albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Although the Almaty Guidelines are not specifically targeted at joint bodies for transboundary water cooperation, they represent a comprehensive and up-to-date guidance on forms and mechanisms for public participation that can be applied by joint bodies. For example, an Ad Hoc Public Participation Expert Group acts in the framework of ICPDR. In the period 1999-2004, the Joint Russian-Estonian Commission on the Protection and Rational Use of Transboundary Waters had a working group on cooperation with NGOs, local authorities and international organizations. However, the Commission reformed its working groups, and the functions of this working group were transferred to the new working group on IWRM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Removal of slash (branches and tree tops) might on the other hand reduce long-term nutrient fluxes to aquatic systems but possibly at the cost of lower long-term forest productivity. In areas with steep slopes and high precipitation, such as western Norway, increased harvesting on slopes could lead to increased erosion and high sediment loads in streams affecting water quality and reproduction of fish. The impact of a given forestry operation scenario may vary geographically, depending on, for example, soil type as well as on operational details, such as proximity to streams and lakes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additional transmission mechanisms from more finance to less equality are likely to be at work, too. This paper is part of the OECD project on “Finance and Inclusive Growth” that was prepared for the Working Party No. It benefited from valuable contributions by Alexandre Cazenave-Lacroutz, Matthieu Segol and Matteo Sostero. I am grateful to Boris Cournede for helpful discussions at various stages of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It then focuses on the more recent trade-inequality debate, which has brought to the fore a number of new' facets of the distributional effects of technology and trade globalization. Section C discusses the channels through which financial globalization has affected income distribution over and above technology and trade globalization. About a decade later, this debate has been revived, mainly for two reasons: the first is the recent increase in income inequality in many countries around the world, and the second arises from theoretical advances (discussed, for example, in Harrison, McLaren and McMillan, 2011) and the availability of more comprehensive data that allow a better understanding of the relationship between changes in income distribution, on the one hand, and technological developments and countries’ increasing trade integration on the other. The theoretical advances allow a broadening of the analysis so as to assess the joint influences of trade, technology and foreign direct investment (FDI) on income distribution. These policies are analysed in chapter VI of this Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although these have indeed reduced the shortage, they have also had adverse effects in terms of peripheral expansion and socioeconomic residential segregation. The abandonment of housing is a clear symptom of the inefficiency of formulating housing policy separately from urban policy. For example, in 2010, there were 5 million abandoned dwellings in Mexico, representing 14% of the country's total housing stock. The causes of abandonment included international migration, insecurity and local unemployment: but also the effects of subsidized public housing policies, since 80% of public mortgage loans granted between 2006 and 2010 were in municipalities with higher levels of uninhabited housing (Sanchez and Salazar, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These arguments are not valid for normal frequent variations in yields or production, but for catastrophic risks that have low probability of occurrence and generate high and systemic damages (OECD, 2011a). Covering normal risks with government support programmes crowds out farmers’ proactive management of risks and creates moral hazard. The most appropriate policy response to market failure is the investment in information and databases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On the other hand, since it is solely a question of scope, the PA arguably provides opportunities for cooperative initiatives in the agricultural sector, but does not promote it specifically. The transparency system set out by the PA and its decision does not as such point to agriculture, but does mention that the National Inventory Reports shall provide information on emissions by sources and removals by sinks, which essentially consists of soils and trees. This is a continuation of current practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Employers may deny requests for compelling business reasons, but must explain refusals. Table 3.2 presents employees’ statutory rights to flexible working arrangements for family reasons in selected OECD countries. Parents should not only be able to reduce their working hours, they should also know that they may resume full-time working hours when their children grow up. A few countries have complemented the right to work part-time with the entitlement to return to full-time work and/or automatically revert to previous hours after a certain specified period (Table 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The full description of the variables composing the indicators can be found at http://www.oecd.ora/tad/facilitation/indicators.htm. In order to bring the information contained in the 2010-11 series up to date, OECD countries were called to provide new data by means of a revised TFI questionnaire1 . The data collection process was conducted over the period July-October 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article studies whether the attitudes of Norwegian doctors regarding surrogate decision power in end-of-life care conform to legal rules, particularly as they apply to the protection of children. The article is based on a hypothetical scenario concerning a critically ill child, believed to be dying, presented to 406 doctors. The study indicates that doctors may permit parental/surrogate decision-making to a greater extent than justified by law, sometimes in contravention of the child's best interests, which should be a fundamental guideline in all decisions that concern children. This article suggests a need to improve knowledge of doctors concerning parents'/surrogates' right to participate in life-or-death decisions. We conclude that Norway needs a precedent decision from the Supreme Court that confirms the right of judicial review of end-of-life decisions, and which applies the principle of the child's best interests as a fundamental guideline in the final decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Risk sharing is prevalent especially in the aftermath of natural disasters, as witnessed when the 2005 typhoons struck the poorer Northern provinces. Informal social networks can act as a buffer in times of crisis, but can leave those who depend on them extremely vulnerable in the event that the relationship breaks down or the family are no longer able to provide support. Results from the PAPI2012 survey also confirm that better-off people have broader and better-quality social networks on which they can rely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
State-budget transfers are supposed to cover all costs, i.e. there are no mandatory local-government contributions. However, local authorities can, and often do, top up school funding (particularly for infrastructure, such as sports facilities). There are two main teaching unions, the High School Teachers’ Organisation and the Israeli Teachers Union. Indeed, about one third of students are in schools that run vocational variants of the Bagrut examination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This number increased slightly to 60.3% in 2008. The existing middle class remained rather stable (73% of those who were middle class in 2004 remained middle class in 2008), while attracting a significant portion of the poor (58.5% of the poor in 2004 became middle class in 2008). Viewing the middle class as essentially stable can be misleading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this article, we examine the dynamic relationship between law, economics, and sustainability. Increased legal regulation is not a sufficient condition for the mitigation of economic and social crises. Corporations are not legally required to respect global social and human rights under international law. In addition, select legal regulations increase social harm through the preservation of corporate financial interests. Laws that attempt to protect social rights at the expense of corporate interests can provoke hostile reactions from the business community. However, recent trends and examples from within the pharmaceutical and information industries suggest a new era of global corporate citizenship where socially responsible organizations achieve profit through pursuing ethical goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The International and the Challenge of Speculative Reason Richard Falk, Lester Edwin J.Ruiz, R.B.J Walker After the Future: Enclosures, Connections, Politics R.B.J Walker Tainted by Contingency: Retelling the story of International Law Nicholas Onuf Reframing the Legal Agenda of World OrderRichard Falk The Ideas of 1989: Global Civil Society Mary H.Kaldor The Promise of a People Assembly Andrew L. Strauss Orders of Inhumanity Jayan Nayar From Modernization to Democratization: The Political Economy of the "New" International Law Balakrishnan Rajagopal In Pursuit of the "Body Politic" Ethics, Spirituality, and Diaspora Lester Edwin J.Ruiz Culture and the Reframing of World Order Jacinta O'Hagan Feminist Futures: Contesting the Political Karena Shaw
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The construction skills levy, managed by the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), charges employers 0.5% of their pay bill annually5 and these funds go towards training activities identified as needed by the construction sector, including supporting apprenticeships. In 2015 the CITB collected GBP 182.8 million in construction levy income and about 80% of that was issued to employers in the form of training grants, while the remainder was used to fund other activities, like attracting new entrants to the industry (CITB, 2016). Small firms are exempted from paying the levy but can benefit from claiming training grants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Strengthening national and local capacities is therefore paramount to enable and build systems that support collection, analysis and dissemination of SDGs data and information, including supporting different forms of disaggregation, accompanied by spatial analysis, and the necessary mechanisms to aggregate urban data at country level. An effective implementation structure for SDG 11 at the national and sub-national levels requires reliable and effective governance structures and supportive frameworks for financing, innovations and institutional capacity-building, with a well-connected network of stakeholders at global, regional and national levels. In addition, most of the 234 SDG indicators have a direct connection to urban policies and a clear impact on cities and human settlements, since nearly one third of indicators are being measured at the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Significant fiscal redistribution in Latin America has also been achieved through in-kind transfers, such as the provision of health and education services provided cost-free or at a low cost. Social protection in this region differs from other developing regions in terms of coverage, quality and level of assistance. Until the late 1990s, formal social protection schemes covered, on average, less than 5 per cent of the workforce (Palacios and Pallares-Millares, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Directive 2014/95/ EU, article 1(1), introduces a new factor to be taken into account when assessing the materiality of non-financial information by referring to information "for an understanding of the undertaking’s development, performance, position and impact of its activity". Furthermore, the European Commission Guidelines state that the materiality assessment should take into account internal and external factors. Increasingly, efforts are being made towards such a conversion. This includes an interim report by the High-level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance of the European Union.9 The report states that to make further progress in the convergence of financial and non-financial reporting, the European Commission could invite the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group to ask the International Integrated Reporting Council to study how sustainability factors can be captured in dedicated accounting standards, in addition to those for financial reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Whereas in the late 1990s the risk of poverty among the elderly was twice as high as among children, from 2006 onwards child poverty was higher than old age poverty. The increase was much higher than that seen in other EU countries. Rising child poverty is an issue of great concern given the potential adverse consequences it can have on health and on school performance, as well as future life opportunities (OECD, 2006a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It nevertheless provides a useful, if crude, indication of the adequacy of an electricity system. For European countries this happened in the wake of the first electricity market directive in 1996. In deregulated markets, private companies have no longer an interest in holding any spare capacity that would serve to mitigate costs and prices in the event of sudden demand peaks. On the contrary, such peaks are welcome opportunities to make additional profit and to finance the fixed costs of peak-load plants. Due to the inelasticity of electricity demand, some market power at peak time is almost inevitable and new entrants would have to tread a difficult path between profiting from high prices and causing sudden excess capacity and price decreases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It argues that increasing women''s participation in the labour force, a general trend in most developing countries in recent years, is not a straightforward pathway either to faster or to more inclusive growth and development, as is too often implied. Rather, the potential for w omen's increasing participation in paid work, including self-employment, to substantively enhance both women’s economic empowerment and gender equality is determined by prevailing socio-cultural conditions. Moreover, its wider distributional impact is fundamentally dependent on the prevailing processes of technological and structural change. Those processes in turn are affected by the global and macroeconomic conditions and policies which influence the level and structure of aggregate demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Though the ILCS is not as comprehensive as the Demographic and Health Survey in covering younger child deprivations in health or nutrition, it does contain enough basic information to construct an individual deprivation measure. Moreover, it also measures monetary poverty so that both monetary and non-monetary aspects of child well-being can be compared and analysed together to provide a comprehensive picture of children's living conditions. All choices reflect both international and national standards as well as data availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The CBFA encompasses seven conservation organizations, 19 forest companies and 51% of the forests in Canada’s boreal region (CBFA, 2015). A report on ecosystem-based management (EBM) released by the CBFA in August 2014 (Van Damme et al, 2014) concluded, among other things, that several policy gaps remain that limit the full implementation of EBM. These include weak links to EBM in operations, a lack of clear standards for including EBM in forest management practices, few examples of integrated land-use planning and assessment capacity, and the poor quality of input data to support effective EBM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is intended to strengthen the patient’s position in accessing sen/ices The act describes a ■0-7-90-90’ rule, meaning same day contact with the health care system: seeing a GP within seven days: consulting a specialist within 90 days, and waiting for no more than 90 days after being diagnosed to receive treatment However, compliance with this waiting time guarantee varies largely across the country and no region has fully been able to meet these rules (see Section 5.2). Amenable mortality rates have been reduced by 25% in Sweden since 2005. Mortality rates for heart attack have decreased between 200S-1S in Sweden, as in many other EU countries (Figure 9). Better access to high-quality acute care for heart attack, including evidence-based interventions and high-quality specialised health facilities, have helped to reduce these 30-day mortality rates (OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Only a combination of both types of indicators will provide a comprehensive picture regarding employment security. Since the respondent's own perception should be captured, establishment surveys or administrative data are not suitable to collect the information required for the indicator. In Europe, the European Working Conditions Survey 2010 (EWCS) provides data on self-perceived job security. The EWCS provides harmonised data for 34 European Countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This trade slowdown has also adversely impacted small states, with a contraction of goods and services exports of $67 billion in 2015.3 However, services have been outperforming trade in goods, the contraction in small states is explained by the goods exports contraction of $79 billion. The projections for 2012-2021 unfortunately also present a somewhat sanguine outlook and perspective. If projections turn out to be correct, this could be the slowest period of trade expansion since the second world war.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is composed of eight members, all of them senior representatives of the international education community and three OECD analysts. These workshops also serve to disseminate key messages and international practices in Mexico to encourage further reflection and change. This capacity-building seminar for high-level Mexican policy makers combined an active training programme with country visits to Chile (January 2010) to study teacher policy, to Canada, Ontario (May, 2010) to study school leadership and a final module on implementation in Mexico (June 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inefficiencies may result from harmful subsidies (e.g. subsidising energy for groundwater abstraction by farmers). For instance, freer trade in agricultural commodities and the reform of farm support policies in OECD countries can alleviate some of the tensions between food security and water productivity (Box 5.10). The linkages between the policy areas also have to be considered early on. Under this programme, which involves an AUD 12.9 billion investment over 10 years, the government is acquiring tradable water entitlements with the objective of returning more water to the environment. The water is acquired through direct buybacks of water entitlements from irrigators as well as savings from infrastructure upgrades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Public resources will be transferred directly and without conditionality to the extreme poor, ensuring that they have enough resources to meet their basic food requirements. Three commitments address the opportunities and living standards of the indigenous population, with the aim of ensuring that their rights in these respects are equal to those of the rest of the population (commitments 34,35 and 6). All these commitments will require additional spending, making the tax reform all the more essential. It would be desirable to strengthen the impact of such transfers by making them more progressive, so as to ensure that they are more focused on support to the lowest-income families. To this end, review CT programmes with a view to identifying gaps that could give rise to loopholes, leakages, inefficient transfers and badly targeted spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The impacts of agricultural use are ubiquitous, but often vary from place to place. In some places it is linked to fertilisation and pesticides, in others it may be linked to over abstraction or to excessive drainage (e.g. urban flood risk linked to disappearance of floodplains). In 2014, Eau de Paris put in place an information campaign and concrete actions to promote organic agriculture for the preservation of w'ater and natural resources.3 There are also contracts between the municipality of Paris, authorities in the hinterland and farmers for developing a tighter co-operation between supplying areas in terms of water resources and the urban core (see Box 5.9 in the section on stakeholder engagement).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in Australia, Global Subsidies Initiative (GS1), International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Geneva. Available at http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/biofuels subsidies aus.pdf. Paper accepted for publication at Agricultural Economics, Special Issue on Global Model Intercomparison. An overview of the AgMIP Global Economic Model Intercomparison”, Paper accepted for publication at Agricultural Economics, Special Issue on Global Model Intercomparison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The wireless sensor device sends temperature data to Nexleaf servers and alert messages are sent to vaccine handlers and managers, if vaccine doses are in danger of spoiling. A weekly and monthly summary of refrigerators' temperatures is also sent via the website, so managers can understand how well equipment is functioning. Data analytics are available on the Nexleaf Dashboard to help understand managers where problems are arising in power supply, and how to resolve these challenges. Another example of these types of interventions is the SmartConnect project, which focused on developing a "communication appliance" to improve the reliability and performance of the “cold chain. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has supported and employed loT solutions via connected wearable technologies. Sensor Technology and Analytics to Monitor, Predict, and Protect Ebola Patients (or STAMP2 for short) has been tested on Ebola patients in the United States and is being scaled up to meet the needs of government agencies such as USAID for its Ebola treatment strategy in Liberia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The strategy was then submitted, with full stakeholder acceptance, to the Department of Water Affairs for the minister’s approval. Following this approval, implementation started in 2011 at the catchment scale, mostly through the work of five sub-catchment management fora which are currently the main platforms for stakeholder engagement. Each falls under the mandate of a specific community officer who is also responsible for public awareness (e.g. in schools and community groups).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Return migration is inconsequential and primarily makes a limited contribution to government and the small-scale service sector. Temporary return migration of skilled workers offers some potential for reducing skill deficits, especially in the health sector, where such deficits are widespread and costly in economic and social terms and where overseas populations have valuable skills. Data on migration flows and labour deficits are limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)