albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The analysis summarises and extends recent country studies on the dynamics of SA receipt for Norway (Bhuller & Konigs, 2011, Bhuller, Brinch & Konigs, 2014), Luxembourg (Konigs, 2012), and the Netherlands (Konigs, 2013). In addition, it presents previously unpublished results for Sweden. The results for Latvia are taken from findings of a World Bank study (World Bank, 2013) in which two of the authors were involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this, the last of 27 essays in Arcs of Global Justice: Essays in Honour of William A. Schabas, (Oxford University Press 2018), author and volume co-editor Diane Marie Amann adapts the style of online publishing to locate blogging and other new-media developments within the frame of academic and international law teaching and scholarship. The essay shows how the volume’s honoree, Professor William A. Schabas, construct content in his PhD studies in human rights as a means to describe law in action in the many areas of interest to him, including the crime of aggression, capital punishment, culture, education, genocide, human rights, and international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are over 6,000 species of plants, around 860 bird species and 277 species of mammals. However, many of the protected areas in the country are only “paper parks”: there is de facto open access to legally ‘protected’ areas, which are being converted to agriculture. Regional and District investment bureaus allocate land inside protected areas for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The water level has dropped 1.5 m below its permitted hydro-biological minimum. The river has its source in western Bulgaria (Vitosha Mountain, south of Sofia) and ends in the Aegean Sea (Strymonikos Gulf — Greece). Major transboundary tributaries include the following rivers: Butkovas, Exavis, Krousovitis, Xiropota-mos, and Aggitis, shared by Bulgaria and Greece, Dragovishtitsa, shared by Serbia and Bulgaria, Lebnitsa, and Strumica/Strumesh-nitsa shared by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. The Kcrkini Reservoir in Greece was created with the construction of a levee in 1933 for regulating the river discharges, for irrigation purposes, and flood protection (a new levee was constructed in 1982). The Kerkini Reservoir was finally developed into an important wetland, protected under the Ramsar Convention. In Greece, irrigation dams also exist at Lefkogeia and Katafyio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With the creation of the XIT, the Catalan Government got involved as active player in a new structure of interface among universities and firms. The XIT is formed by units and groups of researchers with the capacity to offer innovation services to Catalan companies. The units that form part of the XIT have to maintain a research of high quality but they receive incentives to engage in knowledge transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
E (2017), Welfare and Environmental Impact of Incentive Based Conservation: Evidence from Kenyan Community Forestry Associations. Global Canopy Programme, UK. Pattanayak, S.K., Wunder, S., Ferraro, P.J. (2010), Show Me the Money: Do Payments Supply Environmental Services in Developing Countries? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 4: 254-274.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As part of the NCCSPE programme, World Vision has been promoting fuel-efficient stoves, known as Tikikil, in Ethiopia. This stove produces little or no smoke and consumes less fuel wood (World Vision, 2012). World Vision’s pilot project in the Oromiya region of Ethiopia disseminated 2,500 Tikikil stoves, and expanded to other regions such as Amhara, using an inclusive approach. Women’s cooperatives are prioritised as key beneficiaries, with training and distribution of improved stoves being conducted through them, and community members being able to purchase units over a period, making monthly payments. The project also attempts to influence government, involving government agencies at different levels to ensure sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The highest scoring education systems at 4th grade maths (Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Japan) were all above average in terms of innovation at 4th grade. The following Figures indicate that there is a positive association between overall innovation and trends in 8th grade mathematics outcomes between 2003 and 2011 (Figure 18.7). However, positive change has also occurred without such high levels of innovation: Chile is an example of a country that has improved performance whilst levels of innovation remain below the OECD mean. This may indicate that the marginal return to innovation has been diminishing. Ontario is also characterised by above average levels of innovation and negative trends in maths performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How do courts balance their duty to show deference to the executive and their duty to decide on the legality of the executive's actions? This paper explores this issue by comparing two terrorism cases: the United States' case Al-Marri v. Pucciarelli, and the UK Belmarsh case. It is seen that the fluctuation of the levels of deference to the executive by courts cannot only be explained by the letter of the law, discourse must be examined as well. The discourses of the "war on terror" and "the separation of powers" help explain the US courts' decisions as well as show the weakness of the these courts' ability to protect human rights in relation to the UK court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All ANPME executives are aware of and take into account the specificities of gender, whether in terms of targeting or in deployment of programmes. Whenever a programme is not adequately reaching women-owned businesses (Moussanada, Infitah, Imtiaz), corrective actions are taken to improve the target performance. Moreover, as part of the EntreElles in Regions programme, training was provided to trainers in order to refine their ability to support the needs of women entrepreneurs according to their personal and professional specificities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender gaps remain large in labour force participation rates, job quality and postsecondary education and training. Young women are more likely than men to be not in employment, education, or training and teenage pregnancy rates are higher in Latin America than in most other regions of the world, signalling future risks of poverty for young and often single mothers. Women continue to bear a disproportionate burden for unremunerated work, which restricts their paid work prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, the primary focus for generating employment opportunities should be on increased output and the quality of the manufacturing sector's growth. This development, however, has environmental implications. However, industrialisation and a higher output of manufactured goods is often associated with an increase in harmful greenhouse gas emissions such as C02 and an extensive use of natural resources. Managing and reducing these externalities is a key element of sustainable economic development and structural transformation through industrialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These recent data come from migrants’ self-declared motives for moving to European OECD countries (with the exceptions of Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands). Trends can be derived from comparisons between the 2014 AHM and an earlier data set from 2008. This share is not only higher than among labour migrants (36% in 2014), refugees (40%) or international students (42%), but would grow further if only family migrants who arrived as adults were considered, since those who came as children probably rebalance the gender distribution of family migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We can clearly see that for all poverty lines below R1 500 per capita per month12, there is clear first order poverty dominance of 1993 over 2000 and 2008. Since the CDF’s of the 2008 and 2000 data cross, we cannot say which has greater poverty in general, the answer will depend on the measure we use and the poverty line. We can conclude from this that poverty has fallen on average since 1993, but it is not clear if poverty has increased or fallen since 2000. Second and third order dominance analysis may result in a clear ranking of poverty between 2000 and 2008, but this is beyond the scope of this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The IESP is responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental, spatial planning and housing laws and regulations.3 The Chief Inspector of the IESP is directly responsible to the Minister of the Environment and Spatial Planning. In 2011, the Environment and Nature Inspection Service had 56 inspectors at its head office and eight regional units of different sizes. Besides the IESP, other inspectorates (including those for chemicals, agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing, construction and health) oversee environment-related activities under other ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Commercialisation helped streamline cumbersome bureaucratic processes (e.g. for procurement), provided incentives for staff and management, decentralised technical and financial planning, strengthened customer orientation, and reduced long response times (USAID, 2011b), with the result that Aqaba has lower non-revenue water (NRW) and provides continuous water service through new and upgraded systems (USAID, 201 la). It is headed by a CEO that is appointed by the Board of Directors. It is fully ow ned by the WAJ and has a staff of 1 500 active employees (Miyahuma, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The overall quality and quantity of national transport networks also have an important bearing on the cost of logistics. Such costs are relatively high in many countries of the region. In the United States of America, logistics costs account for 8.3 per cent of gross domestic product, as compared with 18 per cent in China and Thailand, 19 per cent in Viet Nam and 24 per cent in Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This would require careful examination of existing infrastructure and the creation of completely new control strategies, able to balance the load demand of their customers with the varying power provided by wind and solar sources. In Barbados, BL&P has taken the first step towards higher penetration of renewables with the publication of its integrated resource plan in 2012 (BL&P 2012) and, more recently, the publication of its wind and solar integration study (Emera 2015). National policy-makers across the region have set domestic targets to promote renewable energy use. At the regional level, policy-makers have jointly established net billing as the appropriate minimum standard for policy support across CARICOM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In spite of early hopes for a “fading out” of sovereignty in the face of global environmental challenges, recent codifications of international law have confirmed the creeping national enclosure of what were once considered common assets—e.g., exclusive economic zones under the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, or access to genetic resources from the 1983 International Undertaking via the 1992 Biodiversity Convention to the 2001 Plant Gene Treaty. Yet, because of their explicit limitation and qualification by “common interest” obligations, these expanded sovereign rights of nation states must be considered fiduciary rather than proprietary. Hence, the emerging legal regime is one of international public trusteeship (sometimes referred to as guardianship or stewardship) over a widening range of environmental resources. The article traces the evolution of the trusteeship concept in modern environmental law and its ramifications for international law and governance, as reflected in current proposals suggesting...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A broader vision of innovation will be needed beyond that driven by R&D. Data as an innovation input, innovation in services and in business models, business scale-up, and more rapid diffusion of technology, are among the themes which should be treated with greater emphasis, at least with respect to business sector innovation. Issues related to data generation, access and use are a recurring part of this report, because data will play a key role in Austria’s innovation future, in new business models and in the development and evaluation of public policy (which could become more effective and efficient). Austria has large untapped potential in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This may create the conditions for the onset of violent forms of conflict. The people most affected by disasters and conflicts are those who are more vulnerable in general, living in the least developed parts of the world and in poverty. Changes to the environment as a result of climate change are likely to result in unique risks for women and girls in other ways as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Trends in U.S. wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2): 300-323. Working Paper 12/130, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Trade and globalization after globalization’s 2nd unbundling: How building and joining a supply chain are different and why it matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Income Redistribution via Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Income Inequality - A Review of the Recent Literature”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Class discrimination and meritocracy in the labor market: evidence from Chile," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, Vol. Distribucidn y mercado de trabajo: Un vinculo includible”, ppl63-201 in G. Reinecke and M.E. Valenzuela (eds): El impacto del mercado laboral en el bienestar de las personas, OIT, Santiago, Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The goal of the overview is also to give some insight into the status of the implementation of the CBD targets related to biodiversity and natural capital in the Nordic countries. In addition, the inclusion of values of biodiversity and natural capital in national accounting systems is also of interest. In the context of this study, some needs and criteria for accounting systems of natural capital and biodiversity values are identified for each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, there are government bodies charged with furthering various aspects of sustainable development, such as the Sustainable Development Unit of the Planning Institute of Jamaica, the National Environment and Planning Agency, and in recent years the assignment of the environment as an explicit ministerial portfolio. The most recent extension has been to add ‘climate change’ to the portfolio of the ministry13 with responsibility for the environment. In the early 1990s, the government implemented a National Poverty Eradication Programme that sought to bring coherence to a disparate set of projects to fight against poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These events were supported by private companies, including Microsoft, Oracle, Strathmore University, the Advanced Information Technology Institute, Safaricom, IBM and EcoBand. As of March 2012, the Coders4Africa online community had reached more than 1,000 members in 23 countries. To sustain itself, the initiative created local chapters that organize Coders4Africa in Action events - monthly gatherings where workshops and boot camps are held.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, the total CO2 removal by forests in Norway followed almost the same increasing trend as the biomass. Massive area, especially on the west coast of Norway, was brought under plantation each year and harvested forestland was replanted. The planted forests currently are at the most productive stage contributing to the increase in biomass and thus carbon stock in forests (CPA 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Additional samples of 1 500 households in both Scotland and Wales were added to the main sample in 1999, and in 2001 a sample of 2 000 households was added in Northern Ireland. These same individuals are re-interviewed each successive year and, if they split-off from original households to form new households, they are followed and all adult members of these households are also interviewed. Variables include information on income, poverty, social exclusion and other living conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There has also been a move towards increasingly integrated natural hazard management, which focuses on factors that may affect vulnerability, such as land-use planning, in addition to traditional flood defences. While all this provides a good basis for responding to some of the effects of climate change, enhanced co-ordination of government action is necessary to meet the challenge. It provides information on likely climate changes and sectoral impacts, an overview of ongoing adaptation initiatives, a portfolio of adaptation recommendations and guiding principles for prioritising actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is still considerably below' the durations for both Italy and Spain, as well as for most emerging economies, but again longer than what is found for other OECD countries. Women are considerably less likely than men to exit NEET after one year (28.7% versus 47.3%), and education is also a relatively strong predictor of NEET exit probabilities: 42.5% of NEET with tertiary qualifications are in employment one year later, compared with 24.9% of those lacking upper secondary qualifications. The 16-month exit rate is defined as the proportion of youth being NEET in 2011 but being employed 16 months later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is general agreement that the current resources available to the government and the MHI funds are inadequate to finance the Government Guarantee Package as it was anticipated in the 1993 reforms. While the exact size of the additional financial resources is unknown, it may be substantial. Government estimates suggest that only 11 regions with 20.5% of the population (combined) had achieved full financing of the Guarantee Package in 2006 (Shishkin, 2007a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given the nature of health and emergency needs, it might be too expensive to finance such costs through private means. One possible approach would be to explore health insurance options and if there is any scope for group welfare schemes for the slum dwellers as a whole. Surprisingly, none of the respondents showed any awareness of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), a health insurance scheme for below poverty line families, which was launched in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the extent and nature of the use of foreign law in constitutional adjudication in common law systems outside the United States, with special reference to Australia. Demonstrating that the courts of other common law jurisdictions use foreign case law readily, naturally, and for a variety of purposes, the article reaches two broad conclusions: (1) as a generalization, other common law countries do not share the concern about the legitimacy of comparative precedents that manifests itself in the United States, and (2) as a consequence, other common law countries necessarily share with the United States an interest in the methodology of comparative constitutional law, in order to avoid its misuse. Throughout this article, a series of three decisions handed down by the High Court of Australia over the course of the 1990s is used as a case study to give the arguments context and greater substance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One important conclusion so far is that thorough information making use of real-time data, presented in an appropriate way, has a great potential to enhance confidence in the public transport system. Electronic boards giving real time visual information about vehicle movements had already been fitted at city centre stops. Later, audio announcement modules were added to make the real-time information available to blind and partially sighted people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem aims at community management of forests by village councils as well as scientific evaluation and monitoring of the glaciers and freshwater systems in the region. The National Mission for a Green India is aimed at the reforestation of 5 million hectares of degraded land through joint action by the local communities and the state forest departments. These missions have been included in the NDP as well. Among the objectives of Mexico’s National Strategy for Climate Change (2013) is the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and maintenance of environmental services they provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other low-income countries are those in which per capita GNI was less than or equal to USD 1 005 in 2010. Lower middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 1 006-3 975 in 2010. Upper middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 3 976-12 275 in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Either additional services will be provided (for example when an area is reforested), or maintained (for example when existing forests are protected) when they might not have been otherwise. Because payment is conditional on this additionality, PES motivates service providers to meet their end of the contract. The conditionality of PES payments can encourage a wide range of direct beneficiaries of ecosystem services to take an interest in investments via PES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This would represent a water use saving of about 5.2% in total household indoor water consumption. For instance, in Atlanta, messages such as “We need to start looking at the glass as half empty,” and “Don’t wait until the tap runs dry” are spread in a video public service announcement. Beside rebates for two types of water-efficient purchases, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California also proposes a webpage (www.bewaterwise.com) with water saving tips, information on public education program designed to educate Californians on the state’s water challenges or technical information (with visual support) on the water reserve levels. These impacts differ depending on the water source (groundwater or surface water). However, if managed in a sustainable way, groundwater extraction can continue to aid regional economic development, in particular in many arid or semi-arid parts of the world. In Italy, for example, the latter has taken place due to excessive abstraction (Massarutto, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article deals with a business ethic which requires multinationals to observe, in the countries in which they set up, the rules of justice, accountability, and human rights. This model rethinks the conception of corporate ethics, and the reasons for its propagation have to do with the transformation of international relations after the Cold War. Underpinning its development are the language games which the moral entrepreneurs decide to use, and finance is the social space in which the various elements of this communication link up. The present inquiry is both explanatory and normative in its aim. The text discusses the morality of “honesty pays”, placing it in the context of the culturally and historically situated forms of utilitarianism that it espouses. The inquiry concludes by stressing the deeply religious character of its appeal, the effectiveness and validity of which rest on self-fulfilling prophecies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)