albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article considers challenges to the existing international human rights regime in the post-9/11 era. It uses an interdisciplinary approach that brings together issues of politics and law by focussing on international legal provisions and setting them into the context of International Relations theory. The article examines the establishment of Guantanamo Bay as a detention centre for suspected terrorists captured in the ‘war on terror’ and focuses on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in the name of national security. This article demonstrates that the wrangling over Guantanamo Bay is an important illustration of the complex interaction between interests and norms as well as law and politics in US policy making. The starting point is that politics and law are linked and cannot be seen in isolation from each other, the question that then arises is what kind of politics law can maintain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The parental leave benefit was set at 67% of the parent’s net average earnings during the 12 months preceding child birth, with a ceiling of EUR 1 800 per month and a floor of EUR 300. The first 12 months were paid and, if partners (usually the father) used at least two months of parental leave, it was topped up with another two months - 14 months in all. It was, in fact, possible to extend parental leave to up to 24+4 months (if each parent took at least four months), with a proportional reduction in the monthly payment rate. Unpaid employment-protected leave was available for a maximum of 36 months (Moss and Korintus, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Commission also emphasized the need for governments to value, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work by prioritizing social protection policies, accessible and affordable social services and the development of infrastructure, including access to environmentally sound time- and energy-saving technologies. They have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods, with 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty (United Nations, 2013a) and many more without access to basic services and social protections. Current patterns of growth have coincided with rising inequalities in wealth, income and capabilities worldwide, across and between nations (United Nations, 2013b, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some private professionals can participate in the committee according Transport Safety Act. In practice, the committee does not convene often. Attempts have been made to create such a body. In 2000-2002, the prime minister created a Safety Management and Improvement Committee responsible for co-ordinating safety policies and measures among various governmental agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It monitored service providers’ legal and contractual operations (e.g. carrying out analyses of bidding processes and concessions, contract alterations, reconfiguration and fusions of systems) and ensured that tariffs guaranteed efficient and socially acceptable prices without harming the financial sustainability of service providers. In addition, the IRAR analysed consumer complaints and assisted in conflict resolution between consumers and service providers. It was made responsible for evaluating the quality of water supplied to consumers, comparing the results with other entities and following up on non-compliance where necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Infrastructure planning is likely to assume different forms in different contexts, so plans need to be based on economic, social and geographical realities and aspirations, rather than any pre-established blueprint to guarantee a successful outcome. The design and execution of an infrastructure plan should take into account a country’s stage of development, existing infrastructure, industrial capabilities and expansion plans, urban versus rural divides, levels of policy ambition, existing infrastructure institutions and their coordination, availability of new' financial, technical or other resources and the existence of political and managerial capacity for effective implementation. Looking at both developed and developing-country experiences with laige infrastructure projects, Flyvbjerg (2009,2007) makes the additional point that such projects tend to be characterized by cost overruns, benefit shortfalls and underestimation of risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The development of a policy on recertification (which would include The safety and appropriate use of pharmaceuticals in Portugal is ensured by INFARMED, the national authority for medicines and health products. Sweden does not have an accreditation system for health care organisations. For some professions the diploma has to be supplemented with a certificate of completion of a specific internship/practice experience. There are no formal, national systems of CME and CPD or for recertification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As of 2015, there were 16 degree programmes for initial teacher education offered at seven university colleges across the country which may also develop a certain specialisation (e.g. in science education). Previous teacher education programmes involved a relatively detailed regulation of the content and structure of initial teacher education. This was especially the case following a reform introduced in 2006. Based on a four-year evaluation process by a mandated group of experts, however, a number of significant changes were again proposed in 2012 (Fplgegruppen for ny laereruddannelse, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Targeting the poorest 30% for disability benefits would save 0.4% of GDP and reduce the poverty rate by 0.2 percentage points. They relate to the initial phase of unemployment after any waiting period. Any income taxes payable on unemployment benefits are determined in relation to annualised benefit values (i.e. monthly values multiplied by 12) even if the maximum benefit duration is shorter than 12 months. No social assistance “top-ups” are assumed to be available in either the in-work or out-of-work situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Commonwealth countries should closely monitor this area of negotiations and take the necessary steps to ensure that they are able to benefit from the final result. This source of funding is actually a number of different sources, with funds flowing from various donors through the World Bank and other agents to countries that take action to reduce emissions from their forestry sectors. The GCF is the vehicle the Parties will use to channel the financing ($100 billion of private and public money by 2020) that was committed before the advent of the Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, different countries’ adaptation efforts cannot be “translated” into a single unit. Such information will be useful for improving adaptation plans and enhancing adaptation actions, and may also help to improve their effectiveness in countries and could point to potential areas of cooperation. Information useful for the global stocktake may include not only quantitative or qualitative indicators, but also narratives on, for instance, backgrounds, exposures to climate risks, changes in vulnerability/readiness levels, key success factors for achievements, and challenges to further improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As of the end of October 2014, the European Union is also negotiating with Mercosur on a possible future FTA. The European Union expects that liberalising trade across the Atlantic could add an additional USD 160 billion a year to GDP in Europe. This FTA once established will be the world’s largest free-trade area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Law requires preparation of new acts for declaration in accordance with the new categories within six years from the day of implementation of the Law. New PAs will be included in the National Ecological Network: The country’s Spatial Plan envisions an increase in PA coverage up to 11.6 per cent by 2020. The Law also establishes other important authorities, including development of a National Information System of Biodiversity (NISB), National Ecological Network, cadastre of Protected Areas, national strategy for nature protection, and a financing framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Scholars point out a tension between racial justice and disability rights activism. Although racial minorities are more likely to become disabled than whites, both disability activism and the historiography of disability politics tend to focus on the experience and achievements of whites. This article examines how disability rights activists of the 1970s sought to build a united movement of all people with disabilities and explains why these efforts were unable to overcome cleavages predicated on race. Activists drew from New Left ideas of community and self-help as well as the New Right rhetoric of market freedoms to articulate a vision of liberation for people with disabilities. Though they yearned for racial solidarity, in practice, activists could not overcome institutions that separated antipoverty and racial politics from disability policy, nor could they figure out how to incorporate minority voices in an identity-based movement forged around disability rather than color.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this case, however, the premium corresponds to the price of traded green certificates. This premium is more volatile than regulated feed-in premiums and thus creates additional uncertainties for renewable investors. Specific balancing rules can also be applied with respect to wider tolerance values for renewable energy generators. The interaction of TGC and locational signals depends largely on national regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One good example of this type of plan is the city of Los Angeles' "Urban Mobility Plan in a Digital Age" that re-orients the focus to Mobility as a Service. Where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, licensed ride services must not erode overall levels of accessible transport. App-based ride services can improve overall accessibility by better matching supply of accessible vehicles and demand - but only if the design of the service and of the partnership takes into account the specific needs of travellers with impairments. By undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes to examine the potential for alternative service delivery models, public authorities and public transport operators can evaluate where synergies with innovative mobility services are strongest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Global financial markets are subject to a complex web of soft law rules and standards called IntThis paper critically examines some of the main challenges associated with facilitating good governance in small-scale diamond mining communities, focusing on the experience of Sierra Leone. Two recent governance initiatives in the countrys diamond sector are reviewed: the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) for rough diamonds and the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (DACDF). The analysis considers some of the broader lessons which have emerged, as Sierra Leone currently attempts to launch a third governance initiative: the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). It is argued that the introduction of complex monitoring processes represents significant challenges for a country which is emerging from a long period of conflict and isolation, is suffering from serious shortages in human capacity, and where good governance, accountability and transparency will undoubtedly take considerable time to develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some other European countries show similar patterns but, in most of them, the gender gap in working hours is much narrower. In all European countries - except, to a certain extent, the Netherlands (see Box 5.3 in Chapter 5) - and in the United States, working full-time is the norm among men of all ages. When it comes to women, though, the picture is much more mixed, as examination of the variety of working arrangements for men and women in selected OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The implementation of the ongoing anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing (AML/CTF) drive within the private sector reflects a tension between the logic of state sovereignty and that of neoliberal governmentality. In this article, we show that the main concrete output of two decades of global policy in this area is found in the routinization of professional interactions between banks and law enforcement agencies. Banks recruit former law enforcement officials and attempt to establish informal ties with the police or intelligence bodies. They are also actively involved in intelligence-led policing missions and have become embedded in interdependent relationships with law enforcement agencies. Drawing on data from 75 interviews conducted with AML/CTF professionals within France, the article shows how new everyday professional routines in the banking sector reflect governmentality in the making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A recent OECD report estimated that total private philanthropy for development amounted to USD 8 billion per year. While these resources are still modest compared to official development finance, foundations are becoming key partners in specific sectors, in particularly the health sector. Based on the resources spent by 143 foundations over the years 2013-2015, foundations' support was the third-largest source of financing in the health and reproductive health sectors (OECD, 2018psj).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Regional wellbeing indictors, Auvergne”, June 2016). Since the 1990s, population growth in the Puy-de-Dome departement has been concentrated in the north-south corridor of the territory surrounding Clermont-Ferrand, following the major road. The peri-urban areas around Clermont-Ferrand have seen particularly strong growth. This land is seeing an increase in both the elderly population and that of children—peri-urban spaces are an attractive place for both those retiring and those who are raising young families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An educated mother’s greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and are likely to be more aware of returns to schooling. Pre-school participation yields benefits in academic achievement, behaviour and education progression and attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
After a brief overview of the fundamentals of liberalised electricity markets, it presents the policy context of the transition to a low-carbon economy and reviews the current and foreseen operating challenges and the investment issues. It considers ways to strengthen policy and regulatory arrangements to encourage more flexible and responsive operation and more timely and efficient investment. It is part of a series on electricity published in conjunction with the overall Electricity Security Action Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter reviews the changes that the International System has experienced in the last three decades, the reconfiguration of the geo-strategic relation and global politics. From global terrorism, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the global financial crisis in 2008, the growing role of global communications to the emergence of substantive changes in political leadership. The author asserts that no State or international actor possesses the capacities or conditions to confront the new global challenges on its own and only cooperation will make it possible to face the challenges and risks that emerge from globalization and interdependence. Hence, it is imperative to develop an educational model that promotes skills, values and behaviours that contribute to peace, justice, sustainable development and solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, the 2005 review’s recommendations to introduce a purchaser-provider split has not been implemented, apart from in a few scattered settings (such as Hidalgo state’s experimentation with new payment methods, and in the SS institutes’ contracting with private providers for certain high-demand interventions, such as obstetrics or haemodialysis). The model of workforce contracts remains largely the same. System governance, too, remains largely unreformed. Apart from very occasional convenios to allow SP and the SS institutes to exchange services, few mechanisms have been created to support closer working across the subsystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To respond to these new challenges PSV has been encouraged to develop strong links with business and enterprises, to cover remote areas and to cater for less affluent students. It analyses the impact of the dual sector universities in Australia, short cycle higher education in Scotland, three sub-sectors of Norway’s tertiary education and the emerging non-university higher education in Italy, as well as the vocational education and training in Spain. It discusses the issues of transition, participation and collaboration of different types ofpost-secondary education and analysis the impact of policy changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, remittances help stimulate domestic demand. Migration of workers enables LDCs to address the challenge of making available employment opportunities for the millions of young people who join the labour market each year. This is particularly important because domestic labour markets in most of the LDCs tend to be rather tight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These markets can be physical or virtual/internet-based. All the initiatives target not only construction companies but also citizens that buy materials for private use. The selling of excess raw materials from construction sites has multiple benefits: from an environmental point of view this minimizes the waste produced during construction or renovation, while simultaneously reducing the cost of construction and creates new jobs for the commercial exploitation of the materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Countries with indigenous people should achieve infant and under-5 mortality levels among their indigenous people that are the same as those of the general population. By 2005, countries with intermediate mortality levels should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 50 deaths per 1,000 and an under-5 mortality rate below 60 deaths per 1,000 births. By 2015, all countries should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and an under-5 mortality rate below 45 per 1,000. Countries that achieve these levels earlier should strive to lower them further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The State removes 10 million m3 of timber per year from public forests and keeps some w'ood for its own use. Some 95 per cent of forests in Romania are covered by a forest management plan. The State of Europe's Forests 2011, however, only breaks down ownership into public and private, with public ownership accounting for 52 per cent of forests and private ownership accounting for 48 per cent of forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Both Estonian and Russian wetlands have been identified as Important Bird Areas, and the Estonian as a Natura 2000 site. Despite the fact that the Ramsar Sites and protected areas do not cover the entire Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe wetland area, their presence on both sides of the national border undoubtedly has great effect for the protection of the habitats of rare and threatened species, especially for migratory species and those having large individual territories. The management plan for the Pskovsko-Chudskaya Lowland was prepared in 2001-2003 within the Russian-Danish project, with the participation of experts from neighbouring Estonian Ramsar Site (its provisions regarding nature conservation, the sustainable use of natural resources, and international cooperation mainly remain to be implemented).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
AbstractThere is substantial literature on media representations of asylum seeker policy in Australia from a number of theoretical standpoints, namely moral panic theory, whiteness studies and belonging and citizenship. While many of these studies use discourse analysis of textual media as a methodology, there is scant attention to the contribution of manipulative silences in media texts on asylum seeker children. Using a form of discourse analysis to explore the idea of manipulative silences, we demonstrate how media representations may steer public attention towards asylum seeker children in two dominant ways: (i) in discourses of deviancy by association with adults and (ii) the rights of boat children in association with immigration detention. Both generate confusion between rights, compassion and deviancy and, by shifting public attention, they serve to silence more essential concerns for the children. We seek to analyses these manipulative silences in the context of Australian asylum seeker policies ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At point A, the firm’s production level causes a net cost, or welfare loss, to society equal to the area ABC as the marginal social costs of production are greater than the marginal social benefits. Biodiversity offset programmes allow developers to meet the quantity-based restriction by avoiding and minimising biodiversity loss at a development site, restoring biodiversity at the conclusion of a project or, where permissible, by securing biodiversity offsets to compensate for any residual biodiversity loss. Within the constraints of the mitigation hierarchy, developers are therefore able to minimise the costs of meeting the quantity-based restriction by selecting the most cost-effective mix of conservation actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Heritage seems to be concrete and precise, at least, that is the lesson we learned from decades of relating the inherited past with the nation. Yet, the rhetoric of the homogeneous nation-state was replaced some while ago by that of the heterogeneous multicultural state. In multicultural times the meaning of ‘heritage’ is not that clear, although a sense of plurality is pervasive. Yet, in this chapter I will not try to fix and stabilize its meaning, rather, by interpolating the contexts in which heritage unfolds and where it intervenes, I will highlight its relationship with governmentality, humanism and the market. Further, I will explore the gains of destabilizing the dominant, multicultural conception of heritage, especially by positioning alternative conceptions of time, past, ancestors and life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The empirical analysis in the report utilises a survey undertaken in late 1993 as part of the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) by the Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at the University of Cape Town with technical expertise given by the World Bank. The 1993 PSLSD survey was intended to give a broad picture of living standards and poverty for the whole of South Africa. It made use of a detailed questionnaire covering various aspects of the household's economic activities and social attributes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is a limiting structure, as real-world events occur in continuous time, and more importantly, some decisions/transitions are joint, or occur together. The model also has no labour-supply dimension. There are models for labour-force participation, unemployment and retirement but no model of hours worked and the variables that influence those hours, including the family budget, tax rates, and health. Changes in the macro economy can be entered into the model as a scenario, however, there is no general equilibrium mechanism within the model itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)