albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in 2012 on British Nigerian young women who have gone to boarding school in Nigeria and returned to attend university in the UK, I use the concept of third space as a heuristic device for understanding their transnational subjectivities and practices. I argue that, for some, this third space is a transgressive one in which they can craft alternative subjectivities and narratives about African culture and political economy. Applying insights from decolonial theory, I seek to build on the transgressive nature of this third space. In positioning themselves variously as Londoners, Nigerians, dual and post‐nationals, they express key features of contemporary transnational European subjectivities. Yet, parental expectations that they marry Nigerians and members of the Nigerian diaspora serve to reproduce the racial distinctions and nationalist rhetoric of colonial modernity that their third space subjectivities contest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The company sees the potential of qualified asylum seekers as a mechanism to boost the available supply of skills. It is also a corporate social responsibility initiative, which strengthens the image of the company. Four special classes for asylum seekers were established in 2015 at the company’s offices in Berlin, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krefeld-Diisseldorf and Karlsruhe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This study explored how perceptions of resource control levels are related to perceptions of friendship functioning in late adolescent friendship dyads (92 female dyads, 43 male dyads, mean age = 19.59 years). Resource control, relationship influence, and positive and negative friendship features were determined using self- and friend-reports. Contrary to expectations, a latent actor-partner interdependence model (Olsen & Kenny, 2006) revealed uniformly positive effects of perceived resource control on friendship functioning. Perceived resource control was positively associated with positive friendship features and unrelated to negative friendship features for both friends. Results highlight the importance of studying friendship within the context of power and considering relationships and power as complementary rather than opposing elements of the social system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finland’s BERD is primarily performed by the high-technology manufacturing sector and strongly concentrated in large firms. In 2015, the firm represented 20% of BERD whereas Microsoft Mobile accounted for 10%. Nokia’s reduction of investment in R&D is the main cause of the decline of Finnish BERD in recent years. In the aggregate, the remainder of the firms - including in the services sector - have shown a more stable pattern of development and their BERD (in real terms) has actually slightly increased since 2010. This should also include the pursuit of technologies and business models that enable companies to upgrade business and shift from existing activities to new, related ones. The purpose is to revitalise industries through radical innovation and wider strategic (economic challenge-driven) innovation agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The income share of the top quintile increased from 33% in 1989 to 47% in 1995 and it remains at this level, the income share of the bottom quintile dropped from almost 10% in 1989 to 5-6 % in 1993/94 and has been around that level ever since (Annex 3.A1, Table 3.A1.1). The relative poverty series presented in Figure 3.3 is based on data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (Box 3.1 and Denisova, 2011). Notwithstanding the recent decline in poverty at 16.5%, the relative poverty rate in the Russian Federation (as based on RLMS data) is high compared with the OECD average of 10.6% in 2005 (OECD, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Freshwater crustaceans and freshwater molluscs had peaks in the early 2000s and mid-1990s, respectively, but after periods of decreasing catches, they have been relatively stable since 2010 at 0.45 and 0.36 million tonnes. The first-sale value, re-estimated with newly available information for some major producing countries, is considerably higher than previous estimates. In general, FAO's data for aquaculture production volume are more accurate and reliable than those for value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Discourse analysis is a promising qualitative research approach across social science disciplines for analyzing the construction of reality in a variety of organizational and institutional arenas. However, conducting empirical discourse analyses remains challenging. In this paper we identify four key challenges involved in doing discourse analysis and then recommend several “tools” derived from empirical practice to address these challenges. We demonstrate these recommendations by drawing on examples from a discourse analysis study we conducted, of strategic management discourse in public education. Our tools and recommendations aim to facilitate conducting and writing up discourse analyses and may also contribute to addressing the identified challenges in other qualitative methodologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Here the tool can be used to assess and compare multiple alternative options and it may in particular help identify potential high provision areas. It can also account for variability in social preferences. Thus, the flexibility of the tool means that it may incorporate a whole range of locally generated data and is adapted to each country's administrative boundaries. The approach's empirical roots are variable depending on the ecosystem service - in the area of water a lot is derived from quiet broad surveys of academic literature, in other areas this is less true.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, in the case of major projects of irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation, modernisation or refurbishment, urban/industrial water consumers (through cross-subsidisation) and taxpayers in most OECD countries continue to bear the main share of the capital costs, with public agencies managing the water delivery systems. Even so, water service infrastructure for urban and industrial water users is also frequently publicly financed (OECD 2009a). Evidence from studies of EU member states (Garrido and Calatrava, 2010), the United States (Wichelns, 2010b), Australia (Parker and Speed, 2010), Mexico (Figure 3.2, Garrido and Calatrava, 2010) and Turkey (Figure 3.3, Cakmak, 2010) all confirm this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In practice, several schemes are hybrids. There are also regulations mandating specific actions, such as labelling requirements for energy efficiency. One unusual aspect of the UK policy framework is that, since 2008, it has been underpinned by a Climate Change Act, which gave statutory force to domestic carbon-reduction budgets. The Act also set up an independent body, the Committee on Climate Change, with statutory responsibilities to propose appropriate carbon budgets, assess progress towards the statutory long-term emission reduction targets and give advice to government on climate-change policies in general, covering both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Originally intended to support nuclear electricity generation, the NFFO and SRO were expanded in 1990 to include renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The reform proposal, however, envisages introducing a flat tax rate of 10% on inheritances to dissuade individuals from evading this tax. The contributory pension system accounts for the bulk of total transfers to households and absorbs a large share of central government spending (more than 18% of central government spending in 2011). Yet, its coverage is low and the absence of a first tier minimum pension leaves many elderly in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policing and public health have largely been perceived by clinicians, researchers, and policy makers as 2 entirely separate approaches to reducing violence. This long-standing tradition, reinforced by the different languages of criminal justice systems (eg, deterrence, culpability, victimhood, and offending) and public health systems (eg, injury, risk factors, and epidemiology), has perhaps contributed to limited collaboration between local law enforcement agencies and public health to prevent violence. It has also probably limited collaboration between criminologists and population health researchers relative to other cross-discipline areas such as road traffic safety, prisoner health, and prevention of substance abuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What are the ethical implications of the shortcomings of liberal peacebuilding operations? This article addresses the problem by investigating the normative premises of liberal peacebuilding and its critics. Three ideal types of peacebuilding are singled out to illuminate the normative logic of current ‘revisionist’ proposals. These are: ‘re-liberal peacebuilding’ which prescribes a more coercive approach, ‘social peacebuilding’ that emphasizes local agency and the promotion of socioeconomic rights, and ‘multicultural peacebuilding’ that roots peace in indigenous norms and institutions. These alternatives are assessed with regard to their ability to promote both the autonomy and the basic needs of the affected population. It is concluded that only ‘social peacebuilding’ passes this test. It exemplifies a model of global governance where a cosmopolitan human rights agenda is consistent with the communitarian defence of political autonomy and cultural diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, $30.4 billion were pledged to these funds, of which funds specializing in adaptation received $3.8 billion, those supporting mitigation $14.6 billion and funds supporting both areas $12 billion. The GCF is the largest component of the mixed category with the objective to devote equal shares of funding to adaptation and mitigation. Yet adaptation is the main priority for CDDCs, including many SIDS and LDCs, which tend to be more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than non-CDDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, (almost) anything can be learnt in different ways. This may involve changing the tasks proposed to students, but not necessarily a change in the subjects or domains learnt. Reviewing countries' curricula to see whether creativity and critical thinking were an objective, and how they were translated into practice, led to the realisation that most curriculum documents embrace creativity and critical thinking as learning outcomes and competences students should acquire, this typically remains in the "aspirational" or introductory part of the curriculum. Typically, the more practical description of the curriculum exclusively focuses on a closed problem with one correct solution, technical skills, and leaves little, if any, room to a phrasing that would allow teachers to consider that giving students opportunities to develop their creativity or critical thinking in the process would be possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Act also states that special importance shall be given to a precautionary and ecosystem approach that takes into account habitats and biodiversity, when managing marine resources. The Institute of Marine Research (IMR) has been reorganised to take this into account. It has a strong environmental profile, while it also promotes profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry. Aquaculture activities are also regulated by the Food Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Doing so would help to ensure orderly payments of ageing-related expenditures, such as health-care costs. In a recent study, it was found that, given a currently low tax-to-GDP ratio, there is significant room to raise taxes without causing major economic distortions in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (Poesoro, 2015). Recent efforts to increase tax revenues in the subregion include the sales tax increase in Japan in 2014, the Republic of Korea is considering adding another income tax bracket at the top end of the pay scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Efforts are being made to generate positive spill-overs by integrating the industrial park with the city of Hawassa and contribute to a stronger service sector. Studies are being conducted to design resource-efficient housing units, to accommodate local workers. Ethiopia has also sought to leapfrog global competition by using the green identity of the park to provide a competitive advantage over rivals from Bangladesh and China. The green industrial park recycles water, uses LED (light-emitting diode) and intelligent lighting systems, plants trees, and uses natural ventilation and lighting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Discrimination at work includes any less favourable treatment that is explicitly or implicitly based on particular grounds, such as sex, race, etc. ( Discrimination at work denies opportunities for individuals who may not, for example, receive equal pay or have access to managerial positions or who may experience less favourable working conditions. The sub-dimension Fair treatment in employment is aimed at providing measures for discrimination and unfair treatment of men and women as well as other subpopulations in employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These were strengthened as part of the reforms of 2007 through the creation of centrally standardised agreements covering care coordination, prevention and rehabilitation. These agreements are managed continuously by regional consultative committees comprising representation from the regions and municipalities as well as private health care practitioners, and are ratified by the National Health Board. These standards comprise three categories: organisational (quality, risk management, hygiene and human capital), care coordination (patient involvement, referrals and medication safety), and disease-specific standards (guidelines and protocols).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many of the diverse carbon-related investment ideas in the CRGE are practicable and financially sound. While such ideas have not yet reaped rewards in terms of significant climate funding, they have improved the confidence of Ethiopia’s bilateral donors, some of whom have supported the CRGE process, but more of whom are considering ways to help Ethiopia address the evident implementation and capacity challenges. While the current focus of the CRGE is usefully tactical, if the singular focus on achieving MIC status and GHG reduction were to continue beyond an initial carefully-monitored phase, that focus could bias against future options for wellbeing. Sustainable development demands, ultimately, that linked systemic problems are tackled with systemic improvements to institutions and governance, and not just with investment projects. It requires changing the way that routine government expenditure is channelled, and not just with attracting new sources of finance. It demands attention to the range of environmental opportunities, and not just with GHGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are recurring power outages, which leave some villages without electricity for five months per year and, more often, some cities without electricity for around three hours per day. Results of observations carried out by water companies show that water losses due to poor technical conditions of the water system are 50-60 per cent. At the same time, the main share of losses takes place in the interior building block, yard and in-house water systems. This is due to the fact that, while apartments are private, the ownership of an intradomestic and in-house networks is not defined, resulting in a lack of maintenance of these systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
But relative to market incomes, cash benefits differ much more across income groups than taxes and are therefore the main drivers of redistribution from rich to poor. Clearly, however, even if tax payments are less redistributive directly, they finance transfers and thus serve a crucial redistributive role. See also Schwabish et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One should also note that the segmentation of different types of reserves may differ from country to country with a greater or lesser role of market pricing. In general, however, the trend is towards an ever closer integration of market and network operations as witnessed by the creation of hourly intraday trading on Europe’s EPEX SPOT platform, which begins to blur the line between the provision of electric load to customers and network stabilisation services. Such plants have the advantage of great flexibility but the disadvantage of low-thermal efficiency and high marginal costs. In the absence of any intermittency issues, they are thus only used during extreme peak times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Authority assumed responsibilities for all aspects of water management - including allocation water quotas, water pricing, trading, and extraction levies. In particular, the Authority ensured that prices and efforts to curb freshwater use would be enforced. These efforts included determining agriculture pricing by increasing rates to recover costs and to further reduce freshwater uses. The Authority also granted water allocations for farms through quotas (Becker, 2013[5oi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, international co-operation for EAF needs to be strengthened. Furthermore, the Korean government has made practical efforts to manage and recover fishery resources through the Fish Stock Rebuilding Plan, community-based fishery management systems and the active participation of fishers. Those measures that were implemented have had different effects on other fishery resources, and have become less efficient in managing the resources and aiding their recovery from over fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Bangladesh, where the primary focus of the “graduation" model programmes is to generate income through assets such as livestock, programme evaluations still report an increase in productivity due to complementary programme interventions in vegetable and homestead gardening. In the case of CLP, for instance, beneficiaries receive skills training in homestead gardening and the provision of quality seeds and fruit saplings, as well as assistance in developing compost pits and in marketing of surplus products (Marks & Vignon, 2009). This is particularly the case in the context of seasonal consumption and employment fluctuations and emergencies, where beneficiaries self-report an increase in the number of meals that they are able to eat (or a reduction in the number of meals that they miss).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The summary or summaries for policymakers should be available in all Nordic languages, including the main Sami languages, and kalaallisut (West Green-landic), in printed format. However, the costs of translation will be subject to additional applications for funding. A Nordic Assessment website could be set up, where the reports could be available in electronic format. Outreach should be based on the IPBES Platform’s communication and outreach strategy, adapted by the Secretariat for the Nordic Assessment to Nordic circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The mere sum of individual municipal decisions in transport and spatial planning rarely shapes up into a coherent metropolitan development plan. Co-ordination efforts by a metropolitan governance body sometimes boil dowm to stitching together individual plans on an ex post basis. Furthermore, municipalities sometimes do not find out about the plans of neighbouring municipalities until it has become complex and politically costly to negotiate adjustments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the period to 2020, global coal demand experiences strong growth but then slows rapidly, with the level of global demand remaining broadly flat for much of the rest of the period, before then flirting tentatively with decline as 2035 approaches. The share of coal in the global energy mix peaks soon at 28%, and then declines gradually to 24% by 2035. Non-OECD countries account for all of the growth and China, the world’s largest consumer of coal, will be pivotal in determining the evolution of global coal markets. The flexibility of natural gas as a fuel, together with its greater environmental and energy security attributes, makes it an attractive fuel in a number of countries and sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The differences betw'een the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 2000-2014 are higher than in the period 1981— 2010, ranging from 2.7°C in Sarajevo to 1.5°C in Bjelasnica. Positive deviations are evident for the spring and fall seasons, as well as for the growing period in all meteorological stations. On an annual basis, the differences between these periods are positive - in all meteorological stations, there is an evident increase in temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The total gross annual research benefits (GARB) depend primarily on the size of the (time varying) research-induced supply shift (expressed as a vertical shift by an amount equal to a proportion, of the initial price) and the scale of the industry to which it applies.1 Indeed, a common approximation introduced by Griliches (1958) is GARB = kPQ, where P is the commodity price and Q is the annual quantity to which the supply shift applies. This aspect is often governed by the general nature of the analysis (e.g. evaluation of the benefits from the development of a particular varietal improvement compared with evaluation of a national agricultural research system, whether conducted ex ante or ex post) as well as the availability of data and other information. The nature of the research-induced supply shift has been controversial because it matters, especially for findings concerning the distribution of benefits, and is not easy to observe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Percentile ratios provide a measure of household disposable income inequality at specific points of the income distribution and are a more intuitive way to gauge the width of the income distribution. The gap between the upper bound value of the I* decile and the upper bound value of the 9s' decile of households is close to 1:3 for the three countries with the most narrow household disposable income distribution and above 1:6 for the three countries with the widest. Also the cross-country differences in the share of top income earners (top percentile) in total household disposable income are very wide, ranging from 4.5 for Sweden to 18.1 for the United States. The OECD-21 includes countries for which data are available for the mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Through this investment the production capacity of the industry will increase from 8 million tonnes to 10.4 million tonnes of Urea and from 1.37 million tonnes to 3 million tonnes of NPK. Organic standards were introduced in 2003. The goal for 2010 is the development of the framework for organic certification and accreditation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A study commissioned by the Board estimated that the potato industry accounted for CAD 1 billion of economic activities, representing 9% of the island's gross domestic product. Opponents argued it would result in groundwater depletion, as well as deter groundwater dependent springs, rivers, and ecosystems. They also worried about increased pesticide run-off, resulting in annual fish kills, and groundwater nitrate contamination and erosion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Between 2015 and 2017, six countries show an annual reduction of 3% or more in poverty rates. In Chile, El Salvador, Panama and Paraguay, over half of the rise in poor households' income came from labour income, while in Costa Rica and Uruguay increases in contributory and non-contributory transfers predominated. In some countries, especially Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)