albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are 13 so-called country parks that are primarily intended for recreational purposes and managed by the local government. There are three national parks which add up to over half the total protected area.34 Vatnajokull National Park is the largest national park and it covers about 12% of the area of Iceland.35The park is mostly covered by the Vatnajokull glacier.36 In Iceland there are two World Heritage Sites: Pingvellir and a volcanic island, Surtsey.37 Pingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing, an open-air assembly representing the whole of Iceland, was established in year 930 and where they continued to meet until 1798. The degree ofthe restriction may vary between different sites. Country parks on the other hand are established solely for recreational purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But institutionalisation increases the risk of engagement “fatigue” and/or “capture” from overrepresented categories to the detriment of unheard voices. It should be flexible to take into consideration place-based needs and changing circumstances while fostering a change in the “mindset”, daily practices, professional skills and culture of decision making. Provisions for stakeholder engagement should be aligned coherently and holistically across the water chain and policy domains related to water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The framework is made up of three sub-models: assessment, forecast and management. Figure 3.2a shows the assessment sub-model, which is used to construct the ecosystem structure and to assess risks. First, species in an ecosystem are identified and then grouped by the self-organising mapping (SOM) analysis based on nine ecological characteristics (Chon et al., The ecosystem structure is constructed using the Ecopath model, which has been widely used to describe the trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on quantitative bases (Pauly et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, Shvidenko and Nilsson (2002) reported that Russian forests have been carbon sink for past decades. Likewise, Nordic countries particularly Finland, Norway and Sweden have vast area of forests which store a large stock of carbon. Biomass and carbon stock in forests in all countries of this region have been growing constantly. Disturbance will cause release of this carbon, and thus global attention and policy mechanisms needed to incentivize the carbon sequestration in the Nordic countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Expanding network infrastructure is generally likely to require allocating new land and to encourage use, increasing associated externalities. More roads or airports will lead to more traffic, and expanding electricity grids in countries such as India or Indonesia,22 will increase the use of fossil-fuel generated electricity. However, investment into improved, more-efficient infrastructure solutions (e.g. public transport or ring roads) can help reduce congestion bottlenecks, contributing to lower local pollution for instance around cities, a significant problem in many countries (Figure 2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, NGOs have cited cases where they had to turn to the administrative tribunal to obtain certain information (e.g. the list of “Seveso” installations, quantities and origin of electricity imports for the steel mills). One report was published in 1993 and there were two publications containing environmental indicators in 1998 and 2003 (with an update planned for 2009). The 2004 Act concerning co-ordination of the national policy for sustainable development calls for a biennial evaluation containing social, economic and ecological indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing these plans provides an opportunity for decision makers to take a strategic view of how climate change will affect infrastructure needs in the coming decades and design sequenced packages of investment (“pathways”) that address interconnections and increase resilience in a way that cannot be achieved by looking at projects in isolation. The choice of discount rate will affect the weight placed on potential future impacts relative to those in the near-term. For Public Private Partnership (PPP) contracts, it is important to clarify the allocation of responsibilities regarding climate-related risks planning, management and response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Greece, overall suicide rates have been stable in 2009 and 2010, despite worsening economic conditions. This underlines that countries need to continue monitoring developments closely in order to be able to respond quickly, including monitoring high-risk populations such as the unemployed and those with psychiatric disorders. Comparability of data between countries is affected by a number of reporting criteria, including how a person’s intention of killing themselves is ascertained, who is responsible for completing the death certificate, whether a forensic investigation is carried out, and the provisions for confidentiality of the cause of death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Those with the best performance in groups with similar characteristics would successively set the standard for the next phase which laggards will aim to achieve. For example, Japan might be the top runner that sets the standards and targets to be achieved by other technologically advanced economies in terms of end-use energy efficiency. Other examples might include business people responsible for highly energy-intensive patterns of consumption of transport services, or high-income house-owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thus the final report released on 17 March 2011 aimed to reflect broad (though not universal) agreement among stakeholders on the major issues and recommendations. The study was carried out through close collaboration among the region’s public agencies, major employers, unions and other workforce experts working in partnership with lead consultants providing specialist analytical services through the University of California. It therefore serves as a model for recommendations in the report that are based on the principle that skills training for sustainability should take advantage of genuine market opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is enormous variability between the highest income quintile (3.9%) and the lowest (18.7%), highlighting unequal access to services experienced across income groups (Figure 10). Among the poorest quintile it reached 17.4%, the highest in the EU where the average is just 4.1%. Moreover, a copayment for ambulatory visits (EUR 5) was revoked in 2015 following concerns about its impact on access. The rate of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments has been rising steadily since 2004, and affected 3% of all households in 2014 (Figure 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cities create wealth, generate employment and drive human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration and industrialization.8 Cites also offer greater societal freedoms. In the process of urbanization, however, there have been some bumps along the road, many of which are discussed in Chapters 3 to 8. While it is easy to ascribe all these changes to urbanization, such a causal connection would be superficial. The model is a result of relentless globalization, the unfettered transformation of cities into sources of private gain, a declining attention to public space and community benefit, and rapid technological change which in the end increases connectivity while it diminishes accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We would also like to thank in particular Ms Gara Rojas Gonz&lez for the significant, speedy and professional assistance provided throughout the analytical stage of the project when the analysis was undertaken on the non-public version of the PIAAC data. As always, responsibility for the contents of this report remains with London Economics. In the case of literacy and numeracy proficiencies, improved literacy and numeracy skills narrow the labour market outcomes gap between individuals with different levels of formally recognised education, but do not close it completely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In absolute terms, the sharpest contrast is seen in Ecuador, Haiti and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where women with no education have upwards of three children more than those who have completed secondary education. Based on the most recent surveys conducted in each country, the average number of children bom to women with no formal education is at least double the number bom to women who have completed secondary education. The widest gaps are in Brazil, Haiti, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Ecuador and Guatemala.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A draft methodology for assessing governance aspects of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus. ( University of Geneva, 2014). Short descriptions of how the governance analysis was carried out in those assessments are given in the ECE and de Strasser sources cited above. There, the method is loosely defined and accompanied by a set of questions guiding the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The differences are significant considering that while in households in quintile I women spend an average of 46 hours per week on unpaid work, those in quintile V spend almost 32 hours. Meanwhile, the differences in the amount of time spent on unpaid work between men in quintile I and V households are not significant, they are generally less than one hour per day. This shows that men's contribution to domestic and care work is generally independent of socioeconomic stratum, and that the gender gap is even wider and more unjust in the lowest-income households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Comprehensive efforts are underway to increase VET attractiveness, including changes to governance of VET schools that will strengthen community engagement and business collaboration, improvements to the vocational training workforce through continued professional education, large-scale investments in a national network of sectoral practical training centres that provide state-of-the-art facilities for vocational training, improved information about labour market outcomes through a new human resources information system, and efforts to clarify the legal basis of apprenticeships and provide employer subsidies, so employers might create more numerous apprenticeship opportunities. Early evidence suggests little headway in increasing the attractiveness of VET to students or employers. Implement the newly authorised human resources monitoring system, and use it to provide evidence of VET benefits to prospective students. Raise school capacity and incentives for apprenticeship training, and clarify the scope of employer incentives for the creation of apprenticeship contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Prior to exploring the action that countries have taken to address issues of equity, it is crucial to understand which factors affect individual life outcomes, in order to identify areas of intervention for policy makers. This report presents a conceptual framework that captures various factors affecting individual life outcomes on three levels: namely, individual backgrounds, learning environments, and socio-economic and political contexts (Figure 1.2). The framework highlights comprehensive and multidimensional factors affecting outcomes that are not confined to parents’ socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One reason for the slow modernisation of equipment is excess capacity, even though the enterprises’ capacity can process only less than two-fifths of domestic milk production. This in turn reflects the problem of milk collection in a country where most milk is produced on 1.5 million household plots. Several new owners of privatised milk-processing enterprises (e.g. FoodMaster and Adal) have developed milk collection points, establishing cooling tanks and organising the purchase and transport of milk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Social protection policies are necessary to protect lower-income groups against the threats of climate hazards. Adaptation policies, such as those entailing the adoption of new crops or improved irrigation systems in agriculture, are critical to preventing a deterioration of livelihoods as a result of climate hazards. To be successful, however, these highly specific policy responses must be part of a broader development framework which leads the way incrementally to the empowerment of today’s disadvantaged groups by improving their asset positions and access to input and product markets, by extending their access to quality basic services such as health, education and sanitation, and by changing the norms fostering their social and political exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Consistent with Okun’s Law, these data suggest a cross-country Okun coefficient of approximately 0.5, well below 1. However, Okun’s Law is more typically applied to the association between changes in output and unemployment within countries. The analysis of labour demand adjustment in Section 2 examines this relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Overall productivity is variable but, generally speaking, is lower than the production potential of specific forest habitats. State forests have a larger increment (about 2.7 m3/ha on average) than private forests. Low density results in part of the forest resource being, in practical terms, out of reach for any kind of intervention: forest use, forest protection and silviculture. The average road density in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 9.97 m/ha. These densities are significantly below those in other European countries with a similar topography: Switzerland has 40 m/ha, Austria 36 m/ha, Germany 35 m/ha and France 26 m/ha. There were particularly frequent and catastrophic forest fires in 1999, 2000, 2003, 2007 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2012 Germany adopted an interdisciplinary approach and a demand perspective (“demand pull”) that better integrates technology-oriented results and results from the social sciences and humanities. But technology convergence covers a wider area, including the actual convergence of scientific communities to produce knowledge, exploitation and commercialisation of research, convergence of manufacturing and product development infrastructures, and embedding these technologies into society. High-speed networks, devices (e.g. tablets, mobile phones) and Internet-based services (e.g. apps) have emerged as some of the most promising Internet developments in recent years (OECD, 2012g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Conversely, electricity prices tend to be higher when VREs are not producing, since there is less electricity supply in the market. All studies surveyed show that the market value of VRE decreases significantly with penetration level and such decrease is more significant for solar PV than for wind power, since solar PV generation is concentrated around few hours in the day. Results confirm that the difference with baseload price is low for the first MW of wind energy or solar PV installed, ranging between EUR +6 and -1 per MWh depending on individual countries characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Agricultural trade increases, and in particular the movement of agricultural products from low-income to middle-income countries for intermediate processing, are often associated with weaker standards. Agricultural producers that are unable to meet the higher product standards required in developed country markets are pushed “upstream” in the supply chain (Ferrantino, 2012). On the other hand, van Tongeren et al. ( The costs of compliance with applicable standards will frequently shape the decision of producers whether or not to attempt to meet elaborate standards, sell to developed economies at higher unit values and possibly retain more steps of the production process at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Initial National Communication (INC) does state the necessity of elaborating a national action plan on adaptation, the costs of which are estimated to be US$3 million. Emission scenarios until 2020 are in preparation under the Second National Communication. Also, emissions shown in the INC for 2012 will be recalculated under the Second National Communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All of these factors play an ever increasing role in commodity price formation suggesting a continuation of volatile and uncertain agricultural commodity markets. The most recent years have been characterised by significant price volatility and a sharp rise in the numbers of malnourished people. Coming years will also be characterised by continuing economic, demographic, market and environmental pressures that will bring both opportunities and challenges to farmers, food businesses, consumers and governments. Although the world now produces enough to feed its population, the number of undernourished has increased since the mid 1990s, reaching more than one billion persons in 2009, in part as a result of recent price spikes and the global economic recession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 2.3). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning. Spatial planning encompasses a variety of activities across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Its facilities at the existing shipyard at Lindoe in Odense, Denmark, were officially opened by the Danish Prime Minister on 8 September 2010. The education project is based on identifying competencies sought after by the Danish green offshore sector, mapping the competencies available in the local Lindoe workforce and finding ways for new retraining and education activities to “fill the gap” and so assist businesses in the sector to grow. In the Lindoe example, the impetus came from the closure of the Odense Steel Shipyard, which meant that the region might qualify for financial assistance from the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Why are multilateral institutions absent from some areas of international relations? Governments have not concluded regulatory policy agreements on tactical nuclear weapons and small arms control, deforestation, information privacy, and other transnational issues. The absence of regimes in such policy arenas is an empirical phenomenon with considerable theoretical and policy implications. Yet, existing scholarship on global governance largely ignores the instances in which such institutions do not emerge. This essay develops a research agenda to extend and strengthen regime theory through analysis of nonregimes. We articulate the concept, draw a typology of nonregimes, discuss the contributions that nonregime studies can make to IR theory, outline methodological approaches to pursue the proposed agenda, and highlight a priori theoretical considerations to guide such research. Six illustrative cases in the realms of arms control, environmental management, and international political economy are described and used to make preliminary observations of factors that impede regime formation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter aims to explore and analyse the place of international law in the Albanian legal system and its application by Albanian courts. First, the chapter addresses the status of international law under the 1998 Albanian Constitution and its interaction with other sources of law within the Albanian legal system. Subsequently, a number of important domestic cases are analysed so as to illustrate the approach taken by Albanian courts towards international law. The chapter focuses on issues concerning the place and application of human rights, European law, and international criminal law and related mechanisms in the Albanian legal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, a survey was conducted to identify factors associated with perceptions of distributive injustice among the general public in 18 countries in Latin America. The variables analysed include meritocratic individualistic attitudes and expectations of social mobility, attitudes toward the private sector’s role, political self-identification, perceptions of basic social protections and guarantees, socio-economic self-description and respondents’ schooling (for more details, see box 1.8). Those who believe that their country does not offer basic guarantees, who self-identify with very low socio-economic positions and who hold negative opinions of the private sector are more likely to perceive income distribution as unfair/very unfair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Respondents can be asked about their husband s or partner’s experience of witnessing domestic violence in their family of origin. If this topic is positioned towards the end of the questionnaire, it can be approached in an abbreviated form. There is no need for the level of detail used to measure intimate partner violence, rather, interviewers can define what is meant by such terms as “violence” or “assault" by referring back to earlier sections of the questionnaire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In-depth Assessment of the Public Agricultural Extension System of Ethiopia and Recommendations for Improvement. International Food Policy and Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C. Deccan Development Society (2016). The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America, World Development, 31(6). Deere, C.D. and Doss, C.R. (2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most of these schemes are targeted at specific groups of women, such as youth, elderly/widows, unemployed and low income women, often in disadvantaged areas. Female entrepreneurs in micro-enterprises are another primary recipient category. In India, the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) organises financial literacy training for female entrepreneurs. A growing body of impact evaluations shows that such programmes can be successful in raising women’s financial literacy and inclusion (see OECD, 2013b for a full review). However, evidence from the OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) stock-tacking exercise also shows that policy awareness about the need to address gender differences in financial literacy remains low in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This output required 6,070 hectares (ha), or about half of all land (10,397 ha) (Furano Branch of Kamikawa Agricultural Extension Centre, 2007). A quarter of the straw was converted to feed for milch cows (standard usage rate in Japan) (NEDO, 2009). This feed contains 37.6 per cent total digestible nutrients (TDN) (standard usage rate in Japan) (NEDO, 2009), and 63 per cent (standard usage rate in Japan) of hulls were converted to 4.4 t-N (NEDO, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Examination of changes in conditions over time strictly depends on using the same instruments to measure the same variables of interest over successive cycles. Even then, it is not possible to make inferences about what impact changes in individual teachers’ environments have on those teachers. These sorts of inference require a longitudinal study in which the same teachers are followed over time to track changes in variables of interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)