The task is simply stated. Given an integer n (3 < n < 10^(9)), find the length of the smallest list of [*perfect squares*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number) which add up to n. Come up with the best algorithm you can; you'll need it!

Examples:

sum_of_squares(17) = 2  17 = 16 + 1 (4 and 1 are perfect squares).
sum_of_squares(15) = 4  15 = 9 + 4 + 1 + 1. There is no way to represent 15 as the sum of three perfect squares.
sum_of_squares(16) = 1  16 itself is a perfect square.

Time constraints:

5 easy (sample) test cases: n < 20

5 harder test cases: 1000 < n < 15000

5 maximally hard test cases: 5 * 1e8 < n < 1e9

```if:java
300 random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:c#
350 random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:python
15 random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:ruby
25  random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:javascript
100 random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:crystal
250 random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```
```if:cpp
Random maximally hard test cases: 1e8 < n < 1e9
```

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = '#explained at: http://www.zrzahid.com/least-number-of-perfect-squares-that-sums-to-n/\ndef sum_of_squares(n):\n    def is_sq(n): return int(n**0.5) * int(n**0.5) == n\n    if is_sq(n): return 1\n    while n & 3 == 0: n >>= 2\n    if n & 7 == 7: return 4\n    for i in range(1,int(n**0.5)):\n        if is_sq(n-i*i): return 2\n    return 3'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'sum_of_squares'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 5584