albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article analyzes the relationship between the development of new public administration and the perception of corruption in Brazil under democratic rule. We contend that the reason for the persistently widespread perception of corruption in Brazil is that despite important changes in the institutions with oversight of the Brazilian state, such administrative reforms have assigned limited priority to frontline civil servants. Organizational progress in the new public administration has focused on upper-level public employees, with little impact on the middle and lower echelons, so that practices like graft and bribery between public employees and ordinary citizens are still commonplace. Thus, the management changes have failed to produce a perception of improvement in accountability, and corruption is still seen as common, even within a context of administrative changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, Chetana from Sunsari district is now active in preventing trafficking in her community. She has mobilized the media and national stakeholders, including higher authorities in the police, to rescue trafficked women from her village. New ideas, images, beliefs and values brought by the migrants to their community (Levitt 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rights that are junior to an "administration date” set by the State Engineer can be curtailed. Uses that are not prioritised can apply for a “replacement plan”, for a maximum duration of two years. Water users are also allowed to submit joint "replacement plans” or to find voluntary shortage sharing agreements, through negotiations (Romero-Wirth and Kelly, 2012). Associations managing communal irrigation canals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another opportunity for developing countries to expand their manufacturing capacities is participation in global trade, which involves the foreign demand channel. For instance, UNIDO (2017b) views "[gjlobal demand for domestic manufacturing products [as] a critical vehicle for promoting industrial development and growth". Thus, a capacity expansion of the manufacturing sector fuels the virtuous circle of consumption, ultimately leading to the diversification of manufactured goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the /irst section it compares and contrasts OER to other commonly discussed innovations in education: learning objects, digital learning materials, open data, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), and open education. It then goes on to explain how OER provide a special type of innovation potential capable of supporting new forms of teaching and learning. In contrast to other analyses of OER, this report takes the view that OER should be considered in the context of key challenges for educational systems today. Six key educational challenges are therefore identified and the possible contribution of OER to solving them briefly sketched.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In general, the highest biomass and litter production of boreal forests are in Norway spruce dominated stands, where also soil carbon stock are highest. The most fundamental effect, however, comes with the removal of biomass from the forest. This directly reduces the carbon stocks represented by the tree biomass, and its wider effects on the global climate will depend on how this harvested biomass is used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The bulk of the literature on ‘social Europe’ has suggested that social policy at the level of the EU remains to be characterized by the interplay of courts and markets. While we do not disagree with this argument, our objective is to shed light on the European Commission’s entrepreneurship, an element which appears to be somewhat bereft of scholarly attention. We show how, by displaying social acuity, defining problems and building teams, the Commission has actively promoted a policy agenda focused on liberal market building at the expense of socially minded regulation. This was however only made possible by a new constellation among the Member States after 2004. We substantiate this claim by documenting the activity of the Commission in two crucial policy domains of the post-Lisbon era: the liberalization of service provision, and the impact of the new macro-economic governance on social policy after the financial and debt crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While all refugees face risks, human rights abuses and privations during conflict and displacement, refugee women and girls face particular risks of sexual and other forms of gender-related violence and discrimination. This chapter draws on some of the key academic and policy literature to explore gendered risks for women and girls in the context of refugee camps. Common risks for refugee women and girls are described and the intersections between displacement, gender, identity, power and lack of citizenship in the camp context are briefly explored. It concludes with a brief caution against framing understandings of violence in refugee contexts as having purely cultural origins and highlights the importance of the active engagement of refugee women and refugee communities in identifying problems and finding solutions.      Keywords:    gender-based violence,  refugees,  sexual assault/sexual violence,  women in development/gender and development
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Preliminary assessments for Denmark also indicate an increase in forest carbon stocks during the last decades. Hence, forests in Fennoscandia contribute to approximately 1% of the global forest carbon sink. There are insufficient data to assess the contribution of old forests to the total carbon sink in Fennoscandia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In its constitutional jurisprudence on race, the United States Supreme Court subjects laws that explicitly invoke racial classifications to a very detailed judicial scrutiny. Race represents a red flag. I argue that constitutional law's use of strict scrutiny rests on a dangerous assumption, namely that racism may be rational. Requiring such scrutiny perversely errs on the side of deeming credible and sensible that which is already groundless and irrational. In turn, this higher scrutiny jeopardizes remedial legislation, legislation that seeks to ameliorate the effects of racism. Those who favor affirmative action needlessly place themselves in a constitutional bind. They accept higher scrutiny for racist laws—scrutiny that is unnecessary given the irrationality of racism—and then fight against it when championing remedial race-conscious legislation. They would do better to reject this scrutiny outright, leaving a rational review analysis to do the necessary distinguishing work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, the indicators were not established with the purpose of monitoring the consequences of policy decisions in specific economic sectors, though the underlying EU biodiversity strategy specifically addresses the main drivers of biodiversity loss as well as the need to ensure a streamlining of environmental policies and initiatives in major EU policy sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, energy etc. Basically, the SEBI indicators can be separated into two major groups, one covering direct impacts to and status and trends in biodiversity and another covering indirect impacts by means of sampling sustainability issues. Status and trends of the components of biological diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A reform at the end of the 1970s strengthened teacher education and made it highly selective. Teacher education moved from teachers' colleges to universities, and primary school teachers were required to have a master's degree. At present, teacher education is provided by nine universities, of which eight have teacher training schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Under what conditions does a common threat cause rival states to achieve rapprochement? To inform not only contemporary policy debates about coalition-building against terrorism and insurgency, but also theoretical debates about obstacles to cooperation and conflict resolution, this article examines the pattern of rivalry and rapprochement among Central American states—non-Communist allies under the Rio Treaty—in the shadow of the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Given a common threat, why did Honduras and Nicaragua shift from rivalry to rapprochement while Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and El Salvador and Honduras, did not? Drawing on rarely explored published primary sources in English and Spanish, the article argues that the major obstacle to cooperation was the parochial interest of the armed forces in perpetuating the old mission of international rivalry despite the attractive new mission of internal security, and that presidents were able to achieve rapprochement only where state resource constraints compelled...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The NHDS could be revised to include informal settlement and upgrading of existing housing stocks both in its objectives and subsequent implementation measures. Furthermore, overall housing objectives could be re-oriented to focus not only on the quantitative targets but also on the provision of adequate and accessible housing. Although wide spread slums do not exist in Viet Nam, there is reference to “vertical slums,” which are multifloor buildings which are divided into small living spaces and rented to the low income market. Given the financial constraint in the public sector, incremental upgrading and maintenance of the existing housing stock by individuals could be encouraged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A tailored approach may be required as basins are faced with specific challenges and are endowed with distinctive capacities. Building on institutions such as CONAGO, IMTA and ANEAS, there is ample room to collect, review and benchmark success stories, innovative mechanisms or institutional organisations in support of effective decision making, and better water policies at all levels. This is concrete implementation of the commitments related to human rights, anticorruption and democratic governance mentioned in the Pact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Approximately 40 per cent of all Bryophytes are threatened according to IUCN criteria and thus of conservation importance (Red Data Book Vol. Whereas the higher plants are reasonably well studied, for mosses, as well as fungi, the research conducted prior to the update of the Red Data Book, published in 2015, brought new conservation emphasis and resulted in the inclusion of about 215 fungi species into national red lists. Approximately 1,200 animal species are endemic to Bulgaria (790 Bulgarian and 410 Balkan endemics).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Improving the quality and availability of facilities for childbirth and increasing the number of midwives and health professionals with obstetric skills is essential. Alongside this, community mobilization is vital to ensure that all pregnant women are making use of skilled childbirth services. This dual strategy is targeted at achieving universal coverage of skilled attendance at childbirth, within the context of the primary health care approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is also a decreasing trend of discharges treated according to regulatory requirements in Ukraine. The impact of the presence of viruses and bacteria from insufficient wastewater treatment is, however, assessed by the Republic of Moldova as local and moderate. In Ukraine, 15% of surface water samples do not meet the requirements for bacterial indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Civil society, including environmental NGOs, should also contribute. The promotion efforts should be devoted to communication and marketing, but also to regulatory questions. The forest sector already displays many green characteristics: the renewability of its raw material, the low waste and high recovery rate of its processes, the multi functionality of forests, and the emerging systems of payment for forest ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This requires health providers to critically reflect on whether policies and practices promote or compromise indigenous health and well-being. Indigenous peoples should not be a passive consumer of health care, but rather an active partner in the development of high quality of care, that ensure good health outcomes for indigenous peoples in the circumpolar areas. State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Pepole 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To help schools meet the needs of students from diverse backgrounds, school operating grants are weighted for socio-economic status (SES). This is intended to check the influences of key differentiating variables - the mother’s educational level, foreign language spoken at home, the family’s financial capacity, and the student’s neighbourhood characteristics. Student socio-economic characteristics are also used in the calculation and allocation of teaching hours to elementary schools, and secondary schools receive a top-up of teaching hours based on such characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Residences and major roads might be built to avoid inundation from a 1:100 year flood, while minor roads and recreational facilities might only be secured from a 1:10 year flood. Surprisingly, New York City is protected to only a l-in-100-year flood event, despite having a larger GDP than London, Shanghai, or Amsterdam, all of which are protected to a greater than 1-in-l 000-year flood (Amsterdam is protected from a l-in-10 000-year floods) (Nicholls et al., Australian red gum floodplain forests on the Murray River, for example, require flooding for one month or more in 70% of years, while drier floodplain woodland ecosystems only require flooding for two months or more in 25% of years. Each use of water thus has a different level of acceptable risk (in this case a risk of shortage for the ecosystems that require periodic flooding).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These grants finance quality certification processes, product and process development and pre-competitive R&D. The grants have a maximum amount of $150,000 and should not exceed 50 per cent of the total value of the project. The remaining share must be invested by the beneficiary. More than 540 projects have received funding, at a total of $12 million, through this programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These new charters were enacted following citizens’ calls throughout the region for greater democracy, better governance and reduced inequalities. They guarantee gender equality and set the basis for a more balanced involvement of women in their countries’ economies. Nevertheless, governments may engage in further efforts to align with international instruments and work towards equal access to economic opportunities for women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In their Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, the OECD and Eurostat (2005) define innovation as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (goods or service), process, marketing method or organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. Later definitions have broadened their scope, to include social innovations, innovations in services and innovations in the public sector as well (Halvorsen et al., However, knowledge about public sector innovation, and its results, costs and enabling environment, is fragmented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Chapters 1-4 noted the constraints faced by supply augmentation in Korea at subnational level. Minimising leaks in Korean cities can help make a better use of available resources, while saving costs of investment in new storage capacities. This is an issue for Korean cities, which strive to keep water bills low' and face investment needs to serve a grow'ing urban population and renew existing water supply infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Burundi, for example, 2 per cent or less of women above statutory pension age are in receipt of a pension compared to 7 per cent of men. The largest gender gaps in coverage, however, are found in Egypt and Jordan, where 62 per cent and 82 per cent of men, respectively, receive a pension compared to only 8 per cent and 12 per cent of women. While some European countries have achieved high coverage rates among women, their benefits levels are often only a fraction of those of men. In addition, key pension design features systematically penalize women, further reinforcing their socio-economic disadvantage in old age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
She has management experience from both the university and polytechnic sector and has worked in university internationalisation, PR & communication and stakeholder management. In addition, she has experience in the corporate sector in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2004-2007 he represented GOV in the OECD project on supporting the Contribution of Higher Education Institutions to Regional Development and coordinated the review of the Mid-Norwegian region. Patrick Dubarle is a graduate from the French Ecole des Mines, and holds a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Paris Sorbonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to Oakley, parents are engaged in gender socialization but society holds the largest influence in constructing gender. She identified three social mechanisms of gender socialization: manipulation, canalization. Oakley noted that gender is not a fixed concept but is determined by culture through the use of verbal and nonverbal signifiers and the creation of social norms and stereotypes, which identify proper and acceptable behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All institutions and policy areas count for gender equality as they all impact men and women, and yet in a different way due to their different circumstances. This is why gender mainstreaming is a fundamental commitment of countries that aspire to eliminate gender-based discrimination across the board and realise a fully inclusive society. In addition, ensuring gender balance in public decision making has been increasingly highlighted by OECD countries as a key governance issue related to fairness, transparency and inclusive policy outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ongoing work on improving the poverty register in Tunisia is welcome (AfDB, 2012) and closer links should be made between this database and those held by social security so that past (and future) income can be better monitored. Related to this, families’ eligibility should also be reassessed routinely and, in order to promote graduation/exit from the cash transfer, recipients should be connected with income-generation and labour-market participation programmes (so-called “activation” measures). Finally, revising eligibility criteria, but also how the benefit is administered, should be based on a detailed analysis of the poor population that is currently not in receipt of the benefit - little is currently known about this group and the reasons why they are excluded. The evidence, however, suggests that these types of programmes have little adverse impact on employment because: i) they are usually not conditioned on labour force status, ii) the means-tests are frequently only loosely applied, and iii) the level of transfer is usually low relative to household income (OECD, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the Slovak Republic such as the re-structuring of the school network in light of demographic developments, better integrating students with special needs, improving the educational opportunities of the Roma community and expanding the provision of pre-primary education. It also reviews capacity and co-operation at the local level for education provision, synergies across education subsystems, co-ordination for educational regional planning, and the use of EU structural funds in education. The chapter further highlights the importance of implementation aspects of education policy and the need to assess the impact of policy interventions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other areas of legal reform included biodiversity and wildlife protection, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), and air, waste and water management. The main government agencies dealing with the environment - the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - enlarged their portfolios and staffing. The Environmental Enforcement Network, established in 2003, provides a mechanism for concentrating resources and promoting co-ordination and coherence across administrative divisions. Economic instruments have been introduced, especially in the waste sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In order to match prospective employees to a job, employers need to be able lo identify a candidate's skills. Qualifications should thus not only be clear, but consistently awarded. Continuous certification that incorporates non-formal and informal learning over the working life is also essential, as is recognition of foreign diplomas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The monitoring and evaluation frameworks assessing the effectiveness of the national approach on adaptation must be adjusted accordingly. With an integrated approach to adaptation, a country’s resilience to climate change reflects the change brought about by individual adaptation interventions, as well as that caused by socio-economic trends and policies implemented for reasons other than climate change. The report also considers the potential role development co-operation providers can play in helping partner countries to implement the four tools and build on the information they generate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The third component presents the steps for the implementation of the strategy. These include 1) adopting national and regional policies to allow for a larger contribution of renewable sources in electricity generation, 2) exchanging expertise and good practices in the region, 3) strengthening international and regional co-operation through forums such as the Electricity Regulators Forum and, 4) involving the domestic private sector in the development of renewable energy technologies. The process is monitored by an Experts Committee for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, which operates under the umbrella of the Arab Ministerial Council for Electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The amount of the benefit is equivalent to the cost of a basic allocation of electricity and natural gas.62 Poor households not connected to the electricity or gas grids are not eligible for the compensation. Compensation is financed from the Republic’s budget and, although the objective is to cover 18-20 per cent of the population,63 the funds made available are inadequate to reach this level. Annual budgets are based on current beneficiaries and adjusted for changes in electricity and gas prices and for general inflation (World Bank, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since it came into force in 1986, the law has undergone four amendments, in 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2013. Further amendments were still under development in 2015. Suggestions for changes were collected by conducting investigations, surveys and symposia where policymakers, industries and scientists had a chance to provide input.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)