albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In essence, taxpayers subsidize private sector activity, but if the firm succeeds, the entrepreneurs earn all the profits. In the event of success, the firms'owners could buy out the government's stake at a price on the basis of pre-agreed rules. These are relatively simple structures that can provide low-risk financing for firms, while still ensuring that taxpayers are compensated for their investments. From a domestic perspective, long-horizon domestic clean energy funds could be part of the G-NIS framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In developing the evidence base, the continuation and intensification of exchange and co-operation with other Alpine countries would be beneficial. In 2011 Austria established the Climate Change Centre Austria to strengthen the organisational links between producers and consumers of climate data. The majority of such funding is channelled through the Federal Disaster Fund, which receives 1.1% of federal tax revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On December 11, 2013 the Court overturned a High Court verdict that struck down the 1860 law and decriminalized consensual carnal sex among adults. The Supreme Court (henceforth “the Court”) passed the responsibility to the Legislature, arguing that the law can be annulled only through appropriate legislation. In doing so, the Court observed that section 377 of the Indian Penal Code does not violate any of the constitutional provisions. The Court’s order finally stated:  In its anxiety to protect the so-called rights of LGBT persons … the High Court has extensively relied upon the judgments of other jurisdictions. Though these judgments shed considerable light on various aspects of this right (concerning gay people) and are informative in relation to the plight of sexual minorities, we feel that they cannot be applied blindfolded for deciding the constitutionality of the law enacted by the Indian legislature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is essential to have opportunities to correct and intervene in policies, not only to ensure that development will fulfil basic needs, but also that it will achieve its critical transformative value. In both instances, vested interests may impose policies on people who are perceived as powerless. Human rights offer a framework for challenging these trends, as they provide legal protection of human dignity, and development processes must be undertaken in a context of accountability in order that those living in disadvantaged and vulnerable positions do not face negative impacts as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The high benefits are related to savings throughout all steps in the production, from raising of sheep over spinning and knitting to the final finishing. The data quality for wool production is not optimal [see 5.3.6] - and the variation between different production routes is significant - but high benefits can be achieved for all types of reuse of wool. The benefits from this are most probably lower than those that can be achieved if production of virgin wool can be avoided. This judgment is based on the fact that raising of sheep alone accounts for more than 50% of the climate change impacts in the life cycle of wool and about a third of the energy consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Iagluja site remediation was complicated by a landslide and difficult terrain, and so only partial remediation was done. A new municipal waste landfill was also developed in Borjomi by the end of 2014, and the existing disposal site was rehabilitated. The expected lifetime of the landfill is 12-15 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Formerly known as Durban, the city has been praised for a renewal project (Warwick Junction), which has opened spaces to informal businesses such as street vending.17 The new planning approach was a joint cooperative initiative between public officials and organized street vendors, highlighting the suspension of traditional master plans in favour of a more collaborative approach. This included the type of inter-departmental coordination and participatory planning needed for street trading, bringing public agencies, which otherwise work in silos, into collaboration with one another. The municipality also made sure that street vendors and their preferences guided the (low-budget) design, facilitating project ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this article, Michele Moses and Lauren Saenz explore a growing trend in education policymaking — the ballot initiative. Specifically, the authors question whether information presented to voters is sufficiently substantive to permit educated decisionmaking about influential policies. Their study, a content analysis of print news media related to the 2006 Michigan Civil Rights Initiative, shows that coverage of this initiative was largely superficial, documenting procedural or topical matters rather than addressing the deeper moral, practical, and historical issues involved. These results, they argue, highlight the important role that mass media should play in a direct democracy, currently an overlooked responsibility. Moses and Saenz end with an appeal to education researchers to monitor the media coverage of education policy debates and, upon finding insubstantial coverage, to present an alternative that is meaningful and accessible to the general public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One year later, Hurricane Emily, a Category 1 hurricane, struck and again set back the economy.5 Grenada experienced its most severe drought in 2009-2010. The rainfall deficit in 2009 and 2010 was estimated at 50 per cent and 80 per cent respectively (Ministry of Agriculture [MOA] 2009). Grenada’s environmental profile remains very fragile and vulnerable to external shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is likely to significantly increase the demands on the national education budget for a number of reasons. The budget is already being forced to accommodate the general up-rating of teacher salaries through the certification drive. Third, it is not clear how government will ensure that each sub-district has access to a SMK school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The results are therefore based on the simplifying assumption that these ceilings are the same proportion of standard housing benefits in 2005 and in 1995. New Inequalities: The Changing Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is also evidence that standardized information provided by digital technologies can reduce the importance of trust and reputation in online transactions (Agrawal et al., They find that this can in particular boost the exports of digitizable products from developing economies. As, for instance, the role of physical infrastructure decreases for some sectors, digital infrastructure will increasingly become central for digital trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Legal pluralism is a phenomenon defined differently by scholars researching European law and scholars researching issues concerning cultural and religious accommodation. Whereas European law scholars focus on possible theoretical tools for conflict resolution between intersecting European legal systems, scholars focusing on multiculturalism argue that cultural and religious legal pluralism conveys a dynamic relationship between official and unofficial law drawn out by migration and issues of accommodating a primarily Muslim diaspora in Europe. Yet, seemingly differently defined, these pluralisms have an equally important impact on the understanding of fundamental human rights in Europe. They both influence national law and shape the boundaries of rights, such as freedom of religion.Building upon established notions of legal pluralism, the paper provides a critical analysis of the application of human rights standards in European normative orders and argues that the rights of the religious ‘other’ are caug...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The SFP reduces the income coefficient of variation through increasing the level of income, not reducing the variance. It is also found that the payment has a slightly negative impact on the use of a crop diversification strategy. This is because the higher level of wealth gained from the payment makes the farmer less risk averse, allowing him to adopt a crop diversification strategy that provides higher returns with higher variability8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Income inequality, which has been relatively high, has been on a steady downward trend since the late 1990s, as evidenced by the decline of a common measure of inequality', the Gini coefficient (Figure 1). Between 1997 and 2011, inequality' of disposable income has fallen by over 12%, and it is currently at its lowest level since data became available in 1960. These dynamics are particularly impressive in international context since tw'O thirds of the countries in the world experienced an increase in income inequality despite solid growth between 1990 and 2005 (United Nations, 2012, OECD, 201 Id). Most of the reduction in inequality' results from income gains of Brazil’s poorest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The UN Secretary-General's office was well positioned to provide such leadership yet, other than appointing the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, the UN Secretary-General has no specific mandate to address climate change and, until 2006, no Secretary-General had actively engaged on the issue. Climate change was identified due to the lack of agreement on how to move beyond the Kyoto Protocol, which, it had become clear, was unlikely ever to attract wider participation and thus serve as an effective instrument to achieve the objective of the Convention. The transition team initially developed a strategy premised on two elements: the negotiations taking place under the UNFCCC had the same actors meeting over and over again, without significant progress, and the actors involved in the negotiations needed to expand up to the Head of State level.72 The Secretary-General's early engagement on climate change was also in line with the aim to reorient the United Nations away from the traditional high-diplomacy of war and peace towards the paradigm of the new multilateralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Of the about 35 million claimants in 2004/05, about 20 million claimants were “labour veterans” (people with a long employment record and/or other occupational benefits), with an average age of 62. Most beneficiaries thus do not belong to the younger part of the population, which is most at risk of poverty (see above). Reform had to attract hitherto “unserved” clients but with more transparency, and as targeting could be improved, at least in theory, spending outlays do not have to increase markedly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Export revenues of forest resources amounted to over USD 100 million in some developing countries, such as Liberia (Republic of Liberia, 2006), and more than 10% of export earnings in countries such as Cameroon and the Central Republic of Congo (OECD, 2008 citing Lebedys, 2004, World Bank, 2004). Seafood exports from Africa into the European Union are worth over USD 1.75 billion a year and are Africa’s largest food export product (OECD, forthcoming a, PEP, 2006, OECD, 2008). Fisheries also provide employment for 47 million people in developing countries. Forestry provides formal employment for 10 million people and informal employment for 30-50 million, and can account for more than 10% of GDP in developing countries (OECD, 2012a citing OECD, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This suggests that at a given level of social spending and targeting, a greater proportion of households living in rural areas tends to reduce child poverty risks. In terms of the economic environment, the employment rate for mothers - proxied here by the proportion of couples with two earners and the employment rate for singleparent households - shares a negative association the child poverty rate (Columns 4 to 8), implying child poverty rates are lower when maternal employment is higher. The dependent and independent variables are expressed in log.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Enrolment rates in secondary education are relatively low for both boys and girls in the Pacific Alliance, ranging from 67% in Mexico to 86% in Chile. These numbers are well below the OECD average of 91%. Broadly speaking there is gender parity in access to high school, with a slight gender gap in favour of girls in some Pacific Alliance countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If policies are collectively implemented and sanctions broadly enforced, for example in the level of sentencing imposed on illicit trade, their impact can be broadcast across different countries in a region. These can be applied in areas where the nexus of illicit trade funds extremist groups. Groups like Boko Haram heavily leverage the illicit trade apparatus in Africa to finance their operations. The human trafficking and kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria, for instance, is associated with the illegal fishing trade down the Kamadougou River in the northeastern area of Nigeria via Boko Haram.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the lack of supportive structures for women’s entrepreneurship, complicated business registration and licensing procedures, and access to markets were also mentioned as constraints. In addition, entrepreneurship tends to be seen as a domain for males and there are few women entrepreneurs to serve as inspiring role models for other women or to challenge traditional stereotypes. Because of the w'eak culture of female entrepreneurship, women tend to lack self-confidence in their abilities to start and manage a business and are afraid of taking the risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With its intermingled themes of politics, religion and constitutional law, the school chaplaincy case of Williams v Commonwealth ('Williams') was bound to ruffle feathers.1 In it, the High Court held unconstitutional the mechanism for funding - but not the substance - of the National School Chaplaincy Program. The decision however was all about Mammon, not God. It left the Commonwealth scrambling to reinforce the constitutionality of a whole range of directly-funded Commonwealth schemes. With further litigation mooted, the school chaplaincy saga is by no means over. The Court may yet again find that the program is not properly constituted, and needs to be channeled through state education departments. The Williams decision represents a significant development in constitutional law concerning the Commonwealth executive's power to spend. It casts uncertainty over a myriad of nationally funded endeavours, like direct funding of universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The monetary base used for GDP is S at constant year 2005 exchange rate value, sourced from UNSD (2015). The time series here only cover 1990 to 2010 rather than 1970 to 2010 as was the case for DMC based measures, reflecting the shorter time series available for material footprint data. The developing group has a considerably lower AMI than Ml (10% to 20% lower over the full time series 1990 to 2010), while the reverse is the case for the industrialized countries group (40% to 70% higher over the period 1990 to 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
How well programmes can achieve their objectives will depend, among other things, on how well they reach their target group. Social protection programmes use a combination of targeting methods to deliver larger and better transfers to selected individuals or households. While targeting can be an effective instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, efficient implementation is key and depends largely on institutional capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   National pension systems are an important part of financial intermediation and worker welfare in most countries, but how and why do they differ internationally? Controlling for important political, economic and social institutions, we document that international differences in pension progressivity, or how pensions reflect lifetime earnings, are negatively related to masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, long-term orientation, employment rights, average pension levels, social trust and economic inequality. We also find that pension progressivity is positively related to the economic and societal role of women, the extent of Catholicism, as well as political voice and accountability. These results provide important insights for both public policy and MNC managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The back-casting period is 20 years, from 1951 to 2001. Prices include technology, expectations, government policies, and inflation of input factors. Population ageing and government health expenditures in New Zealand, 1951-2051. New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 04/14. Health expenditure trends in New Zealand. Wellington, Ministry of Health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The programme was also designed to help replace the old bus fleet with modern buses powered w ith clean fuels (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and diesel Euro V and VI). The programme also aims to support the development of domestic bus production and thus contribute to the socio-economic development of the country. Given the programme focus and objectives, a market analysis was undertaken to determine the need for public support in this sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many cases, data for 1990 were not available. In particular, a full analysis of revenues and expenditure for the water sector at city' level was not possible due to incomplete data on sources. Data were collected from respondents on the basis of their knowledge and available sources of information. It lias to be noted that some indicators (e.g. w ater loss, population in households connected to wastewater treatment) are regularly collected in some OECD countries, but a common methodology on these statistics lias proven difficult to establish thus far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas. In contrast to other BRIICs or OECD countries, education and incomes are negatively correlated with female labour for participation in India. Apart from lack of jobs, social and cultural factors keep women outside the labour force. Other determinants relate to infrastructure, access to finance, labour laws and rural employment programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, when including migrants as rural people, the Gini coefficient increases from 0.426 to 0.444. Typically, rural households allocate their labour forces to farm work and off-farm work in order to maximise household incomes, so more productive household members tend to migrate and work in urban areas. For this reason, one may infer that per-capita household income measures should be more equal than individual income measures. As shown in Table 3.2, migrant workers are the most homogenous group in terms of labour income, with a Gini coefficient of 0.310.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If a fisher does not hold sufficient ACE, they incur a financial cost - the deemed value - for taking the fish. The deemed value is set at a rate that eliminates any financial benefit that the fisher may receive from landing the fish and acts as an incentive for fishers to cover all their catch with ACE. There are no aggregation limits on the ownership of ACE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Latin America and the Caribbean, in particular, hosted some notable stakeholder participation arrangements for NUP, including in Ecuador and Brazil. The majority of countries have general national planning authorities (55 per cent) while a substantial proportion have specialised national urban agencies (38 per cent). Only three nations man a NUP via sub-national agencies (2 per cent). Two of them (Marshall Islands and Tuvalu) are small Pacific states where geographic scale means a close overlap between national and local boundaries, and the other is Switzerland, a federal state in which the competence for urban policy is attributed to local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Staffed by international police officers, prosecutors and judges, EULEX was mandated to strengthen Kosovo’s domestic rule-of-law institutions and endowed with executive authority to ensure that high-level criminal cases, including organised crime, are properly investigated and prosecuted. Yet, after more than nine years of operation, EULEX has proven largely ineffective in using its executive authority to counter organised crime and its capacity-building efforts have not led to significant local improvements in this area. Insufficient framework conditions shaped by years of impunity for politico-criminal power structures prevent capacity-building efforts from taking effect as local rule-of-law institutions remain hesitant and timid to investigate and prosecute high-level criminals. It is argued that EULEX’s own conduct and weak executive performance has severely undermined the mission’s efforts to strengthen local law enforcement through capacity-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bromell asks: Who do I need to be and become, and how do I need to behave, to work well in public life with people who want and value different things? This introductory chapter sets out the challenge of public leadership when working with diverse publics. It distinguishes between leaders and leadership and summarises some recent thinking about public leadership and New Public Management/New Public Governance managerialism in public administration. Bromell welcomes a recent shift of focus in public policy education from training analysts to cultivating leadership, introduces the use of competencies and competency frameworks, and proposes to draw on political theory and social ethics to frame a limited set of interpersonal competencies (soft skills) as ethical competencies (hard soft skills) for public leadership in contexts of pluralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the inception in September 2013, 11 339 Apprenticeship Incentive Grants and 2 839 Apprenticeship Completion Grants were issued to apprenticeships in the cook and baker trades. Income benefits delivered through the Employment Insurance programme and tax credits also support apprentices during their training. In New Zealand, government funding is available for employees who undertake programmes leading to a nationally recognised formal qualification under the New Zealand Qualifications Authority framework. However, such programmes do not respond to the needs of the industry or employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The clause is also subject to some additional rules, such as the principle of neutrality for labour disputes. The clause was first established for communes through the municipal law of 1884 and later extended to other subnational governments in 1982. It has been critiqued as leading to competition between subnational governments and to duplication across responsibilities in some cases (Balladur Committee, 2009). The counter argument to this point is generally that subnational governments have a Constitutional right to “free administration” and that any negation of the clause would undermine that right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)