ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
In our employment arm, we oﬀer gainful employment in the form of a surveying assignment for an average of three days per week for two months. 1 The surveying task requires workers to walk through their blocks four times per day tallying the various activities their neighbors are engaged with and consumes approximately 2. 5 hours per workday, resulting in a form of part-time employment. The job is designed to embody the key features inherent to ‘ work ’. Drawing from the economics literature, workers must exert real eﬀort and their task occupies a meaningful portion of their work day. Drawing from the sociology literature, the work involves some degree of sociability and purpose in the completion of a productive task. Employment lasts for eight weeks, a long duration given the scarce daily labor opportunities that arise in our setting. Relative to this employment arm, our control arm receives no work and a small fee for weekly survey participation. A comparison of the control to the employment arm therefore yields the psychosocial beneﬁts of the employment intervention. In order to estimate the non-pecuniary psychosocial value of employment, we include a cash treatment arm, in which no work is oﬀered, but a large fee (equivalent to that received by those in the employment arm) for weekly survey participation is provided. We work in the Rohingya refugee camps, situated upon the southern tip of Bangladesh. 1We obtained formal permissions from camp administration to engage our study participants in this manner through our NGO partner, Pulse Bangladesh. 1
In order to understand the role of vulnerability, we turn to international data. The international regressions measure the relationship between damage and fatalities and population and income (using international data EMDAT 2009).

<!-- PAGE 17 -->
to follow projections made by demographers (United Nations 2004). GDP is assumed to

Dartmouth Flood Observatory's (DFO) Global Archive of Large Flood Events, which is


housed at the University of Colorado (floodobservatory.colorado.edu). The DFO is funded

Emergency Events Database (Cavallo and Noy 2010), which is affiliated with the World

maps from the Gridded Population of the World v3 (CIESIN-CIAT 2005) to obtain
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Decile



JFPR applicants: Enrollment at any school, by
scholarship status and decile

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**Figure 2: Proportion of girls who complete grade 7 among those who completed grade 5,**
**by economic status decile, DHS data**

Outcomes** Enrolled in JFPR school 0.87 0.65 0.22 0.00 Attending on the day of school visit 0.80 0.58 0.22 0.00 Enrolled in any school 0.90 0.77 0.13 0.00

**form)** **variables)**

**Enrolled at JFPR school** 0.222*** 0.292*** 0.303*** 0.413*** 0.065* 0.302*
(0.018) (0.021) (0.022) (0.056) (0.036) (0.166)

**Enrolled at JFPR school** 0.222*** 0.292*** 0.303*** 0.413*** 0.065* 0.302*
(0.018) (0.021) (0.022) (0.056) (0.036) (0.166)
**Attending JFPR school on day of visit** 0.223*** 0.299*** 0.313*** 0.426*** 0.094** 0.436**
(0.018) (0.022) (0.023) (0.056) (0.040) (0.188)
in secondary schools (Figure 2.13). Reasons for not attending school differ among children of primary and secondary school age. Most children who do not attend primary school do so because their families think they are too young or unwilling to send them to school. This is similar for hosts and refugees. For secondary school-age children, the reasons for not attending school differ between refugees and hosts and across refugee domains. Reasons related to need to work is higher among hosts (47 percent) compared to refugees (17 percent), whereas family unwillingness is higher for refugees (33 percent) than hosts (16 percent). Being unable to attend school due to need to work is higher among host boys than girls, while 24 Grade 12 national examinations for refugees and host communities are administered in nearby government public universities—a long distance for refugees based in remote locations—impacting the performance of the refugee students. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary GER Secondary GER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.11: Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In
a significant challenge for both hosts and refugees. The nutritional status of children under age five is based on anthropometry measures; that is, stunting, underweight, and wasting. A child is identified as 26 Driven by Eritrean refugees in Alemwach camp who do not have a health facility inside the refugee site and get medical services from government health facilities outside the camp. 27 Chronic illness: tuberculosis, hepatitis-B, asthma, uric acid, blood pressure, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney problem, epilepsy, cancer, mental illness 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese All in camp Eritrean Somali South Sudanese All in camp 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Chronic illness Non-chronic illness Percent Percent Figure 2.17: Use of the national healthcare system when faced with health problems Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Overall b. By type of illness Sociodemographic Profile 20 “stunted”, “underweight”, or “wasted” if height- for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height “z-scores28” are more than two standard deviations below the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standard medians for these measures. Child stunting is a major child health problem for both hosts and refugees, but stunting rates are largest for refugee children. Stunting
CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network), Columbia University; IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute); The World Bank; and CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). 2004a. "Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), Alpha Version: Settlement Points". Palisades, NY: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University. Available at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw. Downloaded March 17, 2005.

For rivers and lakes, the CIA World Data Bank II (CIA 1972) was used. The population centers are from the GRUMP settlement points dataset (CIESIN et al. 2004a) and the World Gazetteer database (Helders 2005). Urban boundaries are from the GRUMP urban extents database (CIESIN et al. 2004b). The international boundaries are from the World Bank mapping office. 35 To maintain confidentiality, the geographic coordinates of each household in the VHLSS are not made publicly available, only the shapefiles for the different communes surveyed.

30 Communes (the primary sampling units) were selected in the first stage with a probability proportionate to population size based on the 1999 Population census.

The average current global damage from tropical cyclones is currently $26


billion/year (EMDAT 2009). Several authors have relied on the general result by
Our data is unique in at least four dimensions: i) it leverages the high cell phone penetration and coverage throughout the country, including the refugee communities, to reach households during lockdowns when face-to-face interviews are impossible to conduct; 5 ii) its longitudinal nature allows not only to assess the first order impact of the COVID-19 shock but also its longer-term implications for recovery; iii) interviews cover refugees and nationals over the same period and are 2 Khamis et al. (2021) estimate that the work-stoppage rate in Kenya reached up to 62 percent compared to before the pandemic. 3 Results from socioeconomic surveys carried out by UNCHR and the World Bank in Kalobeyei settlement in 2018 and in Kakuma camp in 2019 show that 65 percent of Kalobeyei refugees and 68 percent of Kakuma refugees are poor, while at least 7 in 10 of them are highly food insecure (UNHCR & World Bank, 2020; UNHCR & World Bank, 2020). 4Kenya hosted around 530, 000 refugees in August 2021 which makes it the second largest hosting country in Africa after Ethiopia (UNHCR Kenya, 2021).
13 baseline that were found to be uncorrelated with the treatment in Table 1. 12 Observations are then weighted by the inverse of their probability of having data observed. Therefore, those who had a small chance of being observed are given increased weight, to compensate for those similar observations who are missing. The pseudo R-squared from the probit model suggests that those baseline covariates explain about 8 percent of the probability of data being observed. A Wald test confirmed that those variables are jointly statistically different from zero (the P-value is 0. 000). However, this still leaves a large percentage of attrition (around 92 percent) unexplained. 13 Therefore, we note that the results in the following section should be interpreted with caution. We present results in the next section for four specifications. Specification 1 presents OLS estimates from equation 1. Specification 2 presents results that control for individual fixed effects from equation 3. Specification 3 presents OLS estimates for the full sample by imputing missing observations for attritors at follow-up using lower and upper bound estimates. Specification 4 presents OLS estimates with the estimated constructed weights.
The GBV Action Plan was finalized in consultation with the Ministry of Gender, UN Women, and civil society organizations specializing in survivor support. It prescribes mandatory training for all project workers on the prevention of sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment (SEAH), establishes a confidential reporting hotline, and defines the referral pathway from grievance intake to survivor-centered case management. The GBV Action Plan will be reviewed and updated at 18-month intervals to incorporate lessons from case management data and survivor feedback mechanisms.
Internally displaced women are extremely vulnerable to rape by armed men, “ including government soldiers and militia. ” Protection for them basically does not exist58. According to UNHCR, Somalia has over 1. 4 million internally displaced people. In the year 2016, some 24, 500 refugees and asylum ‐ seekers were registered in Somalia. Refugee return from Kenya began in 2014. Voluntary repatriation number is close to 40, 000 Somali nationals from 2014 to December 201659. Economic Opportunity According to Berlin ‐ based Transparency International, Somalia is one of the world ’ s most corrupt countries. Improved governance could enable Somalia ’ s economy to grow on the basis of its oil and gas reserves. Ongoing droughts continue to drive hungry and thirsty refugees to surrounding countries, and large parts of the population are in need of humanitarian aid. The agriculture sector contributes to over two ‐ thirds of its GDP while industry only makes up for 7 % in 201360. According to the IMF, Somalia has a very high youth 57 EIU Syria economy: Quick View ‐ Wheat harvest set to fall short of government forecast, July 2017 58 Human Rights Watch, Somalia Events of 2016, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / somalia 59 UNHCR, Somalia, http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2550? y = 2016 # year 60 CIA The World FactBook, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / so. html
the power calculations performed to determine the sample size. 3. 3 Randomized Assignment and Job Applications Each week we randomly selected 300 job ads from the sample of ads meeting our inclusion criteria. Among these 300 ads, each job ad was randomly assigned to a single applicant profile. Job ads are stratified to ensure that our treatment and comparison units are balanced on key variables. We use two variables for our strata: company size and company location. Company size is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 if the company has up to 50 employees, and takes the value of 0 if companies have 51 or more employees. Company location is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 if the company is located in greater Kuala Lumpur, the capital and largest metropolitan area in Malaysia, and 0 otherwise. 6 Our stratified randomization procedure guarantees balance in the assignment of job profiles to specific characteristics of companies. The application process was carried out manually from May 17 to July 28, 2023. At the beginning of each week, a research assistant was given a list of randomly assigned jobs for each applicant profile. Applications were completed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays of every week (with day of the week randomly assigned).
Appendix Figure A3 replicates the analysis using all refugee stocks available in the data, without constraining the sample to refugee events. The results are very similar to the baseline. Taking another approach, Appendix Figure A4 instead uses refugee ﬂows. As argued above, without individual-level data, ﬂows cannot be computed precisely. We build ﬂows by taking annual time diﬀerences in stocks by source-destination pair. In some instances, stocks fall over time. Since we do not have conﬁdence that a reduction in stocks represents a return to the home country – as opposed to transition to another host country – we set ﬂows to zero whenever the diﬀerence in stocks is negative. As evidenced in the ﬁgure, the point estimates of the time eﬀects and their statistical signiﬁcance are quite similar for ﬂows to the baseline. Fourth, it may be that the destination-speciﬁc conditions (such as the global ﬁnan- cial crisis) also aﬀect the distance traveled by refugees, or the probability of not going to a contiguous country. To account for this possibility, we net out the time variation in the destination country conditions as follows. In step 1, we project the refugee stocks at the 16
148 P. B. Spiegel & P. V. Le

Introduction

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behavioural surveillance surveys
(BSSs), an evolution from the knowledge-attitudes-practice surveys (KAPs), are
an assessment, monitoring and evaluation tool designed to track trends in HIV/
AIDS knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour among populations. When used
together with qualitative and quantitative research and proper measurement of
appropriate programme indicators, the data collected from BSSs can assist
organizations in targeting specific HIV/AIDS prevention and care activities,
allocating scarce resources, and monitoring and evaluating the interventions’
effectiveness and coverage. BSSs are useful because they alert policy makers and
programme managers to emerging or changing risks in existing behaviour, reveal
gaps in knowledge and attitudes, help to identify vulnerable segments of
populations, contribute to improved programme content, provide data on specific
target groups and ensure compatibility and standardization of data collection
(Family Health International 2000).
The core BSS indicators have been evolving over time (Table I). Until the
United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS)
indicators were developed in 2002, there were no internationally-accepted HIV
indicators. The UNGASS indicators were followed by the development of the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators in 2003 and, subsequently,
the US President’s Emergency Preparedness Fund on AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
indicators in 2004. Although all of these indicators are similar to one another,
there are minor differences. Thus, it is difficult for persons implementing BSSs to
choose which indicators to use and complicated for others to compare studies
which use different indicators. Furthermore, there are numerous other indicators
that can be used in BSSs depending upon the target groups and objectives of the
survey.
Conflict, displacement, food insecurity and poverty have the potential to make
affected populations more vulnerable to HIV transmission. The UNGASS
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, states that ‘populations destabilised
by armed conflict . . . including refugees, internally displaced persons, and in
particular women and children, are at increased risk
potential to make
affected populations more vulnerable to HIV transmission. The UNGASS
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, states that ‘populations destabilised
by armed conflict . . . including refugees, internally displaced persons, and in
particular women and children, are at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection’
(United Nations General Assembly 2001). However, the common assumption
that this vulnerability necessarily translates into increased HIV infections and
consequently fuels the epidemic is not supported by data (Spiegel 2004). In the
recent past, HIV/AIDS interventions were generally not included by humanitarian organizations as part of their immediate response to conflict; HIV/AIDS was
considered more of a developmental issue and not an immediate life threatening
disease such as malaria or cholera. However, thinking has evolved and it is now
generally accepted that HIV/AIDS programmes must begin at the onset of a
humanitarian emergency, be multisectoral, and continue at every stage thereafter
(Inter-Agency Standing Committee 2003). Furthermore, for refugees and
internally displaced persons (IDPs), HIV/AIDS programmes should be integrated
The 2024 survey data will be supplemented by qualitative case studies in six purposively selected communities to capture implementation dynamics and beneficiary experiences that structured questionnaire data cannot adequately document. Case study fieldwork will involve key informant interviews with community leaders, implementing agency staff, and local government officials, as well as focus group discussions with male and female beneficiary subgroups. Findings from the case studies will be presented alongside quantitative results in the project's midterm review report.
3 For a disaster to be listed in the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria should be met: (i) 10 or more people are reported killed; (ii) 100 people are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; (iv) a call for international assistance is issued. 4 The study was carried out by a consortium including the OECD, Risk Management Solutions, CIRED, Météo-France, NATCOM PMC, and the Indian Institute for Technology Bombay at Mumbai, and published in Ranger et al. (2011).

Then, the population and assets exposed to flood risks is assessed, using data on population and assets collected by Risk Management Solutions from an insurance database developed for the assessment of earthquake risks.

In the absence of vulnerability curves for the buildings that can be found in Mumbai, the analysis uses "average damage ratio". It is assumed that when a property is flooded, a constant share of its value is lost, regardless of the water level and the detailed characteristics of buildings. Using three different techniques (based on published loss estimates for the 2005 floods, insurance data for the 2005 floods, and simple
**Annex 1**

**Demographics information.**

 This report is based on the information provided by 2176
young Syrians, between 18 – 23 ages, living in 34
different sub-districts within the governorates of Aleppo
and Idleb in Northwest Syria, covering 225 communities,
and 106 IDPs camp sites. 47% identified as IDPs and 53%
as part of the host community.

**Are you from the Host community or**

**IDPs?**

**Internally**

**displaced**

**person …**

**Host**

**Community**

**53%**

 In terms of marital status, the results showed a close split

between married (48%) and single (49%).
 With a representative number of respondents (at least 200) as widows and same amount for divorced.
Adding a layer of complexity and needs probably related to management of loss, livelihoods, and social
stigma.

**Marital status of interviewee**

**48%** **49%**

Married Single Widow Divorced Seperated

**16**
Because of this, the program impacts on control over resources were small, albeit statistically significant: 80 percent of respondents at baseline said they controlled their own resources, with a seven percentage point increase for the treatment group (relative to control). Similarly, 80 percent of those engaged in income-generating activities said that they controlled the money they earned. The midline results indicated that among the treatment group, this had increased by roughly eight percentage points. As shown in the second panel, EPAG graduates report that they worry less than those in the control group. They are less likely to worry about their jobs or incomes or that they won ’ t be able to pay for basic necessities, and those with partners are less worried about their relationships breaking up. The impact on subjective well-being, as measured by a series of questions about the respondent ’ s satisfaction with various dimensions on her life, indicate that EPAG was most 20 See for example Ashraf et. al. (2010); Morcos and Sebstad (2010); and Austrian and Ghati (2010). 21 “ Formal ” loans are those from banks, credit groups, susu, or money lenders; “ informal loans ” are those from parents, friends, relatives, or business partners. 16
In 2003, almost 60 % of young girls and 40 % of young boys had no formal schooling (ILO / UNICEF 2005). Data from the Demographic and Health survey shows that more than 40 percent of adult women have no education, compared to fewer than 20 percent of men, while 23 percent of women and 44 percent of men have some secondary schooling (DHS 2007). Happily, access to education is rising rapidly, especially for girls: according to the Liberian labor force survey from 2010, the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school has risen from 72 in 2000 to 90 in 2009. Enrollment levels and sex ratios are lower among older children and youth, as they become increasingly engaged in 1 Both are unweighted averages; Barro-Lee comprises 32 countries with data from 2010; Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011. 2 Defined as without work, available for work, and actively looking for work (LISGIS 2010). 2
World Bank team undertook field supervision, providing on-time and on-the-spot guidance for the field teams whenever and wherever they encountered a challenge. (e) Challenges faced and lessons learned The SESRE served as a learning experience for including refugees in future rounds of the official household survey (HoWStat). Given the unique feature of refugees compared to Ethiopians, the sampling methodology for the SESRE is unique for sampling refugees. Therefore, SESRE successfully tested the feasibility of sampling refugees and their hosts. To ensure the successful implementation of the sampling procedures, the ESS implemented a pilot sampling methodology before data collection started to ensure that all systems and processes were functioning. The ESS and World Bank teams conducted field visits for this pre-test in Afar and Addis Ababa. The field visits included discussions with camp community leaders, including the refugee community leaders, about the upcoming survey to understand better any sensitivities that may arise. The field visits helped to understand the camp administrative structure and environment of the teams facilitating the camp and to test the accessibility of sampled refugee households inside the camp, in Addis Ababa, and the identification of the host. ESS provided detailed feedback on the fieldwork procedures and adjustments
income has not led to more happiness using Eurobarometer and US GSS data. Variables used

or panel data) but a few use variables transformations of income and relative income that would

problem one would need panel data, good instruments for personality traits or variables that
The panel database was constructed by merging administrative enrollment records with survey data collected at baseline for a representative sample of 1,800 households. Individual household identifiers were assigned at enrollment and used to link administrative and survey records throughout the panel. The panel database is maintained by the evaluation firm and stored on encrypted servers with access restricted to the principal investigator and designated data analysts. De-identified extracts from the panel database will be provided to the Bank's task team for independent verification of reported outcome changes.