albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Health policy decision-makers are grappling with increasingly complex and ethically controversial decisions at a time when citizens are demanding more involvement in these decision processes.Objectives: To assess and revise a set of guiding principles for the design of public involvement processes generated from a synthesis of public participation design and evaluation frameworks that can be used to inform the design and evaluation of future public participation processes in the health sector.Methods: Six focus groups held in five Canadian provinces comprising citizens with considerable experience of public participation processes.Results and discussion: Our findings suggest that citizen participants are highly critical of, and discerning about, their public participation experiences. Yet, they are optimistic and determined to contribute in meaningful ways to future public policy processes. They are clear about where improvements are needed and give top priority to what information is shared...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Annamaria Tuske is a statistician working on the India Desk. Mathilde Didier, Caio Guimaraes, Marie Rabate and Gen Tang are masters students at Paris ENSAE who prepared their thesis on this topic under Ms Sorsa's supervision. This working paper is based on material prepared for the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of India published in November 2014 under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The paper suggests, however, that “LED bulb technology is relatively new and can be expected to evolve, if properly guided, to be competitive in terms of resource and toxicity potential. In contrast, CFLs are less feasible as a sustainable alternative due to their considerably high resource depletion and toxicity potential and more established development history.” Bista even ventures to bet that LEDs can be designed with no metal-containing components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Bt cotton8 and corn, for example, use less herbicides and pesticides, but if these crop varieties develop resistance to the less toxic chemical herbicides and pesticides, future more toxic inputs may be required. In this case, adoption of transgenic crops could have large negative ecological implications if “GE crops are adopted more widely in developing countries where domesticated crops have wild relatives” (Ervin, Glenna and Jussaume, 2010, p. 7). Innovative mechanisms designed to engage the private sector need to be explored: results-based performance contracts—for the development, for example, of improved seed or crop varieties with higher water-stress tolerance and greater responsiveness to fertilizers—granted on a competitive basis may be one means of stimulating private research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Still, the supply can be constrained locally and/or seasonally, and also due to poor quality. In the first domain in Figure 1.1, the LWE resources represent a biophysical system, characterised both in terms of quantity’ (for instance, surface of land, energy equivalent of in situ oil, volume of aquifer water and rainfall) and quality (for instance the fertility of land, the accessibility of water supplies, and the access to oil fields). Concern over availability of adequate volume and quality of resources emerges from their vital role as inputs for economic activities, the second domain in Figure 1.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
About 30 per cent of the rural population gets its drinking water from individual wells or from surface sources, without any form of disinfection, which results in serious increase in human diseases (See table 6.3). The intention is to transfer ownership and responsibilities for operating and maintaining water supply systems at the village level to community drinking-water users’ unions. Thus far, 650 such unions have been established, covering for 80 per cent of the rural population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is an OECD instalment adopted by the Council. Recommendations are not legally binding, but practice accords them great moral force as representing the political will of member countries. Variations across countries are important, as subnational public investment ranges from 31% in Greece to 91% in Canada. More effective public investment has a critical role to play to address inequalities, rebuild trast, restore growth and enhance well-being. The impact of public investment depends to a significant extent on how governments manage this shared competence across levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Inequality and technological dynamics have much to do with the model's inertia, while also reflecting political arrangements that make it hard to change the trajectory. Chapter VI discusses those arrangements and their expression at the institutional and cultural levels, one example being the way in which patterns of public and private investment in infrastructure reinforce historical distortions. Investment in energy and transport in large cities and more developed territories maintains inequalities and entrenches the model of inadequate connectivity between countries, as well as between the peripheral and more advanced regions in each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The preparatory analysis is technical in nature and involves identifying data sources, including household expenditure surveys, indicators and models. A consultation process is proposed for the second and third steps. Risk assessment draws on the perceived food security threats of experts and stakeholders and on available scientific and statistical evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It may however, also be linked to the fact that large adaptation initiatives often come with their own reporting frameworks. A Practical Guide for Planning, Implementing, and Assessing Capacity Building of HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Systems, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, USG, Washington, DC. Climate Change Issues with a/ocus on Development and Science-based Decision Making: Position Paper, WMO, Geneva.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This has emerged from ENERGISE across both the survey and the application cases analyses. The joint expert meeting by ITU and ENERGISE identified examples for areas where more clarity and integration of regulation is needed. For instance, in Romania there is no technical standard allowing the coexistence of power grid lines and fibres for broadband provision in the same duct.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Teachers may choose to align their teaching to the knowledge and skills assessed in the standardised test, thus neglecting other curriculum areas that are not going to be assessed. The problems with teaching to the test are two-fold. First, by emphasising test-taking skills and concentrating on tested content, scores will become inflated without reflecting an increase in student understanding of concepts (Hamilton and Stecher, 2002, Hout and Elliott, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article analyzes the massacre case of about 268 Mayan Achi people in Plan de Sanchez, Republic of Guatemala, in 1982, and the judgment of that State by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2004. The Court unanimously held the State responsible, and ordered material reparations and established of a policy that respects the fundamental rights in the country. However, the punishment of those responsible, despite their efforts, fell short of the expectations, highlighting the sense of impunity of the perpetrators of this genocide. The research used the deductive-normative method, with historical technique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has two levels: the first identifies the necessary adaptive capacities, the second identifies the required mechanisms or strategies. However, her dreams were shattered when her family lost their small business in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The family then became trapped in debt, unable to make a living. Torn between her dreams, and the responsibility to support her family, Ms. Eni decided to leave Indonesia to become a domestic migrant worker abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The learning environment recognises the learners as its core participants, encourages their active engagement and develops in them an understanding of their own activity as learners. The learning environment is founded on the social nature of learning and actively encourages well-organised co-operative learning. The learning professionals within the learning environment are highly attuned to the learners' motivations and the key role of emotions in achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result, the annual capital repayments, which represent the majority of the lifetime costs of a renewable energy plant, when spread over a shorter term of a PPA, would be significantly higher than when spread across the longer potential operating horizon of the asset. This can be done by redeploying the renewable energy asset elsewhere, upon the closure of the mine. However, relocation of solar and wind system is often uneconomical, given high disassembly, transport and re-assembly costs, besides the cost of the technology itself. The risk of stranding the renewable energy assets, due to their limited re-deployability, may therefore create a barrier to their increased uptake in mining activities (ARENA, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
No common rules of operation, studies for corridor planning or evaluation procedures for BRT exist for the ZMVM as a whole. Knowledge sharing w'ould have let the experience of Metrobus guide Mexibus (which was implemented after Metrobus had several corridors in operation). For Metrobus, conditions negotiated with incumbent operators were progressively modified to avoid barriers for tariff integration and fleet optimisation across Metrobus lines (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As in the Strategy, the public buildings sector is not a separate sector, but falls under the commercial and services sector. It also emphasizes that capacity for EE needs to be built in both the Ministry of Energy and the Energy Agency and that an EE Fund should be established. So far, no evaluation on the level of implementation of the first NEEAP has been prepared by the Energy Agency, mandated by the Energy Law. The second NEEAP has to be adopted by the end of December 2013. It also includes the establishment of a Concept of Energy Security (2007), Strategy for Development of Energy Potential (2010), National Programme on Energy Saving for the period of 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of Local, Renewable and Unconventional Energy Sources in 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of local, renewable and unconventional energy sources in 2011-2015, Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on Development of Entrepreneurship and Business Activity Stimulation in the Republic of Belarus (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It presents key definitions and concepts and displays some of the main STI trends, in particular relating to research and (experimental) development (R&D) spending and ICT development. It highlights efforts made to increase access to STI in developing countries and explains the transformational effect of ICTs on the economy. It also highlights common barriers faced by many developing counties in fully utilising new technologies. The third section presents the approach to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, and discusses opportunities and limitations with the data. The fourth section of this paper presents the main trends in ODF in support of STI for the SDGs, including by development providers, financial instruments, key sectors and receiving countries and regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The methodology was pilot tested in the response to the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, and then adopted for capacity development training as a smart PDNA module. In South Asia, ESCAP is partnering with SAARC to customize the manual which will subsequently be rolled out in other subregions. The framework is supported by an important PDNA tool - Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, as already pointed out by Depasquale and Stange (2016), such cross-sectional analyses face constraints in that licensure practices may correlate to other state-level characteristics that influence migration. This in turn would produce biased results. Nevertheless, such studies have provided the foundation, paving the w'ay towards further exploration of the impact licensing can have on labour mobility. This is consistent with the works of Pashigian (1979) and Kleiner et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This will not only be important for agriculture but also for the overall sustainable development for African countries. In other words, we need to address urgently the challenges of institutions, infrastructure and human resources that lead to exclusion and deprivation and secondly to break the cycle of lack of access to credit in poor African countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Major floods have affected large numbers of people but led to relatively few recorded deaths (CRED, 2013). In 2002, 60 000 people were evacuated from their homes during flooding and there were nine recorded fatalities. Individuals’ age, education and wealth can affect their vulnerability to these effects (IPCC, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Parliament has recently decided to change the Parliament Act so that legal persons, and not only natural persons, can be granted a fishing licence. Natural persons do not need to have personal fishing licence anymore, instead it will be sufficient to have a fishing licence for the fishing boat. Salmon fishing with longlines in the Baltic Sea was prohibited and the Swedish quota was allocated solely to trap fisheries. The strategy was presented to the government in late June 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004-2012, cross-sectional files), British Household Panel Survey (BHPS, 1992-2009), German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, 1999-2012), Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA, 2001-2012), Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS 1999-2009). Temporary for Australia includes both casual and fixed-term work. Robust standard errors are calculated. ***, **, * Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004-2012, cross-sectional files), British Household Panel Survey (BHPS, 1992-2009), German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, 1999-2012), Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA, 2001-2012), Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS, 1999-2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It looks at the theoretical and conceptual framework for public sector innovations. The central analytical premise is predicated on the diffusion theory of innovation as it relates to the supply- and demand-side adoption of innovations in the delivery of converged public services. The focus is on the Huduma Kenya programme, as a major public service innovation. Also presented are the strategic options for leveraging the Kenyan experience to scale impacts on public service delivery both locally and regionally. The Huduma Kenya trajectory suggests sector-wide innovations can be capital-intensive. As a result, such large-scale projects require direct top-level government support and political goodwill and the accompanying budget prioritisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Developing countries will drive major changes and expansion in fisheries and aquaculture production, trade and consumption. By 2023, fish prices in nominal terms are projected to be well above their historical average. In real terms, fish prices are expected to slightly decline, yet remaining above levels in previous decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For most analyses in this report, this sorting is done separately for urban and rural households and compares the bottom quintile (the poorest) with the top quintile (the richest). This report mostly uses the former. Relative inequality is given as the ratio of the indicator value for the two groups. But in both cases, the same amount of investment or effort may be needed to increase the service coverage by 5 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The interstate Hydroeconomic Coordination Commission makes policy, resolves issues and approves annual operational conditions. The Electric Power Council of Central Asia and its executive structure, the Joint Dispatch Control Center (Central Asia JDC), supervise co-ordination of energy systems and sustainability of operations. Together, they regulate river flow to ensure equity between the three countries for irrigation and hydropower generation (CA&CC Press AB, 2016). Phase 1 will upgrade two of the six units, build capacity of power sector officials and develop a regulatory plan. Phase 2 will create a policy and regulatory body, develop a new tariff methodology and develop legislation for better governance and business conduct of the state-owned power utility company (responsible for operating the hydroelectric station). The generation capacity was upgraded to 3 015 MW between 1984-88.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While transit corridors are often more effective, they are also politically more challenging because countries bear different shares of the project costs. This creates asymmetric incentives to expend limited funds and resources on the corridor over other domestic projects, particularly when it is difficult to establish ex ante which country "gains the most". An honest broker, such as a development bank or a multi-donor programme, can help overcome this problem. In addition, there might also be downsides related to displacement or conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Specific support should be given to all those forms of tourism whose development has long-term significance for the economy and which are independent of weather and not easily vulnerable. The overall level of water consumption by tourists is not too different from water consumption in households, and tourism is not seen to produce large quantities of waste and wastewater. However, intensive visitor presence in some areas in summer can have negative impacts where basic infrastructure for drinking water and wastewater treatment has not been built.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Yet this opportunity of a “demographic dividend” is a fleeting moment that must be claimed quickly or lost. Reducing poverty by investing in health and education, especially for women and girls, can break this cycle. As living conditions improve, parents can feel more confident that most of their children will survive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It uses choice experiments to allow for an analysis of how several attributes of the ecosystem service "recreation” influence the value of recreation. The report describes how the pilot surveys are carried out in Denmark and Sweden. Box 7 reports some main results and conclusions from the pilot studies, reproduced from TemaNord 2016:501.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT, SEDESOL, Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA - Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentacion], Treasury, Energy, CONAFOR, IMTA, etc.). Its role is to include NGO representatives, such as water users’ associations, to further strengthen civil society participation. The Water and Public Works Operation Technical Committee, integrated by CONAGUA, CFE, IMTA and UNAM research institutions is another example of co-operation. It meets weekly to deal with all dam operating issues, including hydroelectric power stations, and to optimise water management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Scholars have heatedly debated whether and how culture impacts and shapes a state’s foreign and security policy in particular as well as international relations (IR) in general. The cultural approach to the studies of foreign policy has experienced two major waves since the end of the Cold War. We saw a revival of cultural studies in national security and foreign policy with the rise of constructivism in international relations in the 1990s, while into the 2000s, the culture approach focused on terrorism and globalization. Despite its achievement, the cultural approach continues to face theoretical and methodological challenges in conceptualization, measurement, and generalizability. Therefore, the cultural approach to foreign policy needs to work on demarcating the boundary of “cultural variables,” focusing on mid-range theorizing and placing the cultural variables within a context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Restricting public health care provision would also affect the growth potential through a detrimental effect on health and hence the ability of individuals to participate in the labour market. The health status affects labour supply, which will be all the more important for economic growth as the old age dependency ratio increases. Individuals in good health are more productive, less often on sick leave and enjoy better opportunities to build up human capital. The chances that they retire early are reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The sole reliance on personnel appraisal risks to focus on the performance of individuals only and to lose sight of the ways in which individuals can contribute to the improvement of the whole school. This requires a reflection of how school evaluation will be aligned with teacher appraisal and, in particular, school leader appraisal to create synergies and to avoid duplication and misconceptions. School evaluation will need to contribute towards school improvement and not simply be an exercise in compliancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Improved opportunities in the rural sector thus contributed to ease the pressure to migrate to urban areas. Most of the employment was seasonal, mainly to confront the vagaries of the monsoon as an ovenvhelming share of the cropped areas is rain-fed, and the actual number of days of employment remained at 45 days in 2008-09. On a different ground, some 69 million new bank and post office accounts were opened to make payments to NREGA workers -an unprecedented move towards greater financial inclusion for the large numbers of marginalised workers. In remote areas, NREGA is also supporting the use of smart cards and biometric signatures for wage payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, these child poverty data are available for fewer countries and for a shorter period of time than those based on the conventional floating poverty line (for most countries the 2005 “anchored” poverty rates are available from year 2005 onwards). For most countries, these data on trends in the anchored poverty rate have been available since 2005 or a year later, but some countries (Canada, France and the United Kingdom) have longer data series. Variations in anchored poverty rates are more heterogeneous across countries and for many countries larger than for the relative poverty rate (Figure 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)