albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While the multi-dimensional headcount ratio of men in 2011-2012 was 0.40, it was 0.68 in the case of women (Table 11-21). The Alkire and Foster index of women was 0.28 as against 0.10 for men. The gender bias index was thus as high as 3.0, indicating that women are three times more deprived than men. There have also been structural changes in the population, including an improved sex ratio, reduced birth rates, a rise in the average age at marriage, improved longevity and progressive ageing of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In travel time figures, markers refer to average travel time at a specific hour within the day while the vertical bars represent the ranges of travel time. Speed limits are set to be 40km/h on the road in Jakarta, 60km/h on the road in Malaysia, 60km/h on the road in Metro Manila, 50km/h on the road in Singapore and SOkm/h on the road in Bangkok. Traffic congestion data are based on either entire specified road wherever possible or a selected representative segment of specified road. Data are not necessarily comparable across the five areas shown above. In some of the region’s larger cities, a significant amount of time is wasted in traffic congestion (Table 2.2). There are also additional economic costs in the form of increased fuel and other transportation costs, and reduced productivity and efficiency (Box 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The increase was only 0.8 percentage points in the year 2011-2012 as against 1.4 per cent in 2004-2005. In the case of men, the difference is almost negligible in the 25-34 to 45-54 age groups. These are (i) Scheduled Tribes (STs), (ii) Scheduled Castes (SCs) and (iii) Other Backward Communities (OBCs). The classification is based on socio-economic conditions. The population is also divided into a large number of religious groups including Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jains, Muslims, Sikhs, etc. For the purpose of analysis in this paper, the above social groups and religious groups have been combined into five socio-religious groups: (i) STs, (ii) SCs, (iii) OBCs, except those belonging to Muslim communities, (iv) Muslims, except those in the categories of STs and SCs, and (v) Others (those who have not been accorded any special status).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has been formalised most recently in Decree No. The role of various agencies in rice export management is divided as follows: MARD is responsible for forecasting the quantity of rice available for commercial export based on domestic production and consumption estimates and reserve volumes, MOIT for seeking markets and negotiating government-to-government (G2G) food exporting agreements, and the Viet Nam Food Association (VFA) is in charge of operating contract registration of rice exporting enterprises and allocating G2G contracts among exporters (Box 2.3). It is organised and operates under a charter ratified by the Minister of the Interior and under state management of MARD. Members of VFA work together to co-ordinate food trading activities for the protection of legitimate interests of its members, to contribute to food security, to import, export food in the international market in compliance with the state policies. It receives no government funding to carry out these activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The first is to use a simple average supply cost of desalination of $ 1.15/m3 as a working estimate for the supply cost of desalination. This figure is based on a benchmarking exercise of 51 seawater RO desalination plants36 that led to a similar average supply cost and on previous studies that have taken an estimation approach to supply costs.37 The supply cost is irrespective of technology type and feedwater because reported costs are not tractable. The second method for calculating cost is to use an energy cost based method. The first is electric energy that is produced from a large number of fuel sources, including coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuel, photovoltaic solar and wind energy.38 RO plants use only electrical energy, while MSF and MED use some electrical energy. Thermal energy can be derived from many of the same fuel sources as electrical energy, including oil and natural gas, or from such alternative sources as solar thermal.39 MSF and MED plants primarily use thermal energy, while RO plants do not use any thermal energy. Water Desalination Report, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The New York City Green Infrastructure Plan requires USD 2.4 billion of investment from the public and private sectors, in swales, green roofs and other source controls to manage runoff. This will have further benefits, including cooler temperatures, improved air quality, more green space, lower energy bills and higher property values. New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan will change the city form and reduce combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by 12 billion gallons per year, 2 billion gallons more than the existing grey strategy, at a savings of more than USD 2 billion over the 20-year implementation period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Well-targeted programmes should be protected and expanded, either in coverage or by increasing transfers (Mitra et al. Measures so far taken in Central Asia have focused on topping-up existing benefits (pensions, cash transfers) and public work programmes. However, cuts in public expenditures and reduction of donor support threaten social protection spending especially in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This essay makes sense of rhetorical scholarship on publics by interpreting publics as networks of relationships. I begin by considering how the concept of relationship has circulated as a prominent theme in the foundational scholarship on which contemporary scholars often draw. I then discuss how scholarship on multiple public spheres and counterpublics explores advocates’ efforts to reconstruct relationships in pursuit of inclusion, justice, and equality. I conclude by explicating neoliberal publics as a prominent contemporary challenge to robust relationships and critical public engagement. Against contemporary scholarship and practice that emphasizes fluidity, diversity, and transformation, a neoliberal public asserts its own universality, claiming that market relations represent an intrinsic, common orientation to public engagement and that markets treat everyone the same.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, in a causal web, disease events are influenced by risk factors both directly and indirectly. The definition of the risk factors, as well as the thresholds used to identify individuals at risk, is largely based on data provided by the WHO Comparative Quantification of Health Risks publication (Ezzati, Lopez, Rodgers, & Murray, 2004). In the model, proximal risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood glucose, have a direct influence on the probability of developing such chronic diseases. This accounts for the effect of known pathophysiological mechanisms. Conversely, distal risk factors, such as low intake of fruit and vegetables, high fat intake, and insufficient physical activity, have an indirect influence on chronic diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overcrowding, poverty and unemployment also have an impact on the above-mentioned rights and directly affect the level of violence and sexual abuse in homes and communities. In addition, insufficient protection for victims of domestic violence, including insufficient shelter homes, legal aid and information to women about their rights, has an impact on the level of domestic violence and women's homelessness. Consequently, States should address all these issues as issues of women's rights to property, land, housing, life, personal security, gender equality and being free from violence and discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is provided mainly in institutional settings with little emphasis on community or home care. There is no properly integrated longterm care system coordinating between providers and this is reflected in fragmented service provision and disjointed governance (Normand, 2017). The current work on a Long-Term Care Act aims to address these challenges (see Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Strategy goes beyond safety and quality to more broadly encompass effectiveness of care, and variations in medical practice. It strives to achieve three main quality ambitions. It sets out a Quality Measurement Framework, which provides the basis for the use of indicators at three national levels. The second level relates to the performance management of NHS Boards, with agreed Local Delivery Plan (LDP) Standards (discussed in Section 2.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Understanding, discussing and exemplifyingthe key challenges of M&E for adaptation, UNEP DTU Par tnership Working Papers series, Climate Resilient Development Programme, Working Paper 1: 2016. Vertical Integration in National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Processes: A guidance note for linking national and sub-national adaptation processes. Org/wp-content/uploads/2016/l 1/Vertical-Integration-in-NAP-Processes-Guidance-Note.pdf (accessed 20 February, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This contributes to a very high risk of old-age poverty in these countries and Bangladesh, India, Lao PDR and Pakistan all have at least 60% of their populations trying to get by on less than USD 2 per day (Figure 2.2). But among Asian countries, the extension of pension coverage has been most pronounced in China. Next to pension provision for civil servants and other public service unit workers, 1997 pension reform in China established a national multi-pillar pension system w'ith the aim to cover all employees working in urban areas (Salditt et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Based on IHME estimations, almost 40% of the overall burden of disease in Uthuania in 2015 (measured in teims of DALYs) could be attributed to behavioural risk factors - including smoking, alcohol use, diet and physical inactivity (IHME, 2016). However, smoking rates among men (34%) and 15-year-old boys (20%) are much higher than the EU averages (26% and 14% respectively). There is a major challenge in reducing binge drinking4 among men and adolescents (boys and girls). In 2013-14,41% of 15-year-old boys and 33% of girls reported having been drunk at least twice in their life, which is the highest in the EU for boys and among the highest for girls Over one third (34%) of men in Lithuania engage in regular binge drinking, which is well above the EU average for men (28%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As for Sweden, Norway and Denmark, they boast the narrowest gaps in working hours within couples (below ten hours per week). Eastern European countries also tend to have below average within-couple gaps. Nor do mothers necessarily step up their paid work to offset reductions in their partners’ hours: if the father does not work, the mother still works only some 19 hours per week on average - which may, in part, be related to assortative mating that brings together partners with the same socioeconomic background (as in university and college students). Data refer to total hours worked in all jobs, except for Chile where only hours worked in the main job are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Energy efficiency targets are now in place at all levels of government. Nevertheless, in all countries and economic sectors, increased synergies between renewables and energy efficiency measures are possible, and oftentimes strengthening one will, in turn, strengthen the other. In both technical and policy contexts, renewable energy can have a positive effect on energy efficiency—and vice versa. Each of these steps presents opportunities to strengthen the energy efficiency of the overall system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, a small group of private companies is actively patenting plant genes with a view to owning the rights to the genes’ possible “climate readiness” in the future. Granting intellectual property rights constitutes, and should always remain, a public policy action, one whose intention is to consistently stimulate—not restrict—private initiative in technological development. At the present time, the granting of a patent is the most widespread and lucrative technological development incentive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The national focal institutions for the MEAs lacked technical resources to implement their roles, and contrary to the reporting protocol, they reported directly to the MEA secretariats without sending copies to the Department of the Environment - which itself lacked resources to coordinate, collect or disseminate reports. It places the Department of the Environment at the centre, as this department is NFP to all MEAs to which Lesotho is party. The department acts as a central depository of reporting information, linking different sectors and reporting to Parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The trees were ca 20 m in height and planted in the 1952-57. We identified 9 studies located in the Nordic and Baltic region, all dealing with aspects of forest recovery after wind-throw. To increase the material we supplemented with around 10 Central European cases. We asked questions related to: (1) The recovery rate ofthe forests, (2) how processes and structures influence the recovery, (3) how structures before the storm event influence the recovery, (4) how forest management after the wind-throw influences recovery, and (5) how the wind-throw affected the successional development. It seems that advanced regeneration, soil disturbance and dead wood play an important role in the recovery, especially in the boreal region. In the nemoral region, deer browsing seems to be more important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, USM School of Computer Sciences had extensive collaborative relationships across its teaching and research mission. In addition to wide research collaboration, the school has extensive linkages related to human resource development including industry involvement in curriculum development. The school also provides industrial training and certificate programmes to upgrade the knowledge and skills of existing of Multi National Corporations in the E&E industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Earnings from non-standard work tend to be more dispersed than earnings from standard jobs, as non-standard jobs are more heterogenous (Annex 4.A3, Table 4. A3.2): the factor dispersion (in terms of Gini coefficient) for NSW earnings is about 0.8, compared with 0.55 for SW earnings. In addition to being more unequally distributed, earnings from NSW are more concentrated in the households at the lower part of the income distribution, as the factor correlation between NSW earnings and total household income is low (on average about 0.33).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This section provides an outline of the decision tree and key areas of intervention and action that will be available in the online tool accompanying this publication. This section also outlines a policy and investment road map that comprises 10 key steps to accelerate the development, modernization and scale-up of district energy in cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the future it might become possible to make such an analysis by using data to be made available through the History of Labour Relations project at the International Institute for Social History. In the case of the Scandinavian countries we complemented the Murdock data with information on the year in which legislation was enacted to mandate equal inheritance. The exception is Namibia, where universal male suffrage was granted in 1926, while it was extended to women only in 1989, following independence. Exploring the Gender Pay Gap Across the Wage Distribution”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. Mother’s Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While under certain circumstances projects utilizing diesel generators or diesel-RET hybrids may be more appropriate, the choice of renewables has the advantage of limiting an increase in fossil fuel imports. This is an important consideration in times of economic crisis, tighter national budgets and volatile oil prices. Finally, at the household level, access to electricity, particularly if based on RETs, can also improve the energy security of families, as they are no longer subject to oil price fluctuations5 and to what can be high costs of transportation and delivery of fuel. This of course is only valid where RETs have a comparative advantage over fossil fuels in terms of resources and costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These look systematically at whether the evidence is consistent with what would be expected if the intervention was producing the impacts, and also whether other factors could provide an alternative explanation. Other methods are also available13 and several guidance documents and handbooks exist. The interested reader can refer to Gertler et al. ( Once impact evaluation results are available, they can be combined with information on programme costs to analyse cost-effectiveness (if possible, a fully-fledged cost-benefit analysis should be carried out (OECD, 2018, Gertler et al., An ex-post CEA addresses the question of how far objectives have been achieved, and at what cost. The cost-effectiveness of a policy is calculated by dividing the annualised costs of the option by a quantified measure of the physical effect, such as animal or plant species recovered, tonnes of emissions of a given pollutant reduced, kilometres of river length restored, and so on (Gorlach, n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The key objectives are to increase aquaculture output by 25%, increase ecological production to a minimum of 10% of the total production, increase export of aquaculture products by 25% and increase export of aquaculture technology and fish feed by 200%. The “National Strategic Plan for Development of Sustainable Aquaculture 2014-2020” develops these goals as part of an EU-wide initiative to promote aquaculture (see EU chapter). In 2017, Denmark will conduct a review of support to fisheries and aquaculture activities for the remainder of the 2014-2020 period and implement changes in the areas identified as needing adjustments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The first is that of absorbing labour that has been freed up from the subsistence sector. The second is that of generating foreign exchange revenues, which in turn is necessary for importing essential goods and servicing foreign debt. The LDCs have been focusing on the tradables sector for the past 25 years, which has meant shifting resources to encourage exports and introducing policies conducive to export-led growth. This shift has generally been successful in increasing foreign exchange earnings. Export revenues rose vigorously during the 2000s, since both the volumes exported and the prices of exported goods expanded. Where exports are based on natural resource extraction, the employment intensity of growth has been low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The workshop was aimed at sharing practical experience in the field of the testing (including remote testing) of equipment, new technologies and services. The meeting was devoted mainly to reviewing the results of the evaluation study of the current regimes governing C&l testing in the Arab Maghreb countries and to the review/ approval of the draft Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) between the Arab Maghreb countries as suggested by ITU. To this end, the launch of the ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development is aimed at promoting the use of broadband to achieve the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Of the 12 countries for which data are available, child benefits absorb between 0.1 and 0.9 per cent of GDP However, in six of them this ratio declined between 2000 and 2004-2006 (UNICEF, 2009). Thus, while the communist social protection systems had a far greater impact on income inequality than in Latin America, the last decade has seen a steady erosion of this initial advantage. For instance, the probability that a child from the bottom decile completes secondary education in relation to that of a child of the top decile rose on average from 36.7 per cent to 50 per cent between 1990 and 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is the reason that emissions projections are made for the chemical industries as a whole. The consumption of HFCs in Bulgaria depends on domestic production and manufacturing for domestic consumption - the filling of newly manufactured products and refilling of equipment - or on precharged equipment. The emissions in 2011 had decreased by 67 per cent compared with 1988. In 2011, GHG emissions from industrial processes were 3,977.93 Gg CO2 equivalent, compared with 11,959.94 Gg CO2 equivalent in 1988.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Except in rare cases of external causes, it should be possible to define success or failure at the institutional level and identify remedies when the latter occurs. These mechanisms must meet two conditions. First, the set of decisions that can be appealed and under what circumstances needs to be delineated in order to avoid repeated challenges by small minorities or by eternal challengers, which could make the process intractable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In particular, investments to adjust the long-run water supply (e.g. investments in water abstraction), as well as proposing alternative water supply options to tackle short-term water shortages, are key to providing reliable access to water. To give an idea of the potential effect of managing water demand, a report prepared for the European Commission (Dworak et al., These water saving technologies are not only easy to introduce and to implement, but have also short payback periods, further enhancing their uptake possibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specific coins for use cases could be created as applications on top of the platform, enabling those applications to create their own crypto-currency. This means that real-life contracts between any kind of entity are stored and digitally represented, including automated actions like the blocking of funds for certain reasons. This creates an ecosystem for any sort of application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
National statistics reveal a strong increase in fertiliser consumption over 2000-10, both in absolute terms (+137%) (IBAMA, 2013) and per unit of agricultural area (Figure 1.12). Brazil is one of the world’s largest consumers of fertilisers (after China, India and United States) (FAO, 2014). Fertiliser use is particularly high for certain crops, such as soya (Accioli and Monteiro, 2011). It is also higher in the South and South-east regions, where large-scale farming prevails, and has been associated with increasing pressures on water and soil quality. In 2010, pesticide sales amounted to USD 7.2 billion, 10% more than in the US market (Pelaez et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Statistics South Africa (2002) and Hoogeveen & Ozler (2006) found that poverty increased between 1995 and 2000. Hoogeveen & Ozler (2006) estimate that 12.6 million South Africans were living on less than PPP$1 per day in 1995 compared to 14.4 million in 2000 and that 22.9 million South Africans were living on less than PPP$2 per day in 1995 rising to 25.2m in 2000. The direction of these findings accords with the census based analysis presented earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)