albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Conversely, higher levels of ICT access and use create the conditions for solid business cases, which allow operators to benefit from economies of scale and scope. These efficiency gains can be passed on in terms of lower prices to customers. The combined effects of these two processes can lead to virtuous circles: lower prices drive ICT adoption up and, in turn, higher ICT adoption enables lower prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A good example of this approach is the Republic of Korea’s eGovFrame (chapter III). Such standards are particularly important in situations when modularity is given priority. A further step is to apply open standards and open document formats. As highlighted in chapter IV, there are strong arguments for relying on FOSS when developing public software systems. If e-government architectures are highly modular, it is more likely that FOSS applications can be found or developed for each small component.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This requires a different approach to macroeconomic policy, as the next section will describe. When they are formulated, the impact of social policies on the macroeconomic environment and future trajectory of the economy are not considered. While social policies are recognized as important, they are to be implemented only once broad macroeconomic parameters have been set.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such finance can come from domestic or international sources. Developed countries committed at the 16111 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 of climate finance for developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. This commitment was reiterated in Decision 1/CP.21 (hereafter referred to as the Paris Decision), which indicates that funding will continue at this level until 2025, by which time a new target figure will be set. The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Upgrading infrastructure is central to the agendas of many developing countries and regional economic communities (RECs). According to the 2017 OECD-WTO monitoring survey, the issue features in eight out of ten donor dialogues with partner countries and seven out of ten dialogues with RECs. Three quarters of the donor agencies participating in the 2017 monitoring exercise prioritise infrastructure development and half of them operate specific trade-related infrastructure programmes. These place a particular focus on transport and energy related infrastructure (78% and 72% respectively), and on communication infrastructure (68%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Every year, CONAGUA draws up the Investment Program and Project Planning Document, which establishes the investment objectives, strategies and priorities for the development of the water sector in the medium term, according to the objectives and strategies defined in the six-year National Water Program. However, these documents focus on the use of federal budgetary resources and do not set targets across all sector actors for financing the policy objectives: they are public expenditure plans, rather than financial plans. At the local level, the Mexico City has included a financial plan in its 20-year water management plan (see Box 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The mergers led to a significant reduction of the number of VET schools. By 2008 13 vocational schools operating as regional centres had been granted self-governing status with increased budgetary autonomy. This allowed them to attract “a variety of stakeholders in the management (enterprises, regional and municipal government representatives, etc.)”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We will consider each of these factors in turn. With respect to literacy (see Figure 3.1), Norway and Sweden are close to the Nordic average, with Finnish adults scoring above the average while the mean scores of Estonian and Danish adults are below the Nordic average. Regarding numeracy (Figure 3.2), Denmark, Norway, and Sweden all perform at the level of the Nordic average while Finland scores slightly above it and Estonia below it For both literacy and numeracy, the differences between countries mainly concern the proportion of adults with very high skills (levels 4 and 5). The proportion of people with veiy low skills (level 1 and below), however, is very similar across countries, ranging from 11%-13% in literacy and 13%-15% in numeracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, out-of-pocket payments comprise 17.2% of total health expenditure, lower than the OECD average of 19.8% (OECD Health Statistics 2013). The fee for consulting a primary care physician varied between EUR 11-22 in 2011 and consultations with a nurse are free (Anell et al., The national ceiling for out-of-pocket payments for health care visits within a year is EUR 122 annually. Copayments for prescribed drugs are regulated by government and are uniform throughout the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This in turn will equip citizens with the necessary tools, skills and understanding to fully participate in their societies. To encourage the growth of learning cities and lifelong learning, UNESCO has established the Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) encompassing one thousand cities and communities around the world (Box 1). For example, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can provide high quality education courses to wide audiences for free (although some suffer from high drop-out rates and low completion rates).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
R&D gaps limit the ability of developing countries to assess not only the technological but also the economic, social and environmental opportunities, challenges and risks that may emerge from frontier technologies, and put in place the relevant policy frameworks. Synthetic biology for example is a key frontier technology with significant potential impact on food security, health and the environment. As discussed in chapter I, digitalization and automaton will give rise to profound changes across many sectors, including manufacturing, which has historically driven structural transformation and provided better jobs for workers displaced from lower productivity sectors. A labour force with skills that are complementary to technological advances is essential if technological change is to be compatible with social inclusion. Rapid technological progress requires the labour force to devebp a broader range of skills, focusing on humans’ comparative advantage, to increase empbyability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If export taxes in a big agricultural country are raised, this pushes up world prices and this is bad for small net food importing countries. Reductions in import duties have the same effect. Trade needs to be looked at as an international public good, which means that cooperation and discipline are needed, and requires countries to not think and act selfishly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Highly visible patrol cars (including the use of multiple base colours) and a distinctively visible livery are a successful feature of the New Zealand road policing programme (see Figure 5.4). The battenburg livery style has been tested and found to be more easily recognised by the public and adds to policing visibility Harrison, 2004). The use of a mix of marked and unmarked police vehicles using mobile mode radar has also been effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They have allowed Peru to exploit its comparative advantages in natural resource-based sectors and traditional industries and reap the benefits of increased demand from both developed and emerging economies. They have also begun to have positive, albeit moderate, effects on living standards and poverty reduction. Its economy remains relatively undiversified. Income disparities are high and informal jobs still account for a large share of total employment. Although labour productivity has increased since 2003, it still lags behind other Latin American middle-income countries. Growth in total factor productivity (TFP), which reflects more efficient use of factor inputs, including through innovation, has played only a marginal role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, in Spain 25% of agricultural subsidies (in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy) remain coupled to production, encouraging inefficient use of water (Aldaya et al. The mechanisms and processes developed for ensuring coherence between water and sector policies, and thus financing water resources management, deserve further investigation and analysis. But these reference levels are likely to be determined with respect to individual concessions and do not reflect scarcity of the resource. Water Policy in Spain, CRC Press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This loss depends on the risk of unemployment (i.e. the risk of becoming and staying unemployed) and the degree of mitigation against these losses provided by government transfers -unemployment benefits and social assistance- in the event of unemployment. Conditional on the assumption that all transitions take place between employment and unemployment, data on unemployment duration are used to measure the monthly probability of becoming unemployed as well as the average expected duration of completed unemployment spells in months (which is the inverse of the probability of finding a job once unemployed)22. The product of the two elements provides a measure of the overall unemployment risk, i.e. the proportion of time that a worker23 can expect to spend on average in unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Green jobs and renewable energy: Low carbon, high employment, www.ilo.org/ green-jobs-programme. Counting the Cost of Energy Subsidies. Poor Numbers: How we are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do About It, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Developing industrial clusters and supply chains to support diversification and sustainable development of exports in Africa: composite report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
SUMMARY A range of international human rights documents recognize the importance of child care for both parents and children, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. While domestic advocates within the United States have long argued for an expansion of government-supported child care, the significance of child care's status as an international human right has not been explored. In other nations, international law has played an important role in spurring governments to expand childcare services. Reframing the child care issue in the United States as a question of international human rights could be an effective way to enlist new allies, posit new paradigms, re-energize the child care debate and shift the domestic focus toward more progressive models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Increasing the production of staple crops is not enough to accelerate reductions in malnutrition due to the insufficient supply of nutrient-rich foods. Conventional staple foods do not supply all the nutrients needed for a balanced diet. Tackling the health problems caused by malnutrition requires a transformation of current agriculture and food systems towards more diversity at all levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the case of paddy, the programme avoided the complexity associated with ascertaining individual loss by using an index system. A committee of county officials establishes the natural disaster conditions and extent of loss based on area wide surveys. Livestock and fishery coverage is based on assessment of individual loss. Payments of subsidies are handled directly by MOF with the insurance company and loss coverage payments are handled directly by insurance company with the insured party (JICA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The NBAP was updated with an addendum in 2014 containing 12 national biodiversity targets along with relevant indicators and monitoring frameworks based on stakeholder consultations and a review of the programmes and activities being undertaken by ministries/ departments of the Government of India and State Biodiversity Boards. The review process included inter-ministerial meetings and public stakeholder consultations. The national-level consultations involved 41 government and non-government agencies, including meetings with the Ministry of Finance and the National Planning Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The transition to sustainable, resilient, climate-smart food and agricultural systems requires adaptation to climate change and a commitment to climate change mitigation throughout the agriculture sectors. The transition will depend on action by policy-makers, civil society, farmers, herders, foresters and fisherfolk, as well as stakeholders along the food and agriculture value chains worldwide. It is vital to ensure that the climate finance available to the agriculture sectors is commensurate with the role the sector must play in ensuring food security and responding to the challenge of climate change today and in the future. These are the OECD's Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the Climate Fund Update (CFU) of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The creation of “one-stop” help centres may prove effective. Expanding public procurement processes to support green businesses and lead by example is another way in which business development in the green economy could take place. The example of Toronto public schools is interesting in this context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The same holds for countries where poverty increased during the period, with falling incomes being the main factor in the loss of well-being. Income growth accounted for two thirds or more of the decline in poverty in Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Panama, Peru and Colombia. In another five countries (Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador and Uruguay), the share was between 55% and 65% of the total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Climate risks can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains and trade (Dellink et al., As an example, the 2011/2012 US drought contributed to an increase in the price of soya, causing up to an estimated 25% of UK pig farmers leaving the industry by the end of 2012 (Benton, 2012 in CCC, 2017). Mindful of the transnational nature of flood risks across the Lower Mekong Basin, the Mekong River Commission promotes co-ordinated management between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam. The Commission is looking to harmonise climate change adaptation planning and implementation through the development of a climate strategy, which would be integrated to the Commission’s monitoring and evaluation framework (Mekong River Commission, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such principles have recently adopted in 2015 by UN-Habitat Governing Council. However, there is not sufficient detail on how these towns will be developed to provide functional complementarity and accessibility to infrastructure, services, jobs and other advantages that can be found in Minsk. Also, the social, economic and environmental sustainability effects of this policy have not been well articulated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACTOrthodox integration scholarship failed to identify the factors leading to the euro area (EA) economic and financial crisis because of weaknesses that Horkheimer identified in ‘traditional’ theory: disciplinary splits and a tendency to idealize from particular instrumental perspectives. By contrast, critical political economy offered a plausible and coherent elucidation of the emergent properties and limits of finance-led capitalism and their concrete manifestation in the EA. This contribution both reviews state-of-the-art critical political economy research on the EA crisis and makes a distinct contribution to it. In addressing the puzzle of why not only the Economic and Monetary Union persists despite morbid symptoms but why crisis management is extending and deepening a discredited finance-led capitalism, the contribution synthesizes theories of transnational class formation and inter-state relations, and proposes that Europe is caught in an ordoliberal iron cage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It should also consider the diversity of customary law that varies across different ethnic groups and geographic areas. The FAO Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security in May 2012, provide a valuable framework for responsible tenure governance. A national independent land transfer oversight panel could be established to approve transfers of land areas above a certain limit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The indicator, thus, provides information on the impact of policies which reduce the occurrence of such influencing factors, in particular air pollution. It can be based on a variety of information, including data on forest health, the extent to which forests fulfill targets related to their environmental, economic and social functions and on forest management practices. Sustainable forest management for a variety of uses is essential to achieving sustainable development. It is a critical means to eradicate poverty, to significantly halt deforestation and to halt degradation of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a sharp rural/urban divide in the utilities dimension: 87 per cent of children in rural areas are deprived in utilities, a combination of poor access to water and heating. However, there are no differences in leisure deprivation rates by area of residence. At the same time, there are no significant gender differences either in deprivation distribution or particular dimensions. These children are the most vulnerable, and should be prioritized by social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While the numbers are higher in South Asia, the depth of poverty is greater in sub-Saharan Africa. Addressing chronic poverty is part of tackling poverty as a whole, but it must be approached differently. Studies of poverty dynamics provide information about how and why people become poor, remain poor, or escape poverty (Baulch, 2012). People may escape poverty or fall into poverty either temporarily or permanently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The academic and policy debates over the right to be forgotten primarily focus on a zero-sum game pitting privacy versus freedom of expression. However, a more nuanced approach could satisfy the various important interests at stake. This article contends that Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights allows individuals to define their own online identities while also accounting for the public interest in freedom of information and expression. Given Chile's historical and contemporary role in crafting and promoting economic, social and cultural rights, the article examines that country's experience with, and approach to, remembering and forgetting. The legal and cultural experience of Chile provides support for an international human rights-based alternative to the right to be forgotten based on Article 15 of ICESCR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unless stated otherwise, the analysis considers respondents who described themselves as working part-time, regardless of the number of hours they reported working. While the volume of hours associated with “part-time” varies greatly across countries and sectors within countries, the self-declared part-time status is taken to mean working fewer hours than the “typical” worker with a standard contract. In Mexico, Canada, Ireland and Germany they work the least hours at less than 20 per week. In Switzerland and Austria, too, the working week is short (less than 23 hours).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Depending on the insurance scheme, benefits could vary between 20% and 45% of end-of-career earnings (Matsaganis, 2013b). In addition to being inequitable, the pension system before the crisis was unsustainable, with pension expenditure projected to rise to a staggering 24% of GDP in 2050 without reform (OECD 2011b). For a breakdown of this item, see Table 2.4. Source: OECD, Social Expenditure database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Clio-Infra human capital hub aims to create a database on education split by gender on a global basis extending back to the early 19th century. However, this project is not yet complete, and we therefore could not include this data in the current study. More information on the data can be found at Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thousands have died attempting to cross the Mediterranean. The closure of transit routes in Europe and the resort to smugglers has exposed many migrants to risks of exploitation or human trafficking (IOM, 2017). Especially in the initial rush to provide food and shelter, responders may overlook the particular ways a crisis can increase the vulnerability of women and girls and threaten their lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, Jordan’s INDC states that their mitigation and adaptation measures should be linked and also aligned with specific Sustainable Development Goals. This approach could help countries streamline their effort for monitoring and reporting given that a number of indicators to monitor progress towards SDGs and their targets might overlap with those needed for adaptation. Some countries use different timescales for different sectors (e.g. Guinea-Bissau’s and Lao People’s Republic), while about 40 countries’ adaptation components of INDCs have no mention of timeframes. Some INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions (e.g. Zambia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Jointly develop GEF proposals with multiple conventions benefit based on 2. Guidance for step 3 will be provided in the following. The webpage “What is GEF?” All GEF member countries have Political Focal Points, while only recipient member countries eligible for GEF project assistance have Operational Focal Points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Otherwise, the Australian system is quite exceptional as it reimburses providers for outcomes, not inputs. This feature has been acknowledged in many OECD reports which, however, also conclude that the fee structure could be tilted towards longer-term outcomes to ensure job retention. With the total potential provider fees being available after 26 weeks of employment, longer-term employment outcomes are not sufficiently rewarded in jobactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)