestation of primary forests in the world, second only to Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Between 2000 and 2013, Africa’s agricultural sector has maintained a real growth rate of 5.1% per year, well above the population growth rate of 2.7%. Africa’s food system is fundamentally changing, and urbanisation plays a central role in this process. Urbanisation i) creates upward demand for food production in Africa, ii) increases efficiency in post-farm segments, and iii) transforms the rural on-farm and non-farm economy (Reardon and Timmer, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These developments are occurring without an increase in men’s participation in care work and without adequate State and market mechanisms to shift some of the care burden to society. For centuries, under successive waves of economic thought, the domestic sphere and its relationship to the rest of the economic system have been consistently ignored or analysed only partially or in the wrong way. This concept refers to an amorphous sphere of goods, services, activities, relationships and values that have to do with some of the most basic and important needs with regard to human existence and reproduction. As with any new concept, its scope and boundaries are as yet unclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Transactions by the official sector with countries on the DAC List of ODA Recipients, which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as Official Development Assistance. The puipose codes are also commonly referred to as sector codes as they provide a classification of the sector of the activity. In total, there are 261 purpose codes with 207 mandatory and 54 new voluntary codes, which have recently been added to the CRS to more easily link development activities to developing country budgets. These activities are considered core STI activities as their ultimate aim are clearly focused on obtaining new knowledge through scientific studies in their respective sectors. All activities reported under these codes are considered as core support to the ICT sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The share of the population with access to drinking water and wastewater infrastructure has expanded significantly, driven by financial support from the EU and matching national funds. The process of establishing multi-municipal bodies for more efficient water supply and sanitation has been completed. The water sector has been opened up to competition and participation of the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By 2017, this number stands at minimum 128 countries with a functional NREN, while a further ten research networks operate at the regional level (e.g. the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network APAN. Researchers from a range of professions can access scientific articles, open data, technical journals and formal databases. For example, ESR Journal provides resources, support and advice for early-stage researchers as well as more advance researchers for publishing their scientific papers, while offering free access to scientific research under creative commons licenses. Among the current top ten Fortune companies (US companies classed by annual revenues), two are technology players - Apple, established in 1976 and the operator AT&T. In February 2017, based on total market capitalization, the top three of the top ten companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange by market cap were all tech companies, which accounted for half the top ten companies. The major impact of ICTs and the Internet may be to facilitate individual innovations in any number of goods and services, and to give wings and full flight to the strength of an idea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Section A outlines the prerequisites fa effective innovation systems in terms of capabilities, connections and the enabling environment, and addresses key policy issues in the areas of innovation financing and intellectual property protection, sectbn B places STI policy in the wider context of overall development strategies, highlighting the importance of policy coherence and coordination, and section C discusses the reorientation of STI towards the goals of sustainable and inclusive development in the context of the 2030 Agenda. The latter is now the main theoretical foundation of innovation policies in developed and developing countries alike. Such systems develop over time, co-evolving with their economic, political, social and environmental contexts. They are less developed and more prone to systemic failures and structural deficiencies in developing than in developed countries (Chaminade and Padilla Perez, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More recently, two types of social assistance schemes have been introduced. One, applied in some countries of Southern Africa, aims at old-age protection, the othertargets extreme poverty, and is applied mostly in low-income countries in Central, East and West Africa (Nino-Zarazua et al., In many Southern African countries, the provision of non-contributory social pension schemes that targeted the elderly poor of certain ethnic groups have been extended as domestic initiatives no longer based on racial discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many urban governments still depend to a very large extent on fiscal transfers. In Indonesia, the General Allocation Fund and the Special Allocation Fund accounted for 51% and 5%, respectively, of regencies’ and cities’ revenues in 2015. In this regard, central governments could earmark special funds for green growth-related activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Roman advocate, statesman, and philosopher. Cicero, who lived during the tumultuous period that marked the end of republican government at Rome, was the most accomplished orator of his day, held Rome's highest office, and ranks among her most prolific philosophers. His 20 or so surviving philosophical and theoretical works, voluminous personal correspondence, and numerous extant speeches emphasize a number of concepts central to classical republican political thought: civic virtue, the mixed constitution, the rule of law, the dangers of corruption, history as a wellspring for moral exempla and political guidance, natural law, and rhetoric. His writings were of fundamental importance for education and political thought in the west for over 1500 years, from the time of the Latin church fathers to the American Enlightenment of the eighteenth century.      Keywords:    dialogue,  mixed constitution,  natural law,  republicanism,  Stoics
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a broader context, the achievement of Target 1 would help developing countries make progress towards the MDGs. The indicators cover mobile cellular network coverage (Indicator 1.1), household access to telephones and the Internet (indicators 1.2 and 1.3), and use of the Internet by individuals (Indicator 1.4). Progress made towards Target 1 has been mixed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Self-evaluations make use of self-reported surveys and self-reflection reports, focusing on communication skills, while parent surveys ask about child development, as well as communication between staff and parents. The frequency of monitoring staff quality is often decided at local or setting level and is dependent on the last monitoring result in most jurisdictions. The benefits of monitoring include better-trained staff, staff who are more highly qualified, and better descriptions of responsibilities for different staff grades in ECEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The authors concluded that removing facility directed financial incentives from clinical indicators may mean that the performance levels decline. Most schemes have been small scale and tentative, and researchers have struggled to find a material impact. However, there has been some success in encouraging desired behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The interest in spatial planning and territorial cohesion has prompted new scales of land-use planning interventions. This paper considers the experimentation and learning around the National Planning Framework in Scotland. This political instrument is predicated on active public participation to craft and legitimate a national planning agenda to re-position a devolved Scotland in a global context. The process involves a two-year programme of participatory activities. This paper conceptualizes this innovation through a discussion of the prerequisites for civic involvement at this national scale. It explores ideas relating to the need to develop a national vocabulary in the context of a small nation state. It highlights ideas relating to civic virtue and civic formation and the significance of an interest in public affairs, respect and trust, political equality, and a sense of public-spiritedness in preparing the way for active public engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The result is a concentration of social housing in the peripheries of select municipalities - areas that are normally far from job and service centres, have poor transport provision and infrastructure and face a high incidence of social problems (i.e. poverty, unemployment and criminality). Since 1978, housing policy has been structured around two main pillars: i) demand subsidies targeted to households with saving capacity and access to credit, ii) the construction or assignment by MINVU of housing to low-income population with a reduced savings capacity. Public support for housing is comprised of demand-side targeted subsidies: the government provides a voucher to buy or build a house to first-time home buyers who comply with basic eligibility criteria. In addition to reducing a housing stock deficit, the policy has also aimed to improve the material and financial capacity of the population by facilitating access to a capital asset. Table 2.5 summarises the three leading subsidy programmes according to the targeted beneficiary group. Recipients sign a rental contract with a real estate company under the obligation to buy the home at the end of the contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Girls from poorer families are much less likely to be enrolled in school at all levels of education. For instance, among Indian children in the bottom fifth of the distribution, an education gap of almost five years persists between boys and girls aged 15-19. Change in these norms is, however, slow and uneven across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Regular household surveys are not yet undertaken in many countries, especially LDCs, and do not always follow the same guidelines for data gathering on ICTs. The rapid pace of change in technology and markets also affects the comparability of data, so that targets and indicators need to be kept under review and updated from time to time to meet changing data availability and policy requirements. More attention also needs to be addressed to building the capacity of national statistical offices and others concerned with data gathering and analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the oil-rich countries, higher fuel prices have a positive effect on the living standard as a result of increasing aggregate demand. In the oil-importing countries, a fuel price increase can have a direct poverty effect through the consumption of energy and an indirect effect via higher prices for commodities whose production requires energy. The poverty impact of an energy price increase may vary for different geographical locations and depending whether a household is connected to the utility infrastructure. In urban households, the share of energy consumption is usually higher compared to rural households.9 If the utility infrastructure is insufficient, households may not even be connected to central sources of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some countries are currently undergoing this process and are developing tools and approaches to put this into practice. Box 2.5 provides an overview of the prioritisation process used by Ethiopia in the development of its plan (and see Chapter 5). Vulnerability to climate change can be different according to age, gender and ethnicity, and these perspectives need to be brought into the decision-making process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Doi: 10.5902/2179769214519  Sexual violence is considered a violation of human rights, becoming a public health problem. Objective: to characterize women victims of sexual violence according to socio-demographic and epidemiological aspects. Method: quantitative retrospective study conducted in the Department of Care of Women Victims of Sexual Violence, in Piaui. The study investigated 74 records of diagnosis of sexual violence between 2013 and 2014. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, version 20.0, was used to calculate the descriptive statistics appropriate to the variables of the study. Results: the study showed prevalence in the age group between 18 and 27 years old, most of them were pardo and had completed elementary school, predominantly single and with low-income. Conclusion: the results indicate that sexual violence has several facets, not distinguishing ethnicity, social class or age, and requiring, thus, the planning of more complex and effective actions in the health and social context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2010 there were 26 selection criteria for up to 106 points. Environmental criteria represented only 19% of possible points, with social and other secondary criteria accounting for the rest. The secondary criteria, which are intended to generate complementarities with other government programmes and ease the administrative process, accounted for more than 65% of possible points (Garcia Romero, 2012). If the PSAH is to meet its intended objective, substantially greater weight should be given to environmental criteria. In the case of land-use change for infrastructure, when the projects are of federal jurisdiction and require authorisation by SEMARNAT, a precondition of permission being granted is involvement in this mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A key determinant of success is that policy interventions are usually aimed to bring about lasting change by successfully addressing the causes of market failure so that the market itself can take the initiative forward (and ultimately make the principles mainstream). The following sections consider the emphasis needed to deliver effectiveness. Historically, in the cases where IP and intangibles have been considered, these are the larger ones (in part because of their absolute levels of profit, and in part because of the need to have headroom to absorb the present high transaction costs, as discussed in Part 2). This is potentially at odds with efforts to encourage SMEs to grow, because they will not be able to afford large repayments, especially if the loan tenor is short.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy combines international education policy expertise with Mexican policy and implementation knowledge. With the analytical and organisational support of the OECD Secretariat staff, the Steering Group provides advice and support on ways to adapt lessons from international experience to the Mexican context and in the design and successful implementation of related policies. Its main tasks are to provide analysis, advice, support and liaison with relevant stakeholders in their areas of expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Private sector firms, especially the sugar companies, were challenged to seize the opportunities for investment in such blending. The government set the policy framework and provided the incentives and infrastructure, within which the private sector could respond. The leading investor was Press Corporation Limited, a publicly listed company incorporated in Malawi. The first ethanol plant was built by Press Corporation in 1982, with a final blending ratio of 10 per cent, and in 2004, they opened a second plant, with a combined total capacity of 18 million litres a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)