Background

Los Angeles has one of the largest federal court operations in the nation,  processing more than 16,000 cases per year and serving an area with more  than 11 million people. In downtown Los Angeles, the District Court  operations are split between two buildings—the Spring Street Courthouse  and the Roybal Federal Building—that are approximately one-quarter mile  apart. The Spring Street building, considered by the court to be the main  courthouse in Los Angeles, is more than 65 years old and, according to  judiciary and GSA officials, requires major renovations and does not  currently meet the security or space needs of the judiciary. By contrast, the  Roybal building was constructed in the early 1990s and, according to GSA  officials, complied with design and security specifications that were in  place at the time it was built. However, inefficiencies occur because the  court’s operations are split between these two buildings.
Federal courthouse construction projects are prioritized based on urgency  scores assigned by the judiciary—the higher the score, the more urgent the  project is considered (see table 1).
The Los Angeles court has the highest urgency score of any project in the 5- year plan due to the space, security, and operational inefficiencies  presented by the Spring Street Courthouse. To address these concerns,  GSA and the judiciary prepared a series of feasibility studies looking at  different options for accommodating the court’s long-term needs. One  option involved constructing a stand-alone building that would consolidate  all of the court operations into a single building.  GSA and the judiciary also  considered constructing a companion building physically connected to the  Roybal building. A third alternative that was studied involved the partial or  complete demolition of an existing federal building to provide a site for a  new courthouse.
According to judiciary and GSA officials, after years of study and debate,  these options were not selected because of cost or space limitations. For  example, AOUSC noted that a consolidated courthouse would cost  approximately $480 million. Currently, GSA is proposing the construction  of a new 41-courtroom building, as shown in figure 1, to house district  court judges and related operations at a location approximately 6/10 of a  mile from the Roybal building. Under this proposal, the judiciary would  expand its use of the Roybal building for magistrate and bankruptcy judges  and related operations. GSA’s plan also involves consolidating the U.S.  Attorneys Office in the Spring Street building, along with other federal  agencies and grand jury suites. The briefing slides in appendix I also  contain a map showing the locations of these sites.
GSA estimates that constructing the new courthouse will cost  approximately $400 million. Funding for this project is contingent on  multiple appropriations. In fiscal year 2000, the Senate Committee on  Environment and Public Works and the House Committee on  Transportation and Infrastructure authorized site acquisition and design of  the proposed courthouse, and in the following fiscal year Congress  appropriated $35 million for this purpose. In fiscal year 2004, the House  Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure authorized additional  design and construction of the proposed courthouse in Los Angeles. In that  same fiscal year, Congress appropriated $50 million for the project and  appropriated $314 million in fiscal year 2005. On November 17, 2004, the  Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works also authorized the  construction of the new courthouse in Los Angeles.

	Current Proposal Addresses Some Conditions That Led to the High Urgency Score, but Certain Operational and Security Concerns Would Remain

The current project proposal would address the judiciary’s need for more  space and alleviate some security concerns, but the operational and  security concerns related to a split court that contributed to the L.A.  Courthouse’s high urgency score would remain. More specifically, while  Los Angeles’s Spring Street Courthouse received a total score of 85 out of a  possible 100 points, making it the most urgent project in the judiciary’s 5- year plan, 50 of these points were related to the trial court being split into  two buildings, a situation that the new project would not resolve.
The L.A. Courthouse on Spring Street received high scores in all four  criteria that the judiciary considers in assigning an urgency score (see fig.  2). Because the L.A. Courthouse ran out of space in 1995, the judiciary  assigned the courthouse a score of 19.5 points using its urgency scoring  methodology. In addition, court officials projected that seven judges would  not have their own courtrooms within 10 years, resulting in 10.5 points for  number of judges without courtrooms.
The Spring Street building also received the maximum possible scores for  security concerns and operational inefficiencies (30 and 25 points,  respectively) because the trial court is split between two separate buildings  and, according to the judiciary, the Spring Street building lacks a sufficient  number of holding cells for prisoners. According to judiciary officials, it is  also difficult to keep prisoners separate from judges and the public in the  hallways. To address this last problem, the courthouse has colored,  numbered lines designed to guide the U.S. Marshals as they lead prisoners  from the detention cells to the courtrooms (see fig. 3). However, court  officials said that this system is too confusing and difficult to follow  through the narrow halls. Furthermore, many of the building’s courtrooms  are less than half the size required under the U.S. Courts Design Guide or  have major visual obstructions.
The current proposal—constructing a new courthouse and expanding the  judiciary’s use of the Roybal building—addresses some of the conditions  that led to the high urgency score. For example, it addresses the judiciary’s  space constraints by providing additional courtrooms—sized to meet the  Design Guide standards—to accommodate the 47 current district and  magistrate judges and the 14 additional judges expected by 2011. According  to GSA officials, there is also room to build an additional district judge  courtroom in the new building and additional magistrate judge courtrooms  in the Roybal building to address the judiciary’s projected 30-year needs. In  addition, the proposal addresses some of the more serious security and  operational inefficiencies associated with the Spring Street building, such  as providing additional prisoner holding cells, secure prisoner elevators,  and separate, secured hallways for prisoners, judges, and the public.  Marshals Service officials also told us that a split court would be  acceptable from a security standpoint, provided the Marshals Service  security standards are followed. In addition, the court would receive the  operational benefits of a new building, and under the current proposal,  avoid the major structural deficiencies of using the 66-year-old Spring  Street building as a courthouse. For example, according to the judiciary  and GSA, the Spring Street building has outdated electrical and plumbing  systems and requires a seismic retrofit to meet GSA’s standards. In  contrast, the Roybal Federal Building, which was constructed in the early  1990s, was designed to meet modern operational and security  requirements. For example, it is connected to the Metropolitan Detention  Center, which houses federal prisoners prior to arraignment and trial, via a  secure underground passageway, so that prisoners do not have to be led  through public areas on their way to and from the Roybal building cell  block.
The current proposal’s major limitation is that it would still result in a split  court, even though consolidating the district court into a single building  was one of the main priorities in the judiciary’s most recent long-range plan  for Los Angeles, published in 1996. Operational and security concerns  stemming from a split court led to 50 of the 85 points in the Spring Street  Courthouse’s urgency score. For example, the building received the  maximum possible security score (30 points) because the trial court was  split between two buildings—the Roybal building and Spring Street  Courthouse. With the court still split between buildings under the current  proposal, related operational inefficiencies and security concerns would  remain. According to AOUSC and Marshals Service officials, operational  inefficiencies would include the need to continue to transport judges,  prisoners, and evidence between buildings; confusion among jurors and  attorneys over which facility they should report to; and possible delays,  misrouting, and loss of time-sensitive documents (such as restraining  orders) as they flow between buildings. A split court would also require  duplication of several offices and activities. For example, Marshals Service  officials said that a split court would require them to replicate much of  their security equipment and contract guards to operate the equipment and  protect each building.
We noted during our review that the judiciary refined its urgency scoring  methodology in March 2002 and gave less weight to split court factors. In  the judiciary’s current 5-year plan, 26 projects are scored under the original  methodology and 31 are scored under the refined methodology. The L.A.  Courthouse was scored under the original methodology and has not  officially been rescored. As a result, we use the original methodology to  discuss the L.A. Courthouse’s urgency score in this report. In September  2004, the Judicial Conference adopted a 2-year moratorium on 42  courthouse construction projects currently listed on the judiciary's 5-year  plan. During this moratorium period, AOUSC officials said that they plan to  re-evaluate the urgency scoring methodology as part of a larger review of  the design guide standards and the courthouse construction planning  process.

	Additional Construction and Operational Costs Beyond the Estimated $400 Million for the New Courthouse Are Likely

To meet the long-term judiciary and related needs in Los Angeles, the  federal government will likely incur additional construction and  operational costs beyond the estimated $400 million for the new  courthouse. These funds are designated for costs associated with the  proposed courthouse, including the site acquisition and the design and  construction costs. However, GSA recognizes that in recent years other  courthouse construction projects have had cost escalations. Cost  escalations may occur because of planning or design problems, such as  changes in the scope or specific design elements in a project, or they may  be the result of changes outside of the control of the planners, such as  increases in the cost of labor or particular construction materials, such as  steel. GSA has initiated actions intended to mitigate this problem, including  improving the design modeling process and more closely reviewing project  changes during construction. Nevertheless, GSA acknowledges that a  potential still exists for all courthouse projects, including the L.A.  Courthouse, to incur future escalation in construction costs.
In addition to construction costs for the new courthouse, GSA has  indicated that additional funds will be needed for construction related to  the long-term space needs of the judiciary and other related agencies in Los  Angeles. Preliminary estimates from GSA show that these additional costs  may exceed $100 million. Specifically:  To accommodate the anticipated need for additional magistrate judge  courtrooms, GSA told us that it will need to build four additional  magistrate courtrooms in the Roybal building to increase the total  number of magistrate courtrooms from 16 to 20. GSA has estimated the  cost of this renovation to be approximately $10 million.
Once the District Court moves out of the Spring Street Courthouse and  into the new courthouse, GSA said that it will need to renovate the  Spring Street building to convert courtrooms into office space for U.S.  Attorneys and other federal agencies. The costs for this project are not  currently known, but a 1997 GSA study estimated the cost to be  approximately $77 million in 2003 dollars. However, according to GSA,  the Spring Street building will require major renovations, whether the  judiciary or other federal agencies use it.
GSA estimates the costs associated with future expansion in the Roybal  building and the new courthouse needed to meet expected judiciary  space needs by 2031 to be $21 million. According to GSA, this  expansion, if necessary, would involve constructing six additional  magistrate courtrooms and judges’ chambers in the Roybal building and  one district courtroom and judge’s chambers in the proposed new  courthouse.
GSA and judiciary officials have also told us that there will likely be  additional operational costs associated with constructing a new  courthouse, although the extent of these costs is currently unknown.   These officials indicated that there will be moving expenses for the  judiciary to relocate to the new courthouse as well as to place all the  magistrate judges in the Roybal building. According to GSA officials, the  judiciary may also need to lease offsite parking spaces to accommodate  court needs, although the total number of parking spaces needed, if any, is  unknown at this time. In addition, in order to accommodate additional  magistrate courtrooms in the Roybal building, GSA officials indicated that  there may be a need to relocate some of the existing federal tenants to  leased space or to another federal building in downtown Los Angeles.
Judiciary officials in Los Angeles also expressed concerns about additional  operational costs that would be incurred as the result of a split court.  According to the judiciary, some of the office space and/or staff that would  be duplicated in both the new courthouse and the Roybal building include  the clerk’s office, pretrial services, jury assembly, Marshals Service, and the  U.S. Attorneys Office. The additional costs associated with duplicating  these offices are unknown at this time because a larger staff and more  equipment would be necessary in a consolidated courthouse due to its  larger size. However, judiciary officials also acknowledge that a split court  would result in higher costs due to operational inefficiencies, including  additional travel time between buildings for movement of staff, evidence,  and prisoners.

	Agency Comments and Our Evaluation

We provided AOUSC, GSA, and the Department of Justice with draft copies  of this report for their review and comment. AOUSC and GSA provided  technical clarifications, which were incorporated as appropriate. The  Marshals Service, which is part of the Department of Justice, said that it did  not have any comments on the draft.
We are providing copies of this report to the appropriate congressional  committees, AOUSC, GSA, and the Marshals Service. We will also make  copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report will be  available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me on (202)  512-2834, or at goldsteinm@gao.gov, or David Sausville, Assistant Director,  on (202) 512-5403, or sausvilled@gao.gov. Other contributors to this report  were Keith Cunningham, Jessica Lucas-Judy, Susan Michal-Smith, Alwynne  Wilbur, and Dorothy Yee.

Briefing Slides

Proposed Los Angeles Courthouse Project Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure September 23, 2004  Los Angeles has one of the largest federal court operations  in the nation, processing approximately 16,000 cases per  year and serving an area with more than 11 million people.
The U.S. District Court in Los Angeles is ranked as the  highest priority project in the judiciary’s 5-year construction  plan1 based on its high urgency score—a measure of a  court’s space, security, judges impacted, and operational  deficiencies.
The Los Angeles courthouse project could be one of the  most expensive projects in the federal government’s multi- billion dollar courthouse construction program.
The judiciary uses its 5-year plan to prioritize requests for new courthouse projects to Congress and to GSA, the federal government’s central agency for real property operations.
Introduction (continued)

	Many of the Los Angeles court’s deficiencies are based on

the growth of the court, the inefficiencies caused by  operating a split court,2 and the fact that the Spring Street  building is 66 years old—it requires major renovations and  does not meet today’s security needs.
According to the judiciary’s plan, one of the court’s main  priorities in Los Angeles was to consolidate district court  operations (i.e., district judges, magistrate judges, and the  district court clerk’s office) into one building.
Split court refers to a court that has functions housed in multiple buildings in a city.
Because of the project’s significance, GAO was asked: 1. To what extent does the current Los Angeles courthouse  project proposal address the underlying conditions that led  to Los Angeles’s high urgency score? 2. What construction and other costs, if any, may be required  to meet judiciary and related needs in Los Angeles?
Inspected the current and planned sites for the U.S.
District Court—Central District of California, Los  Angeles.
Interviewed judges and officials from the U.S. District  Court—Central District of California, Los Angeles; and  officials from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts  (AOUSC), General Services Administration (GSA), and  U.S. Marshals Service (USMS).
Reviewed key documents, including urgency score  criteria, planning studies, prospectuses and other  budget data.
Conducted our work in Los Angeles, CA; and  Washington, D.C.; from June through September, 2004,  in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.
GSA’s current proposal to construct a new building, while continuing to use the existing Roybal Building, would  address the judiciary’s need for space and alleviate some  security concerns.  However, the operational and security  concerns related to a split court that resulted in a high  urgency score would remain.
To meet the long-term judiciary and related needs in Los  Angeles, the government will likely incur significant  construction and operational costs beyond the estimated  $400 million for the new courthouse. Preliminary estimates  show that these additional costs may exceed $100 million.

		Spring St. Courthouse

	Constructing a new 41-courtroom building for district

court judges and related operations,  Retaining the use of the Roybal Federal Building for  magistrate and bankruptcy judges and related  operations, and  Consolidating the U.S. Attorneys Office in the Spring St.  building,3 along with other federal agencies and grand  jury suites.
The U.S. Attorneys Office is related to the judiciary because it is integral to the operations of the U.S. District Court, but is part of the U.S. Department of Justice.
GSA estimates the new building will cost about $400   $35 million was authorized in 2000 and then  appropriated in fiscal year 2001 for site acquisition and  design.  $50 million was appropriated in fiscal year 2004 and  authorized by the House authorizing committee, but GSA said that it has not been authorized by the Senate.  $314 million was proposed in the President’s budget,  included in the fiscal year 2005 House & Senate  appropriations bills,5 and authorized by the House  authorizing committee.
This amount includes construction, site acquisition, design, and management inspection. H.R. 5025 and S. 2806, 108th Congress.
The current project proposal would address the judiciary’s need for space and alleviate some security concerns, but  the operational and security concerns related to a split court  that contributed to the Los Angeles Court’s high urgency score, would remain.
The year in which the building was or is projected  to be completely occupied by the district court and related components, as documented in the  judiciary’s long-range facilities plan or as  determined by the Circuit Judicial Council.
Measures the number of judicial officers who  currently do not have courtrooms or who are projected not to have them over the next 10 years.
Includes whether the trial court is split into  separate facilities, whether there is a secure prisoner drop-off, and whether there are separate walkways and elevators for prisoners, judges, and the public.
Includes physical building conditions—such as  inefficiently designed courtrooms with visual obstructions or operations that are split among  locations—that cause significant disruptions to court operations.
Urgency Score for Los Angeles Court’s  The Spring St.  Courthouse has a  total score of 85 out of 100,  which is the  highest score of any of the projects in the judiciary’s 5-year plan.

	The current proposal addresses the judiciary’s space

constraints by providing enough courtrooms for current  judges and those expected by 2011, with room to  expand to accommodate six additional magistrate judge  courtrooms and one additional district judge courtroom.
USMS6 officials said that a split court, although not  ideal, would be acceptable from a security standpoint if  its design manuals are followed. For example, the new  building would provide more secure judge and prisoner  circulation patterns and increase the number of holding  cells.
The court would also receive the operational benefits of  a new building, avoiding major structural deficiencies  (e.g., seismic vulnerability and old electrical systems).
USMS provides security for the federal judiciary, including courthouses, and prisoner transport.

	Under the current proposal, the court would remain split

between two buildings, even though consolidating the  district court into one building was one of the main priorities identified in the judiciary’s plan for Los Angeles.
According to the judiciary and the USMS, a split court  causes major operational inefficiencies.
Judges, prisoners, and evidence would need to be  transported between buildings, and   Many offices and activities would likely be duplicated.

	The split court factors accounted for 50 of the 85 points

the Los Angeles Court received under the judiciary’s  urgency scoring methodology. (The split court  accounted for all 30 points for security concerns and 20  of the 25 for operational considerations.)
To meet long-term judiciary and related needs in Los  Angeles, the government will likely incur additional construction and operational costs beyond the estimated  $400 million for the new courthouse.  The extent of these  costs is unknown, but preliminary estimates show that they  may exceed $100 million.

	On the basis of funding already appropriated or requested,

$400 million is designated for the site acquisition, design,  and construction costs related to the proposed courthouse.
On all courthouse construction projects, including Los  Angeles, there is a potential for future escalation in costs  due to design and planning changes during the construction  process.
According to GSA, cost escalations and scope changes  for courthouse projects have been a nationwide concern  in recent years, although GSA has initiated actions  intended to address this problem.
Renovation of Roybal building to accommodate 4 additional magistrate judge courtrooms. $10 million.
Renovation of Spring St.  Courthouse into office space for U.S. Attorneys and others.
Costs unknown at this time. (A 1997 GSA study estimated costs of $77 million in 2003 dollars.)
Future expansion in Roybal and new courthouse to meet judiciary needs by 2031. $21 million.

	Description

		Moving expenses for the judiciary.

40 courtrooms at $10,000 per courtroom, and $3.00 - $3.50 per square foot for office space.
Leased parking to accommodate judiciary needs at new building. $180 per space per month. (Total number needed, if any, is  unknown at this time.)
Relocation of existing federal tenants in the Roybal building.
Costs unknown at this time.
Redundant court offices and staff in the new courthouse and  the Roybal building.
Costs unknown at this time.

	According to the judiciary, with the exception of the

probation office, five other court and related offices would  require staff and/or offices in both the new courthouse and  Roybal.
These five offices include: 1. Clerk’s Office 4. U.S. Attorneys Office  The total costs associated with duplicating these offices  are unknown at this time.
Although the current proposal addresses the judiciary’s  space needs, the security and operational concerns that led  to Los Angeles’s high urgency score will remain and GSA is  likely to need significant additional funding to fully address judiciary and related needs in Los Angeles.

Related GAO Products

General Services Administration:  Factors Affecting the Construction  and Operating Costs of Federal Buildings. GAO-03-609T. Washington,  D.C.:  April 4, 2003.
High-Risk Series:  Federal Real Property. GAO-03-122. Washington, D.C.:   January 1, 2003.
Courthouse Construction:  Information on Courtroom Sharing. GAO-02- 341. Washington, D.C.:  April 12, 2002.
Courthouse Construction:  Sufficient Data and Analysis Would Help  Resolve the Courtroom-Sharing Issue. GAO-01-70. Washington, D.C.:   December 14, 2000.
Courthouse Construction:  Better Courtroom Use Data Could Enhance  Facility Planning and Decisionmaking. GAO/GGD-97-39. Washington,  D.C.:  May 19, 1997.
Courthouse Construction:  Information on the Use of District  Courtrooms at Selected Locations. GAO/GGD-97-59R. Washington, D.C.:   May 19, 1997.
Courthouse Construction:  Improved 5-Year Plan Could Promote More  Informed Decisionmaking. GAO/GGD-97-27. Washington, D.C.:  December  31, 1996.
Federal Courthouse Construction:  More Disciplined Approach Would  Reduce Costs and Provide for Better Decisionmaking. GAO/T-GGD-96-19.  Washington, D.C.:  November 8, 1995.
General Services Administration:  Better Data and Oversight Needed to  Improve Construction Management. GAO/GGD-94-145. Washington, D.C.:   June 27, 1994.
Federal Judiciary Space:  Progress is Being Made to Improve the Long- Range Planning Process. GAO/T-GGD-94-146. Washington, D.C.:  May 4,  1994.
Federal Judiciary Space:  Long-Range Planning Process Needs Revision.  GAO/GGD-93-132. Washington, D.C.:  September 28, 1993.
New L.A. Federal Courthouse:  Evidence is Insufficient to Suggest that  Congress Reconsider Its Approval. GAO/GGD-88-43BR. Washington, D.C.:   March 23, 1988.

Summary:
Why GAO Did This Study

Since the early 1990s, the General Services Administration (GSA) and the federal judiciary have been carrying out a multibillion dollar courthouse construction initiative to address the judiciary's growing space needs. To plan for and make funding decisions on projects, Congress, the Office of Management and Budget, and GSA have relied on a rolling 5-year plan prepared annually by the judiciary that prioritizes new courthouse projects based on an urgency score. The urgency score is based on the year a courthouse runs out of space, the number of judges without courtrooms, security concerns, and operational inefficiencies. In recent years, the L.A. courthouse had the highest urgency score in the judiciary's 5-year plan. At a cost of approximately $400 million, the new courthouse is expected to be one of the most expensive projects in the federal government's courthouse construction program to date. In light of the project's significance, GAO was asked: (1) To what extent does GSA's current L.A. courthouse project proposal address the underlying conditions that led to Los Angeles's high urgency score and (2) what construction and other costs, if any, may be required to meet judiciary and related needs in Los Angeles? The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts and GSA provided technical comments on this report.

What GAO Found

GSA's current proposal to construct a new courthouse in Los Angeles, while expanding the judiciary's use of the existing Roybal Federal Building, would address some but not all of the underlying conditions that led to Los Angeles's high urgency score. For example, it would address the judiciary's need for additional space and alleviate some security concerns. There would be space to accommodate the 47 current district and magistrate judges and the 14 additional judges expected by 2011, with room to expand, if needed, for additional judges. The new building would also improve security by providing additional holding cells and separate prisoner walkways and elevators. However, the operational and security concerns related to housing a trial court in multiple buildings (split court) that was a significant factor in Los Angeles's high urgency score would remain. For example, U.S. Marshals Service officials said that a split court would require them to duplicate much of their security equipment and personnel necessary for fulfilling its mission of protecting the courthouses. To meet judiciary and related needs in Los Angeles, the federal government will likely incur additional construction and operational costs beyond the estimated $400 million for the new courthouse. Like other courthouse projects in recent years, GSA officials acknowledge that there is a potential for the L.A. Courthouse to incur future escalation in construction costs due to changes during the design and construction phases, such as increases in raw material and labor costs. Furthermore, additional construction costs will also be incurred to meet the judiciary's space needs over the long term. Preliminary estimates by GSA show that these costs may exceed $100 million. For example, GSA will need to build four additional magistrate courtrooms in the Roybal building and renovate the current courthouse to convert courtrooms into office space for the U.S. Attorneys and other federal agencies. GSA also plans a long-term expansion project to construct seven more courtrooms to meet judiciary space needs by 2031. Judiciary officials also acknowledge that a split court would result in additional operational costs due to duplicate offices and staff in the Roybal building and the new courthouse.