albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
With the emergence of more specialized regimes for the protection of human rights and the proliferation of treaty bodies, mandated to supervise compliance with these instruments, fragmentation has not only become an issue between human rights law and other fields of international law, but also within the body of human rights law. In this chapter I argue that conflicts of jurisprudence are more likely to occur than conflicts of jurisdiction. And while the general debate is mainly focused on the substantive dimension of fragmentation and on legal techniques for dealing with tensions or conflicts between legal rules or principles, fragmentation in international human rights law is mainly problematic from an institutional perspective: Problems are not caused by incompatible substantive provisions of human rights treaties but rather by colliding institutional preferences and structural biases of the different human rights treaty bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is quite obvious that the presence or absence, as the case may be, of specific pollution control equipment or certain physical barriers could reduce or increase such impacts. In those cases, pragmatic good judgement needs to be applied to the decision on which reference technology to use. This is one of the reasons why this report is organised according to subject areas rather than according to technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Dry recyclable’ materials (metals, glass and textiles) range from 12% of MSW in high-income to 12% and 9% in middle-income and then 6% in low-income countries. Household hazardous waste (HHW) is estimated to make up less than 1 % of all MSW across all income ranges, but its presence makes certain management options much more difficult. Evidence suggests that significant progress has been made in many middle-income countries over the past few years, particularly those with gross national income (GNI) per capita above USD 2500 per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
By contrast, three out of four apprentices at the upper secondary level were in technical and industrial fields.) Some evidence shows that employment rates are higher for graduate apprentices than for students with equivalent school-based qualifications (Abriac, Rathelot and Sanchez, 2009). More than 160 000 adults aged 16 to 65 were surveyed in 24 countries and regions. Since ISCED 4, 5B and 5A each include both general and vocational programmes, short-cycle post-secondary vocational programmes were approximated by modifying ISCED 4 and 5B by reference to the field of study. The Survey provides information on the areas of studies for current education and for the highest qualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The centre routinely tracks HIV/AIDS numbers and prevalence rates in the region. As part of the planning process most countries in the region have also established a separate body with responsibility for the co-ordination of multisectoral activities and the various micro-level responses on a national level. This body is usually established under the Ministry of Health, as in the case of Jamaica, but is sometimes established as part of the Prime Minister's office, as in The Bahamas, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. We will deal with this later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But we also believe that in equal societies, inequality starts from the crib so that is why we have developed a childhood support programme with special emphasis on health and access to initial education and we multiply by 5 times the number of nursery facilities free of charge for the most vulnerable families and children, so that they can start having opportunities earlier on in their lives. In the meanwhile, in order for democracy to be fully achieved, gender equality must come about in the public sphere, particularly in politics. Gender quotas can help increase the number of women in public health - for example. First, we must eliminate discriminatory laws and practices and then we can encourage participation at the highest possible level right away.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Biofuel support policies generate additional demand for feedstocks, which translates into higher incomes for crop farmers - both in subsidizing and to a lesser degree in other countries - but higher costs for downstream industries, including livestock farmers, and consumers. Fertiliser policies reduce crop production costs, increase yields and result in expanded production, resulting in higher incomes for crop farmers in subsidizing countries but lowering incomes for crop farmers abroad. In contrast, livestock prices are affected only moderately: generally higher feed costs resulting from biofuel support policies raise livestock prices slightly. Fertiliser subsidies, where they are applied, tend to lower feed costs and hence reduce livestock prices. With the exception of the effects of large fertiliser support in India, changes to livestock prices remain below 1%. By reducing crop production costs in countries that apply fertiliser subsidies, they disadvantage crop farmers in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Provision of public participation in the process of tourism planning and implementation has been imperatively suggested. To date, however, facilitators and inhibitors of public participation have not been adequately addressed in tourism planning literature. This article proposes that in addition to varied structural and cultural factors, residents' perceptions of the intensity of clientelist relations engaged in by the local authority (e.g., municipality) may alienate active public participation in developmental issues. Structural equation modeling is used to test the hypothesized links between perceived intensity of clientelism, residents' assessment of public services, and their participation intentions toward municipality-run projects. Statistically significant inverse relationships between perceived intensity of clientelism and residents' assessment of public services are identified. The results show that an increase in perceived clientelism would result in a decrease in residents'public service asses...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries where the immunization rate against measles is below 80 per cent are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. In several other countries, however, efforts continue to strengthen routine services in order to ensure consistently high coverage. It is estimated that about 77 million children under 5 years of age are underweight in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific and are therefore at risk. These babies are at a higher risk of suffering breathing difficulties, having feeding problems, having lower immunity to infections and having problems maintaining their body temperature. In 2011, almost 15 million babies were born preterm worldwide, which represents more than 1 in 10 babies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Alongside the indicators of income poverty and low work intensity, the severe material deprivation indicator forms part of the EU social exclusion target to lift at least 20 million people from poverty or social exclusion by 2020. In the absence of a dedicated child deprivation indicator, the official child deprivation rate in the EU is calculated as the share of children living in deprived households. Of course, certain domains, such as housing conditions, can be assumed to affect all household members uniformly and, as such, do not need to be measured at the level of the child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Taking these factors into account is going to be critical in devising strategies to progress on these targets and on SDG 14 more generally. The conference is mandated to involve all relevant stakeholders to assess challenges and opportunities relating to, as well as actions taken towards, the implementation of Goal 14. See United Nations General Assembly resolution A/70/L.64. This is done using a large number of UN reports and scientific publications. We synthesize the results of this research in tables showing interrelationships of each of the ten SDG 14 targets with other SDGs. We think that the value added of the tables resides in their representation of ocean-related issues in relation to other SDG areas, which provides a bridge for communities working on various sustainable development fields to engage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The section ends with a review of the region's experience with micro-insurance policies that aim to restore the productive assets of vulnerable people. Transfers can be delivered directly, or else they may depend on the beneficiaries' fulfilling certain conditions. In the search for ways to overcome the consequences of a disaster, they are the most effective and lowest-cost means of distributing resources to the victims, since it is they who decide autonomously how to use the cash.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These social determinants of health deal with the life and work circumstances of people and their lifestyles. They deal with how social and economic policies impact on the lives and health of individuals. The collective rights of indigenous peoples and ethnic communities were recognised, and the region where they live and what amounts to 50 per cent of the national territory was divided in two Autonomous Regions. The same National Assembly approved an Autonomy Statute that defined health administration as a responsibility of the autonomous authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The principles focus on the positive carbon contributions of managed forests, the steps the sector can take to maintain and grow productive and managed forests in the US to sustain forest carbon, understanding public policy and market mechanisms and their effects on forests, and supporting innovation in the forest products sector that provides long-term benefits in addressing the carbon challenge (Forest Policy Forum, 2015). Members from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and the US contributed data for the report. This found that ICFPA members had reduced GHG emissions intensity by 5% since the previous report and increased the share of bioenergy used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Dr. Antonio Pfliiger, former head of the IEA Energy Technology Collaboration Division as well as Dr. Paolo Frankl, head of the Renewable Energy Division, and Dr. Mike Enskat, Senior Programme Manager for Energy at GTZ, provided guidance and input. Several IEA colleagues also provided useful data and comments on the draft, in particular Ralph Sims, Lew Fulton, Michael Waldron, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Francois Cuenot, Timur Gul, Ghislaine Kieffer and Yasmina Abdeliah. Raya Kiihne, Thomas Breuer and Thorben Kruse coordinated the GTZ contribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The dashboard provides insights for policy conclusions on the Schonefelder Kreuz region's future activities in green growth. It also highlights implications relevant to other cross-border regions. The chapter concludes with overall findings for the report and policy recommendations based on these findings. As a part of this strategy, a monitoring framework was established to track how countries are progressing on their low-carbon transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Formulaic updating, on the basis for example of a moving average of past prices, reduces the potential for stabilisation and hence the value of the intervention, but does offset the costs of intervention. However, the buffer stock can only sell what it has previously bought so once its stock is exhausted the authority has no further means of defending the ceiling. The consequence is that buffer stock agreements tend to [be] more effective in limiting price falls than in curtailing the incidence and magnitude of spikes. Although attacks can take place either on a floor or a ceiling price, the problem is more serious at the ceiling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hence there is a need to develop indicators of population mental health that also reflect mild-to-moderate mental illness. A number of factors are responsible for this lag including the complex nature of mental health problems, high rates of co-morbidity and lack of agreement on suitable measures. Stakeholder - in particular clinicians, patients and families - involvement and the integration of quality and outcome measurement into key processes of care are integral to ensuring mental health is at the forefront of high-quality services that are efficient and deliver value for money. To understand mental health system performance at an international level, better measures of the quality and outcomes of mental health care are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The costs and benefits of the stakeholder groups with respect to certification are outlined as this will influence the incentives, or disincentives, to use certification. Another key issue addressed is the role of public authorities in the market for certification. However, these have remained limited in terms of application (Franz, 2005). At the global level, two major certification efforts predominate: the Best Aquaculture Practices of the Global Aquaculture Alliance and the WWF Aquaculture Dialogues. In addition, inspired by the model of the Marine Stewardship Council for capture fisheries, the Aquaculture Stewardship Council will be operative in 2011 and manage a range of standards (based on species) developed through the Aquaculture Dialogues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a result, densities are declining. Cities that use land more efficiently have far better conditions to provide public goods and basic services (for example, water and sanitation, transport) at a lower cost. Such areas can consume less energy, manage waste better, and are more likely to maximize the benefits of agglomeration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With some exceptions, the surveys contain no health-care performance indicators such as anthropometric data and measurements of infant mortality, incidence of chronic diseases, disabilities and/or the inability to perform daily activities independently. This would not entail including an exhaustive module on health, choosing a few key indicators would suffice. In the field of education for example, there is great scope for improvement in the measurement of aspects relating to the quality of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consequently, no statistics are available on the contribution of major sources by sector to the city’s air pollution. Even though the implementation of the automated environmental monitoring system for major emission units was mandated in the Environmental Protection Regulation and Decree No. The city will need to work with the Department of Industry and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to make a roadmap and allocate sufficient resources to systematically install real-time monitoring stations (air and water) at major IZs, ICs and the port, to identify and measure major pollutants and make the information accessible to public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter concludes with a call for greater investments in and support to national statistical systems as well as greater collaboration and partnerships between producers of official statistics and other producers and users of gender data. In March 2016, following months of open discussion and consultation, the lAEG-SDGs completed its work on the indicator framework and presented its recommendations to the UN Statistical Commission for global monitoring of the 169 SDG targets.4 The General Assembly adopted the framework in resolution 71/313 on 6 July 2017.5 Over the 12 years remaining before 2030, the Expert Group will continue its work, providing technical support for the implementation of the approved indicator and monitoring framework. While minor refinements are still possible, this initial set of indicators is considered fixed until 2020, when a comprehensive review of the framework is planned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
People with mental disabilities can exercise byself the existential’s acts of civil  life, including the right to marriage, based on the rules of the brazilian’s Statute of the Person  with Disabilities, based on the persons with disabilities’s international human rights treaty –  New York’s Charter - approved with status of constitutional norm. The treaty determined the  incorporation in the internal legal systems of the signatory countries of cultural and identity  achievements about the Rights of persons with disabilities. Therefore, present a discussion  about it on the legal-dogmatic side, with hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and legaldescriptive and legal-interpretative research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most require that these bonds carry at least investment grade ratings. Institutional investors rely on agencies’ ratings to give them guidance and comfort especially in new, fast-moving areas. However, risks specific to clean energy related projects make this vital investment grade rating difficult to secure. The only way around this is to find a creditworthy entity prepared to step in and take the risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In fisheries, there remains significant room for improvement in the use of discards, by-catch, and trimmings, among other things. One part of the OECD green growth strategy is to reform policies that impede progress, such as requirements that fish must be landed headed and gutted, or that fish for which the fisher does not have a quota must be discarded. A sector wide industrial dialogue may be a useful tool to identify w'here in the value chain improvements can be made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
No more than 40% of SP funds can go to human resources, for example, and no more than 30% can be spent on pharmaceuticals with a minimum of 20% on preventive activities. For example, Italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to Mexico, having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting. Since the beginning of the 2000s, regions have been able to obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting of health service activities, costs and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Drop-outs can be reduced through action in a number of dimensions, including early childhood education, targeted assistance during primary and secondary school and sufficient flexibility of the curriculum including a stronger vocational focus. In the United States, both early experience in the 1970s that allow a long-term evaluation and more recent evidence from the state of Oklahoma suggest strong benefits associated with ECE (Heckman and Masterov, 2007). In fact, marginal returns on spending appear to be higher than anywhere else in the US education system. When looking at how children from ECE programmes perform later on in life, evidence suggests complementarities between ECE and later education investments (Felicio et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Enhancing the dynamism of underperforming cities could, on its own, have a visible effect on the aggregate performance of the countries concerned and would also be likely to generate positive spillovers for the surrounding regions. Unemployment has increased in metropolitan areas in almost all OECD countries (Figure 5.1). Over the period 2007-11, the total number of unemployed in 207 large OECD metropolitan areas for which data are available rose by over 56% (with a peak at over 60% in 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To limit impacts on quality of water resources, vulnerability mapping for nitrate pollution from agricultural sources has been carried out (e.g., Romania). As an example, in the Mures/ Maros sub-basin, heavy metal pollution from mining has been reduced by closing some mines and by rehabilitating the wastewater treatment plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
People without legally protected land titles have been displaced for biofuel production or hydropower generation.46 Lack of access to land and insecure land tenure are critical factors underpinning persistent rural poverty, especially for women in many developing country contexts.43 In India, the government has promoted biofoel production (for clean fuel) and addressed social impacts by focusing on by-products of crops and cultivating non-food crops on marginal lands only, in order not to undermine food security. However, it neglected the fact that marginal lands were often used by rural populations, for example, in shifting cultivation, for foelwood or medicinal plants. The use of marginal lands for biofuel production was thus perceived as massive land grabbing and hindered access to fuel for the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The WHO also established in 2000 the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network (GOARN) with the aim of managing disease outbreak and alerts at the international level. However, some have questioned whether current GOARN places too much emphasis on avoiding epidemic outbreaks spreading to developed countries rather than preventing such outbreaks in developing countries in the first place (Davies, 2008, Elbe, 2010). Increasing life expectancy explains little of the rising health care costs experienced in previous decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These four priorities represent 44%, 25%, 25% and 6%, respectively, of the total investment. The three partners signed a new treaty on 17 June 2008 in The Hague with a view to pursuing Benelux co-operation and extending cross-border co-operation in the areas of economics, sustainability, justice and the interior. The sustainable development chapter of the Benelux Plan for 2009 calls for concerted action for territorial development, the climate (harmonising measures to promote renewable energies) and nature (Natura 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Ongoing efforts to understand this relationship in the development literature are yielding mixed results. Some studies have found a positive relationship between the two phenomena, while others have found either a negative relationship or no relationship at all. Consequently, a number of important policy questions have emerged. These include whether inequality is harmful to economic growth, whether growth is good for the poor, and whether highly unequal societies experience slower economic growth than more egalitarian ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The vessels must send a message containing information of the catch onboard specified by species and what time the vessel has entered into the Norwegian EEZ (active code). The vessels must also notify authorities when they have completed their fishing activity and are about to leave the Norwegian EEZ (passive code). Foreign vessels are obliged to notify the system for quota control in the Directorate of Fisheries no later than 12 hours before arriving at the checkpoint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The reliance of adult-learning policy on European structural funds is substantial, which raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of the system. Financing mechanisms to stimulate private investment and promote the quality and relevance of adult learning are limited. First, the current financing landscape is addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)