albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
European legislation plays an increasing role in determining policies and establishing objectives. Luxembourg must also comply with other international commitments relating to transboundary waste movements and to the ecological management of waste and resource productivity. It is prepared by the Environment Administration in consultation with the parties concerned (government departments, communes, inter-communal syndicates, professional associations and NGOs) and includes sector-specific plans for the broad waste categories (Box 3.1). A revised version of the initial plan (adopted by the Cabinet in 2000) is now under preparation (Ministry of the Environment, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As mentioned earlier, the organisation of the introductory programmes for newly arrived students vary to a great extent and there is no research to support any one particular programme. However, interventions need to address specific learning needs of the students, considering the duration of stay, previous educational and psychological experiences, socio-economic backgrounds, and so on. There should also be a systematic way to ensure minimum standards of educational support for this target group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their main focus was to compile inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries. The situation is different today, as the number of academic and research institutions that deal with different aspects of marine science has increased significantly, with all the WIO countries having more than one institution (Table 35.3). Various capacity-building activities have been undertaken within and outside the region under the auspices of a range of donor organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Hence, global governance can be understood as the governance of various types of global issues at the global level, including horizontal coordination among a variety of global actors not limited to nation-states. Many studies have acknowledged the limits and weaknesses of the existing global governance framework in the management of sustainability concerns, and they contend that it should be reformed. The most ambitious proposal for global governance would be to set up a new authoritative single entity, exemplified by the constitutional approach described by Mitrany (1933). Others have suggested more modest alternatives. Haas (2004) presented a “network model of decentralized global governance”, a form of global governance based on diffuse networks of diverse actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Rape has functioned as terror and torture inflicted by men of the security forces of the apartheid and Peruvian states upon women of disempowered ethnic groups during counterinsurgency operations. Both South African and Peruvian state agents arrested and violated women whom they suspected to be insurgents, or who associated with guerrilla men, or who simply had the misfortune to live in communities thought to harbor insurgents. The state of emergency imposed in both countries gave extraordinary powers to security forces, effectively permitting those inclined to rape to do so with near‐impunity. Additionally, some of the guerrillas themselves raped in order to discipline women within the resistance armies or those within the subordinated ethnic or class group believed to be complicit with the government forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This north-south transfer is already testing the capacity of existing grids to the limit and any expansion of wind capacity will require additional investments in internal transmission. In general, grid reinforcement and extensions benefits all the players of the electricity market, although at different levels. When adding significant amounts of new capacity, it is therefore difficult to allocate those costs among different market participants. In most studies, however, the reinforcement costs have been determined as the additional investments in the transmission grid after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy, in comparison with those required for an “equivalent” system without renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Smoother withdrawal rates - by which benefits are only reduced rather than eliminated as households become less poor (e.g. the South African old age pension and Mexico’s Seguro Popular) - and the looser application of means tests allow vulnerable households to receive a greater share of the marginal returns from working, which in turn eases any loss of incentive to look for employment. Looser eligibility criteria also ensure greater coverage among vulnerable households near the poverty line, but come at a cost to targeting efficiency, thereby increasing total programme costs. The strictness and frequency of means tests should match the poverty profiles targeted so as to protect the chronic poor even when they step out of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The correlations between innovation and equity of learning opportunities are weak (Figure 18.17). In particular, across the whole distribution of innovation scores there are many education systems with poor equity in terms of learning opportunities. This is in noticeable contrast to the reading performance equality measure described above. However, the three most equitable education systems in this regard, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore, are also above average in terms of overall innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, it is timely to explore possible elements of an adaptation communication that is conducive to enhancing the national and global benefits while maximising synergies with existing reporting practices (e.g. National Communications). The table illustrates that there is a good match between the information that countries need to meet national aims on adaptation, information that countries are asked or encouraged to report in their National Communications, and information that the Paris Agreement indicates may be included in adaptation communications. This structure could thus alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s National Communication to minimise reporting channels. This information also coincides with information identified by the Least Developed Country Expert Group as useful for countries in establishing a National Adaptation Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This was much higher than in developing countries, where that share was, on average, only 28.2 per cent in Africa, 20.7 per cent in East, South and South-East Asia, 27.3 per cent in Latin America, 34.2 per cent in the transition economies, and 35.8 per cent in West Asia (table 5.2). As a result, developing countries, on average, have had less scope to influence income distribution through fiscal measures. Several studies have found that many low-income and least developed countries experienced a decline in their public revenue in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as result of falling income and trade taxes (Heady, 2001, Khattry and Mohan Rao, 2002, Gemmell and Morrissey, 2003). In the 1980s the fiscal-revenue-to-GDP ratio declined in 7 out of 14 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Sainz and Calcagno, 1992).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Despite measures to encourage generic prescribing, there is underuse of generics, which has been attributed to the daw-back tax requiring the repayment of a percentage of profits from manufacturers and distributors, the price-setting procedures and a lack of incentives. The new National Centre for Human Resources will have a remit to assess human resource needs, coordinate training and guide career development. Legislation to set up the new centre and its responsibilities has yet to be published but the Minister of Health has publicly announced its establishment and commitment to assisting all Romanian doctors who are currently practidng abroad and who wish to return to Romania if certain conditions change, induding remuneration levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article considers the issue of the requirements of establishing the Australian Commonwealth government’s Indigenous preferential procurement program, the ‘indigenous business exemption’ as a special measure under Article 1.4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It does this by, considering jurisprudence regarding special measures and other affirmative action programs from Australia and other jurisdictions, concluding that it is necessary to establish some evidential base to justify the establishment (in Australian law) and ongoing operation of such measures (in international law). The article then examines the effectiveness of procurement policies aimed at achieving secondary social objectives in addition to the primary procurement of government goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This model is mandated in the European Union and many other liberalized jurisdictions in the United States, Canada and Latin America where multiple operators in different segments of the electricity supply chain are present and participate in international trade in electricity. Electricity cooperation and trade can bring economies of scale in investments, strengthen electricity-sector financing capability, enhance competition and improve sector efficiency, increase toad and fuel diversity, enable cost-effective renewable electricity penetration, address seasonal variability in generation, provide emergency support, provide a market for surplus generation, and generally increase the security and robustness of participating national electricity systems. Trade in electricity demands considerable infrastructure to ensure the interconnection of different electricity transmission systems across national borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The IMF metal price index also fell by 10.2 per cent in 2013-14 and by another 23.1 per cent between 2014 and 2015 (Figure 1.5). The IMF’s energy index saw the sharpest decline between 2014 and 2015, at 44.9 per cent (Figure 1.5). The continued decline in commodity prices indicates an end to the commodity supercycle that commenced in the early 2000s. The oil price fall is expected to yield a windfall for the majority of Commonwealth small states, which are net importers of oil, although in general the pass-through to retail prices has been relatively limited thus far, reflecting short-term price rigidities and exchange rate fluctuations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In fact, the Millennium Development Goals encompass a considerable number of the dimensions that are often discussed within the context of the definition of poverty. In the end, of course, what matters most for national policymaking is how each society defines the decent level of living that should be achievable by all. For example, the total number of poor (according to the definition above) had been 1.8 billion in 1990 and 1.9 billion in 1981 (compared with 1.4 billion in 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result of human activities, the steppe biome is invaded by forest and shrub. Mountain steppe occurs only in southern Georgia at the altitudes of 1,800-2,500 m, mostly on southern slopes and flat areas. The plant community here is dominated by Festuceto salcata and Stipa capillata. With a full spectrum of landscape zones, more than 100 types of landscapes are found in Georgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Issues of market organisation are thus important in determining the relative competitiveness of different fuels. They can also drive a wedge between the private and the social benefits and costs of different fuels. Abstracting for the moment from small amounts of emission during construction, nuclear-based electricity production is carbon-free during operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2017 in the Southeast Asian region and China, the percentage of people aged 65 and over was respectively 12.9% and 10.6% of the total population. Nevertheless, most countries in Emerging Asia will be confronted with issues related to the ageing population in the near future. Smart technologies are being applied to support independent living for the elderly and monitor long-term health conditions with the intent to enhance citizen well-being and ease the stress on public budgets. In the OECD, younger people tend to dominate digital communication, content creation, social networking, online purchases, cloud computing, and software downloads, whereas older people are more frequent users of e-government and e-banking services (OECD, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to recent data, costs from major flood events will likely be counted in the billions of dollars with potential serious impacts on national GDP (World Bank, 2010), as well as on the lives of poorer and marginalized communities, in particular. The international community, multilateral development banks and United Nations funds and programmes are working to support delivery of and direct access to existing and pledged international climate finance. However, international flows alone will not be sufficient to meet the growing demand for climate mitigation and adaptation finance. In the absence of an internationally acknowledged definition of climate finance, in this paper, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) definition is used, which is “local, national or transnational financing, which may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing” (UNFCCC, 2014a) and which target low-carbon and climate-resilient development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Specialist out-patient care is paid mainly by a flat rate determined for diagnostic groups such as acute diseases, chronic diseases and prevention, and fee-for-service payments. The coverage of products and services reimbursed by the NHS is based on health technology assessment, which evaluates affordability' and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods, but not for medical devices and procedures. Medical care at home has been developed for patients with chronic disease and movement difficulty, for instance, after surgery, for stroke patients and palliative care patients. Family support, however, continues to play a significant role in caring for patients at home, and support for carers (such as respite periods or financial allowances) are less developed than in some OECD health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In fact, the designation of the university as an APEX university is likely to draw the institution even further away from regional engagement. They provide access for large numbers of the region’s students and graduate students many of whom remain within the region for employment. Through student engagement in the region through internships, volunteer activities, and other ways, the institutions have an impact on the region. Except for basic information on numbers of admissions, enrolment and graduates, no substantive information was available on the branch of UiTM in Penang, the two polytechnics, the four community colleges, and private institutions in Penang and on higher education institutions in the three other states (Perlis, Kedah and Perak) in the larger Northern Corridor Economic Region. The findings and observations are therefore based on a limited perspective on higher education institution in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations has prioritized full and productive employment and decent work for all in its deliberations. In general, the generation of decent jobs should not be treated as an addendum to macroeconomic stabilization programmes or microeconomic liberalization reforms. Employment policies should be central to a broad, coherent and consistently countercyclical macroeconomic strategy for sustainable development, including a universal approach to social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To build on this critical mass, the physical infrastructure must be matched with teaching capabilities that are relevant to the genuine market opportunities of the city’s industries and enterprises. In particular, State training programmes can fund only competencies recognised in the National Skills Framework. The recent “Emerging Technologies Project Report” included many comments along the lines of “Industry continues to be critical of the lack of flexibility in the training system, which was identified as an impediment to emerging technology skills development76”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These pilot projects have in turn sparked other similar biodiversity stewardship projects in other comparable farming communities. These lessons would apply to all sectors, but are particularly acute within the agriculture sector in South Africa. Perhaps most significant is the realisation that the agriculture sector is broad and complex, and that interventions should be strategically planned to align with existing initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this paper, I illuminate the underlying demonology of religious terrorism. I argue that counter-terrorist practices mirror the demonology that they are designed to resist. This argument focuses on our system of detention and torture. I suggest that the terrorism–counter-terrorism discourse relies on sacrificial bodies: the bombed body, and the tortured body. To find a creative response to terrorism, and to restore human rights, we need an alternate narrative for global violence. I suggest that this alternate narrative exists. I trace it through citizen resistance and a case study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ‘rule of law’ is a concept at the very heart of the United Nations (UN) mission declared its Secretary-General, Kofi Annan. What does the concept mean internationally? The paper considers its role in international adjudication, in the UN more generally, in terms of the acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the difference between thick and thin definitions of the concept, equality before the law, the requirement of clarity and certainty by reference to interpretation of treaties and maritime delimitation, compliance by Governments with international law, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and concludes with the importance of personal qualities and professional qualities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An institutional analysis is presented of the policy, political, and legislative events associated with the failure of an attempt in 2006 by the state of Maryland to take control of 11 schools in Baltimore City and turn them over to independent managers or into charter schools under No Child Left Behind. The place of the failed takeover-to-turnover is analyzed using a path dependent approach. Analysis suggests although state–local governing cultures may mediate the evolution of state education accountability regimes, they do so in embedded sequences of reactions and counterreactions. Findings have implications for further research on localized, performance-based federalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There may be nothing wrong with the design of the policy, nor the willingness to implement it, but a given initiative still falls short of full realization because there are structural obstacles. Structural variables are slow-moving, that is, it is unrealistic to expect that they will bend to policy initiatives right away. They take time to conform to and facilitate the reforms that policymakers seek.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In terms of socio-cultural factors, in patriarchal contexts women’s empowerment is more likely to lead to increased conflict and IPV at least in the short term. Hence, the relative status of women and men in terms of decision-making and how their power and resources compare to each other is an important contributing factor for increased IPV (Hughes et al 2015). This seems especially common in situations where a man is unable to fulfil his gender-ascribed role as "bread-w inner” and a w'oman is beginning to contribute relatively more to family maintenance, or where a woman takes a job that defies prevailing social convention (Hughes et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An evaluation of the project found that, in 2014 alone, the average household saved $472, with even higher savings recorded for households living from fishing, agriculture and livestock23 This global-level innovation thus has the potential for replication elsewhere in Bangladesh and in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole. For each monsoon season there are biannual forums for forecast generators and users of the forecasts. In advance of each monsoon forum, RIMES and WMO work with the NMHS to develop the seasonal forecast and related products, and to train users, such as line ministries, local governments and their partners. At the forums themselves, the users discuss the corresponding preparedness and mitigation measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But it has to be within the core construct of reproductive health and reproductive rights to be meaningful.” Not only must family planning be part and parcel of a broader effort to improve reproductive health services, but sexual and reproductive health should also be integrated into overall health care systems. Then go on to make sure that you have family planning well integrated there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In total, the economies in the Middle East exported about 92.3 billion m3 of LNG to Asia and the Pacific, approximately equivalent to 39% of the region’s imports. The African countries of Algeria, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria also shipped LNG to the region, totalling 28.3 billion m3 (12%) of the total shipments to Asia-Pacific. However, in aggregate, most LNG imports by Asia come from within the region, including the Russian Federation, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Malaysia (figures 10.5 and 10.6), which together supplied 46% of the region’s total LNG imports in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The series explores the nature, dynamics and characteristics of African social, economic and political transformations from a regional and multidisciplinary perspective. It seeks to stimulate discussion and gather information to better anticipate the changes that will shape future policies. Papers are available in English and/or French, and summaries are available in both languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Among other things, it involves the implementing party’s unilateral judgment that the foreign party is not doing ‘enough’ to price carbon embedded in traded goods. It is not clear how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities might be properly respected in the course of such a judgment.5 In addition, the choice of methodology for assessing the carbon content of a given imported product is not straightforward (Cosbey et al. There is no consensus on the WTO legality of BCA, most analysts conclude that the detailed design of the mechanism would be determinative (Cosbey et al. The Agreement does not involve consensus on the adequacy of each Parties’ efforts in the same way that, for example, the Kyoto Protocol arguably did in its first commitment period, there was no negotiation process that focused on the level of ambition of the various NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)