albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Until 2016, growth is not expected to exceed 2% per year. From 2017 to the end of the projection period, real GDP growth is expected to average 2.6% per annum. The exchange rate of the Brazilian real (BRL) relative to the USD is expected to depreciate throughout the outlook period making Brazil’s export sectors more competitive in world markets but also increasing the cost of imports. This is not expected to put undue pressure on consumer prices, with inflation remaining low. Producer prices are expected to rise briskly during the next ten years, but when adjusted for inflation, crop prices are relatively flat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some instances, the design and/or financing of a project may be explicitly based on the achievement of key results. This is the case for results-based finance (see Box 3), or in the development of investment criteria for funds (for example the Climate Investment Funds Criteria for the Clean Technology Fund). Results-based finance is an umbrella term that includes a number of different financing mechanisms that seek to tie the provision of financial resources to specific and measurable results (Caruso and Ellis, 2013). These range from Advanced Market Commitments and Output Based Aid that focus on “outputs” to Conditional Cash Transfers or Cash on Delivery Aid that can be linked to behavioural triggers more oriented towards “outcomes” (GPOBA, 2012). Depending on project types, the results chosen to trigger payments can vary widely after consultation with donors, implementing entities, and partner countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The energy sector solutions would present abatement potential of about 41 Mt C02eq, mainly resulting from onshore wind and solar power. In the studied five countries onshore wind, which can provide the biggest impact in the Baltics, has an abatement potential close to 20 Mt C02eq in total, solar power 17 Mt C02eq and bioenergy for heating about 14 Mt C02eq. The transport sector and the agriculture and forestry sector would provide 10 Mt C02eq and 6 Mt C02eq abatement potentials respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Section C considers the link between economics and gender equality and the contributions of feminist thought in that connection. Section D reflects on the heterodox perspective and its challenges to economics and the role of the State. The different expressions of feminism all retain certain fundamental ideas at their core, based on the concept of the sex/gender system as an analytical framework.2 Feminism has redefined the concepts of sexuality and its links with politics and legislation, pushing the frontiers of analysis of democracy and the role of the State towards the private sphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are differences between data from the then Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and INSTAT and data from the then Ministry of Urban Development. The reasons are not yet assessed. Therefore, a precise picture on current waste generation in the country, which is a precondition for proper planning of capacity of the disposal facilities, is not ensured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Since the enactment of Ethiopia’s Proclamation on Anti-Terrorism in August 2009, at least11 journalists have been convicted, each sentenced to at least 10 years imprisonment. There are concerns that the proclamation limits the right to freedom of thought, opinion and expression, provided for in Ethiopia’s Constitution. Through the lens of the right to freedom of thought, opinion and expression, the paper argues that Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation violates the human rights of people within its jurisdiction. It finds that there is a real potential for the state to crack down on political dissent in governance and curtail the growth of democracy in Ethiopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How relevant is Scotland's biodiversity to you? How concerned are you about the loss of biodiversity in Scotland?). The indicator measures the percentage of participants in the survey that answered "yes" to the question "Have you made any leisure visits to the outdoors in Scotland in the last 12 months?"). It provides data on numbers of volunteers, hours volunteered and types of activity undertaken.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/2755320/Nation-al_Infrastructure_Planning_A_Holistic_Approach_ to_Policy_Development_in_Developing_Countries. Sustainable Infrastructure for Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth. Inter-American Development Bank. Financing Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean: How, How Much and By Whom?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the years, acts of insecurity, lack of safety consciousness and threat of terrorism have pervaded the maritime landscape of the world economy. The obvious dishonest outlook and fraud-like tendencies which over the years, have formed the most basic characteristics of the maritime industry have never helped matters either way, but has indeed complicated the issue of high insecurity of the port industries worldwide. The amendment of the Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) introduced the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS) code) as preventive measure against the likelihood of terrorist attacks on Ships and Port Facilities.           Key words: Government, industry, maritime, security, port.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using a list of child- and household-level deprivation questions available in the EU-SILC 2009, Guio et al. ( They produced an 18-item child deprivation index, drawing the deprivation cut-off at three or more items. Using data from the EU-SILC 2014, they have re-evaluated the index and produced a 17-item version (Guio et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Kazakhstan was one of the last ruble-zone members to issue its own national currency, the tenge (KZT), in November 1993. The economy contracted every year from 1991 to 1995, and during these same years real GDP dropped by two-fifths. A large number of emigrants included many skilled workers and administrators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Norway and Denmark have remained consistent in reading and science and improved in mathematics. Iceland has not shown any improvement from its 2012 performance and remains below the other Nordic countries and the OECD average on all subjects. With respect to gender, female students have significantly higher reading scores than male students in all Nordic countries (consistent with the OECD average). In Finland, female students also outperformed male students in mathematics and science (both counter to the OECD average).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
April and May 2014 saw record rain (over 420 mm) in the northern part of the country, which caused disastrous floods in the catchment area of the Vrbas and Bosna Rivers, as well as in the area of Semberija. These extreme climate and weather episodes have caused substantial material and financial deficits, as well as casualties. In the same time series, trends in annual temperatures on all analysed stations are statistically significant, while the changes are more pronounced in the continental part of the country. However, increases in air temperature over the last 14 years are even more pronounced. The increase in temperature, in addition to increases in GHG emissions, is caused by a more pronounced effect of the urban heat island. Differences between the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 1981-2010 range from 1.9°C in Sarajevo to 0.8°C in Tuzla.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Basin construction is also practised by farmers to direct flood water and to enhance good drainage on inland valley and flood plain fields. Stones and fertilizer bags filled with sands are often used as bunds by farmers, to reduce soil erosion due to run-off, and this practice often enhances silt deposition (Omotayo and Musa, 1999). These include the assurance of complementary interaction between crops and livestock, such that slack resources from crops could be used as feed for livestock, while livestock would provide draft power and manure to replenish the soil. Farmers use Ciicata/Jijjiirra, an indigenous method of soil conservation, in Ethiopia to maintain soil fertility through the process of kraaling cattle at night, and rotating the position of the barn regularly in order to uniformly distribute manure to crop fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Communique was handed over by world leaders to the then-UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres at COP 21 in Paris, in November 2015, to support efforts to reach a new global climate agreement. Reform will free up financing for sustainable development. Norway will contribute 100 million Norwegian kroner (app. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is involved through the provision of information via the World Energy Outlook and support to countries such as Mexico and Indonesia. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides research and loan support linked to fiscal reforms. The OECD assists through its inventory of support measures for fossil fuels (for OECD and partner countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa) and the accompanying companion publication (OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In comparison, system costs for dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas are at least one order of magnitude lower, i.e. below USD 2 per MWh. For instance, a significant share of hydroelectric resources would provide some or all of the flexibility required to integrate variable renewables and thus limit the increase in system costs. Depending on their technical characteristics, which differ according to the reactor type, nuclear energy further contributes to the flexibility provision in low-carbon systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study contributes by providing a conceptual framework around learning in public administration reforms. Large e-government projects through which reforms are introduced often involve multiple organisations, they are complex, require a careful consideration of power and have a long institutional impact on society. Project-based learning (PBL) and institutional theory from public administration studies form the theoretical framework this study builds upon. Findings suggest that learning in public administration reforms in the context of a developing country is characterised by strategic, constructive and reflective practices that follow each other in cycle along project implementation stages. The unit of analysis in this study is project organisations instead of students or employees where project-based learning has been traditionally applied, making the contributions of this study unique and relevant not only for project managers, but also for policy makers, local policy leaders and international organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In June, E. coli concentrations reached 7,000 and 16,000 cells per litre for Tbilisi Sea and Turtle Lake respectively. E. coli concentrations obtained for Lake Lisi were above the permitted limit (5,000 cells per litre) for the five samples, while for Tbilisi Sea and Turtle Lake they exceeded the limit value in June. Illegal discharge of untreated waste waters into the water bodies and poor maintenance of recreational zones are the major reasons for the high concentration of bacteria in the lakes and reservoirs of Tbilisi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recently work on yields is published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Powell and Rutten, 2013). Its philosophy is in line with GTAP, namely low entry barriers for CGE analysis, whereas its modular set up facilitates working in (cross-institutional) modelling teams and allows to build in dedicated modules linking it with other models (for example the IMAGE model). Currently the system is used at LEI-WUR, JRC-IPTS and TI (previously known as vTI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These initiatives were conducted in partnership with the provincial conservation agency (CapeNature) and several environmental non-governmental organisations, including WWF-SA, Conservation South Africa, Flower Valley Conservation Trust and the Botanical Society of South Africa, with funding from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and the GEF. The projects aimed to encourage best agricultural practice for wine, potatoes, rooibos and indigenous flowers. Although initial uptake was encouraging, follow-up assessments have shown that best practice management is not necessarily maintained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Further opportunities for market-based approaches exist in air, biodiversity and waste management. More could be done to promote environmental management in enterprises, especially small and medium-sized companies. Public expenditure for environmental protection has increased significantly, but still represents a relatively small share of GDP. The economic crisis and large budget deficit impose serious constraints on government action and put at risk Ireland’s ability to meet its environmental commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Historically, international conflict resolution theorists have largely adopted the position that organized religion is an instigator of violence. As a result, these theories have tended to exclude religion as a force for peacebuilding. Recently, however, scholars have suggested that religion can contribute constructively to a theory of conflict resolution. Their general thesis is that, if religion played a significant part in people's lives, and if religion played a part in fuelling the conflict, then when resolving the conflict, religion must be at least taken into account. An example of a conflict resolution process in which religion, specifically Christianity, played a central role was South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). In dialogue with leading critics of the TRC process, particularly Richard Wilson, this article examines the ambiguous role that Christianity played in influencing concepts of justice in the TRC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article presents a typology of different approaches to social crime prevention adopted by Australian Indigenous youth night patrols. Research that informed this typology occurred in a specific context, but generic observations about youth crime prevention policy are transferable to community youth crime prevention in other settings. The typology identifies several key points of difference between various service delivery models, in particular, different perceptions of relationships between crime prevention, community safety, community development, community self-determination, child protection, and youth development and welfare. Discussion teases out how political discourse frames concepts such as community governance, self-determination, paternalism, and funding accountability. The discussion illustrates how politicised decision-making has meant that policy makers responded selectively to programme evaluations, in ways that did not always maximise benefit. The typology is intended to be useful to youth crime prevention practitioners, evaluators, and policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Televisions"), and 10% of students had missing responses on attendance at a science club ("How often do you do these things? Attend a science club"). These two questions were chosen for comparison because they appeared in both the PISA 2015 and 2006 student questionnaires, were easy for students to answer because of the closed format, and they appeared before (televisions) and after (attend a science club) the question about career expectations. The highest missing-response rate on career expectations in 2015 was observed in Germany, where about 26% of students had missing or invalid responses, followed by Austria (23%), Iceland (22%), Canada (21 %) and Chinese Taipei (21%). In Mexico, Peru and Viet Nam, only around 3% of students had missing or invalid responses to the career-expectations question, in Korea, around 4% of students had missing or invalid responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whereas recent scholarship has analysed and theorized the practice of public diplomacy in modern international relations, early modern diplomacy is still often thought of in terms of peer-to-peer interaction and secrecy. This article seeks to show that public diplomacy was a central aspect of early modern international relations as well. While examining how, when, and why early modern diplomats communicated with foreign audiences, it argues that early public diplomacy opened up spaces for public debate and created transnational issues, and is therefore central to the history of news and the development of the public sphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, climate-economy models without explicit representation of impacts (e.g. most general equilibrium and cost minimization models reviewed in Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha, 2009) and models that only assess the probability of triggering a specific tipping element (e.g. dimrise - Zickfeld and Bruckner, 2003) are not included. The same applies to the coupling of exogenous climate scenarios with sector-specific impact models, e.g. GIM (Mendelsohn, Schlesinger and Williams, 2000), DIVA (Hinkel and Klein, 2009) and the UK “fast-track” studies (Ar-nell et al., The model must include quantitative data aimed at resembling the real world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This can occur through a shift towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns. Such a shift requires national public policies that create conducive environments, social and physical infrastructure and markets, and a transformation of business practices along global value chains. Across much of the developing world, an increase in the material footprint is required to enhance the living standards of growing populations. At the same time, it is important to decrease reliance on raw materials and increase their recycling to reduce environmental pressure and impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The main section (Section 2) provides an account of the available knowledge concerning health effects, and the corresponding impacts on healthcare costs, of the following health-related behaviours/conditions: smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, nutritional choices and physical activity. In Section 3, I go through the available evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of public policies constructed in order to modify health behaviours (primary and secondary prevention) and to reduce weight. The paper ends by a summary' of the findings and an identification of important issues and challenges for future research. Performing systematic reviews of the evidence published in the different research areas spanned is considered to be beyond the scope of this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Political scientists are increasingly using experiments to study African politics. Experimental methods help scholars to overcome two central research challenges: potential bias in responses to survey questions (social desirability bias), and establishing the effect of X on Y (causality). Regarding survey response bias, experimental methods have been used to study sensitive topics such as ethnic favoritism, clientelism, corruption, and vote buying. In terms of causality, experiments have helped to estimate the effects of programs aimed at enhancing the quality of democracy or public service delivery. Identifying the causes of the political behavior is critical to understanding the “nuts and bolts” of African politics. For policymakers, knowledge of what works to promote democratic accountability ensures the efficient allocation of scarce resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In remote areas of South Africa, cash transfers have stabilised the demand for food, reduced market risk for producers and traders, and supported local agricultural production (Samson et al., The social pension in Namibia also improved market access to food by attracting traders to remote communities and enabling pensioners to buy food on credit (Devereux, 2002, cited in HLPE, 2012). However, where markets are not able to respond to increased demand by increasing supply, cash transfers can have a negative impact, by pushing up local prices. In Ethiopia, the Meket Livelihoods Programme shifted from food- to cash-based transfers, with negative impacts on the availability and price of food in local markets for beneficiaries, especially in remote, areas with food deficits (Kebede, 2006, DFID, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Given that this treaty, which commands almost universal support, lays out only very general climate change mitigation and adaptation duties for states, it was only natural that states negotiated a Protocol (Kyoto Protocol) to lay down binding emission reduction targets for the industrialised states in 1997 (entry into force in 2005). The first commitment period, within which industrialised states were expected to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, ran from 2008 to 2012. The December 2012 climate regime meeting in Doha was able to agree on a second commitment period for some industrialised states, led by the European Union and Australia, but many others dropped out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To the extent that the income of the highest percentiles arises from rent-seeking activities, the impact of rising top income marginal tax rates on economic growth may even be beneficial because it will discourage rent-grabbing behaviour and increase others’ revenues. From the point of view of development, fiscal measures that provide direct support to private fixed investment are essential. Rather, what is needed is a differentiation in taxation of profits based on the origin of the profits and how they are used. For example, profits from productive entrepreneurial activity may be taxed at a lower rate than profits from purely financial activity, especially speculation and “unearned” capital gains that provide no benefits for the overall economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In both countries, the strategy of development had delivered relatively high income growth without commensurate increases in employment, especially in the organised sector, the bulk of new employment has been in lower productivity activities under uncertain and often oppressive conditions. In both countries, the growth has been associated with sharp increases in spatial and vertical inequalities, greater fragility of incomes among marginalised groups and adverse shifts in certain human development indicators. In both countries, 2004 marked a shift in declared political priorities towards more inclusive growth, with varying effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the water application rate per hectare irrigated in Turkey increased by 39% between 1990-92 and 2002-04 (Figure 2.2), partly explained by losses from the irrigation infrastructure and inefficiencies in managing irrigation systems due to lack of irrigator management skills and poor advisory services (OECD, 2008a). But water policy reforms in both Mexico and Turkey are beginning to address these deficiencies in managing the irrigation systems (Box 3.8). The sector’s share in total groundwater utilisation, although data are limited, was above 30% in 12 OECD member countries in 2002, notably for Greece, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and the United States (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)