Background

Before discussing our preliminary findings in detail, it will be helpful to review the key features of Executive Order 12612 and some recent initiatives related to federalism.  The executive order establishes a set of fundamental principles and criteria that executive departments and agencies should use when formulating and implementing policies that have federalism implications.  For example, the executive order says that federal agencies should refrain to the maximum extent possible from establishing uniform, national standards for programs with federalism implications and that, when national standards are required, they should consult with appropriate officials and organizations representing the states in developing those standards.  The order says that regulations and other policies have federalism implications if they “have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.”
Executive Order 12612 also contains specific requirements for agency implementation and governmentwide coordination and review.  For example, the head of each executive department and agency is required to designate an official to be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the order, and for determining which proposed policies have sufficient federalism implications to warrant preparation of a federalism assessment. If an assessment is prepared, it must accompany any proposed or final rule submitted to OMB for review under Executive Order 12866.  OMB, in turn, is required to ensure that agencies’ rulemaking actions are consistent with the policies, criteria, and requirements in the federalism executive order. and procedural steps during the rulemaking process for certain rules that involve a mandate.
On May 14, 1998, President Clinton issued Executive Order 13083 on “Federalism,” which was intended to replace both Executive Order 12612 and Executive Order 12875.  The new executive order was to take effect in mid-August 1998, and would have made a number of changes to the specific requirements in Executive Order 12612.  For example, agencies would no longer have been required to designate an official to ensure implementation of federalism requirements, and would not have been required to prepare federalism assessments for regulations and other policies with federalism implications.  However, the President suspended Executive Order 13083 before it became effective in response to concerns raised by the National Governors’ Association and other interested parties.  Many of the commentators objected to the new order because they believed it expanded the federal government’s authority to make national policies and standards.  There was also criticism that the new order was issued without consulting affected state and local government representatives. With the suspension of Executive Order 13083, Executive Order 12612 remains the primary presidential directive to federal agencies on how they are to develop and implement regulations that have federalism implications.

	Few Rules Address Executive Order 12612 Requirements

Executive Order 12612 does not require agencies to mention the order in the preamble to their final rules or to note in those preambles whether a federalism assessment was prepared.  Therefore, our review of the rule preambles does not show whether agencies considered the executive order or whether the agencies prepared federalism assessments.  However, mentioning the executive order in the preamble to a final rule is a clear indication that the agency was aware of and considered its requirements in some way.  Also, if an agency prepared a federalism assessment for a final rule, the agency is likely to describe the assessment in the preamble to the rule. database of major rules issued since the passage of the SBREFA.  SBREFA defines a rule as “major” if the Administrator of OMB’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs concludes that the rule is likely to result in (1) an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; (2) an increase in costs or prices; or (3) significant adverse effects on (among other things) competition, employment, investment, or productivity.

		Rule Preambles Frequently Did Not Mention the Order, and Reported Few Federalism Assessments

To summarize the 3 years of data depicted in figure 1, nonindependent regulatory agencies published 11,414 final rules in the Federal Register between April 1996 and December 1998.  The agencies indicated in the preambles that they had conducted federalism assessments for 5 of these 11,414 rules—2 in 1996 and 3 in 1997. In 3,016 rules (26 percent of the total), the agencies stated that no federalism assessment was conducted because the rules did not have federalism implications.  Nearly all of these statements were standard, “boilerplate” certifications with little or no discussion of why the rule did not trigger the executive order’s requirements.  In the remaining 8,393 rules (74 percent), the agencies did not mention Executive Order 12612. requirements.  As table 1 shows, the five rules for which federalism assessments were prepared were issued by four agencies (DOC, DOT, HHS, and the Department of Labor) in either 1996 or 1997.

		Only One Federalism Assessment Reported for Major Rules

Many of the final rules that federal agencies issue are administrative or routine in nature, and are therefore unlikely to have significant federalism implications.  As a result, it is not particularly surprising that agencies would not prepare federalism assessments for many of those rules. However, rules that are “major” under SBREFA (e.g., those that have a $100 million impact on the economy) and that involve or affect state and local governments are more likely to have federalism implications that would warrant preparation of an assessment.
Of the 11,414 final rules that nonindependent agencies issued between April 1996 and December 1998, 117 of them were identified as “major” rules by the agencies and OMB.  The agencies issuing the rules indicated in the Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions that 37 of them would affect state and local governments.  The agencies indicated in the preambles to 21 of the rules that the rules would take precedence in the event they conflicted with state or local laws or regulations. rules they issued between April 1996 and December 1998 (about 25 percent of the total).  However, only one of these preambles indicated that a federalism assessment had been prepared for the rule—an HHS rule issued in 1996 restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents.  The other 29 rule preambles that mentioned the executive order stated that the rules did not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism assessment.  Most of these statements were “boilerplate” certifications with little or no explanation of why the executive order’s requirements were not applicable to the rules. representatives from  seven major state and local government interest groups (known as the “Big Seven”) to review descriptions of the 116 rules without federalism assessments and to indicate whether they believed any of the rules should have had an assessment.  Four of these organizations provided us with comments on at least some of the rules.  At least one of the four organizations indicated that 79 of the 116 rules should have had a federalism assessment. The agencies with the largest number of rules that the four organizations considered in need of assessments were HHS (26 rules), USDA (18 rules), and EPA (10 rules).  Two or more of the organizations indicated that 30 of the rules should have had an assessment.
We then contacted officials in each of these three agencies to determine whether federalism assessments had been prepared for these rules (but not mentioned in the preambles to the rules) or why they believed that no assessment was needed.  The agencies did not indicate that any other assessments had been prepared, and generally said that their rules did not have sufficient federalism implications to trigger the executive order’s requirements.  In some cases, the agencies indicated that they had substantively complied with the executive order by taking other actions to address intergovernmental concerns during the rulemaking process.

	Selected Agencies Have Taken Some Actions to Implement Executive Order 12612

Federal departments and agencies are primarily responsible for implementing Executive Order 12612.  Section 6 of the executive order delineates the agencies’ responsibilities, requiring them to (1) designate an official to be responsible for ensuring implementation of the order,  (2) have the designated official determine which proposed regulations have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism assessment, and (3) send each federalism assessment to OMB as a part of the regulatory review package sent pursuant to Executive Order 12866.  However, Executive Order 12612 provides the agencies with broad discretion to determine how to meet these requirements.

		Agencies Have Written Guidance and Designated Officials or Offices

Each of the three agencies we visited—EPA, HHS, and USDA—has some kind of written guidance on how to implement Executive Order 12612.  All three of the agencies’ guidance documents identify a designated official or office responsible for ensuring compliance with the executive order.
EPA issued its “Guidelines for Implementing Executive Order 12612: Federalism” in June 1988.  The guidelines identified the Assistant Administrator of the Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation as the designated EPA official for federalism. However, in 1992, the EPA Administrator made the agency’s General Counsel responsible for carrying out the functions of the designated official.  The General Counsel was authorized to delegate the authority to the Deputy General Counsel, who could redelegate it to the Associate General Counsel level.   EPA officials said that all agency regulations are to be reviewed by the General Counsel before being submitted to OMB and published in the Federal Register.
USDA’s guidance on “Regulatory Decisionmaking Requirements” was last updated in March 1997, and the requirements that are related to Executive Order 12612 are part of that overall guidance.  The guidance indicates that the department’s Office of the General Counsel (OGC) is responsible for carrying out the responsibilities of the designated official.  For example, it says that OGC will “eview regulations and notices of proposed rulemaking for compliance with Executive Order 12612…and determine whether the preparation of a federalism assessment by an agency is required.”  All USDA regulations are to be reviewed centrally by the department’s OGC before being submitted to OMB and published in the Federal Register.
In March 1988, HHS’s Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) issued a memo on “Compliance with Executive Orders on The Family and Federalism.”  The memo indicated that the Secretary had assigned the ASPE lead responsibility for guidance, compliance, and technical assistance related to the executive order. HHS officials said that, with the exception of certain delegated regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the ASPE is responsible for reviewing and clearing all departmental regulations.  One facet of the ASPE’s review is to determine whether the rules comply with Executive Order 12612.  Many nonmajor FDA regulations (as determined by FDA) are issued directly by the Commissioner without formal departmental review and clearance.  For these regulations, HHS officials said that the FDA Commissioner exercises the responsibilities of the designated official under the executive order.

		Criteria for Determining the Need for Federalism Assessments Vary Across the Three Agencies

federalism implications.  At least one of the agencies’ criteria seems to establish a high threshold for preparing an assessment.
USDA’s written guidance on Executive Order 12612 does not establish any specific criteria that the department’s OGC should use to determine whether a particular rule or other policy has sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism assessment. Neither has USDA’s OGC established any written criteria to guide these determinations.  USDA officials said that OGC attorneys make their own determinations regarding federalism implications in the context of each rulemaking action.
The HHS guidance on the executive order lists “threshold criteria” that can be used to determine whether a rule’s federalism effects are significant and thus require a federalism assessment.  The guidance indicates that a rule should be considered to have significant federalism implications if it (1) has a direct causal effect on the states; (2) primarily relates to the structure and role of states (e.g., not just a reduction in funding of grant programs); (3) has effects within a reasonably foreseeable time frame (e.g., within the next 5 years); and (4) has a significant incremental effect (e.g., requiring states to do something that they are not already doing).   The guidance also says that an assessment must be prepared if an action will directly create significant effects on states even if the action is mandated by law or the department otherwise has no discretion.  Finally, it says that rules and other policies with either a positive or negative significant effect on the states require a federalism assessment. traditional State responsibilities, or decrease the ability of States to make policy decisions with respect to their own functions” in order to have a “substantial” effect.
The rule must affect all or most states, “not simply one state or a small cluster of States.”
The rule must have a “direct, causal effect” on the states.  If a rule creates federalism effects as a side effect, the guidance says the rule would not trigger the requirement for a federalism assessment.
These criteria seem to establish a high threshold for what constitutes “sufficient” federalism implications to require an assessment. For example, the executive order defines “state” to “refer to the States of the United States of America, individually or collectively.”  (Emphasis added.)  EPA’s guidance, on the other hand, indicates that federalism assessment should be prepared only if a regulation or other policy affects all or most states. However, EPA’s actions appear to be allowable because the executive order does not define what is meant by “sufficient” federalism implications, leaving that determination up to the agencies.

	OMB Has Taken Little Specific Action to Ensure Implementation of Executive Order 12612

Section 7 of Executive Order 12612 indicates that, in implementing Executive Order 12866, OMB should, to the extent permitted by law, “take action to ensure that the policies of Executive departments and agencies are consistent with the principles, criteria, and requirements” of the federalism executive order.  As noted previously, the order requires agencies to submit federalism assessments (if they were prepared) along with any rules being submitted to OMB for review.
OMB officials told us that reviews of agencies’ actions in the federalism area have been part of the standard regulatory reviews conducted by OMB staff pursuant to Executive Order 12866.  They said that agencies have rarely submitted separate federalism assessments to OMB but have addressed federalism considerations, when appropriate, as a part of the cost-benefit analysis and other analytical requirements.  These officials also noted that there were few federalism assessments filed with OMB during the Reagan and Bush administrations.
House web site indicates that Executive Order 13083 (the suspended Clinton order), not 12612, is the applicable executive order on federalism.
One OMB official told us that Executive Order 12612, Executive Order 12866, Executive Order 12875, and UMRA all substantively address the same idea regarding federalism.  They all require that, if a proposed rule is likely to have a significant impact on other levels of government, the impact should be considered in analyzing the costs and benefits of the rule and the agency should consult with appropriate officials at the state and local level.

	Conclusions

Executive Order 12612 gives agencies substantial discretion to determine which regulations and other policies have “sufficient” federalism implications to warrant preparation of a federalism assessment.  Using that discretion, the agencies have prepared federalism assessments for very few rules.  One of the agencies we visited had no written criteria to make those determinations.  Although the other two agencies had written criteria, they had prepared only one federalism assessment and had mentioned the executive order in only 10 out of nearly 3,000 rules.  The two agencies’ criteria were also inconsistent regarding whether statutorily mandated regulations required a federalism assessment.  Also, other than including federalism as part of its regulatory reviews, OMB has taken no other specific actions to carry out its responsibility to ensure that agencies’ regulations and other policies are consistent with the executive order.
The fact that agencies have prepared federalism assessments for only 5 of the more than 11,000 final rules issued in recent years suggests that the agencies are not implementing the order as vigorously as they could.  We will be exploring the implications of this situation as we complete the work on this issue that you have requested of us.
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Summary:
Why GAO Did This Study

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the implementation of Executive Order 12612 on federalism, focusing on: (1) how often the preambles to covered agencies' final rules issued between April 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998, mentioned Executive Order 12612 and how often they indicated that the agencies had conducted federalism assessments under the order; (2) what selected agencies have done to implement the requirements of Executive Order 12612; and (3) what the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has done to oversee federal agencies' implementation of Executive Order 12612 in the rulemaking process.

What GAO Found

GAO noted that: (1) federal agencies covered by Executive Order 12612 mentioned the order in about 27 percent of the more than 11,000 final rules they issued between April 1996 and December 1998; (2) the agencies indicated, however, that they had prepared federalism assessments for only five of these rules; (3) of the 117 major rules issued by these agencies during this period, the preambles indicated that only 1 had a federalism assessment; (4) state and local representatives that GAO consulted said that certain federal agencies should have done assessments for more of these major rules; however, the agencies said that their rules did not have sufficient federalism implications to trigger the executive order's requirements; (5) all three of the federal agencies GAO visited had some kind of written guidance on the executive order and had designated an official or office responsible for ensuring its implementation; (6) however, the methods the agencies use to determine whether federalism assessments are needed varied among the agencies; and (7) OMB officials told GAO that they have taken no specific actions to implement the executive order, but said the order is considered along with other requirements as part of their regulatory review process under Executive Order 12866.