ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
Gender may inﬂuence how members of the host community experience and perceive their role as hosts. Since each of the samples are gender-balanced, Figure 6 re-reruns the logistic regres- sions above but after sub-setting the data by gender. Hosting IDPs is associated with improved perceptions of social cohesion among men for all sub dimensions other than access to basic needs in the general sample, but women ’ s perceptions of social cohesion are only positively associated with contact with other ethnic groups (OR: 1. 26, CI: 1. 01 – 1. 56) and access to services (OR: 1. 44, CI: 1. 15 – 1. 80). In cities, female respondents were more likely to report negative perceptions of in-group (OR: 0. 59, CI: 0. 41 – 0. 84) and out-group relationships (OR: 0. 63, CI: 0. 44 – 0. 90) when hosting IDPs. Women were less likely to participate with other ethnic groups (OR: 0. 57, CI: 0. 40 – 0. 82) if they had IDPs in their communities. But men had positive associations for IDPs with relationships and solidarity in cities.
The 2023 survey of transport infrastructure conditions found that 68 percent of rural access roads in the project's five target provinces were in poor or very poor condition, with pavement failure attributed primarily to inadequate drainage maintenance and axle-load violations by commercial freight vehicles. The 2023 survey was administered by provincial public works directorates and compiled by the national road authority using standardized pavement condition index scoring. Results were shared with the Ministry of Finance to support the project's economic justification.
Research on long-term migration has established positive effects on host countries and shown that these effects are larger or faster if migrants are permitted to integrate eco- nomically (Abramitzky and Boustan 2022). The features of PEP facilitate causal identiﬁcation of its effects. First, the program was in- troduced unexpectedly, thereby isolating anticipatory decisions or ex-ante behavioral re- sponses. Unknown to both migrants and government ofﬁcials, ex-post eligibility for the program was based solely on prior registration in a nationwide census of irregular forced mi- grants, the Registro Administrativo de Migrantes Venezolanos (RAMV for its Spanish acronym), that was administered between April and June of 2018. According to the government of- ﬁcials who designed RAMV, the census was implemented to count the number of irregu- lar Venezuelan forced migrants in Colombia and was not intended to precede or lead to a regularization program. However, in August 2018, Colombia ’ s president unexpectedly 3
. 12 10. 45 – # 20 December 2019 5752 4. 71 8. 14 – # 21 November 2020 2627 4. 19 5. 14 – # 22 February-March 2021 5847 6. 86 9. 30 – Overall July 2017-March 2021 49831 4. 64 8. 19 30. 58 Table 2: Details on Surveys and Displacement Trends Second, the paper conducts an individual-level analysis of two cross-sectional surveys of 1, 933 and 5, 951 individuals conducted in March-April 2018 and June- July 2018, respectively, to probe the relationship between hosting displacees and social cohesion in more detail. This survey wave 22
Climate data on temperature and precipitation were taken from Bitan and Rubin (2000). Average annual temperature calculations are based on data collected in 38

Table 3 presents the results of the two models. In the first model, linking farm profits to


farm exogenous variables, the irrigation water quota was omitted. The second model in

and 2 percent for flowers and other garden plants (Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 2005). Almost all the crops excluding field crops are irrigated. Field crops are grown on

_Source: World Bank calculations based on Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources 2007 data._

(2007), reports that from a survey of 51 countries, nearly half had an ad hoc pricing mechanism where the government adjusted the price level irregularly, 14 percent an automatic adjusting mechanism that holds the margin between world and local prices constant while allowing domestic prices to adjust, and 37 percent enjoyed a liberalized pricing system.
and improve their lives, along with refugee hosting communities. The SESRE covers all current major refugee camps: Eritreans, South Sudanese, and Somalis, as well as the out-of-camp refugees in Addis Ababa. In addition, the survey covers the respective host communities around the camps, including the host communities of Addis Ababa. Due to the conflict in the Tigray region of Ethiopia between 2020 and 2022, Eritrean refugees living in camps in Tigray could not be included in this survey. To avoid exclusion of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia, we included Eritrean refugees living in camps in the Afar region and the newly established refugee hosting zone Alemwach. Eritrean refugees who were in the Tigray region prior to the conflict are included in this survey in two ways: we sampled (i) refugees from Alemwach, where most of the refugees previously located in Tigray moved after conflict broke out and (ii) from Addis Ababa, namely those refugees who arrived in Addis Ababa after November 2020. Data collection took place between November 2022 and January 2023. Sample population The SESRE covers three types of groups, all of which require a distinct sampling procedure:55 (i) refugees in camps; (ii) refugees out-of-camps; and (iii) host communities. This
Notes: (1) The table displays the estimation of the probability of being enrolled in college, employed, or employed in a formal firm given ENLACE grade 12
scores and a set of socioconomic variables. (2) Sample: ENILEMS-ENLACE panel. (3) All specifications include school fixed effects

45



<!-- PAGE 48 -->
Table A.6: Probit         - ENLACE test scores and post-secondary school outcomes

Enlace Score 0.301*** -0.0474 -0.0474 0.114*** -0.0152 -0.0175 (0.0499) (0.0870) (0.0811) (0.0186) (0.0280) (0.0298) Upper secondary GPA 0.223*** 0.128* 0.0667 0.0846*** 0.0409* 0.0246 (0.0427) (0.0671) (0.0661) (0.0162) (0.0216) (0.0245) Girl -0.194** -0.661*** -0.0615 -0.0736** -0.212*** -0.0227 (0.0792) (0.132) (0.127) (0.0291) (0.0339) (0.0473) Private upper secondary 0.275*** -0.277 -0.271 0.104*** -0.0886 -0.100 (0.102) (0.186) (0.173) (0.0392) (0.0585) (0.0646) Urban resident 0.244*** -0.0709 0
Maps provided by the humanitarian coordination body delineated displacement hotspots, areas of refugee concentration, and border crossing points used in the preparation of the targeting methodology. These maps were produced using UNHCR's population of concern data combined with host government administrative records. The maps were last updated in October and reflect registration data through September 30. Any changes in population distribution identified through subsequent biannual registration updates will trigger a review of the targeting lists by the PIU and the relevant district authorities.
daily changes in the amount of time spent at different places within a given geographic area. These data


capture daily percent changes from February 15 through July 15 relative to a baseline representing the

Figure 2 displays the Google Community Mobility data for both the entire country of Mali and


for Bamako specifically. Google aggregates locations into six types of places: Grocery and Pharmacy,

Finally, we use information from the COVID-19 phone panel survey, our third source of information used to investigate the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions within Mali.

as suggested by the Google Mobility Data, price effects could influence behavior on the intensive margin.


More research is needed to fully understand these dynamics.


Figure 4 shows self-reported estimates of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on economic out
Estimation Results Using Proposition 3 (i), we start first with transforming some positive variables including household size and age in the HEIS and LFS to normality using the Box-Cox method, then standardizing the variables in the LFS according to the distributions of the corresponding variables in the HEIS respectively for 2008 and 2010. As a result, t-tests (not shown) indicate that the distributions of the standardized LFS variables are not statistically different from those in the HEIS, which satisfies Assumption 1. To ensure that Assumption 2 is satisfied, we use the closest version of Model 6 in all the following estimation, where the income variable is in a categorical format as earlier discussed. 26 We implement this test by pooling data from the two surveys, setting the data to incorporate the complex sampling design, and running a (complex survey adjusted) regression of the variable of interest on a dummy variable indicating the survey round. 31
The other source of micro data for Jordan during the pandemic is the COVID-19 MENA Monitor (CMM) data (OAMDI, 2021). This data was collected over three waves in February, June and August 2021 through a phone survey. It also has retrospective data on individuals ’ employment 6 Defence order number 6 stipulated, early April, that institutions subject to the labor law must allow their employees who were dismissed or whose services were terminated since the beginning of the pandemic to return to their work < https: / / www. jordantimes. com / news / local / pm-issues-defence-order-no-6-stipulating-labour-rights- under-defence-law >. 7 Additional data was collected between February and March 2021 from refugee camps.
consultation with UNHCR and RRS. We used the ESS EA maps to assess the settlement of communities around camps, ensuring a precise fit to the definition of a “host community”. The assessment highlighted that using the list of EAs obtained from the new cartographic frame57 meets the definition of host community In the SESRE, host community members are defined as those who live adjacent to a refugee camp but within a radius of 5km. We use the updated Ethiopian Statistics Service 2018 cartographic database of enumeration areas (EAs) to define them. An EA is a defined area where 100-150 households live in rural areas, while in urban areas, it is an area where 150- 200 households live. The first stage of sampling for the host community involved using simple random sampling to select EAs—the primary sampling unit— from the list of EAs that are adjacent but within a radius of 5km. Following EA selection, a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of this survey, which was used as a frame to choose sampled households from each sample EA. In Addis Ababa, a separate host domain was developed as refugees spatially concentrate in a few sub-cities and Woredas.
The ZAR dataset includes all foreigners residing in Switzerland and contains similar information than AUPER. We are combining these two datasets with the yearly population census data that includes ZAR and AUPER starting from 2010. By combining these three datasets we can follow refugees and migrants over 1997-2018 and natives over 2010-2018. We define as refugees, all foreign-born individuals that went through an asylum process, and as migrants all other foreign-born individuals. Natives are defined as individuals born in Switzerland. In the final sample, we are drawing a random sample of 6 % of the native population. For the main outcome variables used in the descriptive analysis, we are first adding Swiss social security data provided by the Federal Compensation Office. This data collects information about every Swiss resident that contributed to old age provision (i. e., the old-age and survivor ’ s insurance OASI or AVS in French). We know the size and nature of the contribution made by individuals (from paid work, independent work, voluntary contribution or other kinds). This data is available from 1998-2018. Our main outcome variables measuring economic integration include employment, earnings and self- employment, and are constructed from the social security data. An individual is defined as employed if he or she contributed to old age provision from salaried or independent work. Earnings are defined as the sum of all positive contributions made from salaried and independent work in a year. Lastly, we 10
The severe escalation of the conflict has led to significant destruction of UNHCR property.
During the month of June, both UNHCR offices in Khartoum were destroyed, the UNHCR
warehouse in Al Obeid was looted, and other UNHCR warehouses remain inaccessible or
have recently been looted such as in South Darfur. In locations accessible to humanitarian
workers, UNHCR and partners continue to scale up humanitarian delivery despite capacity
limitations. UNHCR has established a small operational presence in Wadi Halfa while
scaling up its footprint in Wad Madani, Kosti, Gedaref, Kassala and Port Sudan. Further in
North Darfur, in collaboration with the sectors, UNHCR has been able to continue delivering
NFIs to IDP sites in El Fasher as well as conduct protection monitoring of new arrivals from
Kutum and Tawilla.

UNHCR 3
- The XCO2 database (https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0062760), an OCO2 panel database for a 25 km grid (G25), in Stata format, beginning in September 2014 and
updated regularly. The database includes G25 grid cell ID numbers, cell centroid coordinates,
monthly means of measured CO2 concentrations, and monthly means of Hakkarainen prefiltered CO2 concentration anomalies. The JPL/NASA database publishes OCO-2 data with
a lag of approximately two months.


  - For functional urban areas (FUAs) with sufficient data, annually-updated change parameter
estimates for models (6) and (7), with statistical significance categories [p>.05, ≤ .05, ≤ .01,
≤ .001].

Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence.

We use two complementary geocoded household data sets to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare outcomes.
select EAs and 12 households per EA, whereby the EAs were considered a Primary Sampling Unit and the households as the Secondary Sampling Unit. The SESRE is designed to estimate demographic, socioeconomic, welfare, and refugee- specific indicators of the eight domains. 57 The cartographic map (frame) was prepared in 2018 for the upcoming Population and Housing Census. 58 See Annex C for sample size estimation. Annexes 94 Sample size estimation (a) First Stage Sampling In the first stage sampling, each domain is considered an explicit sampling domain. We used the list of all EAs as a sampling frame and their estimated population as a Measure of Size (MoS). A sample is selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). The sample size is evaluated regarding the expected precision of the key indicator for the SESRE, the national household survey to measure poverty as the percentage is 0.235 (2016 Household Consumption and Expenditure). In the calculation, values for the measuring poverty rate (P) and design factor (deft) 1.5, the expected Relative Standard Error (RSE) of 4.63%, and finally, an adjusted Response Rate of 99% at a 95% Confidence level used to represent the expected precision is acceptable at the domain level. To
Primary well-being outcomes: This category includes three main outcomes that seek to cap- ture refugee household well-being, including household consumption, mental health (mea- sured through the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), and an index summarizing the 25-item child Strengths and Difﬁculties Questionnaire (SDQ) that measures emotional and conduct problems, inattention, peer relations, and prosocial behav- iors. Both the CES-D and SDQ are validated tools that have been utilized in a variety of international contexts (Park and Yu 2021, Woerner et al. 2004). In each of the three survey rounds, the primary respondent completed the CES-D depression screening. The SDQ was completed by an adult respondent regarding a randomly selected child aged 3 to 8 years old in the endline survey, as well as for the same child in the one and a half year follow-up. Total household consumption was measured only at endline (which was collected in person). 12
We complete this data with exact geographic location data from MineAtlas (2013), where satellite imagery shows the actual mine boundaries, which allows us to identify and update the center point of each mine.

1 In the 2010 Ghana population census average district size is 112,000

We combine the respondents from all four DHS standard surveys in Ghana for which there are geographic identifiers. The total data set includes 19,705 women (of which 12,392 live within 100 km of a mine) aged 15-49 from 137 districts. They were surveyed in 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008,

We complement the analysis with household data from the GLSS collected in the years-1998-


99, 2004-05, and 2012-13. These data are a good complement to the DHS data, because they
percentage of government debt ...nanced by means of concessional resources, e.g. from

multilateral and bilateral donors. We assume that the higher the concessional share

of government debt the lower the incentive for the government to adopt a strategy

The  standard deviation of exchange rate is computed using the exchange rate series from   18     <!-- PAGE 24 -->  the Penn World Tables (Heston et al, 2006).

standard deviation, creates a genuine dilemma for country authorities of whether to


21We have carried out the estimation using LOGIT and LP models as well to check on any
mispeci...cation problems. We did not detect any. The estimation results are available from the
author.

[7] Heston, A., Summers, R., Aten, B. (2006). Penn World Table Version 6.2. Center

Since price stability is the basic objective and goal of monetary policy we ...nd the

standard deviation of in‡ation indicative of the quality of internal macroeconomic
The MIS platform was procured through a competitive process and is hosted on servers maintained by the Ministry of Finance's Information Technology Department. The MIS uses role-based access control, with read-only access granted to Bank task team members to facilitate real-time supervision. Data backup procedures run automatically every four hours, and full system backups are stored off-site in compliance with government data security regulations. User access logs are retained for three years and are available for review during audit exercises.
proxied by observing student "i" sitting for ENLACE in Grades 9 and 12, respectively.

We also use the ENLACE panel to examine the relationship between Grade 6 test scores

The ENILEMS-ENLACE panel is used to examine the relationship between Grade 12

Learning achievement is measured using an aggregated ENLACE test score, the simple

derstand how much of ENLACE's predictive power is related to the skills it captures as
Geospatial data from the national forest inventory, covering forest type classifications, canopy density estimates, and deforestation risk scores at 100-meter resolution, were reviewed during the environmental baseline assessment. The geospatial data confirmed that three proposed subproject sites fall within degraded secondary forest zones classified as eligible for restoration activities under the national REDD+ strategy. Restoration activities at these sites will be included as co-benefits in the project's greenhouse gas accounting methodology.
The ESMF consultation process documented 14 community meetings across the project area, attended by a total of 1,847 participants including women (52 percent), youth representatives, persons with disabilities, and representatives of indigenous communities. Meeting summaries, attendance lists, and photographic evidence are appended to the ESMF in Volume II. All written feedback received during the ESMF public comment period has been reviewed, and responses are documented in the ESMF Consultation Report finalized in November.
This multiresolution decomposition is performed using Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transformation (MODWT) on first difference of the annual series from Penn World Tables 7.0.

Next, we consider actual data. We use annual series of income, consumption, and investment data from Penn World Tables 7.0, all in 2005 international dollars per capita terms. The income series are provided by the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) converted GDP per capita (chain series) data, whereas consumption and investment series are computed by using the share of actual consumption and investment in the PPP converted GDP series at 2005 prices.

Figure 9: Wavelet cross-correlation between the monthly Industrial production index
changes of USA (a) TUR, (b) BRA, (c) IND, and (d) PAK.


of industrial production series between Turkey and United States at 2 month frequency

The selection of the countries roughly reflects a cross-section of the geographic spread, as well as per capita income levels as defined by the World Bank classification using 2011 Gross National Incomes.

inconsistency between longitudinal and cross-section data, a paradox that would eventually lead
It consists of seven questionnaires that collect information on demographics, work and income, quality-of-life perceptions, expenditures, and food consumption (at the household and individual level). For the estimation of the poverty line, we use data from the three expenditure questionnaires (POF 2-4), in addition to key demographic data collected in the general household questionnaire (POF 1). The expenditure questionnaires collect information on monetary consumption expenses as well as the value of nonmonetary consumption.

This information can be obtained from the TBCA. It has nutritional values per 100 grams, including calorie intake, for an extensive list of meals and food items typically consumed in Brazil.

[7 The TBCA can be accessed at http://www.tbca.net.br/base-dados/composicao_alimentos.php.](http://www.tbca.net.br/base-dados/composicao_alimentos.php)

_Estimating the cost per calorie._ To estimate the cost per calorie, we use information on food purchases (expenditures and quantity consumed) by food item from POF. POF collects information on food purchases for consumption at home as well as food consumed away from home (FAFH). Food purchases for consumption at home are collected in the household expenditure diary, which collects expenditures on frequent purchases over a reference period of one week (POF 3). It collects expenditures and quantities purchased by food item, containing 4,549 different food items.

8 We assessed the possibility of addressing this shortcoming by using data from another questionnaire (POF 7) that
registers quantities of items consumed, location, time, and its calorie intake. However, it was not possible to match
the data from POF 7 (quantities) and POF 4 (expenditures) in a reliable way. First, item specifications differ across
the two questionnaires. Food items in POF 4 are mostly vague. The item with highest expenditure is "takeaway meal
(lunch/dinner)." In contrast, POF 7 has items as detailed as white rice, beans
. First, item specifications differ across
the two questionnaires. Food items in POF 4 are mostly vague. The item with highest expenditure is "takeaway meal
(lunch/dinner)." In contrast, POF 7 has items as detailed as white rice, beans, eggs, potatoes, and so on consumed
during lunch or dinnertime.
Survey data
are available for the period 1995-2013 and contain information on a set of firm


5On the other hand, when comparing the distribution of firms across sectors in Orbis and in
the survey of firms provided by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (Figure A.3), the two
distributions are broadly aligned suggesting that coverage is likely to be similar across sectors.
6In our empirical analysis of firm performance, we exclude the year 1999 due to anomalies in
the data.