ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
Firms listed in the NBS registry without a contact telephone number were also excluded from the sampling
frame. Hence, all survey results should be interpreted as representative of more formal business activities.

To ensure that robust estimation results can be obtained for different subpopulations, the survey used a
dedicated sampling strategy. Based on information from the NBS, all registered firms were divided into
five distinct strata, depending on their reliance on transport systems. Ordered from low to high transport
reliance, these strata contain firms from the following sectors:

Direct asset losses are the most tangible impact of disasters on firms. In high-income countries, a range
of institutions, such as insurance companies or governmental organizations, collect data on direct losses
(for the United States, see, for example, Smith and Katz 2013). In developing countries, where insurance
markets and data collection are limited, less is known about the direct losses that firms incur. While
databases such as EM-DAT provide some data on aggregate direct disaster losses, few quantitative firmlevel studies have been conducted. One exception is De Mel et al. (2012), who analyze the impact of the

Firms incur a wide range of losses due to disasters, both in terms of direct damages and indirectly
transmitted costs. Based on the data collected for this study, Appendix B offers a full discussion of the
scale and type of firms' disaster losses.


The survey data reveals that flood risks are high throughout most of Tanzania and confirm that firms face
substantial recurring losses.
restricted to workers with completed secondary education. Among workers with completed secondary, 30 percent of refugees and 50 percent of hosts are in high-skill occupations (Figure 3.25). Among only women, these numbers are 20 percent and 50 percent, respectively. Instead, refugee men and women in Addis Ababa are over- represented in crafts and related trades (typically classified as medium-skill occupations). 0 20 40 60 80 100 Addis Hosts Addis Refugees Current Addis Refugees COB Salary (employment/casual labor) Crops/livestock Donations(NGO/gov) Remittances (local/international) Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Percent 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Addis Male-Headed Addis Female-Headed Figure 3.21: Household primary income source Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: “COB” refers to livelihood strategies in their country of birth. a. Pre-post migration b. By gender of head Table 3.2: Labor force statistics Addis Hosts Addis Hosts Labor force participation rate (strict) 66% 46% Unemployment rate (strict) 12% 63% Labor force participation rate (relaxed) 72% 67% Unemployment (relaxed) 19% 75% Employment-to-population ratio 58% 17% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed or unemployed. Unemployment is the
FE remove the effect of individual-specific time-invariant characteristics so as the net effect of the predictor variable on outcome variables can be assessed, per the following equation: 𝑌 ௜ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 + 𝜇 ௡ + 𝛽𝑇௧ + 𝛾𝐷 ௜ + 𝛿ሺ𝑇 ∗ 𝐷ሻ ௜ ௧ + 𝜃ଶ𝐸ଶ ൅.. ൅ 𝜃 ௡ 𝐸 ௡ ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௧ (3) where 𝐸 ௡ is entity n (i. e. the individual volunteer). Since they are binary (dummies), there are n-1 included in the model (i. e. 758 individual volunteers). 𝜃ଶ is the coefficient for the binary regressors (the 758 volunteers). Additionally, we propose dealing with attrition in two ways. First, we utilize the standard “ Manski Bounds ” approach (Horowitz and Manski, 2000) by imputing upper and lower bound estimates for missing data on estimated outcomes of interest at follow-up, where lower bound estimates take the lowest possible value and upper bound estimates take the highest possible value for individuals who could not be tracked over time. This allows us to provide the two extreme possible scenarios for estimated impacts had data been successfully collected for attritors. Second, we use the Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) procedure to establish narrower bounds that might provide a better sense of whether there is a robust treatment effect. This entails first estimating a probit model that predicts the probability of data being observed (i. e. not attrition) using a set of covariates at
Due to the variations in weight and height ratios among children and adolescents according to gender and age, the benchmarks for determining nutritional status are specifically tailored to these factors. We adhere to WHO guidelines to calculate the standardized BMI values for minors. A BMI exceeding one standard deviation (SD) from the mean suggests overweight, while a BMI less than minus one SD indicates underweight. 16 Health status is assessed through a binary variable, assigned a value of one if the caregiver has reported any health issues such as disease or chronic pain, accidents, dental pain, surgical interventions, or preg- 14For the Colombian households the wealth index is measured with contemporaneous data. 15This procedure restricts the sample to the common support of the propensity score for being a forced migrant and weights observations for Colombian kids by a non-parametric function of the propensity score. This procedure has been shown to increase the estimate ’ s efficiency. 16Furthermore, a BMI greater than 2SD is indicative of obesity risk, and less than- 2SD signals a risk of severe thinness. 33
Data on the structural and cyclical characteristics of national economies comes from the World Bank's World Development Indicator Database [9] and UNCTAD-STAT; [10] the figures on education are sourced from Barro & Lee (2013); [11] those on the real effective exchange rate (REER) are taken from Darvas (2012); [12] and metal- and oil-price figures are sourced from the IMF's Primary Commodity Prices database. [13] Referring to the original datasets will provide further details on the methodology and sources used.

We need first to describe inequality and poverty levels in the affected region. We define the poor as the individuals in the bottom quintile in terms of consumption or income. Therefore, the parameter �� is equal to 20%. To estimate �� and ��, we use the World Development Indicators database, which provides the income share of the bottom 20%. Figure 3 shows the result, highlighting the large variability - and lack of correlation - between inequality and national income level.

In this national-level analysis, and consistent with our focus on the socioeconomic drivers of resilience, we use a very simple methodology. We use the Global Building Inventory database from PAGER, by USGS, which provides a distribution of building types (buildings only, not contents) within countries across the world (USGS 2015). This typology has been developed to assess vulnerability to earthquakes but here we use it for all hazards.
III THE VENREPS-KIDS STUDY In this section, we offer a detailed overview of the VenRePs-kids Study, covering its de- sign, implementation, the questionnaire utilized, and the primary outcomes that will be employed to evaluate the human development disparities between forcibly displaced children and adolescents and their peers in host communities. III. A Design Location. Our study is conducted in Medell ´ ın, Colombia ’ s second-largest city, following Bogot ´ a. Medell ´ ın was chosen for this study because it hosts the third-largest Venezue- lan migrant population in the country, trailing only Bogot ´ a and C ´ ucuta, as indicated by the 2018 population census data. Additionally, previous research has demonstrated that survey response rates among migrants in Medell ´ ın are notably high. For instance, a na- tionally representative survey of Venezuelan migrants conducted in 2018 — which was representative across Colombia — revealed that Medell ´ ın had the highest response rates among migrants, whereas Bogot ´ a recorded the lowest (Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. 2022). This finding supports the decision to focus our study exclusively on Medell ´ ın, also considering the challenges and high costs associated with tracking a highly mobile population longitu- dinally in previous research efforts.
10 consumption or expenditure is measured in per-capita terms and has implications for other indicators of well-being such as housing, rents, or crowding. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS) are the most common household surveys used to produce comparative statistics on well-being across time and countries. The DHS and MICSs define household members as (i) usual residents or people who slept in the dwelling the previous night and who (ii) share living arrangements and (iii) share food (ICF International, 2012; UNICEF, 2013). The LSMSs define household members as (i) people who slept in the dwelling three or more months of the last 12 months and (ii) share food (Grosh and Munoz, 1996). 7 While the definitions differ, they are defined on similar concepts and are unlikely to lead to major differences in key household characteristics. The UNHCR has definitions for household that resemble the definitions used by MICSs and LSMSs but uses the concept of “ case ” as unit of observation. The UNHCR defines a case as: “ A processing unit similar to a family headed by a Principal Applicant.
`o` They also pushed for career rotation and continuous support for **education** as a foundation for
society. While both groups shared a commitment to youth empowerment, the female group
leaned more toward social and psychological well-being, whereas the male group prioritized
leadership, structure, and legal safeguards.

## **HEALTH AND DISABILITY**

**Health and disability**

A small percentage (7%) identify as having a disability [2] according to the
Washington Group classification. Within youth with disabilities, **males**

**constitute the majority** (72%) compared to females (28%).
Disproportionate impact of disability on young men should be the driver
of additional data collection to develop specific programs to address
their needs and exposure to risks.

**Person with disabilities by**

**gender**

**Male**

**72%**

 The majority of young people in northwest Syria, (84%), do not
face any health problems conditions. However, a significant 16%
reported facing health issues, with varying levels of access to
health services and medication.
 Regarding access to health services, the results indicate that only 47% of those with health problems,
conditions or disabilities have access to health services, while 53% do not.
 56% of youth with health problems, conditions or disabilities **do not have access to adequate medication** .

---
[2] https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/
month placement and support phase in which the trainees were supported in their transition to self or wage employment. Upon recruitment, the participants are assigned to a"Job Skills (JS)"track or a"Business Development Services (BDS)"track. When possible, the participant's track preference was honored; however, the demand for the Job Skills track greatly exceeded the supply, so the remaining trainees were placed into the BDS track. In the first round of training, the proportion of Job Skills track places was limited to 35 % of the total training places available given the expectation that few wage jobs will be available in the Liberian job market. The Job Skills track provided training in six areas: 1) hospitality, 2) professional cleaning / waste management, 3) office / computer skills, 4) professional house / office painting, 5) security guard services, and 6) professional driving. These areas were determined based on independent labor market assessments, a review of the available market data, and input from EPAG ’ s private sector partners. All Job Skills trainees received training in entrepreneurship skills as well. The BDS training taught young women how to identify micro-enterprise opportunities based on an assessment of market needs, and how to grow and manage any existing businesses they already had.
Second, there are cases where the current study reports data by nationality, but the corresponding figure in the Trends in International Migrant Stock refers to the foreign born. This situation generally arises when a census does not report the number of foreign-born migrants on a bilateral basis. Examples include Austria and Côte d ‘ Ivoire. Third, differences in the years to which the data refer can generate large disparities. For example, this study uses the 1966 data for Australia, whereas Trends in International Migrant Stock reports data for 1970. Overall, however, the fact that the totals are remarkably close in every decade adds credence to the estimates here. IV. THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL BILATERAL MIGRATION The greatest strengths of the global migration matrices are their bilateral coverage, the number of decades covered, and the disaggregation by gender. These data are too rich for a full analysis of all movements between all pairs of countries. Instead, this section summarizes the major trends in the evolution of bilateral migrant stocks, based primarily on World Bank regions. 25 Global Trends The migration matrix for the 1960 census round reflects a realigning world in the postcolonial era. Over the 1960-2000 period, the composition of world migration 25 Appendix 1 details the World Bank regions: South Asia, East Asia and Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, and Middle East and North Africa. High-income Middle East and North Africa refers to the predominantly oil producing countries in the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and to Israel.
reason to believe that the provision of services by donors and non-state actors could either strengthen or weaken citizens ’ deference to government. I will identify the conditions under which these two scenarios are likely to occur. On the one hand, citizens may be less likely to support the government with deference to its laws and regulations when they credit non-state actors or donors for service provision. The provision of services by donors and non- state actors is likely to prompt citizens to question why they should pay taxes to a government that is not providing them with anything in exchange. On the other hand, the provision of goods and services by donors and non-state actors might strengthen citizens ’ legitimating beliefs and their willingness to defer to governmental laws and regulations if citizens view their government as essential to leveraging and managing these external resources. I assess these competing hypotheses using multi-level analyses of Afro- barometer survey data. The sample, drawn from a continuum of developing societies in Africa, allows us to analyze associations between donor and non- state actor service provision and the sense of obligation to comply with the tax authorities. Third, I assess the relationship between the provision of ser- vices by donors and non-state actors and citizens ’ willingness to defer to two additional authorities, the police and courts.
### 7.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

The M&E framework distinguishes between process indicators, tracked through the MIS on a monthly basis, and outcome indicators, measured through periodic surveys. Process indicators cover outputs such as number of beneficiaries registered, cash transfers disbursed, and community infrastructure works completed. Outcome indicators are measured at baseline, midterm, and endline using a structured household survey instrument administered to a representative sample drawn from the beneficiary and comparison populations.
4 Internal Conﬂicts and Refugees A particularly serious aspect of internal conﬂicts is the human suﬀering they generate. This is not only those who are killed or injured in conﬂict but the large number of people who are forced to leave their homes. The issue of refugees has received particular attention in Western media in recent years as refugee ﬂows from Northern Africa, the Middle East and Afghanistan are increasingly reaching Europe. These refugee streams are linked to a severe humanitarian crisis with considerable funding needs for international donors and heavy strains on host countries. 21 The current refugee crisis, however, is in no way unique. Civil war has always been closely linked to humanitarian crisis and refugee streams are one way to capture this. In this section we provide a cross-country analysis aimed at investigating how the stock of refugees evolves when a civil conﬂict hits a country. In the analysis we will focus entirely on showing changes in the stock of refugees across time to illustrate the dimensions involved. We will base our later analysis on these population movements. We exploit country-level data gathered from several sources. Data about refugees is provided by the UNHCR Population Statistics Database. The database provides in- formation about UNHCR ’ s populations of concern from the year 1951 up to 2014.
representative sample of undocumented migrants in Colombia ’ s major cities as of 2020. 10 This survey encompasses information on the socioeconomic status, health, well-being, access to services, and labor market outcomes of adult undocumented migrants. Second, we compare our sample with the Administrative Venezuelan Migrant Registry (RAMV), a nationwide census of undocumented Venezuelan migrants conducted by the Colom- bian government in 2018. 11 This census surveyed Venezuelan households regarding their socioeconomic conditions and the labor market characteristics of the household head. We compare the household characteristics and the labor market outcomes of the house- hold heads in our sample with those in VenRePS and RAMV surveys in Table A. 3. 12 We observe that households in the VenRePS-Kids survey are smaller on average and have a greater number of children living in the household. The latter is anticipated since one of the eligibility criteria to participate in our survey is the presence of at least one child in the household. Furthermore, the household heads in our sample are disproportionately female and more likely to be married, aligning with the family structure targeted in our sampling frame. Regarding labor outcomes, household heads in our sample are more likely to be employed and engaged in the informal sector compared to those surveyed in VenRePS and the RAMV census.
Bank branches in El Fasher have limited capital for small businesses as their headquarters in Khartoum regard the area as too great a risk and IDPs themselves as riskier investments than their host community peers (UN- HABITAT 2009: p. 8). Exposure to unclean cooking fuels and inadequate housing can lead to poor health outcomes, while lack of access to electricity and a bank account further excludes individuals from labor market integration and livelihood opportunities that would empower forcibly displaced persons to overcome their multiple, overlapping deprivations. Clearly, displacement status puts individuals at a greater risk of poverty than their host community neighbors, and we can unpack those risks in greater detail using the MPI. Results can also be broken down to show the percentage contribution of each indicator to multidimensional poverty (see Figure 2). Among refugees in Ethiopia, lack of a bank account is the largest contributor to poverty, while among host communities, the largest contributor is years of schooling.
One of the main contributions of this paper is the use of panel data which allows us to examine the effect of the pandemic on labor market transitions — job loss and job gain rates — in addition to the effect on labor market stocks. Studying both stocks and flows provides a comprehensive framework to analyze the impact of the pandemic on labor markets and allows for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms 30
21 Lebanon. It was the obvious step forward in overcoming these problems and the answer to the increasing demand for evidence around the Syrian crisis. The study benefitted from a unique and unprecedented set of data. The UNHCR registry data in Jordan and Lebanon were among the better quality registry data available worldwide and the UNHCR also conducted home visits in Jordan that, at the time of the study, covered over a third of all refugees. There were also sample surveys in both Jordan and Lebanon that were small in size but representative of the population present in the registry. The home visits and the surveys included questions on income and expenditure that could be used for the welfare assessment. Using these data, the study addressed ten questions defined as follows: 1) Who are the refugees?; 2) How different are refugees from “ regular ” populations?; 3) How poor are refugees?; 4) What are the main predictors of refugees ’ welfare and poverty?; 5) How vulnerable are refugees from a monetary and non ‐ monetary perspective?; 6) Do poverty and vulnerability statuses overlap?; 7) How effective are refugee assistance programs?; 8) What is the potential for alternative policies?; 9) How does welfare compare across countries and data sets?; 10) How transferable are
We measure livelihood diversification using two main variables: the degree of diversification of activities as a primary occupation and the degree of diversification of activities as a secondary occupation. 3 The degree of agricultural commercialization is also measured using two variables: the value from the sale of crop and livestock products. We measure refugee inflow (presence) as the number of refugees (population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household's inverted distance to the camp. The impact of refugee inflow on household livelihood strategies can be causal if there are no confounding factors that affect livelihoods in host communities when refugee inflow changes. This is unlikely as refugee flow and the location of refugee camps are not random (see e. g., Baez 2011). Refugee camps are often situated close to international borders, among others, to allow for easy repatriation of the refugees when stability is restored in their countries of origin. In addition, refugees often seek shelter in the nearest refugee camp once they arrive in the host country, which is arguably true in most hosting countries as refugees often travel on foot for 2 According to UNHCR, a protracted refugee situation is a situation in which at least 25, 000 refugees from the same nationality have been in exile for at least five years in a given host country. 3 Diversification of activities is calculated using the inverse Simpson diversity index. In constructing the index, we considered both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood activities.
It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. The author may be contacted at asacks @ worldbank. org. and managing these resources. The author assesses these competing hypotheses using multi-level analyses of Afrobarometer survey data. The sample, drawn from a continuum of developing societies in Africa, allows for analysis of associations between donor and non-state actor service provision and the sense of obligation to comply with the tax authorities, the police and courts. The findings yield support for the hypothesis that the provision of services by donors and non-state actors is strengthening, rather than undermining, the relationship between citizens and the state.