ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
12% 63% Labor force participation rate (relaxed) 72% 67% Unemployment (relaxed) 19% 75% Employment-to-population ratio 58% 17% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed or unemployed. Unemployment is the share of people participating in the labor force who are not employed. The “relaxed” definition of labor force participation includes anyone who is available to work. The “strict” definition of labor force participation includes only those who are available to work and also actively searching for work. Employment-to-population ratio is the share of working-age people who are employed. Jobs and Livelihoods 36 Occupational downgrading among the small share of OCP refugees who work is not explained by education, gender, and age. Another way to visualize the scale of occupational downgrading among refugees in Addis Ababa is to calculate how they should be distributed across occupations if they were in the same occupations as hosts within their education, gender, and age group. For example, suppose that among male hosts under age 25 with primary education, 70 percent work in elementary occupations and 30 percent in crafts and related trades. Imagine taking
22 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). To uncover the main drivers of the observed gender based differences in multidimensional poverty at country level, we study the absolute contribution of the gender difference in each indicator to the overall household gender gap (see Figure 6), calculated as the difference between the censored headcount ratio for males versus females. We find that in Ethiopia, the gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mostly driven by the difference in financial insecurity measures (lack of legal ID and bank account) and health measures (early marriage, physical safety, and food insecurity), which is further reinforced by the differences in the living standard and education measures. Female-headed refugee households are more food insecure, live in unimproved housing, have lower access to electricity, are more likely to be married at an early age, and have lower access to legal identification and a bank account. In South Sudan, gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mainly explained by the differential in the financial insecurity and health measures, but cumulative gaps in the living standard and education indicators also contribute to the overall gap at the household level.
displaced children and adolescents residing in host communities, rather than in refugee camps. Particularly, VenRePs-Kids collects data on 2, 556 households including 1, 338 Colombian and 918 Venezuelan households, respectively. The study collects rich and comprehensive data on children ’ s and adolescent ’ s development including anthropometric measures, vo- cabulary ability tests, and socio-emotional and mental health assessments. It also collects data on risk behaviors, time use, social integration measures, prosocial behaviors, and parents and caregivers sociodemographics, among other dimensions. 2 The study includes Colombian children and adolescents as the comparison group to high- light the developmental differences of Venezuelan forcibly displaced children. This choice stems from the fact that comparing Venezuelan children in Colombia with their counter- parts remaining in Venezuela is impractical due to the latter ’ s exposure to a severe eco- nomic and humanitarian crisis, marked by limited access to services and food. This envi- ronment severely hampers their potential for normal human development. Additionally, many Venezuelan children and adolescents have spent more of their lives in Colombia than in Venezuela. Therefore, Colombian children and adolescents serve as the most ap- propriate benchmark for assessing the developmental gaps of their Venezuelan peers.
area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location. Area stratifi- cation reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analyzed. ” Afrobarometer provides geocoded data for 6 rounds, which correspond to the 1991 – 2016 period, with the information on an individual ’ s ethnicity available from round 3 (corresponding to 2005 – 2006). We therefore restrict our analysis to the 2005 – 2016 period. The selection of countries is driven by data availability. Among the 33 countries with available Afrobarometer data, we exclude Botswana, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, and Swaziland, for which no data is available on refugee camps or from the EPR-ER. We also exclude Sudan since the question on individual ethnicity is not asked in this country ’ s survey.
In  recent years enrollment rates have increased sharply and are higher for girls than boys in Bangladesh's urban areas, according to UNICEF.

Female children are more likely to be enrolled than male children in primary  schools, a result in line with recent UNICEF findings.

The data for the Netherlands is taken from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM). [2] The data for Germany is from the Robert Koch Institute. [3] The data for Italy can be viewed via a live dashboard, [4] and the raw data is well organized and available on a github page. [5] The Spanish data was taken from this link. [6]

The COVID-19 data is taken from the RIVM. [8] The first data snapshot includes all confirmed
cases as of March 22 (a total of 4,004 with known residence out of 4,157 confirmed cases).
The LMP commits the project to applying the principle of equal pay for work of equal value and to prohibiting any deduction from wages without explicit written worker consent. Contractors are required to keep payroll records in a format compatible with SIGAF's payroll reporting template and to make these records available to the PIU's social development officer upon request. The PIU conducted unannounced payroll audits at three construction sites in the quarter and found that wage payment was consistent with LMP requirements at all three sites.
as farm tools and water pumps, sewing and building equipment, and commercial cars. Outliers are treated, and values are adjusted for inflation. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Current Camp Refugees COB Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Remittances (local/international) Donations (NGO/gov) Crops/livestock Salary (employment/casual labor) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camps-Male-Headed Camps-Female-Headed Salary (employment/casual labor) Crops/livestock Donations(NGO/gov) Remittances (local/international) Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Percent Percent Figure 3.20: Household primary income source Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: “COB” refers to livelihood strategies in their country of birth. a. Pre-post migration b. By gender of head Jobs and Livelihoods 34 arrive in Uganda with few assets, in a state of high poverty, and with similarly low employment rates. However, unlike Ethiopia, employment rates for refugees in Uganda improve over time, approximately doubling after five years or more (World Bank, 2023b). Uganda is also notable for providing work rights to refugees in practice (Ginn et al., 2022) (Box 3.3). 3.2 Labor market outcomes of OCP refugees and their hosts Refugee households in Addis Ababa rely heavily on remittances as their primary source of income. This reflects the fact that the Eritrean OCP refugees
months before their survey interview compared to any other group. Of the South Sudanese refugees and hosts that had health issues, 65 percent of refugees and 59 percent of hosts were ill due to malaria. Somali refugees and their hosts have the lowest share of illness (Annex D, Table D.3). Of the ill, most hosts and refugees received the necessary treatment in health institutions. However, in-camp refugees (91 percent) are more likely to get treatment than OCP refugees (71 percent). Refugees access medical services in health institutions located inside and outside of camps. Most in-camp refugees get medical assistance in health centers and health institutions implemented by RRS or NGOs within and outside camps. Refugees in Addis Ababa—who, due to their OCP, have to access healthcare without support from the international community—get medical services from private sources (58 percent) and government 25 Currently, there is only one refugee settlement site in Ethiopia: Alemwach in the Amhara region. 0 5 10 15 20 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Percent Figure 2.15: Faced any health problem Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees
The SIGAF system's fixed assets module was used to register all project-procured equipment at point of delivery. Each item received a unique SIGAF asset code printed on a tamper-proof label, and asset records were updated to reflect depreciation annually using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life. The SIGAF fixed assets register is reconciled against the physical inventory count conducted by the Ministry's internal auditors at the end of each fiscal year.
 The survey results indicate that a significant
majority of youth in Northwest Syria, 92% **Which services are requiered by youth to**

**improve their situation?**

indicated that **youth require various services to**

**address their needs and aspirations** . The most
identified services required by youth include
improving **livelihoods and mental wellbeing** .

humanitarian aid. **Literacy** (23%) is also a
significant finding of this study that should be
easily address by humanitarian actors.

During the FDGs youth also mentioned:

**Do the Youth actively participate in Community-**

**Based Structures?**

**Which services are requiered by youth to**

**improve their situation?**

Funding for small projects

**84%**

Vocational Training

Group PSS

Literacy

Individual PSS

MHPSS

Sexual and Reproductive…

Cyber Security

 **Shared Commitment to Youth Empowerment** : Both male and female participants emphasized the critical
role of education, training, and job opportunities in fostering community engagement and societal growth.

**11**
In other settings, NGOs such as Rozan in Pakistan (Rashid, 2001), Profamilia in the Dominican Republic (Guedes et al., 2002), and the Musasa Project in Zimbabwe have trained law enforcement personnel on issues related to gender-based violence. Elsewhere, governments have collaborated with the United Nations to provide training and support for the police and judiciary. For example, ILANUD is a joint institute of the government of Costa Rica and the United Nations that works with governmental agencies throughout Latin America to improve the work of prosecutors, judges, lawyers, police and other professionals in criminal justice generally, and gender-based violence specifically (Villanueva, 1999; ILANUD, n. d.). Most of these initiatives have been evaluated using key informant interviews and pre and post questionnaires before and after training-if they have been evaluated at all. Nonetheless, training appears to be both constructive and urgently needed (Rashid, 2001; Villanueva, 1999). Other lessons learned include the finding that changing attitudes of law enforcement is a challenging, long-term process. The quality of the trainings ’ content and the skills of the trainer are essential. Training appears to be most effective when all levels of personnel (especially high-level officials) participate, and when training is backed up with changes throughout the institution, such as policies, procedures, adequate resources, and continual monitoring and evaluation. Special police stations or cells for crimes against women All-women police stations began in Brazil and were later tried in other countries in Latin America and Asia. As of 2003, for example, Nicaragua had 17 police stations for women and children (called
According to data collected by the GBV – Information Management System in South Sudan in 2016, approximately 98% of
reported GBV incidents affected women and girls. Half (51%) are survivors of intimate partner violence are women. A third of
women (33%) have experienced sexual violence from a non-partner, primarily during attacks or raids. Almost half (48%) of
girls between 15 and 19 are married ‘to reduce financial burdens’ or to secure much-needed assets for families, which result
in higher risks of early pregnancy, complex birth etc. The risk of child marriage remains constant due to conflict, the country’s
economic situation and harmful social norms. These figures do not disaggregate based on disability. There is also a lack of agedisaggregated data that might highlight certain types of GBV faced by older women - especially older women with disabilities.
Young and older women with and without disabilities face multiple and diverse forms of oppression and this increases their
risk of exposure to GBV and the barriers to accessing services.
The SEIS income module collects data on four income sources: formal wage employment, self-employment net earnings, transfers from households in the country of origin, and humanitarian cash assistance. Households reporting income from all four sources are rare (fewer than 3 percent of the SEIS sample), and the total household income variable is dominated by humanitarian cash assistance in the early post-displacement period. As the length of stay increases, the SEIS data show a gradual shift from cash assistance dependency toward self-employment income, consistent with the livelihood integration trajectory documented in the qualitative literature.
Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10044 Most refugee hosting communities are characterized by high levels of poverty with precarious livelihood conditions, low access to public services, and underdeveloped infra­structure. While the unexpected inflow of refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in these communities, the understanding of these effects remains limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018 baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impact of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities with respect to diversification and agricultural commer­cialization.
refugee households living under OCP, 10 percent moved to Addis Ababa to access basic social services, such as education and health. Thus, some refugees from the above may receive medical services free of charge. Based on SESRE data, most OCP refugees (58 percent) rely primarily on private healthcare services, while 40 percent access healthcare through the national system (Annex D, Figure D.7). This can help explain why OCP refugees’ average annual per capita expenditure on health is almost twice that of hosts. In-camp refugees have access to healthcare through the international community, so their out-of-pocket spending on health is thus very low and much lower than hosts’ out-of-pocket health expenditures. The difference in per capita health expenditure is large between Eritrean and South Sudanese refugees and their hosts but low among Somali refugees and their hosts (Annex D, Figure D.12). Child Nutrition and Health Outcomes Child nutrition and health represent a significant challenge for both hosts and refugees. The nutritional status of children under age five is based on anthropometry measures; that is, stunting, underweight, and wasting. A child is identified as 26 Driven by Eritrean refugees in Alemwach camp who do not have a health facility inside the refugee
According to 2017 data from GSO, these 864 schools represent about 12 percent of all schools in coastal provinces (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, n.d.).

Data on power plants was sourced from the free and open Global Power Plant Database created and maintained by the World Resources Institute (WRI) (Global Energy Observatory et al. 2019).

A digital spatial representation of Vietnam's electricity transmission network in vector format was prepared by a team at the World Bank and is freely and openly available online (World Bank, 2017).

To approximate the economic impact of hazards on the tourism sector, macroeconomic estimates were
sourced from World Bank open data [4] and publications. National tourism GDP was obtained by applying
the contribution of tourism to GDP in 2017 (WTTC, 2018) to the national GDP in 2017 (World Bank, 2019).
The number of direct jobs in the tourism industry in 2017 are obtained from numbers published by the
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2018).


In the fisheries sector, aquaculture output in tons per province in 2017 was sourced from the General
Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO, 2019).
ES.6: Host response to “Refugees are good people” Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Executive Summary viii Continue implementation of progressive policies: ◆ Implement concrete actions to fulfill Government pledges and proclamations to move away from encampment toward mobility based on economic opportunities. ◆ Harmonize national and sub-national laws to support the full implementation of refugee protection. ◆ Coordinate efforts among stakeholders to track progress and share best practices. ◆ Redesign the out-of-camp policy (OCP) to encourage mobility to realize greater socioeconomic opportunities for refugees while accelerating and automating issuance of work authorizations to enable sustainable improvements in refugees’ lives. ◆ Address challenges in accessing business licenses for refugee self-employment, including access to finance. Improve cooperation and coordination ◆ Invest in and accelerate inclusive approaches to economic opportunities and self-reliance to support the GoE in implementing the Refugee Proclamation of 2019. ◆ Define better coordination and engage line ministries to achieve better outcomes for refugees and their hosts. ◆ Improve the coverage, accuracy, reliability, quality, and comparability of data to provide the analytical underpinning for policy decisions. Executive Summary 1 C onflict, political unrest, environmental disruption, and economic instability has forcibly displaced millions of people globally (Ferris, 2010;
in Ethiopia, as well as from host communities. The sample frame for the survey was derived from the list of all refugee camps, sites, and locations provided by UNHCR-Ethiopia as of January 2017, covering the four main regions that host refugees: Tigray, Afar, Gambella, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Somali. The SPS specifically excludes refugee households living out of camp, thereby making it representative of the refugee population residing in camps in Ethiopia. In contrast, SESRE, carried out in 2023, expanded its data collection to include out-of-camp refugees living in Addis Ababa. The SPS and SESRE both utilized stratified sampling designs but with different methodologies and definitions of the host households. The SPS employed a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach, dividing refugee camps into EAs of 150 by 150 meters using GIS technology. The number of EAs selected from each camp was proportional to the size of the camp, ensuring all camps in the sample frame were surveyed. In this way, all the camps in the sample frame were selected in the sample and were surveyed. For host households, areas within 5-kilometer radius of the camps were divided into EAs of 300 by 300 meters, with only residential EAs as per Open Street
The respondent ’ s current location is iden- tiﬁed down to the centro poblado level, which roughly corresponds to an urban neighborhood or a rural town. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) is the Peruvian version of the Living Standards Measurement Survey, e. g. a nationally representative household survey collected monthly on a continuous basis. For our analysis, we use data from January 2007 to December 2020. The survey covers a wide variety of topics, including basic demographics, educational back- ground, labor market conditions, crime victimization, and a module on respondent ’ s percep- tions about the main problems in the country and trust on diﬀerent local and national level institutions. Observations are also spatially identiﬁed at the municipality level, but here we focus on variation in the Venezuelan share of the population at the province level, of which there are 196, as these are best representative of local labor markets. Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) is a opinion survey conducted bi-annually in all countries in Latin America and designed to be representative of urban populations. This was ﬁelded in Peru in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2019 and consists of about 2, 000 observations from mostly urban areas. The survey questions are centered around politics, 8
Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individuals in irregular migration flows may also choose not to apply for asylum due to fear of declaring themselves to the authorities. A significant challenge with refugee registers is keeping them up to date. Individual registration can provide a robust snapshot of the stock of refugees and asylum-seekers, but registers need to be updated regularly to reflect flows, i. e. increases in refugee and asylum-seeker numbers (births, new arrivals) and decreases (deaths, departures, durable solutions). In situations of sudden mass influxes, existing registration capacity may not be adequate and the scope of registration data is then rationalized. 65 Additionally, it may not be possible to capture all demographic changes in the case of highly mobile populations.
neighbouring countries disclose episodes of violence and cite the risk of conflict-related
sexual violence as one of the main reasons for flight. Accounts of combatants looting
civilians’ homes and deliberately targeting women and girls, as well as cases of harassment
at checkpoints, and of sexual violence and exploitation during their journeys to
neighbouring countries are emerging in Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Egypt.

Within Sudan, the rising number of survivors have limited possibilities to approach service
providers and report incidents, given the lack of public health services, closure of many
facilities and the unavailability of specialised staff and health personnel, from both the
government and the humanitarian community sides. Consequently, there is considerable
delay in providing medical services to survivors, including clinical management of rape and
administration of PEP kits, with detrimental effects on possible HIV transmission and on
the rate of unwanted pregnancies.