albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The more promising CO2 reduction potentials range from about 60-80%, but the mitigation benefit could well change significantly if LUC and ILUC scenarios relevant for an actual feedstock cultivation scheme are applied. Any climate mitigation benefit for a pathway may be fully offset, e.g. if land of high carbon stock is converted for feedstock cultivation (SWAFEA, 2011), as is for instance seen in the Partner 2010 study, where rapeseed oil HEFA has a 37% reduction without LUC effects, but a 12% increase for the considered LUC scenario. For other types of feedstock the LUC impacts can be even more pronounced, as demonstrated in the Partner 2010 study, where a considered scenario for palm oil (not listed in table) resulted in GHG emissions more than seven times higher than conventional jet fuel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
From a supply perspective, there is concern about the slowing down of yield growth in staple crops to levels that are insufficient for meeting future food demands without the expansion of agricultural land, which is already scarce in Asia. Some studies predict that in South Asia, the climate change scenario would result in a 14 percent decline in rice production relative to the no-climate-change scenario, a 44-49 percent decline in wheat production, and a 9-19 percent fall in maize production (Nelson etal. A 30 percent increase in the global population by 2050 will require a 60-70 percent increase in food production, taking into account changing consumption patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another advantage is the flexibility of breaking the working population of a country into different skill levels within sectors which allows capturing different facets of wage inequality such as within-country and within sector inequality as well as global inequality. Only wage-income inequality can be captured therefore missing important effects related to unemployment, informality, unincorporated businesses, and wealth transfers, amongst other things. Omitting wealth transfers in the calculation of measures of inequality can have consequences and these are particularly important at the top end of the income distribution (see Piketty, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Identifying the year in which the investment occurs is necessary, because the costs of renewable electricity decrease over time, and so does the associated subsidy. Therefore, a vintage investment model is needed. Due to population increase over time, this translates into an increasing physical investment schedule over time, whose slope differs among countries according to the rate of population growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These tensions have to be addressed and minimized in the implementation process, and will inevitably entail negotiation of priorities and compromise among different actors, sectors and dimensions of sustainable development. Indeed, very different interpretations are possible. An eco-social approach to sustainability, for example, would look at economic activities as a means to reach equity and environmental sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The large share of long benefit spells among all ongoing spells by contrast correctly indicates that long-term recipients are responsible for the most significant part of benefit caseloads and thus of the expenditures for benefit payments in a given period (Bane and Ellwood, 1994). As seen, individual benefit spells in Latvia and the Nordic countries tend to be much shorter than in Luxembourg and in the Netherlands. However, benefit leavers might return to benefit receipt more quickly if they do not find a stable source of adequate income after leaving the benefit rolls. This subsection therefore studies the number of benefit spells per individual, and the time until re-entry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Loans are either non- or limited recourse to the parent company and therefore either have negligible or no impact on the company’s balance sheet or creditworthiness. As a result, small- and medium-sized developers are free to pursue several projects simultaneously without large negative company-wide impacts. Project finance structures involve thus simple debt and equity and have been most popular in Europe, where government fiscal incentives have often reduced the associated risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article sets out guidelines for law reform processes to account for the challenges that terrorism may pose to the rule of law and democracy. As a response to terrorism, an increase in reforms of laws and administrative measures has been seen across jurisdictions. The substantive offenses themselves have been criticized, but as of yet, the theoretical issues that may arise during processes of reform have not been considered. However, law reform as a direct and immediate response to such events may curtail the rule of law and democracy: there may be inadequate time for debate in the legislature regarding proposed measures, or the debate may be centered on arguments based on fear and hate toward perpetrators. This article argues that this may curtail individual autonomy of citizens and truncate democracy. It sets out guidelines for how processes of law reform may treat people as capable of self-moderation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many utility companies are motivated to manage demand because they face load-capacity limitations, blackouts and unreliable supply. Demand-side management programmes aim to reduce industrial energy consumption through rebates, loans, subsidized audits, free installation of equipment and energy awareness programmes (Gillingham, Newell and Palmer 2006). The changes are implemented through specialized firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where both income and consumption data are collected at household level, attribution to individuals is impossible. But these measures are still unable to take into account the distribution of resources within households. In households above the poverty line, resources may not be shared equitably between women and men, by the same token, even though a woman without her own income may lack financial independence and agency, she may still benefit from collective goods such as housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ultimately, under a positive cycle of strengthened gender equality in basic service delivery and empowerment of women as users of these services, the true potential of e-Government lies in changing the paradigm of participation and representation of women in society. In this sense, mainstreaming gender equality in e-Government proposes an entry point of discussion as to how to include the empowerment of women in the post-2015 development agenda. ( Moreover, there is an increasing concern of women's exclusion from such online public services, due largely to the existing socioeconomic inequalities women face in the society such as education and income gaps, as well as under-representation in political and economic decision-making process. In addition to such an inadequate level of support environment at the national level, international policy support in the e-Government arena exhibits a disparity between the perception and the practice in promoting e-Government that embraces gender equality as an important goal. In sum, the potential of gender equality in online service to transform the offline reality has not bloomed yet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A range of political and social developments in the Netherlands suggest that ethnic profiling in political and social discourse is no longer seen as a taboo. Increasingly ethnic profiling is perceived as part of the solution to ‘the problem’ of terrorism, radicalisation, integration, violent crime, serious public nuisance or public safety. Although Dutch legislation and regulations do not explicitly prohibit ethnic or racial profiling, for law enforcement officials to use generalisations based on ethnicity, race, national origin or religion is at odds with national and international law. Nonetheless, there is a risk that police, security, immigration and customs officials exercise their general and special powers on the basis of generalisations or stereotypes to tackle pressing social needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This review suggests that the reforms should aim at higher international competitiveness, improved leadership, clearer roles and organisational safeguards to complement efforts towards greater autonomy. International competitiveness translates into more attractive positions, international recruitment and the creation of critical mass. Stronger leadership implies empowering rectors, directors, dedicated committees and leaders at all levels with respect to organisational and budgetary matters, while at the same time increasing accountability. Clearer roles and organisational safeguards make autonomy work: MHEST needs a strong and clear governance model and should actively support the process of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Suresh v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and Ahani v. MCI, the Supreme Court of Canada declared that removing a refugee accused of terrorism to a country where he or she would face a substantial risk of torture or similar abuse would virtually always violate the individual’s rights under s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While the Court deserves praise for vindicating fundamental human rights over competing claims of national security, coming so close on the heels of September 11, the victory is in certain respects more apparent than real. Given the strong endorsement of judicial deference to the exercise of Ministerial discretion in national security matters, the Court leaves the state wide scope to circumvent the spirit of the judgment while adhering to its
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This structural feature of the system makes it difficult to create school units of appropriate “size efficiency", although there are many basic schools with only primary education classes (Years 1 to 4). Furthermore the Slovak Republic, similarly to other Central and Eastern European countries inherited a very extensive sector of secondary vocational schools providing specialised training in many, rather narrow vocational areas (in 2013, there were 460 secondary vocational schools). Education in secondary vocational schools is typically more expensive than in schools providing general education and the relative isolation of this sector from the world of work (especially when compared to work-based or company-based skills development forms), the often high drop-out rates and the relatively high proportion of graduates who find jobs in areas that are different from the profile of their original formal VET qualification shows serious efficiency problems in this typical Central and Eastern European model of skills development (World Bank, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most of the local government institutions lack the capacity required to implement the policy, legislation and associated programmes. Local bodies are not financially independent and they have no autonomy in decision-making. They are financially dependent on grants from the central Government, as locally mobilized resources (mainly from property taxes) are often insufficient even for their basic operation, let alone for public services. Thus, local bodies depend on the centre for policies, plans, financial resources, human resources and even for budgetary decisions, which severely restricts the creativity and innovativeness of local leaders. Moreover, local leaders lack adequate knowledge and proper training to become visionary with regard to the socio-economic development of their locality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Geologically, it spans from the rocky coasts of North Greenland with large glacial inputs to the marine environments, across deep fjords in Norway and narrow sounds in Denmark, to the inner Bothnian Bay dominated by sandy and muddy sediments and wide-stretching shallow water areas. Water temperature spans from permanently around zero in North Greenland to temperatures above 20 °C during summer months in the Baltic Sea (Fig. The marine physical environment is dominated by Arctic water masses around Greenland, Atlantic waters around Iceland and the Norwegian west coast, and temperate water masses in the south and Arctic conditions in the Northern part of the Baltic Sea, which is considered to be the largest brackish water sea in the world (HELCOM, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consumers demand assurances about basic standards and trade authorities need to ensure that imported products comply with national regulations, giving rise to a wide range of non-tariff barriers to trade. While regulatory harmonization and mutual recognition lessen the compliance burden, non-tariff barriers remain significant. Furthermore, new regulatory concerns about environmental, chemical and biosecurity standards are being reflected in international trade agreements and are translating into more regulatory requirements at the border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Education as a process of learning and channeling knowledge, changing behavior and shaping personal character must be done well. Teachers have an important influence on the keys to success and success of the learning process based on national education goals. In learning, an ideal set of learning tools is needed so that students are able to understand the material being taught well. Ideal education as the suitability that is aspired, expected and desired. The ideal learning process through learning tools is characterized by the nature of students becoming active. This research method uses content analysis, descriptive research types and qualitative approaches. The results of the study, from 10 schools that were sampled as many as 6 schools with complete categories that have a match between 8-11 components and 4 schools have a very complete category that has a compatibility between 12-13 components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite huge progress, a large part of the population still remains illiterate, especially rural women (see Figures 9 and 10). This can explain the large share of marginal employment among rural women, which have very low skills. Income quintiles refer to the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of households. Source: NSSO, Employment and unemployment survey, round no. Source: NSSO, Employment and unemployment survey, rounds no. Depending on sectors the wage gaps vary across education categories but with no clear pattern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Apart from that single transfer, the authorities reassessed the socioeconomic situation of households in the affected zone, to take account of new households that suffered a significant drop in their income (Fernandez, Jadotte and Jahnsen, 2011). This is a once-only transfer of US$ 90 paid in two monthly installments of US$ 45 each, which is activated after the declaration of a disaster. Its aim is to "prevent a deterioration in the basic consumption of families that have been victims of collective natural phenomena" (Enriquez, 2013, p. 42).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A further problem in this regard is the presence of conditionality - for example, when a change in the political system leads to the suspension of projects (as reported by the Lebanese respondent). Closely related to this, many developing countries state that AfT disbursements are liable to double accounting by donors. This is because it is difficult to isolate what is, for example, an infrastructure investment and what is AfT. Much of the problem arises from lack of co-ordination and clarity between donors and recipients at the point of disbursement of general ODA and AfT. This is compounded by a lack of AfT strategies in many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The wood, paper and printing industry will also experience a reduction in value added by about 0.39 percentage points. Thus, an increase in the consumption by households of forestry and hunting sector commodities will affect the cashew nuts and coffee industries the most, with about 1.19 and 1.08 percentage point decreases in their value added. There will also be an increase in many agricultural prices, the highest increase taking place in cassava (table 25). Little or no change was observed in the prices of utilities, manufacturing and construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While national strategies are not the focus of this network, ACSN will help to improve the inter-operability of smart city initiatives among cities in the network, and will work towards creating opportunities to harmonise different national systems (ASEAN, 2018). The organisation’s scope of work includes advocacy, capacity building and training, research and knowledge management, project development and management, and decentralised co-operation. Regarding capacity building, UCLG ASPAC specialises in four areas that are of relevance for smart city strategies: sustainable mobility, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, tourism and culture, and local economic development. To promote capacity building, UCLG ASPAC has organised several training workshops and peer exchanges over the years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Bank-IMF divergence of the 1970s became history, with the Bank beginning now to take the lead public position in promoting a neoliberal agenda as the only way forward for development policy. ‘ There is no alternative' (TINA) became the watchword of neoliberalism. It would probably be fair to say that Nairobi was the space where the critique of neoliberal approaches to development as such became a central focus of feminist mobilizing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Describes how the USA and UK have established many and varied tough new provisions in the fight against crime, and corruption in particular. Traces the long history of corruption and attempts to suppress it, and defines the terms bribery and corruption. Looks at the US legislation against corruption, focusing on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) 1970 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 1977, also the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) 1989 and most recently the PATRIOT Act 2001, which covers corruption as part of a wider response to the terrorist attacks on the USA. Moves onto UK legislation since 1889, including the OECD Convention, the Anti‐Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, the draft Corruption Bill, and legislation enacted against money laundering and to seize the proceeds of crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Is the housing allowance shifted to rental prices?” Social Housing in Europe, Wiley Blackwell, pp 105-20. All European countries' estimates are derived from SILC 2012, with the exceptions of Belgium (2011) and Ireland (2010). All European countries' estimates are derived from SILC 2012, with the exceptions of Belgium (2011) and Ireland (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nonetheless, the region has benefited from the development of renewable energies in Europe at various levels —firstly, through FDI in wind power generation by many European firms (Iberdrola, ACCIONA, Fenosa, SN Power, Enel, GDF Suez and others) and in component manufacturing capacity, particularly in Brazil (Vestas, Siemens and Alstom, among others). Direct investment by these firms, which have more than a decade of experience in wind power in their countries of origin, have driven the development of the wind power industry at a pace that would have been impossible without this knowledge transfer. Moreover, the opportunity to develop wind power in Latin America has given these European firms an area of expansion that they needed when the sector was going through a major crisis in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mozambique has for instance included nine climate change questions in its household survey in 2014, on topics including perceived climate impacts, information sources on disaster and weather risks, and approaches taken to adaptation and sources of support (INE, n.a. Countries also may separate the upfront resource implications of building the monitoring and evaluation system and agreeing on what to measure, with the ongoing resource implications of routinely running the monitoring and evaluation processes. Bilateral development co-operation providers have supported several countries on building monitoring and evaluation systems by piloting local or national approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This study examines the growing debate around environmental causes of asthma in the context of federal regulatory disputes, scientific controversy, and environmental justice activism. A multifaceted form of social discovery of the effect of air pollution on asthma has resulted from multipartner and multiorganizational approaches and from intersectoral policy that deals with social inequality and environmental justice. Scientists, activists, health voluntary organizations, and some government agencies and officials have identified various elements of the asthma and air pollution connection. To tackle these issues, they have worked through a variety of collaborations and across different sectors of environmental regulation, public health, health services, housing, transportation, and community development. The authors examine the role of activist groups in discovering the increased rates of asthma and framing it as a social and environmental issue, give an overview of the current knowledge base on air pollu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The p coefficient is used because it moves in the same direction as inequality and has more intuitive economic appeal than the standard Pareto coefficient a, which moves in the opposite direction to inequality (Alvaredo and Piketty, 2014). Therefore, if p is equal to 2, the average income of individuals with income above 100,000 currency units is 200,000 units, if p is equal to 3, the average income is 300,000 units. A look at all the countries in the World Top Incomes Database (WTID) reveals that p coefficients vary between 1.5 and 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, there may be trade-offs among local pollution and (global) emissions or air pollution and land-use changes. A further complication arises from the need to compare environmental effects that may occur at different places and time horizons. The effects of economic activity on the environment, of the environment on economic activity and of policy actions are often not fully known, in particular as many of the effects may only materialise in the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All countries in Eastern Europe, except Moldova, currently have national legislation that regulates e-waste. In 2017, Russia will start an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme for electrical and electronic scrap. Manufacturers and importers must help collect and process obsolete electronics in line with Russian circular economy legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The waste from fish-farms consists of uneaten feed, faeces and respiratory products. Most marine and freshwater culture of fish takes place in net cages suspended in open waters, with no or limited technological possibilities to take care of particulate or dissolved nutrients like carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen. Within the aquatic environment, these nutrients may cause eutrophication problems if released in too high concentrations into recipients with limited capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)