albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the latter case of instream habitat, regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year. In the model presented here, we will consider the design of policies to address cumulative stream depletion problems in some detail (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013). Extension of the model to allow maintenance of specific streamflow constraints continuously throughout the year requires an intra-seasonal crop water production function, which leads to much more complex analyses and is generally not analytically tractable (e.g. Han, 2011). Thus, the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just pumping in the current period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The article provides an assessment of the European Commission’s recent proposal for reform in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) under the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). It does so on the basis of a public law theory of international adjudication that presents international courts and tribunals as multifunctional actors who exercise public authority and therefore require democratic legitimacy. The article introduces this understanding against the background of other, traditional basic conceptions of international courts and tribunals. It then focuses on the prospects of appellate review and politico-legislative input under the European Commission’s proposal for TTIP, as well as on the provisions pertaining to the arbitrators, the judicial process, and the judicial decisions. While the net merits of ISDS in the Trans-Atlantic context are uncertain, the article submits that the European Commission’s proposal provides, in principle, a welcome response to some of the more egregious shortcomings of investor-state arbitration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The knock-on effect of this will be a clear risk of even more overfishing, as more sea creatures will inhabit smaller and more easily accessible areas, becoming more readily fished. Here, both warming and acidification are occurring particularly rapidly and to a greater extent than in many other places in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Where effective ESD is taking place, it tends overwhelmingly to be in schools where there is a highly engaged and motivated principal, or another influential staff member taking on this leadership role. It is notable, therefore, that there is very little evidence of work being done to build the capacity of principals to introduce ESD in their schools. Like the teachers in their schools, many principals lack any specialised training in educational leadership, and very few have any training in ESD. As focal points and sometimes gatekeepers at their schools, this group of leaders will be important to the successful rollout of any broad scale ESD-related initiatives, including those related to the introduction of new curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It will guide the review of the Federal Government’s multi-year budget planning for the next cycle, 2016-2019. Furthermore, as a crucial element for enabling the continuous efforts towards implementing the NBSAP and achieving the national and Aichi Biodiversity Targets, a national strategy for the mobilisation of resources and for meeting capacity needs is being designed. Also, MMA negotiated with the Applied Economic Research Institute (IPEA) the national mapping of resources invested in biodiversity in Brazil through the Classification of Environmental Activities (CEA) methodology developed by the UN under the System of Economic and Environmental Accounts (SEEA). This analysis should contribute to a better understanding of the management and operation of national environmental policies and can support further public policy analyses to suggest implementation adjustments and/or plan future actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The report also considers local infrastructure to be part of the business ecosystem of exporters, as high-quality local digital and transport infrastructure is a prerequisite for using new, digitally driven technologies for international trade. While these national institutions and regulations influence the business ecosystem, the report defines them as part of the national environment. In contrast, large enterprises are often in a position to shape their business ecosystems, either directly or by expressing their concerns to those in positions of influence. For example, large firms can set up their own logistics systems to meet time requirements and generate investments by local or national authorities in local infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In these programmes, children are often exposed to an ECEC setting with trained or accredited staff, explicit pedagogical goals and a regulatory framework recognised by the relevant national authorities, even before the age of 3. In other countries with similar enrolment rates, such as Luxembourg and the Netherlands, different standards are often set for different ECEC settings or for different age groups of children (see more details in Table B2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consequently, the Asian monsoon region is occupied by about 40 per cent of the world’s population. Inhabitants are supported by a rich productive infrastructure, enabling them to live full lives in a limited area where they have created diverse cultures, peoples and languages. Linguistic diversity is high in the Asian monsoon region (South India, Southeast Asia, Southern China), linguistic diversity is likewise established in Central Africa and Central America, where the growing seasons are long and rainfall is plentiful (Nettle, 1999). In monsoon Asia, there are many mountains and islands where adequate food supplies can be guaranteed, so there is no need to make strenuous efforts to expand one’s territory, a fact that promotes seclusion, preventing expansionist ideas from spreading horizontally, and directing people’s attention to enriching their lives in their homelands, developing richly diverse nationalities and cultures. The most unique feature of this region is that, from the tropical area near the Tropic of Capricorn to latitude 60° North in the Arctic zone, there is a continuous moist climate and fertile soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, the values of the SSDI for the United Kingdom are approximately at the same level as the perceived concern over energy dependency in public opinion polls. This suggests that the public implicitly has quite a good understanding of the complexity of the issue. A study of the correlation between the change in public support for nuclear energy between 2005 and 2008 with the respondents’ answers to other questions in the Eurobarometer questionnaire in the same years suggests some insights into the factors that influence public acceptance. In particular, it becomes clear that the benefits of nuclear power in terms of diversification of the energy mix and alleviation of oil dependence were duly appreciated, and progressively more so by Europeans from 2005 to 2008. This in turn has contributed to greater overall support for nuclear power generation. Moreover, several countries that in the past shut down or put on hold their nuclear power programmes, but have recently changed their policy, like Italy or the United Kingdom, also display high shares of public support for nuclear energy with 73% and 75% respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mongolia’s economy rebounded despite budget cuts, benefiting from non-mining construction, the price hike for coal and stronger external demand for this commodity (partly due to reductions in China’s coal production). While the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea does not release official economic statistics, international sanctions are likely to be having a significantly negative impact on its economy. Notably, growth in China is expected to ease steadily as financial stability gains higher policy priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There exists a sophisticated body of international law for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict. The relevant international rules derive from not only from specialized conventions on point but also from general conventions on the law of armed conflict, the customary international law of armed conflict, general conventions on the protection of cultural property, conventional and customary international human rights law, and customary international criminal law. The chapter outlines the relevant bodies of international law one by one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, focusing exclusively on how many jobs an economy generates provides only a partial perspective on the challenge confronting policy makers, since people’s well-being depends crucially on how good their jobs are. Job quality is not only a key determinant of the well-being of individuals and of the households in which they live (an end in its own right), but can also be an important driver of increased labour force participation, productivity and aggregate economic performance (a means towards better economic performance). Hence, when assessing how policy and institutions can promote job-rich economic growth, it is important to look at both the quantity and quality of the jobs created.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Freedom and dignity, two key aims of the Italian Workers’ Statute of 1970, stand out as two concepts of debate in the UK workplace. Dignity has not been a frequently used term in UK employment law. Freedom has been a challenging concept in this jurisdiction. Freedom of association has been notably curbed in the UK since the 1980s. Even in the 21st century, the means through which trade unions can execute their representative functions have been limited by legislation. Freedom of expression has also been restricted, particularly through the remarkable force of contract clauses and policies that grant employers power to assess the online remarks of their workers. This situation has been lightly treated to date. Finally, there seem to be looming issues of access to justice for workers when one considers government attempts to (arguably) disincentivise recourse to employment tribunals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since EVs will be expensive at first, countries with a large base of consumers who can afford the cost will play an important role as "early adopters". Over time, their efforts should bring down the costs for others, in part through opportunities for technology transfer. A key aspect will be for national governments to work together, as they do through the Electric Vehicles Initiative (CEM, 2011), and to work with municipalities and regions to organise plans and responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The CFS provides a forum for dialogue among all stakeholders in the world food system, including UN agencies, civil society and the private sector. The CFS has also convened meetings in which high level panels of experts present information and analysis to relevant stakeholders for debate. Finally, the CFS facilitates the process of monitoring policy implementation at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Honduras, the poorest quintile's secondary school completion rate was barely 12.7% of that of the richest, and in Guatemala the figure was only 4.7%. A similar picture emerges when disparities in the average years' education of the economically active population are examined by quintile: in 2013, the gaps were smallest in Chile, the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina and greatest in Guatemala and Honduras. There was greater homogeneity regarding tertiary education in 2013, since the gaps between the top and bottom quintile were over 90% in 11 of 17 countries. Nonetheless, the gaps are still quite substantial and there is also a great deal of variation between countries as regards both the size of gaps and their evolution over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article analyzes the potential for legal transplant theory to strengthen the legal regimes that guarantee the right of access to environmental information in England and China. Guaranteed by the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, the right has a substantial impact on how individuals can act as environmental stewards. However, despite the framework provided by the Aarhus Convention, there are shortcomings in how these states guarantee the right when compared with the obligations set by the provisions of the Convention. The article applies Alan Watson’s legal transplant theory to the environmental information regimes in England and China and considers the likelihood of each jurisdiction sourcing legal reforms from the other. It also seeks to identify common trends shared by each jurisdiction and the impact of the Aarhus Convention on such transplants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They are accountable to the federal authorities, and, on the whole, more concerned with national development than with regional or local engagement. As in many other countries, higher education institutions in Malaysia do not have an explicit regional mission which is left to the individual institutions’ initiative. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Financing is available to borrowers up to a maximum amount equivalent to US$5,000 for a five-year period. The current uptake of these microloans remains very low. The Government considers the export of electricity as a major driver for economic growth and foreign exchange earnings. The Government plans the construction of Rogun HPP, rehabilitation of Nurek HPP, construction of a number of SHPPs, completion of Dushanbe-2 CHP plant, an increase in coal production, reduction of electricity losses and construction of domestic power transmission lines, alongside CASA-1000 for the export of surplus electricity in the summer. Exports create both an opportunity and a risk. In the long term, beyond 2025, further additions to summer generation could encounter challenges in finding export routes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result of this effort, Viet Nam has increased its forest cover since 1990. Nevertheless, the new forests being established in Viet Nam are mainly monoculture plantations with acacia as the main tree crop. Despite this, remaining forests still face challenges. Forest conversion to annual crops and commercial perennial plantations at the household level continue to be an issue in many parts of Viet Nam. In fact, it is interesting that the forest area in Thailand has not changed significantly in the last 15 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The latter measure is subsidised by the Ministry of the Environment. Taking a three kilometre radius as the conventional impact zone, 55 000 people are concerned, or 12% of the national population. Emissions of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) from the steel mills, in operation since 1997, are regularly measured by licensed agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The survey contains information on the country where respondents and their parents were bom, which allows distinguishing between foreign-born and native-born persons but also identifying second generation migrants. Unfortunately, the Survey of Adult Skills does not allow an in depth analysis of these issues as it does not provide detailed information on the different languages spoken by the individual. The lower end of the bar representes the 25th percentile, while the upper one the 75% percentile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whereas an Okun’s coefficient value (i.e. the ratio of the percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate to the percentage decrease in real GDP) of one-half to two-thirds is often considered to be typical during a recession, this value exceeded 1.0 in Spain, the United States and four other countries where the downturn in output was quite mild. While these six countries are located above and to the left of the 45° line in Figure 1.3, Panel A, most OECD countries are to be found below and to the right of that line, indicating various degrees of labour hoarding. For example, the Okun’s coefficient value was below 0.2 in Japan and 0.1 in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They play important symbolic roles in mourning the loss of soldiers and produce new lives to replace those who died.32 Gender identities exist alongside ethnic, religious and class identities. Women may be encouraged to fight an opposing ethnic group or an enemy of their state. This helps to explain the mixed ways women respond to war, with some supporting it and others working for peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the effect of JIEPA is diluted by the exclusion of certain items, particularly rice (ICTSD, 2008). The evaluation is based on the indicators of agricultural support developed by the OECD, including the Producer Support Estimate (PSE), Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) and Total Support Estimate (TSE) (Box 2.4). The NPC is also available by commodity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under this project, 15 000 people use free Internet in public places every day (300 000 every month). By providing easy and affordable broadband access to everyone-including the elderly, persons with disabilities, other disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and children - this project promotes sustainable industrialization, the development of technologies and applications, the building of resilient infrastructure and the fostering of innovation (SDG 9). As a result, Myanmar advanced eight positions in the International Telecommunication Union's ICT Development Index, overtaking both Pakistan and Bangladesh in the Asia-Pacific region. Although significant progress was made in terms of the number of mobile connections, the main drivers of better performance on the composite index were Internet-related.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Why are some judicial opinions widely cited while others languish in disuse? We theorize that both efficiency and persuasiveness structure the effect an opinion has on legal development. Precedents that are both unanimous and well-grounded in the law have greater persuasive value while citation to precedents that are easier to read allows a judge to craft an opinion more efficiently. We estimate the effect of an opinion's readability, the number of footnotes it contains, its use of precedent, and whether it contains a dissenting opinion on the number of times each year the opinion is cited and its vitality in the United States Supreme Court, the precedent's own court, the precedent's sister courts, the precedent's directly subordinate courts, and all remaining state and federal courts. We thus track vertical influence both up and down the judicial hierarchy and evaluate horizontal influence both within the precedent's jurisdiction and across jurisdictional lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The goods considered are vehicles, washing machines and refrigerators. The indigence indicator was preferred as a cut-off partly because the indicator of total monetary poverty could increase the possibility of double counting, given that part of the income poverty measurement that does not correspond to indigence is a proxy for the ability of households to satisfy non-food needs, including some which are already covered by the set of UBN indicators. Moreover, although the fungible nature of income means that revenue cannot be equated with food consumption, the indigence line represents a minimum amount of resources necessary for people to satisfy their basic requirements for daily sustenance, an aspect not captured by the other indicators considered by ECLAC (2013). The reason for this is twofold: first, the indicator of extreme poverty covers a very small percentage of the population in Latin America, and is thus unable to capture income insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Intervention does not guarantee success and, as argued earlier, some may be perfectly unjustified economically. But there is no evidence of an evolution in public policy interventions with the severity of stresses. Spain's experience following its 1983 Water Act has shown that implementing this type of reform is challenging, especially in areas with past intensive use of groundwater for irrigation by thousands of farmers (Llamas and Garrido, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Buildings' energy accounts for one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions, and if today's context continues, this share is predicted to rise. The low-carbon transition can be accomplished through energy-efficiency measures, behavioural interventions and incorporating carbon sinks such as urban parks. Cities and their energy systems should be resilient to natural and human threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to Sharipova and De Soto (Chapter 7), the Tajikistan case demonstrates that the “gendered cultural and religious patriarchal traditions, suppressed during the Soviet era, have enjoyed a resurgence and had negative effects for women”. It is also clear that the rhetoric may change without much institutional change being felt on the ground. For example, especially in the aftermath of high-profile mass crimes, human rights are likely to be universally emphasized and appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Retrenchment of survivor pension can result in effectively lower protection for women in a context in which their individual pension rights are not always guaranteed. In countries such as Austria, Germany and Spain, widowed women obtain most of their income from survivor pensions (Ahn 2004: Table 6). Some countries have mechanisms to protect pension entitlements after divorce (Choi 2006: 24-25).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A useful anticipation of defense economics must rest upon the dramatic, continuing, and confusing upheaval in the functions of military forces in the world of the coming century. This essay tries to reflect the staggering array of new features which impact on the provision of national defense and international security, as these profoundly shape the discipline of “defense economics,” they will elevate in importance the social, cultural, developmental, and legal interactions between economics and defense so that the subject will fit far more comfortably into the realm of political economy than it did when it originated decades ago. With this perspective in mind, this introduction is focused on categories defining the core of “defense economics” in the coming decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractRecent developments in critical policy analysis have occurred alongside the new materialisms in qualitative research. These lines of scholarship have unfolded along two separate, but related, tracks. In particular, the new materialist method of diffraction aligns with many elements of critical policy analysis. Both involve critical theory, complexity and multiple analyses. To examine diffraction as a potential method of critical policy analysis, this paper enacts Karen Barad’s method of diffraction through the theoretical writings of Jane Bennett and Gloria Anzaldua. Using the example of teacher leaders who are involved in educational policy, Bennett’s vibrant ecologies illustrate ecosystems of teacher leadership and Anzaldua’s borderlands demonstrate how teacher leaders bridge their roles within multiple layers of community, governance and identity. Through the method of diffraction, critical policy analyses may produce broader perspectives regarding the ways in which differing stakeholders, grou...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)