albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Performance-related pay has also been introduced for maintenance staff, who now know that pumps are being monitored remotely, and who are generally more keenly engaged and responsive in repairing pumps. The device identifies where pumps are broken and alerts repair teams to fix them. Latrine monitoring in Bangladesh, and .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Van der Ploeg and Poelhekke (2009) find that specialization in sectors producing and processing raw materials results in more volatile economic growth since commodity products are often subject to volatile global market prices. Nonetheless, resource abundance can be used as a springboard for diversification, moving to related production sectors (Ferreira and Harrison, 2014, Hesse, 2008, Herzer and Nowak-Lehnmann, 2006). Klinger and Lederman (2006) and Cadot et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Another 34% of Indonesian fisheries exports went to the United States and 24.1% to Japan in 2010, while approximately 11.6% were destined to ASEAN countries. In the last decade Indonesia lost one third of its EU market share due to external competition from large exporters like Ecuador and China, as well as internal inertia in addressing applicable standards and certification requirements (Lord et al., Consequently, there seems to be considerable scope for Indonesia to increase the amount of fishery products exported to the EU market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Specifically, it starts by investigating the extent to which growth has been associated with employment creation and employment transformation. It then examines whether and how other policies, namely education and skills policies, and minimum wage policy, have impacted on employment, contributed to adjust the workforce to a changing economy, and helped protect the wage of vulnerable workers. Overall, employment remained fairly stable, albeit at a high level, and unemployment and underemployment remained remarkably low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Eliminating zoning cannot solve the problems of restrictive land uses and social segregation, as is demonstrated by the experiences of cities that do not rely on zoning. In the absence of zoning, cities still tend to be shaped by land-use rules in some form, but these rules may be driven by private-sector demand, giving higher-income areas more land-use protections, while leaving low-income areas with few development standards. For example, the city of Houston in Texas is well known for being the only major city in the United States without a zoning ordinance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This section describes these PPP investment strategies, using case studies to illustrate the key characteristics of each approach. The government normally retains ownership of the network after the contract expires. The private operator and the government share the funding, network ownership and day-to-day management responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The rubrics aim to help teachers be more systematic and intentional about the teaching and learning of creativity and/or critical thinking. The examples of lesson plans provided to the project teachers included a mapping of the different steps of the lesson against the sub-skills of the conceptual rubrics. Teachers were requested to do the same for their own lesson plans, at least those they submitted to their local project co-ordinator before possible further transmission to the OECD. Building a professional language around creativity and critical thinking actually requires more than just good definitions and descriptors of the skills to develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several DAC members are scaling up its support towards research and innovation. However, while part of these funding are aimed to strengthen the research capacity of developing countries, a large share is directed towards research projects at universities and research institutions in donor countries. In the United Kingdom, several universities have developed manuals for researchers of how they can apply for ODA-eligible funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The project focuses on treating the underlying factors that affect education and learning outcomes. Allied health staff from a range of specialisms address behavioural and learning issues for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. The six schools receiving allied health care are located in remote geographic locations with limited specialist services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Platform supports the diversity of women's voices, the recognition that, despite progress, women suffer because of obstacles to achieving equality with men and that further progress is hindered, especially, by the poverty suffered by so many women and children. It has since come into common parlance and used in reference to women’s economic position on a global scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The forestry sector contributes to outdoor activities by building and maintaining forest roads and by carrying out silvicultural measures to increase the accessibility of forests. Using the forests for recreation and sports can have a positive impact on both physical and mental health. The right to hunt and fish is an exclusive right reserved landowners, but the public is granted the right to fish in lakes and rivers by purchasing licenses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, it is important to emphasise again that only women in formal employment - and those in formal jobs who have contributed to social security for a mandated period of time - have the legal right to paid leave. These criteria exclude many working mothers. Chile’s policy is arguably the most generous: although the compulsory paternity leave is only five days long, Chile offers parents the possibility to share 12 weeks of parental leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is some evidence to support these claims but this line of research should be deepened. Thus, to ensure that these benefits are realised, the design of resource efficiency policies should be guided by an assessment of their costs and benefits, particularly when establishing objectives and targets. The G7 can play an important role in this respect, including by supporting businesses in their supply chain management efforts, addressing trade and investment related obstacles, using official development assistance to support resource efficiency efforts, and improving environmental labelling and information schemes, as well as resource efficiency data and indicators more broadly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The EU GPP criteria consist of core criteria, which are fit for any contracting authority in the member states, and comprehensive criteria for those wishing to purchase the environmentally best performing products on the market.242 The focus will merely be on the comprehensive criteria as the study strives to map out the most comprehensive criteria on resource efficiency. The EPEAT labels on computers and imaging equipment have from 2010 been introduced worldwide.247 EPEAT provides three rating categories, gold, silver, and bronze. Products are qualified according to two types of criteria: Required and Optional. For a product to be awarded with the label the product must comply with all the required criteria, but whether the product is rated gold, silver or bronze depends on how many of the optional criteria the product meets.248 In the following presentation of resource efficiency criteria, only the gold rated criteria are included as the intention is to gain experiences from the most comprehensive examples of resource efficiency requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The initiative contributes practically and effectively by connecting communities and providing services to its members. Coders4Africa aims to nurture a community of internationally certified IT professionals and software developers to create free open source solutions that respond to local African problems and demands and reduce dependence on imported software. By leveraging software solutions more effectively, African countries would be better equipped to streamline various processes in the public and private sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are mainly small water bodies with an area of less than 1 km2. Only 32 lakes have a surface exceeding 10 km2. Winter discharges of water from the Toktogul Reservoir resulted in increasing the area of the Aydar Arnasay Lakes System, which is now the largest in Uzbekistan. With its area of 3,600 km2 and its storage capacity of 42 km3, this lake exceeds the water reserves of all other reservoirs. In 2008, it was added to the list of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are many clear benefits to improving energy efficiency, including increased energy security, a more sustainable environment, improved quality of life and economic competitiveness. However attempts to increase energy efficiency are undermined by inadequate national policy and legislative frameworks, or a failure to implement them fully. To overcome this inertia, countries have developed ambitious but ineffective energy efficiency polices aimed at households and utilities. There is clear evidence that energy efficiency measures can be cost effective. For example, starting in 2014, Italy offered a 55% tax deduction for energy efficiency investments in the residential sector (subsequently increased to 65% for some measures). Between 2007 and 2013 more than 1.8 million applications were approved and households accessed around EUR 23 billion of investments, at a cost of about EUR 13 billion in undiscounted forgone tax revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the European Union, certain less-developed countries are favoured through the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) and get duty-free access to the EU's market for ethanol and bio-diesel exports. In the United States, the import of biofuels is more restricted, ethanol imports for instance currently face an added duty of USD 0.14/1. The RED defines minimum GHG savings for biofuels as well as additional Page | 36 environmental criteria and social standards for the sustainable production of biofuels and feedstocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Although the medium-height mountainous areas of Kopetdag, Badkhyz, Balkhan and Kugitang occupy only 2 per cent of the territory, they harbour two thirds of the country’s species. The alluvial plain of the Amu Darya River in the north-east includes significant tugai forests. There are also lakes (many temporary) and smaller rivers, most of which end blindly in the Karakum Desert or are entirely used for irrigation. Anthropogenic landscapes include oases and the 1,445 km Karakum Canal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This increase can be caused by both an actual increase in waste generation and by improved monitoring of collected waste amounts. The average MSW composition was derived from analyses in Minsk, Gomel, Mogilev, Bobruisk and Polotsk (table 6.2). Also, analysis of waste composition was performed in Minsk Oblast in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It provides 13.5 million consultations a year, of which just under 10% are secondary care consultations. Individuals are assigned to an EBAIS according to their address, and EBAIS are networked with defined secondary care facilities. Patients cannot access secondary care directly, but must be referred from primary care. Both primary care facilities and hospitals receive a global budget, based on last year’s outlay. Some adjustments can be made if additional services are offered, but the budget is not explicitly based on risk-adjusted capitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It also recognises the critical need for all stakeholders in the energy sector to better co-ordinate their efforts and for a more holistic approach to addressing the energy challenges of the region rather than assuming that renewable energy is a panacea. For this to occur, the FAESP highlights that the appropriate capacity, and policy and regulatory frameworks, need to be in place to reduce the dependency on imported petroleum products, while increasing reliance on local renewable energy resources. The FAESP also recognises the need for the energy resources to be accessible and used productively and efficiently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, the pace of electrification is estimated to increase substantially until 2010, with 510 thousand new installations planned for 2009 and 578 thousand more for 2010, which is far above what had been realised the years before. These planned connections correspond mainly to the newly identified rural electrification demand - the original LpT target of two million installations had nearly been met in 2008 with 1.88 million connections. With the implementation of LpT, however, this target was brought forward by seven years (2008 instead of the original end date of 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In comparison, revenues per inhabitant in Davao City, Quezon City and Makati City were of USD 210, USD 318 and USD 1 229, respectively (Department of Finance website). Revenues in Metro Cebu are also low relatively to standards of other major Southeast Asian cities: in terms of purchasing-power-parities, the City of Bangkok for instance benefitted in 2012 from revenues estimated at around USD 1 075 per inhabitant, the City of Bandung from revenues at around USD 653 in 2016 and the City of Hai Phong from revenues at around USD 3 340 in 2014 (OECD, 2015, 2016a, 2016b). From 2009 to 2014, in Region VII, provinces’ revenues have increased from PHP 4.4 billion to PHP 6 billion, cities’ revenues have increased from PHP 9.1 billion to PHP 14 billion, and municipalities’ revenues have increased from PHP 7.3 billion to PHP 9.7 billion. In Metro Cebu, total revenues have increased from PHP 8.3 billion in 2012 to PHP 10.4 billion in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With assistance from teachers who are provided with JA learning materials, students learn to raise and manage finances, carry out market research, create a business plan, promote their product or services and take part in trade fairs. They compete with other schools in “company of the year” competitions which are judged by members of the business community. Business volunteers are also invited into the classroom to share their experience and to mentor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, the special characteristics of this segment (strong growth, rapid technical progress, and highly changeable regulatory frameworks) mean that the business model still differs from the rest of the sector, and it is largely controlled by specialized firms. Many of the large electricity firms that invest in this segment do so through specialist subsidiaries, such as Enel Green Power, CPFL Renovaveis or Iberdrola Renovables, which recently has been reabsorbed by the parent company for financial reasons. These barriers are lowered still further if the project is mainly financed with debt, as is usually the case, thereby reducing the capital contribution necessary from the firm in question to no more than 30% of the total cost. This level of leverage is possible because most wind farms have been developed with long-term PPAs, and because nearly all of the production cost is fixed capital which is invested at the start of the project. In terms of wind power, the turbines account for 70% of the cost (BNDES).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If many countries seek to transfer price risk to others, the outcome is likely to be ineffective (Martin and Anderson, 2012). In the case of a large exporter, or if a number of exporting countries that are collectively large in the market impose export restrictions, the effect is to increase the world price of the staple food. If, in addition, importing countries reduce tariffs on food imports in an attempt to avoid adverse impacts on consumers, the increases in world prices resulting from the initial price shock and the restrictions imposed by exporters will be further compounded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some do not see it as a problem, arguing that, in the absence of artificial impediments to social mobility, inequality basically reflects differences in talents and choices. They believe that the most talented, thrifty and industrious prosper, even when handicapped by initially adverse social conditions. In a world in which market participants receive a compensation which is in line with their contribution to society (their marginal productivity), the prosperity of the “fittest” cannot be deemed to be unjust and should not be a policy concern. According to this view, strategies to reduce inequality would undermine the power of the market mechanism to generate the most efficient outcomes, because they would reduce incentives to engage in the economic process. Government intervention aimed at ensuring more equality or social justice would, paradoxically, lead to an unfair result by delinking the distribution of rewards from individuals’ contributions to the generation of global income. Public authorities should provide “equality of opportunities”, particularly in the sense that rules should be the same for all individuals, with no barriers or advantages artificially created or distributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As discussed in detail in the literature on the interaction between short-term shocks and long-term growth, temporary fluctuations tend to alter the growth trend through hysteresis effects. In this regard, recent analyses indicate that although the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean have succeeded, on average, in reducing nominal instability, indicators of real volatility for the region remain well above those of developed economies (Pineda-Salazar and Carcamo-Dfaz, 2013, Cespedes and Poblete, 2011, Haussman and Gavin, 1996). Figure 1.10 shows that investment behaved procyclically during much of the period under analysis: declines in growth were associated with smaller investment contributions, which even became negative. Moreover, a recent study concluded that during the period 1980-2010, growth fluctuations caused changes in investment (see Jimenez and Manuelito, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Non-linearities in the nature of water problems themselves (e.g. the risk of irreversibility), as well as uncertainty about the linkages between water risks and the economic values placed by producers and consumers on potential changes in water security, will make very complex any systematic effort to compare the costs and benefits of proposed targets. The economic value of water security improvement (or impairment) can be difficult to capture, especially when that value cannot be derived from direct use of water resources. Likewise, the costs of policy inaction should also regularly be assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Those children who grow up with a great smartphone but a poor education will face unprecedented challenges. The least we can do now is use our capacity to reimagine the education they will need. David Autor, professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has produced impressive data on this.11 There is no question that state-of-the-art knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important. Innovative and creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although the country has established high benchmarks for energy efficiency, adequate market infrastructure is still lacking. The technologies are there, what is needed is the service and implementation capacity. The risk aversion of financiers to end-use EE projects was again pointed out as a barrier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is trite to observe that the past three decades have seen an ‘explosion’ in comparative law. Equally well-worn territory is the fact that constitutional law has been a particular beneficiary of the comparative trend, despite the fact that for much of the twentieth century comparative lawyers tended to avoid public law topics. However, one field of law that has been conspicuously absent from the boom in comparison, at least outside of Europe, is administrative law. This article analyses why the use of comparison has been so vastly different between the two areas of public law. It then surveys some recent developments in administrative law and points to a number of aspects of the field that would benefit from the wider use of comparative methods across the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prima facie, the fact that the average number of acute-care beds per capita is relatively low while the average occupancy rate in Israeli hospitals (98% in 2008) is among the highest in the OECD area suggests that the hospital sector is efficient in this dimension (Figure 2.11). However, the fact that the Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom consider an occupancy rate of 85% as an appropriate limit is perhaps a sign that bed occupancy in Israel may have been pushed too far. In addition, press reports citing instances of overcrowding, such as patient beds being located in corridors, are fairly frequent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The river has its source in the central Tien Shan, at the confluence of the Tekes and Kunes41 rivers. The Kash, Saryn and Silik are other tributaries to the Hi. In flowing into Lake Balkhash, it forms a vast delta on Kazakh territory (see the assessment of the Hi delta). In Kazakhstan, the flow is regulated at the Kapchagai Reservoir, which is used for irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydropower production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Ukraine, gas prices for both households and municipal heating utilities have traditionally been heavily regulated and subsidized. However, the prices rose steeply in 2016 after Ukraine's commitments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Antonenko et al. The possibility to control the temperature and indoor climate will bring along health benefits to residents. Remarkable decreases in heat consumption will shorten the payback period of investment costs and increase the resale value of the building or apartment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, the MDGs make clear that the global partnership is essential to securing progress towards poverty eradication. As such, the MDGs have been a powerful tool for galvanizing public opinion around a central ideal. The importance of such consensus and awareness should not be underestimated, considering that democratic governance of a fully integrated world requires shared commitments to global priorities, not only among Governments but also among the public at large. The aid allocated by the Member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to basic social services increased from $6.1 billion to $17.4 billion in 2009, but then dropped to $13.8 billion in 2010 in view of fiscal adjustment in these countries. The proportion of aid allocation to basic social services also showed a steady increase from 15.5 per cent in 2000 to 21.2 per cent in 2009, but decreased to 15.6 per cent in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The survey topics include household composition, income, expenditure, assets, and housing in addition to school attendance, employment, and health conditions of respondents. The BHPS was obtained through the UK data archive (www.data-archive.uk). The marginal effect of previous labour force/contract status on the probability of transition to unemployment (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)