Introduction

On September 12, 2011, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued its final policy letter on the Performance of Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions ("Policy Letter 11-01" or "final policy letter"). Scheduled to take effect on October 12, 2011, the policy letter represents the Obama Administration's guidance for executive branch agencies on (1) identifying inherently governmental and critical functions; (2) ensuring that only federal employees perform inherently governmental functions or work that "otherwise needs to be reserved to the public sector;" and (3) managing functions that are closely associated with inherently governmental functions and critical functions. The policy letter was issued, in part, under the authority of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for FY2009 (NDAA'09) and President Obama's memorandum of March 4, 2009, on government contracting. Section 321 of NDAA'09 tasked OMB with (1) reviewing existing definitions of "inherently governmental function" to determine whether such definitions are "sufficiently focused" to ensure that only government personnel perform inherently governmental functions or "other critical functions necessary for the mission of a Federal department or agency;" (2) developing a "single consistent definition" of "inherently governmental function" that would address any deficiencies in the existing definitions, reasonably apply to all agencies, and ensure that agency personnel can identify positions that perform inherently governmental functions; (3) developing criteria for identifying "critical functions" that should be performed by government personnel; and (4) developing criteria for identifying positions that government personnel should perform in order to ensure that agencies develop and maintain "sufficient organic expertise and technical capacity" to perform their missions and oversee contractors' work. President Obama's March 4, 2009, memorandum similarly charged OMB with clarifying when outsourcing is "appropriate."
OFPP issued a proposed policy letter in response to these requirements on March 31, 2010. However, the proposed policy letter differed from the final one in focusing on "work reserved for performance by federal government employees" and in other ways discussed below. This report supersedes an earlier report analyzing the proposed policy letter, CRS Report R41209, Inherently Governmental Functions and Other Work Reserved for Performance by Federal Government Employees: The Obama Administration's Proposed Policy Letter , by [author name scrubbed] et al.
Congressional interest in inherently governmental functions may persist notwithstanding the issuance of the final policy letter. The Commission on Wartime Contracting included recommendations based on perceived deficiencies in existing guidance on inherently governmental functions in its final report to Congress, and several Members of the 112 th Congress have introduced legislation regarding inherently governmental functions (e.g., H.R. 1474 ; H.R. 1540 ; H.R. 1949 ; H.R. 2017 ; S. 709 ; S. 785 ; S. 991 ; S. 1253 ; S. 1254 ; S. 1546 ; S. 1573 ).

	Final Policy Letter

The final policy letter articulates that it is the "policy of the Executive Branch to ensure that government action is taken as a result of informed, independent judgments made by government officials." In support of this policy, the letter directs agencies to do three things. First, they must ensure that work that should be performed by federal employees is properly reserved for government performance. As discussed below, agency responsibilities under this requirement depend on whether the work involves an inherently governmental function, a function closely associated with an inherently governmental function, or a critical function. Second, agencies are directed to take steps to employ and train an adequate number of government personnel to administer contracts when work is contracted out, particularly when contractors engage in functions that are critical or closely associated with an inherently governmental function. Third, agencies are required, as part of strategic human capital planning, to dedicate a sufficient amount of work to performance by federal employees in order to build competencies, provide for continuity of operations, and retain institutional knowledge of operations.
The policy letter also directs agencies, when reviewing outsourced work for potential insourcing, to place a lower priority on reviewing work performed by small businesses that is not inherently governmental, particularly if the agency has not met its small business goals. Agencies are also directed to give small businesses preference when determining who performs the private-sector work that remains after related activities are insourced. Specifically, the letter tells agencies to use the "rule of two"—which generally requires that a contract be "set aside" for small businesses if at least two small businesses are capable of performing it at a fair market price —when deciding whether small or "large" businesses should perform the remaining private-sector work.
The policy letter also imposes other requirements on federal agencies, including (1) implementing procedures to comply with the letter's requirements and reviewing those procedures at least once every two years; (2) ensuring employees have regular training to understand their responsibilities; (3) conducting periodic reviews of internal management controls; and (4) designating at least one senior official as accountable for agency compliance with the letter.

		Inherently Governmental Functions

As part of the requirement that certain work be reserved for federal employees, the policy letter directs agencies to ensure that contractors do not perform inherently governmental functions. The letter defines an "inherently governmental function," in accordance with the Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act ( P.L. 105-270 ), as "one that is so intimately related to the public interest as to require performance by Federal Government employees." It goes on to explain that the term includes those functions requiring "the exercise of discretion in applying Federal Government authority or the making of value judgments in making decisions for the Federal Government, including judgments relating to monetary transactions and entitlements." 
The policy letter establishes two tests for identifying inherently governmental functions. Under the "nature of the function" test, functions involving the exercise of U.S. sovereign power are inherently governmental due to their "uniquely governmental nature" and regardless of any "type or level of discretion associated with them." Under the "exercise of discretion" test, agencies may not contract out functions involving an exercise of discretion that would
commit[] the government to a course of action where two or more alternative courses of action exist and decision making is not already limited or guided by existing policies, procedures, directions, orders, and other guidance that: (I) identify specified ranges of acceptable decisions or conduct concerning the overall policy or direction of the action; and (II) subject the discretionary authority to final approval or regular oversight by agency officials.
The policy letter also provides broad examples of the types of functions included in the definition of inherently governmental function, such as the interpretation and execution of federal law so as to bind the government to take or not take action; advancing U.S. interests through various means; and controlling federal employees or the acquisition and use of U.S. property. Additionally, the letter's Appendix A lists specific examples of inherently governmental functions (see Table A-1 ). The letter also explains that the definition would not typically include gathering information for or providing advice to government officials, or "ministerial functions" (e.g., building security, operation of cafeterias, housekeeping).
The policy letter requires that agencies take certain steps to ensure they do not contract out inherently governmental functions. Before issuing a solicitation, agencies are required to determine that none of the requirements are (1) designated as inherently governmental in statute, (2) listed among the functions included in Appendix A, or (3) qualify as such under either of the two tests described above. Agencies also must establish that the contractor's role would not unduly limit the agency's ability to consider options or alternative courses of action. 
Ongoing agency responsibilities include reviewing contractor performance and agency contract management. If agencies find that contractors are performing inherently governmental functions, they are instructed to reestablish control over these responsibilities by strengthening oversight, insourcing the work through the timely development and execution of hiring plans, refraining from exercising options under the contract, or terminating all or part of the contract.

		Functions Closely Associated with the Performance of Inherently Governmental Functions

As part of the directive that certain work be reserved for federal employees, the policy letter reiterates existing statutory requirements that agencies give "special consideration" to using government personnel to perform functions closely associated with the performance of inherently governmental functions. The letter also directs agencies to take care that contractors engaging in such functions do not cross the line into performing inherently governmental functions. The policy letter does not define functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions, but lists examples in its Appendix B (see Table A-2 ). 
Under the policy letter, any agency contracting out a function closely associated with the performance of an inherently governmental function must determine in writing before issuing a solicitation that it (1) has given special consideration to having federal employees perform the work; (2) has the resources to give "special management attention" to the contractor's performance and related issues; and (3) will comply with the agency responsibilities laid out in the policy letter's Appendix C. Appendix C requires agencies do such things as (1) take steps to "limit or guide" contractors' exercise of discretion; (2) assign a sufficient number of qualified government personnel to monitor contractors' activities; (3) ensure contractors and their work product are reasonably identified when there is a risk that their personnel or work might be confused with those of the government; and (4) take steps to avoid or mitigate contractor conflicts of interest.

		Critical Functions

The policy letter requires that agencies ensure "federal employees perform and/or mange critical functions to the extent necessary for the agency to operate effectively and maintain control of its mission and operations." The policy letter defines a critical function as one "necessary to the agency being able to effectively perform and maintain control of its mission and operations." As noted in the letter, the functions deemed to be critical will differ among agencies, as well as within each agency over time.
Critical functions that are not inherently governmental may be performed by contractors provided the agency determines in writing, prior to issuing a solicitation, that it has "sufficient internal capability" (e.g., adequate number of trained employees) so that federal employees maintain control of missions and operations. The agency must also ensure it is cost effective to use private-sector contractors. Additionally, the letter requires that agencies monitor post-award performance of contracts involving critical functions and take steps to insource these functions (e.g., developing hiring plans, securing funding for in-house capacity) when internal control of mission and operations is at risk due to overreliance on contractors.

	Notable Differences Between the Proposed and Final Policy Letters

The final policy letter differs from the proposed one in several notable ways. Key among these is its title. While the proposed policy letter was titled "Work Reserved for Performance by Federal Government Employees," the title of the final letter has been changed to "Performance of Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions" in order to "more accurately capture its scope and purpose." OMB made this change, in part, because some commentators asserted that the proposed policy letter could be construed as concerned "only about ensuring that work is properly reserved for Federal employees," as opposed to striking "the right balance between work that may be contracted out and work that must be reserved." As amended, the title of the policy letter would appear to signal more clearly that its guidance is intended to assist agencies in better managing their workforce mix in all phases of the contracting process, from requirements definition through contract administration, not just in determining whether particular functions must or should be performed in-house. In fact, the policy letter arguably can be seen as supplementing earlier guidance from the Administration about "Managing the Multi-Sector Workforce," which is cited in both the preface to and the text of the policy letter. Like the policy letter, this earlier guidance recognized the "vital expertise" that contractors can provide to the government, while also noting that "overreliance on contractors can lead to erosion of the in-house capacity that is essential to effective government performance." The earlier guidance also directed agencies to consider whether particular functions are inherently governmental, critical, or "essential" in determining whether contractors may or should perform them. While this guidance is arguably broadly consistent with that of the proposed and final policy letters, OMB did not include the category of "essential" functions in either the proposed or final policy letters.
The final policy letter also includes in its illustrative list of inherently governmental functions (1) all combat; (2) security operations in certain situations connected with combat or potential combat; (3) determinations of the reasonableness of an offeror's price; (4) final determinations about a contractor's performance (including approving award fee determinations and past performance evaluations); and (5) selection of grant and cooperative agreement recipients. The proposed policy letter did not list these specific functions, although it did list functions that could have been construed as encompassing the additional functions listed in the final policy letter. (See Table A-1 .) The inclusion of certain security functions, in particular, is arguably significant because it could limit agencies' existing discretion to contract out these functions, which has been of significant concern to some Members of Congress and commentators. The final policy letter similarly includes in its illustrative list of functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions certain acquisition-related functions that were not explicitly addressed in the proposed policy letter (e.g., conducting market research, developing inputs for independent government cost estimates), although such functions were arguably encompassed within other functions listed by the proposed policy letter (e.g., services in support of acquisition planning, assistance in contract management). (See Table A-2 .) Relatedly, the final policy letter would establish a comprehensive checklist of activities that agencies should undertake whenever they determine that contractor performance of a function closely associated with an inherently governmental function is appropriate. The proposed policy letter did not include such a checklist, although actions included in the final policy letter's checklist generally were also included in the proposed policy letter's discussion of contracting out functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions.
In addition, the final policy letter differs from the proposed policy letter in that it distinguishes between "functions" and "activities" and cautions that, "in many cases, functions include multiple activities that may be of a different nature." Some commentators had criticized the proposed policy letter on the grounds that it used the terms "function," "position," and "activity" inconsistently and without defining them. In responding to this concern, when drafting the final policy letter, OFPP arguably made clear that agencies' primary focus in determining whether particular work must or should be performed by government personnel is at the activity level. Such a focus could result in agencies' disaggregating current functions and/or positions to ensure that the specific activities comprising them are performed by the appropriate persons. Similarly, the final policy letter also departs from the proposed policy letter by explicitly noting that agencies' focus in determining whether particular functions are "critical" is upon their mission and operations, which means that the functions identified as critical could differ between agencies and over time. Some commentators had previously noted that this could be the result of agency determinations as to critical or "mission essential functions," but the proposed policy letter did not directly address the issue. In addition, the final policy letter reorganizes and consolidates certain guidance as to the management of inherently governmental and other functions that was included in the proposed policy letter, but presented more diffusely. OMB's reported goal here is to "more clearly recognize that oversight of these functions [is] interrelated and should not be stovepiped." 
Finally, Policy Letter 11-01 directs agencies to give certain preferences to small businesses when insourcing particular functions. Small businesses were reportedly significantly affected by the Department of Defense's insourcing initiatives in 2009-2010, and the Obama Administration's Interagency Taskforce on Federal Contracting Opportunities for Small Business recommended that the "relationship between policies that address the rebalancing of agencies' relationship with contractors and small business contracting policies" be clarified. The final policy letter responds to this concern, which was not addressed in the proposed policy letter, by directing agencies, when prioritizing what outsourced work should be reviewed for potential insourcing, to 
place a lower priority on reviewing work performed by small businesses when the work is not inherently governmental and where continued contractor performance does not put the agency at risk of losing control of its mission or operations, especially if the agency has not recently met, or currently is having difficulty meeting, its small business goals, including any of its socioeconomic goals.
In addition, the final policy letter directs agencies that are insourcing part of a contracted function that is currently being performed by small and "large" businesses to apply the "rule of two" in determining whether small or other businesses perform the contracted work that remains in the private sector. The "rule of two" generally requires that acquisitions be set aside for competitions in which only small businesses may compete when two or more responsible small businesses are capable of performing the work at fair market price. The letter also instructs agencies to consider whether work that is currently not being performed by small businesses and is reduced as part of insourcing should be totally or partially set aside for small businesses. Use of the rule of two in the latter context (i.e., in determining who should perform particular work) is standard practice for executive branch agencies. However, it is less clear whether and how agencies might apply the rule of two in determining whether to terminate existing contracts or deciding which of several incumbent contractors should continue performing any work that continues to be outsourced when certain functions are insourced.

	Proposed Changes to Existing Law and Policy on Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions

The preface to Policy Letter 11-01 proposes—but does not itself make—certain changes to regulations and other policy documents that could bring greater uniformity to existing guidance on inherently governmental and related functions. In the preface, OMB indicates that it is adopting the definition of "inherently governmental function" given in the Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act for purposes of the policy letter, and that the "definition provided by th[e] policy letter will replace existing definitions in regulation and policy, including the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)." The reference to "existing definitions in … policy" would appear to be a reference to OMB Circular A-76, which articulates the "longstanding policy of the federal government ... to rely on the private sector for needed commercial services" and establishes procedures for agencies to use in determining whether their commercial activities should be performed under contracts with the private sector or in-house by agency personnel. 
By adopting the FAIR Act's definition of "inherently governmental functions" and then modifying the FAR and/or OMB Circular A-76 to incorporate this definition, Policy Letter 11-01 arguably would help standardize the various definitions and descriptions of inherently governmental functions currently given in federal law and policy. While the differences between the FAIR Act, the FAR, and OMB Circular A-76 at present are arguably slight, as Table 1 illustrates, some have suggested that these differences nonetheless make it more difficult for agencies to make appropriate decisions about whether federal employees or contractors may or should perform particular functions. However, the final policy letter does not directly address other provisions of law giving alternate definitions of "inherently governmental function" or designating particular functions as inherently governmental or commercial. There are several such provisions, including two statutory definitions of "inherently governmental function" outside the FAIR Act and numerous statutory declarations that specific functions are inherently governmental or commercial. Some commentators, including the Commission on Wartime Contracting in its final report, have identified the existence of the latter type of provisions as an impediment to "produc[ing] predictable and consistent results on the legal baseline of permissibility" of contracting out particular functions, but because these designations are based in statute, the executive branch cannot remove or modify them in the same way that it can amend the FAR and/or OMB Circular A-76. 
The final policy letter would also establish a definition of "critical function," which is currently lacking in federal law, although it is unclear whether this definition would be given solely in the policy letter, or whether the FAR and/or OMB Circular A-76 would also be amended to incorporate it. Legislation has been introduced in the 112 th Congress that would create and define a category of "mission essential functions" that must be performed by government employees, and some commentators consider mission-essential functions to be critical ones. 
The policy letter does not define functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions, which are elsewhere defined as "services and actions" that, while not themselves inherently governmental, "approach being in that category because of the nature of the function, the manner in which the contractor performs the contract, or the manner in which the Government administers contract performance." Currently, agencies are required by statute to give "special consideration" to using federal employees to perform functions closely associated with the performance of inherently governmental functions, and the final policy letter explicitly notes this requirement. The final policy letter also lists nine examples of functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions. While this listing is not identical to the listing of 19 examples of functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions currently given in the FAR, it is substantially similar to it, as Table A-2 illustrates, and OMB's proposed amendments to the FAR could replace the FAR's current listing with the final policy letter. However, like existing law, the final policy letter would not prohibit agencies from contracting out such functions, as certain legislation introduced in the 112 th Congress would do. 

	Issues for Congress

Implementation of Policy Letter 11-01 could raise a number of issues of interest to Congress, including whether the policy letter's guidance results in different determinations by agencies about whether to perform in-house particular functions whose performance by contractors has been of concern to some Members of recent Congresses. Certain security functions performed by contractors are likely to be of particular interest here because the final policy letter arguably limits agencies' discretion to contract out some security functions by designating them as inherently governmental. However, it remains to be seen whether listing these functions as inherently governmental precludes certain uses of private security contractors, or whether the debate merely shifts from one over whether security functions are inherently governmental to one over whether particular activities constitute "combat," which is a term that factors heavily in the descriptions of all the security functions designated as inherently governmental. Moreover, some Members of the 112 th Congress have introduced legislation that is arguably inconsistent with the final policy letter. The enactment of any such legislation would obviously affect agency implementation of the final policy letter. However, even if not enacted, proposed legislation may signal potential differences of opinion between some Members of Congress and the Administration regarding sourcing policy that could prompt additional congressional oversight of agency actions. 

		Implementation of the Policy Letter

With the publication of Policy Letter 11-01, agencies have much-needed, final guidance regarding how to differentiate among inherently governmental functions, functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions, and critical functions, and how to address possible contractor performance of the latter two types of functions. Yet, compliance with the policy letter could be challenging. Agency personnel are expected to understand and apply an expanded typology of functions, and additional resources may be required to carry out successfully management responsibilities outlined in the letter. Finally, while some observers are concerned that the policy letter might lead to widespread insourcing, it is unclear whether any data will be collected regarding agencies' activities, including the outcomes of their efforts.

			Identifying Inherently Governmental and Other Functions

Until the publication of OFPP's policy letter, written sourcing policy had divided agency functions into two categories: commercial and inherently governmental. This dichotomy has its origins in three Bureau of the Budget bulletins that were issued in the 1950s. With the publication of Policy Letter 11-01, two new categories have been added: critical functions, and functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions ("closely associated"). Inherently governmental is the only category where federal employee performance is mandated. Contractor employees, federal employees, or a combination of the two may perform commercial, critical, or "closely associated" functions, though the policy letter provides guidance for each of the latter two categories that addresses the circumstances under which contractor performance may be appropriate. 
Proper identification of agency functions may depend, at least in part, on whether agencies have sufficient personnel with the requisite knowledge and expertise to review agency functions, contracts, and work performed by contractors. Agency personnel's determinations might have significant implications for their agency, the federal government generally, and the private sector. 

				Inherently Governmental and "Closely Associated" Functions

The policy letter's instructions regarding the identification of inherently governmental functions are, in some respects, explicit. The letter directs agency personnel to review the illustrative list of inherently governmental functions found in Appendix A of the policy letter and statutory provisions that designate certain functions as inherently governmental. Accomplishing these steps may reinforce agency personnel's understanding of the term inherently governmental , clarify how to use the list in Appendix A, and remind personnel to determine which agency functions, if any, have been designated as inherently governmental by statute. By comparison, Subpart 7.5 of the FAR states that contractors may not perform inherently governmental functions and contains a list of functions to be considered inherently governmental, but does not explicitly instruct agency personnel on how to apply the list.
Pursuant to Policy Letter 11-01, if a function neither appears in the list found at Appendix A nor is designated as inherently governmental in a statute, then agency personnel are to turn to the definition itself, and, in particular, apply the "nature of the function" test and the "level of discretion" test (unless the nature of the function test is sufficient, as noted in the policy letter). Generally, agency personnel may have some experience determining whether a function is inherently governmental. First, Subpart 7.5 of the FAR indicates that agency personnel are to determine whether functions are inherently governmental. Second, under President George W. Bush, OMB required agencies to submit lists of their inherently governmental functions when they submitted their annual inventories of commercial activities to OMB pursuant to the Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act. Yet, there are some differences between the relevant Bush Administration initiative and the Obama Administration's initiative. During the former administration, the unit of analysis was agency functions; agencies may have used the definition of inherently governmental found in OMB Circular A-76 (which differs somewhat from the definition in the FAIR Act); and the inherently governmental inventory was a component of the administration's competitive sourcing initiative. Under the Obama Administration, the units of analysis are agency functions and contractor performance (and possibly contracts); agencies are to use the FAIR Act definition of inherently governmental ; and identifying inherently governmental functions implements, in part, the policy of "ensur[ing] that government action is taken as a result of informed, independent judgments made by government officials." These differences between the competitive sourcing initiative and the policy letter might necessitate a revised approach, or perspective, on the part of agency personnel, and perhaps some training.
Policy Letter 11-01 also addresses, but does not define, functions "closely associated" with inherently governmental functions, though it does include a list of examples in Appendix B. These are functions that "may approach being [in the category of inherently governmental] because of the nature of the function and the risk that performance may impinge on Federal officials' performance of an inherently governmental function." Although the policy letter does not reserve this category for performance by federal employees, civilian agencies subject to the FAIR Act are required to give special consideration to using agency employees to perform "closely associated" functions. Since this is a new category, agency personnel may need training to aid them in identifying these functions and determining the appropriate workforce (federal employees, contractor employees, or both) for each function. OFPP provides, at Appendix C of the policy letter, a checklist that describes agencies' responsibilities when contractors perform "closely associated" functions.

				Critical Functions

Completing the expansion of the typology of agency functions is the addition of critical functions. Agency personnel may have some familiarity with this category (and the category of "closely associated" functions) given that both were included in the proposed OFPP policy letter that was published in March 2010. On the other hand, agency staff might not be able to rely on competitive sourcing experience in classifying what are, in effect, commercial functions. The focus of competitive sourcing is to identify commercial functions eligible for public-private competition. An agency assigns a reason code to each commercial function appearing on the inventory it submits to OMB, and the purpose of the codes is to indicate whether a function is eligible for competition, and, if not, why. Not only does implementation of the policy letter present agency personnel with a different perspective—some commercial functions might be critical, and federal employee performance of some portion of critical functions might be necessary—but it also asks agency personnel to determine the level of criticality. Determining whether a function is critical, and, if so, whether the agency has sufficient internal capability, "requires the exercise of informed judgment by agency officials."
As suggested by the preface to the policy letter, identifying critical functions probably will be done on a case-by-case basis: 
A function's criticality is dependent on an agency's mission and operations … which will differ between agencies and potentially within agencies over time. Whether an agency is over reliant on a contractor to perform a critical function also will vary from agency to agency depending on its current internal capabilities compared to those needed to maintain control of its mission and operations.
Although each agency will need to determine how to apply the guidance provided in the policy letter when examining each potentially critical function, interagency discussions and sharing of information might facilitate each agency's efforts to identify critical functions. The Chief Acquisition Officers Council (CAOC) has established a working group on Multi-Sector Workforce Management, which might be an appropriate venue for discussions.

			Resources

Considering the responsibilities and tasks described in the policy letter, some agencies might discover that they need additional personnel to implement fully the letter's provisions. At a minimum, agency personnel will be needed to perform pre-award and post-award tasks; address small business contracting under certain circumstances as specified in the policy letter; develop agency procedures and training and accomplish other management responsibilities; and, if the agency has contractors performing "closely associated" functions, also perform the tasks found in Appendix C. Furthermore, additional federal employees may be needed to perform an inherently governmental function that is currently performed by a contractor's employees; perform all, or a portion, of a critical function; administer contracts; or oversee and manage contractors and their performance. Options for ensuring sufficient personnel are available to accomplish these tasks and responsibilities include recruiting, hiring, and training new employees, or re-allocating incumbent employees (which also may necessitate implementing training), either temporarily or permanently depending upon the circumstances.
The policy letter addresses personnel issues with its discussion of strategic human capital planning. In brief, this provision directs agencies to ensure they are able to build competencies, retain institutional knowledge, and maintain continuity of operations using federal employees; maintain sufficient personnel to manage every contractor's performance and evaluate every contractor's work products and services; and address the size and quality of their acquisition workforces. Agencies are also to consider how available funding, or decisions involving "a specified level of government employee authorizations (or military end strength)," might affect their ability to use federal employees "to perform work that should be reserved for performance by such employees and take appropriate action if there is a shortfall."
Some of the crucial responsibilities and tasks described in the policy letter, such as managing contractors and paying special attention to contractors who are performing "closely associated" functions, will need to be performed by agencies' acquisition workforces. Although acquisition staff already perform some of these tasks, the expansion of the typology of agency functions and the accompanying guidance and responsibilities might tax a workforce that has been understaffed and undertrained since the 1990s. In 2007, the Acquisition Advisory Panel reported that "a significant mismatch [existed] between the demands placed on the acquisition workforce and the personnel and skills available within that workforce to meet those demands." Testifying in fall 2010, the head of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy summarized the problem as follows:
As this Commission [Commission on Wartime Contracting] and the Gansler Commission have reported, the federal government has not invested in the acquisition workforce enough to allow it to adequately cope with the growth in contract spending or the increased complexity of agencies' missions. From 2001 to 2008, contract spending more than doubled to over 500 billion dollars, while the size of the acquisition workforce – both civilian and defense – remained relatively flat.
If an agency's acquisition workforce is not at full strength in terms of both size and capability, and it is not able to augment this segment of its workforce, then its ability to comply fully with the policy letter might be compromised.

			Outcomes and Data

What are the possible outcomes of implementing Policy Letter 11-01 and related documents? The list might include the strengthening of an agency's internal capacity, allocating additional agency personnel to contract management and oversight functions, and insourcing. 
Insourcing warrants special mention. Some commentators might focus on this possible outcome while failing to acknowledge the other possibilities, thus conflating the policy letter with insourcing. Similarly, some observers might conflate competitive sourcing with one particular possible outcome of public-private competition—outsourcing. OFPP notes in its policy letter, though, that "insourcing is intended to be a management tool—not an end in itself—to address certain types of overreliance on contractors." Moreover, determining that a contractor's employees are performing inherently governmental functions might not necessarily lead to insourcing. Addressing this possibility, the policy letter states: "In some cases, government control over, and performance of, inherently governmental responsibilities can be reestablished by strengthening contract oversight using government employees with appropriate subject matter expertise and following the protocols identified in FAR 37.114." Testifying in September 2011, the head of OFPP stated that "the policy letter should not lead to a widespread shift away from contractors." His reasoning is as follows:
Most agencies have been informally following many of the overarching principles of the policy letter for more than a year and there has not been a significant shift to date. In addition, … agencies may, with proper management and oversight tools, rely on contractors to perform functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions. They may also permit contractors to perform critical functions that are core to the agency as long as the agency has the in-house capability to maintain control of its mission and operations. Moreover, in many cases, overreliance on contractors may be corrected by allocating additional resources to contract management. In other words, rebalancing does not require an agency to insource.
Additionally, in cases where insourcing might be the appropriate response, practical, or other considerations, might mitigate against some possibilities. For example, when considering insourcing a function, agencies are advised to place a lower priority on reviewing certain work performed by small businesses. Additionally, agencies are to apply the "rule of two" for work that remains in the private sector when "part of [the] contracted function to be insourced is currently being performed by small and the large businesses." Small business goals might reinforce these considerations if agencies are reluctant to take steps that could compromise their ability to achieve those goals. OFPP also advises agencies on how to respond when they are unable to reestablish control of inherently governmental functions through other means and thus "need to insource work on an accelerated basis." While termination of the contract is a possibility, OFPP also indicates it is possible to synchronize the insourcing with the non-exercise of an option period in the contract. 
Regarding contractor performance of critical functions that, the agency has determined, puts its internal control of mission and operations at risk, the policy letter does not mention accelerated insourcing as an option. Moreover, the possibility that insourcing could momentarily disrupt agency operations might, depending upon the nature of the (critical) function or the particular circumstances, mitigate against any effort to insource the function, or a portion of it. Additionally, an agency might need time to "secure the necessary funding" to establish or supplement "the needed in-house capacity" and to recruit, hire, and train new personnel, or retrain incumbent personnel. 
This discussion raises the question of whether OFPP might consider having agencies compile data about their outcomes, and submit the information to a centralized database. Possible options include having agencies expand their multi-sector workforce inventories, or add data about outcomes to their service contracts inventories; modifying the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS) through the addition of appropriate data elements; or creating a new, stand-alone system. Regarding the three existing data collection systems or initiatives, functionality and accessibility vary.
In its memorandum on managing the multi-sector workforce, OMB required each federal agency subject to the Chief Financial Officers Act ( P.L. 101-576 ) to develop a multi-sector workforce planning pilot. In conducting the pilot, each agency was to "[d]evelop a multi-sector workforce inventory that [would map] out the current workload and how in-house and contracted labor [were] … used by the organization to meet [the] … workload." The inventory was to include
[T]he number and location of full-time federal employee equivalents (FTEs) and contractor employees (for the latter, counting either full-time employees or hours worked) for each function performed by the organization. [H]ow work is classified: (i) inherently governmental, (ii) critical and requiring performance by federal employees, (iii) critical and requiring performance by either federal employees or contractors with appropriate management, or (iv) essential but non-critical; and [T]he associated funding source.
While OMB stated in its memorandum that agencies "should … prepare an appropriate summary" of their pilots "to share with the public," whether some or all agencies included their inventories is unknown.
Agencies that complied with this requirement have some experience, then, in assessing a selected portion of their multi-sector workforce. As agency staff gain additional experience in reviewing their agencies' total (or multi-sector) workforces, categorizing functions, and carrying out the other tasks outlined in OFPP's policy letter, they might identify information that could be useful to agencies and considered for inclusion in an expanded multi-sector workforce inventory. 
With the exception of DOD, all agencies subject to the FAIR Act are required to compile inventories of their service contracts annually and submit the information to OMB. As summarized by OFPP in November 2010, this inventory must include the following elements:
a description of the services purchased by the executive agency; a description of the role the services played in achieving agency objectives; the organizational component of the executive agency administering the contract, and the organizational component of the agency whose requirements are being met through contractor performance of the service; the total dollar amount obligated for services under the contract and the funding source for the contract; the total dollar amount invoiced for services under the contract; the contract type and date of award; the name of the contractor and place of performance; the number and work location of contractor employees, expressed as full-time equivalent for direct labor, compensated under the contract; whether the contract is a personal services contract; and whether the contract was awarded on a noncompetitive basis, regardless of date of award.
Agencies' service contracts inventories are available on their websites. Some, if not all, of the data included in the service contract inventory might be useful in gaining a better understanding of an agency's multi-sector workforce, particularly if these data were combined with information about the type(s) of function(s) (i.e., critical, "closely associated," or commercial) a contractor is performing.
The Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS) is the federal government's system for agencies to report information about their contract actions. FPDS is available to the public, and users may retrieve data by conducting searches of the database. FPDS includes some of the same information as the service contract inventory, and also contains a relatively large amount of additional procurement information, such as the solicitation number, effective date of the contract action, and contracting officer's determination of business size.
Developing a data collection system (whether based on an existing system or data collection effort, or a newly established system) that includes information about agencies' efforts to classify properly their functions might yield benefits. Perhaps a system could be developed that would aid an agency's acquisition, human resources, and financial management personnel plan, manage, and evaluate their efforts to comply with the policy letter. Making the system available to the public might facilitate transparency, particularly if it were to include information, or training, that would aid in understanding the information. Finally, collecting data, and making it publicly available, possibly could alleviate some concerns regarding the outcomes of agencies' determinations and decisions. Data might aid in dispelling misperceptions and supporting, or disproving, anecdotal evidence. 

		Relationship Between the Policy Letter and Proposed Legislation

Members of the 112 th Congress have introduced several bills that would address inherently governmental and related functions in ways which are arguably inconsistent with the final policy letter. For example, the Correction of Long-Standing Errors in Agencies' Unsustainable Procurements (CLEAN-UP) Act, which has been introduced in identical versions in the House and Senate, would require that federal employees perform functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions and critical functions, as well as inherently governmental ones ( H.R. 1949 , S. 991 ). It would also require agencies to implement certain procedures that would give preference to federal employees' performance of particular functions. In contrast, the Freedom from Government Competition Act, which has also been introduced in identical versions in the House and Senate, would establish a statutory basis for the government's policy of "not compet[ing] with its citizens" and "rely[ing] on commercial sources to supply the products or services that the government needs" ( H.R. 1474 , S. 785 ). It would also require federal agencies to take one or more of the following four steps with respect to goods and services that can be provided by private sources and that are not inherently governmental or necessary for national defense or homeland security: (1) divesting federal involvement in providing the good or service; (2) awarding a contract to a private sector entity using "competitive procedures," as defined by the Competition in Contracting Act (CICA) of 1984; (3) converting the activity to performance by a qualified Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian Organization; and/or (4) conducting a public-private competition pursuant to OMB Circular A-76.
Other legislation introduced in the 112 th Congress would also address inherently governmental functions, including by designating particular functions as inherently governmental; mandating specific reductions in the number of contractors performing inherently governmental or closely associated functions for certain agencies; limiting agencies' ability to conduct public-private competitions; and expressing the sense of Congress that DOD should not convert a function from performance by a contractor to performance by DOD civilian employees unless the function is inherently governmental or the conversion is necessary to comply with DOD's general personnel policy ( H.R. 1540 , §965). 

			Appendix. Inherently Governmental Functions and Functions Closely Associated with Inherently Governmental Functions

Summary:
On September 12, 2011, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued its final policy letter on Performance of Inherently Governmental and Critical Functions. The policy letter is to guide executive branch agencies in (1) identifying inherently governmental and critical functions; (2) ensuring that only federal employees perform inherently governmental functions or work that "otherwise needs to be reserved to the public sector;" and (3) managing functions that are closely associated with inherently governmental functions and critical functions. The policy letter defines an "inherently governmental function," in accordance with the Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act (P.L. 105-270), as "one that is so intimately related to the public interest as to require performance by Federal Government employees." It also defines a critical function as one "that is necessary to the agency being able to effectively perform and maintain control of its mission and operations." The policy letter does not define functions closely associated with inherently governmental functions, but lists examples of such functions in an Appendix.
The policy letter was issued, in part, in response to Section 321 of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for FY2009 (P.L. 110-417), which tasked OMB with reviewing existing definitions of "inherently governmental function" and developing a "single consistent definition" of this term which would address any deficiencies in existing definitions. President Obama's memorandum of March 4, 2009, on government contracting similarly charged OMB with clarifying when it is "appropriate" to contract out work. OFPP issued a proposed policy letter in response to these requirements on March 31, 2010. However, the proposed policy letter differed from the final one in focusing on "work reserved for performance by federal government employees" and in other ways.
Beyond defining "inherently governmental function" and "critical function," the final policy letter articulates that it is the "policy of the Executive Branch to ensure that government action is taken as a result of informed, independent judgments made by government officials." In support of this policy, the letter directs agencies to (1) ensure that work which should be performed by federal employees is properly reserved for government performance; (2) take steps to employ and train an adequate number of government personnel to administer contracts when work is contracted out; and (3) as part of strategic human capital planning, dedicate a sufficient amount of work to performance by federal employees in order to build competencies, provide for continuity of operations, and retain institutional knowledge of operations. The policy letter establishes two tests for identifying inherently governmental functions, the "nature of the function" test and the "exercise of discretion" test, as well as lists examples of inherently governmental functions. These include certain security functions, but not routine building security. The policy letter also directs that, when agencies review outsourced work for potential insourcing, they should place a lower priority on reviewing certain work performed by small businesses, as well as give small businesses preference when determining who performs work that will remain in the private sector after related functions are insourced.
Congressional interest in inherently governmental functions may persist notwithstanding the issuance of the final policy letter. The Commission on Wartime Contracting included recommendations based on perceived deficiencies in existing guidance on inherently governmental functions in its final report to Congress, and several Members of the 112th Congress have introduced legislation regarding inherently governmental functions (e.g., H.R. 1474; H.R. 1540; H.R. 1949; H.R. 2017; S. 709; S. 785; S. 991; S. 1253; S. 1254; S. 1546; S. 1573).