albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other international initiatives are the Ministerial Conferences for the Protection of Forests in Europe (Strasbourg, 1990, Helsinki, 1993, Lisbon, 1998, Vienna, 2003, Warsaw, 2007), which led to the Pan-European Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management, the Montreal Process on Sustainable Development of Temperate and Boreal Forests, and the UN Forum on Forests. They should be related to information on forest quality (e.g. species diversity, including tree and non-tree species, forest degradation, forest fragmentation), on output of and trade in forest products, and be complemented with data on forest management practices and protection measures. They present national averages that may conceal important variations among forests. Interpretability is however limited due to differences in the variables monitored. Historical data often lack comparability or are not available over longer periods. This is unevenly distributed, the ten most forest-rich countries accounting for two-thirds of total forest area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, the rapid growth of platforms has created new types of certifiers. For example, platforms can certify that small businesses selling through the platforms are legitimate legal entitles, while users can rank products or services, such as through hotel and restaurant ratings on TripAdvisor. Second, new products and services, such as drones, self-driving cars and internet-based financial services, are emerging so rapidly that regulators and traditional quality infrastructure can be caught unprepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most, if not all, analyses of material deprivation using the EU-SILC define the household (or an adult/child) as deprived only if the item is lacking because it cannot be afforded. This is also how the official EU material deprivation indicators are constructed (see Guio 2009). However, focusing on the enforced lack of resources implicitly introduces a financial dimension to the analysis of deprivation, while the MODA approach aims to keep the monetary and non-monetary dimensions separate. Moreover, parents may under-report the extent of deprivation of their children in order to comply with societal norms, and the full extent of the resulting bias is difficult to establish with certainty (Gabos et al 2011). Finally, the CRC protects children's rights irrespective of their parents' or guardians' "race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status" (CRC Article 2). Since children tend to not have resources of their own, they should not be excluded from the consumption of goods and services important to their well-being because of the preferences of their parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. The analysis begins reviewing a tipology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of tipologies, stablishing the levels of corruption and indicating where can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflects the realities of corruption world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Acute Multidimensional Poverty Index: A New Index for Developing Countries. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OHPI) Working Paper No. International Monetary Fund Staff Position Note. The Contradictions in Global Poverty Numbers: Global Poverty, Millennium Development Goals, Development, Developing Countries, Foreign Aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Countries would benefit from taking the necessary steps to move towards instrument choices that are likely to be more effective in the long term. In order to do that, (i) supporting institutions need to be developed, (ii) the pacing and sequencing of reforms, and parallel development of non-trade policies, need to be managed, and (iii) the political economy forces that lead policymakers to favour short-term trade measures need to be contained. These issues are taken up in the OECD project exploring policy responses to risks of transitory food insecurity (OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The implication is that the generation of additional employment in response to a positive demand shock in agriculture is largely limited to the sector itself, while in other developing countries many jobs are created outside agriculture. This is partly due to the lack of input supply, such as fertilizers and infrastructure services, but is also due to the subsistence nature of agriculture in some of these economies. However, it also means that potential benefits of agricultural productivity growth will be greater than the current production structure suggests, as the backward linkages with other sectors also evolve with agricultural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This will depend on reorienting policies on infrastructure investment to ensure that technically viable and cost-effective, employment-intensive options are used instead of more capital-intensive ones. In other words, there is a need for adopting appropriate technology. Millions of LDC citizens still have very poor or inadequate access to the most basic conditions of decent life, such as nutrition, sanitation, electricity, water, transport and communication, health services and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Spending one hour per week on homework is associated with a 15% reduction in the probability of scoring poorly in mathematics, compared to doing no homework. Devoting two hours per week on homework is associated with a 36% reduction in that likelihood, and three hours per week is associated with a 50% reduction. The probability of scoring poorly continues to decrease as the number of hours spent on homework increases, but only up to a point, after which there are nil returns on the investment (OECD, 2016c). They can include the lack of a suitable, quiet place at home to study, the need to contribute to family and other activities, inadequate parental guidance or supervision in students' younger years, lack of confidence in their ability to understand or complete the homework, and lack of interest in the task and/or subject matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Developing an apprenticeship system and enhancing the work-based component in vocational education and training (VET) and terminal programmes would also improve youth’s employability. In addition, more and better incentives could be provided for employers to hire and train youth by facilitating and expanding the take-up of youth employment subsidies so that more SMEs benefit (OECD, 2010). More generally, Chile should invest more resources to improve worker training and lifelong learning system, which is currently ineffective and does not benefit workers and firms that need it most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Equality under the law, equality of opportunity' and equality of (political) voice have not yet been fully achieved in many MENA countries. Despite a number of steps taken, women in the MENA region continue to have a rather low level of legal protection against gender-based discrimination. The domestic laws in MENA countries are not always consistent with the gender equality principles set by international law, including the CEDAW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The resulting picture of the strains and stresses weighing on the ocean environment provides an important context for the subsequent chapters, which assess the future development of a range of key ocean-based industries. It provides seafood, which is the primary source of animal protein in the diets of approximately 1 billion people (mostly in developing countries), and it accounts for at least 15% of the protein eaten by 60% of the planet’s human population (FAO, 2014). Seafood products account for 10% of total agricultural food exports and 1% of world merchandise trade in terms of their value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Robots and smart machines are able to replace workers in ever more complex tasks, such as those that require visual inspection and classification. They have slowed employment growth in both developed and developing countries. Experience with the digital industry underlines the potential for increasing access to technology, as well as challenges in managing intellectual property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Price increases of oil and petroleum impact the short-run costs of running farm machinery and irrigation systems, as well as the costs of processing, handling and transporting food along the value chain. Higher in-land and ocean freight costs can significantly affect both import and consumer prices. Price transmission of oil price increases to crop prices may be more rapid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To date, no forest area is certified under the PEFC in Africa. The area of FSC-certified forest area declined in other regions, notably North America, although that subregion still holds the largest share of FSC-certified forests, followed by the CIS and then western Europe. Even though the industrial roundwood production from certified forest is estimated to have increased annually for some years, table 2.4.1 shows that this trend has slowed, due partly to a decline in the area of certified forest in North America of about 4 million hectares. In 2015, for the second year in a row, production in certified forests in western Europe is estimated to have exceeded the production in certified forests in North America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To understand China's change in position regarding UN peacekeeping, the country's internal debates and policy towards the UN operations in East Timor from 1999 to 2002 comprise an essential case study. Despite its traditional concerns about the sanctity of state sovereignty, China was willing to support and contribute personnel to East Timor peacekeeping missions. This was a result of its growing confidence in addressing regional strategic issues, its development of the ‘New Security Concept’, which encourages cooperative solutions to strategic issues, and its desire to remake its regional identity to reflect a more conservative and pragmatic approach to regional peacebuilding. This change in policy not only allowed China to become more at ease with UN peacekeeping participation, but also contributed much to the country's Asia-Pacific diplomacy, which increasingly stressed multilateralism and partnership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Risk on the cost side for public agencies is also contained since most of the services to-date are time bound pilots with fixed budgets for subsidy payments - once the money runs out, so too does the service unless additional funds are allocated through the budget process. And the pilots typically allow public agencies and operators to enact sometimes substantial cost savings. Revenue estimates also oftentimes correctly assume a rise in ridership linked to the greater convenience and contained costs of services offered - especially in comparison to the pre-existing public transport-alone offer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Therefore, a differentiation of long-term care by dependency level, with a cross-classification by age, is likely to be of significant policy relevance, for instance, if health promotion for the aged is successful, the need for long-term health care services should be delayed until more advanced ages. It may also be important to break down age-related payment strategies so as to link the various layers to public and private payments as well as to the public-private mix in provision (Huber and Rodrigues, 2008). The greater the dependency level, the more comprehensive the set of services included in the package.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similarly, Zimmerman and Smith (2011) estimate that gross development flows from selected countries beyond the OECD/DAC stood at nearly $11 billion in 2009, representing approximately 8% of global gross ODA. A key downside risk is a sharper-than-expected economic slump in Europe. Although the region’s direct financial exposure to banks in the euro zone is not sizeable, systemic risks could rise further under this scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Viet Nam, the Central Highlands, with their diverse ethnic minority population, show the lowest CPR in the country (Teerawichitchainan, 2008, UNFPA, 2009). Supply and demand side barriers hampering access and use of contraceptives among disadvantaged groups are many, such as costs, distance to service delivery points and lack of information and knowledge, as well as cultural and social values (Sdortino, 2008). According to estimates, in South and South-East Asia in the 2000-2005 period 11 per cent of married women of reproductive age had an unmet need for contraception both for spacing and limiting births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Normal variations in production and prices do not require any policy response and should be directly managed by farmers. Infrequent catastrophic events are beyond the capacity of farmers and thus require government involvement. Intermediate risks can be handled through market tools, such as insurance or futures markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Interaction between businesses, universities and public research institutes (PRIs) is well established in Austria and supported through a variety of policy measures, including funding for collaborative R&D projects, temporary labs, and joint research infrastructures, as well as funding for research and technology organisations (RTOs). While the existing networks and programmes effectively contribute to industry-science links, they often focus on established innovation paths. A key challenge will be to develop new institutional arrangements that provide powerful incentives for path-breaking innovation that links application-oriented basic research with industrial innovation across disciplinary boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Setting ambitious and timely road safety targets can help communities work together towards zero deaths and serious injuries in traffic. For this reason, it is recommend that local authorities set such targets. As a result, road safety priorities in cities are specific to the protection of VRUs. These priorities include traffic calming, improved street design, speed limits and safer trucks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among the CT programmes targeting poor households, the most generous is Oportunidades, which offers 17% of the average wage to about 5.8 million families. As a result of varying coverage and generosity levels, the total public spending on these programmes also varies greatly among countries. Source: OECD Secretariat based on various sources and years, see Annex 2.A4 in OECD (2011b). Among the CTs not targeting specifically the elderly, big programmes such as Oportunidades and Bolsa Familia have annual expenditures representing between 0.4 and 0.5% of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The chapter introduces the book, Solidarity in EU Law: Legal Principle in the Making, highlighting the political, social and human rights background against which the concept of solidarity is gaining a more substantial role in shaping the European Union's legal order. It places the summarised book chapters in this context, serving as a point of reference to reflect upon the tribulations that European solidarity is likely to face in the future, including the aftermath of Brexit and challenges to the rule of law in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to allow comparison over identical 10-year periods in the face of relatively sparse poverty data, the period used is 1995-2005. This 10-year period does not perfectly overlap that used in Chapter l’s four-speed world, but countries are nonetheless presented according to their place in that classification in the 1990s and the 2000s. The average elasticity for all countries in Table 4.1 is -0.76, and -0.71 if outliers are excluded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The statistically derived weights can appear counterintuitive to people as they are based on algorithms that only consider the frequency and/or distribution of data rather than their normative meaning. Finally, normative weighting incorporates the value judgment (of a subsample) of the society on each dimension into the creation of the weights. This method requires participatory approaches in the derivation of the weights, which are difficult to organise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, local governments have little financial autonomy and are still largely dependent on central government transfers for the implementation of policies and delivery of services. With the national policy goal of balanced national development, the Korean government has been fully committed to actual decentralisation and continued its efforts to realise it. Some value-added taxes are collected under the name of local consumption taxes to increase the tax revenue base of local municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article considers the effects of age, period, and cohort in social studies and chronic disease epidemiology through age–period–cohort (APC) analysis. These factors are linearly dependent, thus, the multiple classification model, a regression model that takes these factors as covariates in APC analysis, suffers from an identifiability problem with multiple estimators. A data set of homicide arrest rates is used to illustrate the problem. A smoothing cohort model is proposed that allows flexible structure of the effects for age, period, and cohort and avoids the identifiability problem. Results are provided for the consistency of estimation of model intercept and age effects as the number of periods goes to infinity under a mild bounded cohort condition. This also leads to consistent estimation for period and cohort effects. Analyses of homicide arrest rate and lung cancer mortality rate data demonstrate that the smoothing cohort model yields unique parameter estimation with sensible trend interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development of water supply and the protection of drinking water would have to be accompanied by the development of the sanitation service and the introduction of mandatory treatment of wastewater. The primary responsibility for ensuring the sustainable water management of water resources rests with the Government. Reforms are a dynamic and iterative process, and not all necessary reforms can be carried out at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is implemented through buying specifications that companies operate. In essence, seafood safety is important for retailers and processors to protect their reputation, brand values and guard against costly product recalls. All links in the food supply chain and transporters of food stuff are to establish and maintain records that can be used to track suppliers and buyers. Importers of seafood need to keep records of imported material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Given that policy suggestions in the domain of taxation are made to be initially revenue-neutral, the recommendations listed in Table 2.5 are those affecting public outlays. That said, while being neutral in the short term, the most common recommendation in the area of taxation - shifting the composition away from direct (labour and capital) and towards indirect (consumption, property and environment) sources - may improve budget positions in the long run insofar as it raises both overall efficiency and employment. In contrast, recommendations to encourage labour force participation and improve job-search incentives and effectiveness may have significant implications, and these are covered in Table 2.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The agenda of this essay is simple and unoriginal. First, I want to cut down the concept of corruption to a scope that minimizes its gray zones and fuzziness. An (incomplete) list of phenomena somehow neighboring (or perhaps forming subcases of) political corruption reads as follows: fraud, embezzlement, theft, nepotism, cronyism, gifts, tips, donations, clientelism, connections, networks, lobbying, bargaining, mafioso protection rackets, patronage, conflict of interest, kleptocracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The I ATT consists of 35 international organisations and is supported by a multi-stakeholder group consisting of ten experts from civil society, the scientific community and the private sector. The demo version also allows disaggregation of all initiatives and opportunities by SDG and country. While many of the international organisations participating in the IATT already support countries’ STI efforts through capacity building and analytical work, these efforts are often fragmented and not necessarily have a focus on the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The model works well at the school level (for small schools) or with grade level or subject area groupings (in larger schools), and has demonstrated effectiveness in improving teacher pedagogy as well as learning outcomes in contexts where resource constraints make it difficult to implement more conventional (training-oriented) teacher professional development models. The PLC model would be appropriate for the sharing of ideas and practices around introducing ESD in the classroom, as well as the implementation of coherent school-wide approaches. As PLCs can be implemented at the school level, the model is potentially viable in the context of isolated island communities. However, with this culture of regular meetings in place already, a shift towards a more pedagogically-oriented PLC meeting could be introduced effectively. Similarly, in contexts where professional development is already being offered using a cluster approach, PLCs could be implemented using existing cluster structures. With support from central or district level offices, in terms of resource materials on ESD, this could be an effective means of proliferating ESD principles throughout the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The relatively small female advantage in Africa in 2010-2015 is mainly a consequence of the differential impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on mortality levels by sex, with HIV prevalence estimated to be higher among women than among men. In the more developed regions, the female advantage is larger in Europe (7.4 years or 11.3 per cent) than in Northern America (4.7 years or 6.1 per cent) and Oceania, which includes Australia-New Zealand. The child mortality rate, also known as the “under-five mortality rate”1 declined at a remarkable pace of about 3 per cent per year between 1990 and 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In many developing countries, climate change increases stresses from climate variability (IPCC 2007). As climate change exacerbates the existing economic vulnerabilities, LDCs are expected to be the most affected among the developing countries. Moreover, 4 pages out of 74 dedicated to the priority area are related to climate change and environmental sustainability. Thus, the climate change issue is not presented clearly in the declaration, although the recommendations made are highly important for the international community. One of the main goals as stated at the beginning of section F (paragraph 94) is to ‘Strengthen least developed countries’ ability to withstand and overcome the adverse effects of climate change, enhance sustainable growth and protect biodiversity’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)