albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This will put pressure on pension and health systems. Further, the presence of declining and ageing populations in developed regions may result in much larger migration flows than occur today. By 2050,70 per cent of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas and megacities and undergoing further growth will create problems of their own.3 This will make the creation of a sufficient number of decent jobs more challenging and, if the challenge is left unaddressed, persistent widespread poverty and inequality among urban-dwellers will be sources of social and political instability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The country teams led the country analyses, interacted with the local policy committees and wrote their respective country reports. A visit to each country followed in August. In the following months the regional and country teams carried out the analyses and presented the preliminary results of the study during November and December at the WCARO Social Policy Network Meeting in Dakar, the ODI-UNICEF conference on “The global economic crisis - Including children in the policy response” in London, and the AERC conference on “Rethinking African Economic Policy in Light of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis” in Nairobi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Withdrawal from international adjudication is a contemporary phenomenon with wide implications. The act of treaty withdrawal is not to be seen as merely the unilateral executive exercise of the individual sovereign prerogative of a State. International law places checks upon the exercise of withdrawal, recognising that it is an act that of its nature affects the interests of other States parties, which have a collective interest in constraining withdrawal. National courts have a complementary function in restraining unilateral withdrawal in order to support the domestic constitution. The arguments advanced against international adjudication in the name of popular democracy at the national level can serve as a cloak for the exercise of executive power unrestrained by law. The submission by States to peaceful settlement of disputes through international adjudication is central, not incidental, to the successful operation of the international legal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These assumptions portray a specific macroeconomic and demographic environment which shapes the evolution of demand and supply for agricultural and fish products. These general factors are described below. The statistical tables, at the end of the publication, provide more detailed data for these assumptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As explained earlier in this chapter, mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means ensuring that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account, in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production. This strategic process ensures (a) that national statistical systems regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues, (b) that gender-sensitive concepts and methods are used in data collection in all statistical fields, and (c) that the presentation and dissemination of gender statistics aim to reach a wide range of users, including policymakers, advocates, researchers and analysts whose primary concerns are not necessarily focused on gender. In the more developed regions, gender is already mainstreamed in the production of many national statistical systems and the quality of gender statistics is ensured by way of overall quality frameworks for statistics. However, in the less developed regions, many countries are still struggling to produce, on a regular basis, quality data that can be used to tackle relevant gender issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The absence of objective and independent assessment constrains experience sharing. The majority of river basin council presidents are not elected, putting into question the legitimacy of their representative functions and risking political capture (on this issue, changes have occurred in 11 RBCs where the president was elected and is no longer a CONAGUA representative). Mexico has a 70-year history of hierarchical and top-down management in water and planning practices. In addition, although they were legislatively established, there is no consensus on the role of river basin councils’ participation on the ground because their value added is unknown and their work is still in its infancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
AbstractInternational peacebuilding has expanded rapidly in the two decades since the Agenda for Peace was published. Alongside this growth of peacebuilding has come the realisation that many peacebuilding projects conceived of and sponsored by the international community have failed to meet their own objectives or, more importantly, failed to have been embraced fully by those they were supposed to help: the individuals and communities attempting to rebuild their lives in post-conflict countries. Critical analysts discuss the current state of peacebuilding and model what they see as the post-liberal peacebuilding paradigm. In doing so, they point to agency as a missing element in local peacebuilding practice. This paper unpacks and theorises agency as a form of human need and proposes the use of zones of peace (ZoPs) as one method for engendering local agency while encouraging good governance, transparency and accountability in local peacebuilding projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An exchange of experiences was facilitated through the organization of a dedicated global workshop17 in February 2018. As some benefits are not familiar to all audiences, a typology such as the one proposed in the Policy Guidance Note can be a useful tool to guide stakeholders in the identification of benefits: these can be economic benefits, social and environmental benefits, regional economic cooperation benefits, as well as peace and security benefits. The benefits are then screened, and the most important can then be selected for assessment, based on their magnitude and other policy-related criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is one of the highest differences in labour force participation in the OECD, where the average difference is 12.5 percentage points. Only Turkey has a higher gender gap among prime age workers, with a difference of 43 percentage points. While women have improved their rates of labour force participation on average, groups such as young women and mothers are not faring well, and face systematic barriers in obtaining and keeping good-quality jobs (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Regulators have been encouraging infrastructure sharing in the countries where the private sector leads the effort. Where the economic efficiencies of aggregating backbone have been considered, LDCs like Burundi have created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) where operators create an entity to serve as the wholesale infrastructure provider (Box 2-7). It is a joint venture between the Government of Burundi and four telecom operators (Ucom Burundi, Africell Tempo, Onatel) and an Internet Service Provider (CBINET).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result of the energy savings and increased prices, Finnfjord has continued to increase production capacity and productivity while reducing power consumption by 10%. At the same time, they have improved their process understanding and raw material selection. Compared with 13 500 kg per metric tonne in China. However, half of the energy used is wasted, one-third is chemically bounded in the product, cooling water, and auxiliary processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The review looked at what was being done to manage flood risk and where there were any problems. The floods led to major regional social, economic and environmental disruption, requiring substantial relief from central government. Following these events the flood risk management review and work programme was agreed, and a steering group was established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Within India, the industry’s share of TFC will develop from 19% in 2013 to 28% in 2040. Although industry will be the sector with the largest increase in annual consumption in Emerging Asia in absolute values, the transport sector will have the highest growth rates in annual energy consumption. As the disposable income increases for the population in emerging Asia, the increase in personal vehicles will contribute to more than doubling the annual energy consumption of the transportation sector, from 437 Mtoe in 2013 to 981 Mtoe in 2040. While India accounts for an increasing share of TFC in emerging Asia, and ASEAN’s share remains relatively stable, China’s share decreases from 66% in 2013 to 56% in 2040 (Figure 3.2). Calculations are based on IEA’s New Policy Scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This may explain the apparent high correlation between the share of food expenditure and the proportion of the undernourished population in the region. Furthermore, most efforts to effectively address the underlying causes of vulnerability that regularly threaten the lives of millions in crisis situations have not been successful. Indeed, recurring crises in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel and parts of Asia over the last few decades have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of large-scale emergency interventions to improve regional or local resilience to withstand future shocks and stresses. Panel-type data represent the ideal source (for example, data provided through the living standards measurement study) where they are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It was written to provide inspiration and good points of departure that may lead to improvements of the Korean road safety data system, the analysis of data and its use in policymaking and research. One hundred years later, this is still true. Another phrase very relevant for this research is: “You can't manage what you can't measure ”. It is advisable to consider these different sources as part of one road safety whole and clearly agree on who collects which data, with what frequency, and how data is managed and made available to users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the other hand, necessary steps should be taken to ensure support to users who do not have access to services online, and to users who face challenges when going from weekly to monthly budgeting (Finn and Tarr, 2012). Take-up of benefits will increase after reform, since households who are today taking up only part of the benefits are eligible to will automatically receive their full entitlement under Universal Credit. The integrated nature of the reform will also remove the need for separate applications when moving from one benefit to another and when moving in and out of work, as the separation between out-of-work and in-work benefits is removed. This represents a take-up rate in the range of 75 to 85% (DWP, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In most countries in the region, the birth rate has already peaked and is now declining. For example, the highest number of births recorded in Cuba was in 1965, while in Brazil it was in 1983 and in Pem it was in 1991 (see table II.3). These large cohorts are being replaced by cohorts with successively fewer births, and this is causing gradual population ageing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The evidence set out herein confirms the findings of other research: domestic employment is more highly feminized than other care-related occupations, domestic woikers tend to have a lower education level, a higher percentage of them live in poverty or indigence, and the share of indigenous persons is higher than among other workers in the care sector. Domestic employment is the category with the highest concentration of female heads of household and women in households with children and adolescents. There is a strong correlation between domestic employment and single-parent households headed by women, reflecting a core inequality grounded in a disadvantaged position, a high degree of dependence on income from long workdays and the challenges posed by reconciling paid and unpaid work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Once calculated these all these marketing margins were subtracted from the relevant border reference price. Indonesia’s PSEs: What and how? ( It incorporates transfers to provincial and district governments for agriculture programmes. However, it does not include local co-financing, as there is no data on this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Its sole purpose is to allow for better policy making in the electricity sector. The externalities of energy provision in different policy areas such as grid-level system costs, atmospheric pollution or climate change are thus considered one by one. The alternative of considering them together, with the help of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, economy-wide input-output models or a macro-econometric model, would have diminished the transparency and readability of findings which are first and foremost addressed to policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They are subordinate to the PRI in the case of municipalities that comprise a wider urban unit. These plans incorporate different documents and studies, including a review of the socio-economic situation and potential for (industrial) development, as well as feasibility studies for physical expansion, particularly with respect to service delivery. They also articulate the municipality’s urban centres in terms of population and growth potential, roadway hierarchies, including access and service roads, parking requirements, zoning plans, principal urban activities, assess the infrastructure capacity of roads, large structures and areas designated as at high risk for natural hazards or requiring protection, identify buildings classified as national monuments and traditional zones (zoms tipicas), identify historical buildings or zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Also, civil service officers who meet with the engaged couple -and these officers are almost always men - tend to show little enthusiasm for such clauses and often do not mention the possibility of including them. Even when a bride manages to have these clauses included, it often takes several years of court proceedings to ensure their application and to punish any violation. A woman going out to work may be viewed as a proof that her husband cannot bear the household expenses alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As suggested by Figure 2.10, labour force participation is higher in states where the educational attainment of the labour force is higher. As a response, more and more initiatives focus on workforce development, starting with the 2014 Workforce innovation and opportunity Act. Some may affect both the relative cost of working and the ability to work (e.g. limited supply of child care).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In India, 60.9 per cent of mainstream population has heard about HIV/AIDS, compared to only 38.6 per cent of women from Scheduled Tribes who have received such information. The situations of Bangladesh and Nepal are also similar as 46 per cent of the population has ever heard of HIV/AIDS and only 13 per cent of women have complete information on transmission of the disease in Bangladesh. Disparity between the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Nepal with regard to knowledge about HIV/AIDS remains a cause of concern as the only 60 per cent of women among the indigenous peoples living in southern plains of Nepal known as Tarai have heard about HIV/AIDS compared to national average of 73 per cent. Indigenous women lack direct links and access to public information and mass media, and most importantly it is not communicated in their mother tongue. The first and often-cited reason is the distance to the health facilities. As most indigenous peoples in Asia live in remote parts of the country where government has not invested in the health infrastructure, thus leaving the majority of indigenous populations to rely on the traditional medicines and methods for health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is therefore important that the risks are well understood, and that the governance structure (e.g. building codes, land-use planning and regulation of energy infrastructure) and market mechanisms (e.g. price signals and disclosure of climate risks) facilitate effective adaptation to both climate variability and change. Broad public acceptance is also a prerequisite for action on climate change adaptation. To assess progress, 12 indicators have been proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In contrast, in Guatemala and Mexico, roughly one in every three indigenous people lives in urban zones, and in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, over half live in cities (ECLAC, 2007a). For example, infant mortality (among children under one year of age) and mortality among the under-fives is much higher among the indigenous population. Although the migration of indigenous populations to urban areas reduces infant mortality (compared to rates in rural zones), it does not close the gap on their non-indigenous counterparts. In fact, in some countries (Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica) the gap is wider in urban zones than in rural ones (see table III.9 in ECLAC, 2007a). This shows that there are lower living standards which are not an effect of a rural or urban setting, but stem from inequities based on the ethnic and racial origin of the people in question (see table 1.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A further problem with the reliance on incentive payments under voluntary conservation measures to help reduce agricultural water pollution is they can become uncompetitive as crop prices rise. More specifically, the Chesapeake Bay Programme has up to now placed much less emphasis on outlining the costs associated with farmer adoption of different abatement practices at the scale required to have an impact (Roberts et al., Some 30% (2008-10) of US agricultural producer support is based on commodity output and non-constrained variable input use, although this is a marked reduction from a 50% share in 1986-88 (Figure 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A fall in earnings is more common in Estonia where more than 41% of persistent temporary workers experienced a fall in earnings, as shown by moving to a lower quintile. A related concern is whether this wage differential has a long-lasting impact on wages over the career, or whether temporary workers can catch up with their counterparts who started permanent jobs earlier. Spells of low-paid jobs may lead to depreciation in human capital, which may compromise the possibility to find better-paid jobs and thus generate persistence in low-paid employment. On the other hand, non-employment may lead to a larger loss of human capital and often has a scarring effect on subsequent employment, getting any job, even a low-paid, less stable job or one involving limited hours, is therefore often put forward as a way to improve future employment and wage prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of course, when assessing the distributional effects of austerity packages, one would need to consider them from a dynamic perspective in interaction with behavioural responses by agents and structural policies that could influence the outcome. Among the better policies, on the revenue side, are eliminating certain tax expenditures, that tend to reduce progressivity of the personal income tax and are often distortionary for growth, and increasing property taxes (see below) (OECD, 2013d, Rawdanowicz et al., Other reforms, however, may entail trade-offs between equity and growth objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Lost earnings as a result of all depression in England were estimated at GBP 5.82 billion in 2007, rising to a projected GBP 6.31 billion (2007 prices) by 2026 (McCrone et al., Lost earnings as a result of anxiety disorders were estimated at GBP 7.7 billion in 2007 rising to 8.34 billion in 2026. Over the past two decades, most OECD countries have seen a sharp increase in the number and share of people claiming disability benefit on the grounds of mental ill-health (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is organized as a framework of drivers, enablers (at the levels of the national system of cities and within cities), barriers and policy levers (figure 4.1 and box 4.1). Cities themselves can be enablers of industrial productivity due to agglomeration economies. As Africa urbanizes, the purchasing power of the middle class is growing.3 The power of Africa’s growing consumer class can be leveraged to stimulate industrial development to meet rising demand domestically and regionally as a stepping stone to broader global integration. While this relationship is not independent of per capita GDP growth, some categories of consumption are associated with urbanization, independent of total income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mexico now has the lowest life expectancy of all OECD countries. While life expectancy increased by three years on average across OECD countries between 2000 and 2013 (rising from 77.1 years to 80.4 years), it increased by only 1.3 years in Mexico (from 73.3 to 74.6 years). This means the gap in longevity between Mexico and other OECD countries has widened from about four years to almost six years. Between 2000 and 2012, rates of overweight or obesity increased from 62.3% to 71.3% of the adult population, one in three children is also overweight or obese.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is refected in the education system, which is characterised by an extensive system of planning and norms. Kazakhstan uses national strategic planning to broadly set out a vision for the country, but also to regulate every aspect of the education system at the central level. A number of strategies and planning documents, notably the State Program for Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-20 (SPED), ensure consistency and guide policymaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some developed countries have already done so, examples include the Digital Agenda for Spain, and Australia's Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Strategy. Yet the gender dimension in ICT-related strategies is less evident in the LDCs, where the gap is more profound. Besides facing steep prices for Internet access (Chapter 5), the cost of purchasing an IT enabled device represents another major cost for the consumer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Workers in the informal sector are insufficiently covered by social protection, or not covered at all. Many other people—from members of ethnic minorities with disabilities to homeless migrants and people living in the most extreme poverty—suffer from overlapping disadvantages. In chapter I, it was highlighted that social protection systems consisting only of social insurance programmes and means-tested social assistance leave a sizeable proportion of the population—the so-called missing middle—without coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This combination represents an opportunity for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous students to become familiar with Indigenous traditions and at the same time encourages a mutual learning process among teachers. Although incipient, there is also an effort to increase the level of awareness about interculturalism among the general population. While the PEIB programme exists since 1996, it was not until 2009 that the Chilean government explicitly established the principle of interculturalism and protection of Indigenous language and culture through the General Education Law, and incorporated Indigenous language into the curriculum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)