albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The pro-poor growth among children was not enough to successfully lower income inequality among children due to re-ranking. The decile boundaries have been based upon cross sectional EU-SILC datasets. It plots the probability of moving into poverty for children under 18 who started out as non-poor as well as the probability of remaining in poverty for those who started out as poor. The poverty entry probability ranges from under 2 per cent in Denmark and Norway to just over 10 per cent in Estonia, Iceland, Italy and the UK.Thus, one in 10 children fell into poverty in these countries each year between 2010 and 2013.The probability of remaining in poverty ranges from 31 per cent in Norway to 83 per cent in Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Another modality is that adopted in Cambodia, where a consolidated licence provided by the national regulator allows mini-grid operators to play a small distribution role in the event of central grid extension by the public utility. Households with SHSs may have little incentive to purchase electricity from a mini-grid, particularly where this also entails a connection charge, and this could potentially reduce prospective demand below the minimum efficient scale for investment to be viable. Planning and coordination are needed between mini-grid development and grid extension, to ensure appropriate prioritization of investments, to avoid deterring potential investors, and to allow mini-grids to be interconnected and/or integrated into an overall grid as appropriate at a later stage. In light of the pace of innovation in the energy market, this calls for a flexible approach that avoids locking in particular technological solutions that may be inappropriate to the country's needs in later years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A family working-time model that operated on the assumptions above could sizeably increase the length of working hours for a number of German employees (see Annex Figure 3.A2.1). Potential male claimants w'ould number around 815 000 employees - of whom just under 800 000 are in dual-eamer couples and about 15 000 are single fathers. As for possibly eligible claimants among female employees, there are 910 000, of whom about 800 000 are in dual-eamer couples and about 105 000 are single mothers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although an essential aspect of child protection, this dimension is not available in the datasets of some of the countries included in the study. To ensure comparability, the main findings of the cross-country MODA in this paper are based on five dimensions, thus excluding the violence dimension. For the dimensions with two indicators, a child is considered deprived if he or she is deprived in at least one of the two indicators (i.e., the union approach).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Still, LGBTI persons in contexts of conflict are often neglected and violations against them underreported. Efforts should be made to actively seek information on the situation of LGBTI persons, including through organizations that protect their rights, while ensuring confidentiality and the safety of the persons concerned. The team might need to consider different approaches in order to ensure that women's and men's voices are equally represented. The team might choose to map out possible challenges and develop appropriate strategies in order to gather information, as indicated in the examples below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Hai Phong, for example, annual waste generated in 2025 is expected to be quadruple the levels produced by the city in 2015 (OECD, 2016b). It includes specific targets for the collection and treatment of solid waste in urban and rural areas for industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, tow'ards 2015, 2020, and 2025. For example, by 2020, 90% of municipal solid waste is to be collected and treated in all cities and 85% of the collected waste is to be recycled, reused or used for energy recovery and organic fertiliser production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The author would like to thank Gerard Bonnis, Nils-Axel Braathen, Jane Ellis, Brendan Gillespie, Ivan Hascic, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Tomoo Machiba, Krzysztof Michalak, Stephen Perkins, Bent Arne Saether, Tappei Tsutsumi, and Frederique Zegel for valuable comments on and inputs to earlier drafts. Special thanks go to Carla Bcrtuzzi and Sarah Sentier for statistical assistance, and to Beatrix De Koster and Shayne MacLachlan for editorial support. This paper also benefitted from discussions with officials of the Japanese government and with delegates to the OECD Working Party on Environmental Performance. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD and its member countries. Such a model should restore public finances and long-term growth while preserving environmental quality and ensuring a sustainable use of natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The first section provides definitions of the different types of stock, according to their primary purpose, focusing especially on buffer stocks and social safety net stocks. The next section identifies which variables will be used to examine the performance of these two types of stocks and addresses some of the general issues that are known to influence their performance. Then, the effectiveness of buffer stocks and social safety net stocks is reviewed using recent country case experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Natural gas, compressed natural gas, electricity and heat production are not subject to excise tax. The Moldova Tax Code (Law No. Moldova has made significant progress in protecting the environment, but it remains vulnerable to changes in climate. In 2013, its energy intensity was 139 koe/USD 1 000 (purchasing power parity, or PPP, adjusted) (Energy Community, 2015), which is higher than the average energy intensity of the EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Challenges may lie in firms' internal capacity to meet standards or in the availability and performance of quality infrastructure near the firm. The focus on women-owned businesses recognizes women's role in overall development, as well as the need for targeted support. International certification is much less prevalent, however, with the share of certified firms ranging from 38% in Indonesia to 47% in Kenya. Firms must wade through and choose from dozens of quality standards if they want to become certified. Identifying which standard brings the most value is difficult. Therefore, firms need assistance from their business ecosystem, specifically quality infrastructure and institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These companies have built up considerable technological and engineering capabilities, which they could apply, at least in part, to the wind energy sector. Particularly for these companies, engaging the services of established design firms has been a logical step in their corporate strategy. At the same time, however, they have started embracing a new strategy, in line with a new trend in thee global wind industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Labour productivity varied significantly across sectors but was relatively lower in agriculture compared to industry and services. Labour productivity gains were associated with wage increases in all sectors. Wage increases were particularly significant for agriculture, which may be due to the liberalisation of the agricultural markets, which allowed a strong growth in commercial agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The code requires landholders to set aside a share of their land for forest and soil conservation and restoration, including along water bodies and sensitive areas (Section 4). Overall, these areas cover more than 40% of the national territory, or more than twice the surface within official protected areas. This makes Brazil’s protected area system one of the world’s largest. The share of total area and the degree of protection vary across regions and ecosystems, however. Work is ongoing to extend the marine areas under protection from the current 1.5% of territorial waters and exclusive economic zone to 5% by 2020 (Section 5). It has introduced modern instruments of integrated water resource management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Monitoring of the Red Sea over seven years shows a continuous stressful condition of the coral reef, and continuous pollution and eutrophication, although with some slight improvements in recent years (Shaked and Genin, 2009). The Red Sea reef corals continuously show bleaching due to the loss of symbiotic algae that are sensitive to high temperatures, leading to coral death. Both the coverage and abundance of corals are much lower than 20 years ago, with a low replenishment rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
markdownabstract__Abstract__    ‘Good governance’ may be viewed as governance which effectively promotes human rights, human security and human development. The paper discusses human security analysis, which in certain ways offers an integration of these ‘human’ perspectives and also a ‘social’ orientation, combining a person-focus with systematic investigation of the environing systems of all sorts: physical, cultural, organizational. The importance of such analysis is illustrated through the example of climate change impacts and adaptation. The paper presents applications of a human security framework in governance, for policy analysis, planning and evaluation issues in climate change and other fields and from around the world. The concluding section suggests that human security analysis may provide a way to apply insights from social quality analysis to detailed case investigation and policy analysis, while reducing macro-sociological abstraction and neglect of the natural environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For Japan, Korea and Chile, infrastructure carries the largest weight, consisting mainly of expenditures for irrigation systems. In Canada and New Zealand, knowledge and innovation systems and inspection services share the main part (around 40% each) of support to general services. Most of general services spending in Iceland was allocated to inspection services (42%) and stockholding (43%) in 2011-13.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Chapter 10 on Sustainable Public Procurement provides examples of reductions in C02 emissions in Europe and Asia and shows how a planned programme of increasing sustainability in public buying can lead to job creation, innovation and improved efficiency. “ Poverty Alleviation Through Sustainable Tourism Development", a UNESCAP Publication (2003) lays out how sustainable practices in the tourism sector can and do lead to a reduction in poverty. Virtually every sector, in every country will have success stories to tell of how SCP has helped in reducing poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In every country considered, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household. The share is lowest in Switzerland, where it reaches 21% - nonetheless, this is still considerably higher than for the total child population (4.9%). It is substantially high in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Slovakia where the rates are respectively 88%, 73.6% and 76.5% for children in the poorest decile and 39.9%, 29.2% and 25.8% for the total child population. In these countries, the gap reaches 48.2, 44.4 percentage points (ppt) and is as high as 50.9 ppt in Slovakia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consistent clinical pathways will be established to achieve better co-ordinated health services. Local authorities are thereby required to assign one person as a care co-ordinator for every patient who needs long-term care from more than one branch of the health services. Electronic information systems are strengthened to share relevant patient information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Local governments and health services can use this information to work towards reducing health inequalities by focusing on causes as well as results. Mapping urban indicators of child health and well-being reveals that a keen focus on disparities should not be limited to developing countries, as children's rights and development prospects are uneven in some of the world's most prosperous cities. Space, tenure and cost considerations limit the construction of individual latrines in slums. Public facilities are frequently overcrowded, poorly maintained and contaminated. Special provision for children is rare, so those waiting to use communal toilets are often pushed aside at peak times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the IFA enables the Secretary to provide assistance to persons engaged in commercial fisheries, for measures to alleviate harm incurred as a direct result of a fishery resource disaster. For example, the Fishermen’s Fund programme in Alaska provides for the treatment and care of Alaskan licensed commercial fishermen who have been injured while fishing onshore or offshore in Alaska. Benefits from the Fund are financed from revenue received from each resident and non-resident commercial fisherman’s license and permit fee. Measures to address capacity fall in three broad categories: i) limited entry and other permit programmes, ii) exclusive quota programmes, including limited access privilege programmes (LAPPs, a new term included in the reauthorised Magnuson-Stevens Act), individual fishing quotas (IFQs), community development quotas (CDQs), and co-operatives, and iii) buybacks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Increases in house prices slowed down around the period of the financial crisis, but then price inflation went back to its pre-crisis level. Overall, house prices in household income increased sharply, and after falling around 2008, the house price to rent ratio returned to rising sharply. Recently, house prices declined in energy-producing regions, continued to rise strongly in Vancouver and Toronto, and have risen modestly elsewhere. In this context, the purchase of real estate often becomes unaffordable for low-income families who, as it will be seen in the next section, are increasingly likely to rent their homes. The standardised price-rent and price-income ratios show the current price-rent and price-income ratios relative to their respective long-term averages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These correlations are consistent across the different specifications (results reported in Puymoyen and Xenogiani, 2011) and hold when the variable of interest is CSG receipt and the total number of CSGs received by a mother on behalf of her children. When a distinction is made between men and women, CSG receipt or potential receipt (proxied by age eligibility of children in the household) is negatively associated with participation and employment for men and women in the household, and positively associated with the probability of unemployment. According to the results in Puymoyen and Xenogiani (2011), CSG receipt or potential receipt (proxied by age eligibility of children in the household) is negatively associated with participation and employment for men and women in the household, and positively associated with the probability of unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cross compliance conditions were simplified and harmonised between the two pillars of the CAP. Changes to market intervention policies were also made and intervention levels were reduced or set to zero. This continues to emphasise direct payments, counter-cyclical payments and marketing assistance loan programmes for the 2008-12 crop years, with adjustments to target prices and loan rates for certain commodities. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The offset requirement may adjust the size or scope of a biodiversity offset relative to the measured biodiversity at a clearing site, to account for the risk that an offset will not be delivered, time lags and other differences in composition between the clearing and offset sites. Biodiversity indicators are used in offsets programmes to provide a representative picture of the environmental conditions at a site (Regan et al., The complexity of biodiversity means that there is “no universal measure or indicator of biodiversity or ecosystem state” (Failing and Gregory, 2003) so jurisdictions must make choices about the types of biodiversity that they will prioritise for measurement and inclusion in an indicator (ICCM and IUCN, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2013, studies by the PEI Department of Environment, Labour and Justice showed that the annual recharge rate for groundwater amounted to 2 km3 per year and that only 0.14 km3 (7% of recharge) were abstracted. This was accompanied by a change in the calculation of impact on water resource, from a ratio relative to recharge, to a maximum rate of 35% of baseflow (minimum stream coming out of aquifers). The Potato Board was supported by the PEI Federation of Agriculture under the objective that it would be needed to ensure that the potato processing industry remain “economically viable” in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In considering its high openness to trade, the region's relative resilience to weak external demand may come as a surprise. One explanation is the increased size of domestic and regional demand. The region's developing economies now account for a third of the world's output, only slightly less than the combined share of the developed economies in North America and Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, not all constructions (e.g. individual housing units) have projects and EIA to be submitted for state examination. Criteria for obtaining financial support by private contractors need to include an assessment of the location of new development and its environmental impact. Attracting investment for urban development is difficult if the city cannot supply a reliable transport system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The invocation of individual and inclusive rights is more likely to have a desecuritizing impact, while the claim of exclusive rights for one group may result in further violation of human rights. The individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive dimensions of rights formulation are very important to gender, in peacetime3 as well as in war. This definition points to an interdependency of the individual/collective levels, as the claims of human rights of “women” hinge upon individual rights as well as on a collective identity. In the context of war, collective women’s rights claims, especially when invoked exclusively, can have securitizing impacts by reifying gender identities and playing into ethno-political strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The difference compared to national estimates from Canada, France, and the United Kingdom is probably attributable to lower levels of direct service intervention (i.e. mental health service provision) in other countries, which are likely to further inflate indirect costs of mental ill health. Cross-sectoral co-operation in service delivery is a key aspect to effectively and efficiently supporting individuals with complex needs (OECD, 2012b, OECD, 2014) - though challenges exist. This section discusses recent developments in mental health care towards an integrated community care approach in the general population, and highlights the need for a multisectoral approach in addressing these individuals’ complex needs. Mental health is currently a policy priority in several OECD countries: as shown in Table 3.1, 27 OECD countries have ongoing, national-level strategies or policies for mental health in the general population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Objectives  This exploratory study examines if causal mechanisms highlighted by criminology theories work in the same way to explain both ideologically motivated violence (i.e., terrorism) and regular (non-political) homicides. We study if macro-level hypotheses drawn from deprivation, backlash, and social disorganization frameworks are associated with the likelihood that a far-right extremist who committed an ideologically motivated homicide inside the contiguous US resides in a particular county. To aid in the assessment of whether criminology theories speak to both terrorism and regular violence we also apply these hypotheses to far-right homicide and regular homicide incident location and compare the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We derive a profit maximizing legislator's decisions to criminalize and punish offenses, and compare them to the optimal scope of criminalization and punishment. A profit maximizing legislator overcriminalizes and overpunishes all criminalized acts when the degree to which it internalizes harms from crimes increases proportionally with the harm from crime until it fully internalizes the harms from the most severe crimes. An analysis of Eighth Amendment review, in the form of an upper bound on the fine that the legislator may impose, reveals that in addition to reducing the fines imposed by the legislator down to optimal levels, there are gains to imposing strict upper bounds for low harm crimes to remove the legislator's incentives to criminalize these acts in the first place. These results provide a rationale for asymmetric judicial review wherein upper bounds are imposed on punishment, but not lower bounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As to private hospitals, publicly funded patients accessing care in private hospitals must make significant out-of-pocket contributions to meet the costs not covered by public insurance. Turkey has an opportunity to use the rich data infrastructure and coding processes already in place to shift to case-mix adjustment relatively rapidly, thereby appropriately remunerating complexity of care. This should be accompanied by monitoring of quality of care for example to ensure that any expansion in numbers treated is clinically appropriate and to reduce unwarranted variation in medical practice across providers or geographical regions. This would have the further advantage of helping the Ministry of Health move fully and expeditiously in the aspired direction of focusing on quality governance of the health system and relinquishing responsibility over operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article addresses two questions about the EU’s and EU member states’ diplomacy in the UN General Assembly’s Third Committee and the Human Rights Council: Have EU member states been more, or less, active outside the framework of EU coordination since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty? Has EU activity increased? The findings are that EU member states have been increasingly active at the Human Rights Council and have increasingly worked with other states outside of the EU, while the level of EU activity has remained largely the same. In the Third Committee, member states speak more than the EU but neither the EU or member states have been sponsoring more resolutions. Europeanisation is ‘arrested’ in these cases, as member states are reluctant to push for more EU activity because both the internal intergovernmental decision-making system and external context discourage it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many cases, declining fish stocks are associated with resource conflicts between artisanal and industrial fishing and among fishing communities (MMA, 2015a). Freshwater distribution is uneven, with the Amazon holding about 70% of freshwater resources. Annual per capita water availability varies from 1 460 m3 in the semi-arid North-east region to 634 887 m3 in the Amazon (GWP, 2013). However, water abstraction rose by more than 80% over 2000-12, reflecting population and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)