albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Current technologies are clearly spreading within much shorter periods of time. Their rapid diffusion puts great pressure on societies and individuals to adapt, and also risks leaving behind those that do not have access to the required skills or infrastructure. Many developing countries struggle to employ new technologies with the same degree of intensity and versatility as developed countries.6 In the area of ICT, the digital divide remains stark: estimates show that almost half of all households globally still do not have access to the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By 2014, family migrants were better educated than labour migrants or refugees, in the sense that family migrants exhibited a greater share with a high education level and a smaller share with a low education level. Figure 21.3 shows that the decrease in the share with a low education level was stronger for female family migrants than for male family migrants, and likewise for the increase in the share with a high education level. To some extent, this could mirror a similar trend among the native-born: those family migrants who arrived as children might exhibit trends in their educational attainment in parallel to the native-born.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The coalition adopted the universal mitigation approach of the USA and the EU, with the much more aggressive targets sought by the SIDS and African states most affected by climate change. It focused on establishing a COP agreement with legally binding, science based long-term goals and a system by which to track and review progress on a five-year cycle. By aligning developing and developed world interests, it largely succeeded in its ambitions for Paris. It establishes several new longterm goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Risks are also faced by consumers, generally in the form of unexpected fluctuations in food availability or volatile food prices and, as real threats, are largely limited to developing countries and poor households. Others, such as the occurrence of trans-boundary livestock diseases or the spreading of pests to other countries, could become more important as international trade in agricultural products increases. On the other hand, a well-functioning international trading system is capable of acting as a buffer against regional shocks, and hence of reducing the exposure of farmers and consumers within the affected region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
TWO decisions of the Supreme Court – Benkharbouche v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2017] UKSC 62, [2017] 3 W.L.R. 957, and Reyes v Al-Malki [2017] UKSC 61, [2017] 3 W.L.R. 923 – demonstrate the limitations of state and diplomatic immunity in employment disputes, and raise important questions concerning the interaction between immunity and other rules of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prisons in several states have allowed indigenous inmates to practice sweat lodge and other tribal religious ceremonies as part of their rehabilitation. Traditional medicine uses a holistic model of well-being through the integration of emotional, physical, mental and spiritual aspects of being. Even though specific practices vary between different tribes, all traditional medicine is based on the understanding that humans are part of nature and health is a matter of balance. Therefore, there is respect for the land and all of her offerings. Traditionally, elders understood the importance of respecting and using their environment for foods, medicines, and ceremonies for overall health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract    This paper discusses a number of important problems regarding administration of justice in different legal areas and jurisdictions across the legal hierarchies in different countries throughout the world. It is argued that the Supreme Courts can address these problems through strategic use of its policy instruments. The paper discusses a number of important and pressing problems plaguing the courts all over the world. These problems range from litigation explosion, delay (backlogs) and caseload problems in courts, corruption in the judiciary, problems of judicial review by a Supreme Court, inadequate standards of review, suboptimal legal innovations brought about by the judiciary and inefficiently designed judicial hierarchies. I argue that it is only the Supreme Court, through strategic use of its policy instruments, can bring about solutions to these problems and the desirable results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From the 2006 population-based survey, Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BIAS II), the national average prevalence was estimated at 17.1 per cent, while for those aged 15-49 years, it was estimated that 24 per cent was HIV-positive (CSO/NACA, 2005). A third population-based survey was completed and preliminary results have just been released indicating some slight increase in prevalence to 17.6 per cent (CSO/NACA, 2009). Women account for a majority - about 57 per cent - of people living with HIV/AIDS. Just like Botswana, Lesotho has been experiencing declines in infection levels among young pregnant women, falling from 25 per cent in 2003 to 21 per cent in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In both the BPO and 2DS, biomass plays a bigger role in district heating towards 2030 and beyond. This is due to the relatively cheap domestic biomass available to meet RE targets in the BPO. Biomass competitiveness is subject to uncertainty, if global biomass demand drives up prices. By 2050, heat pumps could supply up to 40% of the annual heat consumption in the 4DS and BPO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, more staff familiar with modern risk analysis techniques are needed, along with a specialised audit unit focusing exclusively on large taxpayers, who typically account for 50%-70% of tax revenues (Toro et al., As a welcome complement to efforts to improve tax administration, the former government prepared a law that enhances taxpayers' rights and promotes a conciliatory approach to settling disputes (OECD, 2016b). However, bottlenecks still weigh on productivity growth and environmental and health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, stakeholders have been engaged in developing voluntary shortage sharing agreements which clarify how water is to be shared during times of drought. These agreements have been largely successful, although mediation has been required in some cases. The reform recognised that the successful execution of Compulsory Licensing, while maintaining the rule of law and the right of access to the Courts, was predicated on effective stakeholder participation. Significant objections to the proposed allocation schedule, or significant appeals to the Court could delay the process, and increase its costs significantly, perhaps to the point that it would become moribund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One reason why researchers have not fitted higher-order Markov models more frequently may be that researchers may not be aware that it is possible to fit such models using readily-available software. Second, higher-order models require long runs of panel data and these data may not always be available. One might argue that first-order DREP models are sufficient to capture the key distinction between heterogeneity and state dependence as determinants of SA receipt histories - note e.g. the relative unimportance of second- and third-order lags cited earlier - but the veracity of this case has not been rigorously scrutinised. An additional complication arises from the fact that approaches for dealing with the initial conditions problem need to be adjusted when higher-order lags are added to the DREP model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It draws on country responses to the OECD STI Outlook questionnaire 2014, a unique source of country-specific information on national innovation policies. While high-quality macroeconomic, competition, regulation, tax and labour market framework conditions matter for innovation, this chapter focuses on STI and entrepreneurship policies. However, fiscal consolidation weighs on the capacity of governments to maintain their financial commitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One could infer many conclusions from the evolution of international criminal law as surveyed earlier. However, the following are highlights and should not be considered representative or reflective of the full picture: The study of the history of international criminal law clearly demonstrates that all components of the international community, including nation-states, always showed interest in establishing strong, concrete institutions and mechanisms for the general purpose of ensuring the prosecution and punishment of criminals who had committed what were deemed to be crimes under international law and the particular purpose of creating a permanent international penal tribunal with universal jurisdiction to address preventing the commission of the aforementioned types of crimes or, in the case of their commission, punishing the perpetrators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, countries need to look for the underlying factors behind the causes of child mortality (Save the Children, 2009). The direct causes may be pneumonia and diarrhoea, and intermediate causes mental health, health services, etc. There are several contributing factors, e.g., better understanding of the needs of children, improved health care seeking behaviour, and better attention to adequate food and nutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some of these health-care schemes - such as that for blue and white collar workers - were vertically integrated in that they also ran hospitals and primary care facilities to which patients were directed or obliged to visit. At the same time, the Ministry of Health operated a network of preventative and primary health-care centres and hospitals, though it often suffered from shortages in critical staff and basic resources, particularly in regional areas. The poor with Green cards were eligible for free primary and emergency hospital care, but did not receive reimbursements for outpatient care and had limited reimbursements for pharmaceuticals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From an economic perspective, knowledge- and employmentintensive manufacturing, such as in the automobile sector, has traditionally been a target for heavy government support in pursuit of the significant spin-off benefits to the economy as a whole. Furthermore, while growth in the renewable energy markets has been significant, the global market for automobiles is an order of magnitude larger. Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted across some specified portion of the life cycle of a product - typically from production to disposal, or from production to the point of final sale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For reasons of sample size, this exercise used a recoding of the income groups originally defined in the World Values Survey. Steps 1 and 2 in each country refer to the low-income group, while steps 5-10 refer to the high-income groups of the population. But the collapse of the old order and the opening of a window on developed-country levels of consumption might have brightened expectations that subsequently went unfulfilled because of the crisis that hit Eastern Europe in the mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The model aims at long-term minimisation of total energy system costs from today to the year 2100 subject to a CO2 constraint. Total energy system costs vary by region and year and are then optimised in order to attain global and long-term energy costs minimisation. Region and year-specific costs are summed up, accounting for the time-value of money by discounting future energy system costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mafia-type criminal groups belonging to, or originated from, the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta from Southern Italy, have been object of recent academic research and media attention in Australia. The Australian ‘ndrangheta, as qualified form of organised crime, poses new challenges for law enforcement in the country. This paper briefly looks at the strategies to fight organised crime in Australia, with specific focus on anti-association laws. By using a comparative approach, the paper will look at the criminalisation of mafias as qualified forms of organised crime in other two jurisdictions, Italy and the USA, to advocate for an effective mafia criminalisation in Australia. In conclusion, this paper will argue that, in order to also fight mafia phenomena, criminal law in Australia should focus on behaviours of organised crime groups rather than only on the criminalisation of proscribed associations and their illegal activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments play a critical role in creating the right conditions for empowering women and enabling their access to opportunities across sectors, from health and education to employment and business development. Yet governments cannot do it alone. Other players such as civil society, women’s movements, the private sector and citizens should actively participate in the decision-making process for generating inclusive policies and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Specifically, it addresses the rights to work and to just and favourable conditions of work (articles 6 and 7), the realization of which is extensively explored in Chapter 2 of this Report. The Covenant also includes the right to social security and an adequate standard of living (articles 9 and 11), which are tackled in Chapter 3. In several of its articles the Covenant makes specific references to women's rights, including to equal pay (article 7) and paid maternity leave (article 10). The obligation to protect requires them to take measures that prevent third parties, including individuals and the private sector, from interfering with the enjoyment of rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Entrepreneurship activities at early stages in colleges. Discrepancies in public investment in infrastructure and support. One of the most innovative examples to approach local development is the European Union LEADER programme which provides tools for bottom-up capacity building and assessment (see Box 4.6.). Since 1991, the LEADER initiative has had three different editions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The base protocol needs to be designed with careful consideration, given the risks and challenges. Early alignment between stakeholders and standardisation are important prerequisites for blockchain applications, yet this is challenging due to the time and effort needed in order to agree with participants on processes, data, incentives and liabilities. Many regulatory topics in this respect are still in discussion. The need for standardisation and the current regulatory environment are further discussed in 5.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Following the termination of his or her parents’ marriage, a child over the age of 15 has the right to choose either the father or mother as custodian”. A child without parents may choose one of the relatives cited in Article 171, provided that his or her interests are not jeopardised and that the legal tutor consents. In the absence of an agreement, the case shall be presented to the judge to settle the matter in the best interest of the minor. As Article 186 states: “The court takes into account the interest of the child in applying sections of this article.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Demand-side EE measures may be particularly cost-effective. However, there are many, well-documented obstacles to EE improvements, which may be greater in developing countries. They include lack of awareness, limited access to capital, and difficulty in reaching small and disperse end users. Realizing untapped EE opportunities requires appropriate strategies and policies to remove obstacles to EE investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Biodiversity also provides the poor with a form of cost-effective and readily accessible insurance against risk, particularly food security risks, health risks and environmental hazards (Vira and Kontoleon, 2013, Roe and Mapendembe, 2013). Conversely, the loss of biodiversity also imposes huge costs on the economies of developing countries - damages due to crime related to natural resources and the environment in developing countries are estimated to be more than 70 billion United States dollars (USD) a year (World Bank, 2014). Agriculture supports more than half of the world’s population, including 1.5 billion people living on small-scale farming in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The “double subsidy” issue arises in this context also, as the federally supported price of ethanol in the United States generates higher market prices for com, thus attracting greater production. Inadequate prices for water and other inputs can increase the public costs of maintaining the ethanol program. A corollary objective is to describe the range of irrigation water prices and other farm-level costs of obtaining irrigation water in the United States. Prices and costs vary substantially throughout the country, ranging from very low in some areas at some times of the year, to quite high in other locations, particularly during periods of peak demand. Prices and costs are increasing over time in most areas, with notable implications for water use efficiency, water allocation, economic efficiency, and farm-level costs and returns. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTThere is a tension between a key principle underpinning liberal democratic governments and the associated political practice. Responsible government demands that the Executive is responsible to the Legislature. Governments, however, are generally inclined to evade or limit their accountability to Parliament wherever possible. In addition, ministerial advisers have thus far been excluded from the accountability framework of responsible government. This has led to an accountability deficit in terms of ministerial advisers appearing before parliamentary committees. Indeed, Ministers in the Australian Commonwealth and State of Victoria have claimed that there is a constitutional convention that ministerial advisers do not appear before parliamentary committees. This article challenges this claim and argues that there are no strong grounds based on precedent, reason, and the beliefs of political participants to conclude that there is a constitutional convention preventing ministerial advisers from appe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Third, women might forego higher-paying employment in favour of family-friendly jobs that allow them to work fewer hours and spend more time at home. On the other hand, discrimination explanations are based on the notion that even though mothers may be equally productive, employers may (for strategic reasons) pay them less than non-mothers and men of similar productivity in the labour market. Using longitudinal surveys from the United States, Waldfogel (1997) concludes that an unexplained motherhood wage penalty persists after controlling for human capital, unobserved heterogeneity and part-time employment, with a 4% penalty for one child and a 12% penalty for two or more children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2015, almost one in three students in Sweden according to the PISA study had an immigrant background, a share that was considerably larger than observed across the OECD area on average (of one in four students). However, this number most likely underestimates the prevalence of newly arrived immigrants in Swedish schools because the latest PISA study was conducted in 2015 and students must be settled in their host country well before the administration takes place to guarantee minimal language skills and be part of the sampling frame. National data reveal that between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 school years, the number of newly arrived students (including those with an unknown background) in compulsory school has increased from approximately 33 000 to 81 000 (Skolverket, 2018(4]). Newly arrived refers to students bom abroad with two foreign-born parents and who have arrived in Sweden in the last four years (and who have permanent permission to stay in the country). They currently constitute 8% of all students in compulsory school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first key element to build vertical integration is to rely on a strong information system to ensure information sharing between providers and across levels of care. Interoperability of information systems is essential to connect health care professionals and services to co-ordinate patient care (see Lesson 10). Norway’s information system was not established to support information sharing between primary care, municipalities and hospitals. In particular, information on the quality of primary care at local level was nearly total absent at the outset of the Co-ordination Reform. In light of this, payment systems should reward multidisciplinary care and chronic disease management, which as mentioned previously are core components of integrated care. In Norway, appropriate incentives were implemented until 2015 as a means of encouraging health services to embrace integration and to promote high-quality and patient-centred care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At present, individual Parties report on their contributions (i.e. climate finance provided) to MDBs, but not on private finance mobilised by the finance they channel through MDBs. Further, as MDBs are not Parties to the UNFCCC, they do not have reporting obligations under the UNFCCC (although they are accredited entities of the GEF and GCF, which are to report annually to the COP). It is therefore unclear how any quantified, collective estimates of climate finance reported by MDBs would feed in to the UNFCCC process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article explores the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the employee’s privacy protection. The cases where the States in response to European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgments adopted changes into their national labour law are considered as direct impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), while the mechanisms elaborated by the ECtHR for the adjudication of cases involving employee’s privacy as well as the set of positive obligations deduced from Article 8 are examined as the sources of indirect impact. We argue that the Court’s approach to the matters of employee’s testing and surveillance are applicable for the estimation of new challenges to privacy such as keylogging, screenshotting, geolocation and polygraph testing. This research permits us to affirm that Article 8 of the ECHR has great potential in the field of employment law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, there are no unanimously used definitions in the literature to classify the different types of public stocks. Furthermore, some call stocks that aim to stabilise prices buffer stocks, while others refer to them as strategic reserves, stabilisation stocks, regulation or regulatory stocks, or intervention stocks5. In addition, some buffer stock schemes seek to influence the fundamental level of prices while others do not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is not realistic to expect that one single policy tool can effectively edit out an undesirable product from the market and at the same time stimulate innovation towards more sustainable options. In addition, certain policy tools may be effective in stimulating technical improvement of existing products, while other tools may be needed to encourage more radical innovations at the systems level. For example, technical standards can be important tools for improving the performance of an established kind of product or production process, but they typically don't provide any incentives for systems innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)