The MEX of a set of integers is defined as the smallest non-negative integer that does not belong to this set. For example, $\mathrm{MEX}(\{0,2,3\}) = 1$ and $\mathrm{MEX}(\{1,3\}) = 0$.
Chef has a tree with $N$ nodes (numbered $1$ through $N$). The tree is rooted at node $1$. Chef wants to assign a non-negative integer to each node in such a way that each integer between $0$ and $N-1$ (inclusive) is assigned to exactly one node.
For each node $u$, consider the integers assigned to the nodes in the subtree of $u$ (including $u$); let $a_u$ denote the MEX of these integers. Chef wants $a_1 + a_2 + \ldots + a_N$ to be as large as possible. Find the maximum possible value of this sum.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer $T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of $T$ test cases follows.
- The first line of each test case contains a single integer $N$.
- The second line contains $N-1$ space-separated integers $p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_{N-1}$. For each valid $i$, the node $p_i$ is the parent of the node $i+1$.

-----Output-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer ― the maximum sum of subtree MEX-s which can be obtained if you assign the weights optimally.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \le T \le 5$
- $2 \le N \le 10^5$
- $1 \le p_i < i$ for each valid $i$

-----Subtasks-----
Subtask #1 (100 points): original constraints

-----Example Input-----
2
3
1 1
5
1 1 2 2

-----Example Output-----
4
9

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = '# cook your dish here\nimport sys \n\nsys.setrecursionlimit(10**6) \ndef recurse(root):\n    if adj[root]==[]:\n        return 1,1\n    sub=1\n    max1=0\n    for v in adj[root]:\n        x,y=recurse(v)\n        sub+=x\n        max1=max(max1,y)\n    return sub,sub+max1\n    \nfor _ in range(int(input())):\n    n=int(input())\n    p=list(map(int, input().split()))\n    adj={}\n    for i in range(1,n+1):\n        adj[i]=[]\n    for i in range(n-1):\n        parent,child=p[i],i+2\n        adj[parent].append(child)\n    x,y=recurse(1)\n    print(y)\n    '
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13347