akhauriyash/Code-Regression huggingface dataset:
HELP! Jason can't find his textbook! It is two days before the test date, and Jason's textbooks are all out of order! Help him sort a list (ArrayList in java) full of textbooks by subject, so he can study before the test.

The sorting should **NOT** be case sensitive

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'def sorter(lst):\n    return sorted(lst, key=lambda e: e.lower())'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'sorter'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 5453
There are N towns on a line running east-west.
The towns are numbered 1 through N, in order from west to east.
Each point on the line has a one-dimensional coordinate, and a point that is farther east has a greater coordinate value.
The coordinate of town i is X_i.
You are now at town 1, and you want to visit all the other towns.
You have two ways to travel:
 - Walk on the line.
Your fatigue level increases by A each time you travel a distance of 1, regardless of direction.
 - Teleport to any location of your choice.
Your fatigue level increases by B, regardless of the distance covered.
Find the minimum possible total increase of your fatigue level when you visit all the towns in these two ways.

-----Constraints-----
 - All input values are integers.
 - 2≤N≤10^5
 - 1≤X_i≤10^9
 - For all i(1≤i≤N-1), X_i<X_{i+1}.
 - 1≤A≤10^9
 - 1≤B≤10^9

-----Input-----
The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:
N A B
X_1 X_2 ... X_N

-----Output-----
Print the minimum possible total increase of your fatigue level when you visit all the towns.

-----Sample Input-----
4 2 5
1 2 5 7

-----Sample Output-----
11

From town 1, walk a distance of 1 to town 2, then teleport to town 3, then walk a distance of 2 to town 4.
The total increase of your fatigue level in this case is 2×1+5+2×2=11, which is the minimum possible value.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'N,A,B = map(int,input().split())\nX = list(map(int,input().split()))\n\nans = 0\nfor i in range(N-1):\n    if (X[i+1] - X[i]) * A <= B:\n        ans += (X[i+1] - X[i]) * A\n    else:\n        ans += B\n\nprint(ans)'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13087
Jack really likes his number five: the trick here is that you have to multiply each number by 5 raised to the number of digits of each numbers, so, for example:
```python
multiply(3)==15
multiply(10)==250
multiply(200)==25000
multiply(0)==0
multiply(-3)==-15
```

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'multiply = lambda N,X=5:N*X**(len(str(N)[1 if N<0 else 0:]))'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'multiply'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 5362
You are given a string S containing only lowercase characters. 
You can rearrange the string and you have to print minimum number of characters needed(can be 0) to make it palindrome.

-----Input:-----
- First line contain an interger T denoting number of testcases.
- First line of each testcase contains integer N, size of string.
- Second line of each testcase contains string S.

-----Output:-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer ― the minimum number of characters needed(can be 0) to make it palindrome.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 1000$
- $1 \leq N \leq 10^5$

-----Sample Input:-----
3
1
a
9
abbbcbddd
6
abcdef

-----Sample Output:-----
0
2
5

-----EXPLANATION:-----
- Example case 1: a is already a palindrome.
- Example case 2: abbddcddbba is palindrome by adding 2 more characters.
- Example case 3: abdefcfedba is palindrome by adding 5 more characters.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = '#Code goes here!\r\nfrom collections import Counter\r\nfor i in range(int(input())):\r\n    n = int(input())\r\n    a = input().strip()\r\n    cnt = 0\r\n\r\n    if a == a[::-1]:\r\n        print(cnt)\r\n\r\n    else:\r\n        lst = list(Counter(a).values())\r\n        odds_count = sum([1 for x in lst if x%2!=0])\r\n        if odds_count>1:\r\n            print(odds_count-1)\r\n        else:\r\n            print(cnt)'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13665
When provided with a number between 0-9, return it in words.

Input :: 1

Output :: "One".

If your language supports it, try using a switch statement.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = "def switch_it_up(x):\n    numbers = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four',\n               'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine']\n    return numbers[x].capitalize()\n"
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'switch_it_up'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 5375
Tracy loves Donuts. She purchased a lots of Donuts for her birthday party. She learnt to calculate the area of the circle a few days back and she is fascinated to know the area of the donuts as well !! Help her finding the area of the Donuts…..

-----Input:-----
- First line will contain, number of testcases. Then the testcases follow. 
- Each testcase contains of a single line of input, where in you have to provide the RADIUS of the Donuts. 

-----Output:-----
For each testcase, output in a single line answer is the AREA of the Donut.

-----Constraints-----
1 <= Radius <= 20.

-----Sample Input:-----
2
5 
12

-----Sample Output:-----
78.5

452.16

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'for _ in range(int(input())):\n    n=int(input())\n    print((n*n)*3.14)'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 12857
Once, a genius guy Cristo visited NASA where he met many scientists. A young intern Mark at NASA asked Cristo to observe the strange behaviour of two

independent particles (say Alpha and Beta) moving in the free space.Cristo was astonished to see the movement of Alpha and Beta. However, he formulated a procedure

to evaluate the distance covered by the particles in given time.
The procedure calculates the distance covered by Alpha and Beta for a given time. Mark, however struggles

to evaluate the procedure manually and asks you to help him. 
Cristo's Procedure :- 
alpha = 0
beta = 0
Procedure CristoSutra( Ti ) :
if Ti <= 0 :
alpha = alpha + 1 
else if Ti == 1 :
	beta = beta + 1
else :
CristoSutra(Ti-1)
	         CristoSutra(Ti-2)
	         CristoSutra(Ti-3)
end procedure
Note: Print the answer by taking mod from 109+7 .

-----Constraints:-----
- 1<=T<=105
- 1<=Ti<=105

-----Input Format:-----
First line consists an integer t, number of Test cases.For each test case, there is an integer denoting time Ti.

-----Output Format:-----
For each test case, a single output line contains two space seperated numbers ,distance covered by alpha and beta in the given time.

-----Subtasks:-----
Subtask 1 (30 points)
- 1<=T<=10
- 1<=Ti<=1000
Subtask 2 (70 points)
original contraints
Sample Input:
2
1
2
Sample Output:
0 1
2 1

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'a=[]\nmod=1000000007\na.append([])\na[0].append(0)\na[0].append(1)\na.append([])\na[1].append(2)\na[1].append(1)\na.append([])\na[2].append(3)\na[2].append(2)\nfor i in range(3,100001):\n a.append([])\n a[i].append((a[i-1][0]+a[i-2][0]+a[i-3][0])%mod)\n a[i].append((a[i-1][1]+a[i-2][1]+a[i-3][1])%mod)\nt=eval(input())\nwhile t:\n n=eval(input())\n print(a[n-1][0]%mod,a[n-1][1]%mod)\n t-=1\n'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 16018715
You are given a string S containing only lowercase characters. 
You can rearrange the string and you have to print minimum number of characters needed(can be 0) to make it palindrome.

-----Input:-----
- First line contain an interger T denoting number of testcases.
- First line of each testcase contains integer N, size of string.
- Second line of each testcase contains string S.

-----Output:-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer ― the minimum number of characters needed(can be 0) to make it palindrome.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 1000$
- $1 \leq N \leq 10^5$

-----Sample Input:-----
3
1
a
9
abbbcbddd
6
abcdef

-----Sample Output:-----
0
2
5

-----EXPLANATION:-----
- Example case 1: a is already a palindrome.
- Example case 2: abbddcddbba is palindrome by adding 2 more characters.
- Example case 3: abdefcfedba is palindrome by adding 5 more characters.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'from collections import Counter\r\nfor _ in range(int(input())):\r\n    lens = int(input())\r\n    inps = input().strip()\r\n    need = 0\r\n    cinps = Counter(inps)\r\n    hasOne = False\r\n    for i in cinps:\r\n        if cinps[i]%2 == 1:\r\n            if hasOne == False:\r\n                hasOne = True\r\n                continue\r\n            else:\r\n                need += 1\r\n    print(need)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13545
Let's denote as $\text{popcount}(x)$ the number of bits set ('1' bits) in the binary representation of the non-negative integer x.

You are given multiple queries consisting of pairs of integers l and r. For each query, find the x, such that l ≤ x ≤ r, and $\text{popcount}(x)$ is maximum possible. If there are multiple such numbers find the smallest of them.


-----Input-----

The first line contains integer n — the number of queries (1 ≤ n ≤ 10000).

Each of the following n lines contain two integers l_{i}, r_{i} — the arguments for the corresponding query (0 ≤ l_{i} ≤ r_{i} ≤ 10^18).


-----Output-----

For each query print the answer in a separate line.


-----Examples-----
Input
3
1 2
2 4
1 10

Output
1
3
7



-----Note-----

The binary representations of numbers from 1 to 10 are listed below:

1_10 = 1_2

2_10 = 10_2

3_10 = 11_2

4_10 = 100_2

5_10 = 101_2

6_10 = 110_2

7_10 = 111_2

8_10 = 1000_2

9_10 = 1001_2

10_10 = 1010_2

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'for i in range(int(input())):\n    l, r = map(int, input().split())\n    if l == r: print(l)\n    else:\n        k = len(bin(l ^ r)) - 2\n        s = ((r >> k) + 1 << k) - 1\n        if s > r: s -= 1 << k - 1\n        print(s)'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13047
Tracy loves Donuts. She purchased a lots of Donuts for her birthday party. She learnt to calculate the area of the circle a few days back and she is fascinated to know the area of the donuts as well !! Help her finding the area of the Donuts…..

-----Input:-----
- First line will contain, number of testcases. Then the testcases follow. 
- Each testcase contains of a single line of input, where in you have to provide the RADIUS of the Donuts. 

-----Output:-----
For each testcase, output in a single line answer is the AREA of the Donut.

-----Constraints-----
1 <= Radius <= 20.

-----Sample Input:-----
2
5 
12

-----Sample Output:-----
78.5

452.16

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 't= int(input())\nfor i in range(t): \n\tr= float(input())\n\tprint(3.14*(r**2))'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 12861
There are $N$ friends in a group. Each of them have $A_{i}$ candies.
Can they share all of these candies among themselves such that each one of them have equal no. of candies.

-----Input:-----
- First line will contain $T$, number of testcases. Then the testcases follow. 
- First line of each testcase contains of a single line of input, an integer $N$ denoting no. of friends in the group. 
- Next line contains $N$ space separated integers $A_{i}$  denoting the no. candies  $i^{th}$ friend has.

-----Output:-----
For each testcase, output $"Yes"$ if it is possible to share equally else $"No"$ (without " ").

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 10$
- $1 \leq N \leq 100$
- $0 \leq A_{i} \leq 1000$

-----Sample Input:-----
1

3

1 2 3

-----Sample Output:-----
Yes

-----EXPLANATION:-----
Each of them have $2$ candies after sharing.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = '# cook your dish here\nfor i in range(int(input())):\n n=int(input())\n m=[int(i) for i in input().split()]\n chk=sum(m)\n if(chk%n==0):\n  print("Yes")\n else:\n  print("No")'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 12985
Given an array A1,A2...AN, you have to print the size of the largest contiguous subarray such that 
GCD of all integers in that subarray is 1.

Formally,
For a subarray Ai,Ai+1...Aj where 1 ≤ i < j ≤ N to be valid: GCD(Ai,Ai+1...Aj) should be 1. You have to print the size of the largest valid subarray.
If no valid subarray exists, output -1.
Note:A single element is not considered as a subarray according to the definition of this problem.

-----Input-----
First line contains T, the number of testcases. Each testcase consists of N in one line followed by N integers in the next line.

-----Output-----
For each testcase, print the required answer in one line.

-----Constraints-----
- 1 ≤ T ≤ 10
- 2 ≤ N ≤ 105
- 1 ≤ Ai ≤ 105

-----Example-----
Input:
2
2
7 2
3
2 2 4

Output:
2
-1

-----Explanation-----
Example case 1.GCD(2,7)=1. So the subarray [A1,A2] is valid.
Example case 2.No subarray satisfies.
Note: Use scanf/print instead of cin/cout. Large input files.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'def gcd(firstNumber, secondNumber):\n firstNumber = int(firstNumber)\n secondNumber = int(secondNumber)\n if firstNumber < secondNumber:\n  smaller = firstNumber\n else:\n  smaller = secondNumber\n\n for i in range(1, smaller + 1):\n  if (firstNumber % i == 0) and (secondNumber % i == 0):\n   gcd = i\n\n return gcd\n\nfor _ in range(int(input())):\n count = int(input())\n array = input().split()\n currentGCD = array[0]\n flag = 0\n size = 0\n for i in array:\n  currentGCD = gcd(i, currentGCD)\n  if currentGCD == 1:\n   flag = 1\n   print(count)\n   break\n\n if flag == 0:\n  print(-1)'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13171
The XOR pair representation (XPR) of a positive integer $N$ is defined as a pair of integers $(A, B)$ such that:
- $1 \le A \le B \le N$
- $A \oplus B = N$
- if there is no way to choose $A$ and $B$ satisfying the above conditions, $A = B = -1$
- otherwise, the value of $A$ should be the smallest possible
These conditions uniquely define the XPR. Next, we define a function $F(N)$ = the value of $B$ in $XPR(N)$, and a function $G(L, R) = \sum\limits_{i=L}^R F(i)$.
You are given $L$ and $R$. Compute $G(L, R)$.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer $T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of $T$ test cases follows.
- The first and only line of each test case contains two space-separated integers $L$ and $R$.

-----Output-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer — the value of the function $G(L, R)$.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \le T \le 10^5$
- $1 \le L \le R \le 10^9$

-----Example Input-----
5
1 10
3 6
4 10
10 17
100 159

-----Example Output-----
28
9
28
79
7485

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'from math import log2\ndef grx(x):\n if(x==0):\n  return 0\n i = x\n summation_n = (x*(x+1))//2\n curr = (x+1)//2\n ans = 0\n p = 0\n while(x>=1):\n  ans+=((2**p)*(curr))\n  x-=curr\n  curr = (x+1)//2\n  p+=1\n return (summation_n-ans-int(log2(i))-1)\nfor _ in range(int(input())):\n l,r = map(int,input().split())\n print(grx(r)-grx(l-1))'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 13123
A penguin Rocher has $n$ sticks. He has exactly one stick with length $i$ for all $1 \le i \le n$.

He can connect some sticks. If he connects two sticks that have lengths $a$ and $b$, he gets one stick with length $a + b$. Two sticks, that were used in the operation disappear from his set and the new connected stick appears in his set and can be used for the next connections.

He wants to create the maximum number of sticks that have the same length. It is not necessary to make all sticks have the same length, some sticks can have the other length. How many sticks with the equal length he can create?


-----Input-----

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $t$ ($1 \le t \le 1000$) — the number of test cases. Next $t$ lines contain descriptions of test cases.

For each test case, the only line contains a single integer $n$ ($1 \le n \le 10^{9}$).


-----Output-----

For each test case, print a single integer  — the answer to the problem.


-----Example-----
Input
4
1
2
3
4

Output
1
1
2
2



-----Note-----

In the third case, he can connect two sticks with lengths $1$ and $2$ and he will get one stick with length $3$. So, he will have two sticks with lengths $3$.

In the fourth case, he can connect two sticks with lengths $1$ and $3$ and he will get one stick with length $4$. After that, he will have three sticks with lengths $\{2, 4, 4\}$, so two sticks have the same length, and one stick has the other length.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'from math import *\n\ndef r1(t):\n    return t(input())\n\ndef r2(t):\n    return [t(i) for i in input().split()]\n\nfor _ in range(r1(int)):\n    n = r1(int)\n    print((n + 1) // 2)\n'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 19933
Chef has just started Programming, he is in first year of Engineering. Chef is reading about Relational Operators. 

Relational Operators are operators which check relatioship between two values. Given two numerical values A and B you need to help chef in finding the relationship between them that is, 

- First one is greater than second or,
- First one is less than second or,
- First and second one are equal.

-----Input-----
First line contains an integer T, which denotes the number of testcases. Each of the T lines contain two integers A and B. 

-----Output-----
For each line of input produce one line of output. This line contains any one of the relational operators

'<' , '>' , '='.

-----Constraints-----

- 1 ≤ T ≤ 10000
- 1 ≤ A, B ≤ 1000000001

-----Example-----
Input:
3
10 20
20 10
10 10

Output:
<
>
=

-----Explanation-----
Example case 1. In this example 1 as 10 is lesser than 20.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

ns = {"__name__": "__main__"}
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = "# cook your dish here\nfor _ in range(int(input())):\n    a,b=map(int,input().split(' '))\n    if(a>b):\n        print('>')\n    elif(a<b):\n        print('<')\n    elif(a==b):\n        print('=')"
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

```

Measured memory_bytes: 12983
Write a method that takes one argument as name and then greets that name, capitalized and ends with an exclamation point.

Example:

```
"riley" --> "Hello Riley!"
"JACK"  --> "Hello Jack!"
```

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = 'def greet(name): \n    name = name[0].upper() + name[1:].lower()\n    return f"Hello {name}!"'
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'greet'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 5445
Implement the function which should return `true` if given object is a vowel (meaning `a, e, i, o, u`), and `false` otherwise.

```python

USER_FILENAME = "<user_code>"
import sys, json, builtins
import math, heapq, bisect, itertools, functools, collections, statistics, fractions, decimal, operator, array, random, re, string, os, pathlib
try:
    import resource as _res
except Exception:
    _res = None
from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict
from functools import lru_cache, reduce
from itertools import accumulate, permutations, combinations, product
from math import gcd, ceil, floor, sqrt
from decimal import Decimal
try:
    from typing import *
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    sys.setrecursionlimit(1_000_000)
except Exception:
    pass
try:
    import site as _site
    try:
        _sys_sites = _site.getsitepackages() if hasattr(_site, "getsitepackages") else []
        for _p in _sys_sites:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        _usp = _site.getusersitepackages()
        if isinstance(_usp, str):
            _usp = [_usp]
        for _p in _usp:
            if _p and _p not in sys.path:
                sys.path.append(_p)
    except Exception:
        pass
except Exception:
    pass

def _disabled_input(*args, **kwargs):
    raise RuntimeError("input() is disabled in callable mode")
builtins.input = _disabled_input

ns = {"__name__": "__judge__"}  # prevent if __name__ == "__main__" blocks
for _k, _v in list(globals().items()):
    if not _k.startswith("_"):
        ns[_k] = _v
_CODE = "import re\ndef is_vowel(s): \n    regex = r'^[aeiou]{1}$'\n    return bool(re.match(regex, re.escape(s), re.IGNORECASE))"
_co = compile(_CODE, USER_FILENAME, "exec")
exec(_co, ns, ns)

_target = None
_fn_name = 'is_vowel'
if _fn_name:
    if "Solution" in ns:
        try:
            _obj = ns["Solution"]()
            if hasattr(_obj, _fn_name):
                _target = getattr(_obj, _fn_name)
        except Exception:
            _target = None
    if _target is None and _fn_name in ns and callable(ns[_fn_name]):
        _target = ns[_fn_name]
# Fallback: if there's exactly one user-defined function, use it
if _target is None:
    _cands = [v for k, v in ns.items() if callable(v) and getattr(v, "__module__", "") in ("__judge__", "__main__")]
    _user_funcs = [c for c in _cands if getattr(c, "__name__", "").startswith("_") is False]
    if len(_user_funcs) == 1:
        _target = _user_funcs[0]
if _target is None:
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not resolve callable '{_fn_name}'")

_raw = sys.stdin.read().strip()
if _raw:
    _parsed = json.loads(_raw)
    if isinstance(_parsed, dict):
        _kwargs = _parsed.get("kwargs", {})
        _args = _parsed.get("args", [])
    else:
        _args, _kwargs = _parsed, {}
else:
    _args, _kwargs = [], {}
if not isinstance(_args, (list, tuple)):
    _args = [_args]
_res = _target(*_args, **_kwargs)
try:
    sys.stdout.write(repr(_res) + "\n")
except Exception:
    pass

```

Measured memory_bytes: 164556