ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
of Forced Migration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, TX. Maystadt, J. F., and Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and Losers among a Refugee-Hosting Population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769-809. MoE. (2022). Education Statistics Annual Abstract (ESAA). MoE MoLSA. (2019). Revised Directives on the Issuance of Work Permits for Expatriates in Ethiopia. MoTRI, MoLS , MoR and RRS. (2023). Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to allow recognized asylum seekers and refugees to engaged in formal business. MoLS and RRS. (2023). MoU on technical and vocational training, work permit, job creation and livelihood improvement, and related issues for refugees. MoLS and RRS. (2023). Technical and vocational training for refugees, job creation and livelihood improvement, work permit and related issues service delivery manual (Standard Operating Procedure). Muna, S. (2019). In Pursuit of Self-reliance: Perspectives of Refugees in Jordan. Archnet-IJAR, 13(3), 612-626. https://doi. org/10.1108/ARCH-04-2019-0085 Nguyen, N. T. V., Savadogo, A., and Tanaka, T. (2021). Refugees in Chad: The Road Forward. The World Bank. Norman, T., Borjesson, M., and Anderstig, C. (2017). Labor Market Accessibility and Unemployment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. Pape, U. J., Petrini, B., and Iqbal, S. A. (2018). Informing Durable Solutions by
**Focus on key protection risks**, **responsive and rehabilitation actions** : Mainly related to Protection of
civilian in high combat intensity areas as well as hard-to-reach populations in AGEs controlled areas
should access allowed, new displacement due to the conflict, and equity of access to services by
vulnerable groups.

**Severity of needs and response capacity** : Consideration will be given to the number of affected
populations, especially children, in the contested, IEA and government controlled areas. Presence of
operational partners and response capacity will be also taken into consideration. As of 1 March 2017
the access snapshot indicates approximately 54% of the territory is controlled or contested by NSAG.
As of January 2017, the 3W Map shows the humanitarian community to be present as follows (if BPHS
staff are included then the number of staff will increase in all areas): Areas under control of
government (30,349 staff), contested areas (13, 279 staff), NSAG control (428 staff).
One interesting pattern is that We ﬁnd that more educated Venezuelans are more likely to report being discriminated against. A potential explanation for this, consistent with the previous results, is that higher skilled Venezuelans are disappointed with their situation in Peru, especially when they settle in areas with strong labor markets, and this lack of opportunity is either caused by or perceived as discrimination (Guerrero-Ble et al., 2020). In the second part of our analysis, we examine the impact of immigration in terms of changes in the number of Venezuelans as a share of the local population in a province on a wide-variety of outcomes. We rely on administrative data to measure the number of Venezuelans newly registered in each district in Peru on a monthly basis between January 2015 and December 2020. We aggregate this information at the province level, which roughly corresponds to a labor market. Having a time-varying measure of the presence of Venezuelans in each of the 198 provinces allows us to use repeated cross-sectional data on outcomes for Peruvians and control for location and time ﬁxed eﬀects, as well as, location-speciﬁc time-trends. Hence, we identify the impact of the presence of Venezuelans by examining how outcomes for Peruvians change when more Venezuelans arrive in a province, conditional on the trend in that outcome. However, it is possible that local shocks impact both the destination choice of Venezuelans and outcomes for Peruvians, hence we also use an instrumental variable strategy where we in- strument for the number of Venezuelans in a location with the presence of Venezuelans in that 3
15 3. Methodology and Data 3. 1. Data The UNHS survey is used by the GoU to monitor the well-being of the population. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) has conducted the survey every three to four years since the 1990s, providing a series of comparable data stretching more than 20 years. The last UNHS survey was conducted between July 2016 and June 2017, collecting data from around 15, 000 households in all 112 existing districts of Uganda at the time. The UNHS 2016 / 17 is representative at the national, rural-urban, regional and sub-regional level, and gathers information on the socio-economic characteristics of the household (including income and consumption) and its members (including educational attainment, health status and use of services, etc.). Thus, it is possible to allocate all fiscal interventions for each household in the survey, as explained in detail in the next sections. 3. 2. Summary of CEQ Methodology14 The CEQ Assessment takes specific fiscal policy elements, programs, expenditures, or revenue collections and allocates them to individuals and households appearing in the UNHS 2016 / 17.
2 regards to who is poor, how poor they are, and the composition of their poverty. Based on the Alkire-Foster (AF) method, the index provides a summary measure of poverty for the population that can be disaggregated by displacement status and gender of the household head to analyze the variation in deprivations. The MPI can be further broken down by indicator to show the proportion of the population who are poor and deprived in each area. These features of the MPI can inform better policy responses, with interventions and programs targeting the most deprived communities and indicators with the highest headcount ratios. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 of the paper reviews some of the existing literature to provide the background and motivation for the analysis, including a summary of the different country contexts covered by the data analyzed in this paper. Section 3 outlines the Alkire- Foster method and the selected dimensions and indicators used to construct the MPI, followed by Section 4, which introduces the data. Section 5 presents the findings, first for results at the national level and then results disaggregated by displacement status. Section 6 analyzes differences in multidimensional poverty by gender of the household head to improve understanding of the gendered aspects of multidimensional poverty in these contexts.
Findings from the 2014 Agricultural Census suggest there are over 317,000 family farms [4] of 1.48 hectares on average (Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, 2016), which produce approximately 95% of the country's gross agricultural output (Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, 2021).

4 This estimate of over 317,000 farms includes those farms that had their own land (including leased land) at the time of the 2014 Agricultural Census, as well as farms that leased land but did not have their own land.

Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. (2016). Main Findings of Agricultural Census 2014 of the
Republic of Armenia. [http://armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=1860](http://armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=1860)

<!-- PAGE 8 --> of enumeration areas was based on the Population Census 2011, and a fresh household listing was conducted in each of the selected EAs to attain a current household sampling frame from which to randomly select 12 households in each EA.

Todorov, A., & Kirchner, C. (2000). Bias in proxies' reports of disability: data from the National Health
Interview Survey on disability. _American Journal of Public Health_, 90(8), 1248.


UNECE. (2005). Inventory of Land Administration Systems in Europe and North America. Produced and
published by HM Land Registry. London, United Kingdom on behalf of the UNECE Working Party
on Land Administration.
In a second paper evaluating the same UCT program, the authors find significant impacts (7. 8 percentage points) on enrollment of children 12 and older but no impacts on younger children. The finding that cash transfers had no impact on the enrollment of children under 12 could be related to the fact that primary (but not secondary) education is free in Kenya. The literature on the effectiveness of assisting return migrants to Afghanistan includes an evaluation of a shelter assistance program implemented by UNHCR. UNHCR provided post-return shelter assistance to Afghans between 2009 and 2011. Loschmann, Parsons, and Siegel (2005) use a multidimensional poverty index comprising four dimensions: economic welfare, health, education, and basic services. To address selection bias, they use a propensity score matching approach. They estimate that the shelter assistance 2 The cash transfer programs studied were implemented in Honduras, Indonesia, Morocco, Mexico (two programs), Nicaragua, and the Philippines.
compared to their hosts, with a higher percentage of refugees in Addis Ababa completing primary (45 percent) and secondary (27 percent) education (Figure 2.7). Although more educated, even youth’s (age 15 to 24) educational attainment is low, with large differences by survey domains. Many youth refugees and hosts have not completed primary education (Figure 2.8). While the percentage of youth who completed primary education is close to 50 percent for hosts, it is only 35 percent of in-camp refugee youth. Moreover, there are large differences by location, with only 22 percent of Eritrean refugee youths in camps having completed primary school compared to 37 percent of in-camp Somali youth. On the other hand, refugee youth in Addis Ababa have similar levels of education compared to their hosts (Annex D, Table D.2). 14 In an emergency setting, it is recommend to provide refugees with access to educational programmes within the first 3 months of arrival in the hosting country. 15 Moreover, access to education services is often tied to having identification documents. Enabling refugees to receive identification documents is critical, not only for accessing education but also other services such as health or financial services. Sociodemographic Profile 13 16 In January
Page 27 of 51 Figure 18: Prevalence of Part-time employment among salaried employees. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys. Figure 19: Prevalence of Temporary employment among salaried employees. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys The older age profile of part-time employment in most of the analyzed countries of Eastern Europe and Asia is consistent with the age profile observed for total employment. In fact, the mean age of the labor force rose 4. 5 years on average in the countries included in the study. That is, the older age profile of NSE workers reflects the aging trend of the overall labor force. 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 % 10 % 12 % 14 % 16 % Russia Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova Starting point Ending point 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia starting point ending point
m and SD are the mean and standard deviation value of the distribution corresponding the reference population (2006 WHO Child Growth Standards). Sociodemographic Profile 21 Disability Disability rates are similar for hosts and refugees. The proportion of individuals with a disability29 is comparable between refugees and hosts, except for Eritrean refugees. The percentage of persons with disabilities is higher among Eritrean refugees (8 percent) compared to hosts (5 percent). At the national level, and estimated 9 percent of the population lives with at least one disability, according to 2016 national survey results (UNICEF, 2018). Disability is more prevalent among elderly refugees and hosts who above age 60 compared to adults and children. Refugees and hosts mainly face disabilities related to seeing, walking, or climbing steps (Annex D, Figure D.13). 2.4 Living conditions Housing differs drastically between refugees and their hosts, with in-camp refugees living in UN or NGO shelters, and refugees in Addis Ababa residing in rented houses. Most Eritrean refugee households (61 percent) live in temporary30 shelters provided by the UN or NGOs, whereas 50 percent of Somali refugee households and 71 percent of South Sudanese refugee households live in UN or NGO-provided permanent31 shelters. In Addis Ababa, 97
 Youth noted that the **continuation of armed conflict increases vulnerability to exclusion** . Both groups
agreed that addressing these issues requires tackling corruption, improving awareness, and ensuring equal
opportunities for all.
 **Absence of data** is also a relevant finding. Protection risks analysis on youth have not been produced in a
systematic manner in NWS, thus the identification of the particularity of the risks the population group
faces has not been documented, or even assessed. Concrete risks such as exploitation, forced labor, forced
recruitment have been addressed, to some extent, for children (until 18 years), but not for young people
(18-23).
 Findings also highlight the **need to have enhanced technical expertise** to assess, analyze and design
adequate responses for youth, that take into consideration the specific exposure to specific risks by young
men and young women, and doesn’t neglect these considerations in an equal manner.
 When asking youth if there are any mitigation strategies in place for these risks, results indicate that 47%
of youth in northwest Syria report the presence of mitigation strategies for protection risks, while 53% do
not. Among those who have access to mitigation strategies, the most common approaches include
reliance, economic integration, and access to education and health. By leveraging data from initiatives like SESRE and adopting a comprehensive approach that considers the needs of both refugees and host communities, Ethiopia can maximize the benefits from hosting refugees while minimizing associated costs. The Government of Ethiopia has committed to a significant shift in its refugee management policies and most recently in its pledges and commitments made at the 2023 Global Refugee Forum to improve the socio and economic opportunities for refugees through an agenda to transform camps to human settlements as well as for inclusion into national services for education, including secondary education as well as health (UNHCR, 2024). The recommendations below advance these commitments backed by the findings in this survey. Key policy recommendations stemming from this analysis are: Promote refugee self-reliance: ◆ Enable mobility for refugees to access areas with higher economic opportunities. ◆ Facilitate labor market access for refugees by easing restrictions and providing work permits. ◆ Integrate refugee children into national education system to improve their long-term prospects. ◆ Strengthen inclusive healthcare systems to address the health needs of refugees. Focus on place-based interventions: ◆ Invest in refugee hosting areas to benefit both refugees and
Existing coastal flood maps covering Vietnam, most prominently the Global Tide and Surge Reanalysis (GTSR) data set (Muis et al. 2016), are expected to underestimate coastal flood risk in Vietnam.

It is based on a global digital elevation map with a resolution of 90 meters at the equator that has been corrected for several errors typically present in spaceborn elevation models (Yamazaki et al. 2017).

These curves have been generated by statistically postprocessing the results from storm surge modeling with a wide range of possible typhoons (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2012).

Typhoon wind speeds used in this analysis were produced by a global model of cyclone winds calibrated
on over 2,500 past cyclones, terrain composure, and ocean depth. It contains the modelled maximum
wind speed at every location in Vietnam for typhoons occurring, on average, every 50, 100, and 1000
years (figure 2.2). The data is in raster format has a grid resolution of roughly 30 by 30 kilometers (UNDRR,
2015).


**Figure 2.2: Wind speeds over Vietnam in typhoons of varying severity**
images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photos: © World Bank Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements.......................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ii Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 How can we achieve better development outcomes for all?.................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 How does Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) contribute to the debate on policies?....................................... 6 2. Sociodemographic Profile .......................
...................... 6 2. Sociodemographic Profile ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Demographic characteristics ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Education ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................. 12 2.3 Health and nutrition.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Living conditions....................................
........ 17 2.4 Living conditions.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Jobs and Livelihoods ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Labor market outcomes of in-camp refugees and their hosts................................................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 Labor market outcomes of OCP refugees and their hosts...............................
...... 27 3.2 Labor market outcomes of OCP refugees and their hosts.......................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.3 Refugee youth.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... 37 4. Refugees’ Aspirations....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 5. Welfare and Equity........................
.................... 39 5. Welfare and Equity.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 5.1 Welfare dimensions..................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1 Monetary poverty and inequality ..................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................. 42 5.1.2 Expenditure patterns ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 5.1.3 Multidimensional poverty .........................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.4 Food security..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................... 47 5.1.5 Shocks and coping strategies....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 5.2 Determinants of welfare.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 49 5.3 Cost of basic needs for refugees ........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................... 53 6. Markets and Opportunities ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 6.1 Spatial disparities in refugees labor market access and outcomes.......................................................
................................................................................................................................. 57 6.2 Effects of local