albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Of these, the following countries were selected for examination: Angola,Austria,the Bahamas,Bulgaria,Chile,Macedonia, Pakistan and Togo {with occasional reference to other country reports). Because there were no country reports from the MENA region in this reporting period, we have also included the report from Jordan, which was from an earlier reporting period (February 2012). This entails a recognition of the interlocking nature of women's disadvantage: how imbalances of power within the home and family radiate outwards into inequalities in the labour force and more generally in access to resources and public life. It is not enough to point to the many situations in which women remain subject to formal legal disabilities, it is also important for UN bodies to highlight substantive disadvantage, whether or not caused by legal inequalities. He adds that lack of recognition of reproductive rights is also part of this cycle since women lose out on work and education by having to marry and have children early (ibid.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Piracy holds a special place within the field of international law because of the universal jurisdiction that applies. This article reconsiders the role of piracy in the development of universal jurisdiction. While usually a connection is established between Cicero’s ‘enemy of all’ and modern conceptions of pirates, it is argued that ‘enemy of the human species’ or ‘enemy of humanity’ is a medieval creation, used by Bartolus, which must be understood in the wake of the Renaissance of the twelfth century and the increased interest for the study of Roman Law. The criminalization of the pirate in the late Middle Ages must be understood not only as a consequence of royal power claiming a monopoly of violence at sea. Both the Italian city-states and the Hanse may have preceded royal power in criminalizing pirates. All the while, political motives in doing so were never absent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The process of de-collectivisation, which began with the 1988 Land Law, is considered a good example of land rights distribution reform (Ravallion and van de Walle, 2008). However, growing land needs for industrial and infrastructure development have led to land grabbing and unfair land sale practices. Subsequent land laws (1993,2003) liberalised the trading of land-use rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The different contributions of the involved parties should be identifiable. For example, experts who delivered reports that supported decisions, criteria used by public servants to evaluate alternative solutions, and so on. This is an element the process of continuous policy review and improvement called for in the OECD GGS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are likely to be additional linkages and policies that will support sustainable macroeconomic development and growth while also promoting gender equality. First, employment (livelihood) improvement should be our central macroeconomic indicator (Nayyar 2012). Second, financing for gender equality in em ployment and other domains can be self-sustaining because of the feedback effects from gender equality to economy-wide well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As it has been outlined above, these renewable energy sources play a critical role for sustainable energy access via mini-grid, micro-grid and off-grid solutions. In developed counties, renewable energy sources help to achieve ambitious targets set out as regards limiting the global temperature increase to 2°C. As they introduce new challenges into managing power grids, ICT is an essential enablerforthe share of renewable energy sources to grow worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In both cases, it is assumed that taxes and transfers do not alter the labour supply (i.e. behavioural effects are not included). This section analyses the possible interrelations between the countries' redistributive capacities in a broad sense, reflected through public social spending, and their existing production structures and achievements in terms of equality. In figure 1.8, labour productivity is plotted along the y-axis as a proxy for the knowledge-intensiveness of the production structure, since productivity is an outgrowth of the technological capacities disseminated across the production fabric. Plotted along the x-axis is public social spending as a percentage of GDP, which is a proxy for the effort made by social institutions to correct inequalities and protect vulnerable sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This has entailed the expenditure of substantial resources on running two separate education systems - mainstream and special education. Special education, both in special schools and in integrated mainstream education, is seen as the responsibility of special education teachers, but is not what all teachers do. Inclusive education requires all teachers to adjust their teaching methods so that they are accessible by all learners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The estimates of per capita consumption provided by FAO using commodity balance sheets data indicate 158kg/person. Household consumer expenditure data for 2011 indicate 144 kg/person (NSSO, 2013). This analysis abstracts from important issues of waste or programme inefficiencies which may mean that people do not receive the full benefits of the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Second, the benefits need to be weighed against the challenges of implementing a new standard, such as engineering costs, slower deployment of new technologies and long lifespans of existing equipment. Standards can be especially difficult to impose on specialized process equipment and are probably not cost effective for Iow-volume equipment (McKinsey & Company 2009). Regulatory policy needs to overcome this disincentive to upgrading equipment (Stern 2006). Conversely, firms could try merely to meet the mandated minimum standards, even as the standards get outdated, thus discouraging innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Financial resources for protected areas increased from 3.4 pesos (0.3 USD) per hectare in 2001 to 12.7 pesos in 2006 (roughly 1 270 pesos or USD 98 per km2). Figure 5.6 shows total federal budget spending on protected areas from 2001 to 2011. An analysis by Figueroa and Sanchez -Cordero (2008) found that 37 protected areas (54%) were effective, 16 (23%) barely effective and 16 (23%) ineffective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The uncertainty in world market prices is transmitted from domestic markets via trade flows, and is determined by shocks to demand and supply, especially in important trading countries, and changing relative prices between domestic and world markets. Macroeconomic uncertainty has a greater effect on world market prices than yield uncertainty. Uncertainty in oilseeds yield has a direct effect on the quantities available for crushing, while macroeconomic uncertainty affects both demand and supply. Vegetable oil demand is closely linked to biodiesel production, which is less strongly affected by macroeconomic uncertainty since consumption is often dictated by mandates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opposition was particularly significant because crop cultivations of this area were not profitable enough to meet new water costs. In the end, approval of the dam construction led farmers to shift their production to high-value agriculture, like fruit trees, or to sell their land to other fanners. This programme allows mainly small and mediumsized owners to complement their investments in irrigation and drainage projects for community works (outside the land ownership) and in individual works (inside the land ownership).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All cigarettes and tobacco products must be sold in plain olive green packets without branding. The packets carry graphic health warnings and the laws took effect as of December 2012 (see Figure 2.6 for examples). Plain packaging aims to remove a key remaining means for industry to promote its products to current and potential consumers (Freeman et al., The legislation withstood serious industry opposition and was upheld in the High Court of Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The tax system can affect individuals’ decisions to move out of the informal sector through a combination of positive incentives (e.g. lowering the tax burden on low-income earners, simplification of tax procedures) and dissuasive measures (e.g. stronger audit capacity and sanctions). In Chile, however, pensions do not help to reduce inequality, as the Gini coefficient before and after pension contributions are very similar (Lustig, 2015). In 2008 Chile undertook reform to improve pension coverage and safety net benefits as part of their efforts to fight poverty in old age more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Elements which are common to these three standards are identified as a “Common Core”. The value of the Common Core is to assist program authors to exchange declarative applications internationally using these standards. To allow the possibility of interaction between different interactive platforms, a common instruction set (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1722-2 [10.14]) and a common application environment for digital interactive television services consisting of basic architecture of the environment, structure of execution engine and the structure of a presentation engine (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1889 [10.15]) are additionally defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nonirrigated crop production is becoming more unstable. The yield of a non-irrigated field could decrease by 10-15 per cent with climate change. Wheat production might be decreased by 15 per cent by' 2030 due to climate change. For example, every year, around US$1 million is allocated from the state budget to facilitate scientific, environmentally sound measures against pest infestations and rodents. A monitoring system for rangeland and soil conditions has been established. It was revised in 2002, and the new Law on Land went into effect in 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the area is sparsely populated, and the impact from tourism is low. Saami people dominated the area prior to the settlement by Norwegians. As the valley of the Pasvik River is located at the border of the Russian Federation, Finland and Norway, its historical background is influenced by different cultures. Furthermore, the farm of famous Norwegian naturalist Hans Tho.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Structural transformation requires an increase in both the quantity and the quality of energy supply, in line with producers’ demand and needs, to avoid it acting as a constraint on the development of new and existing productive activities. The enabling role of energy in structural transformation requires a continuous and reliable supply of energy for productive uses. This means, in particular, high-quality and well-maintained infrastructure for electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, some earmark resources or make them available quickly, others correct market failures or modify the risk profile of a specific sector, and yet others mobilise domestic resources. Financial engineering mechanisms - such as blended finance, syndicated loans, guarantees or mezzanine finance (Chapter 11) - are also regularly referred to as innovative because of their increased use to leverage resources in the development context. This agreement was reinforced at the Leading Group’s expert workshop (“Preparing for 2015: The Role of Innovative Financing in Sustainable Development and Climate Change”) held in Paris in June 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the government can set incentives to induce the private sector to invest more in agricultural R&D, particularly through the enforcement of intellectual property rights such as patents and licences. Data in USD presented in this chapter were converted from current kyats to USD by using the exchange rate of 1MMK = 0.00113572 USD as of June 2013. Data in acres have been converted in hectares (ha) by using the rate of 1 ha = 2.47 acres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It only has to confirm its insufficient manufacturing capacity for pharmaceuticals if it is no LDC. Referring to the 2016 transition period for LDCs, the Government announced that it would no longer enforce patent rights that could have previously been granted on the triple combined fixed-dose anti-retroviral drug TriAvir.462 Between September 2008 and September 2009, Rwanda imported 260,000 packs of TriAvir as manufactured in Canada by Apotex Inc.463 As an LDC, Rwanda did not have to prove its lack of manufacturing capacity. On the quantity of imported medicines, see WTO document IP/N/9/RWA/1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The creation of more of these positions through rural generalist training pathways could help rural communities become more self-sufficient, potentially lessening the need for outreach and improving continuity of care. Given nurse practitioners in Australia are often specialists, options to create and encourage more generalist rural nurse practitioner roles could also be considered. An important way of providing support is through CPD and engagement with peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ryff and Shmotkin, 2002). Brazil and Chile, Inglehart and others (2008) analyse evidence from 12 countries of Latin America and 2 countries in the Caribbean (4 of them with a single observation). Indicator constructed on the basis of information provided by the World Bank. In the slums of Calcutta, the ratio between income and life satisfaction was 0.45 (Diener, Oishi and Lucas, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By providing a range of risk mitigation options, and different financial structure examples -underlining that the best approach is one of adapted project finance - the Protocol simplifies the technicality of efficiency projects and make them more accessible to bankers. By providing more information and broadcasting successful cases, the Protocol could help build the case for EE financing, but at this stage it is still a work in progress and needs to be completed and accepted by private investors. The CIF comprises the Clean Pa8e I 55 Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Edin and Lein (1997) show that, in poor families, child care and medical care arrangements are unstable or of low quality. Additionally, their economic hardship often results in chronic stress. This is more prevalent among low-income populations because they have fewer resources to mitigate these events (McLeod and Kessler, 1990, Shonkoff and Philips, 2000). The connection between economic status and mental health is important because poor mental health is related to harsh, inconsistent, less involved parenting and less caring interactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is vital that governments resuscitate the important debate and large-scale work on external effects in the energy sectors of the 1980s and 1990s. Measured against the scale of the externalities discussed, the required funds for research are negligible. At the same time, such work needs to be managed tightly and focus on key issues with a view to contributing to better policy making in the context of the energy transitions under way. Disseminating and synthesising knowledge on some of the most salient features of the full costs of electricity provision is key to arriving, through the progressive internalisation of social costs, at better policies and more sustainable electricity mixes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The survey, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), focuses on skills - literacy, numeracy and problem solving - similar to those assessed in PISA, but the two studies use different assessment tasks, reflecting the different contexts in which 15-year-old students and older adults live. Respondents are also asked whether their skills and qualifications match their work requirements and whether they have autonomy over key aspects of their work. In Canada, data collection took place from November 2011 to June 2012, and France collected data from September to November 2012. The achieved samples ranged from a minimum of approximately 4 500 to a maximum of nearly 27 300.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This will demand a fundamental shift in the way policies are developed and implemented. Chapter 2 considers relevant targets under each of these SDGs and, where possible, quantifies these contributions using agreed SDG indicators or other suitable metrics. It also identifies data gaps and areas where further work is needed to improve understanding of physical, biological and socio-economic relationships or interlinkages. Chapter 3 summarizes eight country case studies to illustrate ways in which national forest policies and programmes can potentially contribute to the SDGs. This chapter also outlines key findings and suggests a number of policies for what needs to be done to move forward. Nearly 160 million of these are in Africa, around 85 million in Asia and about 8 million in Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If the required compliance level is not achieved, a three-month improvement plan is recommended and a remedial assessment is performed. It can be seen as a more affordable entry-level step for SMEs towards increased competitiveness through process and quality improvement. To date, it has been implemented by software SMEs in Eastern Europe and Colombia. Coders4Africa is one project that seeks to support the development of a community of software programmers in Africa and the diaspora and to facilitate the sharing and transfer of knowledge (box V.7). Training and certifications on Linux and other open source software had already been jointly delivered by the two institutions in Afghanistan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen. The project responds to the growing interest in open source software from the region’s Governments and corporations and proposes establishing more than 130 Linux train-the-trainer centres to develop and strengthen local ICT capacity in human resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To a significant extent, even support for increasing the value of remittances through new means of transfer has resulted from external pressures (mainly from the World Bank) and shifts in the private sector, rather than government policy changes. In some ways this absence of data is not surprising, since migration is regarded as a free choice and not to be constrained in any way. Even documenting flows has sometimes been perceived in that light, since documenting the extent of skilled migration might demand some resolution of excess skill losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter thus explores the progress and status of women in politics and other ways in which women in leadership positions are helping to shape the national dialogue. It reviews women in politics, government, trade unions and the private sector. The chapter concludes by focusing on the role of women in peacebuilding, a critical role in light of the devastating civil wars and conflicts that have long plagued the continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Invest in the redesign of credit instruments, capacity building, financial and advisory services, legal and financial literacy training and other forms of support, especially to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. Without new and innovative solutions and tools that are able to respond to different users' needs, long-standing, all-round capacity gaps and deficits will not go away. Capacity gaps and deficits hinder women from thriving in the regional food economy and beyond. Regional development actors and partners have the technical knowledge to develop suitable instruments and to create more opportunities for women's economic empowerment, however suitable funding and political momentum are key to bring about long-term and large-scale change and to obtain sizeable results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They also come with challenges as to the definitions used and purpose and scope of the analysis, for which there are differences between the development and STI communities. The approach taken in this paper is to assess STI financing based on individual development activities using the CRS as the main data source. As such, the analysis conforms by the available information on the purpose and implementation of development activities and the structure and definitions of the CRS. However, the CRS is neither designed nor tailored to identify development activities according to official STI definitions, such as the definitions of R&D and innovation as described in section 2. The description field in the CRS provide valuable information about the specificities of development activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is dictated by the established norms, which recognise that strategic and pedagogical leadership cannot be exercised over time by one person alone. In practice, however, the level of interaction and shared vision among members of school leadership teams observed by the review team suggest that a hierarchic model prevails over a flatter distributed leadership structure. Also, there is no systematic approach to school leadership development and few opportunities exist to take up training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A person must fulfill a number of criteria to be registered as a fisher. These criteria have been established to achieve the political objective that the ownership of fishing vessels and thus the right to exploit Norwegian fisheries resources shall be exclusively given to active fishermen. The law states that only active fishers can own the majority of the assets of a vessel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Administrative hurdles are a prevailing issue in several ASEAN member states. In Viet Nam, investors are required to negotiate individual power purchasing agreements (PPA) with EVN, which has proved to be time consuming. Furthermore, the overlap of government bodies regulating the renewables industry and the lack of legislative guidance are hampering renewable energy investment in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
System security is the ability to withstand sudden short-term disturbances such as operational transmission failures, unanticipated losses of generating units, changes in load conditions and other contingencies, as well as human errors. System adequacy comprises both the ability of generating the power required by customers (referred to as generating adequacy) and that of transporting the energy to the actual customer load points (transmitting adequacy). The crucial burden on a local electricity generation system is to cope with variation of demand and to meet peak demand (often referred to as “peak load”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other funding in the table, by contrast, supports activities beyond adult learning (e.g. the ANQEP, IEFP and Tourism of Portugal budgets). Secondary VET courses (cursos profissionais) are excluded as they represent a large programme mostly targeting youth. However, they are similar to the apprenticeship courses noted in table.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The licensing of new private primary care providers eligible for public funding is based on compliance with stipulated conditions for accreditation, which focus on the minimum level of clinical competences required in primary care. The same requirements apply to both private and public providers. Since health care provision is decentralised to county councils, the conditions for accreditation vary across the country. As with other health care providers, since 1 June 2013, the Health and Social Care Inspectorate plays an overarching inspection and supervisory role, but ongoing quality monitoring and assurance in primary care is largely undertaken by county councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)