albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The scope of support measures continued to be limited, although activities were emerging to later become the principal components of agricultural support in Kazakhstan, such as preferential machinery leasing and a new system of agricultural and rural credit. Momentum was re-gained in restructuring of agricultural enterprises following financial rehabilitation initiated in 1995-97. Although the recession bottomed out, producers had a depreciated capital stock, lacked access to alternative market channels, faced limited financing options and operated in an unstable regulatory environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The expected impact is mainly related to increased costs for infrastructure maintenance due to the expected increase of "thermal stress" on the road and railway infrastructure. Problems resulting from the thermal stress require strict adaptation expenses -an annual increase of adaptation costs by 0.4 to 0.6 per cent for road surfaces until 2070 and up to 83 per cent for railway infrastructure. In the realistic scenario to 2020, this area includes floodplain and riparian forests in a substantial part of Miziian forestry district, especially in the region of the Dobrudzha coast. In 2050, Zone A will also cover low sub-belt forests of durmast, beech and fir in the Balkan Mountains, Eastern Rhodope and Pirin subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also enables individuals to engage in home-based, income-generating activities and use modern technology. Subsequently, poor families with limited access to clean energy are more likely to remain poor. Universal access to clean energy therefore increases productivity, reduces health disparities, and bolsters gender equality and the inclusion of marginalized people. In low- and middle-income countries, for example, household air pollution is responsible for almost 10 per cent of total mortality, compared to only 0.2 per cent of all deaths in high-income countries.33 Indoor air pollution severely affects young children the most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The reference period corresponds to 12 consecutive monthly observations in the income reference year (January-December of year T-1) plus one additional observation at the moment of the interview (in year T). The threshold is equivalent to Eurostat’s low-work-intensity measure: Above zero but no more than 45% of potential working time in the income reference year. To reconcile information reported for the income reference period and at the moment of the interview the following individuals are also considered in this group: 1) Workers who report no work activity during the income reference period but who are working at the moment of the interview and, 2) workers with between 45% and 50% of work activity during the income reference period who do not report any work activity in either the last month of the income reference period or at the moment of the interview.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Clifford and Clancy (2011), using a detailed model of the all-island Single Electricity Market, show that the wind generation expected in 2011 will reduce Ireland's wholesale market cost of electricity by around EUR 74 million. This is approximately equivalent to the sum of the Public Service Obligation (financing the feed-in tariff for wind) cost, estimated as EUR 50 million, and the increased "constraint" (or balancing) costs incurred due to wind in 2011. The reduction of Ireland's dependence on fossil fuels and the C02 emission cuts cost nothing in this case, despite the persistence of the support scheme which ensures recovery of the long-term costs of electricity generation from the wind even when the market prices are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overall employment is just under 0.2% lower relative to the baseline. As expected carbon pricing has a stronger negative impact in energy-intensive sectors, with coal mining and power generation declining by around 1.1% and 0.7% respectively (Figure 2.14, Panel B). Assessing the impact of carbon pricing in China (cont.) The overall impact is more muted than under the first scenario, with GDP declining only marginally, while the decline in carbon emissions is only slightly smaller. One of the main reasons for the different overall impact under this alternative scenario is that consumption rises in response to the tax cut, thereby improving the domestic balance of the economy and boosting production in some sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Section 2.3 studies the opportunities for enlarging the economic base, as well as the important role of innovation in the NORA region. New developments, research and the implementation of new techniques can support the future competitiveness and sustainability of traditional natural-resource-based industries. At the same time, in the context of increasing efforts to sustain and diversify regional economies, innovation could help to support the development of emerging or new niches and sectors. However, this will require improving education and training and encouraging entrepreneurship and competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, for the full potential of new network technologies to be realised, the market will require that they have universal, or close to universal coverage, and the full potential of networks is only likely to be achieved if markets are effectively competitive and there is adequate coverage of most geographic areas. Efficiency-enhancing processes and structural innovations, such as inventory and supply chain management or e-commerce, have been enabled by innovative software systems. As communications technology continues to converge across different electronic platforms and wireless networks, new opportunities for software innovation are constantly being created.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Burki (2010) discussed possible causes for the increases in average consumption and emphasised the correlation between consumption and affordability (and availability) of alcohol, citing a report by the British Medical Association showing an increased affordability of alcohol in the UK between 1980 and 2006, and a parallel increase in per capita alcohol consumption of 1.5 1 during the same period of time. The trend towards increased consumption in young people is consistent with increased commercial pressures and the formulation of alcohol products expressly designed to appeal to younger drinkers. For instance, marketing practices have evolved over time and advertising for alcohol targeting the younger has been associated with fun, music, seduction, social success, self-confidence, and sports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sequence of priority uses in water allocation (cont.) The proportion of allocation examples indicating that an abstraction charge is in place (breakdown by category of user) is summarised in Figure 3.24. Among categories of uses for which an abstraction charge is in place, industrial use is the most common. Nearly 70% of allocation regimes apply an abstraction charge to industrial users. Sixty-one per cent of allocation regimes apply a charge to agriculture, 58% to hydropower producers, 56% to domestic users, and 47% to energy production (other than hydropower). Examples of allocation regimes that do not have any abstraction charges include Austria,8 Alberta and Prince Edward Island in Canada, the Limari Basin and Maipo’s River First Section in Chile, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Transport policies that aim to affect behaviour, e.g. by altering travel routes, distance, modes, frequency, or schedules, can accomplish this through either "push" or "pull" measures. Although they do not have to be monetary in nature, most often these measures come in the form of pricing measures, involving either costs for non-compliance (push) or monetary rewards for compliance (pull). The potential for such measures to have unintended behavioural effects (e.g. rebound effects), however, should also be recognised and addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Other key species in the Baltic region are iconic species including salmon (Salmo salar), cod (Gadus morhua), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), grey seal (Halichoerusgrypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida). During the winter, approximately 90% of the sea ducks living in the Baltic Sea region gather in areas that constitute less than 5% of the Baltic Sea. Bladder wrack forms one of the most diverse Baltic Sea habitats down to 10-11 m depth. The lowest depth limit of bladder wrack (and other macroalgae) is widely used as one of the ecological quality indicators in the Water Framework Directive assessments in the Baltic Sea (Zettler et al., The mussels modify the environment and support a rich diversity of associated species (P. Norling & Kautsky, 2007, Ojaveer et al., Mussel beds uphold an important filter-feeding function: they regulate the availability and flow of resources such as nutrients and organic matter, thereby forming an important link between benthic and pelagic ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A woman with completed primary education has about the same probability of participating as the illiterate one, while high-school graduates are 4pp less likely to be active on the labour market relative to the same group. In the Western Region there is no statistically significant difference in the likelihoods. The education level is the only variable at the individual level whose effect on participation is different between regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2009, Portugal launched the Electric Mobility Plan to encourage large-scale use of electric vehicles by 2020. The increase in the share of electric vehicles in the fleet and the achievement of the expected reduction in oil imports will largely depend on timely development of the electricity network and metering infrastructure, as well as on further growth of renewable electricity production. Under the EU burden-sharing agreement to meet the EU Kyoto Protocol target, Portugal is committed to limit its GHG emissions to an average increase of 27% in 2008-12 compared with 1990 levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to Foster and Briceno-Garmendia (2009), this would bring them closer to the amounts needed to meet the MDGs but could not compensate for the accumulated backlog. For example, good hygiene and sanitation may prove more important to protect health than clean safe water to drink delivered at the tap and is comparatively very cost-effective. In addition, the adoption of hygienic practices has been found to be a necessary condition for the benefits of investments in access to water and sanitation to be effectively realised. A number of experts have also recommended relying on point-of-use water treatment until more expensive water networks with centralised water treatment can be extended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Collaboration ranges from student internships and collaboration on thesis research to contract research. More than 139 first-year students and 165 second-year students were engaged in four-month internship periods in the academic year 2009-10 as part of USM’s Industrial Training programme. There is a tradition of industry involvement in curricula design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Incidents of seclusion and restraint should be kept as low as possible, and it is possible to reduce rates. In a large state-run psychiatric hospital in the United States, for example, rates of seclusion and restraint were reduced through staff training and changes to the treatment culture in the hospital, including changes to unit rules and language, changes to the physical characteristics of the therapeutic environment, and involvement of patients in treatment planning (Borckardt et al., Promoting a patient-centred care environment in hospital settings, and raising the need for awareness of patient safety concerns, can also have a positive impact (Wale et al., This variation suggests significant room for improvement in some prefectures and hospitals. Even more worryingly, the national average rates for seclusion and restraint have risen from 2.4% and 1.6% respectively in 2004 (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2004), to 3.2% and 3.2% in 2012 (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2012). Incidents of patient injury, self-harm, or inpatient suicide could be reported by prefecture and nationally, as seclusion and restraint, and involuntary admission are.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Foreword. Introduction Tom Bailey Part I. Democratizing 1. Back to Kant? The Democratic Deficits in Habermas' Global Constitutionalism Lars Rensmann 2. Democratizing International Law: A Republican Reading of Habermas' Cosmopolitan Project James Bohman 3. Feminist Solidarity in India: Communitarian Challenges and Postnational Prospects Kanchana Mahadevan 4. Deliberation without Democracy? Reflections on Habermas, Mini-publics and China William Smith Part II. Decolonizing 5. Defending Habermas against Eurocentrism: Latin America and Mignolo's Decolonial Challenge Raymond Morrow 6. Care, Power and Deconstructive Postcolonialism: Reformulating the Habermasian Response Richard Ganis 7. From Communicative Modernity to Modernities in Tension John Rundell Part III. Desecularizing 8. What is Living and What is Dead in Habermas' Secularization Hypothesis? Kevin W. Gray 9. Reason and Li Xing: A Chinese Solution to Habermas' Problem of Moral Motivation Tong Shijun 10. Radicalizing the Post-secular Thesis, Provincializing Habermas Peter Losonczi. About the Editor. Notes on Contributors. Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The history of social work as a profession and academic discipline is inextricably linked with principles of human rights (HR) and social justice (SJ). The Global Standards for social work educatio...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In MENA countries, the economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion was estimated at 1-2.1% of GDP (excluding in situ values) (Ruta, 2005) (Figure C.15). In China, the cost of groundwater depletion (excluding the existence value) was estimated at CNY 92 (USD 12) billion, based on the scarcity value of water (World Bank, 2007). This is a major concern in nine of the 11 European countries where coastal groundwater overexploitation was reported (Figure C.16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In principle, nuclear energy is also well-positioned to contribute to adequate capacity margins and stable loads. By providing stable baseload electricity it reduces the complications of integrating intermittent or distributed generation, since as a reliable baseload source of power it helps maintain frequency and voltage. Expressed differently, the massive use of intermittent sources will require a significant fraction of continuously operating and robust baseload electric power generation fuelled by more steady sources. While the technical parameters of nuclear energy set limits to the extent it can make up for sudden load changes itself, the development of smart grids and demand response should smooth load variations (and thus increase the share of baseload demand). This would considerably strengthen the case for nuclear energy in co-operation with both other supply-side and demand-side technologies. Price volatility in liberalised electricity markets (and reinforced by intermittent renewables) does remain a challenge and needs to be addressed by appropriate means such as long-term contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Top rates of personal income tax, which were in the order of 60-70% in major OECD countries, fell to around 40% on average by the late 2000s. However, the redistributional effects of tax regimes depend on the percentage of total income actually paid in taxes, the so-called “effective tax rate”. Just prior to the 2008-09 global downturn, effective tax rates of the top percentile group were in the order of 35-38% for a group of typical OECD countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They have received increased political interest at EU level, with the development of transnational programmes in macro-regions as well as macro-regional strategies, thus far for two areas that share a common water basin.15'16 Two cross-border initiatives in the United States (with Canada and Mexico) resemble macro-regions given their scale. Many such networks, with various degrees of depth and stability, exist. First, such configurations are more likely to focus on innovation-driven economic development opportunities than broader geostrategic or infrastructure considerations. Second, with geographic proximity, the economic exchanges and flows of people, capital and knowledge may be more intense within such cross-border regions than in the other types.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Through installation of sufficient storage near to the generators, a constant power output (renewables + storage) can be delivered to the grid. In such a system, the grid investments to the main grid can be minimised. A special case is a small city, neighbourhood or other sub-grid that tries to have a balanced energy supply and demand so that in case of problems the sub-grid can even be de-coupled from the main grid and be operated as an independent island grid or micro-grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The variation is found to be very similar if one uses the $1.25 a day poverty line. For the countries with mass poverty - to the right on the head count poverty incidence scale - the narrow confidence band indicates that poverty elasticity is fully specified by the initial level of poverty, or the initial level of income. Growth appears to be all that matters if the focus of analysis is absolute mass poverty. On the other hand, once one leaves the realm of mass poverty, even though absolute poverty remains the main focus of analysis, the confidence band widens rapidly, indicating the distributional element taking increasing significance in the change in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whereas some mobile teams are staffed with one medical assistant and nurse, other mobile teams may be staffed with medical specialists providing more complex diagnostic and treatment services, such as, for example, lung examinations by fluoroscopy. While many medical assistants and nurses in predominantly indigenous areas are indigenous, most doctors are not. Although indigenous peoples rarely face language problems in their communication with doctors, there is a need for doctors to have better knowledge of the indigenous cultures.3 Physicians training at medical universities are neither exposed to course on "northern medicine" nor trained to work with indigenous peoples. Indigenous northerners in the Russian Federation live in regions with rich natural resources, among them oil, gas and gold, and extractive industries contribute to ecological destruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Research on childhood obesity has primarily been conducted by experts in nutrition, psychology, and medicine. Only recently have public policy scholars devoted serious work to this burgeoning public health crisis. Here the authors advance that research by surveying national experts in health/nutrition and health policy on the public health impact and the political feasibility of fifty-one federal policy options for addressing childhood obesity. Policies that were viewed as politically infeasible but having a great impact on childhood obesity emphasized outright bans on certain activities. In contrast, education and information dissemination policies were viewed as having the potential to receive a favorable hearing from national policy makers but little potential public health impact. Both nutrition and policy experts believed that increasing funding for research would be beneficial and politically feasible. A central need for the field is to develop the means to make high-impact policies more politically...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. We act as a platform for discussion and prenegotiation of policy issues across all transport modes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the UK and Canada, recent years have seen the public, politicians, and courts preoccupied with questions of national security. This chapter argues that within an emerging security culture, the British and Canadian executives can manipulate political discourse about the existence and extent of public emergency, in order to shape the way their respective national legal systems both to maintain the rule of law and implement international human rights norms. Emergency discourse and a resulting paradigm shift also highlight the relative institutional competencies of the Crown and courts to protect public safety and human rights. Courts can consciously promote an opposing discourse of rights that maintain tension between individual rights and public security, and therefore hopefully prevents the permanent "securitization" of the constitution.  Keywords: Canada, Crown, emergency discourse, international human rights norms, national security, paradigm, UK
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The pronouncements of punishment for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) will be among its most important legacies for international law and international relations. The purpose of our research is to examine the judges' opinions on the determinants of punishment and, most especially, the data on sentences handed down by the trial chambers in order to understand which factors are the most powerful in explaining sentences. We find that there is a fair degree of consistency in the sentences conferred on the guilty. By systematically examining all the sentences both doctrinally and empirically we can see that sentences are premised on those critical factors that the judges are admonished to employ by the ICTY Statute and their own Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 3 summarises tax and transfers policy indicators in country profiles and provides an illustration of how these profiles can be used to identify reform options for two OECD countries (Australia and Germany). It also provides a typology of tax and transfer systems, identifying four groups of countries sharing broadly similar features. The OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database - which draws mostly on national household survey data - contains comparable cross-country information on income, public cash transfers and taxes at the household level by income decile.1 This data source is used to derive the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers and the contribution of both size and progressivity in lowering inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
South Korea recorded the largest change (-26.1%) followed by Poland (-19.1%), Canada (-17.24%) and Japan (-17.2%). Among G20 countries, China saw a decline of 20.2% during the same period. Shrinking youth populations in most OECD countries and some emerging economies stand in sharp contrast to the growth of those populations in other regions of the world. For example, more than 60% of Africa's population is under the age of 25, and this proportion it is expected to increase to 75% by 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)