ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
Unfortunately, evidence suggests that without system-wide reforms and support, single training sessions or even routine screening policies rarely produce long-term changes in the quality of care for survivors (McLeer et al., 1989; Heise, Ellsberg, and Gottemoeller, 1999). Instead, Heise and colleagues argue that the most effective way to improve the health care response is to use a “ systems approach ” involving reforms throughout the organization. Typically, these initiatives include changes in norms, policies and protocols, infrastructure upgrades to ensure private consultations, training all staff (including managers), ensuring that providers have adequate resources such as referral networks and directories, and strengthening the ability of staff to provide emergency services such as danger assessment, safety planning, emotional support, STI prophylaxis, and emergency contraception. In settings where adequate referral services do not exist, health programs sometimes offer specialized services such as counseling, legal aid and women ’ s support groups. The International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region (IPPF / WHR) carried out an initiative illustrating the “ systems approach ” in four member associations in Latin America, namely: Profamilia (the Dominican Republic), INPPARES (Peru), and PLAFAM (Venezuela), with some participation from BEMFAM (Brazil).
To examine the impact of different electricity price assumptions on hurdle prices, we use data from only the two most comprehensive studies (EC (2008) and IEA (2005)) presented in IEA (2012), which implies that the levelized costs for different technologies are more comparable.

Using aggregate energy consumption data and a nationally representative household survey immediately before the crisis, this paper provides an overview of household energy consumption patterns, highlights Armenia's energy vulnerability, and estimates the direct poverty and distributional impacts of the increase in the cost of imported gas.

Using data from a nationally representative household survey of 2008 and national energy
<!-- PAGE 2 -->  ## WPS4426 Policy Research Working Paper 4426  # Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts in Southern India  #### _Xavier Giné_ _Robert Townsend_ _James Vickery_ The World Bank Development Research Group Finance and Private SectorTeam December 2007     <!-- PAGE 3 -->  Policy Research Working Paper 4426  ### **Abstract**   Using 40 years of historical rainfall data, this paper estimates a distribution for payouts on rainfall insurance policies offered to farmers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2006.

This paper uses historical rainfall data to estimate the distribution of payouts on a   rainfall index insurance product developed by the general insurer ICICI Lombard and   offered to rural Indian households since 2003.

Correspondingly we can use historical rainfall data to calculate a putative history of   insurance payouts for insurance contracts written against the 2006 monsoon.

Applying the insurance contract terms to historical rainfall data, we calculate the   hypothetical payout on the contract for each station, phase and year.

Dependence on Insurance Payouts**   To calculate the degree of cross-sectional dependence in payouts, we calculate the   standard deviation of phase payouts for each weather station, restricting analysis to the 11   contracts for which we have the most historical rainfall data.
diverse diets and poor food consumption status compared to their hosts. The average household dietary diversity score—the number of food groups consumed out of twelve—is 7.5 for hosts and 6.5 for refugees (Figure 5.10a). Overall, the average dietary diversity score is also lower for in-camp refugees than their hosts. The share of households with acceptable food consumption status—food consumption score of 35 or above—is considerably lower among in-camp refugees (49 percent) than their host (74 percent). The relatively lower dietary diversity could be due to refugees having limited access to diverse food as they depend on aid. Most Addis Ababa refugees and their hosts have an acceptable food consumption status (Figure 5.10b). 5.1.5 Shocks and coping strategies Market-related shocks are common, but refugees are exposed to more diverse shocks than their hosts. While Ethiopian households face a plethora of risks that affect their livelihoods—risks to assets, income, and food supply (Dercon et al 2005; Woldehanna et al 2008)—market shocks related to rising food prices, food shortage, and health shocks appear to be most prevalent (Figure 5.11). High food prices drive the market shocks. Food shortage seems to represent a crucial economic shock among refugees—roughly 31 percent of in-camp refugees are
This equation expresses the model in the case of a dichotomous measure of conflict. Here, it gives the odds ratio of IPV if the district experienced any conflict compared to the odds of IPV if the district had experienced no conflict. X_ij contains individual, household and partner characteristics summarized in Table 1. As noted before, the independent variables are added to the model in blocks to examine for possible confounding or effect modification with the main association. For all analyses, significance was assessed using an alpha of 0. 05. For each country, a multilevel model assessed the association between IPV and forced displacement. Stepwise model fitting was undertaken to assess how the main association was affected by sequential blocks of variables. The final model results for each country are given in the tables below. Sample Weights In order to account for the complex survey design of the DHS, the survey weights for the DV module were included in all analyses, using the probability weight or pweight option within the gllamm survey command. The probability weight is defined as the inverse probability of the respondent ’ s being included in the sample. The pweight command assumes weights are specified at least two levels in the data. Since the data were not weighted at the district level, the level-1 weight within Stata was specified as 1. The level-2 weights were calculated using the
These climate scenarios are then used to predict how tropical cyclones may change into the future using a newly developed tropical cyclone simulator (Emanuel et al. 2008).

The historic relationship between aggregate damages and the magnitude of each storm is estimated using data from storms that have hit the United States since 1960.

The damages are matched with characteristics of the storm including minimum barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, and location at landfall (NOAA 2009).

speed, and location at landfall (NOAA 2009). Estimates of county income and


population density are inferred from Census data for the five counties closest to the point


of contact. A regression estimates the relationship between storm intensity and damages.
refugees can find opportunities to earn money or work—assuming that assistance is the gap between the consumption of refugees to the poverty line— reduces the cost by 44 percent to an annual US$221 per person. Further, the cost of basic needs could decrease to an estimated US$78 per year if the country adopts a “full inclusion” scenario 32% 18% 25% 84% 7% 75% In camp Addis Ababa Total Poverty headcount rate (%) Hosts Refugees Figure ES.3: Poverty incidence Source: World Bank staff based on SESRE 2023. 4.0 2.1 2.9 8.1 3.4 7.0 In Camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Figure ES.4: Food insecurity scale Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Executive Summary vi where in-camp refugees have equal opportunities as hosts. The results show that refugee integration has considerable potential to save money, creating an “economic-inclusion dividend” that could be allocated to other interventions. Markets and Opportunities Ethiopia’s 24 refugee camps2 are spatially dispersed, and location matters significantly in terms of refugee’s ability to work. About 88 percent of refugees in Ethiopia remain in camps (based on SESRE data). The different camp areas have different geographic, social, and economic contexts, and are in different ecological zones, with different
1% 1% 2% Difficulty with self-care 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% Communicating 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Any disability 5% 8% 3% 4% 6% 5% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table D.4: Living conditions by survey domains Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Dwelling type Owned 57% 0% 77% 21% 72% 11% Rented 36% 2% 13% 0% 22% 2% UN/NGO temporary 0% 61% 0% 28% 1% 16% UN/NGO permanent 0% 36% 0% 50% 1% 71% Other 7% 0% 10% 1% 4% 0% Housing quality Overcrowded 22% 66% 44% 53% 42% 56% Improved wall 16% 7% 16% 5% 4% 0% Improved roof 72% 64% 75% 81% 58% 8% WASH Improved source of drinking water 80% 99% 97% 99% 64% 79% Improved bathing facilities 30% 28% 5% 9% 25% 14% Improved toilet facility 38% 39% 60% 59% 18% 34% Improved waste disposal method 24% 64% 30% 37% 10% 8% Source of lighting Electricity (meter) 74% 13% 25% 5% 29% 1% Electricity (meter, generator, solar) 89% 91% 38% 17% 34% 4% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < 15
Furthermore, these actors and concerned government counterparts
provided their inputs and contributed to the development of a
durable solutions strategy for Sudanese IDPs and refugees and
supported the works of the HLP and DSWGs.

##### 4.1- Funding data

The total funding requirement for **HRP 2021** of Sudan was **USD**

**1.94bn,** out of which **USD 149,928,919 was planned for protection**

**activities.** However **, only 20%** (USD 30,559,006 **) was provided,** and
USD 116,369,913 remained unmet. **The same amount of USD**

**1.94bn is the funding requirement for HRP 2022, with USD**

**161,917,433 for protection activities that incudes General**

**Protection, Child Protection and GBV. However, as of 05 April 2022,**

**only 1,705,350 in funding has been received** **.**

If the funding situation continues as such, and the government does
not take concrete steps towards the implementation of the NPPOC,
protection agencies and actors will not be able to provide effective
assistance, including under:

**a) protection** : conduct protection assessments, protection
monitoring by presence and remotely, referrals to specialised
services, provide legal assistance, psycho-social support, emergency
cash assistance, awareness-raising, implement community support
projects, support community-based protection networks, capacity
building of service providers, conduct advocacy, protective
accompaniment under.
Newly Arrived Immigrants into the Labour Market. Urban Studies, 50(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012461674 References 79 Holzaepfel, E. A. (2015). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Livelihoods Programs for Refugees in Ethiopia. Washington, D.C: United States Department of State. Hvidtfeldt, C., Schultz-Nielsen, M. L., Tekin, E., and Fosgerau, M. (2018). An Estimate of the Effect of Waiting Time in the Danish Asylum System on Post-Resettlement Employment among Refugees: Separating the Pure Delay Effect from the Effects of the Conditions under Which Refugees Are Waiting. Edited by Bernardo, L. Q. PLOS ONE 13 (11), e0206737. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206737. Ibáñez, A.M., Moya, A., Adelaida Ortega, M., Rozo, S.V, and Urbina, M.J. (2022). Life Out of the Shadows: Impacts of Amnesties in the Lives of Migrants. Working Paper 15049. IZA Discussion Papers. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/250710. Immergluck, D. (1998). Job Proximity and the Urban Employment Problem: Do Suitable Nearby Jobs Improve Neighborhood Employment Rates? A Reply. Urban Studies, 35(12), 2359-2368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098983926 IOM. (2023). A Region on the Move 2022: East and Horn of Africa. IOM, Nairobi. IPCC. (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ Kalter, F., and Kogan, I. (2014). Migrant Network and Labor Market Integration of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in
It has been previously used in Pakistan and found to be reliable (Afridi et al., 2021). The Cronbach ’ s alpha of the scale was. 91, indicating high internal consistency reliability. Asset Index. An asset index was calculated by a principal components analysis of a series of questions related to household materials, access to water, and home ownership, among other resource-related factors. For each household, based on respondent report, an asset quintile was created to categorize by quintile from lowest asset index values (quintile 1) to highest asset index values (quintile 5). Flooding Impact. Respondents were asked a series of questions about the impact of flooding on their day-to-day life in both 2022 and 2023. Households were categorized as being “ impacted by flooding ” if they answered “ yes ” to at least one question about whether flooding impacted their day-to-day life in 2022 or 2023. Domestic Violence.
(micro-characteristics of refugees, conﬂict dynamics, and the conditions in the countries of asylum and origin) has made the analysis of return decisions possible. The next section will discuss how we leverage the diﬀerent dimensions of this data set for our purposes. 3. 2 Empirical Strategy The analysis proceeds in two parts: we ﬁrst analyze a panel data set, constructed at the sub-district level within Syria, 12 to understand the relationship between returns and se- curity and access to utilities in Syria. Formally, we estimate the following speciﬁcation: ln (returnssmt) = α + β1 ∆ CEIdmt + β2 ∆ luminositydmt + β3AoCdmt (1) + δd + τt + εdmt, where returnssmt is the number of refugees originally from sub-district s in Syria who returned to Syria in month m of year t. Also included are district ﬁxed eﬀects δd and year ﬁxed eﬀects, τt. 13 Since refugees will make the decision to return home based on past conﬂict events and recent changes in standards of living like electricity reliability, we look at a lag of both the conﬂict events index (CEI) and luminosity.
The coefficient for storm intensity was estimated using aggregate damages per storm and storm characteristics at landfall from US storms since 1960 (NOAA 2009).

and income at each impacted coastal area. These data were inferred for each year from


decennial Census data by county (US Census of Population 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990,

A separate damage analysis was then conducted of tropical cyclones around the globe (EMDAT 2009). The international data set was used to estimate the coefficients for vulnerability (income and population density).

Note: There were 111 observations in the damage regression and 40 observations in the fatality regression. The t statistics are in parenthesis. The functional form of the regression is log log. Source: NOAA(2009).
This paper combines district-level government spending data from Indonesia and natural disaster damage indices to analyze the extent to which districts are forced to reallocate their expenditures across categories after the incidence of floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

local economic activity. The natural disaster damage indices in Skoufias _et_ _al._ (2017) are  constructed by modeling the local strength of each disaster using its physical characteristics  and taking account of local exposure to these aspects using nightlight intensity derived from  satellite imagery.

<!-- PAGE 7 --> ##### **2 Natural Disaster Damage Indices** The methodology and data sources used to make damage indices for natural disasters are  extensively covered in Skoufias _et_ _al._ (2017), and there are also additional details in Ap pendix A.

Based on Remotely Sensed Data: An Application to Indonesia. _Policy_ _Research_ _Working_


_Paper_, **8188** . https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28365.
60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Addis Ababa All camp Total Total consumption Pre-assistance income Percent Figure 5.21: Poverty incidence at consumption and pre-assistance consumption levels Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Poverty rates are calculated based on $2.15 in the 2017 PPP line using total consumption and pre-assistance income Scenario 1: no economic opportunities Scenario 2: current scenario Scenario 3: full inclusion USD per capita per year, Dec 2022 prices Figure 5.22: Costs of basic needs per refugee per year under different scenarios Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: The costs are in December 2022 prices. Refugees’ Aspirations 55 In addition to their own resources, refugees rely on humanitarian aid to cover their expenditures on food, sanitation, hygienic products, and essential non-food items. “Successful” integration and economic inclusion—that is, earning sufficient income to be no longer poor and to consume more than the (international) poverty line—of refugees bring higher self-reliance and less reliance on humanitarian assistance. This opens two tracks for investigation: (i) First, how much aid would be needed if the policy objective were to bring refugee consumption up to the poverty line. The answer to this
Source: Electricity Demand Forecast by Planning Power of National Transmission and
Dispatch Company (NTDC) (2014).


15



<!-- PAGE 18 -->
**Figure 3 System Average Interruption Frequency Index**

30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 89
31 Manufacture of furniture 39
32 Other manufacturing 480
Source: Authors' calculations using 2010-11 Census of Manufacturing Industries.

Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP

The source for hurricane tracks is the HURDAT Best Track Data, which provides

end quarterly series of national GDP is available for the Dominican Republic.  We thus
These are the women living in the DHS clusters affected by wartime conflict in Mali and make up the treatment group in our study (see figure 2). Figure 2: Wartime conflict occurring within 10km of communities surveyed by the Mali Demographic and Health Survey 2 We check that the results are robustness to changes in the definition of the distance away from conflict events by exploiting other distance definitions- 20km to 50km. This is especially important since the GPS coordinates for randomly selected respondents in the DHS are displaced to protect the confidentiality of respondents.
support initiatives seeking to mainstream refugees into existing governance structures. Encouraging these collaborative efforts of departments and agencies of the GoE can achieve a successful implementation of development solutions. Efforts to improve the coverage, accuracy, reliability, quality, and comparability of data can provide the analytical underpinning for policy decisions. Better data enables better planning (and decisions). Integrating refugees as part of the national household survey system could provide high-quality data on a regular basis. This would include the ability to disaggregate data to a subset of the population surveyed and compare refugees with other population groups. This requires strengthening data collection and dissemination mechanisms at all levels. The GoE pledged to include refugee data in national statistics. This would ensure that systems are systematically built to serve all people in a particular “place” regardless of status. This includes the need for a full population count (including refugees) across Ethiopia’s territory to inform decisions such as the size of schools to ensure progress toward inclusive systems that support refugees and their hosts can be made. Strengthening the use of statistics includes facilitating access to data and disseminating results. The SESRE is an excellent start to this initiative. Yet, the need to
attempt at distinguishing the currently available methods in statistics and economics as well as incorporating the advances from the former into the latter. This is consistent with similar ongoing efforts in other disciplines that build on the multiple imputation method in statistics to better address their own disciplinary needs. 4 Empirically, we illustrate our method with an application to Jordan, a particularly interesting case for analysis. Not much is known about poverty trends since Jordan ’ s Department of Statistics (DOS) last conducted its Household Expenditure and Income Survey (HEIS) in 2010. In the meantime, this country ’ s economy has experienced several major events such as the introduction of new poverty-reduction policies by the government (e. g., in accordance with its recent Poverty Reduction Strategy), economic reforms (e. g., reducing its petroleum subsidies and implementing a targeted cash transfer), and shocks due to higher energy prices. Socio-political change and unrest in neighboring Syria and Egypt also add further uncertainty to the economy. Given this fast evolving context, policy makers are keenly interested in tracking poverty trends on a more frequent and timely basis. In contrast with the HEIS survey which was last conducted in 2010, DOS administers the Employment-Unemployment Survey, a labor force survey (LFS) with wide geographical coverage, on a quarterly basis.
Most male principal applicants are one of a married couple with children whereas most female principal applicants are single care ‐ givers, single persons or living in non ‐ traditional family groups. While on average female principal applicant households are no more likely to be poor than male principal applicant ones, poverty rates for some types of households are higher when these households have a female principal applicant. Households that have formed because of the unpredictable dynamics of forced displacement, such as sibling households, unaccompanied children, and 6 Identification of the head of the case (as family groupings are referred to in the UNHCR ProGres database) is determined by who best represents the family for case management purposes. It is not assumed that the household will be best represented by a man; a woman or even a child can be a head of a case, depending on standard operating procedures. 7 Even when traditional household survey data are gathered at the individual level, the information is often collected from a single respondent. The respondent is usually the self ‐ identified ‘ most knowledgeable ’ household member, which overwhelmingly corresponds to the ‘ head ’ of the household. In the case of a household survey that solicits information on ‘ headship ’, this information is gathered often through the question: “ Who is the head of this household? ”
isted, including cellphone credit, supermarket vouchers, and electronic transfers. Appendix D discusses VenRePS and the data collection procedures in more detail. III. C Outcomes The analysis of PEP ’ s impact focuses on three groups of outcomes: the socioeconomic well- being of forced migrants (herein “ migrants ”), their access to rights and services, and their labor market outcomes. The ﬁrst dimension, well-being, is the focus of this article, while the latter two delve into potential mechanisms. Each dimension includes the individual outcomes described below and an index estimated following Kling et al. (2007) to summarize each dimension. Speciﬁcally, the three dimensions of outcomes are: (i) socioeconomic well-being encom- passes consumption, income, and employment; (ii) access to rights and services captures effective access to PEP ’ s direct beneﬁts and services that are not available to migrants with- out it; 10 and (iii) labor market outcomes include holding a formal job, hours worked, reser- vation wage, job satisfaction (measured as the inverse of the desire to ﬁnd a different job), and self-employment. We deﬁned these outcomes and dimensions of interest following a preanalysis plan reg- istered before data collection (see Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. 2020).