ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
23 The Kakuma refugee camp was established in 1992 in response to the inflow of 23, 000 Sudanese refugees (Jamal 2000). The camp is now home to over 100, 000 refugees from South Sudan, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the DRC (UNHCR, 2012). The ongoing unrest in South Sudan is likely to exacerbate the refugee situation in the upcoming year. Moreover, the restrictions imposed by the government on refugee movement and employment makes the Kakuma population completely dependent on assistance provided by international organizations present on the field (Jamal 2000) The evidence on the impact of refugees in Kenya is quite limited. However, the Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology (NORDECO 2010) provides a detailed description, backed by sound descriptive statistics, on the impact of Dadaab refugee camps on host communities. Despite the very different structure of the local economy, mainly driven by pastoralist livelihoods, a pattern somewhat similar to the Tanzanian case is observed. According to NORDECO (2010), the aggregated economic impact is positive. It is estimated that about USD 3 million annual income accrues to the host community thanks to livestock and milk sales to the refugee camps. Trade and employment opportunities have also been reported around Dadaab camps in Kenya.
The original questionnaire was adjusted and trimmed because of the challenges posed by phone surveys. We decided not to collect data for the entire household roster, and collected the labor module only for the respondent and one other member of the nuclear family. 18 In total, we collected information from 3, 455 Venezuelan families living in Colombia. This sample included families with some members who were Colombian, either from birth or 16The call was rescheduled when the respondent was not available. When ineligible respondents were called, the team included them in a rafﬂe for 50, 000 COP (approximately $ USD 18). 17As discussed above, PEP was also awarded in previous waves to forced migrants who entered Colombia using a passport and therefore had regular migratory status. By asking if respondents had a Venezuelan passport, the team ensured the exclusion of other PEP holders who were typically wealthier. 18The nuclear family includes the household head, partner, children, parents, parents-in-law, daughters-in- law, and sons-in-law. 57
Strzepek K & McCluskey A, 2006. District level hydroclimatic time series and scenario analysis to assess the impacts of climate change on regional water resources and agriculture in Africa. CEEPA Discussion Paper No 13, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria.

#### 2 The Survey Data   Progressing in the e¤orts to better understand the development economics of public  debt management strategies across di¤erent country groups and individual coun tries, the Banking and Debt Management Department of the World Bank conducted  a survey on public debt management strategies.

#### 5 Conclusion   This paper analyzed survey data on public debt management strategies across income  groups, regions and levels of indebtedness using graphical tools.

As mentioned in the introduction, we see this paper as a ...rst attempt to charac terize the variations in the survey data on public debt management strategies across  countries where establishing a regularly repeated survey would be incredibly bene... cial.

total government debt to GDP, should result in an e¤ort to consolidate government

...nances and adopt a debt management strategy. One can also expect that if this

indicator reaches high levels the government may give up on debt management and
20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary GER Secondary GER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.11: Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary NER Secondary NER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.12: Net Enrollment Rate (NER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary school (15 to 18 years) Secondary school (19 to 24 years) Percent Figure 2.13: Share of children and youth above school age in education Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 17 family unwillingness is higher among refugee girls compared to boys (Annex D, Figure D.5). Refugee parents are less likely to send their children to secondary school in part because the opportunity cost of schooling becomes higher since children going to school cannot help support the family (UNHCR, 2020a). Across refugees, Somali refugee children of secondary school age do not attend school due to family unwillingness (52 percent). On the other
Table 9 presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth


data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys.

active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)


Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15-49.

previous analyses have found evidence for parallel pre-trends in infant mortality and night lights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019) for gold mining countries in West and East Africa (including Ghana).

We use rich geocoded data with information on households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district levels in difference-in-differences analyses.

presents the details from a new, 1997 household budget survey in Egypt. This sunrey,
agriculture, livestock value chain, energy, firewood, and microfinance (Betts et al., 2020). In the north of the country, UNHCR worked with various partners to provide Eritrean refugees with vocational skills training, tools, and start-up capital for crafts, such as leather products, weaving, and tailoring. UNHCR records indicate that more than 8,000 Eritrean refugees received such training, which could explain the high share of Eritreans working in crafts and related trades in the SESRE. As another example, the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) has a multi-million-dollar program to improve quality and access to vocational training for refugees and Ethiopians across all refugee-hosting regions (Giordano et al., 2021). World Bank programs include the Economic Opportunities Program (EOP) and the Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project (UPSNJP), which provide economic opportunities for Ethiopians and refugees through various social protection and labor market interventions like public works employment and job search assistance. How effective have these livelihoods and vocational training programs for refugees been in Ethiopia? This question is difficult to answer due to lack of consolidated information on programs, the number of beneficiaries, and the economic outcomes of beneficiaries. Case-study evaluations indicate that vocational training programs have helped to increase incomes, diversify
not included because they are possibly aﬀected by migration. 9 In contrast, age, education, and caste status can be regarded as exogenous to the migration decisions of adult males. Equation (4) is estimated using correct sampling weights. 10 Regression estimates for equation (4) are summarized in Table 2 where we show α as well as the average and standard error of δs, βs and χs. The coeﬃcients eδi and eηi are large and jointly signiﬁcant. There is considerable variation across districts not only in average log income and consumption but also in the income or consumption premia associated with education and high caste. These results are used to construct, for each of the 16, 000 or so work migrants in the census, a measure of the income or consumption they can expect to achieve in each of the possible destination districts. Formally, this measure is calculated as: g E [yhs | zh] = eδs + eβs (Eh s − Es) + eχs (Hh s − Hs) (5) where Eh s and Hh s are the education and high caste dummy for migrant h. Age is ignored from the calculation since work migrants typically migrate around the same age, i. e., in early adulthood.
<!-- PAGE 9 -->
the CDM: parties in NA1 countries could carry out GHG mitigation which could be paid for by parties in
A1 countries, thereby equivalently reducing the GHG emissions obligation in the latter. Since GHG
mitigation costs have been far lower in non-Annex 1 countries than in A1 countries, such trades have
been highly beneficial to both groups. The aggregate amount of CER issuance under the CDM by today is
more than 1,600 million tons CO2-e; see UNFCCC (website).


A similar rationale and functioning can be found for JI.

The JI market has, however, turned out to be far less active than the CDM market, with smaller aggregate volumes for emissions reduction units (ERUs) so far. Still, as of today more than 850 million tons of CO2e has been reached in terms of issuance.

Only a quick glance at data from the CDM market reveals that offset prices (per ton of CO2-e) achieved by project hosts have varied a lot across both projects and host countries, and have often (or even typically) been substantially below the respective (policy bloc-internal) quota prices.

Rosendahl and Strand (2011) have simulated likely leakage levels, and come up with "best estimates" for leakage of around 30% of credited emissions reductions, as a rough average for the CDM projects carried out by 2010 (when disregarding HFC-23 related projects).
(0.098) (0.055) (0.066) Educ: Completed post-sec. -0.074 -0.073 -0.055 (0.103) (0.050) (0.106) Agrees on improved local services 0.408*** 0.116** (0.103) (0.055) Years in Ethiopia 0.002 (0.005) Agrees hosts culturally similar 0.215*** (0.055) Region Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes N 1724 1666 1613 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. The Attitudes Index is the average of 10 questions regarding beliefs about refugees’ character, the rights they should receive, and their impact on the host community, standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1, where positive indicates better attitudes. Trusts Refugees is the binary response of hosts to “Do you think most refugees in Ethiopia are trustworthy?” and Trusts Hosts is the binary response of refugees to “Do you think most Ethiopians are trustworthy?”. Standard errors clustered at the EA level. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Annexes 122 Table D.19: Regression analysis of social integration outcomes (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Has in Ethiopia: Easy to do: Family Friend Market Interactions Social Interactions Sharing Resources Male 0.007 0.067** 0.033 0.010 -0.076** (0.017) (0.033) (0.027) (0.036) (0.035) Age Under 30 - - - - - Age 30-44 -0.030 0.033 0.007 0.004 -0.048*
We collected all available HIV BSSs and reproductive health KAP surveys with an
HIV component in refugee, IDP, host population, returnee, conflict and postconflict settings. This was accomplished by undertaking a literature review using
PubMed, by searching the internet for key words (i.e. HIV, behavioural
surveillance survey, BSS, knowledge, attitudes practice, KAP, refugee, internally
displaced person, IDP, returnee, conflict and post-conflict), and by contacting
UN offices in affected countries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
which undertake such surveys (e.g. Reproductive Health Response in Conflict
Consortium, International Rescue Committee) and organizations which specialize
in undertaking such surveys (e.g. Family Health International [FHI], US Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]). When titles or abstracts of surveys
were found, but the actual report was not available, authors and organizations
responsible for the report were contacted directly. Inclusion criteria were any BSS
or KAP survey with a quantitative HIV component undertaken among affected
populations, listed above, where a written report was available. Exclusion criteria
were surveys with an HIV component in the affected populations that were solely
qualitative, and nationwide surveys that may have included one or more of the
affected populations but where results were not disaggregated to differentiate
them from the overall population, and where reports were unavailable.
The survey reports were collected, evaluated, categorized and entered into an
EpiInfo 3.2.2 (CDC, Atlanta, GA; version 4/26/2004) database under four broad
categories: background; methodology; report; and indicators. Sampling procedures were classified as reproducible if the population-based sampling defined a
sampling frame and used probabilistic sampling, including proportional to
population size (PPS) sampling if cluster sampling was used during the first
stage, and all persons in the household within the stated age range were surveyed.
Additional indicators for the quality of survey methodology were assessed,
including essential steps of survey preparation and report writing.
Internationally-accepted standardized indicators were recorded as being
sampling was used during the first
stage, and all persons in the household within the stated age range were surveyed.
Additional indicators for the quality of survey methodology were assessed,
including essential steps of survey preparation and report writing.
Internationally-accepted standardized indicators were recorded as being
included in the survey if the wording was the same or similar to the indicators
in Table I. If information regarding survey methodology or indicators was not
provided in the reports, it was recorded as non-reproducible or accepted
indicators not used, respectively.
The primary data source of undernutrition in this study is the Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey


(EMDHS) 2014 [2]. The EMDHS 2014 is a stratified nationally representative survey, including 5,579 children

1. Consensus C Copenhagen Consensus 2012 : Expert panel findings.
2. Agency CS (2014 ) The Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS).
3. Ethiopia GotFDRo (2013) National Nutrition Programme June 2013-June 2015.
4. Andrew Sunil R, Christopher G, Jessica T (2012) Combating Malnutrition in Ethiopia : An Evidence-Based Approach for
because of nationalization. 19 To guarantee that the results were not confounded by access to the labor market and other services by these Colombians, the sample was stratiﬁed to exclude families with a Colombian citizen 10 years of age or older, and with a member who held PEP from a different wave. The structure of the survey is explained below: 1. Screening Module: the screening was designed to be done in a ﬁrst call to determine the family ’ s eligibility for the survey. The screening and the survey were to be an- swered by any adult in the nuclear family of the person who was originally contacted. The person who answered the survey became the main respondent and would be the only one to provide information for themselves. In turn, they had to answer the survey, from a third-person perspective, for all other family members. In the screening, the main respondent was asked for their age, place of birth, Venezue- lan ID number, current city of residence, whether they had a Venezuelan passport, and if they had registered in the RAMV census in 2018. If the contact came from the sam- pling frame of irregular migrants, they were asked if they had PEP and for the date of their arrival in Colombia. For the census sample, this information was available.
where more positive indicates greater control. The internal control index uses four questions regarding personal control over destiny. The chance index uses five questions regarding the role of chance or determinism. The role of the powerful others index is 1 question on whether others determine fate. Refugees’ Aspirations 42 T his chapter examines the state of welfare and poverty levels of refugees and host communities in Ethiopia. The emphasis on refugees and host communities acknowledges both groups’ mutual—and sometimes interdependent— development needs. We assess multiple dimensions of welfare and poverty of refugees and hosts in Ethiopia using household-level consumption data. The data presents a comprehensive set of social and economic indicators to determine poverty incidence, food security, and standard of living. In addition to refugees overall, we look at welfare differences across refugee groups—Eritreans, Somalis, and South Sudanese—and compare differences in contexts and situations. In more detail, we analyze (i) poverty incidence and inequality, (ii) expenditure patterns, (iii) multidimensional poverty, and (iv) food security, perception of standard of living, and shocks. The chapter also provides a poverty profile and determinants of the welfare of refugees and host community households and estimate of the cost of basic needs for refugees. Insights
villages in total), based on the 2008 national census.

LC questionnaire and a 12-month AMAD recall had been included in the national ECVMA  survey implemented in 2011 by the 'Institut National de la Statistique' (INS) of Niger, with

via the AMD and LC methods are observed in the data collected via the national ECVMA  survey, which did not include a benchmark measure as did the Dantlait survey.

**Figure 3.** _Comparison of mean, median and standard deviation measures of milk off-take_ _estimates from AMD and LC methods in Dantlait and ECVMA surveys (liters)_

_Source: Dantlait and ECVMA surveys_
(0.0550) (0.0550) (0.0550) (0.0551) (0.0550) HH own cart 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.09562* 0.0953* (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0423) (0.0421) HH ran out of fooda -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.09167** -0.0859** (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0300) (0.0304) Local demography and economy activity Most land cover: agricultureb -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.07447 -0.0798+ (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0482) (0.0475) Distance to bank -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) Internal migration: Rural-Urbanc -0.0876*** -0.0391* (0.0262) (0.0157) Local labor market Annexes 118 LFPR 0.0337* 0.0370*** (0.0139) (0.0091) Share of wage employment 0.0427+ (0.0239) Unemployment rate -0.0290** (0.0106) Share of employment in the service sector 0.0429** (0.0077) Share of employment in the trade sector 0.0665*** (0.0147) Share
) Unemployment rate -0.0290** (0.0106) Share of employment in the service sector 0.0429** (0.0077) Share of employment in the trade sector 0.0665*** (0.0147) Share of employment in the manufacturing sector 0.0269 (0.0237) Share of employment in the agriculture sector 0.0206 (0.0131) Proximity and access to market Level two -0.3414** (0.1143) Level three -0.3308** (0.1127) Level four -0.2098** (0.0814) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.0030* (0.0013) Market accessibility indicator 0.4056** (0.1381) Observations 2024 2024 2024 2024 2205 2024 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1172 0.1373 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Average marginal effects are estimated. a
Such a channel would be consistent with psychology literature on behavioral activation, or the act of scheduling structured activities as a means of combatting depression (Cuijpers, van Straten, and Warmerdam (2007)). To explore this question, we supply a random subset of the employed with a calendar marking every date of work (Appendix Figure A5). The re- mainder receive a blank calendar and are instead informed weekly about their schedule. We ﬁnd no impact of a schedule on respondent well-being or decision-making (Appendix Table A7). Despite this exercise, we cannot causally estimate the role of the structure alone on well-being, as the structure imposed by regular employment is coextensive with employment itself. Indeed, our measure of stability, which asks respondents how secure they feel at the moment and expect to feel in the future, increases substantially among the employed relative to both control and cash arms. Time use Does employment improve well-being by allowing participants to substitute time away from unsavory or psychosocially costly activities? Appendix Table A8 presents how cash and work arms use their time. We document no signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the two arms in the number of hours that respondents report spending across a variety of activities.
a country belongs to. The regional classi...cation corresponds to that used throughout the graphical analysis in section 2. [16] When constructing the regional dummy

of public sector (government) in economic performance of a country. One may expect

that a larger share of government on real GDP would result in a greater e¤ort to

stabilize government ...nances in the sake of greater macroeconomic stability. Sim
ilarly, if government actions are important for an economy the public will require

Household survey data point towards a large and possibly widening gap between rural and urban levels of consumption and recent increases in poverty. After decreasing from 59.7% in 1992 to 37.4% in 1999/2000, rural poverty increased to 41.1% in 2002/2003.

The data for our study come from the 2005/2006 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), fieldwork for which was conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics from May 2005 to April 2006. The survey collected information at the community, household, and parcel level for about 7,500 households in 753 EAs including 30 IDP camps.

The 2002 population census was used as a sample frame. Following stratification into urban (30%) and rural (70%) sub samples, enumeration areas (EAs) were chosen with the probability of selection being proportional to size.
PAGE 9 --> To calculate a cost per calorie for each food item, we assign caloric intake values to the quantities purchased, as reported in POF. The TBCA contains the caloric information for a myriad of items, but there are no common food item identifiers with the POF 2017/18 that would allow directly matching the information across the two data sources.

Thus, we use the food item description in POF to look up corresponding items and calorie intake per kilogram (kg) in TBCA. Given the large amount of individual food items in POF (4,549) and the fact that their contribution to total average consumption differs, we opted for a simplified approach to assign calorie intake values from TBCA to food consumption in POF. This approach can be divided into two main steps.

We rank all food items in POF 2017/18 and find 350 food items that together account for about three-quarters (73.3 percent) of average total expenditures on food consumed at home and about half (49.2 percent) of all expenditures on food.
The updated database from the pre-simulation analysis, which represents an integrated Levant in a peaceful alternative world, is the starting point for the simulation analysis of the Syrian conflict and the spread of ISIS as well as the disintegration of the deep regional trade ties. The design of the war and disintegration scenarios are presented in section 3. 2. 11