albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
How would these (long run) changes affect aggregate output? Answering this question requires to first evaluate the impact of lower attainments on aggregate human capital, which in turn depends on the relative weight of low background individuals in the population. It ranged from over 40% in Portugal, Turkey or Mexico, to around 20% in Italy, Spain and Germany and 10% in Australia, France and the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Consequently, the divide between purely private and public provision in this segment is often blurred. Rural electrification schemes with an emphasis on cost recovery and commercial viability have proved neither necessarily affordable for most poor households nor sustainable. Private-sector interest in poorer and more remote areas is by no means guaranteed, and the emphasis on productive uses has generally been limited (Bhattacharyya, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An attempt was made to reconcile these estimates with other available sources that publish the data. They (in table 7 of their report) find that in Chennai (their “best” MPCE district, whose area is actually concomitant with the municipal corporation) the poor’s average MPCE was Rs1,596. This has implications for capital formation in the economy at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In either case, as pointedly suggested by reference to a middle “sector” rather than a “class” (OECD, 2011), these non-poor middle strata of the income distribution do not have the same type of resources and socio-political role as the traditional “middle class” of industrialised countries. Better understanding of which channel drives an observed distributional change and how the underlying forces interact, can also inform ex ante evaluations of policy reforms or exogenous shocks. This can help target which groups are most vulnerable given a change in government policy or external macroeconomic event.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The web tools do not recognise all nuances in written text, but the benefit of using automated systems is that they can simultaneously process large amounts of data. West Bothnia (Vasterbotten) in Northern Sweden is a region where gender is actively discussed and measured in the newsrooms. The newspaper Vasterbottens-Kuriren conducted a content analysis in 2002 that showed that women made up only 23% of the people in the news even though over half of the newspaper's readers were women. The newspaper then started to work actively towards a gender ratio of 50/50.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, despite many initiatives to reduce gender gaps in fields of tertiary study, the situation has changed only slightly in the past decade or so (OECD, 2012b). As a result, dominant gender norms governing what is the ideal type of masculine and feminine identity impact strongly on educational choices (Connell, 2005). Recent studies have also shown that teachers’ and parents’ gender-stereotyped behaviours and expectations can undermine girls’ confidence in their mathematical abilities, discouraging them from choosing mathematics-related courses (TUrner et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Growing indigenous (local) tree species (pistachio, juniper, saxaul, almond and others), which are resistant to droughts and high air temperatures, deserves special attention. In the areas where there is a shortage of water for irrigation, planting indigenous species of trees and bushes is the advisable solution. As a consequence, the potential for preservation of biodiversity was further enhanced within the forest ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such laws are also a cause for statelessness. If the family resided in the father’s country' and the father died or otherwise left the family, the mother would have to remain in that country (with whatever nationality issues that may have presented for her) or abandon her children to return to Egypt. This constitutes discrimination against women and is contrary to the provisions of Article 18 of the Bahraini Constitution in which equality between persons in rights and duties is recognised, without discrimination based on gender, origin, language, religion or beliefs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Being able to walk to a restaurant or a grocery store is a key benefit from living in a mixed use urban neighbourhood, as is having a home in a rural commune next to a forest preserve. This suggests that a key challenge for land use plans is not simply to apply exclusionary zoning that separates different uses, but to identify which uses are compatible with each other and support those, while discouraging those that conflict from being in close proximity. They are fond of different dimensions that can only partly be fulfilled in the city: natural areas, recreation areas, nearby farms and locally produced food that is authentic to the region In Nantes Saint-Nazaire, this desire for both nature and preserved, but transformed, landscapes, is particularly strong.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The subsidy rates for beef, milk, poultry and eggs are differentiated by the various feeding systems and other technological criteria, with more technologically advanced production eligible for higher rates (Table 2.4). The afeimats are responsible for developing and approving lists of eligible producers. Producers submit monthly information on the volumes sold and must provide documents to show proof of sales. The eligibility condition was that the products be delivered for processing. These output payments were budgeted and paid for one year only, and ceased thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is low given the cost of handling equipment. Modern installations typically require 100 000 TEU to operate efficiently. Moreover, the successive marshalling of wagons to build a full train is a source of costs and delays. Such an organisation implies a focus on the core railway network, while local, low-profit lines are closed. On the one hand, this improves the profitability of railways and allows them to offer competitive services. On the other hand, this limits the railways' geographic coverage, which might be harmful for local economic systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This exercise contributes to its technical support to the Trustees in the preparation of their annual report to the Congress about the financial solvency of the Medicare programme. In addition, CMS prepares a report on the past financial trends and projected outlook for Medicaid, which provides an insight into the nature of Medicaid cost trends and is a useful source of information for policy makers and budget analysts. The CMS projections do, however, represent the official health care projection of the U.S. government. These projections are intended, in part, to provide a broader context for the actuarial projections of Medicare and Medicaid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A unified contract agreed in 2015 ensured the same recruitment and employment policies for all migrant workers and clarified their rights. Since 2016, the programme has overseen modifications to the contract to include coverage for refugees, coupled with the issuance of 2,000 work permits for Syrians (Better Work Jordan, 2016a, 2016b). It trains qualified plumbers, recruiting trainees particularly among Syrian refugees, with an emphasis on women. Graduates have created autonomous cooperatives that promise to make a long term contribution to social objectives (ETF, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The periodic review largely drew on information outside the UNFCCC, making use of a Structured Expert Dialogue, technical workshops and meetings for open and substantive discussions between FCCC delegates and external experts. The Structured Expert Dialogue concluded, among other things, that already “climate change impacts are hitting home” and “the ‘guardrail’ concept, in which up to 2°C of warming is considered safe, is inadequate and would therefore be better seen as an upper limit, a defence line that needs to be stringently defended, while less warming would be preferable” (UNFCCC, 2015e). The emphasis on national inventory reports in the enhanced transparency framework is important for filling what is currently a major information gap, and providing a sound basis for tracking progress towards a diverse range of NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This statistic is obtained by dividing the total amount of fuel consumed by the total landed volume in each country in 2008. Fuel use per tonne of fish landed shows little correlation with the value of tax concessions as a share of output, with only France and Italy showing both high levels of concessions and high fuel use per tonne of landings. These are determined by, inter alia, access to stocks, gear use, management system and price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Specifically, the results have been used to design development indicators for national policy. For example, the National Program for Equal Opportunity and Non-Discrimination Against Women 2013-2018, included the “estimate of women's contribution to GDP by the economic value of unpaid household work”. Globally, the ILO estimates unpaid care work to be around USD 11 trillion, or 9% of global GDP, when using hourly minimum wage (ILO, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
How successful this is depends on market concentration and how vigorously these measures are pursued by the countries where the major markets are. To the extent that fish migrations into the high seas increase, fish stock management is bound to become more difficult. That difficulty is due to the fact that it is more difficult to reach agreement the more parties that must agree, and on the high seas there are more parties to be reckoned with than there are for stocks that stay within the EEZs. This problem is aggravated to the extent that the number of parties with an interest in a high seas stock is indeterminate, while the number of countries with an interest in stocks that stay within EEZs is either just one or at any rate defined by the migratory habits of the stock in question (and which may change as already argued).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Agricultural protection levels have declined in almost all OECD countries (Figure 1.7, Table A.l and Table A.2). Those with historically high price support have seen considerable falls in domestic market protection. Domestic prices were more than twice the level of border prices in the mid-1990s in five countries, including Korea and Switzerland where they were almost three times higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Latin America and the Caribbean, coverage of terrestrial protected areas rose from 8.8 per cent to 23.4 per cent between 1990 and 2014. In Western Asia, the terrestrial area under protection has more than quadrupled, from 3.7 per cent in 1990 to 15.4 per cent in 2014. However, other aspects of protection also need improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The number of these households is especially high in countries having a history of civil conflict, like Cambodia. However, in most countries, female-headed households are more likely to live in ultra poverty, which is partly explained by lower access to assets and resources. Another important aspect of the gender dimension of poverty is the lower level of welfare of women and girls relative to their male family members within male-headed households. In addition, within poor households, women usually receive less food and less “high”-quality food, such as fish, meat and eggs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is estimated that only half of Mexico’s 5 000 water operators are official utilities. In small communities, where resources and capacities are limited, service provision is ensured through community solutions, thus complicating the assessment of the total number of operating wells in the country. Mexico also has more water concessions than water availability, which has contributed to water imbalances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These roles may be unified within one level of government or agency but in many instances it may be spread across several levels (national, regional or local). Even at any given level, responsibility may be spread across several departments or services with little top-level co-ordination. This complicates the task of aligning outcomes in, say, the regulation of ride services that may fall under those in charge of taxi or for-hire regulations and public transport regulation which may fall under a completely different authority. If transport governance structures contribute to this friction, it may be very difficult to even broach the subject of synergies between ride services and public transport, let alone experiment with them. This is certainly the case where, for any number of reasons, new ride services are prevented from operating or face constraining conditions. At a very basic level, split responsibility and split levels of decision-making may hamper the trialling of innovative new arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Claude Levi-Strauss is one of the greatest interdisciplinary writers of the twentieth century whose influence extends far beyond his own discipline of social anthropology. His inquiry illuminates the borderlands between 'primitive' and non-primitive, self and other, myth and history, human and animal, art and nature, and the dichotomies that give structure to culture, society, history and agency. This commemorative article of his legacy assesses disciplinary and interdisciplinary debates influenced by Levi-Strauss's inquiry and methods, and looks at potential challenges for the future. Levi-Strauss's ideas continue to be influential in our assessments of what we mean by culture, values, social organization, including social transformations and cultural ideologies such as ethnocentrism, nationalism, fundamentalism, pluralism, neo-liberalism, post-modernism, relativism, humanism and universalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Short-term funding can create a gap between expectations and the ability to deliver and prevent longer-term processes of empowerment within communities (Box 4.1). The project provided USD18 million to over 400 local development councils created to manage their community’s development needs. However, tight deadlines to disburse project funds and bureaucratic rules meant that the councils were not able to develop into robust participatory structures, and were reduced to acting as transmission mechanisms for bank-controlled funds. Given the large variation in the characteristics between and within different fragile states, it is essential that donors and programme managers conduct a thorough and fine-grained analysis of the particular local or national context where they intend to implement a programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It comes to the conclusion that the public system governing these policies is characterised by a series of fragmented and reactive decisions that are centralised and taken with insufficient engagement of stakeholders and the citizens. Taking into account the main organic constitutional laws, ordinary laws, legislative decrees, law-decrees and supreme decrees, the legal framework amounts to more than 30 legal acts besides the General Law of Uiban Development and Constructioa1 Many of those legal documents overlap or even are contradictory to each other and require adjusting and updating consolidation. At present, the many exemptions and exceptions added over time to specific legal provisions make the system very opaque, discretional and arbitrary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
When the discussion about the global expansion of judicial power comes across the European Court of Justice's case law, it is taken as example in order to show how the common law wind of USA Supreme Court is now blowing also on Luxemburg. In other words, through the emerging role of the Judicature in the "old continent", it would be progressively developing a gradual "americanization" of European constitutional law. Against this view it is worth emphasizing that the analysis of the European experience related to our topic constitutes a interesting field of research not only because it represents a meaningful expression of judicial globalization trend, but also (and perhaps mainly) because, within this scenario, it seems able to constitute a specific model of expansion of the judicial power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nickell (1978), Bentolila and Bertola (1990) and Bertola (1990) analyse firms’ dynamic behaviour in the presence of positive firing costs, showing that the optimal strategy for firms is to reduce both hiring and firing, with an ambiguous effect on average employment over the business cycle. Regardless, stricter employment protection implies a slower speed of adjustment of employment towards its equilibrium level (Blanchard and Wolfers, 2000). Labour market equilibrium models such as Garibaldi (1998) and Mortensen and Pissarides (1999) come to similar conclusions about job mobility being negatively affected by EPL.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The national policy and the research universities emphasise academic excellence and global impact rather than regional needs. The lack of a recognised regional mission for higher education institutions which would include clear goals and a significant role for academic researchers and the college faculty is a weakness in the present higher education and innovation system. Furthermore, there is a lack of information and data on innovation performance within the private sector and also within higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is important that the indicators align to the same framework for a full and comprehensive analysis to be made. All Nordic statistical offices are currently working to establish regular routines to produce and disseminate these statistics. Rather than to dig deep into the intricacies of a green GDP, the thrust of the effort is on developing a Nordic set of already existing indicators and measures, which relate to the SEEA Central Framework. This can be used besides GDP, as a satellite environmental account, that could be combined with traditional SNA national accounts and provide input for thorough, transparent and reliable analysis of the interplay between economy and environment. A common Nordic effort in this field would be a path-breaking contribution to the follow-up of the new UN sustainable development goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In these areas, primary biological production - animal breeding - supports an important sector of the economy upon which the majority of the population depends. This activity, if managed appropriately, conserves vegetation cover, thereby preventing soil erosion on mountain slopes, and reducing the likelihood of flooding. The latter has the potential to cause annual agricultural losses in the millions of United States dollars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, there is clear pressure to increase tourism numbers to provide additional income and employment opportunities. Expanding the mix of tourist attractions to include active tourism, such as mountain-biking or other sports related activities, can also lead to conflicts with more passive tourism activities, such as birding or walking. With climate change leading to possible water shortages, these issues need to be anticipated by policymakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is difficult to produce a comprehensive institutional map because the roles and responsibilities in the water sector are so widely distributed across national and sub-national levels. The results would produce an institutional map full of generalisations that could obscure the diversity, fragmentation and omissions in the systems. Thus, it is complicated to properly identify the roles and mission of each actor in water policy design and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While a national climate change plan or strategy is being developed, a system focused on periodically understanding climate impacts and vulnerability can provide information to support future planning efforts, and make a contribution towards national climate change risk assessments. In countries where an adaptation plan or strategy is designed prior to a national monitoring and evaluation system, that system can be used to assess progress in implementation. To facilitate learning, it is beneficial for those closely linked to policy making processes such as budget negotiations or national planning, to be involved in designing the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a result, habitat loss due to hypoxia is far greater than would be estimated by calculations based on species recruitment or survival tolerances. Because species vary in their oxygen requirements, sensitive predators can lose access to prey. Crowding in more highly oxygenated refuges can result in density-dependent growth reductions (Eby and Crowder, 2002) or increased cannibalism (Aumann et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Thus, targeted contracts ensure security of supply without jeopardizing the objective to achieve the economic benefits of well-functioning energy only markets in the longer run. The advantages of such targeted contracts are their rapidity and simplicity, and that they can be transitory. In markets without locational signals but facing recurrent congestion or a voltage stability problem, system operators usually force the operation of plants, even when their cost is higher. In general, such actions are necessary with older plants that are less efficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Washington Consensus, the implicit macro model of the MDG framework, has led to greater global economic integration but also to slow growth, rising instability and persisting inequalities. There is a need therefore to design a new unified “pro-poor, pro-growth, and pro-environment” paradigm. The appropriate policy set is likely to differ according to country conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is often challenging to estimate the expected impacts of Type G NDCs on national and collective emission levels, though methodologies exist to estimate the GHG impact of energy and other non-GHG targets (such as the WRI GHG Protocol Policies and Actions standard) (WRI, 2014).14 Reporting requirements for such goals should not be overly rigid since this might discourage some Parties from taking action. Like Type G, many different goals are possible and significant flexibility in the guidance will be needed to adequately capture the variety of qualitative goals that have been put forward in INDCs to date. A few NDCs do not contain any measurable quantitative or qualitative goals (Type I). The lack of specificity of this type of NDC makes it very challenging to understand and track progress in implementation and achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also poses the question to which extent the wholesale electricity market is still the relevant instrument for matching demand and supply and for co-ordinating investment decisions. Independently of social preferences for one technology over another, the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in OECD countries. Nuclear energy does indeed create a number of specific system effects, in particular with respect to siting and to the specific requirements that it demands in terms of transmission infrastructure and grid access. Both issues are ultimately linked to the need to ensure continuous cooling of the reactor core. Nuclear power plants thus need to be located close to sufficiently large water sources that can provide continuous cooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)