albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin is the largest and includes the Great Lakes Depression, including Lake Uvs, Lake Khar-Us, Lake Khar and Lake Khyargas. Mongolia's water resources are distributed unevenly throughout the country (with sufficient water resources in the north and extremely limited resources in the south). The flow of rivers is not stable. This is a result of the severe winter, which holds down the rivers for half a year and reduces or stops the flow, reduction of precipitation from north to south, and aridity' of the Gobi Desert region, where a lot of water is lost because of evaporation and infiltration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 1960ies and 1970ies, fertilization indeed played an important role in Finland in enhancing timber production by increasing forest growth especially in upland area (Kukkola and Nojd 2000). Nitrogen addition to forests may also affect the pool of soil organic carbon as enhanced growth in foliage and leaf area result in increased litterfall (Hyvonen et al. Johnsson and Curtis (2001) showed that fertilization indeed increase soil carbon storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Holders of these rights are entitled to Land Use Rights Certificates. By 2012, rights to 85% of agricultural land had been certified. They mostly confine farmers to growing rice on paddy land at the expense of other crops (or fisheries) that could be grown more profitably on the same land. Farmers can apply at the district level for a change in their designated land use, but in practice changes or removals of these restrictions are rarely allowed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Do they reduce inequalities within families or do they worsen existing ones? Do they promote cohesive families? Generally, the aims of these programmes are the reduction of poverty, improvement of food security and, over the long term, development of human capital. Under international human rights law. States are required to implement social protection measures, giving priority to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged. As such, they benefit different types of families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, the burden on public funds could be alleviated through the formation of alternative financing models beyond reliance on tax revenues. One such example relates to public-private partnerships, which have the potential to offer advantages to financially constrained governments. However, the decision by governments to adopt a PPP approach or any other financing method should be guided by the careful balance of costs and benefits, and there remains a need for governments to complete necessary due diligence before committing to any project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the end of compulsory schooling Lithuanian students have a slightly higher number of compulsory instructional hours than peers in the Baltic region, and substantially fewer than students in the EU-22 or OECD, on average - equalling about one year less of instructional time (6 577 vs. 7 540). Lithuanian students who participated in PISA 2015 assessment report that they spend on average 25 hours each week learning in a classroom and 18 hours for after-school learning activities, including the time dedicated to homework, additional instruction and private study. Their peers in OECD member countries spend on average two more hours each week in regular classes - and one hour less for homework (Figure 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While this topic may not be at the top of governments’ agendas, the practical cases highlight how OER can give access to virtual laboratories, but also contribute to breaking down disparities in educational resources between countries, between educational institutions in the same country, and between formal, non-formal and informal learning settings. Studies and concrete cases show that the adaptation and augmentation of educational resources made possible by OER are necessary to ensure successful integration into new educational settings. Adequate educational resources have an impact on the overall performance of the education system, but the distribution of resources may be unequal at the institutional and national levels, as well as between formal, informal and non-formal learning settings. The advantage of OER is the ease of their distribution - both because of online distribution and open licensing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proximity of Bangladesh to Myanmar and the surge in domestic demand made the country a big market for “yaba”. “ Yaba” is mainly smuggled from Myanmar by fishing boat. It is bartered for other drugs of abuse, such as buprenorphine and tranquillizers, that are then smuggled in the opposite direction, from Bangladesh to Myanmar. Diazepam and buprenorphine ampoules were reported to be smuggled into Nepal from India. In 2014, 44,495 ampoules of diazepam and 37,000 ampoules of buprenorphine were seized in Nepal, slightly more than the 43,227 ampoules of diazepam and 30,887 ampoules of buprenorphine seized in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While life expectancy increased by an average of three years across OECD countries between 2000 and 2013, it increased by only 1.3 years in Mexico (OECD, 2015a). Mexico holds the highest maternal mortality rates in the OECD, with 38.2 maternal deaths per 1 000 live births in 2013. It also has relatively low rates of screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer, which are routine parts of preventative care for women in other countries. Fewer than 25% of women aged 50 to 69 in Mexico are screened, compared to over 50% of comparably-aged women in most other OECD countries (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently, it is necessary to increase companies' capacity to integrate SRB in corporate strategy and core functions, to develop SRB initiatives, and to spread innovations for how to address SDGs. Second, the lack of government support greatly hinders the adaptation of SRB. As such, there is also a strong need to enhance governments' capacity so that state agencies can formulate appropriate and effective policies and guide companies to comply with national and international SRB principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Tangible projects, as those concerning public services, can motivate the collaboration at metropolitan level and represent a first step for effective metropolitan governance reforms (Box 5.5). Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects. This step consists in identifying the framework conditions as favourable (economic, social and political ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This essay considers three interrelated subjects: how the American social milieu effects American international relations (IR) theorizing, why realism has been singled out for criticism within this milieu, and how particular perspectives on human nature have served as the foundational bedrock for American social thinking. It argues that, even when incorporating Darwinian insights into their scholarship, American social scientists have subscribed to a Lamarckian perspective on human nature that reflects the American version of Enlightenment liberalism. This version combines a deep and progressive faith in individualism, capitalism, applied science and a moral national purpose derived from Protestantism. The American social scientific subscription to a Lamarckian perspective on human nature effects not only how realism is theorized in this milieu but also how American scholars see and do IR theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover the upward trend in the Chinese data reflects that rather than a nagging and persistent problem, relative poverty may be a growing problem in the country. Clearly more and more people are being excluded from the customary activities of Chinese society, despite the fact that fewer run the risk of starving than ever before. Figure 9 and Figure 10 demonstrate the evolution of these three groups of poor in China and Brazil, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For soybeans, another important staple crop food, the situation is slightly different. Source: OECD, PSE/CSE database, 2012. A similar scheme existed for dairy imports, which explains the high producer SCT for milk in 1990-94. The %SCT indicator also shows the impact of export taxes on palm oil, which have pushed returns to growers in 2006-10 below what they would have been in the absence of the tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
1 Transitional justice appears to be an established field of scholarship connected to a field of practice on how to deal with past human rights abuses in societies in transition. The original focus of transitional justice discourse was that human rights law requires accountability in transitions, rooted in the discipline of law. Over time, this focus has been expanded to include a much broader range of mechanisms, goals and inquiries across a range of disciplines. In order to probe the current state of the field, this article argues against the current conception of transitional justice as a praxis-based interdisciplinary field. It suggests that there is a hidden politics to how transitional justice has been constructed as an interdisciplinary field that obscures tensions between the range of practices and goals that it now incorporates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores how the World Bank’s engagement with governance reform has sparked a practice of measuring, ranking and diagnosing countries based on an epistemically constructed ideal-type of the modern state. With Foucault, I define this praxis of normalisation as a ‘transnational discipline of diagnosis’. The contribution of the article is both empirical and doctrinal. On an empirical level, it weaves together an innovative assemblage of three different technologies in the Bank’s epistemic governance praxis: the axiomatic dimension (World Development Reports), the statistical dimension (Worldwide Governance Indicators) and the diagnostic dimension (Systematic Country Diagnostics). On a doctrinal level, drawing on critical sociology and performativity theory, the article categorises this epistemic praxis as a world-making socio-political enterprise. It thereby rejects both the categorisation of epistemic power as a mode of public authority (to be integrated in a public law framework), as well as the respresentationalist idioms that inform ideology critique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the UK, Singapore, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, as in many other jurisdictions, charity law is rooted in the common law and anchored on the Statute of Charitable Uses 1601. The Pemsel classification of charitable purposes was uniformly accepted, and together with a shared and growing pool of judicial precedents, aided by the ‘spirit and intendment’ rule, has subsequently allowed the law to develop along much the same lines. In recent years, all the above jurisdictions have embarked on law reform processes  designed to strengthen regulatory processes and to statutorily define and encode common law concepts. The reform outcomes are now to be found in a batch of national charity statutes which reflect interesting differences in the extent to which their respective governments have been prepared to balance the modernising of charitable purposes and other common law concepts alongside the customary concern to tighten the regulatory framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One key reason is access to evidence. Often employers have control on the documentation justifying (or not) termination, while workers or their legal representatives cannot easily access it. Typically, the employer is allowed to dismiss employees only with a justified reason and in compliance with a due process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Appendix 2 also collates and analyses the original data and comments from SOEF 2007 and 2011. It is a simple and arguably narrow measure of the rich diversity of cultural and spiritual values associated with forests, but it is important to ensure this type of benefit is included, albeit in a partial way. The categories for this indicator were restructured and given clearer definitions for the State of Europe's Forests 2011 reporting round. The categories used were: 1) cultural heritage, 2) forested landscapes, 3) trees with cultural and spiritual values, and 4) other sites with cultural and spiritual values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite growing calls in the media and from various political quarters for a review of the effectiveness of the Prevent duty, the Home Secretary has recently announced that the duty will essentially continue largely unchanged in its operation, including in UK higher education (HE). This is perhaps because the High Court in the recent case of Butt has found that the Prevent Duty guidance to Universities is lawful, and no breach of freedom of expression or of privacy rights. But since the Prevent duty involves sharing, where necessary and proportionate, highly sensitive personal information about individuals at risk of being drawn into extremism and terrorism, this 'forward thinking' piece addresses some of the complexities of information law dealt with in the case. Some thoughts are offered about the missed opportunity that a rejection of a review of Prevent would entail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports. Seafood exports to China have attracted tariffs of over 10%. The FTA will lead to reduction and eventual removal of those tariffs, expanding high value live and chilled seafood product exports to China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To the extent possible, Annex II Parties are to specify the “recipient country, the target area of mitigation and adaptation, the sector involved and the sources of technology transfer from the public or private sectors” (Decision 2/CP.17), and make the distinction between public and private sector activities. Where feasible”, Annex II Parties shall report success and failure stories related to technology transfer. Parties should provide information at the individual measure and activity level, including the programme or project title and a description (Decision 2/CP.17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The major settled areas were in the rain-fed regions of the east and southeast in the foothills of the mountains, and along the Syrdarya River, the former being settled by Slavs and other groups from within the Russian empire and the latter being geographically similar to Central Asia. In the South Kazakhstan oblast, there is a large Uzbek population. The northern regions are geographically similar to Siberia, with relatively good soils and a variable climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Supervision of the Shaban within the Ministry of Health makes sense in that it means supervision of all health-fund activities is within one body. Meanwhile, commercial health insurance is more appropriately supervised by CSMID, as it is subject to insurance legislation. However, there does have to be a good deal of co-ordination to ensure the system remains balanced and harmonised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Costa Rica and Paraguay, "other income" accounted for a large part of the rise in poor households' income, mainly through imputed rent. In the case of Ecuador, income from pensions and transfers kept poverty from rising between 2015 and 2017 (see figure II.7). Income from transfers in poor households rose in almost all the countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, in Chile, according to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, only 44% of the unemployed dismissed for economic reasons claimed that they had received some form of compensation. Among those who should have received a payment but did not, 22% said that they had reached an agreement with their employer, while 44% stated that the employer had simply refused to pay (Sehnbruch, 2006). For a general discussion concerning enforcement issues in OECD countries, see Bertola et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Legally, wastewater dischargers must not discharge any increased loading of phosphorus (P) into receiving waters. New wastewater systems are now choosing trading instead of traditional P removal technology, whereby point source dischargers buy P credits from rural landowners, primarily farmers. These credits are generated by constructing nonpoint source pollution control measures, and science-based formulae are used to calculate the credits of P removed by each measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One implication is that formal-sector labour markets exhibit some form of wage rigidity in which wages remain above the market clearing level. In this conventional view from the literature, unregulated wage employment and self-employment are treated as a free-entry residual sector that is informal in character. Given mobility and wage rigidities in the formal sector, labour markets become inefficient, resulting in the need for structural reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The decentralisation indicator from the OECD survey on health system characteristics ranks Finland as the third most decentralised country among 29, behind Spain and Canada. Finland is the only Nordic country that delegates the financing and governance of primary, hospital care and social services to municipalities (OECD, 2005). This attribution of responsibilities reflects the organisation of Finnish government around only two tiers (central and municipal), while counties constitute an intermediate level in Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Moisio etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Critics challenge international courts for their interference with domestic democratic processes and alleged violations of rule of law standards: they claim that these guardians of the rule of law are not well guarded themselves. These concerns should not be dismissed too quickly as mere disgruntled venting by populist politicians. This article focuses on regional human rights courts and argues that the same interests and values that justify rule of law standards of impartiality, independence and accountability domestically also justify similar standards for international courts. Focusing on the European Court of Human Rights and its doctrine of the margin of appreciation, the article demonstrates how this doctrine may contribute to fulfilling the rule of law but at the same time may also endanger it. This requires changes to the doctrine to ensure that the core rule of law standards of predictability and protection against arbitrary discretion are respected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Voluntary health insurance has a small but rapidly increasing role in funding health. For a long time, there has been a substantial shift of resources and activities from inpatient to outpatient (or ambulatory) care, although strengthening primary care remains a challenge. Swedish life expectancy is 1.6 years longer than the EU average and is the fifth highest across the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is particularly important in the developing world. Moving to new, fourth-generation regulation, how do regulators balance transparency and public consultation with a complex array of public-private collaborations, industry self-regulation and new types of partnerships? How should regulators balance their own pressures for efficiency, austerity and cost savings with their expanded, fourth-generation role to oversee converging industries and consumer protection? How should regulators cooperate and collaborate, both within and among national governments, in an increasingly global market?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One brand took this a stage further by taking over the production of recycled-content yarns. One brand developed a material library with sustainable choices for each set of characteristics a designer is looking for. It may also be possible to change what customers expect in terms of the quality and feel of a product during early piloting of recycled content. Sustainability can be communicated as another form of quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Even in well gauged rivers there are significant uncertainties over water. These might include the sources and fates of pollutants in the basin, the effect of land use changes on flood magnitudes and propagation downstream, or the water requirements and tolerances to pollution of ecosystems. Here also, the level of risk characterisation and evaluation should match the level of water risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Valuing data and technology, forging innovative partnerships, taking risks and creating trust mean different things for different institutions. They will all need to be kept abreast of, and incorporate, change in order to provide relevant services to their members. This report focuses on the three types of TISIs, namely trade and investment promotion organizations (TIPOs), vocational education and training providers, and quality infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The amount of the tax depends on the quantity of C02 emitted as well as on the type of fuel used. The multiplier is 0.9 for diesel and 0.6 for petrol. The tax is increased by a multiplier, which is set at unity if emissions are 130g per km and decreases or rises by 0.1 for every 10 g consumed below or above 130 g per km.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Unfortunately, no initiative targets environmental impacts but some initiatives exist that reduce simultaneously the amounts of both total C&D waste and its hazardous content. The evaluation would identify the advantages which can be exploited even further, opportunities for gaining more benefits out of the same initiative and drawbacks that should be avoided. In this way, the future implementation of similar initiatives would be equipped with a tool for a more successful application. Each description of the initiative is supplemented by a case study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are many other possible outcomes people care about, such as inequalities in health, responsiveness, and fairness of financing (Murray & Evans, 2003). Accordingly, the results of GCEA cannot be used to set priorities by themselves but should be introduced into the policy debate to be considered along with the impact of different policy and intervention mixes on other outcomes. The analysis was undertaken by developing a microsimulation model of the health outcomes arising from lifestyle risk factors typically associated with obesity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But in different countries and to varying extents, they also have inherent risks. Maternal mortality - the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the weeks after delivery - is an important indicator of a woman’s health and status. The United Nations set a MDG target of reducing maternal mortality ratios (MMR) by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015 and achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015. It shows clearly the differences between rich and poor, rural and urban, with the vast majority of deaths occurring in resource-poor settings, and most being preventable (WHO, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As Biewen (2009) explains, these estimators may not work well in practice because estimation is based on histories with particular patterns and there are typically rather few of these. Usable histories are those with specific combinations of change in the outcome variable and (lack of) change in the explanatory variables over at least three consecutive periods. Inter alia, for A, and y to be identified, the explanatory variables need to change over time but not too quickly. Note also that an APE for A, cannot be calculated using the fixed effects approach. Another issue regarding specification of the basic DREP model is that genuine state dependence is assumed to be the same for all individuals: there is a single state dependence parameter, X, common to all individuals. Heterogeneity in state dependence can straightforwardly be introduced in three ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)