ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
14 3. ANALYSIS Has the increase in Syrian refugees impacted the welfare and socioeconomic conditions of the host community? Summary statistics in the previous section showed clear trends of increasing poverty among recent migrants throughout the country, both near the Syrian border and across rest of the country. While the poverty rates of recent migrant households spiked in 2013, poverty of host community households maintained a relatively constant level in the whole country. From these trends, it appears that there at least has not been an increasing trend in poverty among the host community over the latest years. The empirical model is shown in Equation 1. Regressions are estimated at the NUTS2-year level and using data from only the years 2011 and 2013. The dependent variable of interest is the host community poverty rate by region and year, where the poverty rate is based on spatially deflated imputed household income. Unlike the computation of the poverty rates, “ recent migrant ” information is not used for the analysis. Only the host community poverty rates are calculated using the LFS and the number of Syrians are taken from government sources.
17 Revealingly, in Betts et al. ’ s (2013) survey of refugees in Uganda, 96 % of all interviewed households in the capital and 70 % outside the capital said they owned and used a mobile phone. They use this mobile phone to communicate with customers and suppliers, to get market information and to transfer money. Half of the urban refugees and 11 % of rural refugees also have access to the Internet. 4. Refugees As a Burden? As pointed in Section 2, most refugees in SSA are hosted in neighboring countries. Most of these hosting countries are likely among the least developed countries. It has been argued that these refugees may constitute an additional burden in terms of economic development in hosting countries (Mabiso et al. 2014). UNHCR (2014: 17) implicitly recognizes that potential burden by suggesting that the ratio of the size of the country ’ s hosted refugee population to its average income level can provide a proxy measure of the burden of hosting refugees.
15 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). As the Sudanese sample surveys IDPs living in the Abu Shouk and El Salam camps, we must understand these deprivations with the background that these settlements were created as emergency and crisis responses rather than durable, long-term solutions (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019). Although Sudan does have a national electric grid that supplies electricity to the urban and peri-urban areas of the nearby city El Fasher, IDP communities living in the camps report limited connection to the city ’ s electricity supply, reflected in the high deprivations in the electricity and cooking fuel indicators. The ad-hoc construction of dwellings in the two camps explains why 71 % of the IDP households in Abu Shouk and 65 % in El Salam live in tukuls or other permanent mud or wood structures (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019: p. 50), both of which register as unimproved housing types.
21 Table 6: Percentage of displaced individuals deprived in selected indicators by gender Ethiopia South Sudan Sudan Male Female Male Female Male Female Years of schooling 55 78 * * * 36 63 * * * 32 46 * * * School attendance 16 19 * * 21 29 23 23 Early marriage 3 13 * * * 8 75 * * * 6 50 * * * Unemployment 7 5 * * * 2 0 * 3 3 Legal id 45 46 48 74 * * * 10 10 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). Asterisks indicate statistical significance of mean differences between male and female at 1 % * * *, 5 % * * and 10 % * levels. Returning to patterns of household headship, Figure 5 breaks down the variation in censored headcount ratios among refugee households in Ethiopia, depending on the gender of the household head.
Page 12 of 51 Figure 6: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys. In the case of temporary employment, there is evidence of increasing female participation in the five countries analyzed, with large variations in several cases. Indeed, in the five countries for which we identified temporary workers, while temporary employment was predominantly male in the 1990s, today women show a participation higher than 50 % in all cases. Figure 7: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) employment by gender (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Female Male
15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda.
NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. World Bank, 2018. Somalia drought impact and needs assessment: synthesis report (English). World Bank Group, Washington, D.C.

I consider 10 years of daily data for US Treasury zero rates (provided by Bloomberg):

In addition to the return matrix, some model versions presented here augment the returns data with cross-sectional data. These models are referred to in this document as 'mixed' models. The basic data used in these cases are presented in table 3.

**Keywords:** CO2 emissions, OCO-2, Urban pollution, Emissions tracking

High-resolution observations of atmospheric GHG concentrations are now available from several platforms, including NASA's OCO-2 and OCO-3 instruments, the European Space Agency's METOP-A and TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) platforms, China's TANSAT and the Japan Space Exploration Agency's GOSAT and GOSAT-2.
Notes: The graph plots local means of post-secondary school outcomes by ENLACE test
score ventile in grade 12. The solid line shows a linear fit estimated using the grouped data.
Panel (a) reports the probability of college enrollment; (b) reports the probability of being
employed conditional on not being enrolled in college; and (c) and (d) report, respectively,
the logarithm of the hourly wage and the probability of working in a formal firm conditional
in both cases on being employed. Outcomes are measured in the ENILEMS survey at ages
18 to 20 in the third quarter of 2010. ENLACE test scores come from the years 2008, 2009
and 2010. Data: ENILEMS-ENLACE panel.

Table A.1: ENLACE Twins and Non-twins: Means and Standard Deviations

(1) (2) T-test
0 1 Difference
Variable N Mean/SE N Mean/SE (1)-(2)
Enlace Score Spanish Grade 6 1942306 512.842 20982 515.377 -2.536***
(0.075) (0.719)


Enlace Score Math Grade 6 1942246 514.237 20982 516.474 -2.238***
(0.079) (0.762)

Enlace Score Math Grade 6 1942246 514.237 20982 516.474 -2.238***
(0.079) (0.762)


Enlace taker Grade 9 1943583 0.702 20995 0.742 -0.040***
(0.000) (0.003)
Using data from the Armenia Land Tenure and Area study - a study designed specifically for this analysis - we compare the implications of the use of a proxy respondent versus the recommended self-respondent approach and the use of aggregated land data versus parcel-level land data (recommended).

The ALTA study was implemented with the technical guidance of the lead author by the International Centre for Agribusiness Research and Education (ICARE) in partnership with the Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia (ArmStat) and with the financial support of the 50x2030 Initiative.

The paper is organized as follows: section II describes the land tenure system in Armenia, providing context for the results that follow; Section III describes the ALTA study design and data; Section IV discusses SDG indicator computation and methods; Section V presents the results; and Section VI concludes.

The sample of the ALTA study consists of 1,200 households, scientifically selected from 100 urban and rural enumeration areas (EAs) covering both agricultural and non-agricultural households.

In addition to the module on land tenure, the ALTA questionnaire included a brief set of modules capturing
individual socio-demographic characteristics, educational attainment, employment status, and agricultural activity. [6]
An additional focus of the ALTA study was the validation of measurement approaches to land area estimation. To
this end, both Arms 1 and 3 included a module on land area measurement that incorporated GPS and satellite
imagery-based parcel-level area measurement. A series of cognitive interviews were conducted to ensure that the
land tenure questions were translated as intended from English to Armenian, as well as to understand how the
interpretation of questions varied across individuals, with a view to understanding male versus female
20 Future prospects There are now a wide variety of survey instruments that are being designed for or adapted to measure income or consumption among FDP populations. Home visits initially designed by the UNHCR to question FDPs for protection purposes are being revised to ask questions on income and consumption, becoming in this way viable instruments for poverty measurement. Large home visit exercises are conducted every year in countries such as Jordan and Lebanon and these data have been used to conduct poverty assessments of Syrian refugees (Verme et al., 2016). The WFP conducts vulnerability assessments that have been used by the WFP, UNHCR and World Bank to make gross poverty estimates using the consumption modules of these surveys, even if these modules are typically very short, with few items. The UNHCR conducts Multi- sector Needs Assessment such as the one conducted in Cox ’ s Bazar, Bangladesh, in 2018, Socio-economic assessments such as the one conducted in Zimbabwe in 2017, or nutrition surveys such as the one conducted in Tanzania in 2017. 12 All these surveys contain some information on income, consumption, or expenditure that is being used to assess the well-being of FDPs. The World Bank has conducted welfare assessments of Venezuelans in various Latin American countries including Colombia, Peru and Ecuador, with a forthcoming study expected for Chile.
They have also been piloted ahead of data collection to test their validity and reliability. Results in table 4 indicate that assignment to NVSP has no impact on the three indicators for soft skills among selected youth for specifications 1 & 2 (see the 𝛿 estimate for columns 1, 2, & 3). The leadership skills measure appears to have worsened for both selected and non-selected youth over time, which is somewhat puzzling given that both groups are active volunteers and members in their communities (see the 𝛽 ൅ 𝛿 estimate and the 𝛽 estimate for column 1). Any changes for the communication and confidence scores one year following NVSP were not statistically 15 The selection of the indicator for this study was based on its extensive utilization (to maximize the chance for the scale to be reliable when calculating Cronbach ’ s Alpha with the data of the pilot), on the availability of detailed information regarding how the indicator was designed, and of how the scales should be interpreted once data have been collected. 16 This scale had been tested with youth aged 12-18 showing high levels of internal consistency. Additionally, it was a relatively simple scale with no need for special training to administer it or to analyze the results of the scale. 17 These skills include: awareness of one ’ s own styles of communication; understanding and valuing different styles of communication; practicing empathy; adjusting one ’ s own styles of communication to match others'styles. (communicative adaptability); and communication of essential information; Interaction management. 18 This scale has been used extensively in the psycho-social / soft skills literature, ensuring possible comparability with other studies of the soft skills literature.
This allowed for consistent ranking the households into welfare quintiles and cross- tabulation of welfare status with household characteristics and indicators derived from the survey data. The imputation was carried out using s2sc algorithm in STATA.
in December 2022 values. 61% 58% 59% 68% 56% 65% In Camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Figure 5.4: Shares of food expenditure Refugees’ Aspirations 45 Expenditures for in-camp refugees is almost half that of hosts, despite the sizeable food aid and cash transfers (in selected camps) the WFP and UNHCR provide. The significantly lower expenditures (food and non-food) among refugees compared to host populations led to higher poverty rates. The team cross-checked the food aid received by in-camp refugees based on administrative data from the UNHCR and WFP and food consumption data from SESRE. The information received from UNHCR on food aid provided to refugees in each camp includes quantities per food item per month and cash transfers per person per month for each camp and period. The food items include cereal, wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, CSB/famex (CSB+), pulse, biscuit, date biscuit, dates, oil, vegetable oil, salt, and cash (see Annex E for detailed information). Food aid information received from WFP includes five food items and their quantities distributed to refugees: cereal (mainly wheat but in some camps rice), pulses (mostly yellow split peas), CSB+, vegetable oil, and salt. We have computed the per person, per month in-kind aid
These tariff rate modifications are essential for this analysis as suggested by the substantial differences between the tariff rates available in the GTAP 8 database, especially those implied for Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (Figure 1), and the updated tariff rates, presented by country, product, and source in Appendix Tables B1-B6. Since the GTAP tariffs attributed to Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria are composite rates, they do not correspond to the actual trade profile of these countries. Therefore, the new tariff rates differ from the GTAP ones both because of differences in the tariff lines and trade composition. By contrast, the tariff information on Egypt and Turkey in the GTAP 8 database represents relatively accurately existing preferences (Figure 1). 3. Simulation design The pre-war efforts for deeper trade integration in the Levant are reflected in the pre-simulation analysis. Starting from the newly constructed database, the pre-simulation analysis implements the deep trade initiatives discussed by the Levant countries prior to the onset of the Syrian war in 2011. The context for these reforms and the shocks associated with each of these reforms are presented in section 3. 1.
Macro International, Demographic and Health Surveys, Beltsville, MD.

<!-- PAGE 33 -->
8. **Comparison with Monitoring Results for India**


A recent monitoring study for Indian households (World Bank, 2002; Balakrishnan,


et al., 2002; Parikh, et al., 2001) has provided useful comparative information about

survey suggests that progress has been quite limited. Of 686 biofuel-using households in


our 7-region survey (including Dhaka), only 9 (1.3%) report using an improved stove: 4

In this paper, we investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP). Using new survey data from Bangladesh, we analyze exposure at two levels: differences within households attributable

In this paper, we use our survey data to estimate the incidence of IAP exposure for family
Many detainees are facing ill ‐ treatment. Females are subjected to sexual harassment by security officers. According to UNHCR, there are 2. 7 million people of concern in Sudan (includes refugees, asylum ‐ seekers, IDPs, returned refugees, returned IDPs, stateless persons, and other concern), a lower number than 2015. About 37, 000 refugees returned to Sudan in 2016. At the same time, there were over 2 million IDPs, over 420, 000 refugees and over 16, 000 asylum ‐ seekers in other countries. Economic Opportunity Oil output in Sudan has been low due to civil war, poor infrastructure, and low productivity. Compared to South Sudan, Sudan also has fewer oil resources; nevertheless, it still has abundant resources72. Sudan ranks 186th of 190 states in the World Bank ’ s Doing Business 67 CIA Factbook, South Sudan, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / od. html 68 UNHCR, South Sudan http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2553 69 CIA Factbook, South Sudan, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / od. html 70 UNHCR, Sudan, http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2535 71 Human Rights Watch, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / sudan 72 EIU Country Outlook, Sudan, June 19th 2017
Some data sources (such as registration systems and population censuses) are more appropriate for estimating stocks of asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs at a particular point in time, while other data sources (such as population tracking systems and border crossings) are more appropriate for estimating flows over a specific period. In general, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data available on all stocks and flows for a particular displacement situation (see Table 4). Consequently, data on flows might be used to estimate stocks, for example in the absence of government data, the stock of refugees in many industrialized countries is estimated by UNHCR based on 10 years of individual asylum-seeker recognition. And, especially in the case of IDPs, changes in the total population combined with some contextual analysis, may be used to deduce estimates of new internal displacement or returns. However, these approximations are flawed unless data on all other flows (births, deaths, repatriation etc.) are also available, which is not usually the case. Even a static figure for the stock of IDPs in a particular location might obscure substantial flows including new displacement and returns. Moreover, there are no common definitions of the various stocks and flows, and therefore the risk of double counting or gaps cannot be discounted.
### 4.1 Operational Risk: Financial Management

The CAT DDO facility will be the sole financing instrument for this operation. Disbursement is contingent on the government declaring a state of emergency following a qualifying natural hazard event and on the existence of an adequate crisis preparedness program. The CAT DDO does not require activity-level reporting; instead, the borrower is required to maintain a satisfactory macroeconomic policy framework assessed through the annual IMF Article IV consultation process. A program document update will trigger a new three-year drawdown period.
As we theorize, the positive externalities for local communities (in the form of improved service delivery), generated by Uganda ’ s integrative approach to hosting refugees, generally balance out these fears, which do not generate a backlash against refugees and inclusive migration policies. Improving basic services is of the utmost importance to host communities in developing contexts regardless of who is providing them (Sacks, 2012). All the results reported here use our main speciﬁcation of the Nearest + 20km exposure measure (which takes into account not only the nearest settlements, but also all settlements within 20km) and the subset of parishes that are within 150km of a settlement. In SI Section S4, we present the regression tables for all of the results shown in Figures 5 and 6, along with their robustness speciﬁcations. These tables display the eﬀects across all three measures of exposure (Nearest, Nearest + 20km, Nearest + 50km) and across the various radius cutoﬀs for parishes (within 100km, 150km, 200km, and all parishes). These results demonstrate that our main results are robust across speciﬁcations. In additional robustness checks, we also conduct formal sensitivity analyses and address concerns about multiple hypothesis testing by adjusting for the false discovery rate and showing Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted p-values in SI Sections S5 and S6. An alternative explanation is that our results are driven by a change in the composition of host citizens. It is possible that the positive eﬀects we observe are due to the internal migration of Ugandans: those who move to refugee settlement areas may be positively disposed toward refugees, while those who leave are more likely to be anti-migrants. While there is no data to test 23
26 percent of refugees and their host children are too short for their age. Children in Addis Ababa have lower shares of stunting, but stunting rates are still high for OCP refugees (27 percent) and their hosts (24 percent) (Annex D, Table D.3). Overall, stunting rates are higher for boys than girls among both refugees and hosts (Annex D, Figure D.9), which is also confirmed by studies using the demographic and health survey in Ethiopia (Tasic et al., 2020; Gebreegziabher and Regassa, 2019; Gebru et al., 2019). Being underweight is another large challenge related to nutrition among children under age five in Ethiopia. In-camp refugees and hosts have a higher percentage of underweight children (25 and 29 percent) compared to OCP refugees and hosts (2 and 11 percent). Across refugees, the proportion of underweight children is higher among Eritrean and Somali refugees compared to their hosts. At the same time, it is lower among South Sudanese and OCP refugees compared to hosts. In-camp refugee and host children also suffer from wasting. The percentage of wasted in-camp refugee children (14 percent) is higher compared to OCP refugee children (6 percent). Somali and OCP refugees have a higher proportion of wasted children
The cooperative medical scheme's claims database was accessed under a data-sharing agreement with the Ministry of Health to assess hospitalization rates and out-of-pocket expenditure patterns for the target population before the project intervention. These administrative records provided a cost baseline used in the economic analysis. The analysis found that average annual out-of-pocket health expenditure per enrolled household under the cooperative medical scheme was 22 percent lower than among non-enrolled households in comparable income deciles, justifying the enrollment subsidy approach.
lending operations database in each fiscal year.


In sections 2 and 3 all operations that are IDA financed are considered. This includes development policy

of outcome ratings provided by the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). The portfolio review


examines how the IDA portfolio has evolved since 2001, in terms of the number of projects, size of the portfolio,

Regression analysis comparing IEG outcome ratings of projects in FCS and non-FCS countries shows that

come rating from IEG (see Table 2). There are also no differential time series trends for this measure of outcome

stated project development objectives, as well as macro level factors, such as GDP growth and country policy and institutional assessment (CPIA) ratings.