albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, under various ‘Swiss formulas’ for industrial tariff cuts, the effective preference margin for LDCs’ exports into the EU will average 1.4 per cent while being negative but close to zero in the USA. If the USA implemented a 97 per cent DFQF scheme, LDCs’ exports could increase by 10 per cent or about USD 1 billion annually. In 2012, this share was below 20 per cent. Since this is compiled on the basis of notifications, it could be that the rising numbers reflect better reporting of NTMs that have been in force for some time rather than an actual increase in new NTMs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Given the evident mismatches between income poverty and other kinds of poverty, and given that these are in part due to non-sampling measurement error, this is a potentially problematic identification structure. Persons who are multiply deprived in a set of non-monetary deprivations should have the possibility to be identified as multidimensionally poor unless there is a very good reason for prohibiting this. This is particular the case if, as in Mexico which uses a human rights framework, non-monetary deprivations are interpreted as violations of social rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Federal funds are also used for the financing of the commission. These are autonomous in decision making but controlled by SEMARNAT in administrative issues such as human resources and finances. They include the National Water Commission (CONAGUA), the National Protected Areas Commission (Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas, CONANP), the National Ecology and Climate Change Institute (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, INECC) and the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (Procuraduria Federal de Protection al Ambiente, PROFEPA). Decentralised bodies exist as legal entities with their own budgets, such as the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, IMTA) and the National Forestry Commission (Comision Nacional Forestal, CONAFOR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They describe several challenges that might limit the ability of some countries to implement virtual water strategies, such as the potential risk of losing food sovereignty, the lack of markets for non-food crops, and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas. The authors suggest that improvements in water management practices might be more helpful than implementing virtual water trading strategies in some countries. One goal of such improvement in the discourse might be considered as determining how to utilize the attractiveness and compelling nature of the virtual water and water footprint metaphors as starting points for enhancing public interest in water resource issues, while not relying on virtual water discussions alone to guide public policy decisions. Since the mid-1990s, these metaphors have generated notable public attention and interest in one of the world’s most important, yet limited, resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Estimation results with time dummies or without any time treatment are available upon request. Because it is assumed that household disposable incomes are ultimately driven by GDP per capita, the total effects of structural policies on household incomes decompose as follows: i) reform effects on GDP per capita which trickle down to household incomes, referred to as indirect effects and ii) reform effects on household incomes over and above those channelled via GDP - referred to as direct (or additional) effects. By construction, indirect household income effects follow reform effects on GDP per capita while direct household income effects can contrast reform effects on GDP per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, since green growth policies cannot be separated from related sectoral policies, co-ordination among relevant national ministries is critical to the successful implementation. However, other ministries are also responsible for monitoring air pollution based on the economic activities under their supervision. For example, Ministry of Transportation (MOT) is responsible for monitoring emissions from cars and other transport modes. This has created overlapping mandates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Linked with the complexity and diversity of tourism jobs, consistent and ongoing formal evaluation of policy measures implemented is needed to ensure programmes are appropriately targeted and are achieving the desired outcomes in order to develop human resources in the sector. Monitoring and measuring the return on investment in training can demonstrate the impact on business performance at enteiprise level and for the sector as a whole and can also help to strengthen the training culture and value attached to human capital by industry. More work is needed on the return on investment in training to build the business case in order to encourage industry leadership and convince the sector of the benefits of adopting a strategic approach to workforce development. The emphasis is on enhancing skills development and career progression opportunities for people employed in tourism SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Recent analysis of carbon taxation proves that reinvestment of the revenue into industries such as renewable energy enables recovery of a part of GDP lost to GHG reductions. The Korean government goal is to increase the share of new and renewable energy to 4.3% in 2015, 6.1% in 2020, and 11% in 2030. To do so, a feed-in tariff (FIT) system and renewable portfolio system (RPS) have been implemented. The cost of solar photovoltaic electricity is as high as 710 KRW per kilowatt and 108 KRW for wind (whose baseline generation costs are much less). Subsidy based on FIT amounted to USD 243.1 million for 1 503 gigawatt hours of electricity generation in 291 units in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indeed, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care (OECD, 2017[i)). Although women from diverse backgrounds are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, the cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating problems for men and boys. In addition, new challenges arise, while presenting real opportunities for change, digitalisation, disruptive technologies and big data generate additional risks to expand the scale of persisting inequalities, and create new forms of divides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These organisations have a primary mandate to reduce poverty' in rural areas and to seek to improve the employability and technical and entrepreneurial skills of the low-income population. Since Jordanian women are much less likely to be in the employed labour force than men and have fewer employment opportunities, they provide a larger pool of potential clients. Much of the BDS of these organisations is focused on helping women develop modest income-generating activities, primarily at the microenterprise level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, a new telecommunications law, published in June 2016, acknowledges the convergence of technologies and calls for a technology-neutral and simplified licensing regime, based on the regulation of scarce resources. The Ministry of Transport and Communications has publicly referred to a revised national strategy for broadband, but this document remains under development. These projects are intended to prioritise under-served areas, yet details on the publicly supported projects and/or their impacts are not publicly available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Evaluations were carried out annually between 2000 and 2006, during which time the only hospital to fulfil all accreditation criteria was one in the private sector. No CCSS hospital attained the necessary standards, indeed, serious emergent deficiencies led to the closure of several units. Despite this, the programme was discontinued.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The STAMP2 sensor will be deployed in Ebola-stricken areas using a connected health patch, or "Smart Band-Aid.” The fully equipped sensor-enabled band-aid is estimated to cost approximately US$100 with a maximum battery life of ten days, making it ideal for use in field-based Ebola treatment centers. Deploying solutions such as the STAMP2 sensor can improve the Ebola response initiative at-large by decreasing emergency response time in critical areas and enabling emergency responders to detect Ebola patients earlier and monitor them more efficiently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As events in other sectors in China have demonstrated, rapid infrastructure expansion can entail safety problems. The number of official regulatory personnel per unit of nuclear energy produced in China is relatively low by international standards and increasing regulatory capacity in concert with the expansion of the industry raises broader problems of limited training and research capability. A further issue is ensuring that the nuclear safety regulator, the National Nuclear Safety Administration, has an adequate voice at the highest levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since women on average live longer than men, pension systems that use gender-specific life tables in the calculation of benefits (i.e., one life expectancy estimation for women and another one for men) generate still lower monthly benefits for women. In contrast, the use of unisex life tables generates equal monthly benefits for women and men who have equal pension fund accumulation and retire at the same age. While this involves a subsidy from the average men to the average women, gender-specific life tables, in contrast, privilege the actuarial link between contributions and benefits for each individual and offer higher benefits to men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Farmland and VFV Land Laws could be incorporated as chapters of this law. Currently, the lack of co-ordination across various land management bodies prevents efficient land management and allocation. Existing land categories may be no longer practical and do not always reflect the reality on the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It considers how women still prefer to study humanities to sciences and asks what can be done to combat persistent stereotyping. Finally, it looks at the gender gap in financial literacy, and how to ensure women are as well-equipped as men to carry out long-term financial planning. Exceptions are chiefly countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern, Middle Central and Western Africa and in Southern Asia, teenage girls are less likely than boys to stay in school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many of the jobs created were related to the maintenance of the solar installations. Women’s participation in the project declined as a result of this type of work that was perceived as inappropriate. While there were other advantages, not least enhanced energy access which freed up time spent on fuelwood collection and other domestic work (chapter 3), the project would have benefited from more active female participation in the design phase to avoid these problems and develop alternatives. Gaps between policy objectives and effective implementation often remain a major problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They have helped strengthen the relationships between environmental NGOs, the government and organisations working with indigenous peoples. Several other such initiatives are under way, some of which are supported by the National Environment Fund (Chapter 2) and international organisations. Co-ordination between programmes and involved institutions is weak, however (Irving, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Examples of capacity elements for each of the three levels are summarised in Table 2.2. A Practical Guide for Planning, implementing, and Assessing Capacity Building of HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Systems, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, United States Government, Washington, DC. The objective of the assessment was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the government’s approach to MfDR. The assessment found that there was a significant lack of capacity to monitor and evaluate public policies in all sectors. Further, the majority of sectors lacked the capacity to analyse statistical data and to use monitoring and evaluation findings to inform decision-making processes (Government of Ghana, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Article 13 also establishes a two-step review and consideration process. The first step is a technical expert review of information on mitigation and support provided. The review will identify areas of improvement for the Party, review consistency with the modalities and guidelines to be developed under Article 13.13, and assist developing country Parties to identify capacity-building needs (for those that need it).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some missing values for the expenditures were estimated using the latest available data and the historical growth rate of investment in a particular country or, where only one estimate was provided, the growth rates for the OECD. Additionally, where no information was provided for private sector R&D expenditures, the R&D expenditure ratio of private to public expenditures between 2001 and 2010 (0.554) was used. Note that this dataset includes R&D expenditure by government and higher education, which would seem to be suitable data to use as public R&D expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Ironically, this provided a favourable opportunity for Cambodian women fish traders in the Tonle Sap region to engage in cross-border fish trade. They had an advantage over male traders, enjoying greater mobility as they did not risk being considered war combatants. In the late 1990s, as the war subsided, control over fish trade moved into the hands of government agencies and the police.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They have also paid special attention to expanding social opportunities by setting policy priorities, nurturing selected industries, fostering state-market complementarities, committing to long-term reforms, having strong political leadership, learning by doing and boosting public investment. Getting policies and policy priorities right raises the equally important issue of getting policymaking right. Governing institutions and policies are profoundly and inextricably linked, one cannot succeed without the other. It is thus important to have policy processes managed by committed people in effective and responsive government structures. Policies also change at different stages of development: at early stages, for example, many countries prioritize job creation and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Facing the added cost of harvesting a crop, a producer with a low yield or a poor commodity price outlook faces the painful decision of deciding whether the value of harvesting the crop will pay for the harvest costs alone. At this point late in the planning period, costs already incurred (pre-harvest costs) are sunk costs. Sunk costs are irrelevant when deciding whether or not to harvest a crop already planted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The online map shows all relevant objects like buildings, roads, parks and stations as clickable objects that hold basic information and also in-depth thematic information via both open and user-generated datasets. The timeline features recent developments and future plans and scenarios as well. The full interactivity of the dashboard makes it easy to engage and respond directly to plans and projects. Everybody can share their own ideas and initiatives for the area, obtain feedback from other people and from the official institutions and, in doing so, test the local base of support. With the underlying crowdfunding infrastructure, project-based alliances can be formed and resources combined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Political or regulatory authorities thus need to put in place complementary incentives to strive for overall welfare maximisation. This is why these economy-wide external effects are part of the full costs of electricity provision. In other words, even the most comprehensive category of external or social costs will be bounded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These activities/indicators have been further developed in the sports and exercise surveys in 1998 and 2007 at the Danish Institute for Sports Studies (Pil-gaard 2008, 2009). Beside numerous information in relation to specific sport activities, a number of indicators/questions relevant in a forest/leisure context are included, e.g.: Bicycling in nature areas, hiking in nature areas, hiking in urban parks, the importance of nature for sport and exercise and the influence of [easy) access to nature areas on sport and exercise activities. As mentioned for the culture and leisure surveys above, also here some questions/indicators have been slightly changed over time, which makes some comparisons over time uncertain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In fact, measurements of dvic engagement show a decline in dtizen's involvement in community life. Knowledge about dvic rights is low, espedally among women and ethnic minorities, and formal partidpation in political life seems to have dedined. The poor encounter greater difficulties in voidng their opinion and women's ability to voice their concerns in public life is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In order to address this question, it is helpful to look more closely at the mechanics of the sectoral transformation, in particular the structural changes within agriculture that accompany the intersectoral shifts described previously. At the outset of the development process, productivity growth in agriculture leads to the generation of surpluses that induce a demand for other goods and services. Longer term changes on the supply side are less clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The legal costs to first create a biodiversity offset and second to transfer the property rights attached to it to the developer in the BioBanking scheme are listed in Table 4.8. Table 4.9 presents aggregate information on known credit prices and the total costs of offsetting development projects, however, it is aggregated, highly variable data and reflects a general scarcity of quality data on offset schemes around the world. Variation in reported values is attributed to local variations in land values, credit scarcity, management costs and risk management costs (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013). The listed credit prices are not directly comparable as the composition of biodiversity credits differs markedly across programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores the ideas behind the promise of citizenship to children in Brazil. The human rights of children has become a very important issue in Brazil. This has been especially true since the inclusion of Article 227 in the 1988 Constitution referring to children’s rights and the approval of the Statute on the Child and the Adolescent in 1990, less than a year after the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The article examines the changing discourse connected to what was promised and what the law actually accomplished. The conclusion focuses on some of the most relevant improvements affecting children’s lives and some of the remaining challenges Brazilians face in the attempt to keep the promises made in the Constitution and the statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Formal employment opportunities are created, demand for manufactured products rises, thus significantly contributing to income growth. This opportunity should be used to foster human capital investments (education and skill development) to promote increases in productivity by promoting the ability to implement new technological innovations in the future. Marginalised groups, youth and women in particular can benefit considerably from successful industrialisation, which makes the industrial sector a relevant factor for a sustainable and inclusive future. This chapter has provided a strategy to sidestep the environmental trade-off pattern by implementing technological advances in production processes and production structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Strong commitment and involvement from all stakeholders are required to create the necessary environment for cultural change to achieve consensus on how to deliver patient-centred and co-ordinated care. Effective integration between primary and secondary care also requires genuine collaboration among providers, and efforts to break down cultural barriers and providers’ wariness about working in new ways (OECD, 2015g). Lastly, as patients often enter the health care system via primary' care, it is critical to make sure that PCPs support care co-ordination and bridge acute, primary' care and social care. Health care systems should have the opportunity to better use financial incentives, linked to strong information systems, to achieve greater patient-centred integrated care over the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many are sources of innovation in new ways to serve employer demands for a skilled workforce, and for government initiatives to meet skills gaps and engage disadvantaged job seekers. The TVaining Offices have the legal status of a training company, but operate between county authorities and the host employer. Training Offices often take responsibility for recruiting new training companies and coaching staff involved in the tutoring of apprentices. A recent research report on the role of the TVaining Offices concluded that the Training Offices also carry out the tasks of the county authorities and work actively to assure the quality of the apprenticeship training (Olsen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Scepticism about the science is no longer an option: the world’s scientists have never been so unanimous, and so ominous, in their projections of future perils. The bad news is that too many participants in the debate consider a climate policy as consisting primarily of manipulating markets and prices. If the only tool available were market liberalization, then the solution to every problem would seem to be a matter of getting the prices right. But setting a price for carbon emissions is only the beginning of climate policy - not the end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The under-representation of women in positions of high responsibility may be linked to the significant female drop-out rates from the labour force at a young age, as many such positions become accessible only with considerable work experience. The difficulty of attaining senior positions could be an additional factor dissuading women from entering or staying in the job market. In 2014, unemployment rates for young females ranged from 19.1% in Morocco to 69.2% in Libya, considerably high compared to an average of 16.2% in OECD countries (Figure 1.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public administration theory suggests that increased accountability in the public sector influences the auditor to lower materiality levels, thereby increasing the audit sample size, which decreases the likelihood of an inappropriate opinion. Accounting theory posits that engagement risk leads the auditor to lower materiality levels to decrease the likelihood of rendering an inappropriate opinion, in an effort to avoid litigation. The results of this study indicate, that in public sector entities, accountability guides the auditors’ materiality decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)