albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Sweden (one of the most gender-equal countries with a strong family support system) men’s (fathers and non-fathers) paid work hours are about an hour less than in Germany on average and women’s (mothers and non-mothers) paid work hours more than three hours more per week compared to Germany. If, by 2040, German men and women aged 25 to 54 emulated the labour market behaviour of Swedish men and women in the same age bracket, the projected decrease in the German labour force would be slowed and GDP per capita could increase, if it is assumed that changes in labour force participation rates or weekly working hours do not affect the labour demand (see Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion of different scenarios). In countries with limited support for reconciling work and family life, child birth often implies a significant reduction in family income, as at least one partner has to stop (or reduce) their employment participation in order to care for the new child. The number of children in a family has a greater adverse effect on female employment in Germany than in many other OECD countries, and German women are much more likely to remain childless than women elsewhere (Chapter 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, public information campaigns may work best when implemented in synergy with other measures, such as increased availability or improved labelling (EATWELL, 2012). Moreover, successfully boosting changes in consumer habits regarding diets and food preparation would be difficult, unless efforts to make this change are linked to achieving national health objectives. For example, establishing financial incentives or taxes that discourage people from eating foods with high levels of animal fat could be part of national efforts to reduce heart disease and obesity. Nutrition and eco-labelling aim to inform consumers about the composition of foods and enable them to make informed choices about what they eat, it is a necessary condition for overcoming informational market failures, but does not overcome externality or public good issues associated with food consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship (CSE), www.entrepreneur.chalmers.se, is both an educational platform, where entrepreneurship skills can be acquired and a pre-incubator to developed early-stage business ideas and to start-up a company (most students start a legal company during the project-year). Core to this is a network that brings together innovative individuals, universities and firms interested in developing and commercialising early stage high-tech ideas with high market potential. Today, CSE practices an “Encubation” process, that is, offering a Master-level education combined with business incubation through an incubator organisation - Encubator - operating in symbiosis with the education but owned by Chalmersinvest. When participating as an idea provider, university researchers and other inventors, get an opportunity to test their invention in a one-year innovation project at CSE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Collecting straw or forestry residues, for example, may not be worthwhile for farmers or forest owners, and therefore might need to be incentivised. Municipal solid waste contains a lot of fermentable materials, but they are mixed up with non-fermentable materials. Industrial waste gases exist in profusion and are often in a relatively pure form, but microbial processes for their fermentation are immature, and there may be little incentive for companies to capture waste gases. Estimates of lignocellulosic waste materials available globally for bioproduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In this debate, it is posited that the process of accumulation uses "human energies” as merchandise, while housework reproduces these energies as part of a process that constitutes an integral component of the development of the members of the household. From the external perspective of the household, these energies are diverted from the reproduction of human beings to the production of merchandise. From the internal perspective of households, the production of merchandise is a means to an end, which is reproduction (Picchio, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Small-scale satellites are used in communication networks and in applications that use high-resolution imagery in areas such as for monitoring land use and for urban planning. These satellites may soon become affordable for more developing countries, businesses and universities.17 Blockchain technology can be used in applications in which ensuring the integrity and traceability of the information about transactions is important, such as those in smart contracts, digital identity systems, land registration, and financial transactions. At the same time, gaps continue to persist both within and between countries, including in the access to digital services, and there are risks of existing inequalities being exacerbated. Societies also need to manage the often significant social, economic and environmental consequences of rapid transformations brought about by technologies (see, for example, box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public-private partnerships might be another good way to improve infrastmcture planning while also encouraging portability of care. For example, private funding could be used to construct a public facility where some portion of the building is dedicated for public services and another portion is private (possibly contracting with the public sector). Lastly, better information for patients is important so individuals are aware when they have the right to see a provider outside their network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This would help public employment services to identify the most appropriate course of action for each job-seeker. Differences in returns as proficiency increases vary across countries, more so than for employment status. For instance, within countries, the top 25% best-paid Korean and Japanese workers scoring at Level 2 in literacy earn more than the median hourly wage of those scoring at Level 4 or 5 (Figure 6.4 [LJ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Referral for family-planning services and further diagnosis and treatment for complications of pregnancy, delivery and abortion, infertility, reproductive tract infections, breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS should always be available, as required. Active discouragement of harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, should also be an integral component of primary health care, including reproductive health-care programmes. Reproductive health-care programmes should be designed to serve the needs of women, including adolescents, and must involve women in the leadership, planning, decision-making, management, implementation, organization and evaluation of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The platform is run by the Trade and Industry Department in association with industrial and trade organizations, professional bodies, private enterprises and other government departments. One of its innovative features is 'Meet the Advisors’ Business Advisory Services. Its mission is to show Swiss SMEs how to enter attractive export markets and create opportunities for growth. The initiative includes other private sector partners, such as Credit Suisse, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Amber Road, and Swiss Export Risk Insurance SERV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A consensus on the need to engage in rebuilding is a driving force for industry-initiated rebuilding plans as the case studies from Japan, Korea and Iceland clearly demonstrate. Such measures usually define rights for the participants in the fishery, although those rights may vary considerably in nature and form. These instruments have been or are being introduced into an increasing number of fisheries (e.g. OECD, 1997, OECD, 2006, EU, 2009). Examples include community-based quotas (CQs), individual quotas (IQs) and individual transferable quotas (ITQs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Despite sustained scholarly interest in post-conflict states, there has not been a thorough review and analysis of associated methodology and the challenges of conducting research in these contexts. Addressing this gap, this paper directs attention to the particular effects of these settings on access and data quality and their ramifications for the resulting scholarship. It assesses the intrinsic challenges of performing fieldwork in these environments, drawing on both relevant social science literature and the authors' experiences of carrying out research in Afghanistan and Timor-Leste. The study demonstrates that the post-conflict environment moulds research design and, consequently, influences how questions are answered as well as the questions asked. Moreover, it highlights ways to mitigate these issues. This work is of relevance to scholars planning to engage in field research and to researchers reflecting upon their work, as well as to policymakers who are considering undertaking programmes or commissioning research in post-conflict areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter analyses why women are absent, and what can be done overall to promote more inclusive approaches, drawing from the insights shared by high-profile women in Commonwealth Africa. The fact that women are not represented in proportion to their presence in the population is a violation of this principle. In short, women have a right to equal participation in political decision-making. It is also about participation and citizenship, which give people a say in their lives, making for better policies and service delivery, and holding those who make such decisions and take such actions more accountable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
No systematic effort is applied to promote resource efficiency and cleaner production among the business community. Sectoral policies are being revised in line with the 2014 Green Development Policy and 2016 Mongolia Sustainable Development Vision 2030. However, the overall costs of achieving the related numerous targets and measures have not been estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is important to note that people requiring priority protection receive special public health care to meet their specific needs. The largest reduction in deprivation between 2006 and 2010 was in the elderly group, where it declined by more than 10 percentage points during the period. This effect can be explained partly by the extension of public health insurance coverage, but also by higher incomes thanks to old age benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Apprentices - who have to be aged between 16 and 25 years old or unemployed, earn a percentage of the minimum wage for their work, based on their previous qualification and their age. Depending on the programme, apprentices alternate between academic and vocational courses and work-based training. Enterprises offering apprenticeships receive tax credits and social security exemptions (Ministere de l’Education Nationale/Ministere de l’Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, 2013). Postsecondary apprenticeships have grown in popularity: in 2011-12, one-third of all apprentices were at the post-secondary level - more than 120 000 students, whereas that level represented less than 5% of apprentices in 1995-96 (RERS, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such workers send about half their monthly wages to families back home, typically supporting four or five family members. Remittances are used to pay for food, healthcare and education, significantly reducing the incidence of extreme poverty (Neak and Yem, 2006). This industry can easily be relocated to other countries, and there are limited job opportunities in other areas of the formal sector for the unskilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Domestic violence reporting by health providers contributes to the epidemiological assessment of the magnitude of the problem, which allows the development of specific programs and actions. The aim of the study was to assess the level of responsibility of these providers towards reporting violence, especially domestic violence, and potential related legal and ethical implications. The Brazilian legislation and ethics code of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Psychology were studied. Legal sanctions are found in the Criminal Law of Misdemeanor Offenses, the Child and Adolescent Statute, the Elderly Statute and in the law establishing mandatory reporting of violence against women. There are also penalties in all ethics codes reviewed. It is concluded that health providers have the legal duty of reporting known domestic violence cases and they can even be charged with omission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second constraint implies that the coefficients for each independent variable across the three equations must sum to zero. Additionally, the equations must be slightly different, so instead of using identical independent variables, we include an extended market work model that includes labour market access as proxied by distance from home to office. We also assume that the error terms are independent and identically distributed (iid) across the activities with a mean of zero and homoscedastic variance £ = E (uj u'j |X).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Usage rates for 65-74 year-olds with tertiary education are generally in line with those of the overall population, and in some countries approach the usage rates among 16-24 year-olds. The difference in usage between 65-74 year-olds with high and low educational attainment are particularly large in Hungary, Poland and Spain (OECD, 2014). While users with tertiary education perform on average 7.3 different activities, those with lower secondary education and below perform only 4.6 activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consequently, the World Bank figures tend to be lower. It should be noted that the methodological differences also produce different country rankings by poverty levels. The cumulative rise in food prices in 2007 and 2008 is thought to have prevented roughly 11 million people from moving out of poverty and a similar number from escaping indigence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
New plants are using high pressure boilers (up to 92 bar) and their electricity surplus has grown considerably, in a very competitive setting. However, about 90 per cent of the mills still use 22-bar boilers and other sugar plant equipment produces less surplus power. Actually, such internal combustion motors, which can work on an Otto-cycle, may be of a smaller size than those of conventional trucks using diesel oil. Since the truck wheels are driven by very high torque electric motors, the smaller internal combustion motors have lower torque requirements than the present diesel motors. Hybrids are particularly appropriate for short-haul and stop-and-go transportation and, as battery technologies improve, hybrid trucks will also be able to work as plug-ins, using off-peak power generated at the sugar mill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They need not necessarily be mediated by a physical grid. The adoption of particular software, the “buzz” created by viral marketing around a particular product, the positive spillovers of a company’s research and development (R&D) spending or a “clusteri of like-minded researchers pushing each other are all examples where positive externalities ensure that the final result is greater than the sum of the individual contributions. Whether negative or positive, technical externalities lead to suboptimal situations as their unconstrained production is either too high or too low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Table 3.4 shows that almost 40% of SNGs’ total revenue is self-generated - mainly tax-sharing arrangements - while almost 60% is transfers.9 Across OECD countries, the average is 44% and 38% respectively, in OECD unitary countries, such as Iceland, Sweden and New Zealand, tax revenue as a percentage of local revenue ranges from more than 50% to less than 15% in Estonia, the Netherlands, Turkey and the United Kingdom, (OECD, 2016c). In 2012, on average, 49% of the transfers granted to SNGs were non-targeted (non-earmarked), 47% were targeted (earmarked) and 4% were loans from upper level governments. However, targeted transfers vary from year to year and from region to region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Ultimately, higher levels of inequality could end up undermining continued growth and thereby the sustainability of the shift.23 Policy makers should pay attention to the evolution of income inequality, both for its own sake and because it influences the poverty dividend of growth. Social policy can limit inequality in outcomes today. But macroeconomic stabilisation and education can level the playing field over the longer term and offer possibilities for the poor to take advantage of future opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nokia’s success further built upon existing advantages and entailed large-scale development and mobilisation of national and international stakeholders and supply chains. These ingredients will also be important in the future in identifying and seizing opportunities for innovation and growth, especially in the areas defined by the “societal challenges”. Universities’ research specialisation has an immediate effect on the specialisation of PhD graduates. Hence, the thematically focused research funding (for example, through technology programmes and especially via longer term competence centres, where PhD education is explicitly built into the strategic research agenda) feeds back to the production of industry-relevant PhDs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Historically, global water law has developed in fragments. The fragmented nature of water law mainly originates from the fact that water can be seen as an economic, ecological and social unit (horizontal fragmentation). Within the clusters that these units constitute, water law is also seen as fragmented, given that a particular cluster is composed of different levels (vertical fragmentation). This article will scrutinise the social justice cluster, or the right to water, and examine whether and to what extent vertical fragmentation in water law leads to divergent approaches among the different levels, while placing the discussion within the general context of fragmentation in international law. For that purpose the elaboration of the human right to water by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, functioning at the international level, will be compared with the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR), a regional court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both sexes are guilty of woman and child abuse. Since women often have the primary responsibility to shape their children into gender roles, some play a significant role in encouraging males to be violent to prove their masculinity. In northern Kenya, some mothers acknowledge that they urge their sons to steal cattle and kill young men from opposing tribes so they can prove their masculinity and be initiated into manhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some elements of directional flow listed here may be more important than others and all elements may not warrant an equal focus. Care should be taken to ensure this flow is not double counted in estimates of multilateral climate finance flows. The Rio Markers do not allow exact quantification of amounts allocated within projects specifically to address climate concerns but instead provide an indication of the extent to which donors address the objectives of the Rio Conventions in their aid programmes. There is thus significant room for interpretation and also opportunity for error.53 A marker for adaptation has been included only in 2009, while the initial Rio markers did not explicitly exclude adaptation projects, rendering the distinction between adaptation and mitigation for the past years could only be attempted by review of individual project details and even then may not be possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to the second graph in Figure 2.2, in Australia the income coefficient of variation is initially reduced as the farmer insures more land, but it starts to increase if the farmer insures more than half of his land. This crowding-out effect of insurance on diversification strategies is confirmed in the third graph of the figure, with reductions of 4% in the diversification index. As seen, the income variability continuously increases as the farmer insures more land in the UK because the stronger crowding out effects always dominate insurance effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Together with the reduction of subsidies for public transport, this has resulted in deteriorating service quality and a dysfunctional, fragmented transport market and system. Today, the city of Krasnoyarsk alone counts almost 100 private transport businesses, in addition to several municipal public transport companies, operating buses on various routes in the city (Krasnoyarsk, 2013b). Such factors are not unique to Krasnoyarsk, but they have a particular impact on congestion there because it is a regional transport hub in its own right and it straddles a major river.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, in pre-primary and primary education, inspections provide input into the central decisions about the distribution of staff positions in schools, and decide about the distribution of targeted programmes to individual schools. Also, concerns about infrastructure needs can be passed on from schools through the inspection to the central level. In addition, inspections play an important role for the implementation of the decisions about the organisation and operation of schools taken at the central level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The situation deteriorated significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of undernourished people increased from 195 million in 2014 to 237 million in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of hunger, with the rate increasing from 20.7 per cent in 2014 to 23.2 per cent in 2017. In South America, the situation also appears to be worsening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This Article analyzes the mainline Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican models of sex, marriage, and family and their gradual liberalization by Enlightenment liberalism. The theological differences between these models can be traced to their grounding in Lutheran two kingdoms doctrines, Calvinist covenantal theology, Anglican commonwealth theory, and Enlightenment contractarian logic. Lutherans consigned primary marital jurisdiction to the territorial prince or urban council. Calvinists assigned interlocking marital roles to local consistories and city councils. Anglicans left marital jurisdiction to church courts, subject to state oversight and legislation. The early Enlightenment philosophers, many of them Protestants, pressed for a sharper separation of church and state in the governance of marriage, and for stronger protections of the rights and equality of women and children within and beyond the marital household. But they maintained traditional Protestant prohibitions extramarital sex and no-fault divorce in an effort to protect especially women and children from exploitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the four products, Brazilian’s appear to prefer cheese consuming 4 kg/p, a moderate increase during the projection period (Figure 2.20). But, demand for whole milk powder expands faster during the projection period, with per capita consumption rising to 3.7 kg/p. Per capita consumption of butter and skim milk powder is expected to remain relatively flat at 0.4 kg per person and 0.6 kg/p respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)