albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some of these adults have a lower secondary degree at most, others have no formal education degree or even a primary education. On average across the OECD, adults with poorly educated parents have a 15% chance of attaining tertiary education, according to calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2016b). By contrast, adults with highly educated parents are four times more likely (63%) to obtain a tertiary degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In India and Pakistan, for example, women spend around ten times as many hours on unpaid work as men (OECD, 2014a). In all but six OECD countries (Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden), women spend more time than men on combined hours of paid and unpaid work. The gender gap in unpaid work hours corresponds closely with the gender gap in paid work hours: in countries in which there are small differences in unpaid work, there also tend to be small gender differences in hours spent in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Definitions also change from country to country. A country with limited access to cross-border energy infrastructures but a broad domestic resource base will thus think differently about the security of its energy supplies than a small, open economy closely interconnected with its neighbours but with few resources of its own. Not unlike the notion of “sustainability”, another key dimension of energy policy in OECD countries, the notion of security of energy supply is often being applied in different ways to support different policy objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this endeavour, it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women’s healthcare. The council is responsible for providing recommendations to the President on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals, for suggesting changes to federal programmes or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls, for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce, and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls. The functions of the council are advisory only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Households, both poor and not poor, are directly and adversely affected by the crisis. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge the ability of vulnerable households to cope and to maintain their living standards. Social protection programmes play an important role in the response to a crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Macroeconomic policies have an impact on gender equality through markets and State interventions, which distribute key economic and financial resources and economic opportunities. Gender-specific impacts are mediated by the State’s willingness and capacity to intervene on behalf of less powerful groups within society and by the voice and influence of women within the structures of governance at different levels in society. While women’s access to education and employment improved in recent decades, the transformative potential of those changes has been curtailed by persisting inequalities in the gender distribution of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The absence of adequate public support also reinforces the reliance on informal social security systems. Dependence on kinship and community networks can be deeply problematic from a gender perspective. On the one hand, these networks usually rely, to a significant degree, on women's unpaid care work. On the other hand, prevailing social norms and gender power relations in households and communities may limit the extent to which women's own needs are acknowledged and addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Parents pay a maximum fee for kindergarten only (between 15.8% and 22.5% of total costs in 2011, depending on whether the kindergarten is public or private). Counties are responsible for upper secondary education, which they finance through taxes and block grants. Costs in this sector vary considerably from one region to another. Additional state subsidies and provisions are given to avoid regional disparities. Private kindergartens (50% of all kindergartens) are also financed by the state through the block grants to municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many poor households in the MDEs are kept afloat financially thanks to transfers from relatives and friends working abroad. Worker remittances also make an important contribution to the balance of payments of these countries, especially Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen (see tables 7, 8 and 9).55 Emigration to the GCC, where incomes can be five times higher than in their home countries, has been facilitated by the common language shared across the region. Although the inflow of migrant workers can increase the flexibility of GCC labour markets, it is insufficient to resolve unemployment problems in the labour-exporting MDEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As Chart 6 indicates, the period of rapid GDP growth has not been accompanied by significantly higher rates of net employment generation, with the employment growth in the most recent period still slower than the rates of expansion achieved in the period 1987-88 to 1993-94. Further, more detailed data reveal that the quality of employment has deteriorated significantly, with less days worked per year and more reliance on precarious Iow-remuneration self employment. There has been a significant decline in the proportion of all forms of wage employment. But the latest survey round suggests that even casual employment has fallen in proportion to total employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, Micco and Pages (2006), OECD (2010), Cingano et al. ( They all find that the negative relationship between layoff costs and job or worker flows is more negative in industries where reallocation rates are larger, that is where it can be expected that EPL effects are, if any, stronger. Using a similar methodology on a large number of industries and OECD countries, Bassanini and Garnero (2013) show that the more restrictive the regulations, the smaller is the rate of within-industiy job-to-job transitions, while no significant effect is detected as regards job-to-job transitions involving an industry change and/or job-to-jobless transitions. They interpret their findings as suggesting that those displaced workers that would not have been displaced in the absence of labour market deregulation tend to find another job relatively quickly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The third is to allow children under the age of 15 to have free access to school canteens in districts where the monetary poverty rate is higher than the national average, using a government subsidy covered by foreign aid equivalent to 0.19% of initial GDP. The final policy response scenario consists of distributing cash transfers to households with poor children, the total amount of the transfer is equal to 1% of Cameroon’s before-crisis GDP and is supported by international aid. Moreover, it leads to a sizeable fall in these two dimensions of poverty compared to their levels in the absence of the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Care centres should also proactively engage and support parents. The curricular guidelines that the MEP is developing should include a parenting component, and staff of care centres should be trained in ways to promote effective parental engagement. Establish and enforce minimum quality standards for care centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article argues that the equality versus difference dispute in feminism is not essentially a dispute about the basis of public policy as Georgia Warnke implies. Furthermore, rarely can public policy issues concerning women be resolved by direct appeal to interpretation. Interpretation should be understood as offering a model of cultural transformation rather than public policy adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Municipalities are the “founders" of state pre-primary, primary and lower secondary educational institutions, except for those exclusively providing education for children with special needs, which have remained part of a separate network under the direct supervision of de-concentrated state administration units (regional state authorities). The authorities of the self-governing regions are the founders of state upper secondary institutions, also with the exception of those exclusively offering special needs education (also managed by regional state authorities). The number of municipalities running schools is very high and almost one third of them are founders of lower secondary institutions (see also Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We believe that this will lead to alternative ideas of what it means to be a man in Norrbotten (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2005: 72, own translation). Fishing used to be a very large industry with many workplaces and has remained the largest industry, however, the tourism and travel industries now comprise a new sector. Whereas the fishing industry is centred on the exploitation of natural resources, this new sector provides services, however, Paulgaard points to one similarity between the two sectors - both rely on large national as well as international networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of the education reforms underway in northern nations ground formal schooling in the Inuit or Inupiaq ways of living and being, and thus make fluid the relationship between "formal" education and "traditional" learning, so that in Barrow, Alaska whaling can be both the backbone of the community and a foundation on which learning is built in school. This rethinking of the definition also allows for inclusion of differing educational goals for parents and students, whether it is enabling young people to continue on in formal schooling and pursue a professional career in a location away from their home community, or developing the skills that enable them to stay in their home and be a successful subsistence hunter or herder. These processes ground students in their own culture, values and beliefs and enable them to successfully negotiate the socio-political and economic world beyond their own communities. We also acknowledge the importance in Indigenous communities of instruction in heritage languages as well as in western languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2002 Regulations on State Environmental Monitoring set out the scope, purposes and outputs of state environmental monitoring in the country and specify the tasks and responsibilities of six governmental bodies: the SCNP, Uzhydromet, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management, the State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources and the SCLR. Monitoring activities should be conducted based on a government-approved monitoring programme. The SCNP was made responsible for the coordination of state environmental monitoring, the approval of a unified monitoring methodology to be followed by the relevant government bodies, and for the collection and evaluation of monitoring data and their delivery to decision makers and the public, including in the form of the annual national state-of-the-environment report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Certain population groups are particularly at risk owing to their socioeconomic characteristics which leave them disproportionately exposed and more vulnerable to climate hazards. In most countries, the disproportionately high risks experienced by particular population groups are determined by structural inequalities which reproduce poverty, marginalization and social exclusion. Deepening the analysis of this problem with a view to identifying policies that can act upon the structural drivers of vulnerability requires a consistent analytical framework. In this framework, the intersection between the occurrence of climate hazards and the exposure and vulnerability of people and natural systems to them is the central source of risk (figure 1.4). Exposure refers to the presence of people (including their livelihoods), ecosystems and species, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected by climate hazards. Exposure and vulnerability are thus determined implicitly by the conditions of poverty, marginalization and social exclusion as they affect specific population groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The economic values of the environmental/societal services of extractive species should be recognized and accounted for in the evaluation of the true value of these IMTA components. This would create economic incentives to encourage aquaculturists to further develop and implement IMTA. Seaweeds and invertebrates produced in IMTA systems should be considered as candidates for nutrient/carbon trading credits within the broader context of ecosystem goods and services. Long-term planning/zoning promoting biomitigative solutions, such as IMTA, should become an integral part of coastal regulatory and management frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
On the other hand, start-ups with at least one female founder are relatively few in science and engineering, where the gender gap in funding is much lower (Figure 7). The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Figure A.l in Appendix shows the same statistics for smaller countries in terms of number of observations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, in-core measurement reduces considerably the uncertainties on the power and power density distribution associated with load cycling transients, thus reducing the safety margins that must be taken. Improvements in this area have permitted for greater operation margins and faster transients in load cycling operations. Also, the overall availability of the plants has increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
County and township cadres as strategic actors in policy implementation have only recently become a topic of systematic study for China scholars, in most studies, they have been associated with clientelism and corruption, law-breaking, manipulation of the institutions set up to control them, suppression of local dissent and collective protest, and deficient policy implementation. Cai Yongshun, for example, claims that local cadres create an irresponsible state, “in which its politicians make decisions and allocate resources so as to serve personal political interests which take precedence over public concerns, thereby resulting in the waste of public resources”. Graeme Smith finds that informal cadre networks penetrate the institutional fabric of the county completely and build a “shadow state” which combines personalized rule and bureaucratism, is obsessed with quantitative output and engages in campaign-style,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Angola — the largest exporter among the LDCs — had to take a $1.4-billion loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2009 to stabilize its macroeconomic balance following the steep fall in oil prices after the outbreak of the international economic crisis. A new decline in prices reduced revenues from oil taxes from 23.8 per cent of GDP in 2014 to 15.4 per cent in 2015 (IMF, 2016b). Such taxes are implemented by most Governments because raising fuel taxes is easier than collecting income and other taxes, and fuel consumption is weakly price-elastic (Kojima, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of the Dimension 3 (Working time and work-life balance). A variable on commuting time will probably be included in the ad-hoc module 2019 on work organization and working time arrangements. In: Journal of Health Economics 30, pp. Stutzer, A and B. Frey, B., 2008: Stress that doesn't pay: the commuting paradox.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. At the same time the Netherlands has taken some distinct approaches and has pioneered a number of innovation policy developments, hi the recent history of STI policy, the emergence of a new sector-oriented, thematic approach is one example. The first attempts to develop an explicit innovation policy were primarily oriented towards the supply side, through the use of financial instruments to stimulate R&D. As this was considered insufficient to achieve the desired increase in the international competitiveness of Dutch producers, the intermediary infrastructure was strengthened to foster the dissemination of new technologies and to provide businesses with R&D results that would enable them to develop new innovative products. To this end, policy measures to stimulate the mobility of researchers from academia to private enterprise and to establish a network of regional innovation centres were put in place (Boekholt and den Hertog, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Concentration of refugees in remote camps, as in Kenya, may result in only partial inclusion and geographical separation. Resources can be a key constraint Lebanon and Jordan, with the most refugees per capita, have adopted double-shift education, producing temporal separation. In several contexts, refugees continue to be educated in separate, non-fbrmal community-based or private schools, the largest recent displacement of Rohingya fleeing Myanmar for Bangladesh being a prominent case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These factors help explain why poor households utilize several complementary sources of energy to meet their needs, rather than switching straight away to electricity when provided access to it. In other words, consumers will naturally choose energy mixes that reflect the marginal cost of different energy sources (e.g. electricity used only for lighting, television or radio, charcoal or LPG for cooking, kerosene for heating). Even when provided with affordable energy alternatives, households may not completely stop utilizing biomass (for instance, even high-income households in India maintain a traditional fuel wood stove to cook traditional dishes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Next, a country synthesis is proposed in order to highlight the coherence of the national policy in the field. Such coherence is built on the strength of the associations that exist between Levels 2, 3 and 4. The following table summarises the content of the recommendations and specifies whether a diploma related to the field of ICT uses in education exists. The case of each country is specifically described in the following paragraphs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Migration in these places may have potentially large social implications as new migrants will present a higher share of the population in small rural communities (Brown, 2010(36], Lichter, 2012(3?], Kasimis, Papadopoulos and Zacopoulou, 2003(38], Rye and Scott, 2018(39]). The largest share of international migrants, however, still typically settles in urban areas (Nachtigal, 1997(40]), among other reasons because they find greater job opportunities and can make use of pre-existing social networks. Rural-urban differences are particularly large in those countries with the largest shares of immigrants overall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bonuses can be viewed as a form of remuneration through which firms improve incentives while transferring some of their profitability risks to employees. However, they are frequently tied to short-term performance without claw-back provisions and may therefore come at the expense of firm-level stability with particularly damaging consequences in the case of systemically-important financial institutions. Data for Germany relate to 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The number of deaths from HIV-related diseases and the infant mortality rate dropped by 53% over 2001-11 and by 23% over 2001-10, respectively (City of New York, 2012). Improving the population’s health has trickle-down effects from the individual to the community in terms of public health, but also economic productivity, general well-being and broader access to opportunity. Overall, living in areas which are associated with poor health outcomes “can create structural impediments for growth” (CEC, 2006). Several initiatives to make access to healthcare services more equitable have been implemented in OECD cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They are well-positioned to play a more important role in the Canadian economy with their numbers approaching one million (CIBC, 2005). Immigrant women, as new Canadians, are opening new doors with their growing numbers in different sectors. Due to their more educated profiles and higher skills they quickly adapt themselves into the Canadian business environment in a very short time period and they have become “mainstream entrepreneurs” in five years. As one in five self-employed women is an immigrant in Canada, immigrant women’s contribution to the Canadian economy is very high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter reports the results of two projects which were conducted during the last years at the Linguistics department of Vienna University and which aimed (a) at establishing an empirical basis for the development of writing courses for humanities students and (b) at developing and testing a prototype of such a course in a blended learning framework. In the first study, Austrian university students' writing practices in three social science disciplines (social history, business studies, and business psychology) were investigated. In the second project, an academic writing course for students which was based on the results of the previous project was developed in a blended learning framework. The two discipline specific courses elaborate the language-related aspects of the general module and comprise the following broad areas: 'Structuring a paper', 'Perspective', 'Explanation and argumentation' and 'the thematic thread'.  Keywords: business psychology, empirical projects, linguistics department, social history, Vienna University
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The United Kingdom has consistently been in the vanguard of developed nations in promoting international action on climate change. It has strongly supported international climate-change negotiations through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and EU channels, along with considerable unilateral efforts to support adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. At the G8 Summit at Gleneagles in July 2005, the United Kingdom proposed a focus on poverty reduction and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Hungary has among the highest rates of amenable mortality in the EU, suggesting large scope to improve access to timely and effective health care for life-threatening conditions. Strengthening primary care, and prevention is are key challenges to improve population health and reduce health inequalities. The life expectancy at birth of Hungarian men is almost seven years shorter than that of women (72.3 years compared to 79.0 years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The flexibility of collateral is an important element for women, because assets, particularly land, are traditionally owned by men. In 2007, the commercial bank Development Finance Company of Uganda, with IFC and the Uganda Women Entrepreneur’s Association, launched the Women in Business Programme. Its special focus on SMEs provides lending to women entrepreneurs without requiring land as collateral."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)