albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, this type of job will undoubtedly appear more attractive to men than to women, and Hovgaard discusses the implications of this in his article. In the Faroe Islands, 56 per cent of the working women work part-time" (Haagensen 2014: 88). The large pay gap, however, cannot be explained solely by the large number of part time employments. Overall, Knudsen ascribes structural inequalities as a contributory factor to the large pay gap between men and women. She highlights the company Faroe Seafood which, in 2009, consisted of 900 employees, a vast majority of whom were women. However, in 2009, none of the five members of the company's top management were women (Knudsen 2009: 336, 338).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This variability underlines the importance of considering the possibility of shifting preferences, particularly in a cross-country comparison of trends in redistribution policies and indicators. For middle and higher income ranges, the difference is likely to be small, as ranking by gross and net incomes can be expected to result in similar groupings. For the bottom quintile, however, the tax-benefit system is likely to result in re-ranking (for instance, a considerable number of households with zero or very low incomes may be entitled to significant amounts of benefits and may therefore not be classified in the low-income group according to household disposable income).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is estimated that 142 public and 443 private hospitals generate 21,000 tons of medical waste per year, of which 6,000 tons is infectious waste. It is estimated that most of this waste is stored in public landfills, which is a serious problem, since it is not only a source of environmental pollution, but also a potential source for the spread of infectious diseases. More specifically, 21 autoclaves/shredders were purchased and a budget line was created in hospitals for medical waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It reviews a large number of recent sectoral projections, with a view to gaining a sense of which industries are considered by experts to have strong growth prospects over the period under study, which are expected to perform less well, and what particular challenges and uncertainties the industries face. The sectors covered are capture fisheries, offshore oil and gas, shipping, shipbuilding, offshore wind, marine aquaculture, marine tourism, maritime surveillance and safety, ocean renewable energy, deep-sea mining, and marine biotechnology. They offer interesting perspectives on experts’ views about the uncertainties, challenges, opportunities and prospects for growth and employment, allowing a first preliminary assessment of the longer term future for a range of traditional and emerging ocean industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further, to the detriment of the livelihood of small farmers in Sri Lanka, those new, fertilizer-dependent seeds proved less able to cope with the increasing water salinity in the region caused by higher temperatures, the rise of sea level and the failure of irrigation systems (Weragoda, Ensor and Berger, 2009, chap. Such engagement can help prevent the outcomes described above. The study also concluded that stakeholder participation can better incorporate people’s priorities and expectations when there are multiple adaptation options available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
No significant progress has been noted in either of these two indicators over the last two years. Although all six SEE economies have taken steps to develop and adopt either individual sustainable irrigation strategies or sets of strategy-setting documents, coherent policy frameworks for improving sustainable irrigation are yet to be developed. Agri-environmental measures still remain at an initial planning and implementation stage. Currently, there are no major agri-environmental measures designed to protect soil, water, air, climate or biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The intention is to ensure that employers have a clear understanding of the competency mix and professional development needs in their schools. The competency files should also help create greater transparency about each teacher’s career development and potential, and ensure that all teachers meet minimum competency requirements. When there are indications that a school’s quality of educational provision may be at risk, the Inspectorate examines whether the school board has fulfilled this obligation. Based on the idea that teacher peers are best placed to evaluate teaching practice and provide constructive feedback, the peer review project comprises teams of teachers visiting each other’s schools and developing tools to observe and evaluate teaching practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These methods included questionnaires, direct in-field measurements and interviews. Since we carried out case studies in four different countries, for seven different products, and used three types of methods, the number of case studies was 35 in total (Table 1). Note 2: The study results are presented in a combined national study report. The side flow ranged from 13% to 31%, and most of this side flow occurs after harvest, e.g. when sorting and storing carrots.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Therefore, NFA is mainly dependent on the allocations from the state budget (EU Twinning report on "Concept of state forest enterprise for Georgia", 2018). In parallel, Georgia is working on the elaboration of National Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. All these efforts aim to strengthen forest policy planning and management, especially in light of Georgia's international commitment as well as national plans and priorities. However, this is only a beginning and much remains to be done on the ground: wood removals are far above sustainable levels and additional human and technical capacity and financia resources are needed to protect forests from illegal use, logging and grazing, to ensure that the impacts of logging are kept as low as reasonably practical, to restore degraded forest territories, and to ensure that tending operations are carried out at the appropriate time (Garforth, et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The budget of this programme increased substantially between 2008 and 2011, as part of the federal government’s strategies to support household consumption during the global crisis (CONEVAL, 2012). The programme offers both supply- and demand-side incentives, by providing financial aid to individuals and civil society organisations interested in running nurseries, as well as a subsidy to low-income mothers wishing to enrol their children in a centre. Day-care service comes at a lower cost to users, although it is not entirely free.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In describing the economics of irrigation projects, the report characterized the optimal level of investment in irrigation and in irrigation infrastructure maintenance. It examined both financial and economic views of the optimal level of investment in irrigated agriculture. It also examined some of the historic causes of overinvestment in irrigation compared to investments that limited to ones passing a rigorous economic analysis. While the motivation for this report was a better understanding of the economics of maintaining off-farm irrigation infrastructure, the economic performance of those investments depends essentially on how the additional water produced is managed on the farm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It highlights and explores hierarchical and unequal relations and roles between and among males and females, the unequal value given to women's work, and women's unequal access to power and decision-making as well as property and resources. Gender mainstreaming or integration helps assess the impact of different laws, policies and programmes on groups of men and women, as explained in the box below. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve equality between men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over time, levels of internal migration have been stable or declining since the 1990s, with China being a notable exception. The impact of internal migration on the spatial distribution of populations is greatest in countries with intermediate levels of internal migration,5 which, in the process of urbanization and development, experience large regional economic differentials that spur migration. For high-income countries, which are generally well advanced in this process, most internal movements are between urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Addressing a much larger part of the business sector would inevitably involve nurturing the accumulation of a wide range of in-house innovation capabilities in firms, including in R&D, but also in engineering, design, IT and marketing (Bell, 2009), which would require a much wider range of policy instruments and a different approach and mindset. The BlOCentre project (funded under the Regional Competitiveness Operational Programme 2007-2011) is somewhat of an exception within BICRO's portfolio, in terms of the wide range of services offered, though the focus on the research-intensive end of the spectrum of possible innovation modes is evident there too. Moreover, BICRO appears well respected, especially by the business sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The area of energy and environment reported the second lowest number of gender results. In community-based energy and environment projects, gender has not received broad-based, even attention. It generally has been limited to the participation of women. However, in practice, work is often done from a targeting perspective that addresses practical needs through service delivery and access to resources, but not at the deeper level of strategic needs, which addresses structural change and the roots of discrimination and inequalities. Moving to transformational results is context specific, takes time and requires a long-term programming perspective and approaches to monitoring, assessment and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fact that many households report negative net worth is probably linked to the tax deductibility of interest payments and student loans are also important. But given the different starting points in terms of household market income distribution and the differences in redistribution via the tax and transfer system (Joumard et al., In around 2008, the Gini index ranged from somewhat below 0.25 in Slovenia to 0.5 in Chile (Figure 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In particular, it w'as argued that they have not been very demanding, and that negotiating and monitoring the Agreements was also a resource-intensive process. In contrast, empirical studies also showed that the full Levy, but not the Agreement, w'as successful in promoting energy efficiency and innovation, suggesting that there is a case for the abolition of the latter. Below, three programmes are discussed: The Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), EQIP and the Water and Waste Disposal Program. In addition, REAP can no longer provide funding for feasibility study grants, nor for blender pumps due to the exclusion of retail energy-delivery mechanisms in the modified definition of “renewable energy system”. Councils (i.e. non-profit entities or affiliates) are now eligible to apply for energy audit and renewable energy development assistance grants. Although the programme’s funding is reduced to USD 50 million in mandatory funding and USD 20 million in discretionary funding per fiscal year from 2014 through 2018, the programme continues to provide assistance to agricultural producers and small businesses in rural areas for adopting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Training sessions and direct technical assistance sessions were also provided to 10 provincial laboratories and the NCQC, to strengthen QMS. Testing and analysis in compliance with EU requirements is now possible not only thanks to new equipment for fishery laboratories, purchased with TSP funds, but also thanks to the restructuring of the MMAF authority in charge of food safety controls in fisheries and to the revision of its operating legal and regulatory framework in line with EU requirements. Finally, training on development and implementation of food safety management systems was provided to processing companies, and a market orientation programme for Indonesian SMEs was implemented to assist companies to understand and respond to the practices and consumer requirements in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also provides an overview of student performance in reading and science, and describes the evolution of performance in these subjects over previous PISA assessments. The volume also reveals differences in how equitably countries allocate resources and opportunities to learn to schools with different socio-economic profiles. Case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, multilateral platforms can be an important vehicle for knowledge sharing (for example, in research and development, or in the design of risk management tools). These consist of specific contributions to global food security that OECD countries can make via reforms to their own policies, in terms of avoiding policies that create negative spill-overs and adopting beneficial policies. This corresponds to the Policy Coherence for Development agenda. National governments themselves have responsibility for implementing strategies and policies to improve food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Government believes the sector has huge potential to help address major national problems, including unemployment and underemployment among youth (MED 2016). However, the investment in agriculture was less than 2 percent of the state budget in 2016. From 2010 to 2013, the size of the labour force rose from 150,900 to 213,200, but the number of subsistence foodstuff producers fell from 206,300 to 178,900 (SEPFOPE and ILO 2016). A characteristic of subsistence farming is low productivity and risk adverse decision-making that is based on household needs more than maximizing output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the low end are Cambodia (4.9 per cent), Turkey (4.0 per cent) and Azerbaijan (2.9 per cent). Seven Asian and Pacific countries have no female ministers, namely Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Hong Kong, China ranked second (8.6 per cent), followed by China (8.1 per cent), Malaysia (7.8 per cent), New Zealand (7.5 per cent), Singapore (6.4 per cent) and India (4.7 per cent)3 Moreover, half of the 700 boards examined had no female directors at all. China is the global leader with a 51 per cent share of managerial level positions held by women, followed by the Philippines and Georgia with 37 per cent, Thailand and Viet Nam with 36 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, and the Russian Federation with 31 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To the extent the concept is understood as finding a suitable balance between economic, sociocultural and environmental aspects in long-term development perspectives, it represents a holistic perspective (see e.g. Hall, Gossling, and Scott, 2015, Saarinen, 2015). Various measures have been used as indicators of successful sustainable tourism development, including increased or maintained profitability, improved environmental outcomes and dispersed community benefits (Becken and Simmons, 2008, Zeppel, 2015). Even though widely employed in policies and management and research, the usefulness of the concept of sustainable tourism has been questioned, as there are numerous examples of tourism destinations failing to meet the threshold of long-term or even medium-term sustainability (Bramwell and Lane, 2011, Buckley, 2012). Decisions that primarily serve to maintain the economic viability of tourism enterprises on a short-term basis are often given priority. What can be defined as sustainable from a local perspective can be unsustainable from a global perspective, and the question of for how long arrangements will remain sustainable rarely get an accurate response (Becken and Schellhorn, 2007, Hall, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Overall, women spend over an hour longer on unpaid and paid work combined than men - the “double burden” - leaving them with less time for personal care (including sleeping) and leisure. Similar to OECD countries, women have around 40 to 50 minutes less leisure time than men do in all countries, with the exception of Bangladesh. As GDP increases, the time women and men spend on unpaid care work decreases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building on a long history of international human rights and gender equality commitments, its universal approach recognizes the common challenges faced by all countries— developed and developing alike—and reaffirms the responsibility of governments to address them. The 2030 Agenda is clear that achieving gender equality is not only an important goal in and of itself but also a catalyst for achieving a sustainable future for all. Climate change and environmental degradation are advancing at an unprecedented pace, the global economy remains volatile after nearly a decade of crisis, a shift towards exclusionary and fear-based politics is deepening societal divisions, breeding conflict and instability, and millions are being forcibly displaced due to conflict and humanitarian catastrophes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The animal feed sector can substitute between (grass) land and animal feed from crops, and within animal feed from crops between different types of animal feed, including relevant by-products that change with biofuel production like DDGS, oilcake and molasses. The agricultural sectors can also substitute between land and fertiliser, while the ethanol sector can substitute between different feedstocks. In this study, we use a two-level nested structure to represent substitution possibilities between pasture land and compound feed for animal production (first level) and substitution between compound feed feedstocks (second level).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Others are closely aligned to, or informed by, major adaptation programmes (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). A third group of countries have focussed their approach on monitoring changes in a number of priority areas (e.g. Germany and the UK). A few frameworks, nonetheless, do include an evaluative component (e.g. the Philippines, France, and the UK). For example, the objective of the Philippine’s framework is to identify the approaches to adaptation that are most effective in bringing about the desired change and to understand how the change came about. To achieve this objective, the framework includes seven results chains reflecting the adaptation priorities identified in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2011-2028.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, these countries have suffered from significant political and social upheaval for the last 50 years, which has thwarted any effort at building a consensus on what a social protection system would look like. The state remains at best weak and at worst autocratic. This process also led to the demise of the state-led social protection system, which at one point guaranteed food, education, health care and social services for everyone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Elections constitute a fundamental element of postconflict peacebuilding efforts in the post–cold war era and are often held soon after conflicts end. Yet, the impact of early elections on postconflict stability is the subject of sharp debate. While some argue that early elections facilitate peace agreements, hasten democratization, and ensure postconflict stability, others suggest that they undermine genuine democracy and spark a renewal in fighting. In this study, we argue that holding elections soon after a civil war ends generally increases the likelihood of renewed fighting, but that favorable conditions, including decisive victories, demobilization, peacekeeping, power sharing, and strong political, administrative and judicial institutions, can mitigate this risk. We attempt to reconcile the extant qualitative debate on postconflict elections through a quantitative analysis of all civil wars ending in the post–World War II period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Recent data indicate that about 96% of Colombians are now covered by health insurance arrangements. Progress in formal coverage has been accompanied by remarkable improvements over the last 20 years in access to services by disadvantaged populations and increased health sector funding, while reducing the participation of out-of-pocket payments as a source of health care financing, with likely positive implications for overall levels of financial protection. Some of these challenges are common to countries at similar stages of economic development as Colombia, including a rapidly ageing population and declining workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Small dams on the Gauja/Koiva’s tributaries which no longer have a water management function, have an adverse effect on the fish fauna. River fragmentation by dams on the Parlijogi and Vaidava rivers, resulting in problems for fish migration, cause these rivers to be of moderate status. This has contributed to the reduction of pollution load to surface waters, which for phosphorus, nitrogen, BOD, COD and suspended solids has decreased by 10-40% nationally (i.e. all surface waters) during the period 2004 to 2008, according to Latvian statistics. Thanks to investments made in building and renovating wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure in Estonia, from 1992 to 2007 the pollution load has decreased for BOD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several theories suggest that states’ choices of constitutional rules are at least partially a function of neighboring constitutions. This paper provides the first analysis of spatial dependence of specific provisions within state constitutions in the United States. The analysis effectively makes constitutional rules endogenous, contributing to a relatively underdeveloped branch of constitutional economics. By employing a series of probit estimations of nineteen specific constitutional rules, I find evidence of spatial dependence in state constitutions. Specifically, the presence of specific constitutional constraints pertaining to term limits, supreme court justice selection, recall, home rule, direct democracy, constitutional amendment by convention, balanced budget requirements, tax and expenditure limits, line item veto, victims’ bill of rights, health and welfare, right to privacy, environmental protection, sex discrimination, abortion, and official language all exhibit some evidence spatial dependence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)