albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Institutional investors are increasingly using co-investment as a way to reduce transaction costs, gain access to more potential investment opportunities as well as build relationships with experienced investors such as infrastructure funds. In contrast, a joint-venture is a business arrangement where two or more parties agree to pool their resources and establish a new entity for a specific project or business activity in a way that is separated from the participants’ other business interests. A consortium is an association of two or more individual companies to pool their resources and participate in a common project or business activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Portugal launched a major reform on school leadership in 2008, which established three councils in schools: the General Council (with representatives of school staff, teachers, parents and local authorities), which is in charge of operational and strategic planning and monitoring and selecting the school leader, the Pedagogical Council, which supervises and co-ordinates pedagogical activities, and the Administrative Council, which is responsible for administrative and financial matters. Conditions for granting of an autonomy contract include a school self-evaluation and receiving a positive external school evaluation. These contracts allow for greater autonomy in areas such as pedagogical organisation, curriculum organisation, human resources, school social support and financial management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Introduction: The City, Globalisation and Social Transformation Ronaldo Munck Part I: Regeneration 1. The Contemporary City: A Critical Perspective Karen Evans 2. From World City to Pariah City? Liverpool and the Global Economy, 1850-2000 Stuart Wilks-Heeg 3. Richard Meegan 4. Enhancing Spaces of Inclusion: Governance and the Urban Regeneration Litany Peris Jones Part II: Perspectives 5. Gendered Perspectives Colette Fagan 6. 'Ethnic' Perspectives Ola Uduku 7. Youth Perspectives Barry Goldson 8. Elders' Perspectives John Lansley Part III: Transformation 9. Living in the City: Poverty and Social Exclusion Tony Novak 10. Images of the City David Hall 11. Community Development: Rhetoric and Reality Barney Rooney 12. Futures for Liverpool Gideon Ben-Tovim
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The sector consuming most plastics in the EU is the packaging industry, representing nearly 40% of the total plastics demand. This is an example of an application with a relatively short lifetime. On the contrary to packaging, the building sector with products of relatively long lifetimes, consumes around 20% of the total plastic demand in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Preventive interventions also cover individuals at specific risk and those who have either no symptoms of the disease or early signs and symptoms, where early case detection will assist in reducing the potential damage by enabling a more successful intervention. Take the examples of breast and prostate cancer, where age and sex affect the risk, certain lifestyle choices increase the risks, as smoking does for lung cancer. When the symptoms correspond to an acute condition, a remission or cure (HC.l) is sought and expected. Many conditions cannot, however, be completely cured and lead to chronic conditions with some degree of functional decline. Treatment then involves recurring contacts for control as well as the patient’s personal involvement in monitoring and controlling symptoms and treatment.11 Curative care is the most frequent reason why people initially contact the health system. However, based on the specific needs of each consumer the services received typically include a basket of components that mixes preventive and rehabilitative as well as curative care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Emissions in the residential sector are also quite high by international comparisons, with 1.3 tonne per capita v.v. Energy performance could be finther improved by increasing the rate of renovation of the building stock and indeed the government plans to encourage further energy-efficient building refiirbishments (IEA, 2009). These measures are welcome as they could usefully complement the price signal of a carbon tax. The 2002/2007 Energy Saving Ordinance has been amended to introduce stricter norms in 2009 (energy performance increased by 30%) and made energy certification of buildings compulsory w'hen they are constructed, sold, leased or rented out (in line with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive). These subsidies are provided on a first-come-first-serve principle, suggesting high deadweight losses. Given that available resources are limited, such subsidies, in particular grants, should be targeted to low income households and credit constrained firms, which otherwise may not have the capacity to finance profitable energy-efficient investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Time use data for partnered men and women aged 20 years or above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabitating partner. Employment rates for partnered women aged 20 years and above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabiting partner. Employment rates for Norway for partnered women between 15 to 75 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As Geography was constructed as a scientific discipline over time, reflective moments have provoked periodic crises caused by the incapacity of the discipline to critically analyze reality. In an attempt to overcome superficial readings Geography urgently needs to reflect on methods and methodological procedures that could make the discipline a more critical social science. This article presents a theoretical contribution to understanding method as a way of conceiving the world, movement of thought and action that help produce a critical perspective. The centrality of space and the urban are shown to provide the means for understanding the contemporary world and capitalist transformations, which require Geography to adjust its focus of social issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The discussion of accountability in global regulation leads inevitably to considerations of responsive governance. This chapter positions the regulation of crisis to ordering in the context of global governance no longer dominated by terror-centred risk/security priorities or the human rights compromises that these have produced. The analysis of global governance commences with a consideration of the consequences of risk/security globalisation wherein regulation has required rights compromise. From here, it is argued that as the risk/security focus shifts from narrow interests in terrorism to more universal crises, regulation has the prospect of endorsing rather than sacrificing human rights concerns through strategies of collaborative sociability where previously the emphasis was on command and control intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Current, successful teachers in the ITE programme recommend even more support and in-service training for former students (now teachers) because many graduates find it too difficult to influence unequal structures and practices relating to diversity and intercultural norms in their schools. Other ways to improve include creating a more diverse student body within the ITE programme (as most students are native Finnish), and advocating for ITE content in mainstream teacher education at Oulu University (Alasuutari and Jokikokko, 2010[i62i). Otherwise past cohorts may hold on to different approaches and, crucially, new and current teachers could fail to adapt to a continuously changing environment (Van Driel, Darmody and Kerzil, 2016, p. 71(i67j). Continuous professional development programmes include support for student teachers in the transition to the teaching workforce as well as providing opportunities to practice and learn about new strategies to manage diversity once they are in the profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the 2012-13 school year, 53 272 such hobby groups, which operate on schools’ premises, offered activities to nearly 881437 enrolees, since some students may participate in more than one “hobby group” the number of enrolees may be greater than the number of individual students. These after-school “hobby groups” or “clubs” engage students in such activities as fine arts, choreography, vocal and choral groups, and performance groups. In addition, more than 30 000 children participate in sports clubs throughout the country and a growing number of “extended education” institutions (680 in 2013-14) provide further extracurricular activities in areas such as ecology, technology, tourism, music and fine arts, recreational camps, and sports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, several factors which are essentially outside of the Ukrainian authorities’ control, such as the building of alternative pipelines in Europe and the development of new technologies, might put into question the planned upgrading of existing facilities or their extension. For example, a combination of political and economic factors has prompted Gazprom, the Russian gas monopoly, to diversify its gas export routes, which circumvent Ukraine’s territory. Moreover, since future trends in gas supply and demand are increasingly uncertain, the demand for gas transit services on Ukrainian territory may become less favourable in the horizon of 5 to 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A high value may indicate inefficient use of staff, a low degree of automation and/or low wage levels. The staff ratio has remained stable over the period and has not been driven by reductions in volumes of water sold, as the utilities still have to operate the same oversized infrastructure and associated equipment. In the region, this ratio is almost consistently above 1.5 staff per 1 000 people served, except in Azerbaijan where the ratio has consistently remained below 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the growth in cruise passengers in ten years has been almost threefold (rising to 140,000). This rapid growth could have overshadowed land-based tourism development, especially if air access had not significantly improved over the same period. Maldives is used as a best practice case study of detailed analysis of this direct contribution. Figure 1.4 gives statistical data for government revenue from direct tourism services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
All of these aim to balance a more technocratic, built-infrastructure approach that has tended to dominate water resources management, by recognizing the contribution that ecosystems can make. Ecohydrology is an integrative science that focuses on the interaction between hydrology and biota (Box 1.1). Ecosystem-based management and ecosystem-based adaptation or mitigation involve the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems. Environmental flows describe the quantities, quality and patterns of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To address this, an adaptive management approach based on a predetermined-harvest model has become more commonly used. It is important that high-quality catch, effort and other data be made available in a timely manner and shared among stakeholders, e.g. scientists, decision-makers and fishers. Assembly of such data into integrated databases prior to assessments can greatly facilitate analysis. Knowledge bases such as FishBase2 and SealifeBase3 already provide easy access to comprehensive ecological and biological knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The focus should be on lessons learned that should inform the choices, costs, opportunities and downsides the Gender Seal may encounter as it moves into post-pilot implementation. The GSIC should play a more active role in assessing UNDP reporting to the UN-SWAP and taking stock of feedback received (from UN-Women) on UNDP performance in the UN-SWAP process. This should facilitate the review of instructive practices from other organizations that may be applied in UNDP. Additionally, there is a need to revitalize the functioning of regional GSICs as envisaged in the GES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the state government offers to pay the minimum wage for workers in training for up to eight weeks, additionally, local tertiary education institutions have implemented training programmes to accommodate the needs of a particular company. Furthermore, the state economic development agency assists with custom-designed labour force assistance including: i) analysis of the labour market with respect to the enterprise needs, ii) financial and management assistance in job training and iii) assistance in the search for and vetting of potential employees. This would involve development of skills that a worker can carry from one plant to another or move up in the hierarchy of employment responsibility and compensation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Subnational government spending in this field represented more than 85% of total public spending in 2013 in France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. In some sectors (e.g. waste, sewerage, parks and green spaces), this competence is almost fully devolved to local governments or dedicated functional bodies (e.g. water boards in the Netherlands). It is also often outsourced to agencies, external entities or private providers through public-private partnership contracts (e.g. in France).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Residual household waste decreased by 22% from 2000/01 to 2006/07. However, in 2005, the United Kingdom still had the second highest proportion of landfill, and second lowest proportion of waste recovered, among the EU15 (DEFRA, 2007a), so it is clear that while the instruments of policy reform may now be in place, their work is still far from completed. The tax is now nearly six times its original rate. A small number of pilot schemes have been permitted to explore how such charging might work, but no LA has yet established such a pilot because of extensive negative press coverage of the idea. This was triggered by the installation by some LAs of microchip technologies for weighing waste in LA-required waste bins, before plans for variable charging had been discussed in the communities concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The name Silk Road is ancient and continues to be very attractive with 2000 years of history. Globalization also has a long history but came into fashion late in the 1980s. The Western empires succeeded to develop trade and economic exchanges, culture and education, which were also part of the colonial discourse. At present globalization is much more global. For China, it is implicitly linked with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which starts in Central Asia. China’s discourse on political economy, geopolitics and world trade occupy a very important space. Infrastructure development is essential to really establish the Belt and Road program, which was initiated in 2013. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) predicates modernity, multiculturalism, interdisciplinarity and the Internet strengthens it. International arbitration has to be developed to make the New Silk Road more global.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The broader entitlements approach proposed by Dreze and Sen does not specify a particular cause of famine, just a framework that identifies it as a w idespread failure of entitlements for a substantial part of the population. The causes are diverse, including droughts, floods, general inflationary pressure, sharp recessionary loss of employment, war, and can occur even without a decline in food output or availability per head. Food production is not only a source of food supply, but for large sections of the population it is also the main source of livelihood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The need to find alternatives to the present aquatic feed resources is urgent While aquaculture production shows steady and rapid growth, global fish catches are stagnating or even slightly decreasing. The world production of both fish meal and fish oil have, according to The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation IFFO statistics, slipped remarkably from the record levels 20 years ago. Increasing demand of fish meal and particularly fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids for human use, has led to increasing prices and a reduced availability for the aquaculture sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the same time, in countries where 10-20% of pre-school age children were excluded (Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, and Slovakia), there were no significant differences by income. However, missing values for Austria and Bulgaria are relatively low (7 per cent), while data for Sweden (35 per cent) need to be interpreted with extreme caution. There are no significant differences by income for the oldest age group, except in Slovakia, where poor children were more likely to be excluded. This helps construct the profiles of multiply deprived and/or poor children, identifying the most vulnerable sub-groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the potential impact of technological development on CO2 abatement cost is huge: OECD simulations show that the cost of climate change mitigation could be halved (from 4% of world GDP to 2% in 2050) if renewable technologies would be made competitive in the electricity and non-electricity sectors (OECD, 201 If). Given the ambitious targets both in terms of emission reduction and RES deployment and their associated costs, eco-innovation is required in many areas in Germany (Box 4). In particular, technological development and increased efficiency of the grid management can both play a central role in the adaptation to higher RES supply. It will determine at which cost and under what conditions investments will be done, which will be crucial not least from a cost-efficiency point of view', but also for public acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A gender perspective calls attention to these differences, and seeks to ensure that the security needs and capacities of women and girls (circa 50% of the population) are not excluded. Acknowledging and responding to the different security and justice needs of women, men, boys and girls. For instance, women face a higher risk of domestic violence and men face a higher risk of gun violence. Only through fully understanding and responding to these context-specific differences in security and justice needs can SSR initiatives increase security and justice equally for women, men, boys and girls. Ensuring the full and equal participation of men and women within security decision-making as well as within security system institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Make sure it is clear, with supporting figures. Bankers and investors need to understand whether your project meets a real need to better assess their commitment. Managing to clearly explain your project in simple language increases your chances of success. Talk about growing your market and show your long-term vision for your project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They have contributed to the design of both general and sectoral plans for the advancement of women, covering a range of themes from women’s health and education to the linkages between gender and the environment (see box below). They have also assumed the important function of coordinating programmatic interventions and facilitating decisionmaking on contentious issues, such as violence against women. The Women National Committee of Yemen, for example, gathers over 150 specialists from various governmental and non-govemmental organisations to provide consultation and mainstream a gender perspective in various areas of policy.42 In addition to their role as gender focal points, some Arab national women’s machineries have spearheaded projects to establish gender sections within various ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the Matrimonial Property Act is effectively applied, a woman under a community of property system is essentially guaranteed that she will receive half of the joint estate upon dissolution of the marriage. Under a regime of accrual, each spouse retains and administers his or her own assets and liabilities during marriage. However, when a marriage subject to an accrual regime dissolves by death or divorce, the growth in value of assets accumulated by the two spouses during the marriage is automatically divided equally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also provides bulk water services in Michoacan state through the Lazaro Cardenas aqueduct. The revenues from the Cutzamala and PAI systems are earmarked to Trust Fund 1928 for operation and investment. The revenues from the Lazaro Cardenas aqueduct go to the federal budget. The revenues go to the federal budget. There are concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of public expenditures. For example, among a sample of 80 utilities, unaccounted-for water due to physical losses amounts to 37% of the total water produced (CONAGUA, 2010b) and many wastewater treatment plants are not operational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although youth unemployment is linked to developments in the business cycle, there has been a structural change in the composition of youth unemployment in the past decade, which has been driven by the continuous increase in tertiary education enrolment rates, leading to a decrease in youth labour force participation. Workers with low qualifications are less demanded in the labour market, hence also contributing to high youth unemployment rates. The Employment Office will be in charge of implementing the programme, which entails: smoother mechanisms for young people with low or no qualifications to return to formal education, better career guidance, improved provision of information about local labour market conditions, and facilitation of participation in active labour market policies (ALMPs) involving workplace training (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Drawing on experiences and insights from 16 of some of the most biodiversity-rich countries worldwide, this report highlights emerging good practice for mainstreaming biodiversity at national level, in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors, across development co-operation, and in monitoring and evaluation. It also highlights areas where further progress is needed. The focus countries are: Australia, Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, India, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, admission requirements have become stricter and there are now specific requirements in terms of performance in upper secondary education. Entry is now a two-tier process. Those with the highest marks are granted direct admission, but anyone else wishing to enrol has to take an examination including an interview both of which are scored to determine entry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The city is also implementing pilot projects using solar batteries for public lighting and traffic lights (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Based on assessments of the pilot projects, these initiatives could be scaled up. Given that Hai Phong sends most domestic solid waste to landfill, modem incinerators with emissions control technology could significantly reduce emissions (Pyper, 2011). However, the development of a mechanism of waste separation would be a prerequisite for effective operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)