albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Yet if our climate is to be stabilised, today’s developing countries need to lead the world to a solution - and as has been emphasised elsewhere in this chapter, there is no solution to climate change without halting deforestation. Climate change had already caused suffering in the country. In 2005, floods inflicted damage equivalent to 60% of that year’s gross domestic product (GDP). Yet, as a country with 85% of its land mass under forest, an area larger than Great Britain, our people didn’t want to just complain about climate change - we were prepared to act. We were prepared to deploy almost our entire forest in the global fight against climate change, providing: 1) we could access the right economic incentives to value our standing forests, and 2) our people’s sovereignty over their forests would not be diminished.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Scholars of international conflict mediation have made strides in the last two decades in understanding when mediation occurs and when it is successful. The rationalist framework has allowed theorists to sharpen and expand on early insights, and research using quantitative methods continues to be an important part of the field. Gaining a sense of when disputants might use mediation disingenuously and expanding the scope and comparability of data sets on mediation will push both the study and practice of mediation onto useful new ground.      Keywords:    mediation,  conflict resolution,  peacemaking,  negotiation,  diplomacy,  international conflict,  intrastate conflict,  peace processes
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consider, for example, maternity, paternity and parental leave policies. These policies may encourage equal enjoyment of rights by partners by enabling both parents (often mothers and fathers, but also same-sex parents) to take paid or unpaid time off to care for a newborn/adopted child. When this happens, they foster a more equitable division of childrearing responsibilities in the family and give women (or the primary caregiver in a same-sex family) greater opportunities for career advancement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The British constitution is famously unentrenched: constitutional laws are not intrinsically more difficult to override than ordinary laws. However, in the largely overlooked 2012 case of H v Lord Advocate, the Supreme Court said that the Scotland Act 1998 cannot be impliedly repealed due to its “fundamental constitutional” status. Unless judicial thinking changes, courts in the future may treat constitutional statutes, like the Scotland Act, as capable only of express repeal, making such statutes “quasi-entrenched”. In this article, we argue that, as a judicial innovation, the quasi-entrenchment of constitutional statutes lacks a sound legal basis. Parliament can make its intention to repeal a constitutional statute clear without making it express, and judges cannot, on their own initiative, ignore Parliament's clear decision to repeal even a constitutional statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
China is moving aggressively on advanced manufacturing and the digital economy, with the support of government initiatives, such as "Made in China 2025" and "Internet Plus". The country is also pursuing supply-side reforms to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation, including tax reforms and interest rate liberalization. Under this "innovative growth” scenario, total factor productivity would overtake capital formation to become the major driver of economic growth, and the service sector would account for 70 per cent of GDP by 2030, close to current levels in developed economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, the degree to which GDP growth translated into household-expenditure growth was much higher in Mali: expenditure per capita grew at a rate of 6%, about double the rate observed in Uganda. Second, the distribution of benefits from growth was dramatically different in the two countries. While in Mali the Gini coefficient dropped from 0.53 to 0.39, in Uganda the same measure of inequality increased from 0.38 to 0.43.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Currently, bike-share systems are dominated by dock-based networks where bicycles are picked up and returned at specific stations. An alternative, emerging model for bike-share is centred on dockless fleets of bicycles that can be picked up and dropped off anywhere within a within a geo-fenced zone. In these instances, bicycles come equipped with on-board GPS and communications equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Lower market rents and increased competition led to a greater demand for skilled labour and a more dispersed wage structure. Lower tax wedges also contributed to increased wage dispersion. Dwindling benefit replacement rates for low-wage workers (but not for workers on the average wage) also drove up wage dispersion - lower replacement rates mean lower reservation wages. Furthermore, less strict EPL is associated with greater wage dispersion, driven entirely by reforms to EPL for temporary workers. However, the combined influence of these factors on overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is less straightforward. Promoting employment opportunities for under-represented groups could increase market income for certain households and increase the overall resources available for redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Flonduras, parents increased the use of health services for young children by 15-21 percentage points, although no effects on children's illness rates were found, as in Brazil (Adato and Floddinott, 2007). Although these programmes are unconditional, their impacts are similar in magnitude to those of the influential PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera programme in Mexico, which conditioned transfers on school attendance. In the sub-Saharan African context, key factors that raise the impact on children are the transfer amount, with a threshold of 20 percent of pre-transfer income being especially critical, and the degree of "messaging" about the purpose of the transfer. For example, several programmes, such as Kenya's CT-OVC and Lesotho's CGP, include strong messaging that the transfers are intended to support children's welfare, which has been found to be effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although climate conditions, such as rainfall (amount, intensity and frequency) and temperature influence erosion processes, other anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fires, overgrazing, topography modifications and water management policy, have stronger impacts on land and soil. Unfortunately, the report does not describe any such evidence. During the summer months of 2009, a three- to fourfold increase in the registered number of diarrhoea cases was observed, which demonstrates the link between these groups of diseases and warmer temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The 290 municipalities fund elderly care, home care and social care, while the regions are responsible for primary, psychiatric and specialist health care. Local and regional taxes are supplemented by the central government and by user charges. Subsidies for prescription drugs are paid for through designated state grants to the regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, because of their success in disbursing funds, there is a risk that revolving funds might crowd out commercial sources from serving water and wastewater providers, especially since the volume of funds made available through this mechanism has recently been increased by the US stimulus package (Chapter 4). Bond banks also have the capacity to prioritise development projects according to their financial profitability. Developing the more profitable projects first can secure the initial capital and generate new sources of revenues, which can be used to mobilise new financing for developing a second generation of projects. This process can be repeated several times, so as to increase the number of projects financed in such a way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An econometric model is used to illustrate the strong connection of the immigrant workforce with production in the Thai economy, and therefore with levels of income. An empirical assessment of the impact of foreign-bom workers on income per capita cannot be made with certainty, but the high share of the employed in the foreign-bom population, together with the positive impact of foreign-bom workers on the Thai-bom paid employment rate, suggests this impact is positive. The labour market and broader economy would also benefit from the integration of foreign-bom workers in terms of the quality of work. Although foreign-bom workers are well-integrated in terms of access to employment, they remain concentrated in low-skill occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Many of these countries saw' railways as a means for industrial transformation, with the result that the European railway network expanded from 1,865 miles to over 215,000 miles between 1840 and 1913 (Ambrosius and Henrich-Franke, 2016: 44). While early systems in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe and the United States were often entirely private or a mix of public and private (with some significant public investment exceptions), from the late nineteenth century onwards there was a gradual public takeover of responsibility, supported by broader national visions of “municipal socialism” in Europe and “progressivism” in the United States (Marshall, 2013). In the first phase, extensive state involvement was essentially through subsidies, regulations, legal privileges, military protection, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of national eco-labels increased further with the adoption in 2002 of the Act on the Eco-labelling of Products, which created 32 product categories. The "environment-friendly product” label has been awarded to 312 products. The number of products awarded the label each year has grown, from 29 in 2002 to 146 in 2010 (MAERD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For schools with very few immigrant students, municipalities could encourage them to cooperate and share DSL teacher resources through formalised networks. International research indicates that while children develop “communicative” language skills relatively quickly, it takes much longer for them to become proficient in the “academic” language used in school environments (Cummins, 1979). This can be seen from the results of reading tests carried out by schools at the local level. From then on, the gap between natives and immigrant children often widens and becomes a barrier for success in the Folkeskole and beyond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Graduates of tertiary education who are roundly educated and skills relevant to the job market will boost productivity and economic growth, thereby increasing capacity for greater investment in education and other services. Improvements in teacher education, in part resulting from better-prepared entrants to pre-service training, will promote better teaching and learning at all levels of education. Thus it will be necessary to determine relative priorities among the sectors, find efficiencies in future expansion whilst raising quality, and, where appropriate and possible, shift a proportion of the costs from the public to the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another NCER programme targets secondary school students by introducing vocational courses within study programmes. Students will be able to opt for basic subjects, such language tuition and mathematics, and devote the rest of their study time to learning vocational skills destined to help the development of the rural economy. The NCER works in conjunction with the Ministry of Education and is in the process of developing an appropriate curriculum for these study programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The data on international funds for financial and technical assistance to African countries, LDCs, LLDCs and small island developing States (SIDS) indicates a recent decline in disbursements for capacity-building to all four country groups. Efforts at peer learning should also be increased. For example, ICT can be used to map the needs of the poor in support of development initiatives to eradicate poverty, or to ensure last-mile delivery of food, drugs and other disaster relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If available in the future CCS may, however, play an important role in reaching deep C02 reductions in power generation, not only in OECD countries, but especially in developing regions as China and India that rely strongly on coal for power generation. The total storage potential in this category is estimated to be 65 Gt. These potentials are regionally concentrated, so Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad can store significant amounts of C02 while other areas such as Delhi and Calcutta cannot.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of bioeconomic models as a descriptive device allows for the examination of economic tradeoffs, including the estimation of potential profits. The fact that bioeconomic models entail the specification of an objective function (which can be a multi-objective function) can force diverse stakeholder groups to be transparent in their objectives and performance indicators. The identification of performance indicators is critical because it can provide additional metrics to be tracked during the ongoing collection of data on the fishery for monitoring and evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An open-source decentralised application (dApp) being developed by the Energy Web Foundation has already been tested on several sites. The application offers more granular data (about power ownership, location, time, and avoided marginal CO2 emissions for each kWh) while enabling direct, automated certificate of origin trading between renewable energy generators and buyers of any size (EWF, 2018). This allows consumers to have an enhanced ability to identify and procure from renewable energy assets with greater avoided marginal emissions potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given the potency of the drugs and the small amounts that need to be transported, combatting illicit supply is extremely difficult, though with some success recently. U.S. Custom and Border statistics reveal that discovery of fentanyl has increased considerably in the past couple of years from essentially none in 2015 (US CBP, 2018(52]). These statistics also show a marked increase in seizures of methamphetamine (which tripled between 2012 and 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Having fewer opportunities to be educated, healthy or nourished compared to their peers puts children at a disadvantage and limits their life chances. Data were not available for the Middle East and North Africa at the time of calculation. All estimates are based on purchasing power parity figures (current international $) extrapolated from the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) benchmark estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It builds on a proposal for such a horizontal project by the Chairs of the four STI Committees (CDEP, CSTP, CCP and CHE). It also builds on recent Ministerial meetings on science and technology policy (October 2015) and employment (January 2016). It will also draw on the June 2016 Digital Economy Ministerial organised by the CDEP in cooperation with the CCP, ELSAC and EDPC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This tends to be true for all those engaged at the bottom of a market chain - whether for wildlife, timber or waste - the greatest profits being won by those towards the end of the chain. For example, studies of the illegal timber trade in Nicaragua found that the forest owners and local co-operatives received just 5-10% of the timber’s value, traders and exporters pocketing the rest (Colchester et al., Similarly, in the Papuan province of Indonesia, rural communities involved in the illegal trade of merbau received less than 10 per cent of the export value of this timber, while officials and middlemen made huge profits (Banks et al., This pattern of returns is, of course, also common in legal trade.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Water management is an inherently risky business, where although it is in the interest of most stakeholders to minimise the water risks, it is not the responsibility of most stakeholders. The framework is comprised of four main components, described in the following section. Risks arise not only from physical phenomena but also from the social context. Societies vary in the ways in which they select which problems are identified as risks, and which risks require attention and response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this respect, the case of Ghana shows that rapid decline in household income poverty and caloric undernourishment can be insufficient to address malnutrition (Leach, 2015:89). Enduring malnutrition is generally linked to either ineffective utilisation of food due to poor health and environmental conditions (e.g. absence of clean water and sanitation), or to the unequal distribution of power within the household. Those who prepare and serve a meal are often the last to eat (SWAC/OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Canada, they were four percentage points more likely to report such levels, however, this hides important differences by region. In Sweden, differences between students of mixed heritage and native students were not significant, but returning foreign-bom students were 10 percentage points more likely to report high levels of schoolwork-related anxiety than native students. However, this figure should be inteipreted with caution since the sample of returning foreign-born students is quite small, leading to uncertainty in estimates. The gap between native and first-generation students in reporting poor achievement motivation was 16 percentage points in Sweden, which is lower than in Austria (22 percentage points) and the Netherlands (36 percentage points).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More specifically, five priority areas for investment were identified in the New Deal, these being: (a) energy efficiency in buildings, (b) renewable energy technologies, (c) sustainable transport technologies, (d) ecological infrastructure, including forests and (e) sustainable agriculture, including organic production. Also noted was the possibility that the “Green economy” was just a new way to promote “sustainable development”. These were biocapacity (defined as the amount of biologically productive area - cropland, pasture, forest, and fisheries - that is available to meet humanity's needs), water and energy. All three require an assessment of the ecological footprint when determining how to use these resources, in order to ensure ongoing sustainability and building in resilience to climate change is becoming a critical issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A key concern for investors is whether these projects are bankable, in terms of project viability and risk. In an attempt to ease investors' anxieties, the government has liberalized the exchange rate and created an independent judiciary. Another undertaking is a commitment to $166 million in partial risk guarantees to reassure investors concerned about state-owned electricity use and its obligations towards them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With several OECD countries planning to raise the age of compulsory education to 18 or tying school-leaving to the acquisition of an upper secondary or vocational qualification, Greece risks falling further behind. In this respect, the current economic downturn could provide a suitable backdrop for a move to raise the compulsory education requirement. Indeed, as labour market opportunities decrease, particularly for youth without qualifications, drop-out rates are likely to fall, making it easier to gather political consensus and to enforce the new measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the United Kingdom, the study from Ernst & Young estimates connection costs for offshore plants in a range of GBP 300-800/kW, depending on the distance from the shore, the present study adopts an intermediate value of GBP 500/kW, which corresponds to about 20% of the investment costs at the plant level. Connection costs for offshore have been estimated to lie between 10% and 25% of investment cost, depending on the distance from the shore (Green Net, 2009a). For the other countries, the average value of 17.5% was used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the larger agenda of recognition of the care needs of migrants and valuation of social reproduction as a central axis of the analysis of migration would require the tough political challenge of transformative, universalized access to childcare services in both Australia and Lebanon that is delinked from parents'income levels,from productivist assumptions (as in Australia) and from parents’ migrant status (as in Lebanon). Power,production and social reproduction: Human in/security in the global political economy. In Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care: Understanding Mobility and Absence in Family Life, edited by Loretta Baldassar and Laura Merla.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their primary objective is to help conserve and ensure the sustainable use of marine ecosystems. These environmental objectives can, for example, be to protect depleted, threatened, rare or endemic species or populations, conserve habitats, or prevent outside activities from adversely affecting the MPA. In the Galapagos, for example, the marine reserve introduced in 2000 was intended to: 1) reduce conflicts between uses, principally tourism, fishing and scientific research, 2) protect marine biodiversity, and 3) promote sustainable uses. The goals of other MPAs are highlighted in Annex 3.A1. In terms of zoning, for example, if an area is to be designated as an MPA with the sole objective to protect vulnerable corals and sponges on a deep ocean bottom, there would be little or no risk posed by allowing non-bottom contact fishing in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Despite its failure to reach its envisaged goals, the programme did develop coal-gasification technologies that paved the way for highly efficient integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal power plants which were deployed around the world from the 1990s. Annual production in the United States from 1971 to 2003 increased more than 10-fold and production costs were reduced by a factor of 5, without any subsidies and despite the material challenges associated with handling hydrogen (Ausubel, 2007). A hydrogen pipeline is being operated between Louisiana and Texas, and some are considering the old idea of mixing hydrogen into the national natural gas pipeline system. As noted earlier, more than half of all cumulative energy-related public RD&D support in IEA countries since 1974 has been for nuclear power technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A key component of the Basin Plan is the environmental watering plan, which co-ordinates all environmental watering across the basin. The Plan also contains a water quality and salinity management plan and water quality targets which influence how environmental flows and the water resources are managed. For example, in France, the minimum biological flow and the reserve flow required are based on the observation of ecological needs. Figure 3.14 depicts the proportion of allocation examples that report that key factors are taken into account in the definition of the available resource pool. Specific information about how this is done, such as the methodological approach used, are reflected in country profiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)