albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Finally, a conflict variable in origin countries (row (4)) and the level of civil liberties at home (row (5)) are included to control for the effect of political situation on migration dynamics (Peridy, 2010). In all these cases, even including all these variables, the results maintain their statistical significance. It suggests that male migration is not sensitive to the level of discrimination in the origin countries, neither in the destination. The interpretation is twofold: i) men's decision to migrate is not related to the level of gender discrimination in social institutions, or ii) the SIGI is not able to capture social pressure on male behaviour and choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, “bankable” projects imply de-risking by the public sector through provision of subsidies, which may erode governments’ financial capacity to execute other elements of the national development plan. All this suggests that, within a clearly established national development strategy, the terms of project “bankability” should be set not by private actors but - if at all - by national governments to ensure consistency between means and ends. That is, the state should decide both what general (macro, institutional, regulatory) and specific conditions it may want to provide and what projects should be prioritized and (in case it decides in favour of private sector involvement) on what terms this should happen to ensure that private engagement is in line with national objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, these differences remained positive and became larger for women (i.e. foreign-born women became even less likely to participate in the labour force or to be employed in comparison with native women, see Figure 3.2B). Such gender differences may reflect various factors, including the unequal distribution of unpaid care and household work between women and men and sectoral employment patterns (ILO, 2016b) which will be discussed in later sections. In 2010, the employment-to-population ratio was 9.5 percentage points higher for Ghanaian-bom women, and foreign-bom women experienced a relatively high unemployment rate at 8.2%, compared with 5.8% for native-bom women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In rare instances, a Supreme Court justice may elect to call attention to his or her displeasure with a majority decision by reading a dissenting opinion from the bench. We document this phenomenon by constructing a data set from audio files of Court proceedings and news accounts. We then test a model explaining why justices use this practice selectively by analyzing ideological, strategic, and institutional variables. Judicial review, formal alteration of precedent, size of majority coalition, and issue area influence this behavior. Ideological distance between the dissenter and majority opinion writer produces a counterintuitive relationship. We suspect that reading a dissent is an action selectively undertaken when bargaining and accommodation among ideologically proximate justices has broken down irreparably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Total damage and losses due to floods in 2008 were estimated at US$120 million, of which US$18 million concerned agriculture. Floods in 2010 caused damage, primarily affecting rural and agricultural regions of the country, which was estimated at approximately US$42 million. They impacted on more than 80 per cent of the rural population depending on agriculture. Output of cereal crops dropped more than 60 per cent compared with 2006, and the wheat harvest diminished by some 40 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The following paragraphs provide a number of examples. There are a variety of economic instruments available to increase sustainable energy supply. One relatively simple option is to waive import duties and value-added tax to minimize the investment burden on the private sector and stimulate an increase in the supply of decentralized renewable energy technologies. The Government of Kenya has had much success using this approach to attract private sector investment for PV systems: over 200 companies and thousands of technicians now promote small solar systems for rural households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At times, contradictory policies detract from overarching aims. Positively, the national development framework adopted in 2009 enhances co-ordination of policies across ministries, including the many sectoral policies which impact rural development. However, the nature of territorially based investments is not alw'ays evident under the new approach and silos remain between how rural development is conceived across agricultural and regional development portfolios. While much has been achieved, more needs to be done to use EU funds in a strategic way that is complemented by domestic policies and interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hedley Bull put institutions on the map for the English school, and his set of five institutions of ‘international’ (= interstate) society (diplomacy, international law, the balance of power, war, and the role of great powers) occupies the whole central third of his 1977 book. Following on from Bull, the concept of institutions has been central to English school thinking for three reasons: First, because it fleshes out the substantive content of international society, second, because it underpins what Bull and other English school writers mean by ‘order’ in international relations (IR), and third, because the particular understanding of institutions in English school thinking is one of the main things that differentiates it from the mainstream, rationalist, neo-liberal institutionalist, study of international regimes (Keohane, 1988, Hurrell, 1991, Evans and Wilson, 1992, Buzan, 1993, Waever, 1998:109–12, Alderson and Hurrell, 2000a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest vegetation absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during the photosynthesis and accumulates in plant biomass as solid carbon in the process of growth. A significant portion of this accumulated carbon re-enters the atmosphere through plant respiration, forest fire and decay of biomass (Apps et al. Burning of plant biomass for energy also releases carbon back to the atmosphere. The carbon removed from forests through cutting also comes back to the atmosphere either in short or long term depending on where the forest products are put to use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the former, low-income workers had the incentive to contribute up to the point where the contributoiy pension would be at least half of the minimum pension because, after that point, the amount paid by PASIS would be zero (a 100% EMTR). The same held for MPG, which required only 20 years of contributions. Beyond that point, there were increased incentives to work informally and evade contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It regulates the possession and use of State-owned land by a citizen, entity and organization, and other related issues. It contains the basic principles of land resources management and allows for different forms of land tenure, i.e. land ownership, land possession and land use rights. Several laws were approved to regulate specific land uses of these categories of land. The 1994 Law on Special Protected Areas regulates the types and regime of protected areas and the 1997 Law on Buffer Zones of Special Protected Areas regulates the determination of buffer zones of SPAs and the activities therein (chapter 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Non-specialist" includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker, or “someone else". “ Any” treatment includes treatment by specialist or non-specialist. This result applies to the proportion who sought any treatment, with no respect to the specific provider, as well as to the proportion who sought help from mental health specialists (e.g. psychiatrists).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Transfers that equalise disposable incomes tend to be smaller in developing countries and to take the form of in-kind services rather than cash transfers, such as pensions. Policy makers in these countries thus may have more room for further equalising disposable incomes, particularly given the increased fiscal space that shifting wealth has afforded them. It is a topic that is examined further in Chapter 5. Changes in market income inequality are the composite result of many different forces, some of which act in opposing directions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is notably the case for Indonesia pledging an increase from USD 17 million in 2016 to USD 150 million in 2020. The Netherlands indicated a prospect of spending EUR 237 million per year for the period 2016-2020, more than doubling the EUR 100 million of 2015. This is significantly above the IEA countries public-sector energy RD&D data, totalling USD 13 billion on average per year over the recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A research project aimed at producing a better basis for decisions in the field of forest recreation. The surveys are published in four parts: Parts I, II, III and IV of Forest Recreation in Denmark (Koch 1978, Koch 1980, Koch 1984, Koch and Jensen 1988). The surveys are published in three parts (Jensen and Koch 1997, Jensen 1998, Jensen 2003). In 2007/08 the third series of surveys (Outdoor Recreation 2009) was initiated (Jensen 2012, Jensen &Tvedt 2012). The surveys described under the first two sub-headings of Forest Monitoring Programmes below, are all based on these methods, to retain the best possible basis for comparisons between the results and thus analyze for trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even though the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population (65%) was lower than that of native-bom population (67%), the share of the foreign-bom population of working age (76%) was much higher than the corresponding native-bom share (62%). The resulting share of employment in the total population is therefore higher for foreign-bom population (49%) than for the Ghanaian-bom population (41%). The upward effect of this gap of 8 percentage points on the national share of employed is unlikely to be wiped out by the potentially negative impact of the presence of foreign-bom workers on the native-bom employment rate. The effect of immigration on the capital-labour ratio is not known, and the overall effect of migrant labour on GDP per capita therefore cannot be ascertained with great accuracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Current development plans envisage more investment, commercialisation and involvement of the private sector in the use of genetic resources. This suggests that the arrangements for enforcement of fair access should be strengthened, to ensure both that companies comply with requirements and that local and ethnic groups retain access to areas and resources they have traditionally used. At the same time, a formal system of benefit sharing needs to be established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over the past decade, intangible cultural heritage (hereafter, ICH), the significance which it possesses and the continuation of its myriad manifestations have reached unprecedented levels of recognition and attention on international and national policy agendas. Traditional Medicine (hereafter, TM) has long been included under the vast umbrella of ICH, yet there have been few attempts to explore that relationship. This paper examines the practical implications of applying the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage to TM, alongside the relationship of traditional medicine to the fields of human rights, public health and development. It considers, and reaches the conclusion that the cultural significance of traditional medicine combined with the fundamental principles of the Convention render the Convention significant in safeguarding traditional medicine for the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Singapore provides an entitlement of 100 hours of professional development per year to teachers to keep up with the rapid changes occurring in the world and to be able to improve their practice. And Singapore, like other countries, is improving its performance-appraisal system, making sure that each teacher is appraised by a whole group of people every year against 16 different competencies.0 Teachers who do outstanding work receive a bonus from the school's bonus pool. The high quality of teachers in those countries appears to be a function of the policies that determine the pool from which teachers are initially drawn, their compensation, the status of teachers, the high standards of entering university-level teacher-preparation programmes, the quality of their initial preparation, and the attention given to the quality of their preparation following their initial induction. But the fact is that many of the countries with the strongest student performance also have the strongest teachers' unions, beginning with Japan and Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras and Paraguay, the rise in the income of poor households came mainly from the labour market, in particular from a gain in the average income received by workers. In several of these countries, employment rates edged up among poor households, and in Paraguay the number of labour income earners in fact declined. In these three countries, the rise was due more to an increase in the number of recipients than in the average amount received, which actually fell in Peru in the period under review. This was because of the increase in income from imputed rent, a source which does not reflect income actually received, but the in-kind benefit accruing to households which own the dwelling in which they reside.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The sight of men commanding respect without using violence or harassing women is as a powerful tool for change. The movement relies on teams that work at various levels and aim at different targets, though all have the overarching aim of fighting sexual harassment. The "NGO-ization"46of the women's movement in the past two decades or so has also fostered suspicion of women's mobilizations. The weighty presence of global funders has helped create a damaging view that feminist groups are "inauthentic" to local culture, or are "agents of the West".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The bulk of aquaculture production will continue to originate from Asian countries, which account for about 88% of world production. China will remain the main producer with a share of 62% of total production. China, India and Indonesia are expected to represent the majority of growth in quantity terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With regard to the crop sector, growing concerns on the sustainable use of arable land led the government to set goals for the diversification of crop production and to increase the use of water and moisture saving technologies. The main incentive instrument was a per hectare subsidy differentiated by crop and the cultivation technology applied. The 2010-14 programme also prioritised the development of the grain export infrastructure and supported investment in large-scale grain storage and milling facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The consequences for daily life are uncertain, depending greatly on the adequacy of water management strategies put in place. This results from a projected decrease in demand (driven by efficiency gains, and a structural shift towards service sectors that are less water intensive) and higher precipitation caused by climate change (Box 5.3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that the impact of climate change on freshwater systems and their management will be felt primarily through temperature increases, sea-level rise and precipitation variability. There will be shifts in the quantity, variability, timing, form, and intensity of precipitation and annual average run-off, the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts will increase, water temperature and the rate of evapotranspiration will increase, and water quality will deteriorate (Bates et al, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These results imply that, in order to improve the academic, social and emotional resilience of immigrant students, policy makers should focus on the quality and use of resources, rather than the amount of them. Several sociological studies show that engagement in leisure activities in general, and in sports activities in particular, can contribute to the integration of immigrants. Sporting environments can offer equal opportunities and promote racial equality among those involved, allowing immigrants to maintain their cultural identity alive while integrating in society (Donnelly and Coackley, 2002, Iwasaki and Bartlett, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women could then be forced to marry against their will. It affects their dignity and may have negative impacts on the marital relationship and the well-being of the family. Yet many countries in the MENA region allow child marriage, meaning marriage before the age of 18 (c.f. The Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in its general recommendation No. Besides, only a few countries in the MENA region have ratified the convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Demand for drinking water might increase in the next 10 years by almost 30 per cent, although it is not clear whether resources can be increased under sustainable conditions. In Skopje, water loss in the water supply network is about 30 per cent, and is tending to increase (Figure 7.4). Only structures and facilities for energy generation (hydropower plants, thermopower plants, mining, and oil refineries) are located further from urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This special issue contains contributions of the approach used in Western Australia (Corben et al., The various approaches show a great deal of similarity as well as differences. For this, knowledge is required of the safety effects /casualty reduction per intervention unit, such as the effect of building one roundabout, or one hour spent on police enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
From a European comparison, however, the country is average in terms of available water resources per capita (3.15 thousand m3/year). In addition, the fact that the waters of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia cover approximately 2 per cent (6.4 billion m3) of the country with some 35 rivers and 53 natural and artificial lakes indicates sufficient water resources, which are however unequally distributed. Water resources depend mainly on the appearance, duration and intensity of precipitation. Glaciers as water spending reservoirs are not available. The use, protection and conservation of water resources is therefore of utmost importance. About 4,400 springs with a total annual yield of 992 million m3 are reported while about 60 springs have a capacity of over 1001/s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It analyses how the effectiveness of resource use is influenced by key features of the school system such as the distribution of responsibilities, the structure of schooling, diversity of school offerings, and learning opportunities across student groups. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Uruguay such as the structure of education governance and equity within the school system. Almost all of the decisions about administrative and pedagogical aspects that provide the framework for the operation and organisation of schools are taken at the central level by ANEP’s Central Governing Council (CODICEN) in Montevideo and the councils for the different subsystems of the education system (the Pre-primary and Primary Education Council [CEIP], the Secondary Education Council [CES] and the Technical and Professional Education Council [CETP]). As described in Chapter 1, the CODICEN co-ordinates the work of the different councils and holds ultimate decision-making power in some administrative and pedagogical areas (e.g. approving the statutes of teachers and non-teaching staff, approving curricula, setting instruction time and the school calendar), even if in practice it works jointly with the councils in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The dump ‘serves' one of the biggest informal sector communities with more than 5,000 members and affects the life and health of an additional 5 millbn people living within 10 km of the site.3 Among the most impactful e-waste dumpsites is the Agbogbbshie dump in Accra, Ghana which receives around 192,000 tonnes of e-waste annually and pollutes soil, air and water and causes serious health impairments in the 10,000 scavengers gaining their livelihood from sorting and recycling. This indicates that bigger dumpsites can, in general, be associated with greater numbers of people living around them. Waste Allas: The WDM's 50 Biggesl Dumpsites, 2014 Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Molson Centre, is a 20,000+seat capacity arena located in Montreal, Canada. In this facility the inactive building can be safely managed and monitored by two individuals. Monitoring the screen with the ability to occasionally dispatch the second individual to validate, verify or to address a situation should it arise. The integration of the systems includes access control, intrusion, surveillance, hold up alarms, elevators, fire alarm system, paging system, television displays throughout the building, emergency evacuation systems/address systems, ice surface management, voice, data and restaurant systems, beer dispensing systems, food storage and kitchen systems, parking systems, water leakage systems, electronic photoflash systems and systems for the hard of hearing or simultaneous translation. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Building engages a highly efficient exterior building enclosure with exterior sunshades for daylighting, glare management, and to minimize heat gain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Brazil, this is estimated to be around 3.4 years, which is considerably lower than in other emerging countries (as well as in Italy and Spain), but longer than for other OECD countries. The measure in Column 4 addresses this issue somewhat by focusing on successful transitions only. Based on this measure, counting only youth who do transition to work, it takes young people in Brazil one year on average to make the transition from education into the world of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, such requirements are not fixed. Debates have been fuelled by the finding that the incidence of poverty obtained using a calorie-based poverty line was a small fraction of the prevalence of malnourishment as estimated from nutrition surveys (Dev, 2001, Ray and Lancaster, 2005). Such suboptimality could involve the intake of more expensive calories, the search for a more balanced or a more tasty diet, or the inability to forgo compliance with social demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Notes on contributors Editors' introduction Nicholas Rengger and Ben Thirkell-White Looking back from somewhere: reflections on what remains 'critical' in critical theory Friedrich Kratochwil Transnational theories of order and change: heterodoxy in international relations scholarship Ronen Palen Happy anniversary! time and critique in international relations theory Kimberly Hutchings Is critical theory always for the white west and for western imperialism? beyond westphilian towards a post-racist critical IR John M. Hobson The promise of critical IR, partially kept Craig N. Murphy Towards a sociology of global morals with an 'emacipatory intent' Andrew Linklater Between kant and pufendorf: humanitarian intervention, statist ant-cosmopolitanism and critical international theory Richard Devetak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)