ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
4 single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant ’ s for these households remain after humanitarian assistance is received. To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experienced by the Syrian refugees, we use two UNHCR datasets: The Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home Visits round 3 (JD ‐ HV). The ProGres database for Jordan includes information on refugees ’ registration since 1935. The registration process assigns refugees a unique registration number that serves as a reference for recording data at the initial registration and in all subsequent activities, including decisions on refugee status and right of return or resettlement in a third country, as applicable. UNHCR issues refugees residing in camps a ‘ proof of registration ’ document, which they hold while they remain there. For those who live outside the camp, UNHCR provides an asylum seeker certificate stating that those on the certificate are persons of concern. The asylum seeker certificate allows Syrians to access United Nations (UN) services and assistance provided outside the camps, such as monthly cash support, nonfood goods, and healthcare (NRC and IHRC 2016).
5.1.4 Food security Refugees and hosts perceive that household living standards have deteriorated over time. To capture subjective well-being, the survey asks if the living standard of the household or their community has improved or worsened in the past five years (Figure 5.8a) and in the past 1 year (Figure 5.8b). Overall, most households feel that their living standards have deteriorated. While in-camp refugees are more pessimistic about the changes in their households’ living standards, there is no significant difference in perceptions among OCP refugees in Addis Ababa and their hosts. The considerably high negative perception about changes in household living standards indicates that well-being has been worsening for everyone over the past few years, but even more so for refugees in camps. Refugees, on average, have poor food and nutrition security outcomes compared to their hosts. The extent of food insecurity measured by the food insecurity scale is significantly higher for refugees than hosts, both for in-camp and for out-of-camp refugees (Figure 5.9). While the food insecurity Refugee and host communities could differ in multiple dimensions over and above consumption. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) explores this multiple deprivation, capturing differences across three dimensions of well-being: health, education, and
Similarly, regional representation of the sample was found to be in line with actual regional distribution of the population in the north. 16 The code of the day is the sum of the two figures of the date, i. e. if it ’ s the 25th of August the code of the day is 2 + 5 = 7. The enumerater will chose house number 7 as a starting point. Arab 3 % Tamashek 32 % Songhai 45 % Peulh / Foulbe 7 % Other ethnicities 13 % Figure 2: Ethnic composition of the North, 2009 Census Arab 5 % Tamashek 36 % Songhai 49 % Peulh / Foul be 7 % Other ethnicities 3 % Figure 3: Ethnic composition of sample
Journal on Education in Emergencies, Inter-agency Network for Education in References 80 References Emergencies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33682/f1wr-yk6y. Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice: Living Standards Measurement Study. LSMS Working Paper, Issue 133. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/916871468766156239/pdf ReDSS. (2018). Local Integration Focus: Refugees in Ethiopia - Gaps and Opportunities for Refugees Who have Lived in Ethiopia for 20 Years or More. ReDSS. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80(1), 1. RRS. (2017). Road Map for Implementing the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Government Pledges and the Practical Application of the CRRF in Ethiopia. RRS RRS. (2019). Directive to Determine Conditions for Movement and Residence of Refugees Outside Camps, Directive No. 01/2019. RRS RRS. (2019a). Directive to Determine the Procedure for Refugees Right to Work. Directive No. 02/2019. RRS. (2019b). Refugees and Returnees Grievances and Appeals Handling Directive. Directive No. 03/2019. RRS, and UNHCR. (2021). Ethiopia GRF Pledge Progress Report. RRS and UNHCR Shamsuddin, M., Acosta, P.A., Schwengber, R.D., Fix, J., and Pirani, N. (2021). Integration of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Brazil. Policy Research Working Papers 9605. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35358. Schuettler, K., and Caron, L. (2020). Jobs Interventions for Refugees and Internally
12 though somewhat lower than that of the Turkish at 30- 50 percent. Child labor is also quite prevalent, though there have been extensive efforts made to ensure that refugee children attend school. 19 Publicly available information on refugees comes from an AFAD survey of 2, 700 households in June and July 2013. Figure 2, using data from AFAD (2013), provides an overview of the Syrian governorates from which the refugees to Turkey originated. The refugees primarily come from northwest Syria. The largest source regions are Aleppo (36 percent), Idleb (21 percent) al-Raqqah (11 percent), Lattakia (9 percent), and Hamah (8 percent). Consistent with travel distance being a good predictor of refugee flows to Turkey, 80 percent of respondents report that they chose to flee to Turkey, instead of another country, due to the ease of transportation. The refugees in Turkey, unlike the later 2015 refugee flows to Western Europe, are nearly 50 percent female. Slightly over 50 percent are minors (under the age of 18). These facts reflect that to large extent Syrian families fled to Turkey together.
As expected the positive correlation between refugee flows and 2011 school attendance rates is significant at the one percent significance level (controlling for the gender, age and education composition of a subregion the point estimate is- 0. 17). Even once we instrument for refugee flows the correlation remains significant at the one percent significance level (a point estimate of- 0. 30). However, once we control for the log distance for the Syria border there is no longer a statistically significant relationship, in either the OLS or IV, between school attendance rates in 2011 and subsequent refugee flows. This suggests that, on account of the inclusion of our distance from the border control, we can rule out the 2012 education reform confounding our estimates. 5. 3 Robustness to Varying Sample of Turkish NUTS 2 Subregions Throughout this paper we use all 26 NUTS 2 subregions of Turkey for identification. However, the results are robust to varying the particular sample of subregions. We report results for two alternative samples. First, we drop the Gaziantep subregion from the estimation. Gaziantep has the highest refugee to population ratio among all regions and reportedly towns with a refugee share of over 30 percent. The inclusion of Gaziantep may skew results if there are any non-linearities in the impact of refugees. Second, we follow Ceritoglu et al. (2015) in only considering nine subregions of Turkey. These are the five Syrian border regions of southeastern Anatolia (Hatay, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Mardin, and
also face high turnover of teachers as they take on better-paid jobs (UNHCR, 2017). Secondary education, on the other hand, is provided for refugees in camp-based refugee schools and in government administered public schools, with support from UNHCR’s NGO partner (Development and Inter-Church Aid Commission, DICAC). This relies on qualified national teachers exclusively. UNHCR and partners are working towards progressive transfer of secondary school administration from DICAC to Regional Education Bureaus. The MoE is responsible for managing refugee and national education for higher education. However, enrollment of refugees in higher institutions is low due to low absorption capacity of higher education institutions (UNHCR, 2020a). At the same time, the Ministry of Skills and Labor (MoLS) is responsible for managing Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). OCP refugees receive education at the same levels as nationals through the national education system. Refugee education data is integrated into the MoE’s Education Management Information System (EMIS) (UNHCR, 2020), and a separate chapter on refugee education is included in the annual education statistics report of the MoE. The GoE included expanding primary and secondary education for refugees in the national five-year Education Sector Development Programme VI (ESDP), covering 2020 to 2025, but little
2 International migration — the movement of people across national borders — has important economic, social, and political implications. Despite the recent emergence of a dynamic literature, empirical analysis of migration flows and their impact lags behind the policy debate and the theoretical literature. The main reason is the absence of comprehensive and reliable data on international migration patterns and migrant characteristics at either the aggregate or the household level. The objective of this article is to use data from more than one thousand national censuses and population registers to estimate a complete global origin – destination migration matrix for each decade over 1960 – 2000. These 226 * 226 matrices, comprising every country, major territory, and dependency around the world, are divided into periods corresponding to the last five completed census rounds. The gender dimension of international migration over this period is also presented. The primary source of the raw data is the United Nations Population Division ‘ s Global Migration Database, created through the collaboration of the United Nations Population Division, the United Nations Statistics Division, the World Bank, and the University of Sussex (United Nations [2008]). This unique data repository comprises 3, 500 individual census and population register records1 for more than 230 destination countries and territories over the last five decades.
www.gasflaretracker.ng](http://www.gasflaretracker.ng/) has the geographic coordinates of each flaring point in Nigeria as well as monthly estimates of the flare volume from each location.

satellite-detected estimates with the official estimates reported by the Department of Petroleum


Resources [DPR] (2018). The satellite-detected estimates are broken down by location, while the

The paper uses the Romanian firm-level data from the Ministry of Finance covering enterprises of all sizes from 2011 to 2020, combined with the new World Bank Businesses of the State dataset, which tracks ownership of state business entities with at least 10 percent stake in Romania.
We use two main data sources for our estimation of a poverty line for Brazil: the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familares; POF) and the Brazilian Table of Food Composition (Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos; TBCA). POF is a nationally representative semiregular survey on income and expenditures in Brazil, conducted every six to nine years.
23 86 % of the IDPs, 91 % of the refugees and 88 % of the returnees are confident or fully confident that a coalition like this would be capable of providing security. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. In an open-ended question on who can be trusted most when it comes to ensuring security in the North, survey results suggest that the majority of refugees in Mauritania (86 %) trust the armed rebel groups as opposed to the army or police. This does not hold for refugees in Niger of whom 75 % trust the army and police. Similar results hold for IDPs and returnees, who put much more confidence in state authorities when it comes to securing the North: most trust is placed in the army and police (72 % of the IDPs and 66 % of the returnees) while little to no trust is placed in armed rebel groups (3 % of IDPs, 1 % of returnees).
Having experienced the work task and therefore able to realistically value the work, we oﬀer individuals in the employment arm an additional [surprise] week of work at a series of wages following the incentivized Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method. We inform participants that we have a limited amount of funds remaining and are therefore unable to pay everyone their previous wage. This strategy realistically motivates the reservation wage elicitation exercise and makes clear that there will be no further opportunities for work. We piloted this exercise extensively. To maximize comprehension, we employ a multiple price list strategy, embed repeated conﬁrmations, and conduct a trial run of the exercise for each respondent before the real exercise; this mimics the procedure employed in Burchardi et al. (2021) for which participants in another low-income country ﬁeld context exhibited high comprehension. For those individuals who express willingness to work at a wage of zero, we oﬀer an alternative option of answering a brief survey at the end of the week for a small, randomized fee; we then use the fraction of respondents who are willing to forego this paid option and instead work for free as an estimate of the proportion of respondents who have a negative reservation wage of at least the foregone magnitude. 16
11 there is another data source that provides independent information on conflict events. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Conflict Encyclopedia Database (UCDP) provides similar information that spans the time period of interest. In contrast, UCDP data is not available for Liberia- so each country draws on similar but distinct data set to incorporate independent information about conflict intensity. The study data set contains one observation for every woman in the DHS individual recode, i. e., the woman level data and variables showing the annual number of ACLED or UCDP events and fatalities beginning in the year the woman was interviewed up to 10 years preceding the survey. Providing conflict for the 10 years preceding the DHS survey is key to the methodology and helps establish temporality in how conflict may affect IPV outcomes. A 10-year period was chosen because this captured hostilities from both Liberian civil conflicts and allowed the data set to reflect the long-standing impact of the conflict in each country. Each conflict data set used is described below. Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Data- Colombia The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Georeferenced Event Dataset is an event data set that disaggregates three types of organized violence: state-based conflict, non-state conflict, and one-sided violence.
under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP) constitute 5 and 12 percent of the sample, respectively (Figure 2.1). More than 30 percent of refugees in camps are born in Ethiopia (Figure 2.2). Somali refugees have a higher share of refugees born in Ethiopia (38 percent). According to UNHCR estimates (2023)12, around 1.9 million children were born as refugees between 2018 and 2022 globally. Overall, Ethiopia’s refugee situation is protracted; refugees have been in Ethiopia for an average of about 14 years. Refugees differ by country of origin. For example, Eritrean refugees have been in Ethiopia for average of slightly more than 16 years, Somalis for just under 16 years, and South Sudanese for roughly 15 years. On the other hand, refugees in Addis Ababa arrived nine years ago, on average (Figure 2.3a). Globally, the number of refugees in protracted situations—at least 25,000 refugees from the same country who lived in exile for more than five consecutive years—increased over time, accounting for 40 percent of all refugees in 2021 (World Bank, 2023). In Ethiopia, 95 percent of all refugees live in a protracted situation, according to SESRE data. 11 According to UNHCR mid-2022 statistics, South Sundanese, Somali and Eritrean refugees constitute 46, 29
months” and “last 12 months” as references. Imputed rent for owner-occupied houses is calculated by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) team and is included in the consumption expenditure data shared with the Bank team. Spatial and temporal price deflators adjust for price variations across time and space. First, nominal consumption is adjusted for price differences across survey domains using spatial deflators calculated using the Household Welfare Statistics (HoWStat 2021) survey data. Second, spatially-deflated consumption levels are expressed in December 2022 prices using the food and non-food Consumer Price Indexes produced and provided by the ESS. Finally, to adjust for variations in household size and composition, the spatially and temporally adjusted consumption expenditure is divided by household size. This is because the poverty rates presented in this chapter are calculated using the international poverty line of USD 2.15 per capita in 2017 PPP. The US$2.15 poverty line was converted to local currency in 2017 using the PPP conversion factor, and then the value was inflated to December 2022 prices using the national CPI. Given that international poverty estimates reported at the global level are based on consumption aggregates not spatially deflated, the poverty reports presented in this report are not strictly
**Annex 12: CAT DDO Trigger Conditions and Drawdown Procedure**

The CAT DDO facility may be drawn down upon declaration of a state of natural disaster by the Council of Ministers, provided that the macroeconomic trigger conditions specified in the Loan Agreement are satisfied. The declaration must be accompanied by a damage and needs assessment prepared by the national disaster management agency and reviewed by a Bank-approved assessment team. Drawdown requests under the CAT DDO are processed within ten business days of receipt of a complete and satisfactory trigger documentation package.
Additionally, local and
upstream shares of forest cover are measured using satellite data from the European Space Agency.

###### 3. Empirical Strategy

Our econometric specification uses a panel fixed-effects model to link data on droughts to data on
economic growth at the level of 0.5-degree grid cells (approximately 56 kilometers x 56 kilometers at the
equator) between 1991 and 2014, the period for which economic data is available at a granular scale.

In robustness checks we also make use of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) (Vicente-Serrano, et al., 2010) that integrates evapotranspiration into the standard precipitation index.

We use data from the ESA CCI project to determine the share of cropland within each cell at the beginning of the period (ESA starts in 1992) and split the sample based on different shares of cropland ranging from less than 20 percent to more than 75 percent.

2 UNCCD Report "Drought in Numbers 2022."
3 Defined here as shocks that are at least 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the long-term mean. Note that a 2 SD dry
shock is a very rare event and includes the driest 2.5 years in a century.

The magnitudes of the effects are also consistent with the recent 2022 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction which looks at all types of disasters from rapid onset events like typhoons, floods, earthquakes to other events like droughts, saltwater intrusion, air pollution.
26 Buller et al. (2016) conducted a mixed methods study in Ecuador, combining secondary analysis from a field experiment on the impact of a transfer program on IPV with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with male and female beneficiaries. The qualitative component aimed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the quantitative results, which showed substantial reductions in physical and sexual violence among beneficiaries of the cash and in-kind food transfer program. These qualitative interviews revealed a similar finding to Arugay et al. (forthcoming). Specifically, a core feature of women ’ s reported joint decision making was asking their spouse or partner for input into a decision, so that they would not be blamed if something went wrong. Similarly, an analysis of qualitative data from eight projects in Africa and Asia focused on understanding women ’ s empowerment finds that joint decision making can be empowering for women. In particular, in focus groups in Ghana, women stressed the importance of family harmony and in the individual interviews, “ women indicated that they want more input on decisions, but do not want full responsibility for decisions in case they go wrong (Meinzen-Dick et al, 2019, p. 20). The qualitative evidence provides one interpretation of our empirical results. Couples who agree that they jointly make decisions may also be sharing responsibility for these decisions.
refugee situation and to devise policy directions. The SESRE covers three types of groups: (i) refugees in camps; (ii) refugees out-of-camps in Addis Ababa; and (iii) host communities; all of which require a distinct sampling procedure. The sampling frame for refugee camps is based on UNHCR’s proGRES database. SESRE is a representative survey of the refugee population 1 Formerly the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and Welfare Monitoring Survey. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii of Eritrean, South Sudanese, and Somali origin living in camps in Ethiopia, refugees living in Addis Ababa, and their respective host communities. Host communities are defined as Ethiopian non-displaced households living enumeration areas adjacent to the refugee camps. SESRE data was collected from November 2022 to January 2023, from a nationally representative sample of 3,452. The following represents a summary of findings stemming from the SESRE data and associated statistical regression work using this data. Sociodemographic Ethiopia is a second home for close to one million refugees who predominantly originate from South Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Around 88 percent of refugees live in camps, and the rest reside in urban areas under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP) regime. Refugees fled from their country mainly due to conflict and violence.
Appendix A Data Appendix A. 1 Linking Ethnic Data from Africa (LEDA) LEDA offers an interface — a language tree — to flexibly link ethnic groups from different databases to each other and calculate the linguistic distances between them. LEDA is currently structured around lists of ethnic groups from 12 original datasets, which are the following:  Afrobarometer Surveys  All Minorities at Risk (AMAR)  Census data from IPUMS  Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) dataset  Ethnologue languages  Political Relevant Ethnic Groups from Posner (2004)  Ethnic groups in Francois, Trebbi & Rainer (2015)  Ethnic groups from Fearon (2003)  GREG Data (based on the Russian Atlas Miradova)  Demographic and Health Surveys  Murdock Atlas  Spatially Interpolated Data on Ethnicity (SIDE) These lists are structured in LEDA ’ s interface by data source, country, year, or in the case of survey data, survey rounds. In our analysis, we use Afrobarometer, EPR, and Murdock Atlas data; therefore, we can use LEDA functions to link the different ethnic groups to each other. LEDA consists of three main linkage types: binary linking based on the relations of sets of language nodes associated with two groups; binary linking based on linguistic distances; and a full computation of dyadic linguistic distances.