ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
discussed above, using data on _recorded_ COVID-19 infection and death counts we observe that both of


these indicators are dramatically skewed toward Bamako. Although these recorded infections and deaths


likely underestimate the true incidence of infections and deaths, particularly outside Bamako (UNICEF,

_Notes:_ These figures come from the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) COVID-19 sub-national case data, supported by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

The Oxford COVID-19 government's response tracker (Hale _et_ _al._, 2020) suggests that the Mali government, in order to control the spread of the virus, imposed restrictions as stringent as in North American and Western European countries (see Figure A1 in the Supplemental Appendix).

We now turn to Google's Community Mobility Reports, our second source of information on the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions in Mali. For the purpose of contributing to an understanding of the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, Google released anonymized and aggregated data from users who have turned on the location history setting of their Google account.
Notes: (1) The table displays the results of the estimation of Equation 1. (2) The dependent variables are labor market
outcomes: a dummy indicating enrollment in college (column 1), a dummy indicating if employed (column 2), ln of
hourly wage (column 3) and a dummy for being employed in a formal firm (column 4). (3) All specifications include
age and State dummies. (5) Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. *** p _<_ 0.01, ** p _<_ 0.05,  - p _<_ 0.1.


34



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Table 7: OLS  - ENLACE test scores and later test scores by subject

<!-- PAGE 38 -->
#### **Figures**

Figure 1: ENLACE take-up


Notes: The graph presents historical ENLACE take-up by schooling levels: primary, lower
and upper-secondary. Source: SEP.

Notes: The graph presents the observations found in the ENLACE panel in 2007, 2010 and
2013 and the expected observations given the school trajectories in secondary school. Data:
authors' estimations based on ENLACE panel and Formato 911.


37



<!-- PAGE 40 -->
Figure 3: ENLACE test scores and secondary school outcomes
(World Bank, 2023). According to government statistics, there has also been a downward global trend in the number of resettlement opportunities, fluctuating from 99,000 in 2010 to just 34,000 in 2020, even as the number of forcibly displaced persons increases globally. In Ethiopia, resettlement numbers are similarly low; in 2022, only 309 refugees departed for resettlement (UNHCR, 2022). 4. Refugees’ Aspirations 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean (camps) Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Ethiopian refugee camp Ethiopian city Country of birth Other African country Western country Percent Figure 4.1: Desired location in three years Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Household respondents’ responses to the questions “Where do you hope to be living in 3 years?” and “Realistically, where do you think you will be living in 3 years?” 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean (camps) Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Ethiopian refugee camp Ethiopian city Country of birth Other African country Western country Percent Figure 4.2: Expected location in three years Refugees’ Aspirations 40 Most refugees hope to go to a Western country in the next three years. When asked
under field-based controlled cooking tests in a related study (Gebreeziabher et al., 2015). Later

D., Bluffstone, R., Martinsson, P., Mekonnen, A., &

Toman, M. A. (2018). Fuel savings, cooking time and user satisfaction with improved

the adoption of improved stoves using both revealed and stated preference data from India. Our

shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analy sis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure

This analysis uses cross-sectional household-level data from two waves of the SHFS. Wave 1 interviewed 4,117 urban, rural, and IDP households in February and March of 2016, representative of 9 of 18 Somali pre-war regions, excluding inaccessible areas in the south. Wave 2 expanded coverage to all but one,
_Source: Authors' calculation based on Dantlait survey data._

_Source: Dantlait survey_

in 2009 and 2010 for the Livestock Climate and Society (ECliS) project (final report and
Figure 5: Part-time employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24
ENLACE included a context questionnaire which was applied to a random sample

We use student identification variables to identify 20,187 twins in the ENLACE panel.

for 1.02 percent of the ENLACE panel in 2007, a level close to the prevalence of multiple

Table 1 presents summary statistics for the ENLACE panel dataset. Columns 1-3

report statistics for the ENLACE survey sample and the twins sample, respectively, in
48 unemployment rate, contributing to irregular migration and participation in extremist activities, including Al ‐ Shabaab. Joining militant jihadist group is viewed as another form of employment61. Social Services The lack of infrastructure and basic service hinders IDP settlements. On top of that “ urban areas are being overwhelmed with new arrivals62 ”. Access to basic needs, such as health and education, are unmet. South Sudan Security South Sudan ’ s civil war began in December 2013 and continues with serious abuses against civilians. A peace agreement was signed in August 2015 but the ceasefire was not achieved63. On May 25th, 2017, South Sudan President declared a ceasefire. According to the World Report by Human Rights Watch, South Sudanese “ government soldiers killed, raped and tortured civilians as well as destroying and pillaging civilian property during counterinsurgency operations in the southern and western parts of the country, and both sides committed abuses against civilians in and around Juba and other areas. UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide Adma Dieng said the ongoing violence had transformed into an “ ethnic war ” and warned of a “ potential for genocide64 ” On top of the precarious living situation, security and logistical challenges posed constraints to the delivery of much ‐ needed humanitarian assistance 65.
_Source: World Bank calculations based on Ministry of Finance data. DAU data is for 2007, Natural Resource_
_Revenues represent 2006 data._

Four types of natural disasters are considered in the study: droughts, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes/storms. Data on the number of natural disasters are obtained for 196 countries from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [1] . _Drought_ is characterized by a shortage in a region's water supply as a result of constantly below average precipitation. _Earthquake_ is characterized by the shaking and displacement of ground due to seismic waves. This variable refers to the occurrences of earthquakes only without secondary effects. _Flood_ is defined by a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. _Storm_ is represented by wind with a speed between 48 and 55 knots.
The human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the
broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral
part, albeit with a very particular focus. The various human rights treaty
monitoring bodies and the jurisprudence developed by regional bodies
such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights are an important complement in this regard, not
least since they recognize that refugees and asylum-seekers benefit both
from specific Convention-based protection and from the range of general
human rights protections as they apply to all people, regardless of
status. [55]
Economics and Statistics, 103(2), 310-327. Tabellini, M. (2020). Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration. The Review of Economic Studies, 87(1), 454-486. Taffesse, A. S., and Tadesse, F. (2017). Pathways Less Explore: Locus of Control and Technology Adoption. Journal of African Economies, 26(suppl_1), i36-i72. Tasic, H., Akseer, N., Gebreyesus, S. H., Ataullahjan, A., Brar, S., Confreda, E., Conway, K., Endris, B. S., Islam, M., Keats, E., Mohammedsanni, A., Wigle, J., and Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Drivers of Stunting Reduction in Ethiopia: A Country Case Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112, 875S-893S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa163 Thum, A. E. (2014). Labor Market Integration of German Immigrants and their Children: Does Personality Matter? Thompson, A. M. (1997). The Impact of Spatial Mismatch on Female Labor Force Participation. Economic Development Quarterly, 11(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124249701100203 Tsionis, A., Pantoglou, D., and Kasvikis, Y. (2022). Mental Health Locus of Control in Refugees With Clinically Established Psychopathology. Psychiatrike= Psychiatriki. Tsolak, D., and Bürmann, M. (2023). Making the Match: The Importance of Local Labor Markets for the Employment Prospects of Refugees. Social Sciences, 12,339. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060339 Tumen, S. (2019). Refugees and ‘Native Flight’ from Public to Private Schools. Economics Letters, 154 - 159
Prospects of Refugees. Social Sciences, 12,339. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060339 Tumen, S. (2019). Refugees and ‘Native Flight’ from Public to Private Schools. Economics Letters, 154 - 159.
Annual grid-level GDP data between 1990 and 2014 at a 0.5-degree resolution come from Kummu, Taka
and Guillaume (2018). The data are primarily based on sub-national GDP per capita data constructed by
Gennaioli, _et al._ (2013) and covers 82 countries, representing 85% of the global population and 92% of
global total GDP (PPP) in 2015. Population data is taken from HYDE 3.2 (Klein, Beusen and Janssen 2010).

we use World Bank income group classifications to divide the world into developing countries (that includes low-income, lower-middle and upper-middle income countries), and high-income countries.

We also use the Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Climate Database (Trabucco and Zomer 2019) to differentiate grid cells based on their aridity.
hosts only, we find higher poverty incidence; roughly 84 percent of in-camp refugees and 32 percent of hosts live in poverty. Although poverty incidence is higher for refugees, the high poverty rates among host communities also imply that they live in severely resource- constrained conditions. This calls for development approaches that invest in refugee-hosting areas in a manner that benefits both refugees and hosts alike (Annex D, Table D.11 presents detailed poverty rates by refugee domains). 5. Welfare and Equity Refugees’ Aspirations 43 Refugees in Addis Ababa are less poor than their hosts, as well as in-camp refugees and their hosts. Poverty incidence in Addis Ababa for refugees living under the OCP is lower (7 percent) than their hosts (18 percent).43 This difference is driven primarily by the high rent expenditures of refugees since they cannot benefit from public housing schemes, increasing their overall consumption expenditure. As discussed in Chapter 2, about 97 percent of refugee and 39 percent of host households in Addis Ababa live in rented houses. The data show that Addis Ababa refugees pay higher rents (ETB 31,600 per year, per adult equivalent) than hosts (ETB 18,700 per year, per adult equivalent). Moreover, rent expenditures make up
times before replacing a household from the list of replacements. The list of replacement households was only provided to the enumerators upon demonstrating that three visits were attempted. In the case of in- camp refugees, if the enumerators, together with the focal person from RRS and UNHCR, could not identify the selected household within the camp, they were provided with a list of replacements. Second, in case of missing to identify even the replaced sampled households, the enumerators were requested to go back to the original sampled household and skip ten households using a counterclockwise rule to find a new replacement household. (d) Implementation Plan The survey implementation plan involved collaboration with the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS), World Bank, UNHCR, and RRS. The ESS was responsible for administering the pre- and post- fieldwork implementation and management, including fieldworkers’ recruitment, training, field tests, data collection, data quality assurance, and data management The UNHCR supported in engaging refugee communities and leaders. The RRS facilitated access to all camps for the survey teams; this is the first time that the RRS facilitated access to all camps for such an extensive survey. Notably, the UNHCR and RRS facilitated the collaboration of the field workers
8 Most previous studies have measured QOL narrowly by focusing on income, an approach that researchers have often criticized. Diener & Suh (1997) elaborate on the limitations of the income-only QOL approach, include the failure of increased income to guarantee happiness or to reduce several deprivations experienced by the poor. These criticisms paved the way for broader multidimensional QOL assessments (Alkire & Foster, 2011a; Nussbaum & Sen, 1993). Multidimensional QOL assessment is critical in a situation of forced displacement. Refugees may be economically engaged yet have low life satisfaction due to exploitation or multidimensional deprivations in nutrition, health, education, employment, and shelter (Becchetti & Rossetti, 2009; Sand & Gruber, 2018). These deprivations disproportionally affect refugees ’ QOL compared to the host population. The level at which these issues affect refugees living in camps may also differ from how they affect refugees living out of camps. Another issue is that the income indicator alone may not provide reliable information about refugee welfare. For example, refugees may not be truthful about their earnings if they conceive that the purpose of the survey is to plan for refugee assistance or resettlement. Therefore, for policy consideration and proper targeting, the multidimensional QOL indicator is appropriate in understanding refugees'deprivations, whether they live in or out of camps.
Page 15 of 51 Figure 10: Education profile of Part-time employees. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys On the other hand, in the case of temporary employment, the improvement of the educational profile is more evident and generalized than in part-time employment (Figure 10). In fact, in all the cases in which temporary employment was identified, taken together, the share of workers at the secondary or higher education increased in proportion in the last two decades. The countries in which the improvements in the education profile are less deep are Chile, where the participation of workers with secondary education decreased in the last two decades, even though this decrease is more than compensated by the greater proportion of tertiary workers, and El Salvador, where the share of workers with tertiary education remains almost constant. 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Incomplete primary (starting point) Incomplete primary (ending point) Primary (starting point) Primary (ending point) Secondary (starting point) Secondary (ending point) Tertiary (starting point) Tertiary (ending point)
HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 155

BSSs are expensive and time consuming. In conflict and post-conflict settings,
the costs of BSSs vary according to population and geographic size, but generally
cost at least US$50,000 for a typical refugee camp when conducted by qualified
specialists (source: UNHCR based on 11 BSSs in five countries from 2004 to
2005). Anecdotally, some organizations having insufficient funding undertook
surveys on their own or with inexperienced consultants; these surveys often had
poor results. Therefore, adequate funding is needed before such surveys are
undertaken.
BSSs collect crucial HIV/AIDS data to inform local and national interventions
as well as for programme monitoring and evaluation, and for the allocation of
scarce resources. Scientifically sound and reproducible studies with structured
and detailed reports are needed. Our results showed that organizations that are
specifically trained and have extensive experience in doing these surveys, such as
CDC, undertook surveys and produced reports that were superior to those of
NGOs. As was previously recommended for nutrition surveys in humanitarian
emergencies, NGOs, governments, and UN agencies interested in undertaking
BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings must ensure that the process is
developed and directed by qualified and experienced experts (Spiegel et al.
2004). This may require hiring organizations that specialize in undertaking such
surveys. The decision to undertake such surveys should be made in a coordinated
fashion with all relevant organizations, governments and affected populations.
Persons writing such proposals should be aware of the financial, time and
logistical constraints in correctly undertaking BSSs. Donors should only fund
realistic and technically sound proposals. Systematic training and ongoing
advocacy on these issues among NGOs, UN agencies, governments and donors
is needed. An inventory of international experts that can assist in planning and
undertaking field missions should be developed.
Unlike nutrition surveys in humanitarian settings (Spiegel et al. 2004), there is
currently no standard questionnaire, methodology nor practical manual on how
to undertake BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings. Many BSSs are
undertaken on a nationwide scale with large samples that require significant
technical
nutrition surveys in humanitarian settings (Spiegel et al. 2004), there is
currently no standard questionnaire, methodology nor practical manual on how
to undertake BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings. Many BSSs are
undertaken on a nationwide scale with large samples that require significant
technical expertise and resources (e.g. demographic and health surveys with an
HIV component). The FHI BSS guidelines for repeated behavioural surveys in
populations at risk of HIV (Family Health International 2000) are often used as
the standard manual for undertaking BSSs. However, this 350 page manual
describes how BSSs can be undertaken in numerous different situations and is not
designed to be a ‘how to manual’ such as those designed for nutrition surveys in
humanitarian emergencies (Me´decins Sans Frontie´res 1995, Save the Children
2004). Furthermore, conflict and post-conflict situations are unique and require
different information from other populations (Spiegel 2004, UNHCR 2005).
These include questions on displacement and interaction with surrounding host
populations as well as sensitive questions on sexual exploitation and violence.
Recognizing this need, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in
collaboration with the World Bank, UNAIDS and the Great Lakes Initiative on
9 Methods Data sources Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS): Individual-Level Data The DHS Program has been collecting data since 1984 in over 90 countries. The surveys examine fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, gender dynamics, HIV / AIDS, malaria, and nutrition. A core standard questionnaire is administered in all countries, with some variation to ensure that questions are culturally appropriate and relevant. This project uses DHS data from 2010 in Colombia and 2007 in Liberia. These surveys were chosen because they represent data collection that has occurred after or during a period of active conflict, and have Geographic Information System (GIS) information about the cluster where the women were sampled. 2 The DHS surveys use a two-stage cluster sampling design that first randomly selects clusters and then randomly selects households within the cluster. Only one woman per household is eligible to take the domestic violence module for privacy concerns. The DHS Women ’ s Questionnaire collects data on women aged 15 to 49 years. Data on interpersonal and partner violence is collected as part of the DHS Domestic Violence (DV) Module, now applied in conjunction with the Women ’ s Individual Questionnaire. 3 Dependent Variables This study examines three outcomes: lifetime IPV, past-year IPV and injury resulting from IPV, each is described below.
factor between nightlights and economic activity as measured by Gross Domestic Prod uct (GDP). Using World Bank data on GDP in Parity Purchasing Power (PPP) in 2011

The data source for the terrain roughness is the Global Land Cover Dataset 2000 and for the topography characteristics is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission database.

The local wind speeds experienced due to a hurricane are derived from a spatial hurricane windstorm model developed by the World Bank Group Latin America and the Caribbean Disaster Risk Management team (Pita et al., 2015). The model estimates maximum wind speeds at the height of 10 meters with a spatial resolution of 1 km [2] for observed hurricanes and tropical storms in Central America during our sample period.

The focus in the paper is on one specific family of household surveys, the Living Standard

Measurement Study (LSMS). This is one prominent type of household survey widely
VII Figures Figure 1. Registry and Program Rollout: RAMV Census Registration, PEP Application, and Data Collection 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 SAMPLE April 6, 2018 RAMV registry starts June 8, 2018 RAMV registry ends July 25, 2018 Residency permit (Permiso Especial de Permanencia – PEP) for irregular refugees registered in the RAMV is announced August 2, 2018 PEP program starts December 21, 2018 PEP program ends October 2020 Survey collection starts February 2021 Survey collection ends 442, 462 refugees registered in 395 municipalities in Colombia (35 % of the territory) Around 281, 307 people received the PEP document 38
In both waves, the selected households to be interviewed are those UNHCR considers to be most vulnerable in terms of education, specific needs and the use of livelihood coping strategies, 7 thus, they are a nonrandom sample of all registered Syrian households in Jordan. During Home Visits, data on household expenditures, aid, income, schooling, and other demographics are collected. Each wave of data is a snapshot of a different nonrandom sample of registered refugees because the pool of registered households changed over time. However, because of data confidentiality, we could not link records across years. For this reason, we treat each wave as an independent sample of cross-sectional data. We compare 204, 941 individuals in 54, 900 cases (households) in the 2013 wave, with 195, 930 individuals in 43, 292 cases in 2018. We focus on comparisons between different types of households; however, we use individual characteristics to determine the household categories. A case is formed when a Principal Applicant (PA) registers at a UNHCR office seeking asylum. Initially the self- identified PA reports all members of the household and their demographic characteristics, which are recorded in ProGres. Subsequently UNHCR carries out individual interviews with each family 7 See UNHCR (2018b) available at https: / / data2. unhcr. org / en / documents / download / 65143.