ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
For this reason, the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency (DEC) has established an open web facility, the XCO2 database, [19] that pre-filters the OCO-2 data and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25 km global grid (G25). The website will also publish annual change estimates for urban areas by statistical significance class and provide information that links G25 grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units (levels 0, 1 and 2). We believe that this web facility will contribute to the global effort to reduce CO2 emissions as rapidly as possible.

Byers, L., J. Friedrich et al. 2021. A Global Database of Power Plants. World Resources
Institute.

JPL/NASA. 2021. OCO-2 Data Set. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology. https://co2.jpl.nasa.gov/?mission=oco-2
survey, which did not include a benchmark measure as did the Dantlait survey. Figure 3

Dantlait survey results can be extrapolated to a sample of households in other parts of Niger,

It is important to note, however, that the Dantlait survey was limited to cattle. Small

precision of these estimates, and the Dantlait survey only collected data on cattle. Throughout
using spatial information. Geographical coordinates of enumeration areas in GLSS are from


Ghana Statistical Services (GSS). [2] Point coordinates (global positioning system [GPS]) for the

The Raw Materials Data are from InterraRMG (2013). The data set contains information on


past or current industrial mines. All mines have information on annual production volumes,
23 and females. 10 The results are shown in table S. 1 in the supplemental appendix. The baseline effects of basic schools on educational attainment and their effects on mobility are stronger and often more significant than those estimated in table 4 for both males and females. A second concern is that Jordan received a large influx of Palestinian refugees in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. While refugees benefited from the UNRWA basic schools, their educational attainment and intergenerational educational mobility were perhaps subject to a different set of constraints than those facing other Jordanians. Thus, as a robustness check, individuals who are likely to be Palestinian refugees were excluded from the sample. Since the JLMPS 2010 does not allow directly identifying Palestinian refugees who are now mostly Jordanian citizens, two indirect methods were employed to identify individuals who are likely to be Palestinian refugees. Method 1 excludes individuals born in subdistricts where the percentage of individuals who were ever enrolled (or are currently enrolled) in an UNRWA school exceeds ten percent out of all individuals below 36 years of age in the sample. Method 2 excludes individuals born in subdistricts where the percentage of UNRWA schools exceeds ten percent of the total number of schools. The results for the restricted sample according to both methods are shown in tables S. 2 and S. 3 respectively.
The majority of surveys reported the same or similarly worded internationallyaccepted HIV indicators for prevention and misconception (except for the
misconception question on the possibility of getting HIV from sharing a meal with
someone who is infected with HIV); however, few reported disaggregated
indicators by age and gender (Table III). The majority of surveys did not report
the same or similarly worded internationally-accepted HIV indicators for practice
and attitudes; few reported disaggregated indicators by age or gender (Table III).
Twenty-six (83.9%) of the surveys asked an HIV practice question with 14
(45.2%) asking the question that was the same as or similar to the internationallyaccepted practice indicator that we chose (Table I); five (35.7%) disaggregated
the indicator by gender and age (Table III). Twenty-one (67.7%) of the surveys
asked HIV attitude questions with less than the majority asking at least one
question that was the same as or similar to the internationally-accepted attitude
indicators (Table I); few disaggregated by gender and age (Table III).
If that person is a 10, where would you put yourself? ” Locus of Control The standardized total score from responses to four locus of control questions. “ In the last 7 days, how many days did you feel that to a great extent your life is controlled by accidental / chance happenings... ” Allocation Decision Game Indicator (yes / no) for response to an oﬀer to participate an allocation committee to decide how money is spent. Participants are oﬀered the opportunity to make a resource allocation decision for their community or have another individual (an NGO worker, an “ expert ”, or another refugee) make the decision. Stability Index The standardized total score from responses to two stability questions using a Cantril ladder. “ How secure [do you feel / think you will feel] [at present / ﬁve years from now] ” Physiological Index An inverse-covariance weighted average of PHQ, Stress, Life Satisfac- tion, Sociability (Total), Self-Worth, Locus of Control, and Stability indices. Gender Dynamics Gender Perceptions- Work The standardized total score of two questions regarding women ’ s work, “ How often would you agree that women should be allowed to work for a living [inside / outside] the block? ” 64
HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 153

Table III. HIV/AIDS knowledge, practices and attitudes questions and indicators (N �/31).

Number* Percent

Knowledge
Did the study include prevention questions, even if 26 83.9%
they did not include the standard questions below?

1) Sex with only 1 partner
Same or similar wording 21 67.7%
Disaggregated by gender and age 6 (N�/20) [�] 30.0%

2) Using condoms
Same or similar wording 26 83.9%
Disaggregated by gender and age 6 (N�/25) [�] 24.0%
Did study include misconception questions, even if 20 64.5%
they did not include standard questions below?

1) Mosquito bites
Same or similar wording 16 51.6%
Disaggregated by gender and age 3 (N�/15) [�] 20.0%

2) Sharing a meal
Same or similar wording 14 45.2%
Disaggregated by gender and age 5 (N�/13) [�] 38.4%

3) Healthy-looking person can have/transmit HIV
Same or similar wording 18 58.1%
Disaggregated by gender and age 4 (N�/17) [�] 23.5%

Practices
Did the study include practice questions, even if they 26 83.9%
did not include standard questions below?

1) Condom at last sex with a high risk partner
Same or similar wording 14 45.2%
Disaggregated by gender and age 5 (N�/14) 35.7%
Since forced migrants are a hard- to-reach population, we constructed the sampling frame for the survey using the RAMV census, referrals from other forced migrants, and databases of local migrant organizations. 2 The survey data enabled us to examine the impact of PEP on three groups of outcomes: socioeconomic and health well-being, access to rights and services, and labor market con- sequences. This paper concentrates on the ﬁrst dimension — socioeconomic and health well- being — while the latter two allow us to discern possible mechanisms. Each dimension in- cludes a series of individual outcomes and a summary index. The survey took place between October 2020 and February 2021. This analysis thus provides a picture of PEP ’ s short-term effects two years after its enactment. Despite the advantages for causal identiﬁcation produced by the circumstances of PEP ’ s rollout, registration in RAMV and PEP was voluntary, so self-selection could potentially confound the identiﬁcation of effects. For this reason, our empirical analysis follows a fuzzy regression discontinuity methodology that compares forced migrants who arrived before 2Importantly, as shown in the analysis, migrants in these three data sources were otherwise similar across socioeconomic characteristics in Venezuela and in Colombia before the program was launched. 4
In all these cases violence probably did not aﬀect the entire economy notably. In what follows we focus on positive net ﬂows, i. e. we subtract outﬂows from inﬂows and code negative numbers as 0s. Our results are robust to using gross inﬂows but as these are not provided by all sources. 40See Frome (1983) for a discussion of using the Poisson model to study rates. For a general discus- sion of count data models, see Cameron and Trivedi (2013). Our results are also robust to using year ﬁxed eﬀects instead of exposure. 41The reason is that the OECD data, the Dutch Central Bank data and the UN data allows us to distinguish between net ﬂows and gross ﬂows. 42We also distinguish two diﬀerent ways of calculating the cut-oﬀof intensity using contemporaneous and average population in a country. In total we therefore have 14 diﬀerent estimates per cut-oﬀ. 43Each coeﬃcient is also estimated quite precisely at this cut-oﬀ. 50
20 For more details on the 1997 IFPRI Egypt Integrated Household Survey, see Guarav Datt, Dean Joliffe

***Total food subsidies in real terms calculated by deflating nominal costs by CAPMAS Consumer Price
Index for urban areas (1 986-87 = 100).
n.a. = Not available.
Sources: Food subsidy data:
1970-71 to 1980-81 from Harold Alderman, Joachim von Braun and Sakr A. Sakr, Egypt's Food Subsidy and
Rationing System: A Description, Research Report 34 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research
Institute, 1982), Table 2.
1981-82 to 1996-97 from unpublished data, Ministry of Planning, and Ministry of Trade and Supply.


Total government expenditure data:
1970-71 to 1979 from Alderman, von Braun and Sakr, op. cit.
1980-81 to 1991-92 from unpublished data, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.
1992-93 to 1996-97 from unpublished data, Ministry of Trade and Supply.

Source: IFPRI Egypt Integrated Household Survey, 1997.

applying it to data from a household survey in northern Mali. In this application, we find
In addition, we observe several characteristics of the firm and job that are not typically observable to researchers, which we will use to conduct a rich heterogeneity analysis. Most importantly, we observe the number of applicants applying to a specific job, and the number of similar jobs posted on the platform. This unique data facilitates our third contribution, in which we analyze the role of labor market competition in hiring discrimination, an area which to date has not been widely explored. de Haan et al. (2017) show that discrimination against disadvantaged groups is more likely in the presence of competition of workers from a non-discriminated group than in a non-competitive scenario. Along these lines, we hypothesize that firms will discriminate less often when there is a low supply of applicants. Unlike de Haan et al. (2017), we uniquely observe quality indicators of the applicant pool, which we use to test our hypothesis that discrimination decreases when the relative quality of applicants in the pool is low. Furthermore, we exploit our unique data to test whether firms discriminate less often when there is high demand for specific job positions. We know of no studies that have previously considered competition on the demand side. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides background information of Malaysia. Section 3 details the experimental design, and section 4 provides summary statistics of the data. Section 5 explores if there is discrimination in the Malaysian labor market, section 6 studies 4
Malaita is one of largest of the Solomon Islands, with an estimated population of 170,883 (according to
2012/13 HIES). The three primary roads of Malaita, namely the North Road (112.2 km), South Road (75.6
km) and East Road (41.7 km), together constitute nearly 60% of the road network on the island and carry
the majority of vehicular traffic (Figure 1). These roads connect 19 of the 33 wards and provide access to
70% of the population.

It combines nationally representative pre- pandemic household survey data with follow-up phone survey data from Mali and exploits sub- national variation in the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions between urban and rural areas.

We combine nationally representative data collected between October 2018 and July 2019 with follow-up phone survey data collected between May and June 2020.
prediction model between the z-score and observable household and location characteristics in EMDHS. This

related to the sampling design of EMDHS, as it is designed with few EAs within each region and relatively large

areas, the sample from EMDHS 2014 is used.
from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys. International Journal of African Development 1.
8. Christiaensen L, Alderman H (2004) Child malnutrition in Ethiopia: Can maternal knowledge augment the role of

for height). The z-scores were calculated using EMDHS and the 2006 WHO growth standards [24].

To obtain estimates of undernutrition rates at the woreda level, EMDHS is combined, through SAE, with the

The EMDHS and a 10 percent sample of the 2007 census are available on request from the Central Statistical
Second, we complement our psychosocial index with measures that are not vulnerable to experimenter demand. Demand eﬀects are unlikely to alter one ’ s cognitive ability as measured through the arithmetic questions and memory tests of our cognitive index. Our risk and time preference games are incentivized with meaningful stakes (respondents gamble with a minimum of 1. 20 USD in the risk preference game and trade oﬀ3. 50 USD today with higher amounts tomorrow in the time preference game), stake sizes that de Quidt, Haushofer, and Roth (2018) have found eﬀectively eliminate demand eﬀects. Perhaps employed individuals feel a need to impress the enumerator, as their proximate employer, in a way cash recipients do not. This may lead to reporting better mental and physical health and investing greater eﬀort in the cognitive tasks. However, we ﬁnd that life satisfaction increases substantially for both groups, inconsistent with a diﬀerential desire to impress among the employed. We also observe patterns of treatment eﬀects within our validated PHQ-9 module that are inconsistent with experimenter demand (Appendix Table 12The signaling value of the certiﬁcate may have been diminished if other employers learned about the nature of the certiﬁcate distribution. Our time in the ﬁeld suggests this is unlikely: we randomized certiﬁcate distribution at the block level to limit spillovers, only ﬁve people in each block of ˜ 200 adults was involved in the experiment, and job opportunities were scarce. 13The certiﬁcate read “ I engaged with Pulse Bangladesh to do data collection ”. It was written this way in order to be generic enough to apply to all the individuals in the experiment, all of whom were providing us data from the weekly surveys. 18
using official CPI deflators to obtain a comparable poverty line in 2008 and its associated poverty rate of 19. 5 percent. Macroeconomic trends shown in Figure 1 appear to corroborate the poverty decline as shown by the household consumption data, since the downward sloping poverty trend is consistent with that of growth in real GDP per capita. The period between 2002 and 2007 sees rapid growth, which, however, slows down in the subsequent period between 2008 and 2010. Real GDP per capita grew by 3 percent and poverty was estimated to fall by about 5 percentage points in this latter period. While poverty could be tracked between 2008 and 2010 with the consumption data from the HEIS, no consumption data exists after 2010 that can be used to monitor poverty trends. Projections show per capita GDP growth to be weak, but this alone does not say much about poverty trends. The recent subsidy reforms and the associated cash transfer could well impact poverty, as could the various economic stresses including a continued weak labor market, increased energy prices, and a large influx of war refugees from Syria. 18 Against the background of infrequent collection of consumption data, the country ’ s economically uncertain atmosphere provides an even stronger impetus for policy makers to track poverty with alternative methods like imputation-based estimates. III. 2. 2.
In addition to providing a commission for RSD and appeals, Article 9 of the 2005 refuge law
indicates that refugees have the right to government issued identity documents. This
documentation has not yet been issued, and has been quite problematic for many refugees living
in Cameroon. Several of those interviewed for this research claimed that authorities often
harassed them because they did not recognise UNHCR refugee documentation.
Has this hap- pened during the recent growth period in the CIS-7? Explaining labor market flows The key to understanding output and employment growth in the CIS-7 is evidently the relation- ship between self-employment which is largely informal and employees in the formal sector. And the transition from non wage (informal) to wage (formal) labor can occur thanks to 1) A migra- tion of workers from self-employment to wage labor or 2) Endogenous growth of self- employment turning into SMEs and generating formal employment. We have in fact introduced one further dimension of labor market segmentation, the wage / non-wage labor divide. Labor flows between these different states may contribute to explain the employment puzzle. For this purpose, we turn to Moldova, a country that in many respects could be considered as the average scenario in our CIS-7 sample. Moldova is also the only country that disposes of a consis- tent longitudinal panel survey between 1997 and 2002 which can be used to assess labor market flows during the growth period and test some hypotheses on the evolution of the labor market.
7 All data on energy access, use and expenditures come from the 2008 ILCS.

5Ideally, the ILCS data would be matched with household-level data from the utility companies on gas and other alternative energy consumption and payment to allow a more accurate analysis of the residential demand and the distributional consequences of price changes.

_Source:_ Author's calculations based on 2008 ILCS and 2009 GDP data

more than half of it on gas. According to the ILCS, which provides self-reported data on energy

0.135 (= 3,600/26,582) metric tonnes of oil per one tonne of soybean, while the share of soybean

meal is given by the residual, _β2_ ' = 0.865 (=1 - 0.135). [13] Then the production of soybean meal in
24 refugee camps2 are spatially dispersed, and location matters significantly in terms of refugee’s ability to work. About 88 percent of refugees in Ethiopia remain in camps (based on SESRE data). The different camp areas have different geographic, social, and economic contexts, and are in different ecological zones, with different ethnic and language linkages between the refugees and local host communities. Refugees overall have lower employment rates and incomes and are more likely to engage in the informal sector than their hosts, but spatial disparity in labor market access and outcomes among refugees exists. The local labor market structure, proximity to resource hubs (Zone capitals, Woreda cities), and market connectivity significantly explain the differences in refugee labor market outcomes, highlighting the importance of refugees’ locations in terms of providing opportunities for self- reliance (Figure ES.5). The local labor market structure affects the possibility of refugees finding jobs. Naturally, the better the local labor market, the easier for refugees to find employment. High local unemployment reduces refugees’ job prospects, regardless of the gender of the refugee. The structure of sectoral employment in the local market also affects the odds of refugee employment; the higher the share of employment in the trade
The DLHS-3 data do not provide details on the number of households that  share the latrines reported, whether the shared latrine belongs to the household or another

in access to sanitation in the span of 10 years (as of the 2011 census), an estimated 69  percent of households in India still do not have a sanitation facility in their household

households in the primary sampling unit (PSU), define as village in DLHS-3, that has access to that kind

sample of households of each village, making the ratio reliable. The distribution presented on the figure


was estimated using a kernel density estimation with a bandwidth of 5.

from de Ministry of Agriculture regarding WII's coverage. These data include municipality level

coverage information in terms of weather stations used, insured crops (maize, beans, sorghum
PROTECTION BRIEF > SUDAN (JULY 2023)
UNHCR  
15 
▪

PROTECTION BRIEF 
SUDAN 
July 2023

UNHCR Sudan

data.unhcr.org/en/country/sdn   
www.unhcr.org
In terms of mines, the priority areas to be cleared are those contaminated sites that are close to
communities and where high levels of casualties are being reported. For the current planning period
(according to the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan strategic plan) the top 20 districts that
report the highest number of casualties (since Jan 2015 until now) are spread across 9 provinces,
predominantly in the South and South East regions. They are: Maywand, Nad Ali, Tirin Kot, Shah Wali

Page **3** of **12**
<!-- PAGE 17 -->
**Figure 2: Relative Fit to CRU Data: 8 Global Climate Models**

<!-- PAGE 22 -->
**Appendix 1: CRU and GCM Sources**

Historical Data: 1961-2000

CRU: UK Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK
[http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/](http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/)

GCM Data: 1961-2100

each country and year (using household-level data from surveys available through the Luxembourg Income Study, LIS), individuals were ranked by their (household per capita) market income, from the poorest to the richest, and grouped in deciles.
sample variation between the population of twins and the total population of ENLACE

Even
though these estimates are smaller than those reported in previous specifications, they are still significant
and economically large.


17



<!-- PAGE 20 -->
ates measured in the ENLACE context questionnaire, which allows us to also control for

ENLACE context questionnaire, which are similar to those already reported. Columns

teristics. As expected, ENLACE test scores at Grade 6 are strong predictors of on-time

###### **4.2 ENLACE Test Scores and Labor Market Outcomes**
Even though these zones only account for 2.2 per cent of dry land, they currently are a
home for 10.5 per cent of the world population, some 602 million people, of whom
438 live in Asia and 246 in the poorest countries of the world (other authors furnish
slightly lower figures totalling 397 million persons, but these, nevertheless, remain
impressive (Anthoff, Nicholls, Tol, and Vafeidis 2006)).

It would certainly be an exaggeration, however, to consider that these hundreds of
millions of people are all potential migrants in a near future. The latest report of the
IPCC describes, of course, the possible melting of Greenland ice cover and the
consequent 7-metre rise in sea level, but this would occur over several thousand years.
Of more concern to us here is the scenario of thermic expansion of the oceans.
According to a future CO2 emission estimate based on continuing economic growth
but with a moderation of fossil fuel use (scenario A1B of the IPCC) one could
witness an increase of 0.3 to 0.8 metres of the oceans by 2300 (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change 2007b).

7
was that it did not collect expenditure data on different kinds of subsidized and

Egypt Integrated Household Survey (EIHS) -- was designed to collect detailed

expenditure data on all of the main subsidized and non-subsidized foods in Egypt. The

selecting households was supplied by CAPMAS from its 1990/91 HIES survey. [20]

made. First, per capita total expenditure is calculated from the IFPRI survey data for each