albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, experiences from existing interventions bear out the need for this form of support to be “patient”. Singapore took two years before it was in a position to announce the first loans under its IP finance scheme. Most significantly, the figures on loans made in Shanghai (where there is the benefit of longtitudinal data stretching back to 2007) indicate that it took four years following the formalisation of local initiatives in 2009 before a large impact on lending behaviour became apparent. Therefore, whilst any successful scheme should be in a position to demonstrate some shorter-term benefits in terms of additional capital availability for SMEs, levels of confidence in the assets (or sub-categories of assets) will take longer to build.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Fairness suggests that finance be mobilized in proportion to responsibilities and capabilities. The basis for this is the 1992 Rio Principles of Sustainable Development and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, especially the principles of “equity” and of “common-but-differentiated responsibilities and capabilities”. A third basis for action is the Rio Principle that environmental costs be internalized and “economic instruments” used, to make the polluter/user bear the ecological costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some focus on emissions, others also cover climate risks. Some schemes provide a reporting framework, others leave latitude in the choice of a reporting fiamework and indicators. For instance, Ernst and Young (2014) found that institutional investors are often unable to identify what issues presented in ESG disclosures could materially affect shareholder returns. Similarly, investors have difficulty connecting non-financial and financial performance, and comparing across companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In explaining the development of institutional structures within states, social science analysis has focused on autochthonous factors and paid less attention to the way in which external factors, especially purposive agent-directed as opposed to more general environmental factors, can influence domestic authority structures. For international relations scholarship, this lacunae is particularly troubling or perhaps, just weird. If the international system is anarchical, then political leaders can pursue any policy option. In some cases, the most attractive option would be conventional state to state interactions, diplomacy, or war. In other instances, however, changing the domestic authority structures of other states might be more appealing. In some cases, domestic authority structures have been influenced through bargaining, and in others  through power. Power may reflect either explicit agent-oriented decisions or social processes that reflect the practices, values, and norms of more powerful entities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, there is a group of young people who have already gained early emancipation from their household of origin. These adolescents and young people rarely achieve levels of income that are adequate to cover their basic needs, which also contributes to higher poverty rates in adolescence. Beyond the arbitrary nature of any merely chronological definition, for the purposes hereof it is taken to mean an age range of 14 to 29 years. This is a long period in the life of an individual, which in many cases does not correspond to what certain societies consider to be young. It is also true that in much of Latin America, depending on the social strata in question, there are 14-year olds who are in employment, who are not in education and who in some cases have reproductive experience, while at the other extreme there are youths aged 28 who are still in their household of origin, are in education, are not in employment and have not formed a conjugal union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But equally important was the rise in non-tax income in commodity-exporting countries. But tax reforms introducing a more progressive tax system also drove the rise in public revenues in some Latin American countries. For example, in Uruguay a new progressive labour income tax and a flat capital income tax were introduced, while some indirect taxes were reduced, with the objective of improving the fiscal balance, income distribution and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tunisia used to have a similar committee before the Jasmin Revolution, but only has a temporary Committee on Social Affairs within its Constitutional Convention, as of 27 May 2013. Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Tunisia and Yemen reported establishing committees in the legislatures that deal with women’s issues on a permanent or temporary basis (Figure 3.7. In most cases, these committees focus either only on women’s issues or consider them as part of a portfolio generally related to human rights, social affairs and children’s protections (Figure 3.7). Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen reported that gender committees focus on preparing legislative proposals and examining policies and budgets in terms of their impacts on gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Referring to today’s shortcomings of the trading market, policy makers need to update the cornerstones of such a system. Markets that include the definition of caps and allocation of allowances, streamlining of processes, requirements and penalty schemes, are key factors, to name a few. Hence, nodes need to be set up and operated, which requires a minimal digital infrastructure with stable electricity supply, database technology, and broadband internet. An intuitive user interface is needed for the platform, so companies can easily trade their emissions certificates without the need to fully understand the underlying technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Soil degradation is also manifested through reduced fertility and in loss of organic carbon. Mexico and Peru (2012). At the same time, there is more intensive use of pesticides, such as fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that threaten people' health, the environment and the services it provides. These trends are captured by analysing land productivity dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Community gardens fulfill many roles, including the reclamation of public space, community building, and the facilitation of social and cultural expression. This paper discusses a nexus between research and education for sustainability that evolved out of an examination of the role of community gardens in fostering community development and neighbourhood improvement in Sydney's Waterloo Public Housing Estate. It argues that they are also an educational resource providing a valuable platform for learning about multiple dimensions of sustainability.   The paper is based on interdisciplinary research undertaken by a team from UNSW's Faculty of the Built Environment and the School of Social Work. The findings of this research affirm the importance of community gardens for public housing tenants, and present the gardens and their associated activities as an effective platform for education for sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Internal migration mainly affects many rapidly urbanizing middle income countries, such as China, where more than one in three rural children are left behind by migrating parents. International migration mainly affects high income countries, where immigrants make up at least 15% of the student population in half of schools. It also affects sending countries, More than one in four witness at least one-fifth of their skilled nationals emigrating. Displacement mainly affects low income countries, which host 10% of the global population but 20% of the global refugee population, often in their most educationally deprived areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But beyond central government, a great sense of responsibility should be strengthened at the state, basin and municipal level for an effective implementation of water policy. Successful structural reforms and strategies are long processes to prepare, adopt and implement, and they often take several attempts. Complex changes like those required in Brazil’s water sector will inevitably take years. Circumstances at all levels can change during the reform implementation period, and water reform can only be successful if it has the flexibility to adapt to shifting circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overall, 56% of people agree with this sentiment, 26% of them strongly so. The strongest support comes from southern and eastern Europe - Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Slovenia, for example - with nearly 80% of Greeks agreeing, almost 60% of them strongly so. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this regional pattern, with Poland and Spain recording lower-than-average support. Danes are by far the least likely to agree that older workers deny younger workers jobs, with about 25% support, of which only 11% is strong agreement. There is also a majority against the lump-of-labour hypothesis in Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, but it is a smaller one than in Denmark. Women are significantly more likely than men to believe that older workers deny younger people jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The European Union (EU) has made the upholding of human rights an integral part of its external trade relations and requires that all trade, cooperation, partnership and association agreements with third countries, including unilateral trade instruments, contain with varying modalities and intensity a commitment to the respect for human rights. The paper discusses selected aspects of the EU’s promotion and integration of human rights in its external trade relations and assesses the impact of the changes introduced by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) on EU practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It pays particular attention to their transformative implications, that is, whether such reforms can contribute to realizing human rights and crafting new patterns of resource allocation, production and consumption that are conducive to meeting multiple human needs on a sustainable basis, empowering those in need both economically and politically, and rebalancing power asymmetries in society. Although there are wide variations in coverage and quality across countries, some programmes being designed and implemented in developing countries are tending toward universalism and aim to leave no one behind. The establishment and consolidation of inclusive social and political institutions that transmit the demands of people to the government is central to the expansion and universalization of social protection. Crucial to maximizing the transformative potential of these reforms are effective mechanisms for meaningful participation, holding the government accountable and rebalancing power asymmetries among stakeholders involved in policy design and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The direct action form of protest is becoming an increasingly significant form of political expression. This paper considers such protest in relation to the guarantees of free expression and peaceful assembly under arts 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, now binding on United Kingdom public authorities under the Human Rights Act 1998. Its aim is to set out a framework of principle which would guide and underpin judicial approaches to the application of the Convention to domestic criminal law aimed at such protest, specifically ss 68 and 69 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. It argues that, because of the deficiencies of the Strasbourg case law in this area, an activist judicial stance, one reliant on underlying Convention values, will be required if there is to be any significant change to the traditional, illiberal domestic approach to direct action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It leverages power transmission infrastructure in the region for a 7,000 km aerial fiber network to build out backbones and cross-border connections in Benin, Nigeria and Togo.38 Liquid Telecom's 50,000 km fiber network stretches from the north of Uganda to South Africa and includes the East Africa Fiber Ring, the first regional ring on the continent.39 It can also seamlessly connect clients to five main sub-sea cable systems regardless of if they are landlocked or not. Liquid operates in Botswana, DR Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Wholesalers such as Liquid Telecom and Phase 3 have been instrumental in negotiating rights of way, transit fees and other costs, thus bringing the overall cost of interconnecting countries down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public health insurance covers employees, the self-employed, the unemployed receiving benefits, and the retired and disabled. The government also pays a health-insurance premium for farmers, the unemployed who do not receive benefits, people on leave to raise young children, and soldiers. As a result, almost everyone (about 98% of the population) is covered by public insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There was a reduction of 75 full-time fishers and 62 part-time fishers. In 2000, the number of registered vessels was 13 017. Removal of inactive fishing vessels from the Register of Norwegian Fishing Vessels and the introduction of an annual registration fee are the main reasons for the strong reduction in the number of smaller coastal vessels in this register. The structural quota system is assumed to be the main explanation for the reduction in the number of larger coastal vessels and ocean-going vessels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
First, economic growth is an absolute prerequisite for providing employment opportunities, and only an expanding economy can provide jobs for a growing labour force. However, most Pacific economies are growing very slowly and cannot keep pace with the increasing number of young people entering their labour forces every year. Additionally, young people are also less experienced and thus face structural disadvantages compared with older cohorts in an already squeezed labour market. Second, in most Pacific island developing countries there is a great mismatch between skills gained through the education system and the skills required to be employed given the country’s economic structures (ILO, 2010a, World Bank, 2009). While the curriculum of most educational institutions prepares students for jobs in the formal sector, there are very few jobs in that sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This study examines public health nurses’ perceptions and concerns about the implications of Japan’s new long-term care insurance law concerning care provision for elderly people and their families. Respondents voiced their primary concern about this law as access to services for all elderly people needing care, and defined their major responsibility as strengthening health promotion and illness prevention programmes. Although wanting to expand their roles to meet the health care, social and public policy advocacy needs of elderly persons and their families, respondents also stated their concern for the possible lack of enough resources for this expansion to support family caregivers adequately. They viewed their first function as developing collaborative relationships with local government officials to help to assure sufficient resources to provide the necessary foundation for long-term care programmes to deliver services to all those in need. These concerns fall within the larger ethical issue of distri...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second - the major teaching practice - happens mostly in special Teacher Training Schools governed by the universities, which have similar curricula and practices as normal public schools. Some student teachers also practice in a network of selected Field Schools (normal public schools). Primary-school teacher-education students devote approximately 15% of their intended study time to practice teaching in schools. In subject teacher education, practice teaching comprises about one-third of the curriculum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The construction of regional sanitary landfills has started, 10-15 per cent of illegal dumpsites have been closed, and efforts have been made to remove the accumulated hazardous/chemical waste. An effort to collect data on waste is underway, whilst framework laws have been established, as has complementary' secondary legislation for implementation, although a lot still needs to be done in this area. Inappropriately placed and unprotected waste dumpsites pose a serious threat to the environment and public health in BiH and, possibly, also to neighbouring States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The types of households analysed are female and male lone-parent households on the one hand, and female and male one-person households on the other. In 16 of the 20 countries with available data in the region, the poverty rates for households of lone mothers with children are higher than they are for households of lone fathers with children by more than 5 percentage points. In the remaining four countries - El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama — the poverty rates for the two types of households are similar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is currently more experience in devising and implementing adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the project and programme level than at the national level. However, national-level monitoring and evaluation enables the assessment of unique aspects of adaptation, such as the mainstreaming and integration of adaptation in various national policy areas. Many Parties’ NDCs have expressed their interest in developing a national monitoring and evaluation system at the national level in their NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this regard, imagine attempting to specify the needs of a family for linen and clothing: issues of free choice and preferences would also arise. Hence, the exercise is not realistic. This method was used by the International Labour Organization in its early discussions on basic-needs lines. It basically applies the logic of the second approach to non-food basic needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A network of basin organisations claimed that given the scope of their activities, Principles 2, 4 and 10 related to managing water at the right scale, the capacity of responsible authorities to face water challenges and stakeholder engagement, received special attention. The low rate of responses does not allow for a thorough assessment of “why” these organisations did not use of the Principles. However, several reasons were reported, including poor understanding of the Principles within their organisation, encountering capacity challenges related to staff, time or funding, weak alignment of the Principles with their organisational priorities, and prior implementation of the Principles in the respondent’s country of residence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The subsidies can be of crucial importance as a support to commercial fishing, keeping crew and boat owners in business when fish price drops— thereby preserving local fishing capacity when the vagaries of the market undermine otherwise viable operations. They can serve vital food security objectives, such as by offering people living in remote and/or rural areas small support that allows fishing boats to operate to provide fish atthe level of the household and local community. However, well-organised boat owners can put political pressure on a government to maintain a support programme even when profitability has returned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Women are more likely than men to work part-time or have temporary contracts, which is largely explained by their family care responsibilities. While such work arrangements can help balance work and family life in the short and medium-terms, part-time or temporary workers may have fewer career development opportunities, face lower pay rates and higher rates of old-age poverty. These work arrangements are also viewed as less compatible with executive leadership and management positions: less than 1% of women employed part-time are in top management jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in a majority of countries, a return to 2007 levels of transfer spending would have closed less than a third of the budget gap in 2010. Moreover, no OECD country has been able to achieve cuts of this scale in the context of weak growth and elevated unemployment. In the United States as well as the Southern and English-speaking EU, the size of current budget deficits makes it clear that determined measures on both the expenditure and the revenue side would be required to return to fiscal sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Black and Hispanic adults are substantially over-represented in the low-skilled population. In the United States, the odds of being in poor health are four times greater for low-skilled adults than for those with the highest proficiency - double the average across participating countries. The results show that, overall, there is a reasonably close correlation between countries' performance across the successive PISA assessments and the proficiency of the corresponding age cohorts in literacy and numeracy in the Survey of Adult Skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to explore women with disabilities� perceptions of their lived experiences in nursing homes.   METHOD. This 16-month ethnography used multiple qualitative methods, including participant observations, thematic qualitative interviews, and focus groups, to examine the perceptions of life in nursing home for 6 women with disabilities who had returned to community living and their significant others (n = 13).   RESULTS. Nursing homes were living situations of last resort for women with disabilities. Life in the nursing home was characterized by lost choice, control, and occupational engagement, social isolation, social control, the political economy of the nursing home, and active resistance.   DISCUSSION. Occupational therapy practitioners practicing from a social justice paradigm have a responsibility to ensure that client goals to live in the least restrictive environments possible are realized. Implications for long-term-care referral practices, advocacy-based interventions, and partnership with the disability community are discussed
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One possible explanation for this is that as nations become richer, people place higher value on health and want to spend a larger share of their income on improving their health (Fogel 2008). The “income elasticity” varies a lot in empirical results and whether health care is a luxury' good or a necessity is still an unsettled issue. Results for the US and Canadian provinces, as well as national-level data for 16 OECD countries, confirm that estimates of the size of the income elasticity vary by level of analysis, with international income elasticity generally larger than elasticities estimated in national or regional studies (Di Matteo, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Figure V.24 shows the high levels of desertification in some countries, expressed in percentages of their territory. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2015) calculates that roughly 60% of the region is arid land, in addition, over 300 million hectares of its farmland are desertified, equivalent to about 20% of all usable land. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD, 2010) estimates that 50% of productive land will be desertified by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)