albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Staff reinforcement, through a national training strategy for labour inspectors is also recommended. An Action Plan has been elaborated by the government, on the basis of ILO findings, to strengthen the overall function and effectiveness of the labour inspection system. Its timely implementation is essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Competence centres are particularly interesting in this context, as their co-operation with industry supports the graduation of PhDs that bring skills relevant to the Finnish industry', and scientific research also feeds back to both Masters and Bachelors education. Graduates are normally much more likely than faculty members to start new businesses, hence, in terms of supply of relevant human capital for start-ups as well as established firms, it is important that Finland maintains a strong funding portfolio for applied and industry-relevant research - much stronger than is the case today. Tekes runs a programme that provides help to organisations trying to undertake innovative procurement, but little of this activity is actually visible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Based on the cancer expert’s responses to the OECD HCQI Questionnaire on Systems of Cancer Care, in Germany, for example, the number of internal medicine and other oncology specialists and radiologists is reported to be sufficient across regions, and there were only five vacant positions for radiologists in 2010. For instance, in Korea, according to the national expert, there has been a persisting shortage of pathologists since the late 1990s, and on average, only between 30% and 50% of residency positions in pathology in training hospitals have been filled in the past ten years. Canada reports that the lack of pathologists is serious, as their average age is increasing and sometimes no replacement is available for retiring pathologists. In addition, based on the projected needs, training positions for radiologists were cut back in the early 2000s, but by the late 2000s an increase in diagnostic imaging activities and technological sophistication has led to an increase in demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper explores the potential to converge the theory of political ecology with the environmental justice discipline as means to promote more effective civil society actions against macro-economic risks, whilst analysing the case of South Africa. Such a convergence could result in mutual benefit for both arenas that already share a commitment towards justice. Whilst political ecology has focused on theoretical perspectives, which are mostly applied in rural areas, and examined justice in a larger macro-economic framework, environmental justice has been confined to an empirical focus at a local urban level, which is unable to link local struggles to larger political economic frameworks. Additionally, both arenas generally view civil society as coherent entities that act against the state and industry. Both disciplines should re-evaluate geographic scales and reconfigure romanticised understandings of civil society actions in order to attain justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The process of co-ordinating horizontally across Colciencias and the sector ministries to tackle issues such as climate change and other problems increasingly being discussed as grand challenges appears to be at a fairly early stage. There is no appropriate arena at present and no referee (Salazar, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The relationshipis not simply a one-way relationship, with climate change impacting on different sexes in different ways or, more specifically, having a greater negative impact on women and girls than men and boys. The association between gender and climate change also encompasses the impact that women have had to date in shaping climate change policies at the subnational, national and international levels. In addition to high fatalities, loss of homes and livelihoods, women and girls also experience secondary impacts, including sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and trauma, loss or reduction of economic opportunities, and increased workloads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall, transfers operate basically on the family environment of origin of adolescents and youths. In the intermediate stage (the early years of adolescence), these policies act on the regressive distribution of learning and educational attainment and especially target dropout and disaffiliation, trying to encourage education system attendance and retention. But health conditionalities do not necessarily cover the entire population of adolescents and youths. In fact, the requirement for regular medical check-ups extends to age 18 in just 6 of the 16 cases recently reviewed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Elle explore comment la transparence des informations sur le financement climatique foumi et mobilise pourrait etre amelioree par rapport aux dispositifs actuellement en place, de fa^on a atteindre les objectifs fixes par F Accord de Paris. Transparency regarding the scale and type of climate finance provided and mobilised by developed and other countries, and received by developing countries, is important for national and international purposes. This paper explores climate finance information in the context of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)-related climate finance goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Monitoring information about programme participation and outcomes based on administrative registers should be improved and regularly published. Currently, initial and supplementary budgets with a breakdown across the different ALMPs are published, but the classification of measures through time is not consistent and information on participant stocks and flows is rarely available. Related to this, information for Japan in the OECD/Eurostat database on LMP expenditure lacks detail and coherence, and needs to be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Speech at the launching event of the EC and the All Party Parliamentary Group on Climate Change Co-operation, London, 11 January, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECFI/07/ 8&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Clean energy investment in developing countries: Wind power in Egypt. Winnipeg: USD, available at: www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/bali_2_copenhagen_egypt_wind.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Research with children, however, indicates that worry about whether parents can provide enough food may, at times, reflect quite severe situations [48], This makes sense from a developmental perspective since children have less control over their food environment, and children's sense of safety depends on the reliability of parents' ability to meet child needs. A child may feel unhappy about reduced food quality, may feel hungry when food quantity is reduced, but feel most distressed when they lose confidence that, in the end, their parents will always find a way to feed them. There is evidence that children age 7 and older can accurately report their food security [3,9], but particularly younger children are less able to report the causes of their experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For the individual countries or the region as a whole to be considered highly wheat secure, it would need to demonstrate both high production as well as high economic capacities. From the assessment, it seems that no single country in the region has achieved this combination and, as such, the countries that exhibit either high production capacity to secure wheat locally or high economic capacity to import wheat are categorized as less secure, while the remaining countries (low production and economic capacities) are considered to be insecure. With the combined natural and economic resources available to the region, it is believed that the region as a whole has the potential to become highly wheat secure, provided that coordinated regional policies are adopted and translated into higher levels of cooperation between countries of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
So far, 13 796 compact cars, 3 568 hybrid cars and 24 electric cars have been registered in Suwon, and the city aims to increase the number of electric cars to 1 000 units by 2018, while replacing 50% of its official-purpose vehicles with electric cars. The fundamental philosophy of the city government is that ensuring the right to mobility for vulnerable users is a prerequisite to ensuring the full realisation of the universal right, because all citizens are bound to fall into a vulnerable state as a child or an elderly. In this respect, policy makers are trying to find the right balance between profitability and social equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indeed, there are five dichotomous events that mark the transition to adulthood: leaving the education system, entering the labour market, leaving the household of origin, forming a conjugal union, and starting the reproductive phase or having the first child. In a way, during this phase the predominant role that the family played as a place of risk and protection increasingly shifts towards the market and the State. There is greater exposure to spheres where rights and access to well-being are defined by status and individual performance, and the mediation of the family wanes. The principal risks that young people are exposed to during this process relate to three key dimensions: timing, sequence and quality of events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Note too that this relationship is not static: the point at which global competition bites will depend on the future upgrading of international - especially Chinese - industry and the skill composition of trade.16 An empirical analysis of the links between globalisation and inequality found that trade globalisation and export growth since 1990 have tended to decrease inequality in most countries, while financial globalisation and technological progress have both tended in the opposite direction (IMF, 2007). The duality of labour markets, particularly those of the Asian giants, is a case in point. In both India and China there is substantial inequality in incomes between rural and urban workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A significant digital divide persists between men and women in many countries, and there are widespread digital divides between those with more or less income, associated with ICT affordability, with higher or lower educational attainment, particularly associated with the capabilities required for Internet use, and with other factors affecting the inclusion or marginalization of particular social groups, for example persons with disabilities. The capabilities of networks and devices have continued to grow extremely rapidly, doubling about every two years. The quality of ICT networks and devices, particularly in terms of bandwidth and speed of connectivity, has therefore also grown very rapidly, with broadband and even high-speed broadband networks becoming the norm in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Several countries’ INDCs identify priority sectors or sub-sectors for adaptation, such as water supply and availability, agriculture or coastal zones. This leaves open whether any such information submitted should focus on the priorities themselves, or also include information on how these priorities were determined. However, some countries or organisations have outlined how they have prioritised different adaptation options (Table 6 below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As other countries are tackling similar issues, much can be learned from strategies that have been implemented in various contexts and OECD countries and that have been shown to be effective in building a quality teaching workforce. In the following sections, this chapter provides an overview, based on the data available, of the current profile of the secondary school teacher workforce in Kazakhstan and attempts, whenever possible, to situate these data within the international context. The final section of the chapter on teachers discusses policies for attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Key areas of focus include initial teacher education and licensing requirements, induction and mentoring, in-service professional development, professional autonomy and teacher input in decision making, salary scheme, and status of the profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Concrete initiatives have included dedicated lanes for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and improvements in public transport accessibility for handicapped people. Since 2010, “people first” aspires to integrate pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles on Seoul’s roads. The policy concept evolved to include a wider range of modes of transport with the aim to create more attractive alternatives to car use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The agricultural sector is responsible for approximately 47% of the world's methane (CH4) and 58% of its nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (Vermeulen et al., This necessitates a transition within the agricultural sector, which not only meets increased productivity, and meets poverty alleviation and adaptation goals, but also delivers mitigation benefits. On a global scale, the agricultural sector carries a significant potential to mitigate climate change, e.g. by reducing emissions and increasing productivity throughout the supply chain and by increasing sequestration through changing land use practices (Campbell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The permanent pressure on skill thresholds for attaining decent living conditions is thus nothing new. What is new is the pace, which is creating complex problems for keeping the workings of the education system in sync with outcomes. This means that the intergenerational reproduction of inequality does not occur because some have access to formal education and others do not, but rather that everyone has access but the outcome is differentiated in terms of what students learn and how far they progress in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This manifesto was adopted at the African Union Summit in January 2014, effectively endorsing Smart Africa as a continental agenda. According to ITU data, 81% of all countries now have a NBP, at 159 countries in 2018, up from 156 in 2016 and 151 in 2015. For example, in Lebanon, the state-owned fixed-line telco, Ogero, has developed a network and Internet strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Again, to the extent that an increase in female labour participation leads to a decrease in household production or to a shift from unmeasured to measured activity, the estimates shown here may overestimate the effects of a change in female participation on GDP. With these limitations in mind, the projections should be read only as estimates or approximations of the impact that changes in female labour supply will have on economic output. The reference group is childless men. Sample consists of men and women aged between 20 and 45 years old without missing values for employment, column (2) reduces the sample to people in couples (married or living with their partner) and column (3) reduces the sample to single people (not married or living in a couple).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Remarkably, the share of spending on repair of buildings has declined from a tiny 2.9% to an even tinier 2.3%, and a similar trend can be observed with the share of spending on equipment, which fell from 4.4% to 0.5%. This calculation is the ratio of total central budget by total number of students financed by State resources. The figures on state-financed students are given in Figure 8.3. According to verbal information shared with the review team by the Planning and Financing Unit of SAPTE, per-capita financing varies according to the area of study, and fluctuates from KGS 12 000 to KGS 15 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A high-ranking position provides the leader with the necessary understanding of the system’s values and structure, and brings the power to be able to seize opportunities for innovations, and even the ability to change regulations, allocate resources, and implement the innovative learning reform. The common goal must present the essence and main challenge to be addressed so that it can serve as a symbol for the change that will foster legitimacy and stakeholder support for the investment of the time, money and expertise required. The vision should attract partners and followers, and provide them with the motivation, suggested methods, and narratives to explain the importance of such reform for innovative learning. The vision gives meaning to such concepts as “improving”, “learning” and “environment” providing the necessary context and relevance that are understood by and attractive to potential partners. The vision informs benchmarks and suggests evaluation criteria for assessing implementation measures. Without such a vision, there may well be too many routes to implementation and too much empty rhetoric, even mistrust in future reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similar results arise with the Nopo decomposition, most of the motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector is unexplained, and when we add more characteristics to the match it is greater than the actual gap (A = -14.4% and A0 =-17.5%). Their vulnerability is observed not only in their wages, which are lower than formal-sector women’s, but also in a motherhood wage penalty that rises with the number of children and is greatest when children are young. Institutional labour market rules thus appear to be a crucial determinant of wages for women in Buenos Aires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Connections have been notably established with the University of Bergamo’s centre of management of innovation and technology transfer (GllT ). The size of the two parks is relatively modest, even if 500 engineers are employed at Kilometro Rosso. Science and Technology Parks traditionally play an important role in supporting biotech companies in Italy and they account for 30% of the company locations. In Lombardy, the San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park is one of the largest Biomedical and Biotechnology parks in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has a major potential role in reducing poverty and contributing to green growth. Green growth issues in aquaculture differ from those in fisheries and the role and sphere of policy is different. A major concern for green growth in aquaculture is the stress it creates on feed resources, as aquaculture is the biggest fishmeal and fish oil consumer in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, prolonged low oil prices could also endanger the Petrocaribe arrangement by which many Caribbean states receive oil at preferential rates from Venezuela (O’Brien et al. However, a stronger US dollar resulting from the divergence of US monetary policy from the global norm could encourage greater tourist numbers and investment as buying power increases. This has largely been driven by strong growth in Papua New Guinea (8.5%) and Fiji Islands (6.9%), as well as a return to growth for Tonga (2.1%, up from -2.7% in 2013) and Samoa (1.2%, up from -1.9% in 2013) (World Bank 2016a). Papua New Guinea’s growth has been supported by a new liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) facility commencing production and Fiji’s growth has been broadly based across a number of sectors, including construction, manufacturing, and financial and insurance services, as well as increased tourism numbers (Batten et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
See Acemoglu and Robinson (2002) for a discussion on the dynamics between political institution and inequality. See Tsounta and Qsueke (2014) on how proactive policies can lead to a reduction in inequality in Latin America. At the same time, taxes, transfers and welfare systems provided a basic safety net for poor people and redistributed income for greater economic and social equity. If it were not for these profound reforms and prudent public policies, inequality could have remained persistently high in the now developed world, leading to social unrest, aggressive populist reforms, and economic stagnation as widely observed in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Data from the survey of Kyrgyz migrants (GMER 2013 /14) showed no statistically significant differences between females and males: 92 per cent of them work, 6 per cent work and study whereas students and homemakers each make up less than 1 per cent. According to the online survey of migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (GMER 2016), both female and male migrants from these countries were mostly in paid employment but women much more often than men would stay at home and do housework (figure 8). The consensus picture emerging from the literature is that men work mostly in construction, manufacturing and transport whereas women mostly work in trade and services (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 27, Mukomel, 2013, p. 26).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The aspiration of this study is to provide a lens to students’ emerging multiple identities, especially gender identities. The present study does not concern with the notion of typicality or representativeness but with the particularities and complexity together in the given context. Social media presents a fertile site for investigation of the discursive construction of emerging identities. In this study, one particular identity emerging along with L2 language learner identity through interactions is found to be gender identity. It was intertwined with other aspects of identity such as friendship and solidarity. The study revealed how social-community building of the students has been established through jokes, sarcasm and sharing by utilizing multi modalities in social media and foregrounding their gender identities.      Article visualizations:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In middle income countries about 50 to 70% of the intended beneficiaries are reached, with an increasing role for social assistance rather than social insurance benefits, hi low-income countries, only a quarter of the intended benefit population is covered and on average less than 5% of the intended beneficiaries are covered by social insurance benefits. There are two major types: i) skills development and training, and ii) cash-or food-for-work programmes. However, cash for work programmes do not improve skills and in themselves do not offer opportunities to participants to escape poverty. The challenge is to improve these programmes so that they contribute to the transition to more productive employment, and more and better jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Seasonal tariffs can be very effective in providing higher incentives for saving water in periods with high scarcity. Increasing-block tariffs, on the other hand, which foresee elevated charges above a certain level can be an effective way of reducing consumption from users with very high demand (WATECO, 2003). In any case, price structures need to be volumetric, with low fixed charges, in order to provide incentives for reducing water consumption. Water metering is usually a precondition for effective pricing systems (Roth, 2001, Lallana et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tariffs are also found to have a significant negative impact on agricultural trade. Yet, despite the higher level of tariffs on agricultural products, the analysis shows that their impact is not necessarily stronger than on manufactures. On average, a reduction of tariffs by 10% would increase trade value by about 3.7%. Although data limitations have not allowed controlling for the impact of other trade-cost related constraints, such as standards and conformity assessment, and access to credit, case studies have illustrated how badly these constraints affect the agricultural trade performance of developing countries, in particular as regards small and medium agricultural producers, processors and traders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)