albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In this way, policy coherence can be instrumental to generate comprehensive policy solutions and contribute to a sustainable and more inclusive development. The Development Strategy, which has been endorsed during the Ministerial Council Meeting of May 2012, advocates a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to development in which policy coherence for development is a core element. It is an essential tool to ensure that the Organisation's contributions to development efforts are strengthened and respond to fast-changing global realities where countries at varying levels of development can contribute to global sustainable growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is especially true in the area of ICT and software which is rapidly evolving. There is a need for continuous adaptation to changing market conditions and emerging technology trends (for example, related to FOSS, mobile applications, cloud computing and Web 2.0 technologies). Given the crosscutting and multipurpose nature of software, with consequences for both public service delivery and business competitiveness, it is important to integrate the strategy effectively into the overall development plan. When designing the strategy, a natural starting point is to identify the development objectives towards which it should contribute. At this stage, a series of questions can be raised. What are the current status, strengths and weaknesses of the national software system?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other changes have involved reducing the minimum land areas applicable in some states from 50 ha to 20 ha. Furthermore, the maximum duration allowed for projects was reduced from five to three years. This was mainly due to the cost implications and local resources available for managing and supervising agreements and projects. The two most common reasons cited for this are that proposals do not meet the level of technical detail required to carry out the compensation activities, and the non-eligibility of the land where the compensation would take place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One way to assess and monitor how well countries are preparing their students for life after compulsory education is to determine the proportion of 15-year-olds who score above the baseline level of proficiency in the PISA test. A Danish study that linked PISA to the Survey of Adult Skills (a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, or PIAAC) also shows that students who had scored below Level 2 in reading in PISA 2000 were more likely to have received income transfers for more than a year between the ages of 18 and 27 - meaning that they were unemployed or ill for long periods (Rosdahl, 2014). And the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY) shows that the 25% of students with the lowest scores in mathematics in 2003 were more likely to be unemployed or not in the labour force in 2013 than the second 25% of students (LSAY, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Various countries expanded the definition of sexual harassment through new laws and regulations. Others have stiffened maximum penalties (e.g., France), better defined employer obligations (e.g., Iceland, Korea, Mexico and Slovenia), and/or focused on harassment in particular industries or sectors (e.g., higher education in Israel). Australia, Portugal and Sweden report having strengthened their legislative systems and policies in various ways to combat violence against women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Individuals with more favourable labour market characteristics leave benefits quickly, those who remain are more disadvantaged and their exit rates lower. For instance, in Norway, the monthly exit rate for individuals who reach the 4th month on benefits is about 20%. The implied observed spell durations differ substantially across countries. Table 9 presents an overview of the duration of all benefit spells that start during the observation period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The primary care sector is not as strong as it could be, however, and poorer health and access to health care persists in rural and remote areas. Several steps need to be taken if the ambition of having primary care front and centre of the health system, particularly to tackle chronic diseases, is to be realised. Transparent reporting of a wider set of quality and outcome measures will enhance the performance and status of the sector and assist in developing a specialist primary care workforce, a closely linked priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Latin America and the Caribbean the five countries with available data show a wider spread of the proportion of female candidates, from a low of 3 per cent in Belize to a high of 51 per cent in Costa Rica. For the more developed regions, the proportion of women candidates ranged from 12 per cent in Japan to 49 per cent in Belgium and tended to cluster within the range of 20 to 45 per cent. Regionally, the average likelihood of women candidates winning a seat in the lower or single house of parliament is higher than that of men candidates only in Africa — by a factor of 1.17.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Internet subscriptions in the country rose over 300% between 2010 and 2015 from 13 to 59 per 100 people. Mobile broadband accounted for 90% of all Internet subscriptions in 2015 and a 3G or 4G network covered around 80% of the population in 2016. The market is relatively competitive with three Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for a population of less than 800'000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Despite growing recognition of the need for policy coherence and transformative change, green economy approaches often fail to achieve integration and can perpetuate inequalities by prioritizing economic and environmental over social aspects. If social policies implemented in response to adaptation pressures are to be transformative (chapter 2), they need to be part of a policy package that tackles the root causes of development models that are unsustainable with regard to environmental impacts and climate change. In a similar vein, SDG 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all)58 introduces a social qualifier to the kind of economic growth to be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To avoid congestion and potential damage to individual grids in case of major power fluctuations, SGCC is planning to significantly strengthen the interconnection of its three regional grids in the east, central and south of the country (Figure 7). In 2009, cross-regional trade of electricity is 11.4% higher than the previous year and totalled at 158 TWh (Zhang, 2010). Depending on how quickly it can ramp and other conditions, a generating plant can be used as primary (frequency-response), secondary (spinning and nonspinning) or tertiary (replacement) reserves (Box 3) (IEA RETD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The focus then turns to municipal solid waste (MSW) where data on quantities and composition as well as past trends and future projections are presented (Section 3.3). Section 3.4 overviews the status of MSW management across income groups and regions. It focuses first on the protection of public health by ensuring that all wastes are collected, and then on environmental protection by phasing out uncontrolled disposal and open burning of waste. This is followed by an examination of the global industry in secondary materials (Section 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In recent years an increasing quantity of UK legislation has introduced blended or ‘hybridised’ procedures that blur the previously clear demarcation between civil and criminal legal processes, typically on the grounds of normatively-motivated political expediency. This paper provides a critical perspective on instances of procedural hybridisation in order to illustrate that, first, the reliance upon civil law measures to remedy criminal law infractions can raise human rights issues and, second, that such instrumental criminal justice strategies deliberately circumvent the enhanced procedural protections of the criminal law. By conceptualising the rule of law as a structural coupling between the political and legal systems, and due process rights as necessary and self-imposed limitations upon systemic operations, this paper employs a systems-theoretical approach to critique this balancing act between expediency and principle, and queries the circumstances under which legislation contravening the rule of law can be said to lack legitimacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Israel constitutes a case in point: the so-called “start-up nation” has a relatively small yet highly dynamic high-tech sector, which is the major driver of growth in the country, while the rest of the economy consists of traditional industries and service sectors characterised by low productivity and low wages. This dual economic structure has increased the levels of inequality and social unrest in the country (Lemarchand, Leek and Tash, 2016). High-skilled workers in more productive firms progressively gain higher wages and benefit from regular on-the-job training and from constant interaction with other highly skilled individuals, ultimately increasing their innovation capacities. In turn, those working in less productive firms, even with similar capacities, see their wages stagnate or decline over time, have fewer training opportunities, and progressively have more difficulties move to highly productive jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But in Botswana and Zimbabwe traditional practices discriminating against women are not prohibited, customary law is exempted from anti-discrimination legal provisions. Douglas Webb has reported that in 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of orphans from all causes was over 50 million with one fifth of those orphaned by HIV (Handa, Devereux and Webb 2011). The major issue of orphans has led to a number of well-intentioned schemes that target HIV orphans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a relatively low level of availability of and access to opioids for pain relief in all countries in the region. The Government of India continued to take substantial measures to address the situation, including through legislative changes that enabled the introduction of a simple and uniform regulatory regime in respect of opioids for pain relief (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Third Amendment) Rules, 2015). The countries of the region have continued their cooperation in drug abuse prevention and control matters under the umbrella of the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Common implementation issues are also discussed. Section 3.7 presents a first attempt at assessing the housing policy mix in OECD countries, highlighting that more work is needed to validate the comparability of data. However it is important to determine to which extent these objectives are in fact shared by housing policies, given the fact that countries intervene in housing market also for reasons not linked to social policy (see Section 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Government can do much to encourage the required investment by working for macroeconomic stability, availability of financing, an enabling infrastructure and an innovative industrial base. Policy makers should also implement consistent and transparent regulation. For example, a policy framework that properly rewards T&D investments is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first is purely physical. The English landed gentry and US cattle barons could use hedges or barbed wire to fence off the land they claimed (or stole, depending on your point of view), however vast the extent. Second, there was a government actively promoting the new property regime, with the means to enforce it if private attempts failed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
During this time, highly skilled workers have reaped disproportionately higher benefits from shifts in labour demand due to both greater financial and trade integration and technological progress. Top incomes have responded to the “more global market for talent and a growing use of performance-related pay benefitting top executives and finance professionals in particular." ( Policy changes that reduced marginal tax rates in many OECD countries in the 1980s, for example, directly increased inequality by increasing the amount of disposable income available to the upper percentiles of the distribution. At the same time, reductions in marginal tax rates may also have indirectly encouraged behavioural increases in labour supply, further increasing the earnings of high-income individuals (OECD, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the top 9% of the population in terms of income received 19% of the subsidy. Redistribution of these subsidies to improve the social security system would have positive impacts on social welfare and macroeconomic variables. Reallocating government revenues in this way would be more efficient and therefore lead to overall economic gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Equation (1) also abstracts from capital depreciation, taxes/subsidies on intermediate inputs, and exogenous changes in efficiency. All of these considerations are typically also included in global CGE analyses - in particular those based on the GTAP framework. The subscripts i refer to produced commodities, of which there are N in total. As shown below, in most CGE models, this is where municipal water shows up since the municipal water supply is provided by a public utility using scarce resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The use of filters and/or moving to proxy-means testing may improve the targeting performance, by both reducing exclusion and inclusion errors. Demographic categories can be narrowly defined in order to limit budgetary requirements. Based on the poverty profile of a given country, the characteristics of the poor can be identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data show that the share of the population with specific ICT skills is considerably higher in developed countries than it is in developing countries. One of its targets is to enhance the use of ICTs to promote empowerment. Data on the percentage of women and men who own a mobile phone show that the gender gap in mobile phone ownership and use is higher in lower-income and less connected countries. One of its targets focuses on the need to increase access to ICTs and the Internet, as measured by the percentage of the population covered by different mobile technologies. The proportion of the population covered by a mobile-broadband network will reach 84 per cent in 2016 globally, but only 67 per cent in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As the number of these types of systems increases, there will be an increased market size for a larger number and wider range of such end-use technologies. Patterns of travel vary tremendously around the world, as do the levels of travel per capita.18 Given high car ownership levels in OECD countries, an average of around 5 000 kilometres per year is travelled by car (except in OECD Pacific). In emerging economies and developing countries, no country or region has been found with more than 5 000 km of travel overall, across all modes (Figure 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article, drawing references from popular theories of social exclusion, capability and civil rights, develops a concept—the poverty of social rights—in the causal analysis of poverty. The author believes that deficiency of economic resources and working capability are not the only reasons for urban poverty, in fact, the lack of social rights on the part of the disadvantaged sectors of society constitutes simultaneously the cause and consequence of urban poverty. The article defines the concept of poverty of social rights and its characteristics, and analyzes its China phenomenon. In the end the article poses several options and remedies for China's poverty-relief efforts through designing and implementing a Chinese-style affirmative action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As has been mentioned already, the small scale fishers were exempt from the ITQ system when it was first implemented, mostly due to fears that they would be bought out of the industry. Various measures were taken to safeguard their livelihoods while at the same time there was an increased pressure on this fleet to adopt some form of quotas to limit their catches. To increase employment in coastal communities, fishers using a long-line that is baited onshore have been allowed to double their catches in demersal (living near the bottom) species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Prior to 1992, Turkish law had no rules regarding exclusion of illegally gathered evidence, though it was generally understood that statements that were the products of torture could not be used in a criminal trial. In that year, however, the legislature enacted a specific exclusionary rule to apply to involuntary confessions, and a more general rule which provided for exclusion of evidence “unlawfully” obtained by law enforcement officials. Thereafter, the Turkish Constitution was amended to require exclusion of “illegally” obtained evidence and the new 2004 Code of Criminal Procedure contained provisions reflecting the constitutional command. This Chapter explores the Supreme Court’s application of the new rules and notes a certain reluctance to apply them, especially in the context of the “fruits of the poisonous tree”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In real terms, prices are expected to decline from the record high of 2014. The aquaculture to coarse grains price ratio is expected to be cyclical over 2015-24 and to eventually stabilise slightly lower than the historical average (1990-2014). The price ratio between aquaculture and fishmeal will remain relatively stable. Since the feed demand for fishmeal from aquaculture and livestock sectors is growing faster than supply, an increase in the fishmeal to oilseed meal price ratio is expected. The popularity of the Omega-3 fatty acids in human diets and the growth in aquaculture production have both contributed to a rise in the fish oil to oilseed price ratio since 2012, which is expected to be maintained over the medium term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Conditional transfer programmes currently cover over 22 million families in Latin America and the Caribbean, 12 million of which are in Brazil and 5 million in Mexico. Bolsa Familia and Oportunidades, followed by the Familias enAccion (“Families in Action”) programme in Colombia and the human development grants in Ecuador, are the region’s largest programmes in terms of the absolute number of beneficiaries. In Brazil and Mexico, where the programmes have grown the most, the number of recipients exceeds the number of people in indigence, corresponding to 83% and 71% of the population living in poverty, respectively.10 In comparison, the scope of conditional transfer programmes in Central America does not exceed 20% of the poor population (see figures II. In 1998-2002 in Ecuador, the Bono Solidario (’’Solidarity Grant”), a non-conditional cash transfer, preceded the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (“Human Development Grant”) (Naranjo, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Evidence from a number of countries converges in that sense, showing that the worst-off have higher rates of alcohol-related problems and mortality than the better-off (Najman et al, 2007,Hemstrom 2002, Harrison and Gardiner, 1999), even for the same level of drinking (Makela and Paljarvi, 2008, Grittner et al., Hence, the gradient of inequities in alcohol related harm is not consistently in line with the gradient of inequalities in alcohol use. Lastly, alcohol consumption may have larger societal impacts in addition to its health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There are national committees for GEF and for biodiversity, to enable communication, cooperation and collaboration among the NFPs of these and other areas. The committees meet regularly to discuss projects of national importance, provide follow up, and discuss national reporting on biodiversity. The agenda of the committees recently expanded to include the country’s NBSAP. The effectiveness of these committees is reasonable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, existing information is often fragmented and outdated, moreover, it is scattered among different sources and not available in digital form. All available data should therefore be perceived as rough estimates, and be interpreted with caution. Proper assessment of the current state of a particular species population, its conservation status and trends is also not possible. This applies to all kinds of flora and fauna species, regardless of whether they are widespread or rare, indigenous or alien.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The central bank is also looking to lower the reserve requirement ratio further in line with the reductions in March and June 2018. The capacity to meet the infrastructure plan while limiting associated fiscal risks remains a prominent near-term challenge. Concrete policies for continuing to develop regions outside Metro Manila, particularly in agriculture-dependent areas (Box 1.2), are crucial to spreading economic opportunities and managing population concentration and activities in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Le present rapport passe en revue les elements des mesures d'adaptation et des progr&s accomplis par les pays qui pourraient etre notifies au titre de l'Accord de Paris, afin d’ameliorer la communication sur les efforts deployes en faveur de l'adaptation et de la resilience. Ce rapport montre les retombees positives que pourraient avoir 1’identification et le rassemblement des informations sur l'adaptation au plan tant national qu’international. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, including adaptation, with built-in flexibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The making of the Constitution was an international event consisting of envoys from the thirteen states seeking to devise a solution to two diplomatic and security crises, that amongst the units (states and regions) of the Confederation with one another and with foreign powers. Early America is often structured as a fixed “nation” in studies of the period, but it is perhaps more accurate to classify it as comprising a state-system, one which was part of a larger international system. This article reviews how this dynamic and the role of diplomacy factored into constitutional reform in the 1780s by surveying the extant scholarship in the area and through analyzing debate at the Federal Convention and the reaction of the founders to the threat of internecine and foreign war during the Confederation. It concludes by discussing how its findings point to new lines of inquiry into the early American political experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The risk factors of diseases and injuries are often interlinked and, therefore, their prevention should be approached in a complex manner. Among other main behavioral health impact factors there is also featured limited physical activity. According to the forestry development plan State Forest Management Centre has to have a development plan (See chapter 2.4.1.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Equilibrium model assumes finite resources with low-carbon investments displacing financial resources from other uses leading to an opportunity cost, while non-equilibrium models do not, assuming resource constraints do not apply (EC, 2016a and 2016b). However, once some mechanism is in place to internalise the environmental externality, there is no reason a priori to implement R&D support policies targeted specifically at low-carbon technologies. Yet, in theory, subsidies to private R&D activities should reflect the size of the external spillovers from the research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)