albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
But practically, we know that we will need to consider a number of possible trade-offs when selecting the best indicator among a set of possible indicators. The best measures may not be collected frequently to allow yearly comparisons. Our desire for longer time series rather than single measurements may be compromised if the measure changes substantially from one year to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There has also been some work on specific plans for distinct diseases or services although these are not yet complete. In addition, new policies aim at attracting physicians to mral areas and halt migration of health care workers (see above) but there is no overarching policy for planning human resources in the health care sector or for addressing skill mix Further, there are no systems in place aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of capital across the country and across various levels of care. The National Health Strategy 2014-2020 recognises the need to address this but also to improve transparency in decision-making and to boost citizens’ involvement Patients' associations are increasingly part of the policy-making process. For example, over a quarter of Romanian respondents (28%) reported that they had to give an additional payment, valuable gift or make a hospital donation as part of their use of public health care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Contributing authors: Hakan Tundn, Marie Kvarnstrom, Hannele llvessalo-Lax, Johnny Berglund, Hans-Goran Lax, Tero Mustonen, Anders Hojgard Petersen, Preben Clausen, Jorgen L.S. Hansen, Eva Roth, Lars Gamfeldt, Pia Norling, Jan Sorensen, Johanna Roto, Susanne Vavare, Michael Koie Poulsen. Habitat degradation, eutrophication, fishing and climate change are examples of drivers of change that affect Nordic coastal habitats. Policy and governance are principal indirect drivers that both could lead to decline and deteriorations, as well as improvements and recoveries of Nordic marine environments. Such changes might lead to increased oxygen depletion in many areas, leakage of nutrients, changed trophic structures and spread of pathogens (Diaz & Rosenberg, 2008, Gregory et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These include individual institutions (e.g. Adaptation Committee), institutional arrangements (e.g. the Nairobi Work Programme) or funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund). As outlined in these reports (see Briner et al 2014, Adaptation Committee 2013), some of the current institutional architecture for adaptation is relatively recent. For example, the UNFCCC’s Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) both work on adaptation-related issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Figure 1.4 shows how much each income source influenced the variation in per capita income for households below the poverty line in countries where poverty rates have decreased significantly in recent years. In the countries where poverty lessened, labour income accounted for half or more of the change in total per capita income. Thus, in this most recent bout of poverty reduction, the labour market has been one of the main drivers of the upswing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, progress between 1990 and 2005 was worse for LDCs than for developing countries as a whole, with 6 out of 10 importers seeing their Pll for LDCs decline during this period. Among the ten importers the share of their total Pll accounted for by LDCs was less than one-twentieth, at only 3.7 cents of every dollar to the poor via trade going towards those within LDCs. Australia was the lowest at 0.7% (0.7 cents per dollar to the poor via trade) and the European Union the highest at 7.1% (7.1 cents). The first is a measure of the share of national income going towards those within these poverty groups below the $1.25 and $2.00 per day level, which are denoted as SIP1 and SIP2 (share of income to the poor). These are calculated based on the surveys and income distribution data used previously. The second dataset provides the share of import-value these 89 countries account for in 10 developed economies (with the EU as a single block), using the IMF’s Direction of Trade database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Family planning programmes and contraception play a role as one among many proximate factors that influence the timing and speed of fertility decline. However, broader and contextual factors, including economic, social and cultural differences between countries, even in the same region, influence the shape and timing of declines in mortality and fertility, rather than family planning alone. These concerns draw on older theories and models about the relationship between population, resources and the environment that have proved remarkably resilient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper examines the effect of dominant individuals on budget implementations in Nigeria. The methodology used in the study is content analysis method. The literature and empirical review reveal that the activities of dominant individuals ranges from manipulation of budget items before and after approval of annual estimate: embezzlement and fraudulent activities: lack of proper budgeting processes are responsible for the failure of budget in Nigeria. The recommendations therefore include the need for budget reform in Nigeria. Budget should be based on thorough evaluation of revenue and needs and the issue of probity, transparency and accountability should be properly addressed in the budget process. The implication of findings includes high level of youth unemployment, poverty and corruption as well as causing under development of Nigeria economy.   Key words : Dominant Individuals, Budget performance:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strong linkages between employers and the education system are fundamental in providing appropriate feedback loops to career guidance counsellors about on-going changes in the labour market and the evolving needs of industry. However, more can still be done to change the mind-sets of both parents and teachers of the benefits. This can potentially be achieved by having more employers directly involved in post-primary schools providing information to students and parents about expected job opportunities and wages. Higher Level Apprenticeships in Northern Ireland in over 20 occupations will also play a critical role in promoting the use of on- and off-the-job training in high-skill jobs that will translate into positive perceptions of apprenticeship opportunities going forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Even compared to other former Soviet economies, the Latvian system is under-resourced. Estonia and Lithuania, for example, spend approximately 1% of GDP more on health. Whilst also limiting the feasibility of longer-term reform, underfunding is also harming Latvians’ health today, as evidenced by the numbers foregoing health care and late treatment of diseases as a result. If national health and wellbeing is a priority for Latvia, more public money will need to be directed to its health system. Population ageing is progressing more slowly than in many OECD countries, but is nonetheless complicating the disease-burden, and adding pressure to the health system. At the same time, prevalence of communicable diseases such as HIV remains high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, reforms seek to attract better prepared individuals to the teaching profession by granting scholarships to top students and giving bonuses to teachers and principals with excellent evaluations (OECD, 2013c). A draft law is in Congress proposing major changes in the organisation of the teaching profession including the introduction of a certification process to access the different levels of the teaching career (Santiago et al., The hiring of principals in public schools has also been professionalised and principals now have more liberty to select their management team and to dismiss teachers with bad evaluations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another recent development in the MENA economies, as in other parts of the world, is the emergence of business accelerators. This model of business incubation focuses on intensive incubation of start-ups over three-to-six-month periods to accelerate the launch of their enterprises into the marketplace.12 Among survey respondents, this describes the Delta Shield for Investment, Silicon Oasis Founders, IN5, and Wiki Start Up incubators, however, there many other examples popping up across the region, including Oasis 500 in Jordan and Flat6Labs in Cairo and Jeddah. None of the regional accelerators focus specifically on women’s start-ups, but some of the teams may have female members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the GE(1) measure, inequality within racial groups contributed 48% to overall inequality in 1993. By 2008 this figure had risen to almost 62%. In an article in which the conventional interpretation of the between-group measures of the general entropy decomposition of inequality is challenged and extended, (Elbers, Lanjouw, Mistiaen, & Ozler, 2008) it is posited that it may be instructive to view between-group inequality as a percentage of the maximum possible level of between-group inequality that can be counterfactually constructed from the data while retaining the same number of groups and their relative sizes as well as the same income distribution. A key idea behind this assertion is the fact that total inequality is effectively “a measure of between-group inequality that would be observed if every household in the population constituted a separate group” (Elbers, Lanjouw, Mistiaen, & Ozler, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The programme's success was, in part, due to the fact that it replaced other poorly targeted subsidies, suggesting that good targeting is important for reducing poverty. Furthermore, the Mexican experience highlights the importance of rigorous independent monitoring and impact evaluation, which gave the programme legitimacy and enabled it to be scaled up and improved on the basis of lessons learned regarding design and implementation. The programme has been credited with a reduction in poverty and extreme poverty by 1.9 and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, between 2003 and 2009. That corresponds to 13 percent of poverty and 32 percent of extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the most routinely philosophically and politically attacked sections of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is article 24: ‘Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.’ Defending against these attacks is important. For example, only the USA and Somalia, among UN member states, are not parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). One reason for the USA's status is political opposition to CRC article 31, which maintains ‘States parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure….’ Our article defends article 24 from well-known criticisms. We maintain rights are social constructs and, as evidence of social construction, we provide a genealogy of article 24. We also address the social psychology of rest/leisure and trends in actual state practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An analysis from 1915 to 1939”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. The Compelling Effects of Compulsory Schooling: Evidence from Canada”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique, Vol. The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project: Final Report, Department for Education and Skills, Nottingham, http://webarchive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This study contributes to the attendant literature by bundling governance dynamics and focusing on foreign aid instability instead of foreign aid. We assess the role of foreign aid instability on governance dynamics in fifty three African countries for the period 1996-2010. An autoregressive endogeneity-robust Generalized Method of Moments is employed. Instabilities are measured in terms of variance of the errors and standard deviations. Three main aid indicators are used, namely: total aid, aid from multilateral donors and bilateral aid. Principal Component Analysis is used to bundle governance indicators, namely: political governance (voice & accountability and political stability/no violence), economic governance (regulation quality and government effectiveness), institutional governance (rule of law and corruption-control) and general governance (political, economic and institutional governance). Our findings show that foreign aid instability increases governance standards, especially political and general governance. Policy implications are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy reforms are another possible driver of these trends, notably stricter eligibility requirements and a greater focus on the activation of employable benefit recipients. Cappellari and Jenkins (2014) relate part of the decline in receipt rates in the United Kingdom to the introduction of the Jobseeker’s Allowance in 1996 and the Working-Families Tax Credit in 1999. They however suggest also that a 1996 reform to the financing of social assistance expenditures may have played a role that resulted in reduced transfers from the federal government to the provinces and stronger incentives for the provinces to move recipients from benefits into work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In a similar way, benefits could be reported as benefit amounts per capita, or as percentages of household incomes. The latter would help for comparing benefits with costs, proxied by the average household WSS bill. This would also improve the comparability of results from one country to another, and allow overcoming differences in purchasing power parities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The addition of significant amount of renewable energy reduces the electrical capacity running at high load factors and increases the value of flexible production: a higher proportion of conventional stations is required to operate only at times when the production from renewables is below average. In those conditions, plants with relatively low capital costs will be favoured over those with low operating costs. First, the optimal generation mix of dispatchable technologies that satisfies at the lowest cost for a given electricity demand, represented by the annual load duration curve, is derived. The same methodology is then applied to the same electricity market after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It has been crucial in building one of the most stable democracies, most skills-based labour markets, and establishing the highest levels of well-being in Latin America. Education outcomes have stagnated in the last decade, and together with widening inequality and slow growth, this risks stalling the country’s future inclusive growth. This chapter provides an overview of how the education system in Costa Rica is organised and analyses the major trends in access, quality and equity. The final section examines the current governance and financing arrangements, and how they can be harnessed to steer the system to higher levels of performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The outstanding quality of universities and the above-average returns to tertiary schooling have spurred participation in recent years. Nonetheless, little evidence of falling returns over time suggests that demand for the highly skilled has kept the pace of supply (Walker and Zhu, 2008). Increasing the available positions, while maintaining high standards of quality, would promote human capital accumulation, economic growth, equality and social mobility. Furthermore, high private returns justify recent reforms making students bear a larger share of the costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For decades, scholars have argued that education causes greater support for civil liberties by increasing students’ exposure to political knowledge and constitutional norms, such as due process and freedom of expression. Support for this claim comes exclusively from observational evidence, principally from cross-sectional surveys. This paper presents the first large-scale experimental test of this proposition. More than 1000 students in 59 high school classrooms were randomly assigned to an enhanced civics curriculum designed to promote awareness and understanding of constitutional rights and civil liberties. The results show that students in the enhanced curriculum classes displayed significantly more knowledge in this domain than students in conventional civics classes. However, we find no corresponding change in the treatment group’s support for civil liberties, a finding that calls into question the hypothesis that knowledge and attitudes are causally connected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, as with any subsidy instrument, careful design and periodic re-calibration are necessary to ensure that objectives are achieved at the lowest cost to society, and this requires strong government capacity. Regulatory capture, where entrenched industry interests are able to extract subsidies even after the legislative objective has been attained, is common. Yet, energy technology change has slowed considerably at the level of the global fuel mix since the 1970s, and there is no evidence to support the popular notion of an acceleration of energy technology change, either at the fuel or at the sector, plant or unit levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Our average national corn yield is 2.5 metric tonnes, compared to 6 to 7 in China and 10 in the United Stales. We cannot make such a quantum jump by depending on local varieties,” says Suroj Pokhrel, programme director at the Crop Development Directorate, in his office in Kathmandu. This marks a shift away from what once prevailed in local farming communities. In the past, there were only local varieties, sometimes called ‘landraces,’ that birds, insects and the wind would randomly pollinate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The service is also available on-demand for use in off-peak hours via an application. The first fully electric and autonomous robo-taxi on the market is now planned to be released in Lyon in late 2018 to early 2019. Industry actors, riders and city planners will need to be involved in developing new urban policies in order to limit the usage of personal vehicles and to provide equally attractive alternative mobility options to passengers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The vegetation of the Kopetdag Mountains is especially rich, as it is represented by some 1,900 species of wild plants, 322 of which are endemic. A great number of the plants of the plains and hills provide full value nutrition to livestock. Among 600 plant species in the Karakum area, some 100 plants form the basis of the pasture ration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-Asce. Water Pricing for Agriculture between Cost Recovery and Water Conservation: Where Do We Stand in France ? Modeling Stream-Aquifer Interactions in a Shallow Aquifer, Choele Choel Island, Patagonia, Argentina. Public Subsidies for Water-Conserving Irrigation Investments: Hydrologic, Agronomic, and Economic Assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mobile phones are today increasingly powerful portals granting access to the online world and new forms of learning and education, making people more informed and enabling them to exercise choice and make better decisions, improving their lives and livelihoods. Featured Insight 7 explores how mobiles are helping enhance education and empower learning. Today, mobile technologies are common, even where schools, books and computers are scarce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One is to adjust tariff structures to account for household size, so as to avoid penalising large families. This solution is being adopted in an increasing number of OECD countries, including the Brussels and Flanders region in Belgium, Luxembourg, and some municipalities in Greece, Portugal and Spain. An example is the system adopted in the Wallonia region of Belgium, where water prices have included a charge destined for the Social Water Fund, to be distributed to low-income households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Measures can be implemented to support female candidates - such as training, technical and financial support - and to encourage female parliamentarians to participate in defence and security committees. Initiatives that build the capacity and legitimacy of women's or gender caucuses within parliament can help to link debates on gender and security issues. Women's organisations can be useful partners for security system institutions and oversight bodies - see 3.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Myanmar, however, the persistent weakness of the kyat has fuelled a rise in domestic prices, and in China, supply-side pressures have pushed food prices upwards. Thailand raised interest rates as a precautionary measure against risks in the real estate market, while China, India, Malaysia and the Philippines have eased monetary controls to a certain degree. Nevertheless, the overall balance-of-payments positions have remained in good stead.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, if police in a particular location are rigorously enforcing the use of restraints, restraint wearing rates will rise. Conversely, a lack of enforcement will typically see poor wearing rates. Intermediate outcome measures also include independently conducted public surveys that will test the perceived likelihood of being caught speeding, belief that an individual can predict where a compulsory breath testing checkpoint will be and admissions of drink driving. These survey measures provide valuable feedback to police on how effective their operations are in changing public attitudes and behaviours that cause or worsen road trauma. It is important to compare offence detection rates with known offending rates. As enforcement of given offence types rise, actual offending rates will fall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The failure to integrate so many people into the labour market is a terrible waste of human potential, and cripples the economy. It threatens social cohesion and in the context of the postapartheid transition it represents a particular concern because of the substantial over-representation of black South Africans in the NEET population. The 3.4 million NEETs may be compared with the 950 000 students in universities (both public and private) and 400 000 students in colleges - a total of 1.35 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Can the child poverty rate really be said to be rising, for example, at a time when the incomes of the poor are also rising? And can there really be more children in poverty in the United Kingdom or the United States than in Hungary or Lithuania (as shown in Figure lb)? Does the child have three meals a day? A few books in the home?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Development finance towards science includes spending on activities classified as research through CRS sector codes (stage 1), core funding or earmarked funding through research entities (stage 2), and additional finance of activities with a research component that have been identified using text mining (stage 3). The identification of development finance towards ICTs and other technologies follow a similar approach, however, the accuracy in identifying activities with a technological component may be less than for research, considering the limited number of technology-specific sector codes (stage 1) and the larger heterogeneity in technology-oriented keywords. The approach used in this paper to identify technology-oriented activities is biased towards ICT-oriented activities. As also described in section 3.2.1, the identification of activities supporting innovation is based solely on text mining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)