albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Older migrant women may face additional challenges. Generally, they find it harder to learn the local language, find employment and access the health services they need. Older women staying in the country of origin are also particularly affected by migration, as very often they have to take care of the children left behind by migrant parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
V., Essen, www.vgb.org/en/lcoe2015.html?dfid=74042. Plant-level costs therefore integrate all different expenses needed to generate a given amount of electricity at the busbar of the plant but do not consider all the infrastructure and associated costs needed to provide the electricity to each customer. By construction, plant-level costs also consider each power plant in isolation, without considering how they interact with each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Microfinance institutions already have pre-existing networks of access to the rural poor - especially women - who are also particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The nature of microfinance lending, meanwhile, consisting of high volume, limited value loans is also consistent with the fundamental nature of a majority of adaptation actions that will ultimately consist of thousands of decentralized actions by households, communities and private actors as they continuously seek to internalize current and anticipated climate risks in their various activities. What is currently the degree of synergy between actual projects that are being funded by microfmance and adaptation needs? Is the success of some microfmance projects at risk of being compromised by climate change?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyri^rt Clearance Center (CCC) at mfo@copyright.com or the Centre francais Sexploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com. This study, which examines a selection of OECD member countries, validates the often intuitive assumption that, as a largely domestic source of electricity with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during production, nuclear energy is well-placed to make a significant, positive contribution. With the help of a series of transparent and policy-relevant indicators, the study shows in particular that nuclear energy has indeed contributed to improving energy supply security in OECD countries in a significant manner during the past 40 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The instruments used and the levels of cost recovery vary greatly across jurisdictions. Federal departments and agencies (including the Murray-Darling Basin Authority) do not impose charges to recover the costs of water planning and management activities. Most of the states, with the exception of Western Australia, recover at least some of the costs of water governance, from less than 5% in Queensland to nearly 70% in New South Wales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite this, national studies show that the distribution of public spending in the area of retirement benefits and pensions is generally regressive (ECLAC, 2007b). This occurs when the strata having independent incomes are factored into the analysis —that is, when the contributory or “market” element of retirement benefits is included in primary or base income—, given that the allocation of public resources largely favours those who already receive retirement benefits or pensions. Retirement benefits are very important in the lowest primary-income decile (54% of total income), since a significant number of households are completely dependent on those benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This essay examines the original meaning of the equality guarantee in American constitutional law. It looks are the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century roots of the modern doctrine, and it concludes that the Fourteenth Amendment bans the Hindu Caste system, European feudalism, the Black Codes, the Jim Crow laws, and the common law's denial to women of equal civil rights to those held by men. It then considers the constitutionality of bans on same sex marriage from an Originalist perspective, and it concludes that State laws banning same sex marriage violate the Fourteenth Amendment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Available at: www.birmingham.ac.uk/ Documents/college-social-sciences/business/economics/2010-papers/economics-papers-2011/ economics-papers-2011/ll-09.pdf. Available on http://gabe.web.psi.ch/ research/ra/index.html#pub. Final Report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase one 2006-2008, VTT, Finland, Publication available at www.ieawind.org/ AnnexXXV/Task25_Publications.html. System Capacity Value, Presentation at the Intersolar 2012 Conference, 9-12 July 2012, San Francisco United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As there are crucial and determining periods in the life cycle of every scientific discipline, which sometimes change the destiny of that discipline, the first Minnowbrook conference can be considered as one of these decisive events in the history of administration science. The outcome of Minnowbrook was the commencement of a dialectic conflict that gave rise to five distinct approaches as its synthesis. These approaches culminated in the development of “new public management”, “good governance”, “e-government”, “reinventing government or entrepreneurial government”, and “new public services”, although the main identifying school of this dialectical conflict was ignored to a great extent– a school that can be investigated in light of justice-oriented approach of new public administration.      Key words: Minnowbrook, new public administration, theoretical dialectics, killer syntheses, public problem solving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Africa, women receive 7 percent of agricultural extension services and less than 10 percent of credit offered to small-scale farm holders. Moreover, inasmuch as educational curricula tend to exclude topics with particular relevance to women (such as nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, gender-specific tools, and management), gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated in agricultural education, research, and extension services (Davis and others, 2007). The ability of farmers to innovate, learn from one another and adapt to change largely depends on their capacity to access and process information including through information and communications technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, NHI coverage has been expanded. As of 2015, almost all of the mental-health services, currently managed directly by government, will be put under the responsibility of the health funds, and there have been proposals for long-term care to be shifted into the NHI system too (this is discussed further below). Foreign workers on temporary work visas are not covered by NHI and their employers are required to take out private medical insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regulatory thresholds can be overcome with technical assistance, capacity building and subsidy schemes. Where emphasis is on results, result-based financing is an option and public-private funds may be utilized to secure a certain level of private capital (Cicero & CPI, 2015). In most cases, a combination or "ecosystem" of instruments and policies is required for successful and effective mobilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the United Kingdom, on the contrary, older part-time workers (men) are at a higher risk of receiving a wage penalty, as they earn about 10% less than their age-similar counterparts in standard jobs. Moreover, in Australia wage premiums are found for all part-time workers, regardless of age or skill level. First, in most countries being a full-time temporary worker is associated with a wage penalty. This result is robust in both cross-sectional and panel analyses regardless of whether or not controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In order to embed low-carbon orientations institutionally, and to raise the means for funding the investments in innovation and structural transition, internationally agreed carbon pricing—if flanked with measures correcting serious social side effects, and if shaped in contextually sensitive ways—seems to have more promise than the alternatives. Comparisons of needs in developing countries with available means and with fundraising in the international climate negotiations indicated a gap of hundreds of billions of United States dollars per year. Thus, the levels of finance for addressing CC need to be raised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The New Public Service describes a set of norms and practices that emphasize democracy and citizenship as the basis for public administration theory and practice. This article revisits some of the core arguments of the New Public Service and examines how they have been practiced and studied over the past 15 years. The authors conclude that neither the principles of the New Public Service nor those of the New Public Management have become a dominant paradigm, but the New Public Service, and ideas and practices consistent with its ideals, have become increasingly evident in public administration scholarship and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, V. R. Barros and others (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Project Documents (LC/W.641), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ German Agency for International Cooperation (ECLAC/GIZ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In such a case, autonomous sources of onsite power such as diesel generators or “passive systems” driven by gravity would constitute the next line of defence (see also Section 2.3). The general conclusion that the size and the quality of the electricity grid are especially important issues for nuclear power remains thus unaffected. In an industry with only limited means of economical storage this poses a challenge in ensuring continuous supply security for as vital a service as electricity. In particular, it means that back-up capacity from alternative technologies needs to be available for the periods when a given plant is unavailable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A number require active management to control deforestation, soil erosion and other forms of land degradation. Proceeds from these charges would be returned to the organisation responsible for operating and maintaining the facility. This report focuses on the related issue of how PES can contribute to the strengthening and financing of water resource management. Payments are made by the beneficiaries of the services in question, for example, individuals, communities, businesses or governments acting on behalf of various parties (Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This could be due to limited access of women to education, which excludes them from acquiring the necessary skills to work in technology-intensive industries. Moreover, gender discrimination may further prevent equally skilled women from employment in such industries. First, avoid segregation of women in the lowest paid (mostly labour-intensive) industries by providing them with access to capital- and technology-intensive jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since then, the country has made national commitments that go beyond any existing international agreements. These changes are explained by the new international context and, perhaps more importantly, by internal changes in the domestic political landscape. As a consequence, the Brazilian economy has a comparatively low carbon profile of 5 tonnes CO2 equivalent in emissions per capita, ranking it 17th globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Our paper aims to throw light on this issue by linking poverty and poverty reduction to relevant 'shared values that define social arrangements'. We start from the proposition that public perceptions of poverty and of the priority attached to poverty reduction are influenced as much by technical and policy perspectives as by shared values which define the social arrangements and institutions. By ethics of poverty we refer to the most basic arguments and processes used to justify how and why we assist people living in poverty. Given the extent to which poverty reflects injustice, we argue it is appropriate to consider poverty in the context of ethics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the most prominent examples of a DMS is SharePoint, which is used in companies to share digital documents (Microsoft, 2017). In the case of a legal dispute, the assumed neutral party may place its own interests ahead of others, making it a poor choice to serve as the central intermediary. Consequently, many challenges can arise with these contract management set-ups, such as having a single point of failure in terms of technology, the need for a trusted (external) entity or intermediary, and information asymmetry between stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Finally, it can intervene to preserve and stimulate (local, regional, cultural) identities as well as the heritage. The relationships between national and regional or even local policy and regulatory frameworks are evolving. The national level often no longer suffices to determine successful business activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
That estimate is relatively conservative given the underlying sub-indicators, which only represent three variables: changes in land cover, land productivity and organic carbon in soil. In all regions, except Europe and Northern America and Northern Africa and Western Asia, the extent of degradation covered 22.4 per cent to 35.5 per cent of land area, directly impacting the lives of over one billion people. Significant declines were also observed in the productivity of land cover classes that remained unchanged, with grasslands incurring some of the greatest losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This depends on technologically upgrading education and training, which in turn requires collaboration between training providers and the private sector. A smarter use of data to assess skills demand and design relevant responses can also help. Targeting population subgroups is an option to explore. Women in developing countries are one possible target, given their high unemployment rate and low earnings, which increase the relative gains from their training.139 For example, since 2012 the AMMACHI Labs project has offered vocational education to more than 5,000 women in 29 villages across 21 states in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Few indigenous peoples are employed in the formal sector, which means that few have access to the potential health benefits that work in the formal sector provides. However, there is a marked gap in income levels between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. " All the surveyed indigenous peoples lived below the officially established monthly subsistence wage for this region". Low income forces indigenous peoples to turn to a subsistence economy, which has a negative effect on nutrition and health.598 Additionally, low income may lead to decreased health care access in situations where out-of-pocket payments are required, for example, if they travel to larger residential areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is also the origin of seasonal streams such as Wadi Raqqad and Wadi Allan.” The Yarmouk River gauging stations located farthest downstream are Maqarin [downstream of the Wahdah Dam) and Addasiya [close to the confluence with the Jordan River). Therefore available discharge records do not necessarily reflect earlier, natural flow conditions. In addition, the construction of the first dams and the increase in water use from the river predates available discharge records.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The paper presents an alternative to scholarship on the distributional politics of finance that emphasizes citizenship-based claims to new financial rights. To compensate for the dominance of exclusion-based etiologies of financial marginality in financial geography, I reframe financial exclusion as a problem of financial government—that is, as a problem of conducting the conduct of risky populations without threatening the security and autonomy of financial markets. Drawing on Foucault's distinction between technologies of discipline and security, I describe how barriers to the extension of financial government create tiered processes of financial subject formation. The inchoate "subprime" financial subject produced is the correlate of a specialized financial governmentality—a homo subprimicus eminently governable by financial means. I close by calling for greater attention to questions regarding the relationship between technologies for valorizing bare life, new systems of financially mediated value extraction, and emerging capitalist class processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They impinge on the quality of the water supplied, and increase the wear of the infrastructure. This, coupled with persistently high levels of pipe-breaks throughout the region, allows for cross-contamination between water supply and sanitation pipes, with significant consequences for public health (as discussed in a later sub-section). This suggests that the slight improvement in continuity of supply is not linked to improved infrastructure, but rather to the fact that utilities are under less financial pressure to interrupt water supplies in order to save costs (e.g. by reduced electricity consumption of water pumps). The interruptions in supply are therefore increasingly likely to be due to technical factors (such as pipe breaks and sewerage blockages) than to cost saving measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, many forest species may have good viability also in forests without the full characteristics of natural forests, as long as they can find their key resources for survival and reproduction. We have seen that the managed forests of today deviate on a number of characteristics from natural forests, with respect to the underlying disturbance dynamics and turnover time between stand-replacing disturbance events, as well as in structural elements such as tree species composition, age classes, amount and quality of dead wood, and the very pattern of the landscape distribution of these structural elements. However, as has been well documented over the last few years, only very few and limited areas of natural boreal forests exist today in Fennoscandia (e.g., Aksenov et al. Of temperate broadleaved forests hardly any natural forests exist today (cf Andersson & Lofgren 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The large number of teachers and school leaders is driven by the significant proportion of small-class schools in the country and strict staffing norms. The large number of staff squeezes school budgets, creates rigidities and crowds out investments in other areas. About 93% of school expenditure in rural schools is devoted to staff compensation. This means that budgets are very tight and that principals have very limited room for manoeuvre to manage resources in a more efficient way or invest in school development activities. In particular, the large number of staff discourages improvements in their compensation which is considered low in Kazakhstan, although the complexity of the teacher salary structure hinders its analysis. The definition of class sizes is a recurrent trade-off that has a great impact on expenditure due to the labour-intensive nature of education: small class sizes require a large number of teachers whilst greater class sizes can free up resources to improve teaching quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Workplace training should also be subject to quality control, in the form of contractual arrangements, inspections and self-evaluations. Investing in high-quality early childhood education and initial schooling, particularly for children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, can be an efficient strategy to ensure that children start strong in their education careers and first skills beget future skills. Later in life, financial support targeted at disadvantaged students and schools can improve the development of skills. Governments can design financial incentives and favourable tax policies that encourage individuals and employers to invest in post-compulsory education and training. Individuals can be encouraged to shoulder more of the financial burden of tertiary education, while disadvantaged individuals should be assured access to education opportunities through grants and loans. If cuts to public spending have to be made, they should be based on the long-term cost/benefit ratios of alternative public investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the period analysed, Chile, Colombia and Honduras grew at rates averaging between 3% and 4%, yet the income elasticity of poverty in Chile is double that in Colombia and four times that in Honduras. A better understanding of these differences requires analysing the different modalities of growth in the countries concerned, or, more specifically, the way in which economic growth translates into changes in the level and distribution of household incomes. Between 2002 and 2007, growth rates of per capita household income were at least one percentage point below per capita GDP growth rates in eight of the region’s countries, while the opposite was true in five others. The first group includes Costa Rica and Uruguay, where average household income did not grow but actually fell back despite substantial growth in per capita GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A first option is to consider a person as poor if he or she falls below the poverty line in at least one dimension (Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003). This approach is called the union approach, but it has been criticized on the grounds that it may identify as poor some persons who are not truly poor. An alternative to the union approach is the intersection approach, whereby a person is defined as poor if he or she falls below the poverty threshold in all dimensions, but this may fail to identify individuals suffering from extensive deprivation in certain dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is a tool that allows states to cooperate over the exploration and exploitation of the resources, while temporarily shelving their disagreement over the border without jeopardizing their respective claims. For other human rights violations, 'internal' and 'external' grievance mechanisms are needed. Internally, extractive companies must have mechanisms to ensure workers have an effective recourse for complaints and injustices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If we wholeheartedly invest in girls, we will see stronger communities and families, sustainable economies, lower rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, lower rates of HIV and AIDS, less poverty, more innovation, reduced rates of joblessness and more equitable prosperity. With support from the UN Foundation, the Task Force aims to strengthen interagency collaboration at both the global and country levels, facilitate the development of effective programmes to address the rights and needs of adolescent girls, support the drive to achieve the MDGs, and eliminate all forms of violence and discrimination against girls and young women. The agencies committed to increasing support to governments and civil societies over the next five years to advance policies and programmes to empower the hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. United Nations CbiWren's Fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)