albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These agreements sometimes involve sales of state assets and greater economic deregulation, based on the assumption that the private sector is more efficient and better for growth. This leads to women and girls spending more time on daily livelihood activities such as fetching clean water, cooking and caring for the ill, young or frail elderly. In 1999, the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia privatized the municipal water system in Cochabamba, granting a 40-year contract to Bechtel, a multinational based in the United States. It subsequently cancelled the contract in the face of widespread protest due to the company's failure to supply adequate water, especially to poor communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter reviews three recent reports on benefit sanctions, by the House of Commons Work and Pensions Select Committee in 2015, by the National Audit Office in 2016, and by the House of Commons Public Accounts Select Committee in 2017, and outlines ten proposals for addressing the injustice associated with them and ameliorating the hardship they cause. It also considers the possibility of incorporating the European Social Charter, in much the same way that the European Convention on Human Rights has been incorporated in the Human Rights Act 1998. In the event that none of these measures are taken up, the chapter concludes by briefly considering an alternative to a social security system based on conditionality, namely a basic income scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To date, 10 public policies related to planning and investment in different sectors (urban, rural and natural resource management) have benefited from DRR mainstreaming. Both issues are recognized in the Resilience and Disaster Risk Management Strategic Framework and Investment Program 2015, which will operationalize the country's National Development Plan 2015-2020. For example, in Indonesia, the 2007 Disaster Management Law made subnational governments at provincial, district and subdistrict levels responsible for DRR integration into development programmes, requiring them to allocate sufficient funding to do so. Pilot projects on DRR planning were implemented at the community level, which were expected to feed into village level development plans, which were to inform development planning processes at the subdistrict and district level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The new legal framework adopted by the Federal District (and which is in the process of being developed by the State of Mexico) sets an important foundation for this by enlarging the scope of mobility policy and the responsibilities of mobility authorities. Success, however, will depend on strengthening the planning, regulatory and financial capacity of the authorities in charge of mobility policy. A crucial part of this process involves clarifying responsibilities where the outcomes depend on multisectoral strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter also discusses how schools could be more accountable to and involved with parents and the community. The school director's main tasks are to define goals, strategies and school operation policies, to analyse and solve pedagogical problems that may arise, and to review and to approve the work plans elaborated by teachers. An important part of the director's job also includes managing educational programmes, one of the main ways through which Mexican education is provided. Programmes may have a budget attached, have requirements and there may be time-consuming administrative processes involved in responding to them. Nevertheless, Ornelas (2008) notes that the functions of school directors suffer from imprecise job expectations that lead to excessive routines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where policies are not supportive, or even limit or hinder the activities of local institutions, local markets will not develop and private sector actors cannot be part of the solution. During this study, it has been highlighted, that access to local finance is a key factor for the success of development interventions. Yet local finance institutions often suffer from severe lack of capacity and poor frameworks (legal, economic and regulatory) do not support their development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. Households obtain income from various sources, mainly paid work, ownership of assets and transfers from social protection systems (which include programmes of cash transfers to poor households and non-contributory pensions), and transfers from other households. Accordingly, labour market structure and policies, the provision of public services, social protection systems and poverty-reduction policies, the tax system and fiscal policy, among many other factors, have a direct effect on the level and distribution of the income that household's actually receive and, consequently, determine the extent to which economic growth can generate better living conditions for the population. The first factor, here referred to as the "average income effect" (or "growth effect"), measures changes in the poverty rate that stem strictly from changes in average household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This renders it possible for people to combine living in the picturesque and tranquil peripheral areas with jobs that meet their professional qualifications (Dahlstrom etal. For this reason, among the Danish counties, Bornholm has the highest level of unemployment and a large reserve of labour with a low educational level and professional experience often exclusively from traditional primary or manufacturing sectors -qualifications and experiences that are no longer attractive to the labour market (Dahlstrom et al. Old traditions of hunting, fishing and gathering still prevail in peripheral areas of Finland and have profound impact on the labour markets and the population's ability to survive in the peripheral areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations will eventually require a zero net carbon emission economy. The global public good nature of the climate and the potential consequences of tail risks, nevertheless, call for strong public action to underpin these developments. Most OECD countries and a growing number of emerging market economies have already taken some action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In order to encourage corporatisation, the government agreed to assume part of the debts of those hospitals willing to go through that process until the end of 2013. The Ministry of Health gave hospital authorities an opportunity to transform indebted tertiary-care facilities from publicly owned institutions managed by local governments into companies owned by such governments with the further option to also involve a private investor. In the 2009-11 period, this form of transformation of public health-care units was supported by public resources from the general budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, Bolivia's mean consumer expenditure per capita in 2001 (USD 216 PPP per month) was quite similar to that of Egypt's in 1999 (USD 225 PPP per month) yet the Bolivian national poverty line, USD 142 PPP per month, was nearly three times as large as the Egyptian national line at USD 53 PPP per month. Similarly, mean consumer expenditure per capita in Russia in 2002 (USD 455 PPP per month) was close to that of Poland in 1993 (USD 465 PPP per month), but the national poverty line in Russia was only USD 132 PPP per month versus USD 203 PPP per month in Poland for the respective time periods. The possible political economy determinants of how poverty lines are set call for a warning against the use of programme eligibility lines as poverty lines (such as the eligibility criteria for social assistance or cash transfers). Indeed, if poverty lines or their evolution depend on executive rather than technical decisions, perverse effects can result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The other two - raising financing efficiency and improving energy efficiency, and addressing impacts of climate change on the water sector - have no project pipeline or funding sources. The Water Authority of Jordan Law (1988) forms the primary legal document for the water sector. It was amended in 2001 to include Article 28, which allows the WAJ to delegate its functions or projects to public and private entities, to corporatise utilities, and to enter into BOT contracts and other modalities with the private sector (USAID, 2012). The WAJ Law is again currently under revision to include an article that strengthens the powers of local authorities to sanction and take action against anyone that vandalises water wells, pipes or meters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Chapter 4 also provides information on water use in Iran, which does not share the watercourse of the Tigris River itself but hosts important tributaries within the Tigris Basin. Finally, the Shatt al Arab River is discussed together with two additional major tributaries, the Karkheh and the Karun Rivers, which discharge directly into the Mesopotamian Marshes or the Shatt al Arab itself, and are hence neither part of the Euphrates or Tigris River basins (Chap. The Keban Dam is located 10 km downstream in a narrow gorge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the city of Skopje, industry has to pay 1.07 €/m3 (0.76 €/m3 for water use and 0.31€/m3 for sewage) compared to the domestic tariff, which is 0.48 €/m3 for drinking water and wastewater. It is also very important to emphasize that large numbers of industry facilities are not operating, due to the difficult economic situation in the country. Some factories are closed, some are operating at reduced capacity, and others have changed their production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A transformation in technology and marketing has indeed taken place in food processing and in the retail sector, but there is mixed evidence of the net impacts on small fanners. Sometimes this rapid evolution in the agro-food industry has worked toward the inclusion of small farmers, particularly as “resource-providing contracts” have proliferated. But often changes in the food markets have worked toward the exclusion of smallholders due to scale-constraints related to “inadequate” non-land assets - human and knowledge capital, access to credit, and geographical location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The repeated commitments in Vision 2030 are highlighted above. There is a national consensus that includes the two main political parties, but goes beyond them, around this long-term plan. The guidelines recognise the importance of government procurement to sustainable development and provide examples of products and services that meet the standards of the policy, and the criteria that procurement officers must use in their decision-making. Renewables now account for about 10 per cent of the energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the United States, eminent domain is defined as “an exercise of the power of government or quasi-government agencies (such as airport authorities, highway commissions, community development agencies and utility companies) to take private property for public use” (United States Department of Housing and Uitoan Development, 2016). A community land trust is currently being developed in Brussels, Belgium as well as in Voi, Kenya. Other examples of stakeholder engagement in cities include the emergence of workers’ co-operatives. For instance, the Cleveland Evergreen Cooperatives in Ohio (United States) bring together local hospitals and universities in supporting new business creation and aims to chart the way for intra-community development while creating a fairer workplace (Box 5.18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A broader analysis of the financial sector in Myanmar can be found in Chapter 6 on financial sector development. While agriculture employs up to 61.2% of the workforce, only 1-3% of the volume of formal bank loans is extended to the agricultural sector. Although its lending has increased in recent years, it provides only short-term seasonal loans that cover a limited share of the production costs and continues to prioritise rice farmers. Other formal lenders have been unable to fill the gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Formula funding combines both horizontal equity - schools of the same type (for example, primary schools) are funded at the same level - and vertical equity - schools of different types (for example, general academic and vocational schools) are financed according to their differing needs. It can also provide incentives for a better use of resources. Schools have no incentives to reduce their expenditures or increase their efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The OECD's model survey method is characterised by a series of discrete, self-contained modules that ensure flexibility and adaptability in rapidly changing environments. The approach focuses on developing indicators using a functionality-based method. Importantly, it supports technology-neutrality in that the questions neither require nor assume utilisation of a particular technology (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Those efforts usually require discrete but complementary top-down actions by governments. Some cases exist, however, in which a natural, market-led and bottom-up co-evolution of development occurred, as with the Kumasi Hub recycling project in Ghana. This vehicle repair and metal-working cluster in Suame, a constituency in the Kumasi Metropolitan district, is remarkable for its scale and the technical skills available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The black dot in the middle is the mean. Low education corresponds to less than upper secondary, medium education to upper secondary’ and high education to tertiary education. Low education corresponds to less than upper secondary, medium education to upper secondary and high education to tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Often, however, a non-negligible share of the workforce earns less. It is not because the minimum wages may have had negligible effects on employment that they cannot potentially harm employment levels. It is rather that, in the past, minimum wage levels were set bearing in mind the risks they implied (Freeman, 2009). The Colombian case, where the minimum wage was raised in the midst of the deep recession of the late 1990s, when the unemployment rate more than doubled to a historical high of 20%, tells a cautionary tale (Kucera and Xenogiani, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These groups have enabled small informal producers to become part of the formal economy, the chapters have provided a marketing channel for their coffee and have secured more than US$ 3 million in coffee exports to international buyers seeking small lots of specialty coffee. These countries are incorporating lessons learned from their earlier experiences with implementing these policies. Intormation and communications technology (ICT) has the potential to facilitate connectivity and increase women's access to markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Over the 1998-2008 period GDP grew, on average, by almost 4%, compared with the OECD average of 3%. At the same time, GDP per capita growth has been below the OECD average due to rapid population growth. Population has been shaped by Jewish immigration, most notably by the influx of highly skilled people from the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Population growth rate is significantly above the OECD average due to a high fertility rate: 2.9 children, compared with the OECD average of 1.6 in 2007. The 1.54 million Arab population represents 20.4% of the total population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To support domestic producer prices, governments intervene in markets through various domestic and border policy instruments. Almost all OECD countries use border protection to raise domestic prices. Amongst them Iceland, Japan,Korea and Switzerland rely most heavily on border protection through tariffs and tariff-rate quotas (TRQs). Israel, Norway and Turkey in addition to border measures use administered prices, target prices and intervention purchases to maintain certain domestic price levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, Spain and Portugal, they assume a wide array of responsibilities, with the common objective of harmonising water policies at basin level. This situation was a result of sporadic water shortages in specific areas and substantial regional disparities in water resources, especially between the coastal areas, where demand is high, and the hinterland. The Water Resources Prospective and Management Scheme (SOURSE), launched in 2009, is an ambitious EUR 400 000 project to build by 2030 a strategic vision and operational framework across levels of government (including the state and the Rhone-Mediterranee-Corse water agency) and to define the terms for effective water governance at the regional level. It develops a model of public governance of water for equitable sharing of water by 2030, taking into account the economic, demographic and environmental evolution of the territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These problems would be best addressed by investing in infrastructure and agricultural research and development. The scale of costs of buffer stocks thus leads to major opportunity costs because not enough investments are made in those programmes that are best suited to tackle volatility. World Bank (2012b) notes that as a result, buffer stocks in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia are even thought to increase price volatility because they were not able to address the causes of volatility and took away resources from programmes that could.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTThis article synthesizes three elements of power and balancing in the South China Sea (SCS): analytical perspectives on China's behaviour and intentions, the American rebalance to Asia and the dispositions of American allies and partners. Based on extensive interviews and theoretical analysis, it concludes that ‘soft balancing’ backed by American military power provides the optimum chance for resolving the growing dispute. Short to medium-term weakness of Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam, as well as Japan, means the United States must provide much of the military power while working to build their forces. The most promising alternative is multilateral diplomacy through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ Regional Forum, a vehicle for negotiating a Code of Conduct and implementation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. If China remains motivated mainly by defense of realist interests, the costs imposed against expansion will eventually cause recalculation of Beijing's strategy, and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Cuban revolutionary state is known for its successes in giving women greater financial independence and more control over their reproductive capabilities. In recent years, the Cuban state has received international attention for its support of Cuba's LGBT population, a population it once targeted for social exclusion. Despite increased rights for Afro-Cubans, women, and Cuba's LGBT community, lesbians, especially black lesbians, continue to be one of Cuba's most socially marginalized populations. I argue that there are several intersecting factors that produce this contradiction. These factors are culturally based discourses concerning race, gender, sexuality, the limitations of post-revolutionary citizenship discourse to address these forms of social inequality, and finally the economic downturn called the "Special Period." This essay addresses how several women make sense of and navigate these social issues in their everyday lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Building on the existing successful models, capacity should be developed in regional data gathering, and sharing regional data repositories and technical skills associated with using regional data. Current activities need to be scaled up in a systematic way, including longterm multi-stakeholder collaboration to raise aspirations among youth in socially unprivileged population and to improve their quality of life. University Sais Malaysia’s health-related centres should widen their focus on community-based medical education and new forms of health care delivery as well as generation of innovations. This would facilitate training for local government and provide an opportunity to embark on consultancy services and to provide the skill basis for more proactive local government with strong commitment to sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also provides practical advice and legal assistance to help persons obtain identity and nationality documentation, which eliminates many risks of statelessness. In the Balkans, for example, some 50,000 members of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian minorities lack personal documentation. Many are refugees or have been internally displaced and socially excluded. On a large scale, UNHCR engages in citizenship campaigns, supporting Governments which have taken steps to resolve a stateless situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Currently, about 45 percent of the world population lives in urban areas, by 2050, the population in urban areas is expected to increase to 66 percent (UN, World Urbanization Prospect, 2014). Rising incomes will lead to changing dietary patterns: consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples such as rice, and spend more on other cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables, they are also likely to eat more meat and dairy products. Asia has little arable land available for expansion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Extradition is a process of handover a fugitive to a state with a jurisdiction based on reciprocity. No crime is left unpunished is a key principle of extradition. Extradition legislation of home country and extradition treaty guides extradition process between and among two or more countries. In fact, extradition provides a means and methods to transfer a person to a country with jurisdiction on the ground of involvement in any terrorizing and grave issues. Double criminality, jurisdiction, and rule of specialty are precondition of extradition. No person is a subject of extradition in case of the involvement of political offence. Earlier, extradition was not granted in the case of financial offence but it is no longer applicable with the emergence of money laundering and terrorism financing offences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Taken together, the incentive programmes - at a relatively modest fiscal outlay, and with clear benefits both fiscal and environmental - have substantially increased the proportion of e-bike usage throughout Austria. It is estimated that traffic congestion in Ho Chi Minh City is costing the city about VND14 billion a year which is roughly 6.25% of the city’s GDP (ESMAP, 2014). Fiscal measures such as vehicle licencing fees, parking charges and congestion charges are effective to shifting the cost of car usage more fully to vehicle owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These dynamics also touch on a demand side issue: when the relations of social reproduction discourage child-rearing, investments in human capital will fall, lowering aggregate demand and threatening growth. Instead of referring to the two sides as demand and supply, we use the more descriptive labels of growth and the distribution of social reproduction respectively. The result is four stylized regimes that we term (in clockwise order) time squeeze, mutual, wage squeeze and exploitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)