albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Box 5.6 summarizes the positive experience in South Africa in establishing quotas and becoming the leading African country for women on corporate boards. South Africa’s experience offers a valuable lesson on the benefits of extending affirmative action beyond the electoral process. It can be extremely difficult and politically sensitive to amend a constitution to include a quota provision, but its effects are proven to trigger dramatic increases in women participation in the organizations targeted by them (Fridell, 2009). Women’s representation in local governments has proven to make a difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, knowledge and awareness about biodiversity values and protected areas, as well as sustainable use of resources, is rather limited. The general opinion that any activity is forbidden within protected areas still exists in some parts of the country, thus, general resistance towards the establishment of new protected areas still exists among local communities. In addition, there is insufficient aw’areness about the values of protected areas and the ecosystem services they provide. Information sharing is extremely limited and data on biodiversity is scattered among several academic institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In case of plant outages, those reserves are activated automatically after the immediate fall of frequency, and are restored as soon as possible by the intervention of frequency restoration and replacement reserves (TERNA, 2004). According with those recommendations, the largest normal contingency in Italy would correspond to the maximum generation infeed loss. The difference between the new largest contingency and the one without the new plants will determine the amount of additional spinning reserves required. The Italian electric system was split into the same eight areas used by the national control centre of the Italian TSO (TERNA, 2008 and TERNA, 2009) and shown in Figure 6.7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Much has been written in economic circles about the rising investment of the BRICS countries in Africa, yet there is scant literature on the determinants of FDI from these countries to Africa, and no studies have reported on that from India. In 2012, Indian FDI surpassed that of China, making India the largest developing country that is a direct investor in Africa. This study focuses on understanding the determinants of Indian FDI in Africa using structural equation modelling (SEM), which includes factor analysis and regression estimations. The specific determinants that influence the number of Indian FDI deals in Africa include government effectiveness, control of corruption, crude oil price, school enrolment and exports. The value of the investments is influenced by government effectiveness and rule of law. We conclude that India’s increasing involvement in Africa is driven by trade and resources. It is, however, differentiated through a strong focus on good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Availability of data is naturally a key challenge in any environmental accounting. In our concept, water abstraction and use characterization data is needed for all of the industries included in the accounting. For many of them, data were available from the environmental administration, environmental permits or public reports. However, data requests made by phone were also required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Lower-income men and women cease being single and form conjugal unions early, while their peers in high-income households postpone the age of first conjugal union (see figures IV.5 and IV.6). One involves staying in the education system for most of adolescence and youth (although this may be combined with entering and leaving the workforce). This makes it possible to maximize the accumulation of opportunities for entering the labour market and taking on other adult roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Corporations operate in many countries simultaneously and move operations and resources across their affiliates. Moreover, the proliferation of agreements to liberalize trade and financial flows between countries limits the policies that individual governments can adopt. Increasingly, this disjuncture between national policy processes and global integration compromises economic management. However, international coordination of macroeconomic policies to support the realization of rights is rudimentary, at best.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2008, the volume of remittance was $175 million in Fiji, $135 million in Samoa and $100 million in Tonga (see table 3). Fijians serving on foreign ships bring in around $15 million of remittance annually.4 The Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa and Tonga all have high levels of per capita remittance (Prasad, 2008). In Tonga, for example, remittances have both reduced the poverty headcount from 57 per cent to 32 per cent and significantly impacted inequality, reducing the Gini co-efficient from 0.605 to 0.495 (WB, 2006a: 88). Similarly, in Samoa, family remittances from overseas play a vital role in providing social protection and social security to their relatives and friends living in the country. Samoans overseas contribute towards their “social obligations” by remitting money to their extended family. Almost every Samoan has a relative overseas and money sent back home helps to subsidize the socio-economic needs of the relatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Governance actions to promote resilience are further hampered by fragmented decision jurisdictions (Hanna, 2008). It includes guidance and directives on economic, social, biological, ecological and governmental matters. Who is a policy maker varies according to the particular political and legal context of a fishery. Over a variety of different political and legal contexts the implicit goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims (Sept. 29, 2005) contends that the Citizenship Clause of the 14th Amendment has been misconstrued as mandating birthright citizenship. Rather, the clause was a codification of the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which quite clearly exempted from the automatic citizenship provisions children of parents who owed allegiance to a foreign power - i.e., those who were in the U.S. only temporarily (and particularly those who were in the U.S. illegally). This was the understanding of those who drafted and those who ratified the 14th Amendment, and was confirmed by the Supreme Court in the first two cases to address the clause. In 1898, the Court reversed course, though, holding that the Clause mandated birthright citizenship, resulting in a repudiation of the principle of bilateral consent as the foundation for citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further work is required to harmonize the methods and standards used to monitor the treatment and disposal of excreta from on-site sanitation systems. Water pollution has worsened since the 1990s in almost all rivers in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Increasing political will to tackle pollution at its source and treat wastewater will protect public health and the environment, mitigate the costly effects of pollution and provide additional water resources. Wastewater is an undervalued source of water, energy, nutrients and other recoverable by-products. Recycling, reusing and recovering waste can alleviate water stress. A coordinated, coherent and pragmatic policy environment is therefore required for the multiple stakeholders involved in the monitoring, collection, treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewater to engage in safe and innovative practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This statement does not imply that the distribution of costs cannot be discussed. Relative costs may be changed through a carbon tax or through a zero-emission credit. In the first instance, costs will be borne by electricity consumers, in the second by taxpayers. In both cases, there will be compensating economic impacts such as increased tax revenues in the first case and lower electricity prices in the second.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For child care teachers, the government set a higher level by increasing the required credits from 35 to 51 credits (i.e., 12 to 17 courses) at a college level and, furthermore, strengthened the training programme with a third level qualification (i.e., one year of training after high school graduation), requiring a total of 1 105 hours including four weeks of field practicum. From March 2013, child care practice will take place only at accredited facilities with a minimum of 15 children. It also consulted with the child care sector, educational organisations and the adult education sector to design the concept for a child-minding academy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Aluminium is also the largest in Iceland, in which this industry accounts for almost four-fifths of industrial energy use (the remainder is primarily Iron and steel). In Denmark the largest energy user is Food and Non-metallic minerals, the latter being predominantly cement production. Both sectors account for around one-third of Denmark's industrial energy use. Figure 5 shows that this industry represents 38% of the industrial energy use in the Nordic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its Red Book of Flora (following IUCN standards) has been compiled. This Red Book identifies biodiversity hotspots. Approximately 370 red species have been identified in four types of habitats: wetlands and salt swamps (33.9%), heavy soils and fields (33.8%), sandy soils (20.2%), and cliffs and rocks (19.6%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some cities offer final, certified exams for MOOCs which can be taken at universities in person, helping retain and motivate students throughout the learning process. Broadband and ICTs can also promote cultural diversity and enhance the creativity of urban inhabitants, which may help create a more pluralistic, tolerant and respectful environment to live in. Such a benevolent environment is key in order to nurture citizens' creativity and can catalyze innovation within the urban space7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Nonetheless, the absence of clear whole-of-govemment measurement, accountability and monitoring frameworks for these strategies also stands out as an important barrier to ensuring effective implementation. Further incorporation of gender equality objectives within the overall government planning process is needed to reduce the risk of marginalising gender equality initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rather than solely hashing an existing contract, specific rules like handover criteria defined in the underlying contracts are then put into algorithms and submitted as smart contracts to the blockchain. Upon fulfilment of those pre-defined conditions, the smart contracts are then automatically executed. Another goal for future releases is a compliance check for BIM conformity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The focus on these economies stems from their vulnerability to climate change. Most of them are also among the world’s poorest, with limited capacity to adapt to climate change. And because of their dependence on commodities, climate change mitigation and adaptation add to the challenges they already face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Impact evaluations of the programmes are blurred. Despite some recent evidence of behavioural and health benefits, assessments on cognitive skills indicate minor effects (Merrell et al., Furthermore, the impact of parents’ income on children educational performances has been worsening in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Engage All Parts Of Society To Take Active, Ethically-Based Responsibility For Achieving Sustainable Outcomes. Each party also has an ethical responsibility to make everyday decisions that lead to sustainable environmental, economic and social outcomes, both at home and around the globe. Because of the complexity and dispersion (in both space and time) of decisions and impacts associated with material flows, outcomes can be improved by the inclusion and engagement of many players in collaborative efforts to create collective solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The CMAP plan, which is the federally recognized Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for the Illinois portion of the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, area covers the seven counties closest to the City of Chicago, and represents 89% of the metro-region’s population.5 This unit will be used primarily to discuss transportation and environmental data. The MPO corresponding to the Indiana portion of the Chicago Tri-State metro-region is the Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC), and the MPO corresponding to the Wisconsin portion of the Chicago Tri-State metro-region is the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC). These units will be used especially when discussing innovation data to provide comparisons with other TL2 OECD Regions.6 In this case, we will refer essentially to Illinois which corresponds to 91% of the metro-region’s population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 2005 Act Governing the Partnership between the Municipal Syndicates and the Government and Restructuring the Scientific Approach to the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources associates the municipal syndicates with implementing the 2004 Act and creates the Natural Environment Observatory. It defines the conditions for obtaining greenhouse gas emissions permit as well as the emissions surveillance measures to be observed by the establishments concerned. It also creates the fund for financing the Kyoto Mechanisms which, following adoption of the 2006 Act Promoting the Maintenance of Employment and Defining Special Social Security and Environmental Policy Measures is also fed by a portion of the road vehicle tax and an excise surcharge on fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Calculations for the year 2007 show that the costs attributable to smoking amounted to about 0.4 per cent of GDP in 2007 (sickness-absenteeism from work not included). This cost included 1 227 lost life years, per 100 000 inhabitants. The effect of smoking on productivity related to short-term absenteeism from work is substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The model which dominated twentieth-century analysis of political communication systems is now out of date in many respects. Essential in the authors’ view is a reconsideration of some of the foundational concepts of political communication scholarship. They propose fresh lines of thought on: a communication-sensitive definition of democracy, the purposes of civic communication, evaluations of media roles in terms of those purposes, the politics–media axis, and new citizen roles in new-media conditions. Noting that values are always at stake in how political communication is organised, practiced and received, they distinguish two different conceptualisations of researchers’ policy roles for harnessing and enhancing communication, citizenship and democracy—as a visionary destination and as a journey towards it, respectively. They conclude that both deserve prominent positions on academic road maps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the most dramatic moments in twentieth-century international law transpired in 1999 when the House of Lords denied immunity to Augusto Pinochet, the former dictator of Chile. The “breathtaking” judgment cleared the way for the possible prosecution of Pinochet in Spanish national courts on charges of torture committed during his rule. By limiting immunity, the House of Lords’ rulings turned the world “upside down” and ushered in a new era of accountability for egregious violations of human rights. At least that is the prevailing narrative, one that pits accountability against the international law of immunity and sees Pinochet as a watershed moment in that struggle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Oats (spring cropping), turnip (winter feed) and clover (increasing nitrogen nutrients using nitrogen-fixing bacteria by cultivating forage legumes on fallow ground) were grown to provide feed for draught animals, and animal-powered tillage, supplying barnyard manure, etc., This new system required close cooperative work by farm families, transforming formerly dispersed rural hamlets into centralized villages. One of the benefits of this three-field system was that, during the fallow stage, the use of ploughs to perform deep ploughing and overturn the soil removed weeds (fallow-period weeding work).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hoioeuer, completion rates in lower and upper secondary education remain unsatisfactory while repetition rates are very high in international comparison. Levels of student achievement have decreased in recent years but remain above the regional average. Finally, students' and schools' socio-economic status have a strong impact on student performance. It also includes a detailed description of the Uruguayan school system, including its governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, the measures that promote continued employment with the same employer, preventing older-worker unemployment, should be strengthened. Moral hazard may also take the form of reduced intensity of job search and willingness to accept job offers. Recent Japanese research has continued to report evidence of significant disincentive effects to job search during the benefit period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women's rights to land, property, food, water and sanitation, as well as work and social security, are intrinsically linked to the right to attain an adequate standard of living. All these rights are guaranteed under international human rights law, including the right to enjoy these rights on an equal basis with men, without discrimination. Women's access to services, to education and to productive resources is paramount to the realization of the above-mentioned rights. Women's rights in, access to and control over land, housing and property are a determining factor in their living conditions especially in rural economies, essential to women and their children's daily survival, economic security and physical safety. Despite the importance of these rights for women and female-headed households, women still disproportionally lack security of tenure.41 This is often because property is registered in a man's name, the father, husband or brother. In the event of separation, divorce or widowhood, the man or his family often retains rights to the property or the land whereas the woman becomes homeless or will have to share the property with her in-laws without gaining control or rights over it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This breadth and depth of autonomy has fostered high teacher professional self-esteem and the internal motivation for continuous professional development. Even with low-performing schools, the government does not intervene in school management, it relies instead on the decision-making power of the school administration and teachers (OECD, 2014a). By contrast, in Shanghai (China), the municipal government designs the policies, manages the schools and improves instruction (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The fourth SDG aims to "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. However, significant challenges remain for many countries with respect to achieving targets that measure learning outcomes and equity. Education is so central to the achievement of a sustainable, prosperous and equitable planet that failure to achieve this particular SDG puts at risk the achievement of the 17 SDGs as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It focuses on the 3Ts and on repayable finance (essentially bank loans and private equity). General barriers to domestic and international investment (e.g. regulatory, currency and corruption risks) apply in the water sector, but are not covered in this report. These trends are not limited to large cities. In New Zealand, small towns experience equal hardship due to population declines and ageing infrastructure, leaving a reduced rate base (local taxation) affecting local governments’ ability to fund, operate and maintain infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While at its initial stages the Internet was primarily accessed through dial-up means1, consumer and enterprise demand prompted the development of technologies that facilitated access at higher speeds. As a result, starting around the mid-1990s, telecommunications and cable TV companies began offering services that significantly enhanced the experience of Internet use. Investment and adoption soared around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also calls for an understanding of how gender roles, identities and relations shape the possible outcomes of statebuilding itself. This includes recognising the role of social expectations associated with being male (see Box 1.3). Gender analysis helps uncover the ways in which these processes and institutions are “gendered” and is the starting point for identifying and addressing gender disparities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most studies are limited to major crops, and the effects of climate change on many other important crops are much less known. There is evidence that climate change has already negatively affected wheat and maize yields. These include: physical ones, such as temperature, precipitation patterns and COj fertilization, changes in agroecosystems (e.g. through loss of pollinators and increased incidence of pest and diseases), and the adaptive responses of human systems. Effects of temperature changes are generally well understood up to the optimum temperature for crop development, however, beyond these optimum temperatures, effects are much less known.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This methodology allows to take into account the correlation between solar output and electricity demand. The analysis is based on the load factors for wind for the period from 15/01/2011 to 31/01/2012. The data used in the model refer to a location in the South of France and have a 20 minutes resolution. More information can be found at the following address: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php. Figure 4.4C shows a magnified section of the first 200 hours (400 periods of Vi hour length) of the load duration curve, corresponding to the peak demand period: the black line shows the annual duration load curve, while the red line represents the residual load curve, obtained by averaging the 650 independently calculated samples generated by the Monte Carlo process. Finally, the blue line shows the highest values of the residual curve (i.e. the case with the lowest renewable production) observed over the 650 samples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A deep economic recession, fluctuating national currency, sanctions, soaring food and fuel prices and disrupted markets have contributed to Syrian's extreme vulnerability. Access to basic services such as water and electricity is sporadic at best and exploited by the parties to the conflict. The unpredictability and danger of daily life spreads terror, and the situation is ripe GBV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)