albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Categorical grants are very' diverse and are aimed at helping local governments to provide services that are otherwise too costly, finance delegated tasks and policy projects, provide financial assistance and compensation, etc. Other revenues include user charges and fees (8% of revenue) and revenue from property (sales of assets, leasing, dividends, etc.). The Act on the Management of Grants states the matching ratios only for 114 projects, compared with a total of 881 projects that were subsidised in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
That is, for every 100 people offered vocational training, fewer than three will find a job they would not otherwise have found. Furthermore, the monthly income of individuals who receive training increases by $19. This income gain is, however, modest, considering the cost of such programmes (ranging from $500 to $1700 per person trained).137 Yet, sector-specific education and training at the mid-technical level is needed if SMEs are to take advantage of industry 4.0. In other words, the question is not whether the provision of TVET is required but how to design TVET effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While the entire clean economy value chain needs more capital, there is a particular dearth of funding in the first commercial project stage for new technologies because the financing is not appropriate for either of these traditional investments groups. It is an undesirable risk-return point. It is critical to get to lower-cost technologies because as the technologies become lower in cost there is less (or no) dependency on subsidies and more flexibility around financing options. Most new technologies will, at some stage, require both the ‘push’ of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) and the ‘puli’ of market deployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Uptake among firms, including informal enterprises, was considerable (Paunov and Rollo, 2014). The mobile banking service M-PESA is another widely adopted product that answered strong demand. Starting from the demand side (i.e. by observing consumer habits and stated needs) to design a product is an advanced way to include end users, which has driven the success of MFI initiatives and identified opportunities to include end users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The low level of preventable hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) also tends to show that proper prevention and primary care interventions are in place (Panel C). However, some preventive practices are lagging: avoidable hospital admissions for diabetes are comparatively high, and vaccination rates for risky populations have declined (OECD/EU, 2016). Age-sex standardised rate of adults aged 45 years and over based on admission data. Defined daily doses are the assumed average doses per day for drugs used for its main indication in adults (e.g. 3 grams for oral aspirin). They are constant across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have the lowest GDP per capita among the CCA countries and are heavily-dependent on remittances from migrant workers (table 1). With the exception of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, agriculture accounts for at least 25 per cent of employment in all CCA countries. The role of rural communities is underlined by the share of the rural population, which is more than 40 per cent for all CCA countries, except for Armenia. The Greater Caucasus range runs along the northern border of Georgia and Azerbaijan, while the Lesser Caucasus lie at the southern border of the three countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Contents: 30 years of engagement, Nicholas Thomas The Australia-China relationship: a partnership of equals?, Colin Mackerras Australia's relationship with the Republic of China on Taiwan, J. Bruce Jacobs Geopolitics, the 'national interest' and the Sino-Australian conundrum, William Tow Collaborators, business partners, friends: Australia-China subnational government relations, Liz Pitts Australia and China in the World Trade Organisation, Brett Williams Australia-China relations in business: an intercultural perspective, Jane Orton Who needs good governance? Australian aid to China, Stephen FitzGerald Human rights: from sanctions to delegations to dialogue, Ann Kent From Rosny to the Great Wall: cultural relations and public diplomacy, Jocelyn Chey Educational links between Australia and China: the learning connection, Rosita Holenbergh Intercultural sensitivity in Taiwanese perceptions of Australia, Rachelle Allen Chronology Bibliography Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most developed countries have such mechanisms in place. The objective would be to prevent parallel imports to developed countries, where such imports would prevent the patent holders from reaping their main benefits. Note that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has admitted parallel imports within EU member States even where the product at issue was not patented in the (EU) country of first sale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The General Secretariat of Budget and Expenditure makes a first validation of the report, providing a provisional list of expenditure programmes with “a clear gender impact” and a first draft of all EPGRs, which constitutes the first draft of the GIR. The Secretariat also validates the following reports and produces a third draft of the GIR. The Technical General Secretariat of the Equality Ministry and the Budget General Directorate receive the first draft of the GIR, validate the tasks, update each EPGR with accurate comments and produce an updated draft of the GIR. The General Secretariat of Budget and Expenditures conducts the final validation and editing tasks, producing the final GIR of the National Budget, and sends it to the Spanish parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is most pronounced in a Fast world, with highest income growth rates, and should improve the nutritional status and health of food consumers beyond the increase in energy availability. At the same time, risks related to food over-consumption and the rising consumption of meat, sugar and fats may increase health risks in an increasing number of countries, including in the developing world, if adjustments to diets and lifestyles are not made. This is particularly the case in land-abundant regions, but also in Asia, where productivity and farm incomes lag behind other regions. Growth potential in most industrialised regions is, in contrast, more limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is often argued that a lower tax rate on capital gains encourages risk-taking and entrepreneurship, thus promoting growth, while high capital gains taxes create an inefficient “lock-in” effect. Burman and Moynihan (2011) show' that 94% of the value of capital gains tax breaks in the United States benefit the top quintile. They consider that, since capital losses are often supported by the government (in the form of reduced taxes), capital gains should be taxed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such a relationship also exists between life expectancy and health expenditure. The United States stands out as having both high GDP and health expenditure per capita, but a lower level of overall life expectancy than might be expected. High rates of mortality for some diseases at older ages, the legacy of smoking, and other factors such as obesity and economic inequality have been suggested as possible reasons for the United States’ poorer performance (Crimmins et al., One recent study found that high rates of obesity, tobacco use and other preventable risk factors for an early death are important drivers of the gap between life expectancy in the United States and that in other countries (Kulkami et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Governments should complement the private sector contribution to adaptation to ensure that adaptation is funded up to the socially desirable level. This can be achieved by setting policies and putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework to help markets stimulate adaptation. When analysing risks, priority should be given to those extreme or high risks which are most likely to occur. When treating the risks, 'win-win' or 'no-regrets' treatment options should be pursued (see chapter 7),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
He then used the methodology developed by Kraay (2004) to determine how much influence is exerted by each component of pro-poor growth and found that increases in income have been relatively more influential than changes in inequality as a source of pro-poor growth in the northeastern region of the country. Their findings indicated that growth in Brazil in the post-Real Plan period was indeed pro-poor. Their results suggest that all parts of the country experienced pro-poor growth in 1987-2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The GCF’s support can be in the form of loans, loan guarantees, equity financing or outright grants. It has always been recognised that creating resilience involves economic diversification in some economies, particularly in countries that are over-dependent on exports that are exposed to climate risks (e.g. hydrocarbons, agricultural commodities in areas of climate-related water stress). In addition, and linked to this rationale, countries could make the case for investments to protect trade-related infrastructure from the impacts of climate change - to protect ports from storm surges, for example. These sorts of investments would fall under the theme ‘infrastructure and built environment’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the one hand, creating homogeneous student populations may allow teachers to direct classroom instruction to the specific needs of each group, maximising the learning potential of each group. On the other hand, selecting and sorting students may segregate students according to socio-economic status and result in differences in opportunities to learn. Grouping higher-achieving students together limits the opportunity for under-achieving students to benefit by learning from their higher-achieving peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Coal 5 of EFA - gender equity in education - remains a distant hope for girls and women with intellectual disabilities. We define quality in this study as having four main dimensions - positive and enabling attitudes for inclusion, supportive and trained teachers, adaptable curriculum and assessment, and accessible and supportive schools. The 'supply' of all these educational components is foundational to a good education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For accidents at crossroads, two types of accidents stand out: collisions between motorised vehicles directly on the crossroad (22.5% of total accident costs) and accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles in the vicinity of crossroads (5.6%). Accidents involving collisions between cars and jaywalkers, who cross the road on straight segments without pedestrian crossings account for the highest cost among pedestrian accidents (8.0%). Accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles also create high costs at pedestrian crossings (5.0%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Government schemes like the Rural Employment Opportunities for Productive Assets,8 as well as non-governmental programmes such as BRAC’s9 Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) and the Chars Livelihood Programme (Box 6.2),10 have shown how social protection instruments can give the boost households need to escape the poverty trap. Nearannual monsoon floods deposit fertile silt that supports the agriculture on which the majority of residents depend. The floods and associated erosion, however, can also leave families homeless and contribute to disease and lack of employment, they often force Char dwellers to migrate, rendering them even more vulnerable. It is estimated that Char households relocate between five and seven times each generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2010, 44% of all public consultations were held in emergency services (43.5% in hospitals and 56.5% in health areas), out of which 60% turned out not to be actual emergencies. As a comparison, non-urgent visits to an emergency department (ED) accounted for nearly 12% of all ED visits in the United States, 20% in Italy, 25% in Canada, 31% in Portugal, 32% in Australia and 56% in Belgium. The CCSS introduced a national initiative to tackle lengthy waiting lists in April 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In that sense, buffer stocks create opportunity costs as less funds are available for other programmes that could also have reduced price volatility, maybe even at a lower cost and more effectively. These other policy options include programmes that support private storage, trade, commodity markets, insurance mechanisms and safety net programmes. The collapse of the International Commodity Agreements was partly linked to their failure to stabilise price movements using buffer stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, innovation policy is becoming an integral part of economic policy in a wider range of countries, both advanced and emerging, resulting in some convergence in the policy agenda for innovation across countries. To be effective, innovation policy and the related governance system need to be adapted to the specific challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And it requires a keen focus on social issues, so that it is not only well-placed people and businesses that can benefit from newly-favoured areas. For example, the proposal to reduce GHG emissions from the livestock sector makes broad sense in principle, given its 40% contribution to Ethiopia’s GHG emissions. But in practice, some of the CRGE’s plans - notably to shift beef producers to poultry production - are extremely challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This publication explores effective policy responses to this risk environment as part of a broader policy strategy designed to improve availability, access and utilisation of food. A case study on Indonesia highlights the issues involved. This chapter reviews the concept and definition of food insecurity, its various dimensions and how it has been measured in different contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Pressure from NGOs has already forced a change of vocabulary with at least lip service being paid to sustainability. It should be possible to build on this to promote real change by convincing fishers that ultimately, subsidies are often part of the problem, not the solution. Not all of this subsidy benefits the fishers, since buyers may benefit too. Price subsidies may make it profitable to keep on fishing even when market prices are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It provides support for the commercialisation of products and services whose market value is primarily based on the results of R&D. It provides funding to start-ups or established SMEs that undertake applied research leading to new or improved products or sen/ices. Subsidies are only available for projects at the pre-commercial stage. Projects that already include investment in manufacturing or service facilities are evaluated by RAZUM, but can only be financed by the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first attempts to modernize simply replaced the single huge engine with a huge electric motor, changing little. The drive-shafts were replaced by wires, the huge steam engine by dozens of small motors. Factories spread out, there was natural light, and room to use ceiling-slung cranes. Workers had responsibility for their own machines, they needed better training and better pay. The electric motor was a wonderful invention, once we changed all the everyday details that surrounded it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, this is the case of creativity and critical thinking, which are often called "21st-century skills" and are expected to contribute to the capacity to adapt to major changes and to innovate. Creativity involves producing content that is not only novel, original and unexpected but also appropriate, useful and adapted to the task at hand. It has been found to be related to measures of intelligence, as well as social and emotional skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The global temperature difference between the ocean’s surface and a depth of 200 m increased on average by 0.25°C from 1971 to 2010 (Levitus et al., Observations since 1971 indicate that thermal expansion and glacier melt (excluding Antarctic glaciers peripheral to the ice sheet) explain 75% of the observed rise. The contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has increased since the early 1990s, partly from increased outflow induced by warming of the immediately adjacent ocean (Church et al., Ocean physics and chemistry would be quite different in these two emissions scenarios, with the differences becoming ever more pronounced as we move through the 21st century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the transformation process in a youth group's conception of itself and its role in assuming responsibility for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use in the community. Building on a technology-based community program, an adult facilitator invited adolescents to collaborate on a youth-produced film that would encourage peers to adopt an ethic of social responsibility for one another. In this article, a framing metaphor is used to discuss the unique potential of film for enabling youth to redefine social issues (in this case, health and responsibility), the importance of an adult facilitator's role in providing alternative frames to the status quo, and the essential role that reframing plays in social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The absence of an evaluation and monitoring report, besides the SME Corporation’s annual report, is emphasised. Too often the monitoring of programmes is limited to the analysis of the extent to which money is spent, with no consideration for the programme’s potential impacts. In a country like Malaysia, these represent a vast untapped potential to mobilise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Interference in macroeconomic stability may come directly from inflation that can redistribute income towards the rich, capital flight that can trigger exchange rate instability, and balance of payments crises that can limit essential imports, or indirectly from expectations of instability that can erode support for the policies of the Government. While the rights-based goals should be described in detail and achieved within a given time frame, the optimal policy stance with respect to macroeconomic stability is country-specific. Macroeconomic imbalances need to be addressed on a case by case basis in order to minimize the economic and political costs of achieving distributive goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, even though gender equity may have positive supply-side effects on the quality of the labour force over the long run, in the short run gender equity may generate shocks that could push economies off their long-run growth paths. Further analysis of the duration of these departures from the long-term trend is called for (Berik, Rodgers and Seguino, 2009). As this trend unfolds, feminization stimulates investment (since wages are low and these workers have limited bargaining power —a situation that generates pay gaps). As investment strengthens, it drives up the initially low equilibrium point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2011, the worst drought in 60 years resulted in 260,000 deaths and affected 13 million people in the Horn of Africa. The drought combined with the political situation resulted in large-scale famine, and led to large-scale displacement, disruption of basic services and impoverishment. In early 2017, conditions in Somalia manifested as a major drought with high famine risk, half the population was made acutely food insecure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although there is widespread recognition of the benefits of moving towards more flexible contractual arrangements and payment based on performance, collective agreements have prevented modernisation of the incentive system. Although there is a fair amount of variation in approaches depending on national context, a common feature across these national experiences has been the gradual implementation of the purchaser-provider split in the system, as opposed to a “big-bang” strategy, generally with positive results for the health system. Internally, within each SS institute, the purchaser-side should demand increasing refined information on activities, costs and outcomes from the provider-side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In particular, Africa (excluding North Africa) had 95 full-time researchers per 1 million inhabitants in 2013, while other groups had more researchers in place. Developed countries had 3,641 researchers per 1 million inhabitants, developing countries 536 researchers and the world in general 1,083 researchers. During the period 2008-2010, multilateral organizations consisting of the World Bank, AfDB and the European Union provided more than half the official development financing (ODA plus non-concessional funds). Among the bilateral donors, the highest contributions came from Japan, France and Germany and the Arab States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More promisingly, vaccination rates against hepatitis B among children aged 1 has attained the OECD average, leading to a considerable reduction of incidence among children. This suggests that hepatitis B may be controlled in the future if the high vaccination coverage is maintained. In 2013, the vaccination rate for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was the same level as the OECD average at 95% and the rate for measles was 96%, higher than the OECD average of 94% (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In various countries urban data is available only for one point in time and in general inequalities remain quite high. Still, the data suggests an urgent need for African countries to address income inequality since this economic divide has the potential to hinder development and stall progress. In major economic powerhouses such as China, India and Indonesia, inequality indicators are deteriorating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article presents an overview of Lloyd Axworthy's efforts as foreign minister to pursue a distinctive Canadian foreign policy that placed human security – the well‐being and security of the individual – at the centre of international politics. It begins by tracing the forces that shaped Axworthy's unique approach to government and diplomacy, challenging the views of those who would dismiss him as a naive and radical idealist. The paper explores four cases ‐ the negotiation of the Landmines Treaty, the creation of the International Criminal Court, Canada's role on the Security Council, and the debate over sanctions for the Sudan – to demonstrate that Axworthy combined a pragmatic political realism with a strong idealist streak in pursuit of his objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)